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{ "aliases": [ "(Harry) Sinclair Lewis", "Harry Sinclair Lewis", "Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair", "Grace Hegger", "Sinclair Lewis" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "grace hegger", "lewis harry sinclair", "harry sinclair lewis", "sinclair lewis" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "sinclair lewis", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Sinclair Lewis" }

[ { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\".", "precise_score": 7.907956123352051, "rough_score": 7.371165752410889, "source": "search", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "When the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Sinclair Lewis, in 1930, it was the first time in the prize’s three-decade history that it had been given to an American. Lewis’s acceptance lecture was a not-especially-gracious missive aimed at his critics in the United States. Yet the curmudgeonly writer managed more expansive moments, gesturing toward the historic nature of that year’s award and remarking upon the state of American literature at the time, and on its status in the world.", "precise_score": 8.333416938781738, "rough_score": 7.896345138549805, "source": "search", "title": "Why Don’t More Americans Win the Nobel Prize? - The New Yorker" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "SAUK CENTRE – December 10th, 1930 – Sauk Centre native, Sinclair Lewis, receives the Nobel Prize for Literature", "precise_score": 6.404665946960449, "rough_score": 7.431323528289795, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "On this date, December 10th, in 1930, Sauk Centre native Sinclair Lewis became the first American to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Literature.", "precise_score": 8.842487335205078, "rough_score": 8.197072982788086, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Download Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 (20 books) Torrent - kickasstorrents", "precise_score": 6.43405818939209, "rough_score": 7.5507354736328125, "source": "search", "title": "Download Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "SINCLAIR LEWIS (1885-1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\"", "precise_score": 7.958944320678711, "rough_score": 7.99921178817749, "source": "search", "title": "Download Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347227096557617, "source": "search", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347227096557617, "source": "search", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Part of the backlash has to do with business, since one of the primary functions of a literary prize—and the long and short lists that precede it—is to sell books. And a more crowded international field means that books from the U.K. and the Commonwealth may have less of a chance to receive a Booker bump. There is another business argument, which connects back to what Sinclair Lewis meant when he described America, in 1930, as “a land that produces eighty-story buildings, motors by the million, and wheat by the billions of bushels.” It was what the English novelist Jeanette Winterson was suggesting when she told the London Evening Standard , “This country is so in thrall to America. We’re such lapdogs to them, and that will skew things with the judges.” Images of Tony Blair following George W. Bush around came to mind, but so, too, did Lewis’s Nobel remarks about the brute force of American export capitalism. Americans would win more Bookers because they win more of everything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.194845676422119, "source": "search", "title": "Why Don’t More Americans Win the Nobel Prize? - The New Yorker" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Critics in this country responded angrily , to which later Engdahl expressed his surprise, and noted that he had perhaps been speaking too generally. He stepped down as permanent secretary in 2009, and his replacement, Peter Englund, has walked back his predecessor’s indictment of American writing. But the damage was done, and commentators began to see the Nobel Prize in Literature as being actively denied to American writers, and on the same grounds that American intellectuals have long been dismissed by Europeans. Perhaps the best way to insult an American with aspirations to cosmopolitanism is to call him and his fellows ignorant rustics, functional only in English and kept safely away from real intellectual rigor and debate by geographical isolation, local peace, and relative material abundance. The Swedes had decided that we were, as Sinclair Lewis remarked back in 1930, still “a puerile backwoods clan.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0202648639678955, "source": "search", "title": "Why Don’t More Americans Win the Nobel Prize? - The New Yorker" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central Minnesota History’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2268078327178955, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central Minnesota History’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2268078327178955, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis (Stearns History Museum)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26975154876709, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Born in 1885 in the village of Sauk Centre, Lewis was the third and youngest son of Edwin and Emma Lewis. Young Sinclair Lewis was not like his two older brothers who excelled in sports; Sinclair preferred reading books to playing sports. This atypical personality caused Lewis to be lonely through much of his growing-up years. At one point, a 13 year-old Lewis attempted to run away from home and become a drummer in the Spanish-American War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.423992156982422, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Wins Nobel Prize – on ‘This Date in Central ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 (20 books) (download torrent) - TPB", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.285495758056641, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 (20 books ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "SINCLAIR LEWIS (1885-1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H.L. Mencken wrote of him, \"[If] there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds.\" His first novel, OUR MR. WRENN (1914) is a gently satiric account of a meek New York clerk traveling in Europe. Lewis wrote four more novels and achieved only modest success. But MAIN STREET (1920) caused a sensation and brought him immediate fame. The book is a withering satire on the dullness and lack of culture that exist in a \"typical\" American small town, and the narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction of its inhabitants. BABBITT (1922) focuses even more effectively Lewis' idea of a \"typical\" small city businessman, George F. Babbitt. The novel describes the futile attempt of its central character to break loose from the confining life of a \"solid American citizen\" -- a middle-class, middle-aged realtor, civic booster, and club joiner. Possibly no two works of literature did more to make Americans aware of the limitations of their national life and culture than did MAIN STREET and BABBITT. With a sharp, satiric eye and a superb gift for mimicry, Lewis continued to examine other aspects of what he considered national inadequacy. ARROWSMITH (1925) describes the frustrations of an idealistic young doctor in conflict with corruption, jealousy, meanness, and prejudice. The novel won the 1926 Pulitzer Prize, which Lewis declined because he felt that it was not awarded for literary merit but for the best presentation of \"wholesome\" American life. Lewis closed out the decade with DODSWORTH (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. After winning the Nobel Prize in 1930, Lewis wrote eleven more novels. The best remembered is IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE (1935), a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency. In addition to his major novels, this torrent includes a selection of Lewis' short stories (I'M A STRANGER HERE MYSELF) and essays (THE MAN FROM MAIN STREET), the latter of which reproduces the text of his Nobel Prize address. The following books are in PDF or ePUB format as indicated: * ARROWSMITH (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * BABBITT (Bantam Classics, 1998). Introduction by John Wickersham. -- ePUB * BABBITT (Barnes & Noble, 2005). Introduction and Notes by Kenneth Krauss. -- ePUB * BABBITT (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * BABBITT (Oxford World's Classics, 2010). Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Gordon Hutner. -- PDF * BETHEL MERRIDAY (Jonathan Cape, 1940) -- PDF * DODSWORTH (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * FREE AIR (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * GIDEON PLANISH (Jonathan Cape, 1943) -- PDF * THE GOD-SEEKER (Popular Library, 1948) -- PDF * I'M A STRANGER HERE MYSELF & OTHER STORIES (Dell, 1962). Selected by Mark Schorer. -- PDF * IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE (Signet, 2014). Introduction by Michael Meyer and a New Afterword by Gary Scharnhorst. -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (Barnes & Noble, 2003). Introduction and Notes by Brooke Allen. -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (Modern Library, 1999). Introduction by Carol Kennicott. -- ePUB * THE MAN FROM MAIN STREET: Selected Essays & Other Writings, 1904-1950 (Pocket Books, 1963). Edited by Harry E. Maule and Melville H. Cane. -- PDF * OUR MR. WRENN (Grosset & Dunlap, 1914) -- PDF * PREMIUM COLLECTION: 7 Novels: Our Mr. Wrenn / The Trail of the Hawk / The Job / The Innocents / Free Air / Main Street / Babbitt (Timeless Wisdom, 2014) -- ePUB * THE PRODIGAL PARENTS (Doubleday, 1934) -- PDF * WORK OF ART (Collier, 1934) -- PDF _____________________________________________________________________________ >> CONTACT ME You may reach me with comments, suggestions, requests, error reports, etc., at TPB's forum, SuprBay (you will need to register an account): https://pirates-forum.org/User-workerbee >> PLEASE HELP TO SEED! If you like these books and want others to have access to them, please consider seeding for as long as you can. The more you seed, the longer the torrent will live, and the easier it will be for me to upload new content. Thank you!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.350738525390625, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 (20 books ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595919609069824, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347227096557617, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347227096557617, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595919609069824, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Grace Hegger", "passage": "I was married, in England, in 1928, to Dorothy Thompson, an American who had been the Central European correspondent and chef de bureau of the New York Evening Post. My first marriage, to Grace Hegger, in New York, in 1914, had been dissolved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.726393699645996, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) continued to be a prolific writer, but none of his later writings equalled the success or stature of his chiefworks of the twenties. After his divorce from his second wife in 1942, Sinclair Lewis lived chiefly in Europe. His later novels include Ann Vickers (I933), It Can't Happen Here (1935), The Prodigal Parents (1938), Gideon Planish (1943), Cass Timberlane (1945), Kingsblood Royal ( 1947), The God-Seeker (1949), and World So Wide (1951). From Main Street to Stockholm: Letters of Sinclair Lewis 1919-1930 was published in 1952, one year after his death in Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.746349334716797, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis died on January 10, 1951.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.554156303405762, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis - Biographical - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature | World History Project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.683221340179443, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.672356128692627, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "Source: '(Harry) Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951)'; Petri Liukkonen, http://kirjasto.sci.fi/slewis.htm Added by: Colin Harris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636924743652344, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Sinclair Lewis", "passage": "On the morning of November 5, 1930, Sinclair Lewis got up very late, and he was wandering about his rented Westport house when the telephone rang and an excited voice with a Swedish accent announced to him that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. The voice was that of a Swedish newspaper correspondent in New York who had managed to track down Lewis for the Swedish Embassy, but Lewis thought that it was the voice of his friend Ferd Reyher, who liked to do imitations and play jokes. “Oh, yeah?” he replied. “You don’t say! Listen, Ferd, I can say that better than you. Your Swedish accent’s no good. I’ll repeat it to you.” And he repeated it, “You haf de Nobel Brize,” and more. The bewildered Swede protested in vain and finally called an American to the telephone to confirm the news. Lewis fell into a chair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.730220317840576, "source": "search", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Becomes the First American to be Awarded ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "York", "passage": "Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshire. Her mother, Eleanora Olive (née Jones), was born in Dublin. Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor, was born in Dorset, and later moved to Dublin, where he was raised. He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. ", "precise_score": 7.72549295425415, "rough_score": 3.0212490558624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Judi Dench was born in York, England, to Eleanora Olive (Jones), who was from Dublin, Ireland, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor from Dorset, England. She attended Mount School in York, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama. She has performed with Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, and at Old Vic Theatre. She is a ... 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The plays were performed in St Mary's Abbey, the museum gardens, York, England.", "precise_score": 4.958676815032959, "rough_score": 5.652671813964844, "source": "search", "title": "Dame Judi Dench a star from York England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Judi Dench, in full Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born December 9, 1934, York , North Yorkshire , England ), British actress known for her numerous and varied stage roles and for her work in television and in a variety of films.", "precise_score": 9.301130294799805, "rough_score": 9.897726058959961, "source": "search", "title": "Dame Judi Dench | British actress | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Judi Dench was born on 9th December, 1934, in York, England. After graduating from drama school she went on to act in a number of professional stage productions, the first playing Ophelia in Shakespeare's 'Hamlet'. She remained a stage actor for many years, before her debut film role… more", "precise_score": 9.488353729248047, "rough_score": 8.15890121459961, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench - TV.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Judi Dench was born in York, England, to Eleanora Olive (Jones), who was from Dublin, Ireland, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor from Dorset, England. She attended Mount School in York, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama. She has performed with Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, and at Old Vic Theatre. She is a ten-time BAFTA winner including Best Actress in a Comedy Series for A Fine Romance (1981) in which she appeared with her husband, Michael Williams , and Best Supporting Actress in A Handful of Dust (1988) and A Room with a View (1985) . She received an ACE award for her performance in the television series Star Quality: Mr. and Mrs. Edgehill (1985). She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, and was created Dame of Order of the British Empire in 1988.", "precise_score": 9.911116600036621, "rough_score": 9.072979927062988, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "A section of the paved river bank alongside the River Ouse in York, upstream of Lendal Bridge near the Museum Gardens, was named Dame Judi Dench Walk in honour of the city being her birthplace.", "precise_score": 5.052788734436035, "rough_score": 7.029387950897217, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU, a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone. London's municipal population is also the largest in the EU. England's population of over 53 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf 2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011]. Accessed 31 May 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.255439758300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street. This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, aqueducts, sewers, many agricultural items and silk. In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (now York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444721221923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to the House of Capet and with it France; the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War. The Black Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants. From 1453 to 1487 civil war occurred between two branches of the royal family—the Yorkists and Lancastrians—known as the Wars of the Roses. Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488968849182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the UK government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional government offices were abolished. The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803961753845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the \"backbone of England\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago. Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parks, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland, and the Peak District. The highest point in England, at 978 m, is Scafell Pike in Cumbria. Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27634334564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 mi. Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822392463684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "There are High Church and Low Church traditions, and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics, following the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the church, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as its symbolic worldwide head. Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral, and Salisbury Cathedral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744071960449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley. It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and amongst tin miners in Cornwall. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation Army. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.908136367797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best-known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England. Another well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86366081237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished—the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples. Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity, synthesised with Christianity appeared—the English Baroque style, architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7171630859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch. On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred on Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill. There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28077220916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint (usually beef, lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables, Yorkshire pudding, and gravy. Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast (generally consisting of bacon, sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, mushrooms, and eggs). Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, steak and ale pie, cottage pie, pork pie (the latter usually eaten cold) and the Cornish Pasty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412055969238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags. With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough. During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter. Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.616180419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads collections. Some of the best-known songs are Greensleeves, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of York, Hey Diddle Diddle and Humpty Dumpty. Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19612979888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald. The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television. England has hosted four Cricket World Cups (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999) and will host the 2019 edition, but never won the tournament, reaching the final 3 times. However they have hosted the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009, winning this format in 2010 beating rivals Australia in the final. In the domestic competition, the County Championship, Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times. Lord's Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the \"Mecca of Cricket\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.587605476379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Rugby league was born in Huddersfield in 1895. Since 2008, the England national rugby league team has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is now retired. Club sides play in Super League, the present-day embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cumbria. All eleven English clubs in Super League are based in the north of England. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.878898620605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians—cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England. The oak tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The Royal Oak symbol and Oak Apple Day commemorate the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460409164428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Dench attended The Mount School, a Quaker independent secondary school in York, and became a Quaker. Her brothers, one of whom was actor Jeffery Dench, were born in Tyldesley, Lancashire. Her niece, Emma Dench, is a Roman historian and professor previously at Birkbeck, University of London, and currently at Harvard University. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9413639307022095, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Through her parents, Dench had regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s. In 1957, in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period, she played the role of the Virgin Mary, performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens. Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama. She applied and was accepted, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave, graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes, one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.008779939264059067, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In September 1957, she made her first professional stage appearance with the Old Vic Company, at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool, as Ophelia in Hamlet. A recent history of Britain in the years 1957-1962, one volume in a series, cites a contemporaneous review of her performance: \"has talent which will be shown to better advantage when she acquires some technique to go with it.\" Dench then made her London debut in the same production at the Old Vic. She remained a member of the company for four seasons, 1957–1961, her roles including Katherine in Henry V in 1958 (which was also her New York debut), and as directed and designed by Franco Zeffirelli.tr During this period, she toured the United States and Canada, and appeared in Yugoslavia and at the Edinburgh Festival. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in December 1961 playing Anya in The Cherry Orchard at the Aldwych Theatre in London, and made her Stratford-upon-Avon debut in April 1962 as Isabella in Measure for Measure. She subsequently spent seasons in repertory both with the Playhouse in Nottingham from January 1963 (including a West African tour as Lady Macbeth for the British Council), and with the Playhouse Company in Oxford from April 1964. That same year, she made her film debut in The Third Secret.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.865535259246826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Dench's other film of 1997 was Roger Spottiswoode's Tomorrow Never Dies, her second film in the James Bond series. The spy film follows Bond, played by Brosnan, as he tries to stop a media mogul from engineering world events and starting World War III. Shot in France, Thailand, Germany, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the South China Sea, it performed well at the box office and earned a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews. The same year, Dench reteamed with director John Madden to film Shakespeare in Love (1998), a romantic comedy-drama that depicts a love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes, while he was writing the play Romeo and Juliet. On her performance as Queen Elizabeth I, The New York Times commented that \"Dench's shrewd, daunting Elizabeth is one of the film's utmost treats.\" The following year, she was nominated for most of the high-profile awards, winning both the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. On her Oscar win, Dench joked on-stage, \"I feel for eight minutes on the screen I should only get a little bit of him.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.647477626800537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Dench became the voice for the narration for the updated Walt Disney World Epcot attraction Spaceship Earth in February 2008. The same month, she was named as the first official patron of the York Youth Mysteries 2008, a project to allow young people to explore the York Mystery Plays through dance, film-making and circus. Her only film of 2008 was Marc Forster's Quantum of Solace, the twenty-second Eon-produced James Bond film, in which she reprised her role as M along with Daniel Craig. A direct sequel to the 2006 film Casino Royale, Forster felt Dench was underused in the previous films, and wanted to make her part bigger, having her interact with Bond more. The project gathered generally mixed reviews by critics, who mainly felt that Quantum of Solace was not as impressive as the predecessor Casino Royale, but became another hit for the franchise with a worldwide gross of US$591 million. For her performance, Dench was nominated for a Saturn Award the following year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.800495147705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In January 2014, principal photography began in Jaipur on The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel with Dench reprising the role of Evelyn. The film was released in March 2015. In October 2014 she began filming as Cecily, Duchess of York to Benedict Cumberbatch's Richard III in the second series of The Hollow Crown. From 24 April 2015 to 7 May 2015; Dench played a mother, with her real-life daughter Finty Williams playing her character's daughter, in The Vote at the Donmar Warehouse. The final performance was broadcast live on More4 at 8:25 pm; the time when the events in the play take place. The appearance marked her first performance at the theatre since 1976. On 20 September 2015 she was the guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs for the third time, in which she revealed that her first acting performance was as a snail. She reprised her role as M in the 2015 James Bond film, Spectre, in the form of a recording that was delivered to Bond. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.642914772033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Cecily, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248513221740723, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench - IMDb" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Yorkshire links", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323519706726074, "source": "search", "title": "Dame Judi Dench a star from York England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "1947 Judi went to the Mount boarding school in York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.982398509979248, "source": "search", "title": "Dame Judi Dench a star from York England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Judi turned out once for the Settlement Players. An amature dramatics group from York who are still up and running. Other Settlement players have also performed in the Mystery Plays such as City Councilor Roger Farrington who played God to Robson Green's Jesus in 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.530304908752441, "source": "search", "title": "Dame Judi Dench a star from York England" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "12/9/1934, York, North Yorkshire, England UK", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.570185661315918, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench - TV.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Made New York debut as Katherine in \"Henry V\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460537910461426, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench | Biography and Filmography | 1934" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Played the Virgin Mary in the revival of the York Mystery Plays; appeared with her father and older brother", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327308654785156, "source": "search", "title": "Judi Dench | Biography and Filmography | 1934" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "30's", "30’s", "30s", "30s AD", "30-39" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "30 39", "30s", "30 s", "30s ad" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "30s", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "30s" }

[ { "answer": "30's", "passage": "In the 30's there were Downbeat and Metronome Charts and maybe there were others. The Billboard Charts started in 1940, Cashbox in 1944.", "precise_score": 3.6734840869903564, "rough_score": -5.58612585067749, "source": "search", "title": "Old-Charts" }, { "answer": "30s", "passage": "The charts didn't really exist in the 1930s, that's why our listing of number one records starts in 1940", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196660995483398, "source": "search", "title": "The US Billboard song chart - TsorT" }, { "answer": "30's", "passage": "Anyway, my questions is during the period from 1901 to 1929, has billboard exist yet? Do they have charts and radios doing the counting of the song rotation? I thought billboard only start in the late 50's, wasn't it? I'm a music aficionado, songs and info from the 30's is hard to find, and yet you have the effort to go beyond the 20's.. May i know where in other sites i can search for 20's music info (other than wiki)?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.470208644866943, "source": "search", "title": "The US Billboard song chart - TsorT" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Portogało", "Republic of Portugal", "PORTUGAL", "Portekiz", "Portugallu", "O Papagaio", "ISO 3166-1:PT", "Portunga", "Phu-to-ga", "Potigal", "Portûnga", "Portugul", "An Phortaingéil", "Portugāle", "Portugale", "Portingale", "Potiti", "Portugali", "Portugall", "Portekîz", "Bo Dao Nha", "Portuguese Republic", "Portogallo", "Portugaul", "Portogalo", "Portyngal", "Yn Phortiugal", "Portugalio", "Portugál", "Portugual", "Portuga", "Portgual", "Portugalsko", "Portugaleje", "Phû-tô-gâ", "Portugalujo", "Portugalija", "Pertual", "Pòtigal", "Portugal", "Bồ Đào Nha", "Portugalska", "República Portuguesa", "Portiwgal", "Portugalėjė", "Portúgal", "Portegal", "An Phortaingeil", "Republica Portuguesa" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "portugul", "portugallu", "portugalska", "pòtigal", "portugaul", "portugalujo", "portuguese republic", "iso 3166 1 pt", "republic of portugal", "portugalsko", "portugual", "bồ đào nha", "portugall", "portûnga", "bo dao nha", "phortaingeil", "portugale", "portugal", "portugál", "portugalėjė", "portiwgal", "phu to ga", "portugalija", "portugalio", "portogallo", "phû tô gâ", "portegal", "república portuguesa", "portugāle", "phortaingéil", "yn phortiugal", "portogało", "portuga", "portugaleje", "portekiz", "o papagaio", "portunga", "potigal", "portekîz", "pertual", "portogalo", "portugali", "portyngal", "republica portuguesa", "portingale", "portúgal", "portgual", "potiti" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "portugal", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Portugal" }

[ { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Portuguese régime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "precise_score": 6.201141834259033, "rough_score": 6.684621810913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Before independence in 1975, Angola was a breadbasket of southern Africa and a major exporter of bananas, coffee and sisal, but three decades of civil war (1975–2002) destroyed fertile countryside, left it littered with landmines and drove millions into the cities. The country now depends on expensive food imports, mainly from South Africa and Portugal, while more than 90% of farming is done at thefamily and subsistence level. Thousands of Angolan small-scale farmers are trapped in poverty. ", "precise_score": 6.695793628692627, "rough_score": 7.607972145080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from Angola. Prior to independence in 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 350,000 Portuguese, but the vast majority left after independence and the ensuing civil war. However, Angola has recovered its Portuguese minority in recent years; currently, there are about 200,000 registered with the consulates, and increasing due to the debt crisis in Portugal and the relative prosperity in Angola. The Chinese population stands at 258,920, mostly composed of temporary migrants. Also, there is a small Brazilian community of about 5,000 people. ", "precise_score": 4.366187572479248, "rough_score": 7.260380268096924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Angolan Civil War () was a major civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. Prior to this, a decolonisation conflict, the Angolan War of Independence (1961–74), had taken place. The following civil war was essentially a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). At the same time, the war served as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War and large-scale direct and indirect international involvement by opposing powers such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States was a major feature of the conflict. ", "precise_score": 6.498838901519775, "rough_score": 7.666560173034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "None of the armed movements succeeded in effectively threatening the colonial state in Angola. The end of this 'first Angolan war' was brought about indirectly through domestic pressure in Portugal and the growing dissatisfaction of the Portuguese military fighting the colonial wars in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. In April 1974, junior officers belonging to the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA) toppled the Salazar-Caetano regime in Portugal and began the process of decolonisation. In 1974, however, a frenzy of diplomatic and political activity at home and abroad mitigated against a negotiated independence. In 1975, as the will to retain imperial control over Angola dwindled, fighting broke out in many provinces of Angola and also in the capital, Luanda, where the armies of the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA were intended to maintain the peace with joint patrols. In January 1975, under heavy international pressure, the colonial power and the three movements had signed an agreement in Alvor, Portugal, providing for a transitional government, a constitution, elections and independence. This Alvor Accord soon collapsed, however, and the transitional government scarcely functioned. In the subsequent confrontations the FNLA received military support from Zaire with the backing of China and the US, while under Agostinho Neto the MPLA gained ground in particular in Luanda with support from the Soviet Union and from Cuban troops. On 11 November 1975 Angola became independent. The FNLA and UNITA were excluded from the city and from government and a socialist one-party regime was established which eventually gained international recognition, though not from the United States.", "precise_score": 4.7307610511779785, "rough_score": 6.551863193511963, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The United States established diplomatic relations in 1993 with Angola, which had become independent from Portugal in 1975. Post-independence, Angola saw 27 years of civil war among groups backed at various times by countries that included the United States, the Soviet Union, Cuba, China, and South Africa. Angola has had two presidents since independence. The first president came to power in 1975; upon his 1979 death, the second president assumed power. Multiparty elections were held in 1992 under a process supervised by the United Nations, but the results were disputed and civil war continued until the 2002 death of one holdout guerilla leader. A new constitution was adopted in 2010 and elections were held in 2012.", "precise_score": 6.735368728637695, "rough_score": 8.101691246032715, "source": "search", "title": "Angola - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal granted Angola independence in 1975 and the MPLA assumed control of the government in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became president. The FNLA and UNITA, however, proclaimed a coaliton government in Nova Lisboa (now Huambo), but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country. Most of the European population fled the political and economic upheaval that followed independence, taking their investments and technical expertise with them. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. In the 1970s and 80s the MPLA government received large amounts of aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the United States supported first the FNLA and then UNITA. In Cabinda, independence forces that had fought against the Portuguese now fought against the Angolan government. Although the FNLA faded in importance, UNITA obtained the support of South Africa, which was mounting its own campaigns against the Southwest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), a Namibian liberation group based in Angola.", "precise_score": 6.948799133300781, "rough_score": 7.398509502410889, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "After a successful military coup in Portugal that toppled a long-standing authoritarian regime on April 25, 1974, the new rulers in Lisbon sought to divest the country of its costly colonial empire. The impending independence of one of those colonies, Angola, led to the Angolan civil war that grew into a Cold War competition. The Angola crisis of 1974–1975 ultimately contributed to straining relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 5.810262203216553, "rough_score": 7.667570114135742, "source": "search", "title": "The Angola Crisis 1974–75 - State" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The Angolan Civil War, beginning at the time of the country's independence from Portugal in 1975, was a 27-year struggle involving the deaths of over 500,000 soldiers and civilians.  Initiated at the height of the Cold War, pro- and anti- communist forces in Angola set the stage for a proxy fight between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .  Though the fighting officially ended in 2002, Angola remains in economic and social turmoil with a massive refugee crisis and millions of landmines impeding farming practices.", "precise_score": 6.905030250549316, "rough_score": 7.961690902709961, "source": "search", "title": "Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) - | The Black Past ..." }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The origins and early history of nation states are disputed. A major theoretical question is: \"Which came first, the nation or the nation state?\" Scholars such as Steven Weber, David Woodward, and Jeremy Black have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state didn't arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it an accident of history or political invention; but is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in political economy, capitalism, mercantilism, political geography, and geography combined together with cartography and advances in map-making technologies. It was with these intellectual discoveries and technological advances that the nation state arose. For others, the nation existed first, then nationalist movements arose for sovereignty, and the nation state was created to meet that demand. Some \"modernization theories\" of nationalism see it as a product of government policies to unify and modernize an already existing state. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass literacy and mass media. However, historians also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in Portugal and the Dutch Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675857543945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nation state" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "* Portugal: Although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory since the romanization or latinization of the native population during the Roman era. The modern Portuguese nation is a very old amalgam of formerly distinct historical populations that passed through and settled in the territory of modern Portugal: native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, Jews), invading Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, and Muslim Arabs and Berbers. Most Berber/Arab people and the Jews were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista and the repopulation by Christians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.617956161499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nation state" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Despite Portugal's nominal claims, as late as the 19th century, their control over the interior country of Angola was minimal. In the 16th century Portugal gained control of the coast through a series of treaties and wars. Life for European colonists was difficult and progress slow. Iliffe notes that \"Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great famine occurred on average every seventy years; accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.36852765083313, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Amid the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutch occupied Luanda in 1641, using alliances with local peoples against Portuguese holdings elsewhere. A fleet under Salvador de Sá retook Luanda for Portugal in 1648; reconquest of the rest of the territory was completed by 1650. New treaties with Kongo were signed in 1649; others with Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo followed in 1656. The conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion from Luanda, as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Portugal also expanded inward from Benguela, but until the late 19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were very limited. Portugal had neither the intention nor the means to carry out a large scale territorial occupation and colonization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.249897956848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Development of the hinterland began after the Berlin Conference in 1885 fixed the colony's borders, and British and Portuguese investment fostered mining, railways, and agriculture based on various forced-labour and voluntary labour systems.(See also Chibalo.) Full Portuguese administrative control of the hinterland did not establish itself until the beginning of the 20th century. Portugal had a minimalist presence in Angola for nearly five hundred years, and early calls for independence provoked little reaction amongst the population who had no social identity related to the territory as a whole. More overtly political and \"nationalist\" organisations first appeared in the 1950s and began to make demands for self-determination, especially in international forums such as the Non-Aligned Movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.326685905456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the retornados. The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, and succeeded in getting them to agree, on paper, to form a common government. But in the end none of the African parties respected the commitments they had made, and military force resolved the issue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9565844535827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Following negotiations held in Portugal, itself experiencing severe social and political turmoil and uncertainty due to the April 1974 revolution, Angola's three main guerrilla groups agreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975. Within two months, however, the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA had started fighting each other and the country began splitting into zones controlled by rival armed political groups. The MPLA gained control of the capital Luanda and much of the rest of the country. With the support of the United States, Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA (see: Cuba in Angola), which became a flash point for the Cold War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.991621017456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Ever since Portugal handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independence groups (MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a focus of separatist guerrilla actions opposing the Government of Angola (which has employed its military forces, the FAA—Forças Armadas Angolanas) and Cabindan separatists. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) announced a virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda under the Presidency of N'Zita Henriques Tiago. One of the characteristics of the Cabindan independence movement is its constant fragmentation, into smaller and smaller factions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9556353092193604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "One of the economic consequences of the social and regional disparities is a sharp increase in Angolan private investments abroad. The small fringe of Angolan society where most of the accumulation takes place seeks to spread its assets, for reasons of security and profit. For the time being, the biggest share of these investments is concentrated in Portugal where the Angolan presence (including that of the family of the state president) in banks as well as in the domains of energy, telecommunications, and mass media has become notable, as has the acquisition of vineyards and orchards as well as of touristic enterprises. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.616052627563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The management of the domain '.ao' on web pages, will go from Portugal to Angola in 2015, following the approval of a new legislation by the Angolan Government. The joint decree of the minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies, José Carvalho da Rocha, and the minister of Science and Technology, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, states that \"under the massification\" of that Angolan domain, \"conditions are created for the transfer of the domain root '.ao' of Portugal to Angola\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.419646739959717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The exact numbers of those fluent in Portuguese or who speak Portuguese as a first language are unknown, although a census is expected to be carried out in July–August 2013. Quite a number of voices demand the recognition of \"Angolan Portuguese\" as a specific variant, comparable to those spoken in Portugal or in Brazil. However, while there exists a certain number of idiomatic particularities in everyday Portuguese, as spoken by Angolans, it remains to be seen whether or not the Angolan government comes to the conclusion that these particularities constitute a configuration that justifies the claim to be a new language variant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.182450294494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In Angola, there is a Culture Ministry that is managed by Culture Minister Rosa Maria Martins da Cruz e Silva. Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years. As a consequence, both countries share cultural aspects: language (Portuguese) and main religion (Roman Catholic Christianity). The substrate of Angolan culture is African, mostly Bantu, while Portuguese culture has been imported. The diverse ethnic communities – the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda and other peoples – maintain to varying degrees their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times – in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century. In this urban culture, the Portuguese heritage has become more and more dominant. An African influence is evident in music and dance, and is moulding the way in which Portuguese is spoken, but is almost disappearing from the vocabulary. This process is well reflected in contemporary Angolan literature, especially in the works of Pepetela and Ana Paula Ribeiro Tavares.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7255682945251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "According to estimates by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the adult literacy rate in 2011 was 70.4%. 82.9% of males and 54.2% of women are literate as of 2001. Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, polytechnical institutes, and universities in Portugal, Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0459818840026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angola" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The FNLA formed parallel to the MPLA, and was initially devoted to defending the interests of the Bakongo people and supporting the restoration of the historical Kongo Empire. However, it rapidly developed into a nationalist movement, supported in its struggle against Portugal by the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire. During the early 1960s, the FNLA was also supported by the People's Republic of China, but when UNITA was founded in the mid-1960s, China switched its support to this new movement, because the FNLA had shown little real activity. The United States refused to give the FNLA support during the movement's war against Portugal, which was a NATO ally of the U.S.; however, the FNLA did receive U.S. aid during the decolonization conflict and later during the Civil Wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938030242919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Angola, like most African countries, became constituted as a nation through colonial intervention. In Angola's case, its colonial power – Portugal – was present and active in the territory, in one way or another, for over four centuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.144439935684204, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "At the end of the 15th century, Portuguese settlers made contact with the Kongo Empire, maintaining a continuous presence in its territory and enjoying considerable cultural and religious influence thereafter. In 1575, Portugal established a settlement and fort called Saint Paul of Luanda on the coast south of the Kongo Empire, in an area inhabited by Ambundu people. Another fort, Benguela, was established on the coast further south, in a region inhabited by ancestors of the Ovimbundu people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887975692749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Territorial occupation only became a central concern for Portugal in the last decades of the 19th century, during the European powers' \"Scramble for Africa\", especially following the 1884 Berlin Conference. A number of military expeditions were organized as preconditions for obtaining territory which roughly corresponded to that of present-day Angola. However, as late as 1906 only about 6% of that territory was effectively occupied, and the military campaigns had to continue. By the mid-1920s, the limits of the territory were finally fixed, and the last \"primary resistance\" was quelled in the early 1940s. It is thus reasonable to talk of Angola as a defined territorial entity from this point onwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.137605667114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In 1961, the FNLA and the MPLA, based in neighbouring countries, began a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule on several fronts. The Portuguese Colonial War, which included the Angolan War of Independence, lasted until the Portuguese regime's overthrow in 1974 through a leftist military coup in Lisbon. When the timeline for independence became known, most of the roughly 500,000 ethnic Portuguese Angolans fled the territory during the weeks before or after that deadline. Portugal left behind a newly independent country whose population was mainly composed by Ambundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo peoples. The Portuguese that lived in Angola accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, and industry; once they fled the country, the national economy began to sink into depression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.830482482910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "President dos Santos met with Savimbi in Lisbon, Portugal and signed the Bicesse Accords, the first of three major peace agreements, on 31 May 1991, with the mediation of the Portuguese government. The accords laid out a transition to multi-party democracy under the supervision of the United Nations' UNAVEM II mission, with a presidential election to be held within a year. The agreement attempted to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). The FAA would consist of a national army with 40,000 troops, navy with 6,000, and air force with 4,000. While UNITA largely did not disarm, the FAA complied with the accord and demobilized, leaving the government disadvantaged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300041675567627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Savimbi, unwilling to personally sign an accord, had former UNITA Secretary General Eugenio Manuvakola represent UNITA in his place. Manuvakola and Angolan Foreign Minister Venancio de Moura signed the Lusaka Protocol in Lusaka, Zambia on 31 October 1994, agreeing to integrate and disarm UNITA. Both sides signed a ceasefire as part of the protocol on 20 November. Under the agreement the government and UNITA would cease fire and demobilize. 5,500 UNITA members, including 180 militants, would join the Angolan national police, 1,200 UNITA members, including 40 militants, would join the rapid reaction police force, and UNITA generals would become officers in the Angolan Armed Forces. Foreign mercenaries would return to their home countries and all parties would stop acquiring foreign arms. The agreement gave UNITA politicians homes and a headquarters. The government agreed to appoint UNITA members to head the Mines, Commerce, Health, and Tourism ministries, in addition to seven deputy ministers, ambassadors, the governorships of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango, deputy governors, municipal administrators, deputy administrators, and commune administrators. The government would release all prisoners and give amnesty to all militants involved in the civil war. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on 15 November 1994 to boost support symbolically for the protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. The agreement created a joint commission, consisting of officials from the Angolan government, UNITA, and the UN with the governments of Portugal, the United States, and Russia observing, to oversee its implementation. Violations of the protocol's provisions would be discussed and reviewed by the commission. The protocol's provisions, integrating UNITA into the military, a ceasefire, and a coalition government, were similar to those of the Alvor Agreement that granted Angola independence from Portugal in 1975. Many of the same environmental problems, mutual distrust between UNITA and the MPLA, loose international oversight, the importation of foreign arms, and an overemphasis on maintaining the balance of power, led to the collapse of the protocol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0911850929260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The territory of Cabinda is north of Angola proper, separated by a strip of territory 60 km long in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Portuguese Constitution of 1933 designated Angola and Cabinda as overseas provinces. In the course of administrative reforms during the 1930s to 1950s, Angola was divided into districts, and Cabinda became one of the districts of Angola. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) formed in 1963 during the broader war for independence from Portugal. Contrary to the organization's name, Cabinda is an exclave, not an enclave. FLEC later split into the Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) and FLEC-Renovada (FLEC-R). Several other, smaller FLEC factions later broke away from these movements, but FLEC-R remained the most prominent because of its size and its tactics. FLEC-R members cut off the ears and noses of government officials and their supporters, similar to the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone in the 1990s. Despite Cabinda's relatively small size, foreign powers and the nationalist movements coveted the territory for its vast reserves of petroleum, the principal export of Angola then and now.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.272986650466919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "UNITA carried out several attacks against civilians in May 2001 in a show of strength. UNITA militants attacked Caxito on 7 May, killing 100 people and kidnapping 60 children and two adults. UNITA then attacked Baia-do-Cuio, followed by an attack on Golungo Alto, a city 200 km east of Luanda, a few days later. The militants advanced on Golungo Alto at 2:00 pm on 21 May, staying until 9:00 pm on 22 May when the Angolan military retook the town. They looted local businesses, taking food and alcoholic beverages before singing drunkenly in the streets. More than 700 villagers trekked 60 km from Golungo Alto to Ndalatando, the provincial capital of Cuanza Norte, without injury. According to an aid official in Ndalatando, the Angolan military prohibited media coverage of the incident, so the details of the attack are unknown. Joffre Justino, UNITA's spokesman in Portugal, said UNITA only attacked Gungo Alto to demonstrate the government's military inferiority and the need to cut a deal. Four days later UNITA released the children to a Catholic mission in Camabatela, a city 200 km from where UNITA kidnapped them. The national organization said the abduction violated their policy towards the treatment of civilians. In a letter to the bishops of Angola, Jonas Savimbi asked the Catholic Church to act as an intermediary between UNITA and the government in negotiations. The attacks took their toll on Angola's economy. At the end of May 2001, De Beers, the international diamond mining company, suspended its operations in Angola, ostensibly on the grounds that negotiations with the national government reached an impasse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.314585208892822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Government troops killed Jonas Savimbi on 22 February 2002, in Moxico province. UNITA Vice President António Dembo took over, but died from diabetes 12 days later on 3 March, and Secretary-General Paulo Lukamba became UNITA's leader. After Savimbi's death, the government came to a crossroads over how to proceed. After initially indicating the counter-insurgency might continue, the government announced it would halt all military operations on 13 March. Military commanders for UNITA and the MPLA met in Cassamba and agreed to a cease-fire. However, Carlos Morgado, UNITA's spokesman in Portugal, said the UNITA's Portugal wing had been under the impression General Kamorteiro, the UNITA general who agreed to the ceasefire, had been captured more than a week earlier. Morgado did say that he had not heard from Angola since Savimbi's death. The military commanders signed a Memorandum of Understanding as an addendum to the Lusaka Protocol in Luena on 4 April, with Santos and Lukambo observing.Crocker, Aall, and Osler (2004). p. 224.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435190200805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angolan Civil War" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Portugal, like the other colonial powers, was primarily interested in extracting riches from its colonies, through taxation, forced labour and the compulsory cultivation of marketable crops such as cotton. Under the guise of a 'civilising mission', the colonial state was heavily influenced by its own distinctive variety of Catholic fundamentalism, invented by the semi-fascist dictator António Salazar. An ideology developed under the banner of luso-tropicalism, a supposedly specific Portuguese way of harmonising Portuguese manners with the customs of peoples in the tropics. In Angola economic extraction was later supplemented by migrant influences when Portugal needed to dispose of excess population. In the 1950s and 1960s Angola received many thousands of poor white peasants and entrepreneurial settlers from Portugal. They created a colony of European descent which, although smaller than the Portuguese communities in France or Brazil, was larger than the rival colonial one in Mozambique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.450224876403809, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "During the colonial period, and particularly under the corporatist 'New State' and its colonial charters perfected by Salazar when he graduated from finance minister to Prime Minister in 1932, Angola's political and economic developments were crucially linked to the motherland. In 1969 Marcelo Caetano succeeded Salazar as Prime Minister and continued to insulate Portugal's colonies, and especially the crown jewel that was Angola, from the winds of change that blew concepts of independence over Africa in the 1960s. Instead of preparing for independence, as the other colonial powers had reluctantly done after the Second World War, Portugal tried to strengthen its imperial grip. As a weak state, politically isolated and economically backward, Portugal resorted to special measures to hold on to its colonies and in 1954 it euphemistically renamed them 'overseas provinces' in an attempt to avoid the attentions of United Nations inspectors. Economically, both Portugal and Angola were always at the mercy of trends and developments in the wider global economy, determined by powers beyond their control. It had been the world economic crisis of the 1930s which had led to the impoverishment of Portugal and to the crystallisation of Salazar's authoritarian regime. In the 1950s, when Portugal aspired to become a member of the United Nations and yet keep its colonies, it was agricultural crises and opportunities that caused impending upheavals. The relative poverty of the southern highlands and the boom in coffee prices in the north drove thousands of Ovimbundu peasants to become migrant workers on the coffee estates. There they were subjected to humiliation by white colonists and to resentment by the Bakongo who lived there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.5137619972229, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "Angola's historical society can be characterised by a tiny semi-urbanised elite of Portuguese-speaking 'creole' families – many black, some of mixed race, some Catholic and others Protestant, some old-established and others cosmopolitan – who are distinguished from the broad population of black African peasants and farm workers. Until the nineteenth century the great creole merchants and the rural princes dealt in captive slaves, most of whom were exported to Brazil or to the African islands. The black aristocracy and the creole bourgeoisie thrived on the profits of overseas trade and lived in style, consuming large quantities of imported alcoholic beverages and wearing fashionable European costumes. In the early twentieth century, however, their social and economic position was eroded by an influx of petty merchants and bureaucrats from Portugal, who wished to grasp the commercial and employment opportunities created by a new colonial order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.303439140319824, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The 'second Angolan war' reached its peak in the mid-1980s. One of its enduring ironies concerned the dollar income generated by American oil companies, which paid for Cuban troops to protect the Angolan government and its oil installations from attacks by South African forces working for UNITA and partly financed by the US. In this phase of the war the battle for the small but strategic town of Cuito Cuanavale was a turning point. In 1987-88, South African and UNITA forces were pushed back by MPLA and Cuban troops after a long siege. The South Africans conceded that no military solution to the security of their northern border was possible and they started to explore political alternatives. The ensuing peace initiatives, orchestrated by a Troika of Portugal, America and Russia, finally resulted in the Bicesse Accords of May 1991 between the MPLA and UNITA. The peace was followed by the holding under UN auspices of Angola's first and only general election. Savimbi expected to gain power through the ballot box in September 1992. When he failed to do so he rejected the voting results and returned to war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7672463655471802, "source": "search", "title": "Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The first inhabitants of the area that is now Angola are thought to have been members of the hunter-gatherer Khoisan group. Bantu-speaking peoples from West Africa arrived in the region in the 13th cent., partially displacing the Khoisan and establishing a number of powerful kingdoms. The Portuguese first explored coastal Angola in the late 15th cent., and except for a short occupation (1641–48) by the Dutch, it was under Portugal's control until they left the country late in the 20th cent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.492692232131958, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The modern development of Angola began only after World War II. In 1951 the colony was designated an overseas province, and Portugal initiated plans to develop industries and hydroelectric power. Although the Portuguese professed the aim of a multiracial society of equals in Angola, most Africans still suffered repression. Inspired by nationalist movements elsewhere, the native Angolans rose in revolt in 1961. When the uprising was quelled by the Portuguese army, many fled to Congo (Kinshasa) and other neighboring countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.313153475522995, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In 1962 a group of refugees in the Congo, led by Holden Roberto, organized the Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). It maintained supply and training bases in the Congo, waged guerrilla warfare in Angola, and, while developing contacts with both Western and Communist nations, obtained its chief support from the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Angola's liberation movement comprised two other guerrilla groups as well. The Marxist-influenced Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, had its headquarters in Zambia and was most active among educated Angolan Africans and mestiços living abroad. The MPLA led the struggle for Angolan independence. The third rival group was the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), which was established in 1966 under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi . As a result of the guerrilla warfare, Portugal was forced to keep more than 50,000 troops in Angola by the early 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.9431233406066895, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In 1972 the heads of the FNLA and MPLA assumed joint leadership of a newly formed Supreme Council for the Liberation of Angola, but their military forces did not merge. That same year the Portuguese national assembly changed Angola's status from an overseas province to an \"autonomous state\" with authority over internal affairs; Portugal was to retain responsibility for defense and foreign relations. Elections were held for a legislative assembly in 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.566417694091797, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "In Apr., 1974, the Portuguese government was overthrown in a military uprising. In May of that year the new government proclaimed a truce with the guerrillas in an effort to promote peace talks. Later in the year Portugal seemed intent on granting Angola independence; however, the situation was complicated by the large number of Portuguese and other Europeans (estimated at 500,000) resident there, by continued conflict among the African liberation movements, and by the desire of some Cabindans for their oil-rich region to become independent as a separate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.937880992889404, "source": "search", "title": "Angola: History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "The southern African state of Angola has gained its independence from former colonial power Portugal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7619645595550537, "source": "search", "title": "1975: Divided Angola gets independence - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "1885-1930 - Portugal consolidates colonial control over Angola, local resistance persists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.30599308013916, "source": "search", "title": "Angola country profile - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Portugal", "passage": "1974 - Revolution in Portugal, colonial empire collapses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.153663635253906, "source": "search", "title": "Angola country profile - BBC News" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "David Soul (born August 28, 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actor and British citizen and singer best known for his role as the \"seat-of-the-pants\" California police detective Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson (opposite co-star and long-time friend Paul Michael Glaser) in the cult television program Starsky and Hutch (1975-79).", "precise_score": 6.514682769775391, "rough_score": 7.762961387634277, "source": "search", "title": "David Soul — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Born in Chicago, Illinois, David Soul is the son of a minister who was at one time serving as the religious affairs advisor to the U.S. High Commission in Berlin. At 24 years of age, young Soul joined a North Dakota musical revue, was noticed by a keen-eyed talent scout, and signed to a studio contract. He went on to study acting with the Irene Daly School of The Actors Company, and with the Columbia Workshop in Hollywood. He first appeared on TV in small roles in shows including I Dream of Jeannie (1965), Flipper (1964) and All in the Family (1971). Regular TV work kept coming in for Soul including making masked appearances on The Merv Griffin Show (1962), as the popular singer known only as \"The Covered Man.\"", "precise_score": 6.121411323547363, "rough_score": 7.148870468139648, "source": "search", "title": "David Soul - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Soul was born David Richard Solberg in Chicago, Illinois, on August 28, 1943. His mother, June Johnanne (Nelson), was a teacher, and his father, Dr. Richard W. Solberg, was a Lutheran minister, Professor of History and Political Science, and Director of Higher Education for the American Lutheran Church. Dr. Solberg was also Senior Representative for Lutheran World Relief during the reconstruction of Germany after the Second World War from 1949 until 1956. Because of this, the family moved frequently while Soul was growing up. Both of his grandfathers were evangelists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.851926326751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Soul" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Soul attended Augustana College, University of the Americas in Mexico City and the University of Minnesota. At 19, he turned down a professional baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox in order to study political science. While in Mexico, inspired by students who taught him to play the guitar, Soul changed his direction and decided to follow his passion for music. His first appearance upon returning from Mexico to the States was in a club in Minneapolis, The 10 O'Clock Scholar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.887073516845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Soul" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "David Soul achieved pop icon status as handsome, blond-haired, blue-eyed Detective Kenneth Hutchinson on the cult \"buddy cop\" TV series Starsky and Hutch (1975), Soul also had a very successful singing career recording several albums, with worldwide number one hit singles including \"Silver Lady\" & \"Don't Give Up on Us Baby\". Born in Chicago, ... See full bio »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.095882415771484, "source": "search", "title": "David Soul - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "BORN : Chicago, Illinois, USA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102311134338379, "source": "search", "title": "David Soul - Holby.tv" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "precise_score": 9.230618476867676, "rough_score": 6.419818878173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Bowl XX" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The NFC champion Chicago Bears, seeking their first NFL title since 1963, scored a Super Bowl-record 46 points in downing AFC champion New England 46-10 in Super Bowl XX. The previous record for most points in a Super Bowl was 38, shared by San Francisco in XIX and the Los Angeles Raiders in XVIII.", "precise_score": 5.0992350578308105, "rough_score": 4.9214582443237305, "source": "search", "title": "Super Bowl XX Game Recap - NFL.com - Official Site of the ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "Super Bowl XX (1986) – Chicago Bears defensive end Richard Dent (No. 95) sacks New England quarterback Steve Grogan during Super Bowl XX. Dent had two sacks and two forced fumbles as a devastating defense helped Chicago crush the Patriots 46-10.", "precise_score": 6.073437213897705, "rough_score": 4.542045593261719, "source": "search", "title": "Super Bowl 2016: Broncos take down Panthers - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "Chicago Bears", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407214164733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Bowl XX" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "On January 26, 1986, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Chicago Bears score a Super Bowl record number of points to defeat the New England Patriots, 46-10, and win their first championship since 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1405887603759766, "source": "search", "title": "Bears beat Patriots in Super Bowl XX - Jan 26, 1986 ..." }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears (18-1) defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots (14-6), 46–10. The Bears set Super Bowl records for sacks (7) and fewest rushing yards allowed (7). The Bears' 36-point margin over the Patriots was a Super Bowl record until Super Bowl XXIV .(45) The Patriots were held to negative yardage (-19) throughout the entire first half, and just 123 total yards in the entire game, the second lowest total in Super Bowl history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.611093044281006, "source": "search", "title": "Super Bowl XX - American Football Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The 1985 Chicago Bears became national stars. Under head coach Mike Ditka , who won the 1985 NFL Coach of the Year Award , they went 15-1 in the regular season, becoming the second NFL team ever to win 15 regular season games (after the 1984 San Francisco 49ers ). Their only loss was in a Monday night game against the Miami Dolphins .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002095222473145, "source": "search", "title": "Super Bowl XX - American Football Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6600889563560486, "source": "search", "title": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.44689029455184937, "source": "search", "title": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "Chicago Bears after victory, 1986", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006234169006348, "source": "search", "title": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "The Chicago Bears devastated the New England Patriots on this date in Super Bowl XX by an appropriate score, 46-10, stamping their ravaging \"46\" defense on National Football League history. The victory in New Orleans' Superdome, the first major championship for a Chicago team since the 1963 NFL title, was a near-perfect ending to a near-perfect season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.564483642578125, "source": "search", "title": "The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune" }, { "answer": "Chicago Bears", "passage": "Super Bowl XX one of the first Super Bowls I remember watching as a kid, brings back the fond memories of the Bears crushing defense. With the Chicago Bears being the clear favorite over the New England Patriots it came as no surprise this turned out as a 46-10 blowout. From the start the Bears simply out hit and out played the Pats, as the play-calling for Chicago was better. Bears running back Walter Payton would play a lesser role for the greater good by showing his unselfishness, by giving way to other team members by his blocking and decoy duties. With Payton being keyed upon by the Pats D head coach Mike Dikta opened up the passing game and the points and yards just rolled up. Loud and outspoken QB Jimmy Mac was accurate by 12 for 20 passing. The most memorable moment was when the \"Fridge\" William Perry scored a diving goal line touchdown!! Now a 400 pound defensive tackle scoring. Most of all this Super Bowl was the Bears defense and defensive coach Buddy Ryan. The Bears D was crushing forcing six turnovers, and holding the Pats into negative yardage going into the final quarter! Buddy was great at the 46 scheme his D always got pressure on the QB and it was no different in this Super Bowl. Buddy Ryan later went on to coach my favorite team the Philadelphia Eagles, and he's my favorite coach for his tough attitude and outspoken ways. It was only fitting after Super Bowl XX ended the defensive unit carried Buddy off the field as the offense carried Mike Dikta off. This team was Buddy's D and Mike's O! Richard Dent won game MVP rightfully so with three sacks. Overall a terrific performance by Chicago one of the biggest Super Bowl wins that will always stick with me for special reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8287956714630127, "source": "search", "title": "Super Bowl XX (1986) - IMDb" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Norway", "passage": "Under the influence of the European Enlightenment , in the latter part of the 18th century there began a movement to limit the scope of capital punishment. Until that time a very wide range of offenses, including even common theft, were punishable by death—though the punishment was not always enforced, in part because juries tended to acquit defendants against the evidence in minor cases. In 1794 the U.S. state of Pennsylvania became the first jurisdiction to restrict the death penalty to first-degree murder, and in 1846 the state of Michigan abolished capital punishment for all murders and other common crimes. In 1863 Venezuela became the first country to abolish capital punishment for all crimes, including serious offenses against the state (e.g., treason and military offenses in time of war). Portugal was the first European country to abolish the death penalty, doing so in 1867; by the early 20th century several other countries, including the Netherlands, Norway , Sweden , Denmark , and Italy , had followed suit (though it was reintroduced in Italy under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ). By the mid-1960s some 25 countries had abolished the death penalty for murder, though only about half of them also had abolished it for offenses against the state or the military code. For example, Britain abolished capital punishment for murder in 1965, but treason, piracy, and military crimes remained capital offenses until 1998.", "precise_score": 8.940526962280273, "rough_score": 7.148316860198975, "source": "search", "title": "capital punishment | law | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Norway", "passage": "**Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK, but also in Norway and Sweden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164335250854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethnic groups in Europe" }, { "answer": "Norway", "passage": "The public opinion on the death penalty varies considerably by country and by the crime in question. Countries where a majority of people are against execution include New Zealand, where 55 percent of the population oppose its use, Australia where only 23 percent support the death penalty, and Norway where only 25 percent are in favour. Most French, Finns and Italians also oppose the death penalty. A 2010 Gallup poll shows that 64% of Americans support the death penalty for someone convicted of murder, down from 65% in 2006 and 68% in 2001. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.286726951599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capital punishment" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "On April 19, 1988, Japanese telecommunications company NTT began offering nationwide ISDN services trademarked INS Net 64, and INS Net 1500, a fruition of NTT's independent research and trial from the 1970s of what it referred to the INS (Information Network System). ", "precise_score": 3.654407024383545, "rough_score": 2.7119059562683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "Previously, on April 1985, Japanese digital telephone exchange hardware made by Fujitsu was used to experimentally deploy the world's first I interface ISDN. The I interface, unlike the older and incompatible Y interface, is what modern ISDN services use today.", "precise_score": 0.47563493251800537, "rough_score": -2.4724783897399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "BRI-ISDN is very popular in Europe but is much less common in North America. It is also common in Japan — where it is known as INS64. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.395700454711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "In North America PRI service is delivered on one or more T1 carriers (often referred to as 23B+D) of 1544 kbit/s (24 channels). A PRI has 23 'B' channels and 1 'D' channel for signalling (Japan uses a circuit called a J1, which is similar to a T1). Inter-changeably but incorrectly, a PRI is referred to as T1 because it uses the T1 carrier format. A true T1 (commonly called \"Analog T1\" to avoid confusion) uses 24 channels of 64 kbit/s of in-band signaling. Each channel uses 56 kb for data and voice and 8 kb for signaling and messaging. PRI uses out of band signaling which provides the 23 B channels with clear 64 kb for voice and data and one 64 kb 'D' channel for signaling and messaging. In North America, Non-Facility Associated Signalling allows two or more PRIs to be controlled by a single D channel, and is sometimes called \"23B+D + n*24B\". D-channel backup allows for a second D channel in case the primary fails. NFAS is commonly used on a T3.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013360023498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "Japan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464066505432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "In Japan, the number of ISDN subscribers dwindled as alternative technologies such as ADSL, cable Internet access, and fiber to the home gained greater popularity. On November 2, 2010, NTT announced plans to migrate their backend from PSTN to the IP network from around 2020 to around 2025. For this migration, ISDN services will be retired, and fiber optic services are recommended as an alternative. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.390273571014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "* Japan 240", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479889869689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "There are two ISDN implementations. Basic Rate Interface (BRI), also called basic rate access (BRA) — consists of two B channels, each with bandwidth of 64 kbit/s, and one D channel with a bandwidth of 16 kbit/s. Together these three channels can be designated as 2B+D. Primary Rate Interface (PRI), also called primary rate access (PRA) in Europe — contains a greater number of B channels and a D channel with a bandwidth of 64 kbit/s. The number of B channels for PRI varies according to the nation: in North America and Japan it is 23B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 1.544 Mbit/s (T1); in Europe, India and Australia it is 30B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (E1). Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (BISDN) is another ISDN implementation and it is able to manage different types of services at the same time. It is primarily used within network backbones and employs ATM.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.84843635559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "The D channel can also be used for sending and receiving X.25 data packets, and connection to X.25 packet network, this is specified in X.31. In practice, X.31 was only commercially implemented in UK, France, Japan and Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354754447937012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated Services Digital Network" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Walter", "passage": "Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in Moonlighting (1985–1989). He is known for his role of John McClane in the Die Hard series. He has appeared in over 60 films, including Color of Night (1994), Pulp Fiction (1994), 12 Monkeys (1995), The Fifth Element (1997), Armageddon (1998), The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Sin City (2005), Red (2010), The Expendables 2 (2012), and Looper (2012).", "precise_score": 5.0806732177734375, "rough_score": 5.112104892730713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Willis" }, { "answer": "Walter", "passage": "Willis was born Walter Bruce Willis on March 19, 1955 in the town of Idar-Oberstein, West Germany. His father, David Willis (1929-2009), was an American soldier. His mother, Marlene, was German, born in Kassel. Willis is the oldest of four children: he has a sister, Florence, and a brother, David. His brother Robert died of pancreatic cancer in 2001, aged 42. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11042696982622147, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Willis" }, { "answer": "Walter", "passage": "Walter Bruce Willis was born on March 19, 1955, in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany, to a German mother, Marlene K. (from Kassel), and an American father, David Andrew Willis (from Carneys Point, New Jersey), who were then living on a United States military base. His family moved to the U.S. shortly after he was born, and he was raised in Penns Grove, New Jersey, where his mother worked at a bank and his father was a welder and factory worker. Willis picked up an interest for the dramatic arts in high school, and was allegedly \"discovered\" whilst working in a café in New York City and then appeared in a couple of off-Broadway productions. While bartending one night, he was seen by a casting director who liked his personality and needed a bartender for a small movie role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.24416987597942352, "source": "search", "title": "Bruce Willis - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter", "passage": "Actor and musician Bruce Willis is well known for playing wisecracking or hard-edged characters, often in spectacular action films. Collectively, he has appeared in films that have grossed in excess of $2.5 billion USD, placing him in the top ten stars in terms of box office receipts. Walter Bruce Willis was born on March 19, 1955, in ... See full bio »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.28018009662628174, "source": "search", "title": "Bruce Willis - IMDb" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author William Golding about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves with disastrous results. Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association’s list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900–1999.", "precise_score": 10.0396089553833, "rough_score": 8.907648086547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lord of the Flies" }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by John Carey | Book review | Books | The Guardian", "precise_score": 9.299757957458496, "rough_score": 9.827184677124023, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by John Carey", "precise_score": 9.49893569946289, "rough_score": 9.092674255371094, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...In the novel “Lord of the Flies” by William Golding, after Ralph and the boys have been on the island for some time, . This chapter first opens with a very dark mood, where vivid descriptions of Jack hunting in the jungle are depicted. This amount of tension created is then further intensified through a strong disagreement between the two leaders of the pack, as Jack only cares about hunting while Ralph thinks building...", "precise_score": 7.4835615158081055, "rough_score": 8.349974632263184, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote Lord of the Flies - William Golding", "precise_score": 9.194390296936035, "rough_score": 8.74259090423584, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote Lord of the Flies", "precise_score": 8.493195533752441, "rough_score": 8.774956703186035, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies (Faber and Faber, paperback, 2010).", "precise_score": 8.930350303649902, "rough_score": 9.470343589782715, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "John Carey’s William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies is a remarkable achievement. It should be essential reading for anyone interested in Golding’s work and in twentieth century literature. For those readers who have read only Lord of the Flies this book is a great introduction to the others, but, of course, no substitute for the novels themselves. One hopes that the publication of this biography will stimulate more interest in the work of this hugely original and successful writer.", "precise_score": 9.395533561706543, "rough_score": 8.782851219177246, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies | Book review | Books | The Guardian", "precise_score": 8.934000015258789, "rough_score": 9.397275924682617, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies? | eNotes", "precise_score": 8.068916320800781, "rough_score": 9.091094017028809, "source": "search", "title": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies?", "precise_score": 7.980590343475342, "rough_score": 9.20675277709961, "source": "search", "title": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding, the author of the novel Lord of the Flies, was in combat in World War II which had a huge influence on his views about life.  He was present at the sinking of the prize German warship the Bismarck, participated in D-Day, and was horrified at the destruction of Britain by the German air force bombs.  In the 1950's, a nuclear war seemed like a real possibility with all of the tension among major countries.  It was in this atmosphere and this fear of another war that Golding wrote his book.  If you think of his background and tie that into the book, it isn't surprising that his novel is dark, that the boys turn to evil, and the ending is uncertain. Golding wants the reading public to question war, to see the horror it brings and to see what it does to the people involved.", "precise_score": 8.386411666870117, "rough_score": 8.78544807434082, "source": "search", "title": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Published in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding’s first novel. Although it was not a great success at the time—selling fewer than 3,000 copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print—it soon went on to become a best-seller. It has been adapted to film twice in English, in 1963 by Peter Brook and 1990 by Harry Hook, and once in Filipino (1976).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.314566612243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lord of the Flies" }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.636314392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lord of the Flies" }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "A diligent biography of William Golding doesn't fully capture the creative madness of its subject, finds Peter Conrad", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107768058776855, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding at his Wiltshire home, 1983. Photograph: John Eggitt/ Bettmann/ Corbis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.677891731262207, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "We hear a lot about the death of the author, but William Golding is an author who was almost still-born. The man who wrote Lord of the Flies found that no one wanted to publish it. In 1953, his manuscript spent seven months being sniffily perused by publishers, who all promptly returned it. The Curtis Brown agency even declined to represent the would-be author, a dispirited schoolmaster who had written the book during classes and given his pupils, in lieu of an education, the humdrum task of totting up the number of words per page. A dead end seemed to have been reached when the Faber reader, picking through pages that were now yellow and grubby from handling, contemptuously rejected the submission as \"absurd & uninteresting … rubbish & dull\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.403877258300781, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Yet the man who wrote Lord of the Flies spent the rest of his life regretting that he had done so. Golding considered the book \"boring and crude\", its language \"O-level stuff\". Its classic status struck him as \"a joke\" and he disparaged his income from it as \"Monopoly money\". And what right had it to overshadow later, better books, like his evolutionary saga, The Inheritors, his medieval fable, The Spire, or his solipsistic tragedy, Pincher Martin?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.644545793533325, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Towards the end of his life, he refused to reread the manuscript (much revised, on Monteith's orders, before publication): he feared he'd be so dismayed he might do himself a mischief. Golding whispered the truth about these protests in his journal. He abominated Lord of the Flies, he confided, because \"basically I despise myself and am anxious not to be discovered, uncovered, detected, rumbled\". Discovery, uncovery, detection and rumbling are the appointed tasks of the biographer, about which John Carey, in this authorised life of a man he \"admired and respected\", evidently feels uncomfortable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.455723762512207, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Golding called himself a monster. His imagination lodged a horde of demons, buzzing like flies inside his haunted head, and his dreams rehearsed his guilt in scenarios that read like sketches for incidents in his novels, which they often were. After dark, his mother became a murderous maniac, hurling knives, shards of shattered mirror or metal pots of scalding tea at little William; a girlfriend he had cast off returned as a stiffened corpse, which he watched himself trying to bury in the garden. At his finest, Golding paid traumatised tribute to the pain of other creatures, like the hooked octopus he once saw impaled by the \"vulnerable, vulvar sensitive flesh\" of its pink, screaming mouth, or a rabbit he shot in Cornwall, which stared at him before it fell with \"a combination of astonishment and outrage\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.477293491363525, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "But pity didn't prohibit him from firing the shot. He understood the Nazis, he said, because he was \"of that sort by nature\". His sexual assault on a 15-year-old girl has been titillatingly leaked to publicise Carey's biography. More generally, his son-in-law testifies that Golding specialised in belittling others – if that is, he recognised them at all. As Carey notes, he chronically misspelt names because he couldn't be bothered with people and their pesky claim to exist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366007804870605, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Carey documents Golding's ogre-like antics, but is reluctant to speculate about their origins. \"I do not know,\" he says, \"why he thought he was a monster\" and he concludes this long, loyal, conscientious book by admitting there may be a primal scene, a hidden obscenity, that still eludes him – \"something I have not discovered\". Should a biographer, I wonder, accept defeat with such good grace? Carey prefers to deal with the masks the monster wore in public. At times, Golding impersonated a twinkling Cornish pixie; behind the helms of his boats, he pretended to be Captain Hornblower or perhaps, when the role came closer to caricature, Cap'n Birdseye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056595802307129, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "His worst rampages occurred when he was drunk. Once, staying at a friend's house in London, Golding awoke in panic and dismembered a Bob Dylan puppet because he thought it was Satan. Carey nervously makes light of the episode, referring to it as a '\"diabolic encounter\". Religion and rationality, myth and science, fight it out in Golding's books as they did in his brain; it may be that Carey is too sane or puritanical to comprehend the creative madness of his subject.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325063705444336, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "He is tactful about Golding's relations with his children, both of whom suffered psychological upsets, or with his put-upon wife, who seems to have had her revenge by interrogating him at public lectures; at a gig in Lisbon, her voice from the darkened auditorium demanded to be told why there weren't more women in his books. Carey, a battle-scarred class warrior whose books include The Intellectuals and the Masses, sympathises with the young Golding's embarrassments at Oxford, where interviewers wrote him off as \"not quite a gentleman\". He's strangely reticent, however, about the old man's desperation to gain admission to the establishment. Golding pestered well-placed acquaintances to nominate him for a knighthood, which he called \"Kultivating my K\", and when it was finally doled out he changed the name on his passport with indecent alacrity and began to take pleasure in the sycophancy of hotel managers and head waiters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924894332885742, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "The self-contempt that Golding defined as the clue to his character pays dividends for Carey the textual scholar, who here unearths a series of early drafts for published novels or extracts from projects unjustifiably abandoned – a \"magnificent\" but unfinished work of Homeric science fiction, a memoir that was self-censored because too raw, a film script about a traffic jam that rehearses the Apocalypse, a first version of The Inheritors that \"cries out to be published as a novel in its own right\" and a segment excised from Darkness Visible that is also \"a masterpiece crying out for publication\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064088821411133, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "I suspect the cry Carey hears is that of unborn infants begging him to deliver them into the light and I hope he will do so. As a biographer, he may not have uncovered Golding's darkest, deepest secrets, but at least his detective work has grubbed up these intriguing, revealing relics. The man who wrote Lord of the Flies indeed wrote better things, some of which the rest of us should be given the chance to read.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.080840110778809, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Essay about Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - 295 Words", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.510432243347168, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies by William Golding, Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.071269989013672, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.973806381225586, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...William Golding explores the vulnerability of society in a way that can be read on many different levels. A less detailed look at the book, Lord of the Flies, is a simple fable about boys stranded on an island. Another way to comprehend the book is as a statement about mans inner savage and reverting to a primitive state without societies boundaries. By examining the Lord of the Flies further, it is revealed...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.38707971572876, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "William Golding", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7093095779418945, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...the concerns of the author and the time it was written? William Golding was an English author, actor and school teacher. He was born in 1911 and lived until he was 82 years old. During his life, Golding experienced 2 world wars. These world wars shaped the way he viewed the world, especially WWII as he was part of the destruction of German ships on D-Day. These experiences were a big reason why Golding chose to become an...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9885478019714355, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "\"The Lord of the Flies\" by William Golding Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.674862861633301, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...The famous quote by Lord Action, \"Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely\" is proven to be true by the actions of the character Jack, in the novel \"Lord of the Flies\" by William Golding. At the beginning of the novel Jack is an innocent, young boy who progressively becomes power dependant and thrives off of this power. By the end of the novel Jack has become absolutely corrupt with this power and commits terrible...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.870182514190674, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies Notes by William Golding Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.752424240112305, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Symbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.303529739379883, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...Gonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel “Lord of the Flies” and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.574309825897217, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Essay about William Golding Lord of the Flies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.283448219299316, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "...Instrumental William Golding: Lord of the Flies Docente: García Sánchez, María Elena Estudiante: Schmidt, Swenja-Janine Fecha de entrega: 20.12.2012 Outline 1. Introduction3 2. William Golding: Lord of the Flies3 2.1 Summary3 2.2 Characters4 2.2.1 Main Characters4 2.2.2 Minor Characters5 2.3 Themes and Symbols5 3. Conclusion: Personal Opinion6 4. New...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.854219436645508, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.973806381225586, "source": "search", "title": "Why I Think William Golding Wrote Lord of the Flies - Term ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "author  · William Golding", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.649230480194092, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Lord of the Flies: Key Facts" }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "When reading John Carey’s absorbing biography of William Golding, one is struck by the sheer amount of material that survives in the Golding archive.  As a researcher, it is easy to imagine Carey’s delight to have access to such an eclectic, important, and to date, uncatalogued collection.  Writing a literary biography can often be a fraught and complicated process; the biographer may face opposition from the subject’s estate, fail to gain permission to quote extensively from the original works, or even face opposition from the subject themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.251781463623047, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "One of the most famous examples of this is Ian Hamilton’s lengthy pursuit of the reclusive J.D. Salinger, which led to Salinger unsuccessfully attempting to block publication of the book.  My own research examines the work of the poet Sylvia Plath, about whom countless biographies and memoirs have appeared, the majority of which (some, quite rightly so) have not been allowed to quote fully from Plath’s work and several of which have faced legal challenges from the Plath estate.  Even the biography that is considered ‘approved’ by the Plath estate (although unofficially) is mired in controversy.  William Golding himself explored literary biography in his novel The Paper Men, which features a young professor Rick Tucker desperate to write the biography of writer Wilfred Barclay.  Tucker is determined to get his hands on Barclay’s private papers, and Barclay appears to be just as determined in eluding him, leading to a pursuit around Europe and a fatal ending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.441184043884277, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Fortunately, Carey had no such concerns while undertaking his research, and the finished product is exemplary in its use of archival material and reminiscences. He had access to Golding’s journals, letters, unpublished manuscripts and support from Golding’s friends and family. The material is brilliantly handled and assimilated by Carey, and crucially, he allows Golding’s words to speak for themselves, refusing even to correct Golding’s poor spelling. This is in direct response to Golding’s journal entry in 1982: ‘it’s a moody-making thought…that some bugger will either silently correct my spelling, or even worse, interrupt the text with brackets and sic in italics. But my bad grammar and bad spelling was me’ (x).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329339027404785, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Every aspect of Golding’s life is explored chronologically, from his early childhood split between Cornwall and Wiltshire, through to his career as a schoolmaster, marriage and family and finally, life as a writer. Carey does not shy away from revealing details about Golding that portray him as a negative character; for example we learn that he made an attempt to rape a girlfriend in his teens, that his relationship with his son was often difficult, and that his dependence on alcohol caused numerous problems with his family and friends. We also gain a portrait of an immensely clever man, whose desire to write could not be silenced, and a writer who challenged literary conventions, often in defiance of previous criticism of his work. Golding was awarded the James Tait Black Prize, the Booker Prize, the Nobel Prize and a knighthood; and he was the recipient of these accolades despite being described by Oxford dons as ‘not quite a gent’ (57). Indeed, the biography is also a fascinating read as an example of the class boundaries in England in the twentieth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801750183105469, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "The chapters that discuss the writing and development of his many books are of immense interest. Of course, Golding remains most famous for his first novel Lord of the Flies, but this is to the detriment of his many other works which are always strikingly original and, in many cases, defy categorisation because of their depth and brilliance. Nonetheless, the story of how one of the most-read novels of the twentieth century was rejected by so many publishers and was only rescued at Faber & Faber by a young editor, Charles Monteith, is as unbelievable as it is fascinating. Lord of the Flies was well received in England after its publication in 1954 but went out of print in the United States. However, by the early 1960s the book had become a phenomenal success and required reading in many schools and colleges, as it still is today.  Carey guides us through the euphoria of the acceptance of Lord of the Flies but also shows us the burden that the success of the book had imposed on Golding. As Carey writes, ‘Golding [had] complicated and resentful feelings about his first book’s enormous success, which had dwarfed everything he wrote afterwards’ (363).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.878006935119629, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "The chapter that I found most useful as a companion to one of Golding’s novels was the one on Pincher Martin, written around 1956. The book is truly a work of genius, and in fact the reader does not recognise just how tremendous the book is until they reach the final page. Even then, the reader needs to turn back to the beginning and start all over again to fully appreciate, as Frank Kermode put it, the novel’s ‘dense interweavings of image and reference’ (201).  Reading about the development of Golding’s plot and his understanding of the main character is crucial for any reader of Pincher Martin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948575973510742, "source": "search", "title": "Review of John Carey, William Golding: The man who wrote ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "To those who've read the other novels (including the marvellous The Inheritors), the subtitle will seem superfluous. And William Golding himself might have been irritated by it, since he came to dislike Lord of the Flies: \"boring and crude. The language is O-level stuff\" was his verdict when he reread it 20 years after publication. Still, some sort of nudge seems to be necessary. Despite huge public acclaim during his lifetime – the Nobel, the Booker, a knighthood and millions of copies sold – Golding is remembered chiefly for one book, and even that one sometimes gets muddled (Princess Margaret's husband Anthony Armstrong-Jones once told Golding how much he admired Lord of the Rings).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.294863700866699, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Many studies exist interpreting his work, but no Life has appeared in the 16 years since his death and any biographer looked certain to face a struggle. A private, monogamous, bearded ex-teacher who lived quietly in south-west England and set most of his novels in the past: how much was there to say? As it turns out, a considerable amount: John Carey's book isn't sensationalist but it discloses sufficient deviance to explain Golding's description of himself in a private journal as \"a monster in deed, word and thought\". Sexual violence, alcoholic excess, shame, depression and vanity are all part of the story. Even the beard turns out to be interesting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605392456054688, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "One revelation has already made the news pages – Golding's attempted rape, while an undergraduate at Oxford, of a 15-year-old girlfriend, Dora, and a bizarre episode, a year later, when she enticed him to have sex with her in a field above a school playing field, so that his father could spot them in flagrante through a pair of binoculars. By this point Dora was also involved with a games master who liked to whip her, and Golding found the sight of her whipped bottom \"loathsomely exciting\". In an unpublished book called Men, Women & Now, he recalls Dora's \"depraved\" nature with misogynistic venom – not just to appease his guilt over the attempted rape but because she taught him about his capacity for sadism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229865074157715, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "There's nothing to suggest he was a sadistic child, but he was certainly a sensitive one, fearful of his mother's temper (she occasionally threw things) and prone to nightmares. His parents were socialist, pacifist, atheist, teetotal and musical. Golding later regretted their lack of warmth, but he inherited their hatred of the class system. He knew it from Marlborough, a town divided between the posh school and the local one, and re-experienced it at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was the only grammar-school boy among 71 entrants. He graduated with an indifferent degree, ran up debts which he didn't repay for more than 20 years, and when interviewed by the university's appointments committee, for careers advice, was marked down as \"Not Quite\" (\"not quite a gentleman\") and NTS (\"Not Top Shelf\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374601364135742, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Teaching was the obvious career, but for several years Golding drifted, writing poetry, playing the piano and acting. He also met his wife Ann: bright, beautiful, sporty and fiercely Marxist, though marrying her meant ditching his fiancée – more cause for self-recrimination. Then came the war. \"I have always understood the Nazis because I am of that sort by nature,\" Golding said, and it could be argued that going to war against them was the making of him, or at any rate the making of Lord of the Flies. His experiences in the navy were a mixture of courage, intelligence and frightening incompetence, and Carey describes them in fascinating detail. The low point was an accident with a detonator that put him in hospital for three months, the high point successfully commanding a craft during the D-Day landings – though what he saw that day (\"ships mined, ships blowing up into a Christmas tree of exploding ammunition, ships burning, sinking\") scarred him for life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.053592681884766, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "To begin with he had no better luck with Lord of the Flies. Dog-eared after its rejections by other publishers, the typescript (provisional title: Strangers from Within) eventually reached Faber, whose reader, Polly Perkins, dismissed it as an \"absurd & uninteresting fantasy\" and consigned it to the slush pile. It was rescued by a new recruit at Faber, Charles Monteith, who could see it had potential, provided Golding would agree to major cuts and rewrites. Thus began a 40-year relationship as crucial as Scott Fitzgerald's with Max Perkins or Raymond Carver's with Gordon Lish. \"I am quite convinced I never wrote it. It's much bigger than I am,\" a grateful Golding said when the novel came out, and Monteith played midwife to every book that followed, easing his author's prenatal fears and birth-pains. But for him Golding would probably have died an unknown schoolteacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8963326811790466, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Heavy boozing didn't help Golding's frame of mind: when drunk, he insulted people and abused Ann, and there were many morning-after bouts of self-loathing. He also worried a lot about money, especially after making heaps of it. A pompous letter written to the Society of Authors is unendearing enough (\"It has been borne in on me more and more, recently, that I have a considerable reputation in the literary world; and yet the fees I obtain from the BBC are much as they were\"), but he caps it when comparing the \"grief\" of writing a cheque to the Inland Revenue for £52,000 to the loss of his closest friends. He paid his gardeners badly – and once refrained from wind-surfing on holiday in Goa because he thought £3.50 an hour too expensive. As Carey says, over-generosity wasn't among his faults.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1427583694458, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "As a long-time admirer of Golding, Carey can't have believed his luck when given access to a family archive containing several unpublished novels, two autobiographies, and a 5,000-page private journal. His plot synopses are fuller than some readers might care for, but he always makes connections with the life. Even the extensive summarising of reviews seems justified, since Golding was, by his own admission, \"revoltingly\" dependent on what people thought of his work. No biography would or could ever reach the root of his character, he thought, but this one goes a long way, with due measure of praise and blame, and an unwavering interest in every book he wrote, not just the most famous one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695764541625977, "source": "search", "title": "William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "After his experience of the horrors of war, an experienced writer named William Golding described as \"one had one's nose rubbed in the human condition\" returned to teaching and philosophy.  However, Golding rejected the rationalism of his father and began his doubts regarding human nature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591813087463379, "source": "search", "title": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "After reading at night to his small children R.M. Ballatyne's adventure story, The Coral Island  in which well-groomed civilized British boys defeat the savage natives on an island where they are stranded, Golding wondered out loud to his wife whether it would be a good idea to write another story as an allegory that is similar, but the characters \"behave as they really would.\" His wife agreed, encouraging him to write what became his greatest work.  An allegory of man, Golding's  Lord of the Flies presents the evil that man is capable of by nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.940596103668213, "source": "search", "title": "Why did William Golding write his novel, Lord of the Flies ..." }, { "answer": "Golding", "passage": "Lord of the Flies explores the dark side of humanity, the savagery that underlies even the most civilized human beings. William Golding intended this novel as a tragic parody of children's adventure tales, illustrating humankind's intrinsic evil nature. He presents the reader with a chronology of events leading a group of young boys from hope to disaster as they attempt to survive their uncivilized, unsupervised, isolated environment until rescued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.989823818206787, "source": "search", "title": "Lord of the Flies: Lord of the Flies Book Summary & Study ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Rear-window wiper", "Headlight washer", "Windshield wiper", "Windshield wipers", "Wipers (car)", "Headlamp wiper", "Windscreen wipers", "MAGIC VISION CONTROL", "Intermittent windshield wiper", "Windscreen washer", "Headlight wiper", "Headlamp washer", "Wiper blade", "Windshield washer", "Windscreen wiper" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rear window wiper", "headlight washer", "headlight wiper", "windscreen wiper", "windscreen washer", "windshield washer", "headlamp wiper", "intermittent windshield wiper", "magic vision control", "windscreen wipers", "windshield wiper", "headlamp washer", "windshield wipers", "wipers car", "wiper blade" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "windshield wipers", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Windshield wipers" }

[ { "answer": "Windscreen wipers", "passage": "There are various claims for the first windscreen wipers. Some sources say that they were first used in France in 1907. British photographer Gladstone Adams is said to have had the idea for wipers whilst driving his Daracq home to Newcastle after watching the 1908 FA Cup Final at Crystal Palace (his team Newcastle United had lost 3 – 1 to Wolverhampton Wanderers). He patented his design in 1911. Various motoring magazine pictures show Prince Henry of Prussia in a car with simple up and down squeegee type wiper fitted to the windscreen in 1909. In 1919 (some sources say 1921) William Folberth of Cleveland, USA, marketed the first automatic windscreen wipers. They were operated by vacuum from the engine's inlet manifold.", "precise_score": 2.6988744735717773, "rough_score": 3.426629066467285, "source": "search", "title": "Motoring Firsts - The National Motor Museum Trust" }, { "answer": "Windshield wiper", "passage": "Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper and, according to other sources, the car horn. In his honor, the Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.28619122505188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)" }, { "answer": "Windscreen wipers", "passage": "When were windscreen wipers first used?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462705612182617, "source": "search", "title": "Motoring Firsts - The National Motor Museum Trust" } ]

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[ { "answer": "William Lee Conley Broonzy", "passage": "William Lee Conley Broonzy: A Biography", "precise_score": 1.132338285446167, "rough_score": -0.8379614949226379, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "William Lee Conley Broonzy", "passage": "Alternative Title: William Lee Conley Broonzy", "precise_score": 0.6874815225601196, "rough_score": -0.38288626074790955, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | American musician | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy, byname of William Lee Conley Broonzy (born June 26, 1893, Scott, Miss., U.S.—died Aug. 14, 1958, Chicago , Ill.), American blues singer and guitarist who represented a tradition of itinerant folk blues.", "precise_score": 4.07656192779541, "rough_score": 2.932358503341675, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | American musician | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "The Chicago Blues Festival begins this weekend, and so this evening the BEST OF STUDS TERKEL features the legendary American bluesman, William Lee Conley Broonzy – better known as Big Bill. First heard on WFMT on July 22, 1953, this musical conversation between Studs and Big Bill Broonzy is one of the very earliest Studs Terkel Program broadcasts in our archives.", "precise_score": 6.532848358154297, "rough_score": 4.628844738006592, "source": "search", "title": "BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) | 98.7WFMT" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956222534179688, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "William Lee Conley Broonzy", "passage": "William Lee Conley Broonzy, one of the masters of country blues, was born in Scott, Mississippi, on June 26, 1893.  However, one source says Broonzy had a twin sister name Lannie Broonzy, who says  she has proof that she was born in 1898, on June 26. This information would have proved that Broonzy was five years younger than he pretended. Big Bill was the son of Frank Broonzy and Mittie Belcher, who had seventeen other children (Bruynoghe 9).  During this time period, many black men added years to their age either to get a job or join the military, so the exact date of Broonzy’s  birth is not clear (Barnwell 317).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6203627586364746, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Then Broonzy served in the US Army during World War I. After his discharge, he returned back to Arkansas. This is the time when he decided that farming was not what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. He wanted to make his living as a guitar player and singer. In 1924, Broonzy moved to Chicago to start his music career  partly because of all the racism that was happening in the South. Under the guidance of Papa Charlie Jackson, Broonzy learned how to play the guitar. In the 1930’s Broonzy became known as one of the major artists on the Chicago Blues scene. During this time he performed with other top blues artist in Chicago– like Memphis Minnie, Tampa Red, Jazz Gillum, Lonnie Johnson, and John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson. Also, while trying to make it in the music business, he worked as a janitor and maintenance man (Big Bill Broonzy).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.71324634552002, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "In 1938 Broonzy performed at John Hammond’s famous Spiritual and Swing concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. This was the first time that he had ever performed in front of a white audience. After the concert,  people started calling him “Big Bill” Broonzy.  At this time Broonzy received  newfound fame as the father of Chicago blues.(Broonzy). He was one of the best known blues players and recorded over 260 blues songs including Feelin’ Low Down, Remember Big Bill, Make Me Getaway, and Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues (Brewer 15).  His recording career spanned five long decades  as he traveled from Mississippi to Chicago and even to Europe, where he became well-known.  There are forty-two of his albums still available (Cox 113).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.716076850891113, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "After the arrival of artists like Muddy Waters and the playing of the electric guitar, Broonzy’s  brand of blues was pushed aside. Rather than retire, he changed his style of music to folk blues. In 1951, Broonzy toured Europe where he performed standard blues, traditional folk tunes, and spirituals to appreciative audiences. The following year Broonzy returned to Europe with pianist Blind John Davis. He opened the doors for other American blues artists to tour there as well.  In 1955, with the help of writer Yannick Bruynoghe, he told the story of his life in the book Big Bill Broonzy. This book was originally published in London. Big Bill Broonzy’s  book was one of the first autobiographies by a blues man (Big Bill Broonzy). In 1957, William Lee Conley Broonzy was diagnosed with throat cancer. He continued to perform, although he had with great pain, until he died of throat cancer on August 15, 1958. In 1980, he was inducted into the Blues Foundation’s Hall of Fame (Cox 113).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.159492492675781, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy Discography at Discogs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51144027709961, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy Discography at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "He was one of the best known blues players and recorded over 260 blues songs, including Feelin’ Low Down, Remember Big Bill, Make Me Getaway, and Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues. His recording career spanned five long decades, as he traveled from Mississippi to Chicago and even to Europe, where he became well-known.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366474151611328, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy Discography at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy | American musician | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999757766723633, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | American musician | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491507530212402, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | American musician | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy | Biography & History | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490020751953125, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Big Bill Broonzy was born William Lee Conley Broonzy in the tiny town of Scott, Mississippi, just across the river from Arkansas. During his childhood, Broonzy 's family -- itinerant sharecroppers and the descendants of ex-slaves -- moved to Pine Bluff to work the fields there. Broonzy learned to play a cigar box fiddle from his uncle, and as a teenager, he played violin in local churches, at community dances, and in a country string band. During World War I, Broonzy enlisted in the U.S. Army, and in 1920 he moved to Chicago and worked in the factories for several years. In 1924 he met Papa Charlie Jackson , a New Orleans native and pioneer blues recording artist for Paramount. Jackson took Broonzy under his wing, taught him guitar, and used him as an accompanist. Broonzy 's entire first session at Paramount in 1926 was rejected, but he returned in November 1927 and succeeded in getting his first record, House Rent Stomp , onto Paramount wax. As one of his early records came out with the garbled moniker of Big Bill Broomsley , he decided to shorten his recording name to Big Bill , and this served as his handle on records until after the second World War. Among aliases used for Big Bill on his early releases were Big Bill Johnson , Sammy Sampson , and Slim Hunter .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4040225744247437, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Through Georgia Tom and Tampa Red , Big Bill met Memphis Minnie and toured as her second guitarist in the early '30s, but apparently did not record with her. When he did resume recording in March 1934 it was for Bluebird's newly established Chicago studio under the direction of Lester Melrose . Melrose liked Broonzy 's style, and before long, Big Bill would begin working as Melrose 's unofficial second-in-command, auditioning artists, matching numbers to performers, booking sessions, and providing backup support to other musicians. He played on literally hundreds of records for Bluebird in the late '30s and into the '40s, including those made by his half-brother, Washboard Sam , Peter Chatman (aka Memphis Slim ), John Lee \"Sonny Boy\" Williamson, and others. With Melrose , Broonzy helped develop the \"Bluebird beat,\" connoting a type of popular blues record that incorporated trap drums and upright string bass. This was the precursor of the \"Maxwell Street sound\" or \"postwar Chicago blues,\" and helped to redefine the music in a format that would prove popular in the cities. Ironically, while Broonzy was doing all this work for Melrose at Bluebird, his own recordings as singer were primarily made for ARC, and later Columbia's subsidiary Okeh. This was his greatest period, and during this time Broonzy wrote and recorded such songs as \"Key to the Highway,\" \"W.P.A. Blues,\" \"All by Myself,\" and \"Unemployment Stomp.\" For other artists, Broonzy wrote songs such as \"Diggin' My Potatoes.\" All told, Big Bill Broonzy had a hand in creating more than 100 original songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03096866607666, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "Broonzy updated his act by adding traditional folk songs to his set, along the lines of what Josh White and Leadbelly had done in then-recent times. He took a tremendous amount of flak for doing so, as blues purists condemned Broonzy for turning his back on traditional blues style in order to concoct shows that were appealing to white tastes. But this misses the point of his whole life's work: Broonzy was always about popularizing blues, and he was the main pioneer in the entrepreneurial spirit as it applies to the field. His songwriting, producing, and work as a go-between with Lester Melrose is exactly the sort of thing that Willie Dixon would do with Chess in the '50s. This was the part of his career that Broonzy himself valued most highly, and his latter-day fame and popularity were a just reward for a life spent working so hard on behalf of his given discipline and fellow musicians. It would be a short reward, though; just about the time the autobiography he had written with Yannick Bruynoghe, Big Bill Blues, appeared in 1955, he learned he had throat cancer. Big Bill Broonzy died at age 65 in August, 1958, and left a recorded legacy which, in sheer size and depth, well exceeds that of any blues artist born on his side of the year 1900.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525846481323242, "source": "search", "title": "Big Bill Broonzy | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) | 98.7WFMT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431076049804688, "source": "search", "title": "BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) | 98.7WFMT" }, { "answer": "Big Bill Broonzy", "passage": "BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456196784973145, "source": "search", "title": "BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) | 98.7WFMT" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Queen of Comedy", "Heidi Abromowitz", "Joan Rivers (TV) Show", "Joan Alexandra Molinsky", "Diary of a Mad Diva", "Joan rivers", "Heidi abromowitz", "Joan River", "Joan Rivers Show", "Joan Rivers" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "joan rivers", "queen of comedy", "diary of mad diva", "joan rivers tv show", "joan rivers show", "joan alexandra molinsky", "heidi abromowitz", "joan river" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "joan rivers", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Joan Rivers" }

[ { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), better known as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and television host noted for her often controversial comedic persona—where she was alternately self-deprecating or sharply acerbic, especially toward celebrities and politicians.", "precise_score": 8.58660888671875, "rough_score": 9.821049690246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky", "passage": "Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky on June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice (née Grushman; January 6, 1906 – October 1975) and Dr. Meyer C. Molinsky (December 7, 1900 – January 1985), who graduated from Long Island College of Medicine. Her elder sister, Barbara Waxler, died on June 3, 2013 at the age of 82. Rivers was raised in Prospect Heights and Crown Heights in Brooklyn, where she attended the progressive and now-defunct Brooklyn Ethical Culture School and [http://blogs.wsj.com/bankruptcy/2014/06/17/brooklyn-prep-school-enters-chapter-11-bankruptcy/ Adelphi Academy of Brooklyn] - a college preparatory day school. Her family later moved to Larchmont.", "precise_score": 0.3850686550140381, "rough_score": 1.6101008653640747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky, better known by her professional name Joan Rivers has an estimated net worth of $150 million. Rivers is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress.  As a young adult she studied anthropology at Connecticut College and held down low paying jobs from working as a tour guide instructor and sales consultant for a department store.", "precise_score": 8.422005653381348, "rough_score": 9.008524894714355, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Net Worth - TheRichest" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (born June 8, 1933), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. She is known for her ribald, depreciative style. Rivers' comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities. Her long career spanning 5 decades has led to her becoming known as a comedy legend and icon, often being referred to as 'The Queen Of Comedy'.", "precise_score": 9.005887985229492, "rough_score": 10.083266258239746, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Alexandra Rosenberg (Molinsky) (1933 - 2014 ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers was a remarkable comedian, known for her acerbic wit and blunt honesty.", "precise_score": -2.2832157611846924, "rough_score": -2.201885461807251, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "1. Joan Rivers Was Not Her Given Name: The comedian was born Joan Molinsky, but at the behest of her agent, Tony Rivers, she adopted a stage name. On a whim, she chose \"Joan Rivers,\" just because it felt right. \"Having a stage name made it easier to perform in those raunchy nightclubs,\" she told the Evening News newspaper in 1986. \"Joan Rivers was like a party dress I put on, so in those early days, she was only the tiniest part of me and Joan Molinsky was still frightened and confused and bewildered in her life.\"", "precise_score": 1.0329906940460205, "rough_score": 5.309040069580078, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers was an American actress, comedian, writer, producer and TV host. This biography of Joan Rivers provides detailed information about her childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline", "precise_score": -6.343085765838623, "rough_score": -6.346733093261719, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky, Queen of the Barbed One-liners, Pepper January, The Queen Of Comedy, @joan_rivers, Ms. Joan Rivers, Jake and Joan Jim, Rivers, Joan", "precise_score": -0.5466039180755615, "rough_score": 3.745059013366699, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky, better known by her stage name, Joan Rivers, was an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, playwright, screenwriter, film director, columnist, lecturer, radio host, jewelry designer and TV-host. As a young girl she worked at a number of jobs before trying her hand at acting. After appearing in numerous small plays she took up stand-up comedy. She became a known face throughout America after appearing as a guest on 'The Tonight Show' which was hosted by her mentor Johnny Carson. With the new found popularity she went onto make guest appearances in many talk shows and released chart-topping comedy albums. In 1986, she became the first woman to host a late night network television show called 'The Late Show with Joan Rivers'. The show's timings clashed with the timings of Carson's show which embittered her former mentor who never spoke to her again. In the last years of her career, she mostly conducted comedic interviews of celebrities walking on the red carpet at award shows. Throughout her career her comic style remained rather controversial as she'd often use satirical and scathing words to make fun of herself and other celebrities. She also wrote 12 best-selling memoir and humor books", "precise_score": 8.831856727600098, "rough_score": 9.377613067626953, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers was born on June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice and Meyer C Molinsky. Joan had an elder sister, Barbara Waxler who passed away in 2013.", "precise_score": -1.1462398767471313, "rough_score": 2.6058461666107178, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky", "passage": "Born Joan Alexandra Molinsky, June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, NY; daughter of Meyer C. (a physician) and Beatrice Molinsky; married James Sanger (an heir to a department store fortune), 1957 (annulled, 1958); married Edgar Rosenberg (a manager, executive, and producer), 1964 (committed suicide, August 14, 1987); children: Melissa (from second marriage). Education: Attended Connecticut College for Women; Barnard College, B.A. (English and anthropology), 1954.", "precise_score": 1.1213256120681763, "rough_score": 5.429409503936768, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In the early 2000s, Joan Rivers was best known for her work as a red carpet fashion commentator for the Academy Awards, Emmys, and other major awards shows. However, she has had a varied career, working on stage, film, and television. Rivers began her career as a touring comedian before her big break on The Tonight Show in the 1960s. In the 1970s, she wrote and/or starred in films, plays, and television movies. By the 1980s, Rivers had a high profile, first as the permanent guest host of The Tonight Show then as the host of her own, usually short-lived talk shows. Rivers re-invented herself in the mid-1990s as a fashion commentator who often appeared with her daughter, Melissa.", "precise_score": -0.043690357357263565, "rough_score": -0.4095054268836975, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky", "passage": "Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky on June 8, 1933, in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. She was the daughter of Meyer and Beatrice Molinsky. Her father was a doctor, while her mother had been born to wealth in Imperial Russia, but her family had become impoverished during the Russian Revolution. Rivers was raised in wealth with an older sister, Barbara, who became an attorney and was seen as better and more accomplished than her younger sister.", "precise_score": 2.6832618713378906, "rough_score": 6.0357818603515625, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "1000+ images about JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on Pinterest | Johnny carson, Joan rivers quotes and Penthouse for sale", "precise_score": -1.406541347503662, "rough_score": 2.9051363468170166, "source": "search", "title": "JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg", "precise_score": -0.28719741106033325, "rough_score": 4.944498062133789, "source": "search", "title": "JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers was born on June 8, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA as Joan Alexandra Molinsky. She was a writer and actress, known for Fashion Police (2002), The Joan Rivers Show (1989) and The Joan Rivers Show (1968). She was married to Edgar Rosenberg and James Sanger. She died on September 4, 2014 in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.", "precise_score": 4.09913444519043, "rough_score": 5.592988014221191, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Rivers came to prominence in 1965 as a guest on The Tonight Show. Hosted by her mentor, Johnny Carson, the show established Rivers' comedic style. In 1986, with her own rival program, The Late Show with Joan Rivers, Rivers became the first woman to host a late night network television talk show. She subsequently hosted The Joan Rivers Show (1989–1993), winning a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host. Having become widely known for her comedic red carpet awards show celebrity interviews, Rivers co-hosted the E! celebrity fashion show Fashion Police from 2010 to 2014 and starred in reality series Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? (2011–2014) with daughter Melissa Rivers. She was the subject of the documentary Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work (2010).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.253219127655029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Diary of a Mad Diva", "passage": "In addition to marketing a line of jewelry and apparel on the QVC shopping channel, Rivers authored 12 best-selling books and released numerous comedy albums. She was nominated in 1984 for a Grammy Award for her album What Becomes a Semi-Legend Most?; and was nominated in 1994 for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance of the title role in Sally Marr...and Her Escorts. In 2015, Rivers posthumously received a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for her book, Diary of a Mad Diva. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.163469314575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "She attended Connecticut College between 1950 and 1952, and graduated from Barnard College in 1954 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature and anthropology; she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.Rivers, Joan (1986). Autobiography: Enter Talking. New York: Delacorte Press, First Printing. Before entering show business, Rivers worked at various jobs such as a tour guide at Rockefeller Center,Autobiography: Bouncing Back (1997), HarperCollins, pp. 74–75. a writer/proofreader at an advertising agency and a fashion consultant at Bond Clothing Stores. During this period, agent Tony Rivers advised her to change her name, so she chose Joan Rivers as her stage name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.532238006591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "By 1965, Rivers had a stint on Candid Camera as a gag writer and participant; she was \"the bait\" to lure people into ridiculous situations for the show. She also made her first appearance on The Tonight Show with new host Johnny Carson, on February 17, 1965. During the same decade, Rivers made other appearances on The Tonight Show as well as The Ed Sullivan Show, while hosting the first of several talk shows. She wrote material for the puppet Topo Gigio. She had a brief role in The Swimmer (1968), starring Burt Lancaster. A year later, she had a short-lived syndicated daytime talk show, That Show with Joan Rivers; Johnny Carson was her first guest. In the middle of the 1960s, she released at least two comedy albums, The Next to Last Joan Rivers Album and Rivers Presents Mr. Phyllis & Other Funny Stories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089306831359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "During the 1980s, she continued doing stand-up shows along with appearing on various television shows. In February 1983, she performed at Carnegie Hall and the following year, she did stand-up on the United Kingdom's TV show An Audience With Joan Rivers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421509742736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In 1984, Rivers published a best-selling humor book, The Life and Hard Times of Heidi Abramowitz, a mock memoir of her brassy, loose comedy character. A television special based on the character, a mock tribute called Joan Rivers and Friends Salute Heidi Abramowitz, was not successful with the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.628311157226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In 1986 came the move that ended Rivers' longtime friendship with Johnny Carson, who had first hired her as a Tonight Show writer. The soon-to-launch Fox Television Network announced that it was giving her a late night talk show, The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers, making Rivers the first woman to have her own late night talk show on a major network. King, Norman (1993). Arsenio Hall. New York: William Morrow & Co., pp. 47–48.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.947251319885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers turned out to be flecked by tragedy. When Rivers challenged FOX executives, who wanted to fire her husband Edgar Rosenberg as the show's producer, the network fired them both on May 15, 1987. Three months later, on August 14, 1987, Rosenberg committed suicide in Philadelphia; Rivers blamed the tragedy on his \"humiliation\" by Fox. Rivers credited Nancy Reagan with helping her after the 1987 suicide of her second husband. Fox attempted to continue the show with a new name (The Late Show) and rotating guest hosts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.283788681030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Rivers subsequently appeared on various TV shows, including The David Letterman Show and Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special. By 1989, she tried another daytime TV talk show, The Joan Rivers Show, which ran for five years and won her a Daytime Emmy in 1990 for Outstanding Talk Show Host. In 1994, Rivers and daughter Melissa first hosted the E! Entertainment Television pre-awards show for the Golden Globe Awards,Bouncing Back!, p. 207. and beginning in 1995, E!'s annual Academy Awards pre-awards show as well. Beginning in 1997, Rivers hosted her own radio show on WOR in New York City. Rivers also appeared as one of the center square occupants on the 1986–89 version of The Hollywood Squares, hosted by John Davidson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.387124061584473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Rivers appeared in three episodes of the TV show Nip/Tuck during its second, third and sixth seasons, playing herself. Rivers appeared regularly on television's The Shopping Channel (in Canada) and QVC (in both the United States and the UK), promoting her own line of jewelry under the brand name \"The Joan Rivers Collection\". She was also a guest speaker at the opening of the American Operating Room Nurses' 2000 San Francisco Conference. Both Joan and Melissa Rivers were frequent guests on Howard Stern's radio show, and Joan Rivers often appeared as a guest on UK panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.62370491027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "On August 16, 2007, Rivers began a two-week workshop of her new play, with the working title \"The Joan Rivers Theatre Project\", at The Magic Theatre in San Francisco. On December 3, 2007, Rivers performed in the Royal Variety Show 2007 at the Liverpool Empire Theatre, England, with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.245017051696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Rivers was featured on the show Z Rock as herself; she was also a special \"pink-carpet\" presenter for the 2009 broadcast of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade. She was also roasted in a Comedy Central special, taped on July 26, 2009, and aired on August 9, 2009. From August 2009, Rivers began starring in the new reality TV series How'd You Get So Rich? on TV Land. A documentary film about Rivers, Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work, premiered at the San Francisco International Film Festival at the Castro Theatre on May 6, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611013412475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Rivers married Edgar Rosenberg on July 15, 1965.Enter Talking epilogue, p. 375. Their only child, Melissa Warburg Rosenberg, who goes by the name Melissa Rivers, was born on January 20, 1968. Joan Rivers had one grandson, Cooper, born Edgar Cooper Endicott in 2000. Along with his mother and grandmother, Cooper was featured in the WE tv series Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? Rosenberg committed suicide in 1987, shortly after Rivers announced her intention to separate. Rivers would later describe her marriage to Rosenberg as a \"total sham\", complaining bitterly about his treatment of her during their 22-year marriage. In a 2012 interview with Howard Stern, Rivers said she had several extramarital affairs when married to Rosenberg, including a one-night affair with actor Robert Mitchum in the 1960s and an affair with actor Gabriel Dell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.722670555114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "As a philanthropist, Rivers supported causes including HIV/AIDS activism, and in May 1985, she appeared along with Nichols and May at a Comic Relief benefit for the new AIDS Medical Foundation in New York City, where tickets at the Shubert Theatre sold for as much as $500. She supported the Elton John AIDS Foundation[https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/joan-rivers \"Joan Rivers Charity Work, Events and Causes\"], Look to the Stars and God's Love We Deliver, which delivers meals to HIV/AIDS patients in New York City. In 2008, she was commended by the City of San Diego, California for her philanthropic work regarding HIV/AIDS, where the HIV/AIDS community called her their \"Joan of Arc.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446432113647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Upon Rivers' death, friends, fans, family and celebrities paid tribute. Numerous comedians recognized Rivers influence on their career, including Kathy Griffin, who considered Rivers her \"mentor,\" noting, \"She brought a fearlessness and a brand of humor into our homes that we really need.\" Chris Rock felt \"she was the hippest comedian from the time she started to the day she died.\" Describing her as a force in comedy, he added, \"No man ever said, 'Yeah, I want to go on after Joan.' No, Joan Rivers closed the show every night.\" Other comedians recalled working with her on stage and television decades earlier: stand-up performer Don Rickles said \"working with her and enjoying the fun times of life with her was special.\" While Carol Burnett calls Rivers \"the poster child for the Energizer Bunny.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.225112915039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Numerous talk show hosts, including Jimmy Fallon, Jimmy Kimmel, Oprah Winfrey, Ellen DeGeneres and David Letterman, paid tribute to Rivers, often including video clips of her appearances. Letterman called her a \"real pioneer for other women looking for careers in stand-up comedy. And talk about guts.\" Conan O'Brien discussed Rivers' legacy with fellow comedian Chris Hardwick on Conan, while Seth Meyers recalled Rivers' appearance on his talk show, saying, \"I have not sat next to anyone who told more jokes faster than Joan Rivers did when she was here.\"[http://www.today.com/popculture/can-we-talk-joan-rivers-gets-all-due-respect-late-1D80128332 \"Can we talk? Jimmy Fallon and more late-night hosts pay tribute to Joan Rivers\"], Today, September 5, 2014 And on The Daily Show, host Jon Stewart noted her contributions: \"There are very few people in my business that you can say are, or were, actually groundbreaking talents. Joan Rivers was one of them.\" Radio host Howard Stern, who delivered her funeral eulogy, devoted an entire one-hour show to Rivers. Sarah Silverman paid tribute to Rivers while hosting Saturday Night Live. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.743200778961182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Rivers" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "About Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7957329750061035, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Net Worth - TheRichest" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "The below financial data is gathered and compiled by TheRichest analysts team to give you a better understanding of Joan Rivers's net worth by breaking down the most relevant financial events such as yearly salaries, contracts, earn outs, endorsements, stock ownership and much more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.893869400024414, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Net Worth - TheRichest" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "About Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7957329750061035, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Alexandra Rosenberg (Molinsky) (1933 - 2014 ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193387985229492, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.397258758544922, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "WATCH Joan Rivers, Comedic Legend, Dead at 81", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697273254394531, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Dead at 81", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591130256652832, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "SLIDESHOW: A Look Back at the Life of Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421697616577148, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "4. She Had a Big Social Circle: The one regret Rivers had about the 2012 documentary made about her, \"Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work,\" was that it included a mean statement she made about fellow comedian Kathy Griffin. \"She’s my best friend. I adore Kathy,\" Rivers told EW . \"I wish they had made my love of her stronger.\" Rivers also talked about a friendship with Barbara Walters and Nancy Reagan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.792187690734863, "source": "search", "title": "5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689276695251465, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.383302688598633, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Diary of a Mad Diva", "passage": "2015 - Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album - Diary Of A Mad Diva", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553583145141602, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "1990 - Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host - The Joan Rivers Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702535629272461, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "On her agent, Tony Rivers' advise she adopted her stage name - Joan Rivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17544174194336, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In the 1960s Rivers performed at many comedy clubs in the Greenwich Village. Her big break came when she appeared on ‘The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson’ in 1965. Eventually she got her own talk-show 'That Show with Joan Rivers' in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.655656814575195, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In 1986, FOX TV Network announced the launch of 'The Late Show with Joan Rivers'. The show timings clashed with that of Johnny Carson’s show but Rivers did not tell him anything about the show. Carson never talked to her again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595447540283203, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "A new TV talk show 'The Joan Rivers Show' came out in 1989 and ran for five years. It won her the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064589500427246, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "She made regular appearances on Howard Stern's radio show and The Shopping Channel where she promoted her own line of jewelry, The Joan Rivers Collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.442227363586426, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502762794494629, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "She won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for ‘The Joan Rivers Show’ in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50877857208252, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Diary of a Mad Diva", "passage": "She won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for 'Diary of a Mad Diva' in 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515640258789062, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers married James Sanger, the son of a Bond Clothing Stores manager, in 1955. When she found out that he was not interested in having children, she got the marriage annulled in six months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567116737365723, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Following a minor surgery in August 2014, she had a cardiac arrest and was placed in a medically induced coma. Joan Rivers never woke up from the coma and passed away on September 4, 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707852363586426, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "At the time of her death, Joan Rivers had an estimated net worth of $150 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.170411109924316, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Pictures of Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.091259002685547, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name, story, wife, mother, old, born, college - Newsmakers Cumulation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.101873397827148, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.383302688598633, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.383302688598633, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Worked as fashion coordinator for Bond Clothing Store and as publicist in New York department store Lord & Taylor, 1950s; actress in Off Broadway plays; worked as a comedian touring United States, billed as Pepper January; appeared with Second City improvisational troupe, 1961-62; wrote for television show Candid Camera ; first appearance on The Tonight Show, NBC, 1965; released album Joan Rivers Presents Mr. Phyllis and Other Funny Stories, Warner Bros., 1965; first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, 1966; continued to tour as a comedian, 1960s-1970s; had own talk show, That Show Starring Joan Rivers, 1968; made big-screen debut in The Swimmer, 1968; wrote and starred in Broadway play, Fun City, 1972; co-wrote television", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.33773422241211, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.719224452972412, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "movie, The Girl Most Likely To ..., ABC, 1973; wrote syndicated column for Chicago Tribune ; wrote and directed feature film Rabbit Test, 1977; co-creator of television series Husbands, Wives, and Lovers, CBS, 1978; worked as substitute host for The Tonight Show, through early 1980s; signed contract to be permanent co-host for Carson on The Tonight Show, 1983; released album What Becomes a Semi-Legend Most, Geffen, 1983; appeared as guest host, Saturday Night Live, NBC; signed to be host of The Late Show, FOX, 1985; center square on Hollywood Squares game show, 1987; had role in Broadway Bound, 1988; had own daytime talk show, The Joan Rivers Show, 1988-93; had talk show Joan Rivers' Gossip! Gossip! Gossip!, USA, 1992-93; sold line of jewelry on QVC home shopping network, 1992—; had talk show Can We Shop?, syndicated, 1994; co-wrote the stage show Sally Marr and Her Escorts, 1994; co-wrote and appeared in Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story, NBC, 1994; hostess of pre-award show programs for E! Entertainment Television, 1995-2004; made guest appearances on Another World, NBC, 1997; radio talk-show host, WOR, 1997-2002; performed Broke and Alone in London (solo show), West End, London, 2002; guest appearance on Nip/Tuck, F/X, 2004; provided voice for animated film Shrek 2, 2004; host of pre-award show programs for TV Guide Channel, 2004—.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.850079536437988, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Awards: Georgie Award for best comedian, American Guild of Variety Artists, 1975; Clio Awards, best performance in a TV commercial, 1976, 1982; Daytime Emmy Award for best talk show host, for The Joan Rivers Show, 1990; Marymount Manhattan College, honorary doctorate, 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.022908210754395, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "In 1968, Rivers had her first shot at a talk show, the short-lived That Show Starring Joan Rivers. She also tried to break into films, with a small role in The Swimmer. Most of her success still came as a touring comedian, including stints in Las Vegas throughout the 1970s. Rivers also appeared on a number of television variety shows, as well as The Tonight Show on a regular basis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.982128143310547, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Television still had its allure for Rivers, and she soon had new talk shows. Beginning in 1988, she had a gossipy syndicated daytime talk show, The Joan Rivers Show, which lasted for several years. On this show, she was open about herself—her surgeries, her husband's death, her relationship with her daughter—and tried to get her guests to be as honest about themselves. Rivers told Joanne Kaufman of People, \"If I had seen myself as this real failure, I wouldn't have done this. But this was a case of getting back on the horse. I know I can do a talk show as well as some and better than others. And don't dare anyone tell me I cannot do something. I had to prove to myself I could.\" Rivers won a Daytime Emmy Award for her work on the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.656018257141113, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "While The Joan Rivers Show was still on the air, Rivers began doing another show as well. In 1992, she did Joan Rivers' Gossip! Gossip! Gossip! for the USA network. Both shows were canceled in 1993. By this time, Rivers had another source of income. Since 1992, she had been selling her own line of jewelry on QVC. She later added other products to her line, including clothing. By early 1994, she had sold $60 million in jewelry and fashion. Rivers owned her own company to create these products called Joan Rivers Worldwide, of which she served as chief executive officer and president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.413285255432129, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "\"Style is like Herpes;you either have it or you do not\" ~Joan Rivers.Style? She had it! Controversial ? Yes but strong,smart,accomplished,philanthropic,funny,supported America and Israel,looked fabulous.We prayed that Joan would recover after a cardiac and respiratory arrest on 8/28/2014...But Joan went home to be with the Lord on 9/4/2014. God Bless you Joan for all you have given and all that you are...You will be missed so very much... I feel I have lost my dearest friend...RIP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.989160537719727, "source": "search", "title": "JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on ..." }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.328041076660156, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.719224452972412, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Heidi Abromowitz", "passage": "An accomplished author, she has written several candid autobiographies, including \"Enter Talking\" and \"Still Talking\". Author of self-help books, including \"Bouncing Back: I've Survived Everything... and I Mean Everything... and You Can Too!\" and \"Don't Count the Candles: Just Keep the Fire Lit!\". Author of several comedy books, including \"Having a Baby Can Be a Scream\" and \"The Life and Hard Times of Heidi Abromowitz\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272194862365723, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers passed away on September 4, 2014, at age 81. This was a month, after her longtime friend Lauren Bacall had passed away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.543937683105469, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Best remembered by the public as the hostess of The Joan Rivers Show (1989), Fashion Police (2002) and Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? (2011).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.097383499145508, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "While being a talk show hostess, she once worked as a waitress at Denny's Restaurant, in W. Palm Beach, Florida. She was switching jobs with Rhonda Denton who used to work at the same restaurant, when the guest host for Rivers on The Joan Rivers Show (1989) was announced in New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611433029174805, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Joan Rivers passed away on September 4, 2014, at age 81. Just before her death, she hosted her final taping of Fashion Police (2002), about the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 2014 MTV Movie Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.939452171325684, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Joan Rivers", "passage": "Her career almost came to an end when she feuded with Johnny Carson , off- the set of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), the loss of her second husband Edgar Rosenberg and her short-lived talk show The Late Show (1986), however, she attempted to make a comeback when she was hosting a Daytime Talk Show, The Joan Rivers Show (1989), in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17962646484375, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Patricia Neary (born October 27, 1942) is an American ballerina, choreographer and ballet director, who has been particularly active in Switzerland. She has also been a highly successful ambassador for the Balanchine Trust, bringing George Balanchine's ballets to some 60 cities around the globe.", "precise_score": 5.488977432250977, "rough_score": 6.455289840698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Neary" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In 1968, she joined the Geneva Ballet where she performed in and staged Balanchine's ballets. She also made guest appearances in Stuttgart, Hamburg and Hannover. She worked as assistant ballet mistress with the ballet of the Deutsche Oper Berlin from 1970 to 1973. With Balachine acting as artistic advisor, she was appointed director of ballet at the Grand Théâtre de Genève (1973–78). From 1978 to 1985, she served as ballet director of the Zurich Ballet, then of La Scala in Milan (1986–87). As artistic director of Ballet British Columbia (1989–90), she choreographed Variations Concertantes with music by Alberto Ginastera.", "precise_score": -9.934501647949219, "rough_score": -10.2359619140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Neary" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Edward Villella is generally regarded as America's most celebrated male dancer.  During his career with the New York City Ballet, his supreme artistry–marked by grace, athleticism and virility–helped popularize the role of men in dance.  The great choreographer George Balanchine used him to create role after magnificent role, including perhaps his most famous in the cast of Balanchine's 1929 masterpiece, The Prodigal Son.", "precise_score": -10.868827819824219, "rough_score": -10.304478645324707, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Although some students have gone on to dance with professional and college dance companies, there are also those who dance for their own personal enrichment. Simon-Poland, herself, has danced professionally as principal dancer of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Ballet and San Francisco's Northern California Dance Ensemble, performing the leading roles in Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, Giselle, Coppelia, Cinderella, and Les Sylphides. She has studied under former New York City Ballet principals Violette Verdy, Patricia Neary, Patricia Wilde, Melissa Hayden, and Jacques D'Amboise. She studied intensively under the late Vitale Fokine, son of the renowned Michel Fokine, creator of Les Sylphides. Also, she was coached by the late Robert Davis, former Ballet Master of Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, for her portrayal of Kitri in Don Quixote at the famous Three Rivers Arts Festival in Pittsburgh.", "precise_score": -0.10465064644813538, "rough_score": -1.3714815378189087, "source": "search", "title": "About Us - Woodlands Civic Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine in Don Quixote. Courtesy of the New York City Ballet.Premiere Screenings Planned for Kennedy Center and Lincoln Center in September The Jerome Robbins Dance Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts has restored and preserved the 1965 film of a historic performance of George Balanchine's three-act ballet Don Quixote and has edited the two-camera, uncut film into a complete, edited videotape version available for public viewing at the Library. The project was completed with the participation of Suzanne Farrell, the ballerina for whom the lead role of Dulcinea was created and who is currently the Artistic Director of The Suzanne Farrell Ballet at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The premiere screenings of the newly edited Don Quixote recording will take place September 5 at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and September 18 at The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center.", "precise_score": -11.0895414352417, "rough_score": -9.119973182678223, "source": "search", "title": "The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "\"This is a rare recording of the ballet and the only recording of George Balanchine, who was 61 years old at the time, performing as the Don. In addition, it showcases the then 19-year-old Suzanne Farrell in one of her first starring roles - a role created for her - and captures the poignant performance of Balanchine and Farrell dancing together. Therefore, it was imperative that the Library preserve the fragile film for future generations of researchers, scholars, and students,\" stated Jacqueline Z. Davis, the Barbara G. and Lawrence A. Fleischman Executive Director of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.", "precise_score": -11.09001636505127, "rough_score": -9.720191955566406, "source": "search", "title": "The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Our studios are exceptionally busy this week, with the arrival of two répétiteurs from the George Balanchine Trust — Patricia Neary and Peter Frame — who will be staging the company premiere of Episodes . Patricia Neary was hand-picked by Balanchine to join the New York City Ballet, where he later created two key roles on her — in Raymonda Variations and in Jewels. She will use her personal experience dancing several roles to stage Episodes and preserve every last detail of the choreography.", "precise_score": 1.454493761062622, "rough_score": 2.4561243057250977, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Email Denise received most of her dance training in Steamboat Springs, CO. She spent many intensive summers training at the famous Perry Mansfield School of the Arts, located in Steamboat. She is a previous company member of Ballet North West. She has 20 years of dance teaching experience, and has spent the last 10 years teaching dance in one of Denver’s most prestigious dance schools. She has an Associate of Arts Degree specializing in business and art. Denise has been the Director and Choreographer for the Denver Nuggets Professional Dance Team. She has performed in and choreographed for two Ford Truck commercials, one Ford Car commercial, and a dance video “Reality” for Cabana Boy Records. She has spent the last couple of years working with many cheerleading and pom squads in the Denver Metro area choreographing state routines, and musical theater for high school productions. She specializes in children’s dance and is excited to bring the highest quality of dance to the Castle Rock community.", "precise_score": -7.91597318649292, "rough_score": -8.650604248046875, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "sunshineballet@yahoo.com 720.341.2635 Classical and Contemporary Ballet Dancer/Performer Ms. Sunseri is an Ohio native and trained as a competitive swimmer and gymnast before studying classical dance. She began at age 14 with German Zamuel and Valentina Moukhanova at Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre School, studied on scholarship with PBTS Schenley Program and Graduate Program under David Holladay and Patricia Wilde and attended North Carolina School for the Arts and Mercyhurst College for Dance Performance and Pedagogy. She also studied at Peridance in NYC and at The School of Ballet Arizona and was a teacher’s apprentice under Mr. Kee Juan Han and Ms. Nadya Zubkov there for two years. She joined Martin Fredmann’s Colorado Ballet in 1995, dancing roles in Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, Balanchine’s Serenade and Stars & Stripes and the principal role of Pioneer Woman in their 1998 historic staging of Martha Graham’s Appalachian Spring. She worked with repetiteurs Patricia Neary, Bart Cook, Janet Eilber, Terese Capucilli, Janek Schergen and others. She joined David Taylor Dance Theatre in 2003, performing seven seasons through its transition into Dawson/Wallace Dance Project until 2012 and simultaneously danced five seasons as a soloist with Zikr Dance Ensemble serving as David Taylor’s mainstay choreographic and rehearsal assistant from its 2008 inception through 2013. She danced numerous roles with both companies in ballets created by David Taylor, James Canfield, James Wallace, Gregory Dawson and others. She performed extensively with Kim Robards Dance and Elizabeth Shipiatsky’s Russian Ballet and enjoyed guest appearances with Kanopy Dance Company, International Youth Ballet and 7 Dancers. She has studied with master instructors Nikoloz Makhateli, Mark Carlson, Lorita Travaglia and Robert Sher-Machherndl and continues with her mentors German Zamuel and Lizanne McAdams-Graham. Ballet Instructor & Choreographer Ms. Sunseri has more than 20 years experience instructing young students in foundational through advanced levels of classical ballet, repertoire, stretch, conditioning, and choreography and has completed teacher training seminars in the Soviet/Russian method with Nadia Tikhonova, Zhanna Dubrovskaya and Mansur Kamaletdinov. She was a ballet instructor for ten years with the Academy of Colorado Ballet and has instructed students of all levels on many ballet faculties including the School of Ballet Arizona, Pittsburgh Youth Ballet, Rocky Mountain School of Dance, Belliston Academy of Ballet, Metropolitan Academy of Dance and International Ballet School & Youth Ballet. She designed and taught successful ballet programs for David Taylor Dance Theatre/Ascot Academy of Ballet and Denver Ballet Theatre and conducted numerous literacy-based dance residencies for Englewood Public Elementary School PEAK Outreach Programs. She has directed her own ballet program for figure skaters and taught ballroom dance to wedding couples for Adventures In Dance for three years.  Ms. Sunseri joined the ballet faculty of Sweatshop Dance in 2011.", "precise_score": -7.123183727264404, "rough_score": -7.708258628845215, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Edie has over 20 years of dance and choreography experience. She began her ballet training in San Antonio, Texas where she danced in a variety of schools. She later moved to Dallas and continued her training with summer intensives at the Ft. Worth/Dallas Ballet Company. Later in her dancing career she provided ballet instruction at the Kerrville School of Dance, and was the Ballet Mistress for the Kerrville Performing Arts Society. Edie has performed in classical pieces as solo dancer in La Bayadere, Les Sylphides, and Le Corsaire. Edie also teaches other disciplines of dance including Jazz, Lyrical and Modern dance. Other accomplishments have been in musical theatre performing in musicals such as Fiddler on the Roof, My Fair Lady and Anything Goes. Edie not only has a passion for dance but a love for fitness in which she is a certified Barre Conditioning instructor.", "precise_score": -10.153375625610352, "rough_score": -10.36314582824707, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Amanda Catherine Segro grew up in Denver, Colorado. She graduated from The Denver School of the Arts. Amanda has been a member of the University Dance Company from fall of 2011- the spring of 2015. She was also a member of the Art In Motion \"AIM\" Dance Company for fall of 2012 and fall of 2014, located in Lawrence, Kansas. She has trained in Contemporary, Contact Improv, Ballet and Point, Jazz, Lyrical, Modern, Tap, Hip-hop, Classical East Indian and Flamenco. From the summer of 2013 through fall of 2014 Amanda worked as a dance teacher and choreographer at Fuzion School of Dance in Topeka, Kansas. During her final year of college she co-directed a small show which performed in the 2015 Rock Chalk Revue at the Lied Center in Lawrence, Kansas. Amanda's senior project, \"Law Of Gravity,\" represented the University of Kansas at the American College Dance Association (ACDA) in March of 2015 in Iowa. Amanda graduated with a Bachelors of Fine Arts in dance from the University of Kansas and since has moved to Denver Colorado and dances for The Schiff Collective in Boulder, Colorado. ", "precise_score": -10.177242279052734, "rough_score": -9.975528717041016, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "It was Princess Grace's wish to establish a classical ballet troupe in Monaco in the 1970's and none other than George Balanchine was tapped as potential artistic adviser. Princess Grace died before the project was completed. It was her daughter Princess Caroline who established the Ballets de Monte Carlo in 1985 and who serves as its hands-on president: Caroline and her brother, Prince Albert, attended by an army of security men, were in the audience at the opening of the troupe's weeklong run at City Center (131 West 55th Street, Manhattan). Symbolically, their American heritage had something to do with what one saw onstage.", "precise_score": -11.258609771728516, "rough_score": -10.093019485473633, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Born in Miami, Florida, she first studied there under George Milenoff and Thomas Armour until she attended the School of American Ballet in New York. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590896606445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Neary" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "At the age of 14, she joined the National Ballet of Canada as the youngest dancer in the company. In 1960, she became a member of the New York City Ballet where she performed almost all the ballerina roles in George Balanchine's major works, including two roles he created specially for her in Raymonda Variations (1961) and Jewels (1967). She also performed leading roles in ballets by Jerome Robbins, Antony Tudor, John Taras and Merce Cunningham.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.677312850952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Neary" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Villella was born in the Bayside neighborhood of Queens, New York, in 1936.  At age 10, he enrolled in the School of American Ballet.  But at the urging of his father, in college (the New York Maritime Academy), Villella pursued a degree in marine transportation while also lettering in baseball and becoming a championship welterweight boxer.  His love of dance, however, never waned, and while in college he also became a member of the New York City Ballet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13460922241211, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "After graduating in 1959, he rejoined the School of American Ballet, and soon was well on his way toward becoming the leading male star in American dance.  As a favorite of Balanchine's, he won fame with lead roles in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Tarantella, Jewels and Prodigal Son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161721229553223, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Villella went on to become the first male American dancer to appear with the Royal Danish Ballet and the first American in history–male or female–to be invited to dance an encore at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.  He danced for four sitting presidents, including a performance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157220840454102, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In a performance for President Gerald Ford at the White House in 1975, Villella suffered an injury that ended his career as a performer.  Throughout his retirement from the stage, Villella has led an energetic and creative career as artistic director to ballet companies in New Jersey, Oklahoma and elsewhere.  In 1986 he became founding director for the Miami City Ballet and since then has guided the company to worldwide acclaim.  He still serves as the ballet's artistic director and executive officer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006711959838867, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In recognition of his lifetime achievements in the arts, in 1997 President Bill Clinton awarded Villella a National Medal of Arts.  In 2009, he was inducted into the National Museum of Dance C.V. Whitney Hall of Fame.  His autobiography, Prodigal Son:  Dancing for Balanchine in a World of Pain and Magic, was reissued by the University of Pittsburgh Press in 1998.  Villella's wife, Linda, is director of the Miami City Ballet School.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.470701217651367, "source": "search", "title": "Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Woodlands Civic Ballet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47787094116211, "source": "search", "title": "About Us - Woodlands Civic Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Director Karyn Simon-Poland founded the non-profit Woodlands Civic Ballet in 1987. The troupe has presented free performances of the classics, as well as original choreographic works, to capacity audiences at Oak Ridge High School Auditorium, The Nancy Bock Performing Arts Centre, and this season at Montgomery College Auditorium. Also, the troupe has been selected by audition to perform on the Epcot stage at Disney World on three different occasions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38277530670166, "source": "search", "title": "About Us - Woodlands Civic Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "The Woodlands Civic Ballet offers a comprehensive program in Russian-style Classical Ballet, including pre-ballet, beginning, low intermediate, high intermediate, advanced, pre-professional ballet, pre-pointe and pointe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09927749633789, "source": "search", "title": "About Us - Woodlands Civic Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Drill Team classes and special coaching sessions are also available. Ms. Simon-Poland actively participates in the Conroe Independent School District's Private Physical Education Program, which allows students to substitute dance at the Woodlands Civic Ballet for physical education classes in school. Finally, founder and director Karyn Simon-Poland is listed in the prestigious premiere edition and subsequent editions of Marquis' Who's Who In Entertainment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196781158447266, "source": "search", "title": "About Us - Woodlands Civic Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Video | BALLET20.COM", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.544787406921387, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Les premiers Danseurs et le Corps de Ballet de l’Opéra national de Paris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553548812866211, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Discover the story of The Ninth Symphony through a serie of bonus from the documentary “Dancing Beethoven” by Arantxa Aguirre. This exceptional show, hymn to universal brotherhood, was danced by the Béjart Ballet Lausanne and the Tokyo Ballet, from 6 to 8 January 2017 at Forest National, Brussels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305890083312988, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Santtu Mustonen joins New York City Ballet for the fifth presentation of Art Series, which welcomes contemporary artists to our Lincoln Center home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025919914245605, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Jared Angle talks about how dancing in silence intensifies his connection to the audience and to his fellow dancers in Jerome Robbins’ MOVES, the only ballet in the repertory without music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345266342163086, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Joaquin De Luz talks about taking on the iconic title role in PRODIGAL SON, Balanchine’s interpretation of the Biblical tale, first choreographed for Diaghilev’s legendary Ballet Russes in 1929.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24708080291748, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Sterling Hyltin discusses what it takes to play the “mad ballerina” in Jerome Robbins’ comic ballet about “the perils of everybody”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48189640045166, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "A critically lauded choreographer and filmmaker hailing from Sweden, Pontus Lidberg often focuses on emotionally complex and psychological relationships, and Winter 2017 will see his first premiere for New York City Ballet, set to a commissioned score by David Lang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255973815917969, "source": "search", "title": "Video | BALLET20.COM" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "The 16mm black-and-white film was recorded on May 27, 1965 at the New York City Ballet's preview gala at the New York State Theater. (The official premiere of Don Quixote was given the following night.) The performance was filmed with two cameras, an unusual occurrence at the time, by the acclaimed photographer and filmmaker Bert Stern of Libra Productions, but it was never edited. Don Quixote was part of the New York City Ballet's active repertoire from 1965 to 1978; it was not performed again until 2005 when Suzanne Farrell restaged it at the Kennedy Center for a combination of The Suzanne Farrell Ballet and The National Ballet of Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832566261291504, "source": "search", "title": "The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "The film was given by the New York City Ballet to the Dance Division�s Jerome Robbins Archive of the Recorded Moving Image, which houses thousands of films and videotapes to preserve the ephemeral art of dance. The five reels of the Don Quixote film were targeted as \"unique and in need of preservation.\" After funding was found, the staff arranged for the complicated process of restoration and editing. The film consisted of uncut footage from two cameras that recorded the entire ballet, without enhanced lighting or sound, from a wide angle by one camera and most of the ballet by a second camera in a closer angle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945792198181152, "source": "search", "title": "The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55910873413086, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Artistic Director Lourdes Lopez’s vision for Miami City Ballet was apparent in the tasteful programming of Saturday’s performance at the Kravis Center, with the de rigueur Balanchine work leading off the evening followed by two company premieres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31263542175293, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "The show, titled Stars of American Ballet, featured Tricia and Renan, along with principal couples from New York City Ballet and Boston Ballet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221674919128418, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "With their summer downtime, our dancers have split from Miami and spread out all over the world! The latest dancer update comes from Joinville, Brazil, where corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan takes over our Instagram feed this week. Follow Jovani at #JovaniMCBphotos for a snapshot of his life back in Brazil! ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340115547180176, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "When I’m in Brazil, I’ll be taking class at my old ballet school,  The Bolshoi Theater School in Brazil — the only affiliate of the Bolshoi Theater of Moscow. I’m also doing some physical therapy,  working out, spending a lot of time with the family, and enjoying the beaches around my state! – Jovani", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338468551635742, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "When the curtain opens on Program III: Triple Threat next week, Miami City Ballet will become one of only two dance companies and the only American company to perform the Paul Taylor solo in Balanchine’s Episodes since New York City Ballet in 1986. Peter Frame — the last dancer to have performed this role and répétiteur for the solo at MCB — referred to it as a “lost work of art.” Now, 27 years later, dancer Jovani Furlan will be one of only a handful of dancers to perform this role. Here, he tells all about this rare and exciting opportunity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192983627319336, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "If you know and love this image, along with several other awe-inspiring dance photos, than you have probably heard of photographer Jordan Matter and his New York Times bestseller Dancers Among Us . This week, Jordan takes his talents to the Magic City to exhibit his work at  Spectrum Miami  and  Select Fair , both running December 4-8th in Midtown and South Beach respectively. During his visit, Jordan will also partake in two live photo shoots with Miami City Ballet dancers Renan Cerdeiro, Jovani Furlan and Emily Bromberg!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984658241271973, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Tonight, the worlds of Broadway and ballet literally collide during our first Open Barre of the 2013-2014 Season. The original Anita from the Broadway production of West Side Story, Chita Rivera joins us onstage to discuss working with Jerome Robbins, while the company gives a sneak peek of the “triple threat” premiere of  West Side Story Suite . This will be the first time that our dancers test their signing talents in front of a live audience….and to capture it all on Instagram is dancer Jovani Furlan!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992928504943848, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "We are keeping the Opening Night stories coming right up until the curtain rises tomorrow evening at the Arsht Center! Next, corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan brings us his most memorable story from Opening Night. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363224029541016, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Returning from summer vacation and a fun trip home to Brazil, corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan is back on Instagram as this week’s guest photographer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45820140838623, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Corps dancer Jovani Furlan is back to take over our Instagram feed as this week’s guest photographer! Jovani will be snapping shots of the dancers hard at work rehearsing for Program III: The Masters and Program IV: Broadway and Ballet .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451412200927734, "source": "search", "title": "Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Human talent is the principal resource that any dance company possesses. In this regard, New York City Ballet has been fortunate beyond measure. Nearly 700 women and men comprise the roster of extraordinary artists who have regularly inspired and realized the choreographic imagination of the Company's Ballet Masters in Chief George Balanchine and Peter Martins and Co-Founding Choreographer Jerome Robbins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95207691192627, "source": "search", "title": "NYCB - NYCB Alumni - New York City Ballet" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Joy Womack is an American ballet dancer. She is the first American to graduate from the Bolshoi Ballet Academy’s main training program, and the first American woman to sign a contract with the Bolshoi Ballet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.631562232971191, "source": "search", "title": "Dance Channel TV - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Boys in Ballet Ep4 - Duration: 5 minutes, 55 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.579521179199219, "source": "search", "title": "Dance Channel TV - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Southland Ballet Academy - Duration: 117 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514839172363281, "source": "search", "title": "Dance Channel TV - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Dance Channel TV Ballet Channel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593890190124512, "source": "search", "title": "Dance Channel TV - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Boys in Ballet Play all", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504369735717773, "source": "search", "title": "Dance Channel TV - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Terrell Davis was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He has a B.A. in Political Science and a minor in dance from Western Illinois University (WIU). His dance training began at Lincoln Park High school in Chicago with Cheryl McWortor. He was a full scholarship student at the Joseph Holmes Chicago Dance Theatre. At JHCDT he trained with Rodni Williams who introduced him to the Horton Technique. Mr. Davis was also a full scholarship student at the American Dance Festival, for two consecutive summers. At WIU he trained with Candice Winters-March, Heidi Clemmons, and Denise Breakfield. He also co-directed the Gwendolyn Brooks Cultural Center Dance Troupe with Keesha Jackson and was a member of the University Dance Theatre. He got his professional start with the Dayton Contemporary Dance Company where he was mentored by Terrence Greene, and worked with the legendary artist Sherri “Sparkle” Williams. His journey then brought him to Denver, where he danced with the Cleo Parker-Robinson Dance Ensemble for six years. He was a principle dancer and also served as Assistant Rehearsal Director for the company. While at CPRD he danced many lead roles and also worked and trained with many great teachers and choreographers such as Milton Myers, Donald Mckayle, Christopher Huggins, Marceline Freeman, and Randy Brooks, just to name a few. He also danced with Moraporvida Contemporary Dance Company, founded and directed by Jacob Mora. Mr. Davis’s teaching experience in Denver has been at the Cleo Parker-Robinson Dance School, the Academy of Classical Ballet, and many other dance schools in Denver. He currently teaches at the Academy of Colorado Ballet, Dance Kaleidoscope, Hannah Kahn’s Open Studio, and at Manuel High School. He is thrilled to be a part of the Danza Dance Academy staff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434134483337402, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Nicole is an accomplished performer from the Denver area and currently the assistant- director and a performer of The Schiff Dance Collective in Boulder, CO. Nicole can be seen in such shows as “Dreamlife”, “Unsilenced”, “Project Joy/Full”, “How We Found Hope”, “fits like a gLOVE”, “She Is…”, and “The Edge of Us”.. She has spent her career studying, performing, and competing in a variety of styles including Jazz, Tap, Ballet, Lyrical, Pointe, Contemporary, Hip Hop and more. She has had the honor of training with talents such as Jenny Schiff, Kit Andree, Thommie Walsh, Bill Hastings, Chet Walker, Jacob Mora, and Doug Caldwell to name a few. In August of 2008, she was a featured artist in two different studios in Oregon for summer workshops. Nicole is in high demand as she teaches and choreographs at multiple competitive level and pre-professional studios throughout Colorado. She attended the National Dance Teachers Summit in New York in the summer of 2009. In addition, Nicole was a featured performer with Danca Nova in Boulder. Nicole is a very fun and quirky teacher, a favorite for all ages!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.581380844116211, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Hailee took her first dance class when she was three years old and has continued with her passion for dance since then.  She trained in ballet, jazz, hip hop, to lyrical, tap and clogging. During her 4 years of high school she was on the varsity cheerleading team at Douglas County High School.  Hailee attended Wichita State University in Kansas and was the captain of her college’s dance team.  Being a former student of Danza Dance Academy she is honored to have joined the teaching staff at Danza Dance Academy.  She loves teaching and hopes to spread her love of dance to everyone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99453353881836, "source": "search", "title": "Staff – Danza Dance Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Monte Carlo is a magic name in ballet history, most of which is best forgotten when looking at Les Ballets de Monte Carlo, the 11-year-old company that made a zesty and refreshing New York debut on Tuesday night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233783721923828, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Whatever world-famous ballets were created by Russian choreographers in Monte Carlo in the past, the company on view has a sleek neo-classical look that is very much tune with American taste.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678653717041016, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In many ways, this is the most American of European ballet companies, largely because it understands the neo-classicism developed by Balanchine in America. Jean-Christophe Maillot, artistic director since 1993, obviously appreciates the formal value of ballet's academic idiom, both in his own choreography and in his repertory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108311653137207, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "This first of two different programs paid homage to the company's inspiration, if not its real antecedents. Balanchine was represented by his 1946 masterpiece ''The Four Temperaments,'' danced impressively, with meticulous detail (although not the taut energy seen at the New York City Ballet). A historical nod to Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, Monte Carlo's most famous resident company of the past, was embodied in a revival of Michel Fokine's ''Polovtsian Dances.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826464653015137, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "But even here the accent was on movement rather than storytelling, a viewpoint that Mr. Maillot displayed in the New York premiere of his ''Vers un Pays Sage,'' choreographed to John Adams's ''Fearful Symmetries.'' That Peter Martins, the City Ballet director, has choreographed very differently to the same score made Mr. Maillot's work all the more interesting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285748481750488, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Among the dancers, the only familiar name is Jean-Charles Gil, who once dazzled New York as a star with Roland Petit and whose Balanchine experience in the San Francisco Ballet may explain the power, presence and desperate air he brought to the ''Melancholic'' solo in ''The Four Temperaments.'' There were also revelations: Sandrine Cassini, perfect in her classical style and partnered by an agile Chris Roelandt, in the ''Sanguinic'' section of the same ballet. Bernice Coppieters, the troupe's young Belgian ballerina, had the technique and assurance to get through the difficult ''Choleric'' variation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751045227050781, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "As for ''Polovtsian Dances'' from Borodin's opera ''Prince Igor,'' no pagan warrior chief, weaving in and out of his harem and own tribe on the steppes of City Center can hope to bring back the frisson of 1909. That was the year in which this ballet opened Serge Diaghilev's first ballet season in Paris. Rarely seen nowadays, it comes back now in vibrant pictorial terms in Mr. Lacotte's version, based on the original. Led by Francesco Nappa, the dancers were true to Fokine in their use of the entire body, not just arms and legs. Nicholas Roerich's decor has been reproduced with the requisite tents and river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986589431762695, "source": "search", "title": "Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - NYTimes.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Italy has been traditionally the largest importer, processor and exporter of silk products in Europe. In 1997, Italy imported some 3200 tons of raw silk and over 700 tons of silk yarn, primarily from China. Italy also imported about 300 tons of ladies' blouses, of which over 80% came from China. Silk garment imports, however, have drastically gone down over the last five years. (In 1992, the country imported more than 700 tons of ladies' blouses.) Italy is well-known for highly developed skills in silk processing (finishing, dyeing and printing silk fabrics). Exports of silk scarves rose by about 15% between from 1996 to 1997, to 586 tons. Exports of silk neckties reached 1230 tons the same year.", "precise_score": 7.163747310638428, "rough_score": 2.092707395553589, "source": "search", "title": "Silk in World Markets - International Tradeforum" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Italy, because of its fashion industry, has traditionally been the largest importer of raw silk, processor and exporter of silk in Europe. In 1997, Italy imported 3200 tons of raw silk and 300 tons of silk thread, primarily imported from China. Along with this Italy also imported 300 tons of ladies silk blouses, over 80% of the silk blouses came from China. However, over the past five years the importing of silk garments has dramatically decreased, in 1992 they imported 700 tons of blouses. Italy is known for there high quality processing of silk, finishing, dyeing, and printing of silk fabrics. However with the decrease of blouses, the exports of silk scarves rose by about 15% in 1996-1997. Along with that the exports of silk neckties reached 1230 tons in 1997.", "precise_score": 6.233708381652832, "rough_score": 1.321838617324829, "source": "search", "title": "Producers and Consumers - Silk" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The United States is one of the world’s largest importers of silk garments and interior decoration fabrics and accessories. Unlike Italy and France the US has a very little processing industry. In 1997 imports of silk goods were estimated to value about 2 billion dollars. 10% of it was for home furnishing. Unlike Europe, the US does not have a very long history of using silk, so silk has much more of a presence in Europe. However The United States has lead the way in the import of Chinese knitted silk products. It started with importing thermal underwear, and has now expanded to silk T-shirts, polo neck sweaters, etc. In the United States it is very important for the fabrics to be easy to care for, so silk fabric producers have to make the care of silk easy to compete with other fabrics.", "precise_score": 6.172774314880371, "rough_score": 6.071477890014648, "source": "search", "title": "Producers and Consumers - Silk" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Where the raw silk is produced.-It is not surprising then that 40 per cent of the world's raw silk is produced by the Empire of China, 20 per cent by Japan, 20 per cent by Italy, 10 per cent by Persia, Asiatic Turkey, India, and Arabia, and the remaining 10 per cent by France, Austria, Spain, or Portugal. Italy produces some of the finest silk in the world; India and China, some of the coarsest and poorest.", "precise_score": 4.8303303718566895, "rough_score": 5.560161113739014, "source": "search", "title": "Raw Silk Production - Old And Sold" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The major silk consumers of the world are; USA, Italy, Japan, India, France, China, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, UAE, Korea, Viet Nam, etc.", "precise_score": 5.920524597167969, "rough_score": 2.9343454837799072, "source": "search", "title": "Statistics | INTERNATIONAL SERICULTURAL COMMISSION" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of Latin Christendom coalesced in the 8th century, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Germanic traditions and Christian-Latin culture, defined partly in contrast with Byzantium and Islam, and limited to northern Iberia, the British Isles, France, Christianised western Germany, the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy. The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance: \"Europa\" often figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, Alcuin. This division—as much cultural as geographical—was used until the Late Middle Ages, when it was challenged by the Age of Discovery. The problem of redefining Europe was finally resolved in 1730 when, instead of waterways, the Swedish geographer and cartographer von Strahlenberg proposed the Ural Mountains as the most significant eastern boundary, a suggestion that found favour in Russia and throughout Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068819999694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The European Bronze Age began c. 3200 BC in Greece with the Minoan civilization on Crete, the first advanced civilization in Europe. The Minoans were followed by the Myceneans, who collapsed suddenly around 1200 BC, ushering the European Iron Age. Iron Age colonisation by the Greeks and Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BC, the year the first Olympic Games. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.350258827209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Greece was followed by Rome, which left its mark on law, politics, language, engineering, architecture, government and many more key aspects in western civilisation. Expanding from their base in Italy beginning in the 3rd century BC, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean basin and western Europe by the turn of the millennium. The Roman Republic ended in 27 BC, when Augustus proclaimed the Roman Empire. The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romana, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and political stability in most of Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6390380859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "From the 7th century onwards, as the Byzantines and neighbouring Sasanid Persians were severely weakened due the protracted, centuries-lasting and frequent Byzantine–Sasanian wars, the Muslim Arabs began to make inroads into historically Roman territory, taking the Levant and North Africa and making inroads into Asia Minor. In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region. Over the next centuries Muslim forces took Cyprus, Malta, Crete, Sicily and parts of southern Italy. Between 711 and 720, most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Muslim rule — save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. This territory, under the Arabic name Al-Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate. The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople (717) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige. The Umayyads were then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, which ended their northward advance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.831522941589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florence and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Greek and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries, often translated from Arabic into Latin. The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of art, philosophy, music, and the sciences, under the joint patronage of royalty, the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, and an emerging merchant class. Patrons in Italy, including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774948120117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education. The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's downfall, established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five \"Great Powers\": the UK, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK. These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted. The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania, as a nation-state, from smaller principalities. In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian empire was formed; and 1871 saw the unifications of both Italy and Germany as nation-states from smaller principalities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647860527038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Two World Wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century. World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918. It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip. Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). The War left more than 16 million civilians and military dead. Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.167508125305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco of Spain and Benito Mussolini of Italy in power. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.532543182373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. Later that year, following the Munich Agreement signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, Germany annexed the Sudetenland, which was a part of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans, and in early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, controlled by Germany, and the Slovak Republic. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76032543182373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Itali", "passage": "This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Sub-regions like Iceland, Britain, and Ireland are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573619842529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (5), the UK (6), Russia (7), France (8), and Italy (10). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.271860599517822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Itali", "passage": "Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. From Britain, it gradually spread throughout Europe. The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. World War II, again, damaged much of Europe's industries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.124115943908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "After World War II the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin, and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades. Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Spain, under the leadership of Franco, also recovered, and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle. The majority of Central and Eastern European states came under the control of the Soviet Union and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.296085357666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain. In 1999, 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the Eurozone replacing their former national currencies by the common euro. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.782646656036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Europe" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Italy and France", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743467330932617, "source": "search", "title": "Silk in World Markets - International Tradeforum" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Italy and France- Raw Silk Importers and Processors", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.667272567749023, "source": "search", "title": "Producers and Consumers - Silk" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "By the 13th century, however, Italy had gained dominance and entered the hall of fame in silk history. Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. By the 13th century, Italian silk was a significant source of trade. Even now, silk processed (finished, dyed, printed) in the province of Como enjoys an esteemed reputation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.140353202819824, "source": "search", "title": "Silk History: History of Silk Fabric; History of Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "Italian silk was so popular in Europe that Francis I of France invited Italian silkmakers to France to create a French silk industry, especially in Lyon. By the 17th century France was challenging Italy's leadership, and the silk looms established in the Lyons area at that time are still famous today for the unique beauty of their weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2900238037109375, "source": "search", "title": "Silk History: History of Silk Fabric; History of Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "SCIENCE IN TREATING SILKWORM DISEASES.-Pasteur, a noted French scientist, showed how the disease might be prevented. Every moth, after laying its eggs, is killed and its interior examined carefully under a microscope, the only means of discovering the germs. If the germs are found in the moth's body, the eggs are destroyed, since they also are sure to contain some germs carried from the mother moth's body. When no signs of germs are found in the moth, the eggs are considered safe to grow. After this method came into use, French silk growing leaped forward again. Experiment stations for the examination of eggs were established by the government in numerous placesan example followed by Italy and other countries. Lately the French growers have become careless again, and silk production is consequently rapidly falling off. Now, Italy and Austria are doing the most to stamp out the disease, and these two countries are producing the finest raw silks. Particularly in Tyrol, a province in Austria, is this scientific method of propagating disease-free eggs in most successful use. No silk-growing peasant in either Italy or Tyrol would today think of hatching out silkworm eggs that were not certified by some government experiment station as free from disease. Leading growers in France are hoping to revive the careful inspection that Pasteur planned for them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.335108757019043, "source": "search", "title": "Raw Silk Production - Old And Sold" }, { "answer": "Italy", "passage": "The products of silk production are marketed in various forms. For example, in certain communities in Italy, there is a large business of selling certified silkworm eggs. These are usually sold at a certain price an ounce. Many silk growers sell the cocoons that they produce. The usual method of preparing them for market is to stifle the chrysalides by steam, by heating in ovens, or by freezing and then drying them thoroughly. When dry, they are sorted according to size, color, and quality, and are sold by weight. As a rule, small silkworm growers everywhere dispose of their product in this manner and at this stage. Finally, raw silk is marketed after it is reeled, some of it as reeled silk, and the parts that will not reel as silk waste. In the Orient, silk is reeled into skeins of varying sizes, which are then packed into square blocks, called books, containing from five to ten pounds. The books are packed in bales, each weighing from 100 to 200 pounds or more. In 1912 the average price for a pound of reeled silk was between three and four dollars. From this it can be seen that a bale is a pretty valuable piece of goods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.971113681793213, "source": "search", "title": "Raw Silk Production - Old And Sold" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 (or S-46) was a single-engine helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky. It had a single three-blade rotor originally powered by a 75 horsepower (56 kW) engine. The first \"free\" flight of the VS-300 was on 13 May 1940. The VS-300 was the first successful single lifting rotor helicopter in the United States and the first successful helicopter to use a single vertical-plane tail rotor configuration for antitorque. With floats attached, it became the first practical amphibious helicopter.", "precise_score": 6.882740020751953, "rough_score": 6.351999759674072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The final variant of the VS-300 was powered by a 150 hp Franklin engine. The VS-300 was one of the first helicopters capable of carrying cargo. The VS-300 was modified over a two-year period, including removal of the two vertical tail rotors, until 1941 when a new cyclic control system gave it much improved flight behavior.Chiles 2008, p. 104.", "precise_score": 5.852056980133057, "rough_score": 7.254270553588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky's quest for a practical helicopter began in 1938, when as the Engineering Manager of the Vought-Sikorsky Division of United Aircraft Corporation, he was able to convince the directors of United Aircraft that his years of study and research into rotary-wing flight problems would lead to a breakthrough. His first experimental machine, the VS-300, was test flown by Sikorsky on 14 September 1939 tethered by cables. In developing the concept of rotary-wing flight, Sikorsky was the first to introduce a single engine to power both the main and tail rotor systems. The only previous successful attempt at a single-lift rotor helicopter, the Yuriev-Cheremukhin TsAGI-1EA in 1931 in the Soviet Union, used a pair of uprated, Russian-built Gnome Monosoupape rotary engines of 120 hp each for its power. For later flights of his VS-300, Sikorsky also added a vertical aerofoil surface to the end of the tail to assist anti-torque but this was later removed when it proved to be ineffective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3335323929786682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Sikorsky fitted utility floats (also called pontoons) to the VS-300 and performed a water landing and takeoff on 17 April 1941, making it the first practical amphibious helicopter.[http://www.sikorsky.com/vgn-ext-templating-SIK/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6770832538604736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky dreamed of building a helicopter from his youth.  In 1931, he applied for a patent for a single main rotor helicopter which included nearly every feature that would be incorporated in the VS-300.  By 1938, technology had caught up with his dream.  When he was summoned to United Aircraft Headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut to be told that the Sikorsky Division which at that time was building fixed-wing aircraft was being shut down due to a lack of business, he requested that he be allowed to keep his design team together to design a helicopter.  His request was granted along with an initial $30,000 budget.  The VS-300 was America’s first practical helicopter.  It was also the first successful helicopter in the world with a single main rotor and a torque compensating tail rotor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.957979917526245, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Sketch of a single main rotor helicopter submitted for a Patent in1931which was granted in 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49321460723877, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": " Some preliminary helicopter design work had already been done by Igor Sikorsky, who was the Engineering Manager, and his associates “off the clock” and they were ready to start work.  The basic VS-300 helicopter looked very similar to the 1930 design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3336787819862366, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The first flight version of the VS-300 included a 28 foot diameter main rotor and a 75 hp Lycoming engine.  A 40” single blade tail rotor and rigid 4 wheel landing gear with a full swiveling nose and tail wheels were installed. The VS-300 featured full cyclic main rotor control (pitch and roll) and a single pedal tail rotor control (yaw). Vertical control was provided by a large wheel to the right of the pilot.  The first flight on September 14, 1939 by Igor Sikorsky lasted approximately 10 seconds to a height of a few inches.  The helicopter was tethered to a heavy plate by four cables which allowed the helicopter to move in all directions by dragging the plate.  A ground crew was always present to stabilize the helicopter if the pilot lost control to prevent a roll over.  No helicopter flight training was available, so Igor Sikorsky got “On the Job” training learning with each additional flight.  The design team was not familiar with the fact that a spinning rotor had gyroscopic properties (precession) which required an input 90 degrees in rotation before it became effective.  The VS-300 therefore rolled left when the cyclic stick was pushed forward. The initial pilots, Igor Sikorsky and Serge Gluhareff, had no idea whether the control problems were caused by the helicopter design or pilot technique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.4509782791137695, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Changes to the helicopter were made after every flying day by the Night Crew. Obvious changes since the first flight in the above photo are outrigger main landing gear with full swiveling wheels, the tail wheel moved aft, and dampers have been added to the flapping hinge on the main rotor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505574226379395, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The VS-300 was completely redesigned and rebuilt.  A decision was made to abandon cyclic control of the main rotor and adapt a design suggested by I.A. Sikorsky, a draftsman and mathematician, and Michael Buivid, the Chief Engineer, which locked out cyclic control and replace it with two additional horizontal tail rotors. Collective pitch control for vertical control was left on the main rotor.  Prior to flight testing of the second configuration, the helicopter was mounted on a pedestal and operated without the main rotor blades installed.  This allowed fine tuning of the new control system and allowed the pilots to become comfortable with the new system before actual flight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.576633930206299, "source": "search", "title": "S-46/VS-300/VS -300A Helicopter - Sikorsky Archives" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch. He was appointed as Gauleiter (district leader) for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme. After the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933, Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted controlling supervision over the news media, arts, and information in Germany. He was particularly adept at using the relatively new media of radio and film for propaganda purposes. Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, and (after the start of the Second World War) attempting to shape morale.", "precise_score": 6.974912643432617, "rough_score": 7.374583721160889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Goebbels" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Joseph Goebbels was born in Rheydt, Germany, on 29th October, 1897. He attended the established Heidelberg University where he was awarded a doctorate of philosophy in 1920. He had not served in the German Army during the First World War as he was disabled by a clubbed foot which hindered his ability to walk.", "precise_score": 7.80190896987915, "rough_score": 7.594563961029053, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels http://www.HolocaustResearchProject.org" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "At the University of Heidelberg, Goebbels wrote his doctoral thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz, a minor 19th century romantic dramatist. He had hoped to write his thesis under the supervision of Friedrich Gundolf, who at that time was a well known literary historian. It did not seem to bother Goebbels that Gundolf was Jewish. However, Gundolf was no longer performing teaching duties, so he directed Goebbels to associate professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg. Waldberg was also Jewish. It was Waldberg who recommended Goebbels write his thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz. After submitting the thesis and passing his oral examination, Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4551217555999756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Goebbels" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Goebbels was born in the Rhineland and he attended Heidelberg University where he was became a Doctor of Philosophy in 1920. He had not served in the German Army during the  First World War  as he was disabled by a clubbed foot which meant he found it difficult to walk (Hitler ordered him to disguise this). This feeling of inferiority (Goebbels was self-conscious about his lack of height as well), his rejection by the German Army and the terms of the  Treaty of Versailles  lead to Goebbels becoming a very bitter man in the early 1920’s. He joined the Nazi Party towards the end of 1924 to keep his parents happy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.965145111083984, "source": "search", "title": "Goebbels - MISS DUERDIN" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Master propagandist of the Nazi regime and dictator of its cultural life for twelve years, Joseph Goebbels was born into a strict Catholic, working-class family from Rheydt, in the Rhineland, on 29 October 1897. He was educated at a Roman Catholic school and went on to study history and literature at the University of Heidelberg under Professor Friedrich Gundolf, a Jewish literary historian renowned as a Goethe scholar and a close disciple of the poet Stefan George.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.510768890380859, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Was the only member of the Nazi hierarchy to hold a degree (a PhD in Literature and History from the University of Heidelberg).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.538887023925781, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "ww2dbasePaul Joseph Goebbels was the son of factory clerk Friedrich Goebbels in Rheydt, Germany. His family was Catholic in faith. With a metal brace around his deformed right leg, he was exempt from front line service during WW1, serving a desk job instead with a \"Patriotic Help Unit\" in his home town. He bitterly resented the fact that he could not serve in the military, thus after the war he made up a story that he had actually served in the war, and his disability with his right leg was due to a war wound. Around this time, while working as a bank clerk and a caller on the stock exchange, he became influenced by author Houston Stewart Chamberlain's anti-Semitic works. He earned a Ph.D. in literature and philosophy from the University of Heidelberg in 1921 and became a journalist. He attempted to become a published author, but that ambition never led to success; his novel did not get published until 1929, and none of the plays he wrote ever became staged. In 1924 he joined the Nazi Party in admiration of Hitler's leadership. In 1925, he was the editor to the Nazi newspaper \"National-sozialistische Briefe\". His ability to twist the truth into propaganda supporting the Nazi Party presented him with a unique position, and he quickly became one of the well-known figures in the party. In 1926, Hitler returned to politics after serving his prison sentence and began to put forth his anti-Semitic beliefs into his political agenda, which disappointed Goebbels extremely, as it showed that Hitler was no different than a common reactionary. \"I no longer fully believe in Hitler\", he noted in his diary. \"That's the terrible thing: my inner support has been taken away.\" Hitler, however, recognized Goebbels' talents; in Apr 1926, Hitler and Goebbels met in Munich in southern Germany, where Hitler reaffirmed his position in Goebbels' mind. \"I love him - He has thought through everything\", Goebbels noted in his diary after the meeting. From this point on, his complete and total loyalty to Hitler was sealed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.999241352081299, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels | World War II Database" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "Paul Joseph Goebbels was born on October 29, 1897, in Rheydt, Germany, an industrial city located in the Rhineland. Because of a club foot that he acquired during a childhood bout with osteomyelitis, a swelling of the bone marrow, the young Goebbels was exempted from service in the German army during World War I (1914-18). Instead, he attended a series of German universities, where he studied literature and philosophy, among other subjects, and went on to earn a Ph.D. in German philology from Heidelberg University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.809623718261719, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels - World War II - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Heidelberg", "passage": "After earning a Ph.D. in Literature and Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg in 1921 he worked as a journalist and tried for several years to become a published author. His work included an autobiographical novel called Michael which no publisher would take at the time, and two plays written in verse - The Wanderer, about Jesus Christ, and The Lonesome Guest - which no producer would stage. Joining the Nazi Party in 1924 (although he later claimed to have joined in 1922), Goebbels was initially closely aligned with the left faction around the Strasser brothers . From 1926, when he became gauleiter of Berlin, he moved away from his early associations, and his diary shows many instances of great admiration for Hitler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2707889080047607, "source": "search", "title": "Joseph Goebbels - New York University" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Prince Edward, the Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son, becomes father again", "precise_score": 10.066888809204102, "rough_score": 10.59981918334961, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II is gran again - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "LONDON, England (CNN) -- The wife of Prince Edward, the Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son, gave birth to a baby boy Monday, Buckingham Palace confirmed in a statement.", "precise_score": 9.24569034576416, "rough_score": 9.807872772216797, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II is gran again - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Prince Edward is the third son and youngest child of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip. He was born at Buckingham Palace on 10 March 1964, and christened at Windsor Castle on 2 May 1964. He was educated at Heatherdown Preparatory School, Ascot, and like his father and two brothers went on to Gordonstoun School in Scotland where he was head boy in his last term.", "precise_score": 8.596977233886719, "rough_score": 8.396224975585938, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Edward - British Royal Family History" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II is shown with her youngest son, Prince Edward, 15 months, in a picture taken recently by Lisa Sheridan in a sitting room at Windsor Castle, Berkshire, June 11, 1965 in England.", "precise_score": 10.117618560791016, "rough_score": 10.659234046936035, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II's Life Through the Years Photos - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "The new batch of shots from Annie Leibovitz includes a portrait of the monarch with daughter Princess Anne, as well as one with her grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Shot in the Green Drawing Room at Windsor Castle, it gathers her grandchildren from her youngest son, Prince Edward, as well as the grandchildren of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips (by son Peter and daughter Zara) and Prince Charles (by Prince William).", "precise_score": 3.6225595474243164, "rough_score": 1.6346848011016846, "source": "search", "title": "See more Queen Elizabeth birthday pics - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Charles is the oldest heir apparent to bear the title Prince of Wales, and the second-longest serving Prince of Wales, behind Edward VII, whose record he would surpass on 9 September 2017. If he became monarch at present he would be the oldest person to do so; the current record holder is William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.407121181488037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.04311784729361534, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young. Many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.873504877090454, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited, either. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.149836540222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Elizabeth's pregnancies with Princes Andrew and Edward, in 1959 and 1963, mark the only times she has not performed the State Opening of the British parliament during her reign. In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, she also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.773242950439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707121849060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth was admitted to the King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis. She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day. Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial meeting of Commonwealth heads of government for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by her son, Prince Charles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.407577991485596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "The boy was delivered by caesarean section at Frimley Park Hospital in Surrey and weighed 6 pounds 2 ounces, the statement said. Prince Edward was with his wife -- the Countess of Wessex -- at the birth, it added.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335039138793945, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II is gran again - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Edward, 43, and his wife Sophie, 42, already have a daughter, three-year-old Lady Louise Windsor, who was born four weeks premature in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.34522819519043, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II is gran again - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Prince Edward | Britroyals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.73117733001709, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Edward - British Royal Family History" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Title: Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.51518726348877, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Edward - British Royal Family History" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Full Name: Edward Antony Richard Louis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306105613708496, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Edward - British Royal Family History" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "He met Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1993 while she was working in public relations, and they were married at St George�s Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 19 June 1999. On their wedding Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and Sophie became Countess of Wessex. They have two children Lady Louise Windsor born 8 November 2003, and James Viscount Severn born 17 December 2007. Edward has taken over several of the public roles of his father including President of the Commonwealth games, and the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme founded by his father Prince Philip. It is believed that Prince Edward will eventually inherit the title Duke of Edinburgh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.787954330444336, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Edward - British Royal Family History" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II plays with Princes Edward and Andrew at Windsor Castle in this June, 1965 photo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6325260400772095, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II's Life Through the Years Photos - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II and British Prime Minister Edward Heath join President Richard Nixon and first lady Patricia at Chequers, Heath's official country residence, Oct. 3, 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.572026252746582, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II's Life Through the Years Photos - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "The abdication of her uncle, Edward VIII, in December 1936 meant her father became king and she became heir.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552759170532227, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip - BBC" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Prince Andrew was born in 1960, and four years later came Prince Edward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.669453620910645, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip - BBC" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Edward watch the winners enclosure after the Queen’s horse lost in the Epsom Derby at Epsom Racecourse in southern England, June 4, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.27135968208313, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II through the years - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Edward", "passage": "After the hour-long service, the bride and groom led a procession down the nave that included the crowned heads of Norway, Denmark, Romania, Greece, and Holland. Noticeably absent was the King’s brother, former King Edward VIII, now the Duke of Windsor, and his wife, for whom he had abdicated the throne. The estranged Windsors were living in Paris, unwelcome in London except for periodic visits. Although their exile may have seemed harsh, George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and their advisers had seen no alternative. A king and former king living in the same country would have resulted in two rival courts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.567628860473633, "source": "search", "title": "Inside the Dynastic Struggle That Rocked Queen Elizabeth II's" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the \"generation\". ", "precise_score": -1.1929744482040405, "rough_score": -1.9122614860534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914, at which point the end times began. Witnesses believe that Satan is the ruler of the current world order, that human society is influenced and misled by Satan and his demons, and that they are a cause of human suffering. They also believe that human governments are controlled by Satan, but that he does not directly control each human ruler. ", "precise_score": 6.013715744018555, "rough_score": 5.696907997131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 \"spirit-anointed\" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a \"new covenant\". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth. ", "precise_score": 0.9419997930526733, "rough_score": 2.465832471847534, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or \"system of things\", entered the \"last days\" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with \"Babylon the Great\", or the \"harlot\", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the \"great tribulation\". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's \"sheep\", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. Most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during \"judgment day\" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race. ", "precise_score": 4.172278881072998, "rough_score": 3.766907215118408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in \"woe\" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of \"signs\". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as \"coming\" when referring to Christ—as \"presence\". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the \"second coming\" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans. ", "precise_score": 2.616675853729248, "rough_score": 4.0539870262146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were \"the words of Jehovah.\" George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, \"it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do.\" However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, \"Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time.\" ", "precise_score": 2.654157876968384, "rough_score": 5.464219570159912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "<div class=\"eg-article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Article\"> <meta itemprop=\"isFamilyFriendly\" content=\"true\"> <meta itemprop=\"image thumbnailUrl\" content=\"http://www.exploregod.com/uploads/default/files/jehovahs-witnesses-and-end-times_article_thumbnail-268x200.jpg\"/> <meta itemprop=\"datePublished\" content=\"2014-10-31\"/> <meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Five times the Jehovah's Witnesses have predicted a specific date for the end of the world. What do they believe the end times will be like?\"/> <h1 itemprop=\"name headline\">Jehovah’s Witnesses and the End Times</h1> <span class=\"author\">By:  <span itemprop=\"author\">Chris Morton</span><br/> © ExploreGod.com </span> <p><p><span>Jehovah’s Witnesses have very specific beliefs about the end of the world.</span></p></p> <blockquote> <p class=\"Body\">“Armageddon will be the worst thing ever to hit the earth within the history of man. . . . That war is unavoidable. The facts of modern history prove we are in the ‘day of God the Almighty’ and his war is near.”<cite>Nathan Knorr, president of the Jehovah’s Witnesses Governing Body¹</cite></p> </blockquote> <p class=\"Body\">With over six million members around the world, the Jehovah’s Witnesses have grown from an American sect to a worldwide religious movement. They are known for their unique <a href=\"/ten-unique-teachings-of-the-jehovahs-witnesses\">practices</a>, such as the prohibition of holiday celebrations and blood transfusions. But perhaps their most prominent trait is their focus on the end of the world.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Witnesses have many specific views on how the world will end, which are, in part, derived from the Bible. Revelation, the last book of the Bible, focuses on the end times. The book contains a series of allegorical images that describe God’s sovereignty over all other powers.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Over the centuries, <a href=\"/are-jehovahs-witnesses-christian\">Christians</a> have differed on interpretations of these passages. Drawing on a handful of images taken primarily from Revelation, Jehovah’s Witnesses take a different route altogether.</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">Shifting Timelines</h3> <p class=\"Body\">Throughout their history, Witnesses have shifted their statements regarding the end of the world. They have claimed that the world would end on five specific occasions. They have also introduced “New Light”—new teachings that override failed prophecies.²</p> <p class=\"Body\">Many Jehovah’s Witness teachings are based on their concept of history. Founder C. T. Russell taught there would be six thousand years from the creation of Adam until Jesus would return and begin his reign on earth.³ Initially, Russell predicted the end of the world in 1914.</p> <p class=\"Body\">When this prophecy failed, his successor, Joseph Rutherford, announced a recalculation of the original creation of Adam, moving the date up to 1925.⁴ Three other specific dates for the end of the world have come and gone. Since November 1995, Witnesses have ceased to predict particular dates but insist “vehemently that they have never made any false prophecies.”⁵</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">Armageddon</h3> <p class=\"Body\">Revelation 16:14–16 mentions a cataclysmic battle between world rulers that takes place in a location called the valley of Armageddon. Witnesses believe this is a description of a great final battle that will result in the end of the world. It is considered a global battle between the forces of good and evil, and the final result will be a cleansing of all things <a href=\"http://www.exploregod.com/evil\">evil</a>.</p> <p class=\"Body\">The imminence of Armageddon is used to encourage conversion since “those who respond favorably to the good news can survive Armageddon and live forever in perfection on a paradise earth.”⁶ This message has defined much of the Witnesses’ actions and publications over the years. Although the world will end, “millions now living will never die!” they proclaim. Those millions are, of course, Jehovah’s Witnesses.</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">The Two Groups</h3> <p class=\"Body\">Witnesses also place a large emphasis on the 144,000 mentioned in Revelation 7. For Jehovah’s Witnesses, this number has had two distinct meanings.</p> <p class=\"Body\">In the early 1920s, Rutherford instituted the practice of door-to-door visitation. Witnesses were instructed to tell their neighbors that only 144,000 would make it into heaven after the battle of Armageddon, which was then predicted to happen in 1925. However, by the late 1920s, there were already over 144,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses committed to the religion, and the battle had yet to come.</p> <p class=\"Body\">The leaders announced New Light, which taught that “everyone who had become a Jehovah’s Witness before 1935 would go to heaven (the ‘little flock’), while everyone who came after 1935 would be among the ‘great crowd’ who would . . . look forward to living on Earth in a new paradise.”⁷</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">The Millennium</h3> <p class=\"Body\">In Revelation 20:1–6, we find mention of the millennial reign of Jesus. Again, Witnesses have a specific set of beliefs that grows out of this concept.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Having won the battle of Armageddon, Jesus will set up a government with the help of the 144,000. At this time, the world will be restored to perfect conditions. There will be no death, plenty of food, and lasting peace.⁸ Those who survive the battle of Armageddon, as well as any righteous person from Abel onward, will receive a second chance in the new world.⁹</p> <p class=\"Body\">At the end of one thousand years, Satan will be released to test the remnants of mankind. After this test, Jesus will step down from leadership and Jehovah will live with his people and reign forever.</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">Annihilation</h3> <p class=\"Body\">Historians note that the founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, C. T. Russell, had specific difficulty with the concept of <a href=\"http://www.exploregod.com/hell\">hell</a> as a place of eternal torment.¹⁰ Witnesses teach that those who die outside of the organization are annihilated and completely cease to exist. Those who die in Armageddon will be annihilated immediately. Those who fail the test of Satan at the end of the Millennium will also be annihilated.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Christians may differ on their understanding of the <a href=\"/what-happens-when-we-die-video\">afterlife</a>, but Witnesses stand out for their willingness to describe man’s eternal state with such specificity.</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">No One Knows</h3> <p class=\"Body\">When referring to great moments of judgment, such as the fall of governments and the eventual end of the world, even Jesus was reticent: “About that day or hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.”¹¹</p> <p class=\"Body\">In their short existence, Witnesses have calculated and recalculated the end of the world. They have made precise statements about how the world will end, as well as what will happen afterward. They have even described levels of the afterlife and the specific numbers of people who will enjoy each level.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Death and the end of the world as we know it are scary, enigmatic prospects, so it is easy to understand why we want to define them. The solution for the Jehovah’s Witnesses has been to create specific dogmas that address those fears. Yet again and again, they have had to readjust their statements.</p> <h3 class=\"Body\">Faith</h3> <p class=\"Body\">In describing the afterlife, the Apostle Paul stated, “Now we see only a reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face.” The future will always have an element of mystery. This is, in part, because we do not currently have the faculties to comprehend what will come.</p> <p class=\"Body\">Some matters of faith will remain just that—matters of <a href=\"http://www.exploregod.com/faith\">faith</a>.</p> <div><hr /><ol id=\"footnotes\"> <li>Alan Rogerson, <em>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</em> (Great Britain: The Anchor Press, 1969), 107.</li> <li>Fritz Ridenour, <em>What’s the Difference: A Look at 20 Worldviews, Faiths and Religions and How They Compare to Christianity</em> (Ventura, CA: Regal, 2001), 120.</li> <li>N. H. Barbour and C. T. Russell, <em>The Three Worlds</em> (Rochester, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1877).</li> <li>Ridenour, 117.</li> <li>Ibid.</li> <li>Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, “Armageddon—A Happy Beginning,” <em>Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY,</em> <a href=\"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2005881\" target=\"_blank\">http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2005881</a>.</li> <li>Ridenour, 118.</li> <li>Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, “Life in a Restored Paradise,” <em>Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY</em>, <a href=\"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102008323\" target=\"_blank\">http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102008323</a>.</li> <li>To read the story of Cain and Abel, see <em>The Holy Bible, </em>New International Version © 2011, Genesis 4.</li> <li>David L. Weddle, “Jehovah’s Witnesses,” in <em>Encyclopedia of Religion</em> 2nd ed. vol. 7 (New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2005), 4821.</li> <li><em>The Holy Bible</em>, Mark 13:32.</li> <li>Photo Credit: <a href=\"http://www.stocksy.com/117026\" target=\"_blank\">Eduard Bonnin / Stocksy.com</a>.</li> </ol></div></div>", "precise_score": 0.5962084531784058, "rough_score": -4.045309543609619, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah’s Witnesses and the End Times - Explore God" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Of these above dates only 1914 is still considered significant, and even then, mostly for different reasons than originally prescribed. Though part of Watchtower lore for 60 years, most current Jehovah's Witnesses are unaware of their significance and that each one failed to eventuate as predicted.", "precise_score": 1.4640177488327026, "rough_score": -1.223941445350647, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Then as now, Watchtower resorted to insult, with Rutherford indicating above that a person is not of \"reasonable mind\" if they do not believe the time of the end started in 1799. Today, a Witness that does not believe 1914 was the start of the end is labelled as apostate or even the antichrist and disfellowshipped.", "precise_score": 1.9178427457809448, "rough_score": -4.303090572357178, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1874 was a key date for Russell. In many ways, 1874 was to Russell what 1914 is to Jehovah’'s Witnesses today. 1874 was the time of the second coming or second advent, the start of Jesus' invisible presence, the start of the harvest work and the beginning of the time for the generation that would see the end.", "precise_score": 4.288810729980469, "rough_score": 5.454277515411377, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "With the outbreak of World War One in August 1914, Russell reconfirmed that the end would be October 1914. When nothing happened in October 1914 Russell reused the idea that 1915 would signal the end.", "precise_score": 1.7542524337768555, "rough_score": -4.022921562194824, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "There was a measure of disappointment on the part of Jehovah’s faithful ones on earth concerning the years 1914, 1918, and 1925, which disappointment lasted for a time. Later the faithful learned that these dates were definitely fixed in the Scriptures; and they also learned to quit fixing dates for the future and predicting what would come to pass on a certain date. Vindication I (1931) pp.338-339", "precise_score": 1.6583259105682373, "rough_score": -2.317211389541626, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"WHEREAS the \"appointed times of the nations\" ended in 1914, it is now 37 years that we have been in the \"time of the end\" of Satan's world. (Dan. 12:4; 11:40) During all this time Jehovah's witnesses have become increasingly active and prominent. Why? Who commissioned them and gave them their message? Has their witness accomplished its purpose after all these years? Or must it be classed as a failure? All this was answered in Isaiah's vision at the temple.\" Watchtower 1951 Apr 1 p.214", "precise_score": 4.761937618255615, "rough_score": 5.9103288650512695, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In Noah's day, Jehovah declared: \"My spirit shall not act toward man indefinitely in that he is also flesh. Accordingly his days shall amount to a hundred and twenty years.\" (Genesis 6:3) The issuance of this divine decree in 2490 B.C.E. marked the beginning of the end for that ungodly world. Just think what that meant for those then living! Only 120 years more and Jehovah would bring \"the deluge of waters upon the earth to bring to ruin all flesh in which the force of life is active from under the heavens.\"-Genesis 6:17. Noah received the warning of the upcoming catastrophe decades in advance, and he wisely used the time to prepare for survival. \"After being given divine warning of things not yet beheld,\" says the apostle Paul, \"[Noah] showed godly fear and constructed an ark for the saving of his household.\" (Hebrews 11:7) What about us? Some 90 years have passed since the last days of this system of things began in 1914. We are certainly in \"the time of the end.\" (Daniel 12:4) How should we respond to warnings we have been given? \"He that does the will of God remains forever,\" states the Bible. (1 John 2:17) Now is therefore the time to do Jehovah's will with a keen sense of urgency.\" Watchtower 2003 Dec 15 p.15 \"Warned of \"Things Not Yet Beheld\"", "precise_score": 2.977773904800415, "rough_score": -1.600235939025879, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The historical facts show that 1919 was the year when the remnant on earth of the 144,000 Kingdom heirs began to be freed from Great Babylon. In that year the message of God's established kingdom began to be preached from house to house and publicly by Jehovah's Christian witnesses in a fearless way. This preaching of the Kingdom as established in 1914 was in fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy in Matthew 24:14: 'This good news of the kingdom will be preached in all the inhabited earth for a witness to all the nations.\"", "precise_score": 0.6690083146095276, "rough_score": 1.2327349185943604, "source": "search", "title": "Challenging the Cults: History of Jehovah Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a \"harvest,\" that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the \"harvest of the Gospel age,\" and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called \"the Gentile Times,\" at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in \"the last days,\" and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.724176406860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "From 1932, it was taught that the \"little flock\" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 \"anointed\" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the \"great multitude,\" would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the \"last days\" were each moved to 1914. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366357803344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The WTS had taught that the generation that saw the events of 1914 would experience TEOTWAWKI (The end of the world as we know it). But the people who were born in 1914 or earlier are now in their mid-90s or older. They are rapidly dying out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9374775886535645, "source": "search", "title": "Predictions of the end of the world by Jehovah's Witnesses ..." }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1996-APR, the WTS changed their criteria for TEOTWAWKI. \"They now say that the generation that saw the events of 1914 is actually any generation that understands what happened\" at that time. 5 This allows an indefinite delay in the arrival of Armageddon -- for millennia if necessary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49776554107666, "source": "search", "title": "Predictions of the end of the world by Jehovah's Witnesses ..." }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1899 \" . . . the 'battle of the great day of God Almighty' (Revelation 16:14), which will end in A.D. 1914 with the complete overthrow of earth's present rulership, is already commenced,\" (The Time Is at Hand, 1908 edition, p. 101).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.656274318695068, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses and their many false prophecies | CARM" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1922 \"The date 1925 is even more distinctly indicated by the Scriptures than 1914,\" (Watchtower, Sept. 1, 1922, p. 262).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.758328437805176, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses and their many false prophecies | CARM" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The Watchtower Bible & Tract Society’s founder, Charles Taze Russell predicted the end of times with specific years and months while he was alive as well. When the date ran its course and nothing happened they engaged in the typical Watchtower “spin control” and attempted to explain away the issue. For example, when they were wrong about 1914 they came out with several elaborate explanations. One was that this was a “spiritual Armageddon” and that Jesus took his throne at that time and began ruling over the earth “invisibly”. With regard to an explanation as to why Armageddon didn’t coincide they came out in writing stating that the time differential between the creation of Adam and the creation of Eve was the reason they were ”off” as to the exact coming of Armageddon. Then, when 1975 came and went they engaged in the very same justification with a totally new group of people who were blissfully unaware that this exact same argument had been used over sixty years prior to explain away the failure of 1914 to bring about Armageddon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.97198486328125, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses: End Of The World Predictions - The ..." }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Will the old WT ever set another date like this man did? Only time will tell. I guess it would depend on whether or not their membership / income starts to wane. It was a tremendous shot in the arm to their ranks and coffers both prior to 1914 as well as 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889281272888184, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses: End Of The World Predictions - The ..." }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Perhaps Camping and his misled followers will point to the volcano that erupted in Iceland yesterday to try to beef up some sort of support for the date as the Watchtower did with the outbreak of World War I for 1914. Who knows?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577220916748047, "source": "search", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses: End Of The World Predictions - The ..." }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "This section covers some of the lesser known failed predictions and changed date doctrine of the Watchtower Society. For the more important dates see the pages on 1914 , 1925 , 1975 . Many of the following quotes are from the Watchtower Society's Studies in the Scriptures Series. Scanned copies of these books can be downloaded for free from jehovah.net.au .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1598286628723145, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1876, Russell became interested in time prophecy, after reading a copy of Barbour's publication Herald of the Morning. The end had not come in 1874, as the Adventists had predicted. However, Barbour explained that Matthew 24:27 meant Jesus' invisible presence commenced in 1874, the rapture would be 1878, and the end of the world was to occur in 1914. (See Watch Tower, 1906 July 15 for a detailed account.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.314907550811768, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In Russell's doctrinal chronology the most important dates were 1874 and 1914:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.01900577545166, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The chapter in SCRIPTURE STUDIES, Vol. II, showing the parallels between the Jewish and Christian Dispensations, makes prominent four dates, viz., (1) October, 1874; (2) April, 1878; (3) October, 1881, and (4) October, 1914;\" Watch Tower 1911 June 15 p.190", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.277528762817383, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The careful student will have observed that the period designated 'The Time of the End' is very appropriately named, since not only does the Gospel age close in it, but in it, also, all prophesies relating to the close of this age terminate, reaching their fulfillments. The same class of readers will have noticed, too, the special importance of the last 40 of these 115 years (1874-1914), called 'The End' or 'Harvest.'\" Studies in the Scriptures Series III - Thy Kingdom Come p.121", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304973602294922, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The above timeline shows Russell's preached the Second Coming of Jesus was 1874, and the start of the 1000 year earthly reign was 1914, as it was to end in 2914 A.D.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.964759826660156, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"WE HAVE no doubt whatever in regard to the chronology relating to the dates of 1874, 1914, 1918, and 1925.\" Watchtower 1922 May 15 p.147", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788768768310547, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "It is claimed that Jesus found a cleansed Slave Class dispensing truthful food in 1919. However, Rutherford continued to promote Russell's interpretation of the dates for the 1700's, 1800's and 1914 until the 1930's. Many of the date prophecies were re-explained between 1930 and 1932; the remainder were adjusted in 1943. Rutherford even dismissed the majority of his own 1900's predictions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18187427520752, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Scant mention is made of the incredible list of dates that had been abandoned. Nor does it clarify that it was not until 1943 that the beginning of Christ's presence was specifically changed from the year 1874 to 1914. This change was in The Truth Shall Make You Free, released in the time of Knorr and the first book to be printed that did not list the author's name. This was after the death of Rutherford and well after 1919 when Jesus inspection supposedly found a spiritually cleansed Organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48564338684082, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "One can imagine that over time most of the current doctrine describing events of the 1900's will eventually be seen to be of little relevance and relegated to the forgotten annals of Watchtower history. It is yet to be seen what will become of 1914; being the most significant doctrine it will be the most difficult to eradicate without overwhelming consequences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278799057006836, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"THE \"Time of the End,\" a period of one hundred and fifteen (115) years, from A.D. 1799 to A.D. 1914, is particularly marked in the Scriptures. \"The Day of His Preparation\" is another name given to the same period.\" Studies in the Scriptures - Thy Kingdom Come p.23", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.659502029418945, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Despite Russell's death, and the failure of his teaching that Jesus earthly rulership would commence 1914, Watchtower continued with this doctrine, and even well after Jesus apparent cleansing of Watchtower in 1919.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468478202819824, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The Prophet Daniel's statement that \"the wise shall understand\" apparently refers to the end of the 1290 days mentioned in the same chapter. This period terminated in 1829. Shortly after 1829 the message of the nearness of the Second Advent of Christ began especially to be promulgated by William Miller. As a result of the exaltation of the Word of God, certain doctrines were brought forth in a very prominent way.\" Watchtower 1914 Nov 1 p.326", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.66728401184082, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The seventh trumpet sounds from Aug. 1840, until \"the time of trouble,\" or day of wrath is ended. Hence, it doubtless ends with the times of the Gentiles, and this forty years of conquest; and therefore, sounds until A. D. 1914; at the end of which, Babylon the great, will have fallen, and the \"dragon\" be bound: that is, the nations will be subdued, and \"the prince of this world cast out.\"\" Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World (1877) p.27", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.131486892700195, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The date of the close of that \"battle\" is definitely marked in Scripture as October 1914. It is already in progress, its beginning dating from October, 1874.\" Zion's Watch Tower 1892 Jan 15 p.23", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.292783737182617, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1904, Russell changed the start of Armageddon to be 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116958618164062, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Russell followed Barbour's idea that the Adventists were wrong to think the end of the world would be 1874 as this was just 30 years from 1844. As a generation is 70 years, the end of the world itself would not be until 1914. This fitted nicely with Barbour's understanding of the seven times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.302721977233887, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1874 was still being used well after 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355932235717773, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"“The Scriptural proof is that the period of his presence and the day of God's preparation is a period from 1874 A.D. forward. The second coming of the Lord, therefore, began in 1874; and that date and the years 1914 and 1918 are specially marked dates with reference to his coming. “Prophecy can not be understood until it has been fulfilled or is in the course of fulfillment. From 1874 to 1914 the prophecy concerning the Lord's coming was being fulfilled and could be understood, and was understood, by those who were faithful to the Lord and who were watching the development of events, but not by others.\"” Creation 1927 2,175,000 ed. p.289", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756312370300293, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The prophecy of the Bible, fully supported by the physical facts in fulfilment thereof, shows that the second coming of Christ dates from the fall of the year 1914.\" What is Truth? (1932) p.48", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734808921813965, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In January 1876, Charles Russell read a copy of Barbour's publication Herald of the Morning. This explained that Jesus had returned invisibly in 1874, and the Rapture would occur in 1878. As the kingdom had not come to earth in 1874 as predicted by the Adventists, Barbour started to preach that it was only invisibly present in 1874, (exactly the same justification used years later by Rutherford to explain why the kingdom did not manifest itself in 1914). 1878 was to be the year to fulfil many events, being 3 ½ years after 1874, based on Jesus 3 ½ year ministry. Russell was deeply affected by this and started to fund Barbour's publication, believing it would only be for two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.789754867553711, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1906, Russell claimed that the \"Lord has helped and guided\" him to reveal the truth, but then goes on to explain that he had been wrong about his living followers being taken to heaven in 1878, and changed this to be the date when those already dead were taken to heaven. Despite the Lord's help this too was wrong, as the Watchtower now claims this event occurred in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49585247039795, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The exact opposite is now stated. You Can Live Forever In Paradise on Earth claims that the time before 1914 was a period of peace, and it was not until 1914 that all these signs of the last days started to be fulfilled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.546490669250488, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"Yet what were prominent world leaders foretelling just before 1914? They were saying that conditions promising world peace were never more favourable. Yet the terrible troubles the Bible foretold began right on time, in 1914!\" You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth p.5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.667755126953125, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"It is but a few years before the full close of the time of trouble which ends the Gentile times; and when we remember the Lord's words-that the overcomers shall be accounted worthy to escape the severest of the trouble coming upon the world we may understand the reference to be to the anarchous trouble which will follow October, 1914; but a trouble chiefly upon the Church may be expected about 1910 A.D. The four years from 1910 to the end of 1914, indicated thus in the Great Pyramid, will doubtless be a time of \"fiery trial\" upon the Church (1 Cor. 3:15) preceding the anarchy of the world, which cannot last long- \"Except those days should be shortened there should no flesh be saved.\" Matt. 24:22\" Studies In the Scriptures Series III - Thy Kingdom Come p.364", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.73508071899414, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1914", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18112564086914, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "1914 has been a pivotal date for the Watchtower. The expectations prior to 1914 included it being the end of the Gentile Times, the end of Armageddon, the fall of false religion, the end of all governments, the resurrection, the start of Jesus 1000 year reign and paradise on earth. See 1914 for a in-depth article regarding this date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.459380149841309, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1912 Russell explained that he did not know how to account for the year 0 between B.C. and A.D. and that the end could be in either 1914 or 1915. The 2520 years of Daniels seven times prophecy extends from 606 to 1915 once the year zero between B.C. and A.D. is removed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.849374771118164, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Whichever of these ways we undertake to calculate the matter the difference between the results is one year. The seventy years of Jewish captivity ended October, 536 B.C., and if there were 536-1/4 years B.C., then to complete the 2,520 years' cycle of the Times of the Gentiles would require 1913-3/4 years of A.D., or to October, 1914. But if the other way of reckoning were used, then there were but 535-1/4 years of the period B.C., and the remainder of the 2,520 years would reach to A.D., 1914-3/4 years, otherwise October, 1915.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736793518066406, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Since this question is agitating the minds of a considerable number of the friends, we have presented it here in some detail. We remind the readers, however, that nothing in the Scriptures says definitely that the trouble upon the Gentiles will be accomplished before the close of the Times of the Gentiles, whether that be October, 1914, or October, 1915. The trouble doubtless will be considerable before the final crash, even though that crash come suddenly, like the casting of a great millstone into the sea. (Rev. 18:21.) The parallel between the Jewish Harvest and the present Harvest would corroborate the thought that the trouble to the full will be accomplished by October, 1915.\" Watch Tower 1912 Dec 1 pp. 377-8", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.404115676879883, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "When nothing happened in 1915 the Watchtower went back to using 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282608032226562, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "It was not until 1943 that the Watchtower Society explained once more that there is no year zero. However this time they did not use 1915 as Russell had done when acknowledging his mistake. The Watchtower decided to retain 1914, and was able to do so by changing the date for the destruction of Jerusalem from 606 B.C. to 607 B.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788290023803711, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"Providentially, those Bible Students had not realized that there is no zero year between \"B.C.\" and \"A.D.\" Later, when research made it necessary to adjust B.C. 606 to 607 B.C.E., the zero year was also eliminated, so that the prediction held good at \"A.D. 1914.\"-See \"The Truth Shall Make You Free,\" published by the Watch Tower Society in 1943, page 239.\" Revelation - Its Grand Climax at Hand! p. 105", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072437286376953, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Since it was prior to 1914 that Russell and the Bible Students identified there was \"no year zero,\" the above comment is dishonest. The year zero was not removed because research led to 607 B.C., but rather the elimination of the year zero led to moving from 606 B.C to 607 B.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253877639770508, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The Society changed history with the stroke of a pen, however neither 607 B.C. nor 606 B.C. is correct. All historical evidence shows that Jerusalem fell in 587 B.C. an understanding that undermines the entire basis for 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036141395568848, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "It did not take long for the extension of the chronology following the failure of the end to come in 1914. In 1916, Rutherford predicted the \"harvest work\" would end in 1918, with the destruction of all religion. It also became the year that the resurrection for the heavenly ones was to start.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.615030288696289, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The data presented in comments on Rev. 2:1 prove that the conquest of Judea was not completed until the day of the Passover, A.D. 73, and in the light of the foregoing Scriptures, prove that the Spring of 1918 will bring upon Christendom a spasm of anguish greater even than that experienced in the Fall of 1914. Reexamine the table of the Parallel Dispensations in STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES, Vol. 2, pages 246 and 247; change the 37 to 40, 70 to 73, and 1914 to 1918, and we believe it is correct and will be fulfilled ‘with great power and glory.’ (Mark 13:26)\" p.62", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923123359680176, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"This confirms the hope of the Church's glorification forty years (a year for a day) after the awakening of the sleeping saints in the Spring of 1878. The Seventh-days before the Deluge may represent seven years, from 1914 to 1921, in the midst of which \"week of years' the last members of the Messiah pass beyond the veil. Our proposition is that the glorification of the Little Flock in the Spring of 1918 A.D. will be halfway between the close of the Gentile Times and the close of the heavenly way, A.D. 1921.\" Studies In the Scriptures - The Finished Mystery p.64", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.502130508422852, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Last typical jubilee 626 B.C. was half way between end of Adam's day 3127 B.C. and 1914 A.D.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14769172668457, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "A noteworthy example is the date for the sealing of the 144,000, a date constantly changed. Russell originally set it as being 1878. This was moved to 1881, 1910, 1914, 1925, 1931 and finally 1935. In 2007 it has admitted as unknown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92069149017334, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "\"The instruction these examples of divine help contain should not now be lost upon us. They were recorded for the benefit of God's people now \"upon whom the accomplished ends of the systems of things have arrived\". (1 Cor. 10:11, NW) Counting from the end of the \"appointed times of the nations\" in 1914, we are 37 years into the \"time of the end\" of this world.\" Watchtower 1951 Mar 15 p.179", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.035065650939941, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Even if it did, we could not calculate from such a figure the date of Armageddon, for the texts here under discussion do not say God's battle comes right at the end of this generation, but before its end. To try to say how many years before its end would be speculative. The texts merely set a limit that is sufficiently definite for all present practical purposes. Some persons living A.D. 1914 when the series of foretold events began will also be living when the series ends with Armageddon. All the events will come within the span of a generation. There are hundreds of millions of persons living now that were living in 1914, and many millions of these persons could yet live a score or more years. Just when the lives of the majority of them will be cut short by Armageddon we cannot say.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800822257995605, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "The \"generation\" concept is another doctrine that has had to go through numerous revisions. In 1995 it was extended to be able to include several generations of people, no longer just those \"living A.D. 1914\". In 2010, it was changed to an \"overlapping\" generation, which extends it to two full lifetimes from 1914; potentially as far as the year 2114.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124130249023438, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "Ironic, considering the Watchtower specifically said the end would come in 1914 and then 1925 . This section demonstrated over 20 \"messages\" promoted by the Watchtower for decades that turned out not to be \"true.\" What does this prove about them as messengers and prophets ?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620407104492188, "source": "search", "title": "Failed date predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses - JWFacts" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "In 1886, Russell published The Divine Plan of the Ages projecting that 1914 would witness Armageddon and the dawn of Christ�s thousand-year rule on earth. The date was later changed to 1915.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.368645191192627, "source": "search", "title": "Challenging the Cults: History of Jehovah Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "�                 Memorial of Christ Death at Passover: The only day of the year which Jehovah�s Witnesses have ceremony.  This event held in large Auditoriums, requires all members be present along with family, friends and prospective members.  The elements of the Lord�s Supper are passed through the crowd.  Only the �Anointed Class� is allowed to partake of the elements.  No one born after 1914 is eligible for the class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6920270919799805, "source": "search", "title": "Challenging the Cults: History of Jehovah Witnesses" }, { "answer": "1914", "passage": "6. �The undefeatable purpose of Jehovah God to establish a righteous kingdom in these last days was fulfilled in a.d. 1914� (LGBT, 143).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.358837127685547, "source": "search", "title": "Challenging the Cults: History of Jehovah Witnesses" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "On Sept. 1, 1985, underwater explorer Robert Ballard located the world's most famous shipwreck. The Titanic lay largely intact at a depth of 12,000 ft. off the coast of St. John's, Newfoundland", "precise_score": 5.236089706420898, "rough_score": 5.390510559082031, "source": "search", "title": "The 'Titanic' Discovery: A Brief History - TIME" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "The remains of the Titanic were found in 1985 by Dr. Robert Ballard, an oceanographer and marine biologist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. When he located the Titanic, he saw that, as some survivors reported, the ship had broken apart. He believed the weight of the water-filled bow raised the stern out of the water and snapped the ship in two just before it sank. Debris falling out of the ship was strewn over a 1/2 mile across the sea floor. The bow and the stern were found nearly 2000ft. apart.", "precise_score": 10.988973617553711, "rough_score": 9.739601135253906, "source": "search", "title": "The Grave of the Titanic - gma.org" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "After the sinking of the Titanic on April 15, 1912, the great ship slumbered on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean for over 70 years before its wreckage was discovered. On September 1, 1985, a joint American-French expedition, headed by famous American oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard, found the Titanic over two miles below the ocean’s surface by using an unmanned submersible called Argo. This discovery gave new meaning to the Titanic’s sinking and gave birth to new dreams in ocean exploration.", "precise_score": 8.025880813598633, "rough_score": 7.363314151763916, "source": "search", "title": "Discovery of the Titanic Shipwreck in 1985" }, { "answer": "Robert d. ballard", "passage": "Other Titanic experts — including Robert D. Ballard, a discoverer of the wreck who has long advocated its protection — echo federal officials and call it possible and perhaps likely that human remains lie intact in unexplored compartments.", "precise_score": 7.398049831390381, "rough_score": 6.314066410064697, "source": "search", "title": "Titanic May Hold Passengers’ Remains, Officials Say - The ..." }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Explorer Robert Ballard, an oceanographer and former Navy captain, had long wanted to find the wreck, first attempting the feat in 1977 to no avail. But it wasn't until 1985 that he would find a way to finance his research. Ballard approached the U.S. Navy for funding, which he secured on the condition of locating two sunken Navy submarines — the U.S.S. Thresher and U.S.S. Scorpion, both Cold War–era nuclear submarines — lost some years before. He was required to first find the submarines on the seafloor and photograph them (a secret mission that Ballard didn't reveal until 2008) before using the underwater robots to search for the Titanic. In the early hours of Sept. 1, Ballard, in conjunction with a French expedition, tracked a debris trail to the wreckage. Video and photographs were taken and later broadcast to the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7085416316986084, "source": "search", "title": "The 'Titanic' Discovery: A Brief History - TIME" }, { "answer": "Bob Ballard", "passage": "Keeping her location a secret, Bob Ballard used GPS to find theTitanic again when he returned the next year. He hoped to prevent treasure seekers from finding her and plundering the ship for booty such as coffee cups inscribed with RMS Titanic. On this second expedition, he visited the ship several times by submarine. On his last descent, he left a plaque honoring the 1500 victims and asking that subsequent explorers leave their grave undisturbed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9408856630325317, "source": "search", "title": "The Grave of the Titanic - gma.org" }, { "answer": "Bob Ballard", "passage": "1. Eventually Bob Ballard released the coordinates of the Titanic's location. He recorded her coordinates as, stern section sits on ocean floor at 41o43'35\" N, 49o56'54\" W, boilers at 41o43'32\" N, 49o56'49\" W, bow at 41o43'57\" N, 49o56'49\" W. Find these coordinates and trace the outline of the sunken pieces of the Titanic on a chart of the North Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.742631196975708, "source": "search", "title": "The Grave of the Titanic - gma.org" }, { "answer": "Bob Ballard", "passage": "Draw a picture of the Titanic on that fateful night, using literature connection references. Information that should be incorporated into the work: It was night. There were icebergs. As the bow sank, the stern lifted farther and farther out of the water.\"Just before the ship disappeared entirely,\" according to Bob Ballard,\"Many eyewitnesses agreed that the ship in fact broke in two, the bow plunging down while the stern briefly righted itself before turning almost vertical and sinking a few moments later.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.27754545211792, "source": "search", "title": "The Grave of the Titanic - gma.org" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Chart of the Atlantic Ocean with latitude/longitude, pencils, rulers, Robert Ballard's Exploring the Titanic or The Discovery of the Titanic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9399187564849854, "source": "search", "title": "The Grave of the Titanic - gma.org" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Found by Famous Ocean Explorer Robert Ballard in 1985", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587023735046387, "source": "search", "title": "Discovery of the Titanic Shipwreck in 1985" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Robert Ballard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900904655456543, "source": "search", "title": "Discovery of the Titanic Shipwreck in 1985" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Robert Ballard wanted to find the wreckage of the Titanic. Ballard had grown up in San Diego, California, near the ocean, where he began his life-long fascination with the ocean and learned to scuba dive. After graduating from University of California, Santa Barbara in 1965 with degrees in both chemistry and geology, Ballard signed up for the Army. Two years later, in 1967, Ballard transferred to the Navy, where he was assigned to the Deep Submergence Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Research Institution in Massachusetts, thus beginning his illustrious career with submersibles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.423365831375122, "source": "search", "title": "Discovery of the Titanic Shipwreck in 1985" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "* Quote by Dr. Robert Ballard from National Geographic’s Titanic: Ballard’s Secret Mission (2008).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5117156505584717, "source": "search", "title": "Discovery of the Titanic Shipwreck in 1985" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "The image, along with two others showing pairs of boots resting next to each other, were taken during an expedition led by NOAA and famed Titanic finder Robert Ballard in 2004. They were published in Ballard’s book on the expedition. Delgado said the one showing a coat and boots was cropped to show only a boot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.83643639087677, "source": "search", "title": "Human remains possibly found in Titanic shipwreck - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Some Titanic experts say a powerful storm the night of the wreck scattered the life-jacketed passengers in a 50-mile-wide area, so it's likely the bodies scattered across the seafloor. Other experts say hundreds of people were trapped inside the ship when it sank. The state of those bodies would depend on how exposed to currents of oxygenated water — and the deep-sea scavengers that thrive on it — they were over the years. \"Decomposition slows if bodies get cut off from the open sea, reducing oxygen levels and scavengers,\" says William J. Broad in The New York Times . \"The interiors of old wrecks have thus yielded bones, teeth, and sometimes whole bodies.\" As Titanic expert Robert Ballard tells the Times: \"I would not be surprised if highly preserved bodies were found in the engine room. That was deep inside the ship.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6527786254882812, "source": "search", "title": "Are there human remains at the Titanic wreck site?" }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "The image, along with two others showing pairs of boots resting next to each other, were taken during an expedition led by NOAA and famed Titanic finder Robert Ballard in 2004. They were published in Ballard's book on the expedition. Mr Delgado said the one showing a coat and boots was cropped to show only a boot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7044033408164978, "source": "search", "title": "Titanic 100th anniversary: Shoes and coat found at wreck ..." }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "Dr Robert Ballard, who discovered the wreck in 1985, was in Belfast for today's ceremony and delivered a memorial lecture yesterday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48958969116211, "source": "search", "title": "Titanic 100th anniversary: Shoes and coat found at wreck ..." }, { "answer": "Robert Ballard", "passage": "In the 1980s Dr. Robert Ballard was determined to discover the Titanic. On several occasions he tried to rally an expedition to find the most famous shipwreck of all time. To him undersea exploration was easy but the Titanic, deep on the Atlantic sea bed would push boundaries further than any deep sea diver had previously gone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8032894134521484, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Titanic is found by Dr Robert Ballad - Ship of Dreams" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "My Love Is For Real (Victoria Beckham song", "Romeo James Beckham", "Harper Seven Beckham", "Posh Spice", "Victoria addams", "Victoria Beckham", "Victoria Adams Beckham", "Harper Beckham", "Victoria Caroline Beckham", "I'd Give It All Away", "Come Together (Victoria Beckham album)", "Posh spice", "The Hustla", "My Love Is For Real (Victoria Beckham song)", "Victoria beckham" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "come together victoria beckham album", "victoria adams beckham", "harper seven beckham", "harper beckham", "victoria caroline beckham", "hustla", "victoria addams", "victoria beckham", "posh spice", "romeo james beckham", "my love is for real victoria beckham song", "i d give it all away" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "posh spice", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Posh Spice" }

[ { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group originally consisted of Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2999872.stm Simon Fuller: Guiding pop culture] BBC. Retrieved 18 September 2011 and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls have sold over 80 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling female group of all time, one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and the biggest British pop phenomenon since Beatlemania. ", "precise_score": 0.8239026069641113, "rough_score": -1.4379475116729736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "*Victoria Beckham: Victoria was called Posh Spice because of her more upper-middle-class background, her choppy brunette bob hairstyle and refined attitude, form-fitting designer outfits and her love of high-heeled footwear.", "precise_score": -0.7083518505096436, "rough_score": 1.7506749629974365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Later on, each member of the Spice k Girls all were given notable nicknames by Top of the Pops magazine that described and gave them their individual persona: Victoria Adams who was nicknamed Posh Spice, Melanie Brown nicknamed Scary Spice, Emma Bunton who was Baby Spice, Melanie Chisholm , Sporty Spice, and Geri Halliwell Ginger Spice.", "precise_score": 1.3868108987808228, "rough_score": -1.6540147066116333, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls - Spice Girls Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "They became massive stars in the U.S. as well, also scoring the hits \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\"; Spiceworld, their second LP, appeared later in the year in conjunction with their feature film of the same name. In May 1998, Geri Halliwell departed from the band, not citing major reasons for leaving the group. She did release a solo album, Schizophonic, a year later, but nothing chart-topping to match the success of her former band. Still not deterred by the absence of Ginger Spice, Spice Girls trudged on -- Melanie B. married Spice Girls dancer Jimmy Gulzar and released the solo single, a duet with Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliot called \"I Want You Back.\" By Christmas, Spice Girls scored a number one hit with Goodbye and with a career floating high, their personal lives were moving as well. Melanie B. gave birth to a daughter named Phoenix Chi in February 1999, and Adams followed a month later with a son, Brooklyn Joseph. And now only known as Victoria Beckham, Posh Spice married Manchester United soccer star David Beckham later that summer. Becoming now more noticeable for their social status than their singing, Spice Girls took a well-deserved break while Melanie C. took over the English charts with her successful solo effort Northern Star, which was released in the U.S. in fall 1999. The following year, the girls headed back into the studio with high-profile producers Rodney Jerkins, Terry Lewis, and Jimmy Jam (Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige) to record a follow-up to their pop-friendly Spiceworld.", "precise_score": -1.3935542106628418, "rough_score": -1.8356552124023438, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "They became massive stars in the U.S. as well, also scoring the hits \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\"; Spiceworld , their second LP, appeared later in the year in conjunction with their feature film of the same name. In May 1998, Geri Halliwell departed from the band, not citing major reasons for leaving the group. She did release a solo album, Schizophonic , a year later, but nothing chart-topping to match the success of her former band. Still not deterred by the absence of Ginger Spice, Spice Girls trudged on -- Melanie B. married Spice Girls dancer Jimmy Gulzar and released the solo single, a duet with Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliot called \"I Want You Back.\" By Christmas, Spice Girls scored a number one hit with Goodbye and with a career floating high, their personal lives were moving as well. Melanie B. gave birth to a daughter named Phoenix Chi in February 1999, and Adams followed a month later with a son, Brooklyn Joseph. And now only known as Victoria Beckham , Posh Spice married Manchester United soccer star David Beckham later that summer. Becoming now more noticeable for their social status than their singing, Spice Girls took a well-deserved break while Melanie C. took over the English charts with her successful solo effort Northern Star , which was released in the U.S. in fall 1999. The following year, the girls headed back into the studio with high-profile producers Rodney Jerkins , Terry Lewis , and Jimmy Jam ( Janet Jackson , Mary J. Blige ) to record a follow-up to their pop-friendly Spiceworld .", "precise_score": -1.3935542106628418, "rough_score": -1.8356552124023438, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "The Spice Girls were a British girl group formed in 1994. They consist of Victoria Beckham (née Adams) who is nicknamed Posh Spice, Melanie Brown nicknamed Scary Spice, Emma Bunton who was Baby Spice, Melanie Chisholm , Sporty Spice, and Geri Halliwell Ginger Spice.", "precise_score": 2.8777637481689453, "rough_score": 0.21254205703735352, "source": "search", "title": "Who Is The Best Spice Girl ? - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "They became massive stars in the U.S. as well, also scoring the hits \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\"; Spiceworld, their second LP, appeared later in the year in conjunction with their feature film of the same name. In May 1998, Geri Halliwell departed from the band, not citing major reasons for leaving the group. She did release a solo album, Schizophonic, a year later, but nothing chart-topping to match the success of her former band. Still not deterred by the absence of Ginger Spice, Spice Girls trudged on -- Melanie B. married Spice Girls dancer Jimmy Gulzar and released the solo single, a duet with Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliot called \"I Want You Back.\" By Christmas, Spice Girls scored a number one hit with Goodbye and with a career floating high, their personal lives were moving as well. Melanie B. gave birth to a daughter named Phoenix Chi in February 1999, and Adams followed a month later with a son, Brooklyn Joseph. And now only known as Victoria Beckham, Posh Spice married Manchester United soccer star David Beckham later that summer. Becoming now more noticeable for their social status than their singing, Spice Girls took a well-deserved break while Melanie C. took over the English charts with her successful solo effort Northern Star, which was released in the U.S. in fall 1999. The following year, the girls headed back into the studio with high-profile producers Rodney Jerkins, Terry Lewis, and Jimmy Jam (Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige) to record a follow-up to their pop-friendly Spiceworld.", "precise_score": -1.3935542106628418, "rough_score": -1.8356552124023438, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls Bio | Spice Girls Career | MTV" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "The image of the Spice Girls was deliberately aimed at young girls, an audience of formidable size and potential; reinforcing the range of appeal within the target demographic were the bandmates' five distinctive personalities, which encouraged fans to identify with one member or another. This marketing was helped in no small way by the aliases assigned to each member of the group, similar to the marketing ploy used in children's serial literature of including several different character types in the storyline. Shortly after \"Wannabe\"'s release, the group appeared in Top of the Pops magazine where each member was given a nickname based upon her image: Adams became \"Posh Spice\", Bunton became \"Baby Spice\", Brown became \"Scary Spice\", Halliwell became \"Ginger Spice\", and Chisholm became \"Sporty Spice\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.288810968399048, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "Some sources, especially those in the United Kingdom, revere the Spice Girls as \"gay icons\". In a survey in which more than 5,000 male and female homosexually oriented individuals from the UK had voted, Victoria Beckham placed 12th and Geri Halliwell placed 43rd in the Top 50 gay icons of all time. Halliwell joked at the Video Music Awards in 1998 about her appearance as Ginger Spice: \"As you have noted, I am no longer dressed like a drag queen.\" During an interview, Emma Bunton explained why the Spice Girls have so many gay fans: \"We were really flattered with having such a huge gay fan base because they know about fashion and they know about songs ... I'm so flattered that we've got such a huge gay following, it's amazing.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3882341384887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spice Girls" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "VICTORIA, Posh Spice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.195237159729004, "source": "search", "title": "MWWGHP: Spice Girls Characters - A Troop Of Echoes" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "Victoria Beckham - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484030723571777, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Beckham - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "Victoria Beckham", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497411727905273, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Beckham - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "Victoria Beckham was born Victoria Caroline Adams on 17 April 1974 in Harlow, Essex, England, to Jacqueline Doreen (Cannon), an insurance clerk and hairdresser, and Anthony William Adams, an electronics engineer. She does not like being called Vicky. Instead, call her Posh, which stands for the best of everything (an old luxury liner term, P.O.S.H. stood for \"Port Out, Starboard Home\"-- the best rooms). Growing up, she didn't like being driven to school in her father's Rolls Royce (they were very wealthy; later, as Posh, she would have an image of someone who revels in wealth). Victoria began as a dancer before eventually landing a spot as a member of Spice Girls . While in college, Victoria was briefly in another band. After completing the 3-year course at Lanie Arts, she answered an ad in \"The Stage\" magazine, which was looking for 5 girls who could sing and dance. Victoria was picked, history was about to be made. (Victoria had met: Emma who had been in a play with her when they were kids; Geri while auditioning for a role in Tank Girl (1995); Mel C. attended a rival school when they were 15; and Mel B. at the audition for the forming of the band.) The Spice Girls became fantastically successful, achieving international fame. The wildly popular Spice Girls performed at sold-out concerts, did tours, and of course the Spice World (1997) movie. Victoria married soccer player David Beckham . The couple has four children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.25850248336792, "source": "search", "title": "Victoria Beckham - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Spice Girls were the first major British pop music phenomenon of the mid-'90s to not have a debt to independent pop/rock. Instead, the all-female quintet derived from the dance-pop tradition that made Take That the most popular British group of the early '90s, but there was one crucial difference. Spice Girls used dance-pop as a musical base, but they infused the music with a fiercely independent, feminist stance that was equal parts Madonna, post-riot grrrl alternative rock feminism, and a co-opting of the good-times-all-the-time stance of England's new lad culture. Their proud, all-girl image and catchy dance-pop appealed to younger listeners, while their colorful, sexy personalities and sense of humor appealed to older music fans, making Spice Girls a cross-generational success. The group also became chart-toppers throughout Europe in 1996, before concentrating in America in early 1997. Every member of Spice Girls was given a specific identity by the British press from the outset, and each label was as much an extension of their own personality as it was a marketing tool, since each name derived from their debut single and video, \"Wannabe.\" Geri Estelle Halliwell was the \"sexy Spice\"; Melanie Janine Brown was the \"scary Spice\"; Victoria Adams was \"the posh Spice\"; Melanie Jayne Chisholm was \"the sporty Spice\"; Emma Lee Bunton was \"the baby Spice.\" Each persona was exploited in the group's press articles and videos, which helped send \"Wannabe\" to the top of the charts upon its summer release in 1996. If all of the invented personalities made Spice Girls seem manufactured, that's because they were to a certain extent. Every member of the group was active in England's theatrical, film, and modeling circuit before the group's formation, and they all responded to an advertisement requesting five \"lively girls\" for a musical group in the summer of 1993. The manager who placed the ad chose all five members of Spice Girls, yet the women rejected his plans for their career and set out on their own two months after forming. For the next two years, the Girls fought to get a record contract, since most record labels insisted that the band pick one member as a clear leader, which is something the group refused. Eventually, Spice Girls signed a contract to Virgin Records. They were without a manager, though, which made recording a debut album nearly impossible. All five members moved into a house and went on the dole as they searched for a manager. By the end of 1995, the group had signed with Annie Lennox's manager Simon Fuller, and began writing songs with Elliot Kennedy. \"Wannabe,\" Spice Girls' first single, was released in the summer of 1996 and became the first debut single by an all-female band to enter the British charts at number one. It remained there for seven weeks, and by the end of the year, \"Wannabe\" had hit number one in 21 other countries. Immediately following the success of \"Wannabe,\" Spice Girls became media icons in Britain as stories of their encounters with other celebrities became fodder for numerous tabloids, as did nude photos of Halliwell that she posed for earlier in her career. All of this added to the group's momentum, and their second single, \"Say You'll Be There,\" entered the charts at number one in the fall, selling 200,000 copies a week. Spice, their debut album, was released at the end of the year, accompanied by their first ballad, \"2 Become 1.\" Both the album and single went directly to number one, staying there for several weeks; both records were at number one over the Christmas week, making Spice Girls one of three artists to achieve that feat. Having topped the charts in virtually every other country in the Western world, Spice Girls concentrated on America in early 1997, releasing \"Wannabe\" in January and Spice in February. They became massive stars in the U.S. as well, also scoring the hits \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\"; Spiceworld, their second LP, appeared later in the year in conjunction with their feature film of the same name. In May 1998, Geri Halliwell departed from the band, not citing major reasons for leaving the group. She did release a solo album, Schizophonic, a year later, but nothing chart-topping to match the success of her former band. Still not deterred by the absence of Ginger Spice, Spice Girls trudged on -- Melanie B. married Spice Girls dancer Jimmy Gulzar and released the solo single, a duet with Missy \"Misdemeanor\" Elliot called \"I Want You Back.\" By Christmas, Spice Girls scored a number one hit with Goodbye and with a career floating high, their personal lives were moving as well. Melanie B. gave birth to a daughter named Phoenix Chi in February 1999, and Adams followed a month later with a son, Brooklyn Joseph. And now only known as Victoria Beckham, Posh Spice married Manchester United soccer star David Beckham later that summer. Becoming now more noticeable for their social status than their singing, Spice Girls took a well-deserved break while Melanie C. took over the English charts with her successful solo effort Northern Star, which was released in the U.S. in fall 1999. The following year, the girls headed back into the studio with high-profile producers Rodney Jerkins, Terry Lewis, and Jimmy Jam (Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige) to record a follow-up to their pop-friendly Spiceworld. In the middle of recording, Melanie B. divorced Gulzar and endured a bitter custody battle throughout the remainder of 2000. Spice Girls' creative power overruled media scrutiny so that they could fully focus on the new R&B sound they were trying for and a the new collaboration united the foursome once again to release the third album Forever, which hit American shores in fall 2000. The group began to splinter not long after the release of Forever, which made little impact outside of the UK where it only had one hit single -- the chart-topping double-sided single “Holler”/”Let Love Lead the Way” -- before the Spice Girls stopped promoting the album. Just three months after the album's November 2000 release, the band announced that they were separating in February of 2001. Over the next few years, the Spice Girls may not have existed as a group, but they were never out of various taboild headlines in the UK and America. As the wife of football superstar David Beckham, Victoria got the most attention, but Mel B wasn't far behind thanks to her ill-fated romance with actor Eddie Murphy, which resulted in an out-of-wedlock child. Mel Chisholm had a steady career as a pop singer while Emma Bunton had some chart success of her own with her 2001 album A Girl Like Me and its 2004 successor, Free Me. Meanwhile, Geri Halliwell split her time between recording and TV projects. After years of persistent rumors of a reunion -- peaking heavily yet never materializing for Bob Geldolf's 2005 charity event Live 8 -- the Spice Girls announced in June 2007 that they would be reuniting for an eleven-concert tour beginning that December, which would be accompanied by a new greatest hits album and documentary. In 2010, it was announced that the Spice Girls had joined forces with Simon Fuller to develop a musical based on their songs. Viva Forever: The Musical - penned by British comedienne Jennifer Saunders - was announced at a press conference in June 2012. After much speculation in the British press, the Spice Girls reformed once more for the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9119317531585693, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "The line-up changed when Melanie Laccohee was offered to sing solo and replaced with Victoria Beckham and because of the bomb scare on the London tube that caused Suzanne Tinker to unable to arrive at the last set of auditions, subsequently causing Geri Halliwell to replace her. The group was then given the name Touch, and moved into a house together in Maidenhead, Berkshire, (owned by Murphy) where they were subsidised by Heart Management and each was claiming unemployment benefit. However, Lianne Morgan was taken off the group as the management felt that she was more suited as a solo, which she then was replaced by Melanie Chisholm .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856071472167969, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls - Spice Girls Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "In September 2009, rumours emerged of a second Spice Girls reunion after Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell and Bunton were photographed having a meal together in London. Victoria Beckham was absent from the night due to her work schedule. Brown then mused about the possibilities of another tour on her Twitter .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.905195713043213, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls - Spice Girls Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "On August 12, 2012 the Spice Girls performed as a quintet for the last time at the London 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony. This was the last Spice Girls concert to feature Victoria Beckham and Mel C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770186424255371, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls - Spice Girls Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "In 2016 Mel B, Emma Bunton, and Geri Halliwell reunited for the 20th anniversary of The Spice Girls debut album and are working on new music. Their fourth album and tour are expected to be released in 2017. Former Spice Girls members Victoria Beckham and Mel C opted to not take part in the reunion to focus on their own careers. During an interview with James Corden on \"Late Late Show\" Mel B announced that The Spice Girls will go on tour again for the 20th anniversary of their debut album. Victoria Beckham and Mel C gave Mel B, Emma, and Geir their blessing to reunite and go on tour without them. The Spice Girls are working on releasing a new single. The Spice Girls new single \"Song For Her\" was leaked on YouTube.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.924765586853027, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls - Spice Girls Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Every member of Spice Girls was given a specific identity by the British press from the outset, and each label was as much an extension of their own personality as it was a marketing tool, since each name derived from their debut single and video, \"Wannabe.\" Geri Estelle Halliwell was the \"sexy Spice\"; Melanie Janine Brown was the \"scary Spice\"; Victoria Adams was \"the posh Spice\"; Melanie Jayne Chisholm was \"the sporty Spice\"; Emma Lee Bunton was \"the baby Spice.\" Each persona was exploited in the group's press articles and videos, which helped send \"Wannabe\" to the top of the charts upon its summer release in 1996. If all of the invented personalities made Spice Girls seem manufactured, that's because they were to a certain extent. Every member of the group was active in England's theatrical, film, and modeling circuit before the group's formation, and they all responded to an advertisement requesting five \"lively girls\" for a musical group in the summer of 1993. The manager who placed the ad chose all five members of Spice Girls, yet the women rejected his plans for their career and set out on their own two months after forming. For the next two years, the Girls fought to get a record contract, since most record labels insisted that the band pick one member as a clear leader, which is something the group refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.464540958404541, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Every member of Spice Girls was given a specific identity by the British press from the outset, and each label was as much an extension of their own personality as it was a marketing tool, since each name derived from their debut single and video, \"Wannabe.\" Geri Estelle Halliwell was the \"sexy Spice\"; Melanie Janine Brown was the \"scary Spice\"; Victoria Adams was \"the posh Spice\"; Melanie Jayne Chisholm was \"the sporty Spice\"; Emma Lee Bunton was \"the baby Spice.\" Each persona was exploited in the group's press articles and videos, which helped send \"Wannabe\" to the top of the charts upon its summer release in 1996. If all of the invented personalities made Spice Girls seem manufactured, that's because they were to a certain extent. Every member of the group was active in England's theatrical, film, and modeling circuit before the group's formation, and they all responded to an advertisement requesting five \"lively girls\" for a musical group in the summer of 1993. The manager who placed the ad chose all five members of Spice Girls , yet the women rejected his plans for their career and set out on their own two months after forming. For the next two years, the Girls fought to get a record contract, since most record labels insisted that the band pick one member as a clear leader, which is something the group refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.464540958404541, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Victoria Beckham aka Adams Posh Spice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.611276626586914, "source": "search", "title": "Who Is The Best Spice Girl ? - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Victoria Beckham", "passage": "In September 2009, rumours emerged of a second Spice Girls reunion after Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell and Bunton were photographed having a meal together in London. Victoria Beckham was absent from the night due to her work schedule. Brown then mused about the possibilities of another tour on her Twitter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.905195713043213, "source": "search", "title": "Who Is The Best Spice Girl ? - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Posh Spice In My Pocket, Boxtree 1997", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.178535461425781, "source": "search", "title": "SPICE GIRLS | FACTS" }, { "answer": "Posh Spice", "passage": "Every member of Spice Girls was given a specific identity by the British press from the outset, and each label was as much an extension of their own personality as it was a marketing tool, since each name derived from their debut single and video, \"Wannabe.\" Geri Estelle Halliwell was the \"sexy Spice\"; Melanie Janine Brown was the \"scary Spice\"; Victoria Adams was \"the posh Spice\"; Melanie Jayne Chisholm was \"the sporty Spice\"; Emma Lee Bunton was \"the baby Spice.\" Each persona was exploited in the group's press articles and videos, which helped send \"Wannabe\" to the top of the charts upon its summer release in 1996. If all of the invented personalities made Spice Girls seem manufactured, that's because they were to a certain extent. Every member of the group was active in England's theatrical, film, and modeling circuit before the group's formation, and they all responded to an advertisement requesting five \"lively girls\" for a musical group in the summer of 1993. The manager who placed the ad chose all five members of Spice Girls, yet the women rejected his plans for their career and set out on their own two months after forming. For the next two years, the Girls fought to get a record contract, since most record labels insisted that the band pick one member as a clear leader, which is something the group refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.464540958404541, "source": "search", "title": "Spice Girls Bio | Spice Girls Career | MTV" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "DZ (disambiguation)", "Dz.", "DZs", "Dz", "D.z.", "DZ", "D Z", "D.Z." ], "normalized_aliases": [ "dz disambiguation", "d z", "dzs", "dz" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dz", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "DZ" }

[ { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Algeria is classified as an upper middle income country by the World Bank. Algeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.", "precise_score": -5.807926177978516, "rough_score": -6.321393013000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Algeria" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Bank of Algeria (central bank): http://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/", "precise_score": -7.221737861633301, "rough_score": -7.073507308959961, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.8) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855806350708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Algeria" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Three agencies have mandates to encourage and manage investment in Algeria. The National Agency for Investment Development (ANDI) ( www.andi.dz ) is responsible for facilitating investments and granting tax exemptions. The National Investment Council (CNI) under the Ministry of Industry, SME, and Investment Promotion ( http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz ) was created to define investment strategies and priorities and to approve special investment incentives by sector. In late 2012, the government raised the threshold for investments eligible for CNI investment-promotion benefits from 500 million dinars (USD 6.4 million) to 1.5 billion dinar (USD 19.2 million).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.433881759643555, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "U.S. suppliers can benefit from faster and more predictable payments as a result of the mandatory letter of credit requirement. In addition, payment delays may result due to the new regulation that limits Algerian importers' payment options to letters of credit. Direct wire payments are no longer authorized. Letters of credit are now limited to a maximum of 60 days and are not required for raw material import transactions amounting to less than 4 million DZD (approximately USD 53,000) per year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.265279769897461, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "There are no restrictions on the number of expatriate supervisory personnel a company may establish as long as they are able to justify that no local persons can be found that meet the requirements for the position. Entry visas for foreign workers can be requested through Algerian embassies overseas with the employer providing, among other requirements, a certified true copy of the work contract or the provisional work permit issued by the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security (MTESS), and an attestation certified by the same authorities stating that the employer will bear the repatriation expenses of the foreign worker once the work relation is completed. Foreign workers must then obtain work permits from MTESS ( http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm ) and a residency card from the local police office in the district where they will be working. The employer is responsible for submitting all tax payments for individual workers to the proper local tax collection authorities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454874038696289, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Ministry of Finance: http://www.mf.gov.dz/", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453866004943848, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security: http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447608947753906, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "Ministry of Industry, Small and Medium Enterprises and Investment Promotion: http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510420799255371, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "DZ", "passage": "National Investment Development Agency: http://www.andi.dz/", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453258514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Algeria - U.S. Department of State" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Helicopter accident" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "helicopter accident" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "helicopter accident", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Helicopter accident" }

[ { "answer": "Helicopter accident", "passage": "In a storyline during the 1986–87 season of the show, a man named Wes Parmalee (portrayed by Steve Forrest) came to Dallas, where Clayton and Ray hired him as ranch foreman on Southfork. One day, Miss Ellie found Jock's belt buckle, knife, letters, and photo of a young Miss Ellie in Parmalee's room. Wes then claimed to be Jock Ewing, and that he had survived the helicopter accident, which necessitated plastic surgery and rehab in a South American hospital. After passing a series of tests set by J.R. and Bobby, including X-ray tests, a polygraph test and knowledge about the Ewing family, including Jock's first wife Amanda and Ray being Jock's son, Wes convinced many in Dallas, in addition to Miss Ellie, Ray, and several other members of the Ewing family, that he could be Jock. However, Clayton, Bobby and J.R. utterly refused to believe any suggestion that Wes was Jock.", "precise_score": 3.6951825618743896, "rough_score": 3.061383008956909, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jock Ewing" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Pisces (disambiguation)", "Piscean", "Picese", "Pisces", "Piscese", "Pisese" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "pisces disambiguation", "pisces", "piscese", "piscean", "picese", "pisese" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "pisces", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Pisces" }

[ { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Signs: Pisces", "precise_score": -8.462114334106445, "rough_score": -10.489931106567383, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "If your sign is Pisces or your Ascendant is Pisces: you are emotional, sensitive, dedicated, adaptable, nice, wild, compassionate, romantic, imaginative, flexible, opportunist, intuitive, impossible to categorized, irrational, seductive, placid, secretive, introverted, pleasant, artistic, and charming. But you may also be indecisive, moody, confused, wavering, lazy, scatterbrained, vulnerable, unpredictable and gullible.", "precise_score": -10.112900733947754, "rough_score": -10.567221641540527, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Venus represents the way one loves, relationships, sharing, affectivity, seductive ability. For men, she also corresponds to the kind of woman he's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is more symbolized by the Moon, Venus is the lover and not the wife). Her element is the Air, she is moist, rules Taurus and Libra, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the kidneys, the venous system, the bladder, the neck.", "precise_score": -11.118163108825684, "rough_score": -11.114847183227539, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system.", "precise_score": -11.178510665893555, "rough_score": -10.942839622497559, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning (like lava in fusion ?), it rules Scorpio, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the sexual organs and excretion.", "precise_score": -11.273422241210938, "rough_score": -11.130699157714844, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Pisces governs the feet and the blood circulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518354415893555, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Pisces: Countries: Portugal, Scandinavia, small Mediterranean islands, Gobi desert, Sahara. Cities: Jerusalem, Warsaw, Alexandria, Seville, Santiago de Compostela. Animals: fishes, aquatic mammals and all animals living in the water. Food: melons, cucumbers, lettuces, vegemite sugar, pumpkins. Herbs and aromatics: lemon, chicory, limes, mosses. Flowers and plants: water lilies, willows, aquatic plants. Trees: fig-trees, willows, aquatic trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: heliotropes, moonstone, platinum, tin, iron phosphate and potassium sulphate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366585731506348, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Sun 23�23' Pisces, in House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488356590270996, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Sun in Pisces", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41633415222168, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Your deep intuition and your extreme sensitivity allow you to perceive naturally what others understand through analysis. You do not follow the norms in use, societal or educational models and you prefer to create a moral for yourself. A feeling of isolation may come from your ability to live emotions that are unknown to your entourage. This strong impressionability endows you with a sixth sense and acute feelings. In some circumstances, distance and detachment are needed in order not to get bogged down in the necessities of the moment, in useless transient struggles and in barren conflicts. Pisces work wonders. Your strength: a sharp intuition of underlying stakes, a sensitivity that turns �the spirit of the times� into a real compass. All activities requiring stepping back are suitable for you. Before anyone else, you pick up the dangers of an adventure, the risks of defeats or of suspension� with your clear-sightedness more than due to pessimism. Therefore, you may abandon an objective that is not yet obsolete. It is important that you protect yourself against unnecessary disenchantments. Pisces hide a perceptiveness that many claim to possess. But your low-key advices are formulated in a peculiar language. The person who can understand your dazzling intuitions is very lucky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267539024353027, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Interpretation of the 23� Pisces symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49515151977539, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Venus 13�38' Pisces, in House X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436891555786133, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Venus in Pisces", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3881254196167, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Venus describes your affective life. On the day of your birth, she is found in Pisces. Your emotionalism is very strong and very unusual. You have your own manner to experience your emotions and your sensations, in an atmosphere that may be odd, you complicate your amorous life� and this is part of your charm, at the same time. On the chessboard of your sentimental life, quite strange games enfold. Your affectivity is subtle, fabulous and unusual: love reinvents everything and anything becomes possible when your heart is sincere. You dream of a complete fusion and of giving yourself totally. No rules, no moral or social code is more important than the feeling of shared passion and than living for your partner. Your affective life is complex, sometimes mysterious: you don�t know why you love, or why you don�t love any more� Your sentimental life obeys a different logic than that of the external world. Love is elusive and fragile. Nothing is easier than to destroy a feeling and to forget a passion. Your sensitivity responds to an unknown call, a strange signal. Therefore, you may shift from intense and absolute feelings to cruel indifference. Although you don�t know why, you are being transformed. The most difficult thing is to love a real being and not a shadow. You give yourself to persons who can understand and respect the fragile realm of your affectivity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203641891479492, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Interpretation of the 13� Pisces symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500040054321289, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces (along with Neptune), is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200231552124023, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Ceres, the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility. She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150572776794434, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "True North Node 7�44' Я Pisces, in House X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503727912902832, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "Interpretation of the 7� Pisces symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505768775939941, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "House XI 22�07' Pisces", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53169059753418, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." }, { "answer": "Pisces", "passage": "The Twelfth House is the sphere of hidden things, enemies, closed or remote places (hospital, prison, convent etc.), ordeals, secrecy, solitude, long-term illnesses but also sincere devotion and genuine compassion. It is in analogy with Pisces and Neptune.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187416076660156, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Michael Caine, date of birth: 1933/03/14 ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Maeve Binchy" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "maeve binchy" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "maeve binchy", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Maeve Binchy" }

[ { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binchy. It was adapted as the award-winning film Italian for Beginners (2000) by writer-director Lone Scherfig, who failed to formally acknowledge the source, although at the very end of the closing credits is the line 'with thanks to Maeve Binchy'.", "precise_score": 10.419238090515137, "rough_score": 9.377037048339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evening Class (novel)" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review", "precise_score": 8.129376411437988, "rough_score": 3.8177921772003174, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "This is one of my favourite novels by Maeve Binchy. As with much of her work, the setting is Ireland. The main focus of the story is an Italian evening class, set up by a rather disillusioned school teacher, employing an Irish lady who has lived in Sicily for many years. Thirty students gather and become deeply involved in each other's lives.", "precise_score": 6.1823039054870605, "rough_score": 4.471548080444336, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "You can read more book reviews or buy Evening Class by Maeve Binchy at Amazon.co.uk .", "precise_score": 5.453174114227295, "rough_score": 2.10664701461792, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "You can read more book reviews or buy Evening Class by Maeve Binchy at Amazon.com .", "precise_score": 4.9945783615112305, "rough_score": 2.8888299465179443, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "The Italian evening class starting at a Dublin school appears like any other. But those involved are desperate for a new life, and by the time they reach Italy at the end of the course their lives are changed forever. Another winner from Binchy PRIMA Reading Maeve Binchy has always acted as therapy of a sort. Her witty, literate small-town tales exude a rosy glow to ease the troubled mind THE TIMES EVENING CLASS is a deliciously gossipy read ... it will not disappoint DAILY MAIL Binchy, as always, treats her characters with a generous empathy and an intense affection. By the time the book closes with the group enjoying a longed-for holiday in Italy, the story seems to gurgle with joy. EVENING CLASS is a wonderfully enjoyable tale of moral evolution, guaranteed to produce a run on every Italian class in the country IRISH TIMES It's a grand read ... EVENING CLASS will keep endless readers happy as the nights draw in and swell many a Christmas stocking IRISH INDEPENDENT Warm, witty and with a deep understanding of what makes us tick, it's little wonder that Maeve Binchy's bewitching stories have become world-beaters OK MAGAZINE Gripping WOMAN'S JOURNAL show more", "precise_score": 2.8417770862579346, "rough_score": -0.24217548966407776, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class : Maeve Binchy : 9780752876825" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Nora O'Donoghue and Aidan Dunne also appear in Quentins, another novel by Maeve Binchy, and play a more significant role in Heart and Soul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6608247756958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evening Class (novel)" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "The novel heavily inspired the plot of the Danish feature film Italian for Beginners (2000), which won a Silver Berlin Bear and several other major international awards. Maeve Binchy was not paid, credited nor informed of this, but was later paid an undisclosed sum, when her publisher contacted the producers of the movie, Lars von Trier's company Zentropa. Although the film's writer-director Lone Scherfig had told the press that the film was based on her idea, executive producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen later admitted that she had made him aware of the similarities but that he had simply decided not to pay the original author.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.138422012329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evening Class (novel)" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Author: Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848236083984375, "source": "search", "title": "Jules' Book Reviews: Book Review: Evening Class" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.974043846130371, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class by Maeve Binchy - TheBookbag.co.uk book review" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy: Quotes, Themes, Bibliography, and a List of Books by Author Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955719947814941, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy: Quotes, Themes, Bibliography, and a List of ..." }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Search - List of Books by Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374765396118164, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy: Quotes, Themes, Bibliography, and a List of ..." }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "\"I was very pleased, obviously, to have outsold such great writers. But I'm not insane - I do realize that I am a popular writer who people buy to take on vacation.\" -- Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133461952209473, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy: Quotes, Themes, Bibliography, and a List of ..." }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy (born 28 May 1940 Dalkey, County Dublin) is an Irish novelist, newspaper columnist and speaker. Educated at University College Dublin, she worked as a teacher then a journalist at The Irish Times and later become a writer of novels and short stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.356115341186523, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy: Quotes, Themes, Bibliography, and a List of ..." }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.171875, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "©1997 Maeve Binchy; (P)1997 Bantam Doubleday Dell Audio Publishing, Bantam Doubleday Dell Audio Publishing, A Division of Random House, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312976837158203, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.171875, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "This has to be my favourite of all Maeve Binchy's books, both the written and audio versions. A medley of characters, portrayed with generosity and sympathy, all embarking on the class for different reasons. I loved the way the back stories of the characters are melded together and how, the group moves forward together, to plan and then embark on their trip to Italy - which visit is the scene of some surprises for more than a few of them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.814773559570312, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class Audiobook | Maeve Binchy | Audible.com" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Evening Class : Maeve Binchy : 9780752876825", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0932533740997314, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class : Maeve Binchy : 9780752876825" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "About Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479522705078125, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class : Maeve Binchy : 9780752876825" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy was born in County Dublin and educated at the Holy Child convent in Killiney and at University College, Dublin. After a spell as a teacher she joined the Irish Times. Her first novel, LIGHT A PENNY CANDLE, was published in 1982 and she went on to write over twenty books, all of them bestsellers. Several have been adapted for cinema and television, including TARA ROAD. Maeve Binchy received a LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD at the BRITISH BOOK AWARDS in 1999 and the Irish PEN/A. T. CROSS AWARD in 2007. In 2010 she was presented with the BOB HUGHES LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD at the BORD GAIS IRISH BOOK AWARDS by the President of Ireland. She was married to the writer and broadcaster Gordon Snell for 35 years, and died in 2012. Visit her website at www.maevebinchy.com show more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.825639724731445, "source": "search", "title": "Evening Class : Maeve Binchy : 9780752876825" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209710121154785, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review - MostlyFiction" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461986541748047, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review - MostlyFiction" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Heads up all you \"happy ending\" junkies. You know who you are. You're the ones who want to remake Casablanca so Ilsa leaps off the plane and into Rick's arms, the ones who cheer when Dorothy returns wto Kansas, the ones who break out in a cold sweat just thinking about Anna Karenina. I'm giving you this heads up because Maeve Binchy, who I call the Queen of Happy Endings has a new book out. It's called \"Quentins,\" (the missing apostrophe is intentional) and tells two stories; one about young Ella Brady and her ill-fated love life and the other about a stylish Dublin restaurant, Quentins. It also boasts a bushel of happy endings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25294017791748, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review - MostlyFiction" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy was born in Dalkey, a small village outside of Dublin, Ireland in 1940. To this day she draws on her experiences there when creating the rural villages so often found at the heart of her novels. Binchy received her B.A. from University College in Dublin and became a teacher. Her teaching post at a Jewish school and subsequent vacation in Israel inspired her to work on a kibbutz there. While abroad, Binchy wrote letters to her father every week describing life in a land that was ever on the brink of war. When her father sold one of her letters to The Irish Times for 18 pounds, Binchy, who had been making £16 working at the school, thought that she had truly arrived. She soon became a popular columnist, writing twice-weekly articles distinguished by a quirky, self-deprecating humour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.450421333312988, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review - MostlyFiction" }, { "answer": "Maeve Binchy", "passage": "Maeve Binchy lives with her husband, Gordon Snell, in Dublin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41364574432373, "source": "search", "title": "Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review - MostlyFiction" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Fiji Islands", "Pacific/Fiji", "Fidji", "Matanitu Ko Viti", "Fijis", "Fijian Islands", "Feejee", "Ripablik ăph Phījī", "Cannibal Isles", "Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji", "ISO 3166-1:FJ", "Name of Fiji", "Etymology of Fiji", "Fiji Islander", "Holidays in fiji", "Fiji's", "Republic of the Fiji Islands", "Matanitu Tugalala o Viti", "Fiji Archipelago", "Fiji Island", "Fidji Islands", "Chikoba", "Holidays in Fiji", "Tourism in Fiji", "Fiji", "Republic of Fiji" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "fidji", "feejee", "etymology of fiji", "fijis", "tourism in fiji", "fidji islands", "chikoba", "pacific fiji", "fiji islander", "republic of fiji islands", "cannibal isles", "matanitu tugalala o viti", "fiji", "name of fiji", "holidays in fiji", "ripablik ăph phījī", "fiji island", "sovereign democratic republic of fiji", "matanitu ko viti", "fiji islands", "fiji archipelago", "iso 3166 1 fj", "fiji s", "republic of fiji", "fijian islands" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "fiji", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Fiji" }

[ { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Air Pacific Limited, trading as Fiji Airways (and formerly as Air Pacific), is the flag carrier airline of Fiji. It is based in Nadi and operates international and domestic services to 10 countries and 17 cities around the Pacific Ocean, including Oceania, the United States and Hong Kong. Fiji Airways annually transports almost two-thirds of the visitors to the country.", "precise_score": 6.116091728210449, "rough_score": 6.162916660308838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "The first commercial flight as Fiji Airways was made in 1951 but the airline's origins date back to Katafaga Estates Ltd. formed in 1947. After being acquired by Qantas in 1958, Katafaga Estates was retooled as a regional airline and renamed Air Pacific. In May 2012, the airline announced that it would reintroduce the name Fiji Airways to reinforce its role as the national airline of Fiji. The Fiji government owns 52% of the airline and Qantas 46%, with the governments of several Pacific island nations holding the remainder.", "precise_score": 3.658722162246704, "rough_score": 1.1326305866241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "After Fiji gained independence from Great Britain in 1970, the new national government began buying shares and the airline was renamed Air Pacific to reflect its regional presence.", "precise_score": 5.199228763580322, "rough_score": -0.6153071522712708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In the 1970s, tourism became the nation's leading industry, which made the airline even more important to the Fijian economy; and the government of Fiji acquired a controlling interest in Air Pacific in 1974. In 1981, the New York Times published an article that included details on the Fiji government's plan to buy out more shareholders in order to gain more control of Air Pacific as the national airline. However, the airline received no subsidies from the government and had to buy its own aircraft.", "precise_score": 4.0368428230285645, "rough_score": 3.981990337371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In the 1990s the airline relocated its headquarters from the capital city of Suva to the coastal town of Nadi where the main international airport is located. The company also constructed an elaborate aircraft maintenance center there. In 2007, Air Pacific acquired Sun Air, a domestic airline, renamed it Pacific Sun and began operations as Air Pacific's domestic and regional subsidiary. In June 2014, Pacific Sun was rebranded to Fiji Link.", "precise_score": 1.3806852102279663, "rough_score": 3.908637046813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In conjunction with Qantas, Air Pacific helped pioneer the concept of codeshare agreements in the early 1980s. Today, codesharing is an accepted airline practice the world over. In the 1990s Air Pacific signed a codeshare agreement with Canadian Airlines, allowing it to transport traffic from Toronto on to Auckland, New Zealand. Soon after it struck a codeshare deal with American Airlines. As of 2014 Fiji Airways partners with Qantas, Air New Zealand, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Cathay Pacific and Solomon Airlines.", "precise_score": 1.817581295967102, "rough_score": 1.8052085638046265, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Airways has a subsidiary airline Fiji Link (formerly Pacific Sun) that offers domestic flights and flights to the nearby islands of Tonga, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Fiji Airways is also a partner with the frequent flyer programmes of Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, and Qantas.", "precise_score": -0.8167580962181091, "rough_score": -1.9188964366912842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "The rebranding to Fiji Airways officially took place on 27 June 2013. The name change aimed to associate the airline more closely with the nation and to be more visible in search results. In China, the name Air Pacific was often confused with Hong Kong airline Cathay Pacific, Philippine airline Cebu Pacific and a Chinese air conditioning company. With the rebranding came a name change for the airline's booking classes. The Pacific Voyager (economy) and Tabua Class (business) of Air Pacific became the Fiji Airways' Economy and Fiji Airways' Business Class. The airline also launched a new [http://www.fijiairways.com/ website] with the rebranding.", "precise_score": 4.83536434173584, "rough_score": 2.770357608795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Airways is part of the Air Pacific Group (which includes the national airline, its wholly owned subsidiary Fiji Link, and a 38.75% stake in the Sofitel Fiji Resort & Spa on Denarau Island). The Air Pacific Group itself is owned by the Fijian government (51%), the Australian flag-carrier Qantas (46.32%), and Air New Zealand and the governments of Kiribati, Tonga, Nauru and Samoa each hold minor stakes.", "precise_score": 3.5907998085021973, "rough_score": 1.2962725162506104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "During the eventful 60-years, Air Pacific was also about an attempt at regionalism that almost succeeded. By the early 1970s, up to seven island governments of the Pacific, some of them still under British colonial rule then, held shares in Air Pacific. This was in addition to shares held by QANTAS, New Zealand’s TEAL and the British Overseas Airways Corporation, forerunners of Air New Zealand and British Airways respectively. But the regional airline idea fizzled as other Government’s bailed out, leaving Fiji as the majority shareholders in the airline.", "precise_score": 4.579188346862793, "rough_score": 4.701343536376953, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "The airline was founded by Australian aviator Harold Gatty who in 1931 had been the navigator on a record-breaking round-the-world flight with Wiley Post. Gatty moved to Fiji after World War II and registered the airline in 1947 as Katafaga Estates Ltd., after the coconut estate Gatty had established on Fiji's eastern island group. Gatty renamed the airline as Fiji Airways in September 1951. The New Zealander Fred Ladd was Fiji Airways' first Chief Pilot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.762300968170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "After Gatty's death in 1958, Fiji Airways was acquired by Qantas. Initially, Qantas tried to create international support for a multinational, shared, regional airline. By 1966 Fiji Airways's shareholders included the governments of Tonga, Western Samoa, Nauru, Kiribati and the Solomon Islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.062673568725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Airways' first flight was on 1 September 1951, when a seven-seater de Havilland Dragon Rapide biplane departed Suva's Nausori Airport for Drasa Airport near Lautoka, on the west coast of the main island. The airline's first international flight to Brisbane, Australia was on 1 June 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.488292694091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Today, the airline and its domestic/regional subsidiary, Fiji Link, operate over 400 flights a week to almost 15 cities in 10 countries around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.739447593688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In the beginning Fiji Airways used small de Havilland Dragon Rapide and de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover aircraft. The fleet grew to include two ATR 42 turboprops and two leased jets, a Boeing 747 and a Boeing 767. By the late 1990s, the fleet included both Boeing 737 and 767 jets, while the ATR 42 turboprops were used on flights to neighboring islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.934749603271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "The 2000 Fijian coup d'état devastated the country's tourism industry and overall economy, which led to a substantial decrease in travel to Fiji. Faced with a falloff in air traffic, Air Pacific returned one of its two leased Boeing 747s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.050281524658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In March 2013 the company received its first Airbus A330. It was christened The Island of Taveuni and had its first flight to Auckland on 2 April. Today the fleet includes three Airbus A330-200s, one Airbus A330-300, four Boeing 737-800s and one Boeing 737-700. Fiji Link operates with two ATR 72-600, an ATR 42-600 and three de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.394573211669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In May 2012, the airline announced that it would be rebranding and revert to its original name of Fiji Airways, with the rebranding coinciding with the delivery of the A330 aircraft in 2013. Fiji Airways' new brandmark, a \"Masi symbol that epitomises Fiji and enhances the new name of Fiji's national carrier\", was announced on 17 August 2012. The design was created by local Fijian Masi artist, Makereta Matemosi. The airline's new brand identity and colour scheme were fully revealed on 10 October 2012, in conjunction with Fiji Day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.480239391326904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "The key trends for Fiji Airways, and the overall Group (including Fiji Link operations), are shown below (as at year ending 31 March until March 2013; year ending 31 December thereafter):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76379108428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Airways has 17 direct-flight destinations in the Pacific Ocean region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9194650650024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Airways has the following codeshare agreements:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79100227355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "As of December 2015 the Fiji Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.939925193786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Our History | Fiji Airways", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.115706443786621, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Our History - Six Decades of Flying to Fiji", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395341873168945, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "On 1st September 1951, a 7-seater De Havilland Dragon Rapide took off from the Fiji’s Nausori Airport to Drasa Airport near Lautoka, on the west coast of the main island. This first commercial flight saw the birth of what today is a truly international, Fijian airline. Together with its domestic/regional subsidiary of Pacific Sun, Fiji Airways flies over 400 flights a week to almost 15 cities in 10 countries around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4675099849700928, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Taking on various challenges that no airline in the global airline industry is immune from, Fiji Airways has passed various tests with flying colours, more than ably fulfilling its dual roles of flying Fiji and contributing significantly to its economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.468320846557617, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Harold George Gatty was born to British parents in Campelltown in Tasmania on 5 January 1903 and came to settle in Fiji after World War II. He was no stranger to the island nation, as he was based in Auckland before the war as Australasia’s representative of Pan American World Airways. He joined the US Army Air Force during the war, serving first in Java before relocating to Brisbane at General Douglas McArthur’s headquarters and New Guinea after that. He returned to his Pan American job in Auckland at the end of the war and moved to settle in Fiji a few years later. Here he bought an island in Fiji’s eastern island group called Katafaga and turned it into a coconut estate. Before his Pan American job, Gatty had made his name in air navigation in the United States. Using his good sea navigation skills acquired as a cadet midshipman trainee at the Australian Naval College, Gatty invented a navigation system for pilots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.333053588867188, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Again he followed this up in 1931 when Wiley Post, a native American oil rigger and stuntman flew around the world in eight days. Gatty was his navigator and that feat earned the two aviators a ticker-tape welcome in New York City. As a British citizen, the US Congress awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross. It was said that despite the accolades, Gatty declined the offer to become an American citizen. His appointment not long thereafter as Pan American World Airways representative based in Auckland brought him to the Pacific, and to Fiji.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.388694763183594, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Gatty submitted a proposal to Fiji’s then Colonial Government to operate the country’s domestic airline and registered it as Katafaga Estates. The first commercial flight was one September 1st, 1951. While Gatty died on August 30th1958, his bold and visionary initiative had taken off to greater heights, and today has etched its place in Fiji’s aviation history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.339214324951172, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "For a small airline, Fiji Airways has always been punching way above its weight. Early in the 1980s, it pioneered the code-share concept with Qantas. Today, code-sharing is an accepted airline practice the world over. 25 January 1995 was another watershed date for Fiji’s airline when it launched what was believed to be a trail blazing concept of joint leasing of aircraft with the then Royal Tongan Airline. The concept came complete with the livery of the two airlines painted on each half of the Boeing 737-300 fuselage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.330963134765625, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "There’s general consensus that a long list of men and women helped Fiji’s international airline get to where it is today. From the pioneers and visionaries brave enough to operate an airline out of the middle of the Pacific during its early years to the hundreds of dedicated and committed Fijians working hard to make it the world’s friendliest airline; words cannot do justice to describe the gratitude of the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.829200267791748, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "“Fiji citizens can take pride in the overall success of their airline, which truly is the critical link between Fiji and the world and has been and hopefully will continue to be fully committed to serving Fiji's aviation needs. I believe this is what was hoped for by Harold Gatty when establishing the airline.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.90173053741455, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "As it celebrates its 60th birthday, the Managing Director & CEO at the time, Dave Pflieger, joined his predecessor in praising Harold Gatty’s vision and the people of Fiji for making Air Pacific a world-class international airline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.689448833465576, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "“Air Pacific’s greatest asset is its people – from our maintenance and ground crews, to the pilots and flight attendants, to our schedulers and administrative staff,” Mr. Pflieger told Fiji Islands magazine. \"The many changes and the improvements they are making now will serve Fiji and Fijians well for another 60 years. They are rising to the challenge of new competition and an ever changing world, and creating a strong legacy. It is an honour to work with everyone here.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.171666622161865, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "For an airline that was started by an acclaimed air navigator, inventor, airline manager, plantation baron and legislator, Fiji Airways has grown into Fiji’s proud flag carrier.  From flying De Havilland Dragon Rapide in those days to the new Airbus 330-200 jets of today, the airline has truly come of age. It boasts a strong position within the region, and is often ranked among the region’s top carriers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9493372440338135, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "In May 2012, the airline announced that it would reintroduce the name Fiji Airways to reinforce its role as the proud national airline of Fiji. Offering its customers brand new Airbus A330-200 aircraft and warm friendly Fijian service, Fiji Airways connects the islands of Fiji to the world and proudly welcomes visitors to its home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.704012393951416, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "As our airline proudly returned to its roots as Fiji Airways, we embarked on a new and exciting chapter of our story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.94406795501709, "source": "search", "title": "Our History | Fiji Airways" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji $449.50 | Expedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4304780960083, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji $449.50 | Expedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4304780960083, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Flights to Fiji Flights to Fiji, current page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217520713806152, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Cheap Tickets to Fiji", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54925537109375, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji Flights", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10855770111084, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Visit Fiji", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499308586120605, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Fiji is more than just a place where bottled water comes from; it is an idyllic paradise that can provide you the vacation experience of a lifetime. Fiji offers any type of vacation you could possibly want; for example, you can get pampered in a resort hotel, or you can rough it out in a tent on an uninhabited island. Nature lovers will enjoy Fiji's tropical rainforests, mountains and beaches and sand dunes, and people more interested in getting to know Fiji's urban side can hang out in Suva, the capital of Fiji. Get ready to escape to Fiji by booking your cheap flights to Fiji on Expedia today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515790939331055, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Airports in Fiji", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314186096191406, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Most flights to Fiji land at Nadi Intl. Airport (NAN). NAN is located near the city of Nadi on the west coast of Viti Levu. Around 1.2 million people pass through NAN each year. Airlines that service NAN include Aircalin, Air Kiribati, Air New Zealand, Air Pacific, Air Vanuatu, Jetstar, Korean Air, Virgin Australia and Air Pacific. Fiji flights may also land at Nausori International Airport (SUV), which is also known as Luvuluvu. SUV is around 30 minutes away from the city of Suva. Airlines that service SUV include Air Pacific and Air Vanuatu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.029880046844482, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "When to purchase Fiji airfare", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31005859375, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Tickets to Fiji tend to be in demand throughout the entire year thanks to its warm climate. High season is from July to September, which is the dry season in Fiji. Due to the fact that Fiji is located in the Southern Hemisphere, this period of time corresponds to Fiji's winter. Shoulder season is from May to June and October, and low season is from November to April, which is Fiji's summer. Wet season takes place during the summer, and it can get very hot and humid. Also, be aware of the fact that the summer is typhoon season. That said, if you are willing to brave the weather during Fiji's summer, you will get fantastic deals on accommodations and airfare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119852066040039, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Get up to 100% off your flight to Fiji when booking a Flight + Hotel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455032348632812, "source": "search", "title": "Cheap Flights to Fiji, Fiji | Expedia" }, { "answer": "Fiji", "passage": "Flying to Fiji? 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[ { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra Kent (born August 11, 1937) is an American ballet dancer and actress.", "precise_score": 2.397291898727417, "rough_score": 5.264422416687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra Kent currently teaches ballet at Barnard College. ", "precise_score": 4.234439849853516, "rough_score": 4.66476583480835, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy", "precise_score": 1.8695430755615234, "rough_score": 3.511338710784912, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "One of the greatest of George Balanchine's ballerinas, Allegra Kent joined the New York City Ballet at the age of fifteen and only two years later inspired Balanchine's \"The Unanswered Question\" (from Ivesiana). Beautiful, sensuous, mysterious, she quickly became an essential Balanchine dancer. He created central roles for her in 'Episodes', 'Bugaku', 'The Seven Deadly Sins, Stars and Stripes', and the 'Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet', as well as reviving 'La Sonnambula' for her. An immense favorite of audiences here and abroad, she had a particularly spectacular success on the company's famous Russian tour in 1962. But the story of her personal life is at least as dramatic as the story of her rise to fame. Raised haphazardly by a mostly absent father and an all-too-present mother, she married the first man she ever dated, the celebrated (and complicated) photographer Bert Stern. And she suspended her career three times to have children, no matter what the cost to her work. Allegra Kent is today a triumphant survivor of a difficult, troubled, yet deeply gratifying life, and her writing reflects the intelligence, grace, and artistry that characterized her dancing. Her account of a bizarre childhood, a magnificent if unusual dance career, a charged, complicated, domestic life, and a never-ending struggle with emotional, physical, and financial pressures is fascinating as are her portraits of the other great dance figures who punctuated her life, from Balanchine to Baryshnikov. show more", "precise_score": 0.32066991925239563, "rough_score": 0.5466756820678711, "source": "search", "title": "Once a Dancer... : Allegra Kent : 9780813034409" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "'ve had a strange career,'' says Allegra Kent. No one who reads her book will disagree. After a childhood that sounds like a dadaist performance, she walked into George Balanchine's life at a time, the mid-1950's, when his genius was undergoing a fabulous reflowering. Together, they made her a great dancer. But from the very beginning, by her account, she sabotaged her own career. At 21, already saddled with a despotic mother who didn't want her to dance, she married Mr. Wrong and quickly had three children. (A ballet dancer! Three children! In her 20's!) But that's not the half of it. Illness, depression, disfiguring facial surgery, bank foreclosures, pursuit through the streets of New York by amphetamine-crazed husband on bicycle: you name it, she experienced it, often by her own arranging.", "precise_score": -1.4591984748840332, "rough_score": 0.10001178830862045, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": 0.36760005354881287, "rough_score": 3.649264335632324, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Review/Dance; Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles", "precise_score": 0.753292441368103, "rough_score": 4.179314136505127, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "   Allegra Kent joined the New York City Ballet when she was fifteen years old. Born in Santa Monica, California, she moved to New York when she began studying at the School of American Ballet. Only a few short years after graduating and joining the company, Allegra was promoted to principal. In the era of George Balanchine, the famous choreographer created several roles for Allegra. After a long and impressive career Allegra retired in 1981 and turned to teaching. Today, she is busy teaching at Barnard College and working on her blossoming writing career. Her first children's book, Ballerina Swan, was published by Holiday House in early 2012. Allegra graciously spoke to me about working on her picture book, her life as a ballerina, and her future writing plans.", "precise_score": 3.097313404083252, "rough_score": 5.119770526885986, "source": "search", "title": "Children's Literature - Meet Allegra Kent - CLCD" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra Kent’s scintillating autobiography, Once a Dancer..., begins with these prescient words: “As a child, I knew I had one great possession: my body. It was little and quick. I lived within it.” -This month, Kent, who danced with the New York City Ballet for more than 30 years, celebrates a couple of milestones. The first is the reissue of her memoir, charming and juicy by turns; the second occurs on Monday 9, when Kent is presented with a Dance Magazine Award. In the program, held at Florence Gould Hall, Janie Taylor of NYCB will perform Kent’s original part in “The Unanswered Question,” in which a ballerina is held aloft, her feet never touching the floor. Interviewing Kent is a little like trying to catch a butterfly without a net. Her ballerina days aren’t exactly over; now she dances with words.", "precise_score": -0.03213322535157204, "rough_score": -1.4857667684555054, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent - The best things to do in cities worldwide" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Born in Santa Monica, Kent studied with Bronislava Nijinska and Carmelita Maracci before joining the School of American Ballet. She had completely flat feet as a little girl and consulted a doctor, who prescribed wedges in her shoes to give her arches. She then began taking ballet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.786026000976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "After graduating, she joined the New York City Ballet in 1953 at the age of 15, and was promoted to principal in 1957. Many roles in George Balanchine's ballets were created for her, including Seven Deadly Sins, Ivesiana and Bugaku. She danced the role of Dewdrop in the 1958 Playhouse 90 telecast of Balanchine's version of The Nutcracker. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265793800354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "She performed in such ballets as Serenade, Agon and Dances at a Gathering. She retired in 1981, becoming a ballet teacher, and in 1997 published an autobiography, Once a Dancer. In 2012, Kent published her first book for children, Ballerina Swan, with Holiday House Books for Young People, illustrated by Caldecott Medalist Emily Arnold McCully. It has received rave reviews from The New York Times, Kirkus Reviews, and School Library Journal. In Fall of 2013, Ballerina Swan was adapted for the stage as a dance piece by New York City Children's Theater, featuring choreographer Michael McGowan and artistic director Barbara Zinn Krieger. The adaptation received positive reviews by the New York Times, Time Out New York Kids, The Mama Maven, and many others. Due to its success, in December 2015, New York City Children's Theater produced a revival of \"Ballerina Swan.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.93857479095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "*The Encyclopedia of Dance & Ballet (1977), Rainbird Reference Books Ltd.; ISBN 0-907408-63-X ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510489463806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "One of the most important choreographers of the 20th century, George Balanchine, would have been 100 years old this week. Born in Russia, he made his career in the United States, where he died in 1983. He left behind the New York City Ballet, the company he founded, along with hundreds of original ballets inspired by the unique abilities of his dancers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394177436828613, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In a report for Intersections, a Morning Edition series on artists and their sources of inspiration, Kim Kokich talks with New York City Ballet star Allegra Kent — one of Balanchine's greatest ballerinas — about her relationship with \"Mr. B.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.198298454284668, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Kent was 10 when she first told her mother she wanted to be a ballerina. Soon after, she was taken to the ballet for the first time to see a performance of Night Shadow, a tale of a sleepwalking wife, choreographed by Balanchine. Kent — now in her 60s — remembers the event as a life-defining experience: \"After that evening, I did believe that ballet was really what I wanted to pursue, and that ballet was the most exalted form of dance... I still feel that way.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2891845703125, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Kent joined the New York City Ballet company in 1952, at age 15. Within a few years, Balanchine began creating ballets inspired by her complexities as a dancer: her otherworldly stage presence, her innocent sensuality, her hyperactivity, her tendency to go outside technique to move in beautiful and strange ways. (In 1958, he even revived Night Shadow, renamed La Sonnambula, for Kent.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.812477111816406, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Kent's relationship with Balanchine exemplified his technique: Balanchine saw ways to uncover the gifts of his ballerinas that, in turn, revealed his own talents. They inspired him to challenge ballet's conventions, while he pushed them to work harder than they ever had. Balanchine acknowledged this symbiosis in a 1970s' interview with the BBC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.995141983032227, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "For Kent, the relationship also proved rewarding. She enjoyed a successful 30-year career with the New York City Ballet, and now helps coach a new generation of dancers for The George Balanchine Trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.044865608215332, "source": "search", "title": "Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“Every time I go to a GBA performances I am amazed at the quality of the performance.  It is not everyday that top ballet dancers agree to dance on the stage with students.  There is a reason why!”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488438606262207, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“If your child genuinely wants to improve his or her classical ballet technique, and be inspired by amazing & passionate Vagonova method instructors, the GBA Summer Intensive is the place for you. Add in the small class-size and camaraderie of other committed dancers and it is truly the best package you can find.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343979835510254, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“The Greenwich Ballet Academy is an amazing dance school.  The classes are small and the students are friendly.  The teachers are very professional and give you the attention you need to improve your ballet technique.  The staff works very hard to organize special events for the students at GBA.  They allow the students to gain experience in the world of ballet.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.906719207763672, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“GBA has helped me as a dancer by challenging my artistic abilities to become a better dancer.  It has also improved my musicality and timing skills.  GBA has also gotten me started on pointe.  Through my past few months at this magnificent school the teachers have helped e boost my dancing in the fields of ballet and character.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389371871948242, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“The Greenwich Ballet Academy performance was a fantastic performance.  This was my first performance with GBA and it was very organized.  The stage was wonderful and so were the dancers.  The excerpts from La Bayadère were performed beautifully by the students.  Irina Dvorovenko looked stunning with the dancers as well as the other guest dancers.  The performance really demonstrated the abilities of the students and showcased their talents brilliantly.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206258773803711, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "“GBA has brought a level of rigor to my son’s ballet training that surpassed my expectations.  The expertise of the GBA faculty along with their high standards have made my son a better dancer and his goal of being a professional dancer is now within reach.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413989067077637, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent | Greenwich Ballet Academy" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra realized her dream of being a ballerina at the young age of ten, and started training at eleven. At thirteen she was accepted into the School of American Ballet, on scholarship, and moved to New York. Famed choreographer, George Balanchine, discovered her talent. Allegra became a permanent member of the New York City Ballet at age fifteen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.315396785736084, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Allegra became a principal dancer at age 18 and was the star of the New York City Ballet. She was George Balanchine�s inspiration and was known for her Balanchine style. Allegra studied dance with many different people and performed many dances for a number of choreographers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4376111030578613, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "People were mystified by her beautiful dance technique, and when she started to miss shows for the New York City Ballet it added to her mystique. She quietly left the company in the 1980s but never stopped coaching and teaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445481300354004, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Allegra Kent" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In her Krishnamurti period, Shirley heard of a boarding school based on that guru's philosophy in Ojai, Calif. But she forgot its name, so she picked a school at random in the Ojai Valley and dropped Allegra off. The child now plotted how to get her mother back. In gym class she discovered she was a great jumper. She wrote her mother that she wanted to become a ballerina -- an idea that must have strummed some chord deep in Shirley's brain, for she fetched Allegra and took her to the two best ballet teachers in Los Angeles, Bronislava Nijinska and Carmelita Maracci. By the age of 12, Allegra was in ballet class nine hours a week. Her future as a dancer was Shirley's new religion, until, pretty soon, it wasn't. Allegra, she now decided, should quit dancing, go to college. But it was too late. Allegra Kent was accepted into the New York City Ballet at age 15.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.591521978378296, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "When Ms. Kent was 17, Balanchine made her her first big role. When she was 19, he promoted her from the corps de ballet to principal dancer, skipping the middle rank of soloist. And over a period of 10 years, ballet by ballet, he created what was to be her unique theatrical image. In ''Ivesiana'' (1954) she was carried aloft on the shoulders of four men -- her feet never touched the ground -- while another man prostrated himself before her. In ''The Seven Deadly Sins'' (revived in 1958) she acted out pride, lust, etc., but almost blindly; she simply obeyed the orders of the singer, Lotte Lenya. In ''La Sonnambula'' (revived in 1960), she was a sleepwalker. In ''Bugaku'' (1963), a Japanese wedding piece, she performed the frankest sex dance Balanchine ever put on stage, but in a blank, ritualized manner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.809952735900879, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Was the stage image his creation or hers? This question is asked of all Balanchine's ballerinas, and what they answer -- Ms. Kent too -- is that they made it with him. As has often been said, Balanchine's art was the story of his attachment to a series of ballerinas. One by one, these young women came to him. He saw them, understood them and dreamed about them. The dreams became the ballets, imaginary worlds in which they could be themselves but better: artists, symbols.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.49306869506836, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In psychology, the word for Ms. Kent's stage persona is passive-aggressive, and that is what she was, consistently, in her work. Whatever success she had, she managed to cap it with a compensating failure. After ''Ivesiana'' she let her mother bully her into a nose job, whose results so humiliated her that for months she rarely left home. When she returned to the company, Balanchine put her in ''The Seven Deadly Sins,'' which made her a star; she responded by entering into a loveless marriage with the fashion photographer and fast-tracker Bert Stern, who also makes an unattractive appearance in Claire Bloom's new memoir. (He was soon spending his evenings out. The newspapers kept Ms. Kent posted on his infidelities.) Probably to cheer her up, Balanchine now revived ''La Sonnambula'' for her, another triumph, whereupon she got herself pregnant. Again she returned, and was the sensation of New York City Ballet's historic 1962 Russian tour. At the end of that tour, Balanchine begged her to devote herself to her work. She demurely agreed. The following year, she was pregnant again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.660442352294922, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "In this creepy little scene -- with its infantilism, its lisped assent, its silent refusal -- Ms. Kent, with great literary skill, sums up her relationship with Balanchine. As she did not realize at the time, the relationship was now over. Balanchine had been in love with her. (Some people believe she had an affair with him. She says no, and I believe her. It fits the pattern.) More than that, he had desperately needed her talents. Hence his willingness, again and again, to lure her back, cajole her, baby her. But in 1963 he had fastened on a new young dancer, this one willing to work: Suzanne Farrell. (Indeed, Balanchine's budding attraction to Ms. Farrell may have been one of Ms. Kent's reasons for retreating into pregnancy a second time.) After 1966, Balanchine never made a ballet for Ms. Kent again. He was loyal, though; he didn't get rid of her. She stayed with the company for 17 more years, often dancing superbly. But she performed less and less. In 1983, when Balanchine lay dying in the hospital and could no longer protect her, the company fired her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276732444763184, "source": "search", "title": "Leaps and Bounds - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "PURCHASE, N.Y., March 16— John Clifford's Ballet of Los Angeles would have been attraction enough when it appeared Friday night at the Performing Arts Center of the State University College at Purchase. Mr. Clifford was a popular dancer with the New York City Ballet, which he left in 1973. And his company visits New York infrequently. But this visit included Allegra Kent, a former ballerina of the City Ballet, who seldom performs these days, but whose magic is legendary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2171666622161865, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Miss Kent is now associate director of the Los Angeles company, formed in 1987 by Mr. Clifford as the successor to his Los Angeles Ballet, which closed in 1985. She is also to become the faculty chairwoman at the Stamford (Conn.) City Ballet school. But the dancer who emerged from the wings in Mr. Clifford's recent ''Notturno'' would probably not be taken for a ballet administrator. Miss Kent, who is 50 years old, is still a ravishingly lovely performer, with all the delicacy, radiance and buried hint of daffiness that made her so beloved at City Ballet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0174455642700195, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "''Notturno,'' set to a Schubert piano trio, is a chiffon-rippler, a ballet intended to spread an aura of rapture about the stage. And Mr. Clifford's choreogaphy does succeed at that, with a central pas de deux that is a succession of ardent supported turns and swoons and partnered walks. Six dancers serve as a shifting background, flowing back and forth across the stage with an occasional darting run or two. They also pay homage to Miss Kent in one sequence, standing in gentle salute, then kneeling as she crisscrosses through their line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553747177124023, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "The years may have fallen away at first sight of Miss Kent, but they seemed curiously unchanged in the balance of the program. For Mr. Clifford's ''Fantasies,'' created in 1969 for City Ballet, and his new ''Songs of a Wayfarer'' seem cut from the same bolt of cloth. It is not that Mr. Clifford is a one-note choreographer. His ballets are unvaryingly well crafted and sometimes too literal a reading of music and theme, but he has taken on a good many kinds of dance in his 21 years as a professional choreographer. But the men and women of both ballets inhabit the same dark and measured landscape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.680596351623535, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Miss Kent, the lone wayfarer of the new ballet, moves through a country peopled with lovers. The ballet, which is set to Mahler songs, opens with a strong image of columnar bodies shifting ranks on a darkened stage, leaving Miss Kent alone at last. Lighthearted peasants, danced by Miss Connell and Mr. Weaver, romp through the second section, but lose each other in the bittersweet final moments. Nancy Davis is the ''glowing dagger'' of the third song, her imperiousness turning to voluptuous abandon as she dances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766827583312988, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Mr. Lopez is Miss Kent's lonely counterpart in the fourth section, juxtaposed against groups of dreamers and strutters, in a portrayal as strong in its way as that of Miss Davis in the previous dance. And then it is Miss Kent's turn again, in the closing section, and she makes the most of the ballet's resonant closing image when, left alone on stage, she walks slowly off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.128591537475586, "source": "search", "title": "Review/Dance - Allegra Kent With the Ballet of Los Angeles ..." }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "   In Ballerina Swan, Sophie, a New York City swan, dreams of becoming a ballerina. She loves sneaking a look at the young ballerinas in school and desperately wants to join their class. Originally, Allegra says the story was too text heavy and dense. In changing the storyline a bit, Allegra kept Sophie's aspirations to become a dancer because they paralleled her own young dreams. As a child Allegra didn't know what she wanted to do; she had heard of ballet, but never seen one. In boarding school she took a folk dance class, and from there told her mother she wanted to leave boarding school to learn to dance. The first school at which she studied had no beginner classes, another similarity to Sophie—having natural ability but feeling slightly out of your depth in regards to technique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.875349521636963, "source": "search", "title": "Children's Literature - Meet Allegra Kent - CLCD" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "   The imagery of birds and ballet is nothing new. As Allegra put it, ballerinas always strive to be as beautiful and graceful as birds. The twist here is a swan that yearns to be a ballet star. Sophie's entry into ballet class does not go well—the teacher, the strict Madam Myrtle—does think swans belong in such places. Rejection is something with which all dancers are faced, including Allegra. Hard work is critical, but each person has different strengths to draw upon. Sophie is an example of this; because certain moves and techniques seem to come easily to her while she struggles with others. Allegra drew on her observations of her own and other's dancing strengths and weaknesses in creating Sophie. As she said, there will always be \"certain things you have to work harder on.\" Sophie seems to have mastered the split leap, helped by her instincts to fly high—good DNA. Allegra cheekily noted that she was glad the room had such a high ceiling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.030233383178711, "source": "search", "title": "Children's Literature - Meet Allegra Kent - CLCD" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "   Ballerina Swan shows what hard work and perseverance can do when following your passion. When it comes to advice for others pursuing their dreams Allegra said to \"work! And of course don't give up too easily.\" The mother of three adult children, she feels the rest of her advice would be of the usual grandmother variety. A caring grandmother, she dedicated her book to her grandchildren. At the end of our conversation, I asked Allegra about her ballet past—she listed Red Shoes as her favorite ballet-themed movie and said that her favorite ballet to dance is always the one she's just done. As for future writing plans she would like to write another book for young readers, and if the reviews for Ballerina Swan are any indication, many will be clamoring for more Sophie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.966217517852783, "source": "search", "title": "Children's Literature - Meet Allegra Kent - CLCD" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "She is almost of another world herself, which great ballet dancers are.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354917526245117, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent - The best things to do in cities worldwide" }, { "answer": "Ballet", "passage": "Yeah. And that was wonderful to be encouraged by a teacher. It’s inexplicable why I’m winning this award, but I’m delighted. I got into the ballet company and I watched and watched. I listened. I hadn’t heard any of that music before. I didn’t grow up with classical music; we grew up with the radio. We were a one nutcracker family. And I mean [She cracks a nut with an invisible crank] that kind of nutcracker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441520690917969, "source": "search", "title": "Allegra Kent - The best things to do in cities worldwide" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a hit in the UK for Paper Lace and then some months later it was a hit in the US for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written by two British songwriters Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "precise_score": 6.371654033660889, "rough_score": 5.49690580368042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero" }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods", "passage": "Paper Lace's version of \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" hit number one in the UK Singles Chart on 16 March 1974, and thereafter Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods version hit number one in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 on 15 June 1974, and number one in Canada on 7 July. The US version sold over three and a half million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974. The Bo Donaldson version was a massive hit in North America but is largely unknown elsewhere. Billboard ranked it as the No. 21 song for 1974. ", "precise_score": 5.916855335235596, "rough_score": 6.004575729370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo donaldson and the heywoods) | wrekehavoc.com", "precise_score": 7.073885917663574, "rough_score": 7.346949577331543, "source": "search", "title": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo ..." }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson", "passage": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo donaldson and the heywoods)", "precise_score": 7.316525459289551, "rough_score": 7.492941856384277, "source": "search", "title": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo ..." }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "8. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods - 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' | Readers' Poll: The 10 Worst Songs of the 1970s | Rolling Stone", "precise_score": 4.81278133392334, "rough_score": 5.872802257537842, "source": "search", "title": "8. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods - 'Billy Don't Be A Hero ..." }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "With their subject matter assumed in America to be about the American Civil War, it was logical that \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" should become a hit in the United States; however, Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods were the first to release \"Billy\" in the United States, and Paper Lace had to be content with a #96 placing. However, the follow-up song \"The Night Chicago Died\", set in the Prohibition era with reference to Al Capone, was untroubled by any such competition and topped the Billboard Hot 100. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in August 1974. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.245240211486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper Lace" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9508388042449951, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992586135864258, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Cincinnati, Ohio septet Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' May 1974 No. 1 single \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" was featured on their eponymous debut LP,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.337846755981445, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods", "passage": "Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076913833618164, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Producer Steve Barri had heard the Paper Lace version when it was offered to the label he worked for, ABC Records. Certain the song could be a hit in America, ABC Records chief Jay Lasker decided to cut a cover version. \"We had signed Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods,\" Barri recalls. \"We cut it that very night and had it out two or three days later.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.844707489013672, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "The Heywoods", "passage": "The Heywoods had one previous chart single, \"Special Someone,\" released on Artie Ripp's Family label in late 1972. It made an unimpressive showing at number 64. But the Heywoods, all from Cincinnati, Ohio, had built up a tremendous following from their appearances on Dick Clark's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.199531555175781, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "The Heywoods", "passage": "television show. The group got its start after keyboards and trumpet player Bo Donaldson's mother, Bea Donaldson, went to work in Clark's Cincinnati office in August, 1966. Soon the Heywoods were touring on Clark's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779562950134277, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' version of \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" debuted on the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.860466003417969, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "The Heywoods", "passage": "Hot 100 on April 20, 1974, just one week ahead of Paper Lace's version. Many radio stations pitted the two records against each other on the air. Once typical competition took place at WFIL in Philadelphia, where the Heywoods won in a landslide. The program director telephoned Bo Donaldson with the results. \"He said he knew we had fans there, but he didn't realize they were crawling out of the woodwork.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773772239685059, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Paper Lace had to settle for a peak position of 96, while Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods spent two weeks at number one. The Heywoods had one more hit record, \"Who Do You Think You Are\" (number 15 in September, 1974). Paper Lace had the last laugh just two months later, with the 1940s gangster-themed tune \"The Night Chicago Died.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.127490997314453, "source": "search", "title": "\"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" - Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods" }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods", "passage": "Billy Don’t Be a Hero/[lastfm]Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods[/lastfm]  **", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4254403114318848, "source": "search", "title": "One Hit Wonders of the 70s « K-EARTH 101" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "Musician. Best known as the lead vocalist for the music ensemble \"Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods\". They scored a gold record with \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" in 1974.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8214222192764282, "source": "search", "title": "Billy Don't be a Hero - the Data Lounge" }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "in 1974, the anti-war billy, don’t be a hero was a huge hit in the US for bo donaldson and the heywoods . strange, considering the song had been a monster hit in the UK earlier for the band paper lace , whose version didn’t chart well here. (don’t cry for them, argentina. they later gave us the ear-bleeder the night chicago died , a song i’d write novels about if november had more than 30 days. lord, that one sucks worse.) i think they had another minor hit, and then, bo went buh-bye!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.459317684173584, "source": "search", "title": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo ..." }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "middlebro seems to remember us seeing bo donaldson and the heywoods perform this at disneyworld. maybe he’ll chime in on the comments, as i don’t somehow remember that.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008223533630371, "source": "search", "title": "blatantly bad 70s songs: billy, don’t be a hero (bo ..." }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "8. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods - 'Billy Don't Be A Hero'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.215775728225708, "source": "search", "title": "8. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods - 'Billy Don't Be A Hero ..." }, { "answer": "Bo donaldson and the heywoods", "passage": "U.K. pop group Paper Lace wrote \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" at the tail end of the Vietnam War, but it's actually about the American Civil War. But much like M*A*S*H was about the Korean War but really about Vietnam, people will forever associate \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" with Vietnam. They'll also associate it with insipid 1970s drivel. Paper Lace were planning on releasing the song in America, but Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods beat them to it. It was their only hit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.778390884399414, "source": "search", "title": "8. Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods - 'Billy Don't Be A Hero ..." }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson", "passage": "Bo Donaldson on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365946769714355, "source": "search", "title": "Bo Donaldson on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods", "passage": "Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods shot to prominence in 1974 with \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero.\" Sales that topped three million copies brought the group a gold record. The single spent two weeks in the top spot on the charts. The number one single was the band's greatest success, but it didn't mark the first time that the group charted. Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods made a showing on the charts with \"Someone Special\" in 1972 and \"Deeper and Deeper\" the following year. The band was ten years old when \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" made such a splash, and it had already performed as the opening act for such artists as Herman's Hermits, the Box Tops, the Osmond Brothers, the Rascals, the Grass Roots, and Paul Revere & the Raiders. The group also performed on American Bandstand. After \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero,\" the band took \"Who Do You Think You Are\" into the Top 20. \"The Heartbreak Kid\" followed, reaching the Top 40. The group charted again with \"House on Telegraph Hill\" and \"Our Last Song Together.\" Donaldson, whose real name is Robert Walter Donaldson, sang and played keyboard and the trumpet. The group also included lead vocalist James Michael Gibbons on bass and trumpet; lead vocalist Richard Leon Joswick on percussion; Gary James Coveyou on vocals, woodwinds, and reeds; David Alan Krock on vocals, trumpet, and bass; Richard Brunetti on vocals, percussion, and drums; and Earl Baker Scott on vocals and guitar. Danny Loveland, a co-vocalist on the Heywoods' number one single, dropped out in 1975 to pursue a solo career and record \"Black Is Black.\" Originally a drummer, Loveland began singing because the group kept losing its lead singers. When he gave up singing, the Kansas native launched a disco that he named Backstage. He went on to establish a restaurant in Bangkok, Thailand. ~ Linda Seida", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5163981914520264, "source": "search", "title": "Bo Donaldson on Apple Music - iTunes" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting, right, and Best, left, with one of the diabetic dogs used in experiments with insulin.", "precise_score": 1.9897395372390747, "rough_score": 5.382400989532471, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting's and Best's laboratory, where insulin was discovered.", "precise_score": 2.0862443447113037, "rough_score": 5.198184013366699, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting, Macleod, and the rest of the team patented their insulin extract but gave away all their rights to the University of Toronto, which would later use the income from insulin to fund new research.", "precise_score": 1.8152085542678833, "rough_score": 4.537105083465576, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Banting and Best isolate insulin", "precise_score": 1.6903995275497437, "rough_score": 0.8636196255683899, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting and Best isolate insulin", "precise_score": 0.9669188261032104, "rough_score": 5.187356948852539, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Photo: In this lab, Banting and Best carried out early experiments which led to the discovery of insulin.", "precise_score": 3.0778446197509766, "rough_score": 4.996271133422852, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Ironically, Banting's original idea wasn't entirely correct. He and Best later found they could obtain insulin even from an intact pancreas. Improved technology for testing and detecting sugar in the blood and urine provided information that earlier researchers didn't have, and this encouraged them to pursue a line of thinking that may have looked like a dead end to those working in the decades before them.", "precise_score": 2.0062906742095947, "rough_score": 1.1094326972961426, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Canadian doctor Frederick Banting and American biomedical scientist Charles Best co-discovered  insulin in 1921. This is a life-saving treatment for diabetes .", "precise_score": 2.239387035369873, "rough_score": 2.339050531387329, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978)" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting got an idea of how to extract insulin from a medical journal article, but he needed  laboratory facilities for further investigations. He convinced John Macleod, Professor of  Physiology at the University of Toronto, to let him use a laboratory to conduct his research. Macleod appointed Charles Best, a biomedical science student, as Banting’s assistant.", "precise_score": 3.3765828609466553, "rough_score": 5.446664333343506, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978)" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In the early 1920s Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin under the directorship of John Macleod at the University of Toronto. With the help of James Collip insulin was purified, making it available for the successful treatment of diabetes. Banting and Macleod earned a Nobel Prize for their work in 1923.", "precise_score": 3.5975160598754883, "rough_score": 4.783420562744141, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Frederick Banting and Charles Best on the roof of the University of Toronto’s Medical Building in 1922. Dogs were used as experimental subjects in the insulin tests.", "precise_score": 2.071791648864746, "rough_score": 5.190913677215576, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting and Macleod received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin. That the Nobel committee chose only Banting and Macleod for the award caused more animosity. Banting, outraged that Macleod was chosen to share the prize with him, immediately announced that he would split his winnings with Best. Macleod, perhaps in reaction to Banting’s gesture, announced that he, too, would be splitting his award, with Collip. By the end of 1923 insulin had been in commercial production for a year at the Eli Lilly and Company laboratories in Indianapolis. Diabetic patients who received insulin shots recovered from comas, resumed eating carbohydrates (in moderation), and realized they had been given a new lease on life.", "precise_score": 0.6188080310821533, "rough_score": 1.41421377658844, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Determined to investigate this possibility, Banting discussed it with various people, among whom was J.J.R. Macleod , Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and Macleod gave him facilities for experimental work upon it. Dr. Charles Best, then a medical student, was appointed as Banting's assistant, and together, Banting and Best started the work which was to lead to the discovery of insulin.", "precise_score": 3.966841459274292, "rough_score": 4.897632122039795, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick G. Banting - Biographical" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting and Best took to injecting themselves with insulin before testing it on their first human research subject. After establishing the safety of this crude form of insulin, Banting was ready for his first patient. In January of 1922, he injected it into a 14-year-old diabetic boy. The turnaround in his condition was both rapid and conclusive. A month later Banting would inject insulin into the veins of a childhood friend, bringing about such an improvement in his health that friends and family thought it a miracle.", "precise_score": 3.6741671562194824, "rough_score": 3.548762321472168, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Apparently the verbal exchange provoking the confrontation reached the people with an interest in the insulin project. They acted quickly to forestall any precipitous action detrimental to the cooperation of the Connaught Laboratories, established during the war to produce vaccines and antitoxins, to manufacture insulin on a large scale. In a memorandum dated January 25, 1922, Banting, Best, and Collip agreed not to exploit the process of preparing an extract of pancreas by seeking a patent or commercial collaboration. Macleod also signed. No modification in research policy was to be taken without preliminary consultation between Banting, Best, Collip, Macleod, and J.G. Fitzgerald, director of the Connaught Laboratories ( 39 ).", "precise_score": 1.3920403718948364, "rough_score": 2.958928346633911, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In April 1922, the Toronto team prepared a paper summarizing all the work to date. The authors were Banting, Best, Collip, Campbell, Fletcher, Macleod, and E.C. Noble. For the first time they gave a name to the extract—insulin. They did not know that “insuline” had been proposed earlier. All the authors agreed that Macleod, who was a member of the host society, would present the paper at the Washington, DC meeting of the Association of American Physicians on May 3, 1922. The paper was titled “The Effect Produced on Diabetes by Extracts of Pancreas”. Its presentation was greeted by an unprecedented standing show of thanks by the society, the first time in 20 years it expressed its appreciation in this way ( 44 ). The discussion was printed as a supplement to the Transactions of the Association of American Physicians ( 45 )", "precise_score": -2.54593825340271, "rough_score": 0.698469340801239, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Thus, 2 weeks short of a year since Banting and Best began their work, the Toronto group, speaking through Macleod, announced to the medical world that they had discovered insulin and described its therapeutic success. Banting and Best did not go to Washington, the excuse being the expense of the trip. Macleod regretted not insisting on their attendance. Bliss believes that Banting, motivated by his continuing resentment of Macleod, decided to stay home and persuaded Best to do the same ( 17 ).", "precise_score": 2.637911319732666, "rough_score": 3.202096462249756, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "On January 23, 1923, an American patent on both insulin and Toronto’s method of making it was awarded to Banting, Collip, and Best. For $1.00 to each, the three discoverers assigned their patent rights to the Board of Governors of the University of Toronto. The application had stressed that none of the other researchers in the past had been able to produce a nontoxic antidiabetic extract. A patent was necessary to restrict manufacture of insulin to reputable pharmaceutical houses who could guarantee the purity and potency of their products. It would also prevent unscrupulous drug manufacturers from making or patenting an impotent or weakened version of this potentially dangerous drug and calling it insulin.", "precise_score": 0.9287296533584595, "rough_score": 3.093491792678833, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "With Best, Collip, and Macleod away, Banting became the go-to man on the scene in the struggle to produce good insulin. He got to know Clowes and others in the scientific world outside of Toronto during this period when the clinical phase overshadowed the experimental physiology handled by Macleod.", "precise_score": 1.8130440711975098, "rough_score": 2.73738956451416, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Best and Collip went on to productive careers in research. Best, his associates, and students conducted basic studies on the lipotropic effects of the dietary factor choline and pioneered in the isolation and development of heparin. In 1941 he succeeded Banting as head of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research. Banting’s friends were extremely upset when Banting’s chair and control of the department were given to Best. They knew that in the last years of his life, Banting had developed an intense dislike of Best, a feeling shared by E.C. Noble, who was deeply embittered by Banting’s and then Best’s neglect of his contributions to the insulin work ( 56 ).", "precise_score": 4.480895042419434, "rough_score": 7.907493591308594, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "After Banting’s death, Best became the chief spokesman for the view that he and Banting had discovered insulin on their own in 1921 and had been denied their full share of the glory because of the scheming of Macleod and Collip and their friends. During the next 30 years, Best and his friends promoted a version of the discovery of insulin with a greatly enlarged and enhanced part for Best while minimizing or omitting the contributions of Macleod and Collip. He justified revisions of the written record on the grounds that memory took precedence. Bliss believes that Best was insecure and had a deep psychologic need for recognition and a place in history ( 56 ).", "precise_score": 1.2014175653457642, "rough_score": 3.6784098148345947, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The Discovery of Insulin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137774467468262, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The Discovery of Insulin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137774467468262, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Before the discovery of insulin, diabetes was a feared disease that most certainly led to death. Doctors knew that sugar worsened the condition of diabetic patients and that the most effective treatment was to put the patients on very strict diets where sugar intake was kept to a minimum. At best, this treatment could buy patients a few extra years, but it never saved them. In some cases, the harsh diets even caused patients to die of starvation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892755508422852, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "During the nineteenth century, observations of patients who died of diabetes often showed that the pancreas was damaged. In 1869, a German medical student, Paul Langerhans, found that within the pancreatic tissue that produces digestive juices there were clusters of cells whose function was unknown. Some of these cells were eventually shown to be the insulin-producing beta cells. Later, in honor of the person who discovered them, the cell clusters were named the islets of Langerhans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337430000305176, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The new results convinced Macleod that they were onto something big. He gave them more funds and moved them to a better laboratory with proper working conditions. He also suggested they should call their extract \"insulin.\" Now, the work proceeded rapidly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978389739990234, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In late 1921, a third person, biochemist Bertram Collip, joined the team. Collip was given the task of trying to purify the insulin so that it would be clean enough for testing on humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890782356262207, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Collip continued his work to purify the insulin. He also experimented with trying to find the correct dosage. He learned how to diminish the effect of an insulin overdose with glucose in different forms. He discovered that the glucose should be as pure as possible. Orange juice and honey are good examples of foods rich in glucose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85767650604248, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In January 1922 in Toronto, Canada, a 14-year-old boy, Leonard Thompson, was chosen as the first person with diabetes to receive insulin. The test was a success. Leonard, who before the insulin shots was near death, rapidly regained his strength and appetite. The team now expanded their testing to other volunteer diabetics, who reacted just as positively as Leonard to the insulin extract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193521499633789, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The news of the successful treatment of diabetes with insulin rapidly spread outside of Toronto, and in 1923 the Nobel Committee decided to award Banting and Macleod the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8429486751556396, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for insulin has been much debated. It has been questioned why Macleod received the prize instead of Best and Collip. However, Macleod played a central role in the discovery of insulin. It was he who supported the project from the beginning. He supervised the work and it is also most likely that Macleod's contacts in the scientific world helped the team in getting a speedy recognition of their discovery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701336860656738, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 \"for the discovery of insulin.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4958651065826416, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The Legacy of Insulin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21629810333252, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Very soon after the discovery of insulin, the medical firm Eli Lilly started large-scale production of the extract. As soon as 1923, the firm was producing enough insulin to supply the entire North American continent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.918455123901367, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Although insulin doesn't cure diabetes, it's one of the biggest discoveries in medicine. When it came, it was like a miracle. People with severe diabetes and only days left to live were saved. And as long as they kept getting their insulin, they could live an almost normal life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34035587310791, "source": "search", "title": "The Discovery of Insulin - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In May, 1921, as Macleod took off for a holiday in his native Scotland, Banting and his assistant Charles Best began their experiments. By August they had the first conclusive results: when they gave the material extracted from the islets of Langerhans (called \"insulin,\" from the Latin for \"island\") to diabetic dogs, their abnormally high blood sugars were lowered. Macleod, back from holiday, was still skeptical of the results and asked them to repeat the experiment several more times. They did, finding the results the same, but with problems due to the varying purity of their insulin extract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.006406784057617, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Macleod assigned chemist James Bertram Collip to the group to help with the purification. Within six weeks, he felt confident enough of the insulin he had isolated to try it on a human for the first time: a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes. The injection indeed lowered his blood sugar and cleared his urine of sugars and other signs of the disease. Banting and Best published the first paper on their discovery a month later, in February, 1922. In 1923, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Banting and Macleod for the discovery, and each shared their portion of the prize money with the other researchers on the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.945138692855835, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The discovery of insulin was one of the most revolutionary moments in medicine. Though it took some time to work out proper dosages and to develop manufacturing processes to make enough insulin of consistent strength and purity, the introduction of insulin seemed literally like a miracle. One year the disease was an automatic death sentence; the next, people -- even children -- had hopes of living full and productive lives even with the disease. Estimates show there are more than 15 million diabetics living today who would have died at an early age without insulin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084342002868652, "source": "search", "title": "Banting and Best isolate insulin - PBS" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting became interested in diabetes when working at the University of Western Ontario. In the early 1920s doctors hypothesised that lack of insulin , a hormone made in the pancreas, caused the illness. However, insulin had proved impossible to extract from the pancreas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8700027465820312, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978)" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting and Best performed pancreas  experiments on dogs to measure sugar in their urine and blood. Over a summer they extracted the first antidiabetic substance. In January 1922 a diabetic teenager called  Leonard Thompson was the first person to receive an insulin injection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2767861485481262, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978)" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "These four Toronto researchers discovered and purified insulin, creating a new and effective treatment for diabetes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708639144897461, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "At the turn of the 20th century a strict low-calorie, no-carbohydrate diet was the only effective treatment for diabetes. But this method, with food intake sometimes as low as 500 calories per day, had its consequences, as slow starvation, like diabetes, drained patients of their strength and energy, leaving them semi-invalids. The diet treatment also required an inordinate amount of willpower on the part of the patient, very few of whom were able to maintain low-calorie diets over the long term. In 1921 researchers at the University of Toronto began a series of experiments that would ultimately lead to the isolation and commercial production of insulin—a pancreatic hormone essential for metabolizing carbohydrates—and the successful treatment of diabetes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836785316467285, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Setting the Stage for the Discovery of Insulin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112693786621094, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The connection between pancreatic secretions and diabetes was first shown in 1889 by two German physiologists at the University of Strasbourg, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering. While investigating the effect of pancreatic secretions on the metabolism of fat, they performed a complete pancreatectomy on a laboratory dog, only to discover that the animal developed a disease indistinguishable from diabetes. Twenty years earlier a German medical student, Paul Langerhans, had discovered two systems of cells in the pancreas: the acini, which he knew produced the pancreatic digestive secretions, and another system whose function was unknown to him. These cells looked to Langerhans like tiny clusters of cells, or islands, floating among the acini. In 1901 Eugene Opie, an American pathologist at Johns Hopkins University, made the association between the degeneration of these cells, which had been named the “islets of Langerhans,” and the onset of diabetes. Through the experimental efforts of these and many other researchers, the stage was set for the discovery of insulin—the hormonal antidiabetic secretion of the islets of Langerhans—in the first decades of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815032005310059, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "A combination of timing and good luck enabled the Toronto researchers to be the first to announce the discovery of insulin. Scientists in Germany and Hungary had come very close to finding pure insulin, but lack of funding and the devastation of World War I halted their progress. Following in the footsteps of earlier researchers, Banting and Best began to study diabetes through an experimental combination of duct ligation, which involved tying off the pancreatic duct to the small intestine, and pancreatectomies, or the complete surgical removal of the pancreas. Duct ligation served to atrophy the acini cells that produced the digestive secretions, leaving behind only the cells of the islets of Langerhans. Duct-ligated dogs, it was discovered, did not develop diabetes. Pancreatectomy was the method of inducing diabetes: when all pancreatic tissue was removed, the experimental dogs immediately showed signs of glycosuria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4055769443511963, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Purifying Insulin and the First Human Tests", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003783226013184, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The first clinical tests on a human patient were conducted on a severely diabetic 14-year-old boy. Although the injections of the extract failed to have resoundingly beneficial effects, the Toronto team continued to experiment. A short while later Collip made a breakthrough in purifying the extract, using alcohol in slightly over 90 percent concentration to precipitate out the active ingredient (insulin). At the same time, though, personal tension was mounting among the four scientists, as Banting became increasingly bitter toward Macleod and pitted himself and Best against Collip in the race to purify the extract. At the end of January, Collip came to Banting and Best’s lab and informed the two that although he had discovered a method to produce pure extract, he would share it only with Macleod. It was only Best’s quick restraint that stopped Banting from attacking Collip. Fortunately for the future of insulin an uneasy agreement made a few days later allowed them to continue to work together. On May 3, 1922, Macleod, representing the group, announced to the international medical community at a meeting of the Association of American Physicians that they had discovered “insulin”—the antidiabetic agent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.677769422531128, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Insulin was first used to treat diabetes in the 1920s. Since then doctors have used a multitude of tests to screen for the disease.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492147445678711, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, James ..." }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Sir Frederick Grant, 1891–1941, Canadian physician: one of the discoverers of insulin; Nobel Prize 1923.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29020881652832, "source": "search", "title": "Banting | Define Banting at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Sir Frederick Grant. 1891–1941, Canadian physiologist: discovered the insulin treatment for diabetes with Best and Macleod (1922) and shared the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine with Macleod (1923)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.296565055847168, "source": "search", "title": "Banting | Define Banting at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Earlier, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes. The work of Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Schafer, and others had indicated that diabetes was caused by lack of a protein hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. To this hormone Schafer had given the name insulin, and it was supposed that insulin controls the metabolism of sugar, so that lack of it results in the accumulation of sugar in the blood and the excretion of the excess of sugar in the urine. Attempts to supply the missing insulin by feeding patients with fresh pancreas, or extracts of it, had failed, presumably because the protein insulin in these had been destroyed by the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreas. The problem, therefore, was how to extract insulin from the pancreas before it had been thus destroyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.753941059112549, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick G. Banting - Biographical" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "While he was considering this problem, Banting read in a medical journal an article by Moses Baron, which pointed out that, when the pancreatic duct was experimentally closed by ligatures, the cells of the pancreas which secrete trypsin degenerate, but that the islets of Langerhans remain intact. This suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would, by destroying the cells which secrete trypsin, avoid the destruction of the insulin, so that, after sufficient time had been allowed for the degeneration of the trypsin-secreting cells, insulin might be extracted from the intact islets of Langerhans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.061594486236572, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick G. Banting - Biographical" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Frederick Banting never knew he was on the road to saving countless lives as he worried over the empty waiting room of his humble surgical practice in London, Ontario. He was an unknown entity in London and patients were few. What he did know was that he had a nagging interest and several ideas concerning a fatal disease--diabetes. Banting's failure would lead him on the road to identifying insulin--the life-saving hope of all diabetics, and a Nobel Prize in Medicine. Ironically, his success would be achieved in a discipline not of his choosing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5431809425354, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "He reasoned that if the pancreas was destroyed but the nearby tangle of tubes called the Islets of Langerhans were kept intact, the absence of digestive enzymes would allow the isolation of insulin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371672630310059, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "With the help of his assistant Charles Best, Banting began to experiment on the pancreases of dogs. Ironically, Banting was a lover of dogs ever since his farm days, and would suffer the misery of watching many dogs die for the sake of his research. Banting's goal quickly became finding a way to isolate insulin from a dog's degenerated pancreas. Two sets of dogs were set up: those for which the pancreas would be removed and the other for which the pancreas would be purposely degenerated. The dogs with removed pancreases would show the debilitating effect of diabetes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2566971480846405, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Results were promising as an extract of the dogs'degenerated pancreases were injected into the dogs without pancreases. The clinical condition of the dogs without pancreases improved remarkably. Hence, the discovery of insulin was born. Unfortunately, this procedure meant that many dogs had to be sacrificed to keep one diabetic dog alive. Banting called this life-saving pancreatic extract \"isletin\"...the name of which would later be changed to insulin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.232177734375, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "But how was Banting to secure this precious insulin without having to kill more animals than it saved? This is where Banting's background on a farm helped. Banting realized, from his experience breeding cattle, that pure insulin tissue could be extracted from the pancreases of embryonic calves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2585769891738892, "source": "search", "title": "The My Hero Project - Frederick Banting" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy | Clinical Chemistry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484514236450195, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29916000366211, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "During the first two decades of the 20th century, several investigators prepared extracts of pancreas that were often successful in lowering blood sugar and reducing glycosuria in test animals. However, they were unable to remove impurities, and toxic reactions prevented its use in humans with diabetes. In the spring of 1921, Frederick G. Banting, a young Ontario orthopedic surgeon, was given laboratory space by J.J.R. Macleod, the head of physiology at the University of Toronto, to investigate the function of the pancreatic islets. A student assistant, Charles Best, and an allotment of dogs were provided to test Banting’s hypothesis that ligation of the pancreatic ducts before extraction of the pancreas, destroys the enzyme-secreting parts, whereas the islets of Langerhans, which were believed to produce an internal secretion regulating sugar metabolism, remained intact. He believed that earlier failures were attributable to the destructive action of trypsin. The name “insuline” had been introduced in 1909 for this hypothetic substance. Their experiments produced an extract of pancreas that reduced the hyperglycemia and glycosuria in dogs made diabetic by the removal of their pancreases. They next developed a procedure for extraction from the entire pancreas without the need for duct ligation. This extract, now made from whole beef pancreas, was successful for treating humans with diabetes. Facilitating their success was a development in clinical chemistry that allowed blood sugar to be frequently and accurately determined in small volumes of blood. Success with purification was largely the work of J.B. Collip. Yield and standardization were improved by cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company. When the Nobel Prize was awarded to Banting and Macleod for the discovery of insulin, it aggravated the contentious relationship that had developed between them during the course of the investigation. Banting was outraged that Macleod and not Best had been selected, and he briefly threatened to refuse the award. He immediately announced that he was giving one-half of his share of the prize money to Best and publicly acknowledged Best’s contribution to the discovery of insulin. Macleod followed suit and gave one-half of his money award to Collip. Years later, the official history of the Nobel Committee admitted that Best should have been awarded a share of the prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2752447128295898, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Hailed as one of the most dramatic events in the history of the treatment of disease, the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921–1922 extended the life-span of diabetic patients and made Fred Banting an international celebrity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.479291915893555, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "From The Discovery of Insulin. ©1982 by Michael Bliss, The University of Chicago Press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178451538085938, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In 1905, Ernest Henry Starling (1866–1927) coined the term “hormone” (Greek: hormaein, to set in motion) to designate the chemical messengers of the body’s endocrine glands. As early as 1894, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey–Schäfer (1850–1935), who often stated that histology was in the service of physiology, suggested that on morphologic grounds the islet tissue might be responsible for the internal secretion by which the pancreas produced its effect on the blood sugar concentration. In 1913, in lectures at Stanford University, he suggested the name “insuline” for the still hypothetical substance in the islets ( 6 ). He later acknowledged that he was unaware that the term had been introduced by Jean de Meyer (1878–1934) in 1909 ( 7 ). “Insulin” (Latin: insula, island) was independently adopted by the Toronto workers in 1922.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748113632202148, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "F.R. Miller advised Banting to bring his idea to John James Rickard Macleod (1876–1935) (Fig. 2 ⇓ ), professor of physiology and department head at the University of Toronto and a leading authority on carbohydrate metabolism, who was in a position to provide Banting with research facilities to test his proposal. Macleod had come to Toronto in 1918 after 15 years as professor at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, and was president of the American Physiological Society during the year of discovery of insulin. In 1913 he had published Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology. Although he concluded that there was an internal secretion of the pancreas, he believed it might never be separated in a pancreatic extract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.029975414276123, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting, driven by conviction and passion, was eager for the work to advance more rapidly to testing humans with diabetes. He asked Macleod if J.B. Collip, a biochemist who was spending part of his sabbatical in the department of pathological chemistry, could join them. Collip had met Banting and learned about the insulin project shortly before Macleod left for Scotland. Macleod advised against expanding the team at this stage. He wanted Banting and Best to complete their independent research as originally planned. If the results continued to be satisfactory, Macleod would join them with his assistants ( 18 ). So they went back to their dogs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.718946695327759, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In their reading they recalled that Laguesse had found that in the pancreas of fetal and newborn animals, islet cells were more abundant in relation to the acini than in the adult animal. Because there was no need for digestion until after birth, it was likely that there was little or no active acinar tissue in the fetus and that external secretion was absent or weak. Therefore, the fetal pancreas might be a practical source of an extract rich in internal secretion but free from the destructive enzymes of pancreatic juice. Although their focus was to avoid getting trypsin into the extract, they were also eliminating, to a considerable degree, the proteins other than insulin that were the real offenders causing toxic reactions ( 20 )( 34 )( 35 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224146842956543, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Insulin Purified", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33576488494873, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "From The Discovery of Insulin. ©1982 by Michael Bliss, The University of Chicago Press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178451538085938, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In the winter of 1922, Banting considered every friend of Macleod’s as his own sworn enemy and a biased partisan in the great Macleod conspiracy. One day in the latter part of January, after the less than satisfactory first clinical test and annoyed by Banting’s attitude, Collip threatened to withdraw from all further cooperative experiments and start producing insulin independently. Collip told them he had solved the problem, was leaving the group, and intended to take out a patent in his own name on the purification of their pancreatic extract. He refused to tell them what the process was and added that Macleod had agreed that he should not tell them. This was a breach of an agreement between Collip, Banting, and Best to exchange all results. Banting, never short of righteous anger or noted for meekness or restraint when he felt wronged, exploded with clenched fists, and in a moment Collip was lying dazed on the floor of the laboratory ( 43 ). Fortunately, he was not seriously hurt. There are no contemporary reports of this encounter, no reference by Collip, and only two accounts ( 39 ), neither of which, according to Bliss, should be considered entirely reliable. One was by Banting in his unpublished 1940 memoir, the other by Best in a letter to Sir Henry Dale, dated February 22, 1954. They differ in details. There was another reference to what Collip said, written by Banting in 1922 and published in 1982 ( 36 ), without any mention of a fight or confrontation. Paranoia, distrust, suspicion, and rivalry were out in the open. For years the story of the fight made the rounds of the insulin gossip mill, becoming distorted with every retelling. A twisted version that had Banting attack Collip in the university halls appeared in Banting’s obituary in Time magazine of March 17, 1941.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7002687454223633, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In February, six more patients were treated, all with favorable results. A series of clinical studies followed that defined the biological effects of insulin and established guidelines for its clinical use. W.R. Campbell and A.A. Fletcher were the clinicians assigned to work out the many problems in utilizing this new therapy. A preliminary report was published in March under the title “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus”. The results of the clinical tests were described, with special emphasis on the first patient ( 27 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853653907775879, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Confident of its therapeutic value, the Toronto team made plans to manufacture insulin on a large scale, financed and administered by the Connaught Laboratories. Collip was to direct insulin production. Special equipment was installed in the basement of the medical building. Then disaster struck. To everyone’s dismay and surprise, Collip, working with more variables than he was aware of, lost the knack of making insulin. As is frequently the case on passing from small- to large-scale production, great difficulties were encountered, so much so that for >2 months it was impossible to obtain extracts with anything like the potency of those used on the diabetic patients. The yield became unsatisfactory, at first, not in large batches, then not by any method. It was a gradual breakdown beginning sometime in March. A frantic struggle ensued during April and May as everyone pitched in to regain the key to making insulin. Although later accounts disagree on who did what, it turned out to be more than ever a team effort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043763160705566, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The problem and the solution lay in the heating of the extract during evaporation of the alcohol. Variations in the pressure of the water being supplied to the crude vacuum pumps were causing significant variations in temperature and, hence, in evaporation time. Somehow the heat neutralized the active principle. They replaced the vacuum stills with the earlier warm air current method of evaporation used by Banting and Best at Macleod’s urging. By mid-May they had recovered the ability to make insulin. The modification involved using acetone with slight acidification. (Best several times claimed he was first to use acetone.) The pancreas–acetone mixture was filtered and then set in enamel-lined trays. An old exhaust fan supplied the wind. Heating coils above the trays heated the air as it passed over. After a 10-fold concentration, the temperature always below 35 °C, the rest of the process was Collip’s method with alcohol ( 17 )( 46 )( 47 )( 48 ). They later discovered that the pH was much more important for the solubility of the components than the temperature of the evaporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.545392632484436, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "By mid-May enough insulin was being produced to permit resumption of limited clinical testing. However, attempts to produce the hormone in large quantities continued to fail. The team realized that they needed help. Toronto accepted an offer of collaboration from Eli Lilly and Co., and an agreement was worked out. Best and Collip traveled to Indianapolis to tell the Lilly chemists all they knew about making insulin and helped with the first attempt. The process worked. His appointment in Toronto ended, Collip returned to his position as professor of biochemistry at the University of Alberta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928586959838867, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Eli Lilly began work on insulin early in June. Their preparations from pork pancreases were potent from the beginning, but they too found it very difficult to increase the yield or achieve full strength in every lot. By August 19, 1922, Eli Lilly started shipments to the newly opened diabetes clinic at Toronto General Hospital. The Connaught facility had its special new vacuum apparatus and was about to start production. However, insulin still remained in short supply to the end of the year. Neither product, from Lilly or Toronto, had been purified or standardized. Lilly’s lot-to-lot potency varied by 25%. Clinicians had to be on constant guard for the symptoms of hypoglycemia from too much insulin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878776550292969, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Canadian production remained difficult, erratic, and expensive throughout 1922. Even with the new vacuum equipment, Connaught Laboratories still could not make enough insulin to supply Banting and other clinicians in the city. The Americans also had problems, and there were complaints in the autumn of 1922 about the lack of potency and rapid deterioration. Part of the difficulty was that Toronto and Lilly were using different-size rabbits in their tests for potency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.449064254760742, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Attempts to prevent deterioration led Lilly’s chief chemist, George Walden, to the company’s great advance in insulin production and purification. He discovered that marked deterioration took place in the pH range 4.0–6.5. Whereas other sites producing insulin had, by luck or design, managed to avoid deterioration, Walden studied the process. He realized that the insulin solution was weakened by the gradual formation of a precipitate containing the active principle, thereby reducing the activity of the remaining solution. Insulin was being precipitated at the wrong pH. Walden also discovered that this precipitate was much purer and more potent than anything produced previously. Instead of avoiding the isoelectric point at which insulin precipitated, Walden now adjusted the solution to this pH to produce maximum precipitation. This yielded the best insulin yet, with a stability and purity from 10 to 100 times greater than any obtained before. The isoelectric precipitation method was developed between October and December 1922. The production problem solved, by February 1923 the company was building up large reserves of insulin. The one remaining problem was standardization. Consistency from batch to batch still varied by 10%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.041098594665527, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Problems and disagreements about patents and licenses were eventually straightened out. Toronto needed a licensing arrangement that would make use of Lilly’s resources for production without surrendering control of the extract. For a time there was concern about a possible challenge to a Lilly patent application for the isoelectric precipitation method from a team at Washington University in St. Louis that had made a similar discovery simultaneously and independently of Lilly. Phillip Shaffer and his associates Edward A. Doisy (1893–1986) and Michael Somogyi discovered the isoelectric precipitation method in the fall of 1922 and reported it in December 1922 ( 49 ). After meeting with representatives from Toronto, Shaffer agreed to oppose the Lilly patent application if this would help Toronto. Armed with this agreement, Toronto was able to get Lilly to accept a new nonexclusive licensing contract. In return, Toronto dropped its objection to “Iletin”, Lilly’s trade name modified from Banting and Best’s original term “Isletin”, so long as “Insulin, Lilly” was given equal prominence on the company label.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.462438583374023, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Who deserved the fame and tributes for the discovery of insulin? The press would have something to say about that by the way it covered the story. After the May 3 announcement, Banting, the country surgeon, and Best, the student, dissolved into the background and were replaced by Macleod and the clinicians. During the summer of 1922, the circumstances changed. Collip was gone, Best was working as director of Connaught’s insulin production to help pay for medical school, and Macleod was doing research at the Marine Biological Station in St. Andrew’s, New Brunswick, preparing extracts from islet tissue of a species of bony fishes (teleosts). These islet tissues are anatomically separate from the rest of the pancreatic tissue. It was a simple matter for Macleod to prepare extracts from the different tissue sources. Whereas the islet tissue was a potent source of insulin, none could be obtained from the pancreatic tissue proper. Thus, Macleod provided the first strong direct experimental evidence for the hypothesis that insulin is derived from the insular and not the acinar tissue of the pancreas ( 50 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4632081985473633, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting regained his self-confidence, but something new soon set him off again. There were more headlines, confrontations, and clashes in his ongoing war with Macleod. On September 6, the Toronto Star ran a story on the impact insulin was having overseas. It quoted a letter to The Times of London by Professor Sir William Bayliss of University College. Bayliss, codiscoverer with Starling of secretin, was one of Britain’s leading physiologists and a friend of Macleod. He complained that Macleod was not getting proper credit for the duct-ligation method of producing pancreatic extracts, and he dismissed Banting as one of the collaborators who had possibly helped in the clinical application. Best showed the article to Macleod, who denied having anything to do with the letter and told Best he did not want to get involved in a newspaper controversy by refuting it. Probably meaning to explain that every scientist had to learn to adapt to the attention and distortions in the press, Macleod said, “Banting will have to get used to it”. Hearing this second hand, it sounded like Macleod was saying that Banting had better get used to all the credit going to Macleod. It was not long before Banting was in Macleod’s office with the reporter who wrote the story, asking for a correction of Bayliss’s statements. Macleod’s response did not satisfy Banting or Best, nor did the follow-up story satisfy Macleod ( 17 )( 36 )( 51 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8371241092681885, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Macleod’s letters to Bayliss, Collip, and others during this period made passing references to “this fresh outbreak of Banting’s”, “an extremely uncomfortable position here”, and “unbelievable trouble” and show how unpleasant the situation had become ( 51 ). Macleod also complained that Banting wanted “full credit for all the work which has been done subsequent to this [duct-ligation] experiment. This I will of course not do since he has participated very little in the work, and not at all during the past six months” ( 52 ). The modus vivendi worked out that spring had completely broken down. The old suspicions, misunderstandings, and distrust had reappeared. The controversy between Banting and Macleod was well underway. The discovery of insulin was up for grabs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.577332496643066, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "At this point entered Colonel Albert Gooderham, prominent member of the Board of Governors, patron of the Connaught Laboratories, and chairman of the Insulin Committee. Anxious to end the growing dispute, he decided to intervene. In September 1922, he asked Banting, Best, and Macleod to prepare their own understandings of the discovery of insulin. Each was asked to outline Collip’s contribution. Gooderham did not write to Collip. He planned to compare the statements and then meet with them to clear up all misunderstandings and prepare one agreed-on history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.360783576965332, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In his private and public accounts of the discovery of insulin, Macleod was very careful to credit Banting with having initiated the work and having confirmed the hypothesis that the pancreas contained an internal secretion. Macleod wanted Collip to get full credit for the purification of the extract and therefore played an important part in the success with the first diabetic human. The work was ultimately a team effort “working under my direction, of which Dr. Banting was one”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.18125319480896, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Banting, on the other hand, insisted that he alone had the idea that led to the discovery of insulin and that Macleod had been critical and discouraging of his work at every turn. Banting had no memory of any of Macleod’s specific suggestions; what he did remember was that Macleod had not done a single experiment. According to Banting, Collip had joined the project only after the important advances had been made. He was willing to credit Macleod only with the investigation of insulin’s physiologic action, but he and Best had discovered insulin well before that study was begun. In an appendix to his 1922 account, Banting listed several more examples of Macleod showing “a lack of trust and co-operation” ( 36 ). This ungenerous, self-centered report reveals Banting’s insecure personality and his fear of becoming sidelined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.024496108293533325, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "There was no reconciliation of the conflicting accounts, then or later. The same events were being described from different perspectives, with different emphasis, and different memories of events. There was no meeting with Gooderham, and no comprehensive account of the discovery of insulin was ever prepared at Toronto. The documents were not made public, and no more statements were made to the press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31247615814209, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Late in November, the University of Toronto had an important visitor. Professor August Krogh (1874–1949) of the University of Copenhagen, the most recent winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1920 “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulatory mechanism” during exercise, had come to the US to deliver the Silliman Lecture at Yale. Everywhere he went he found American medical men talking about the insulin work at Toronto, so he decided to see for himself. He had a special interest in insulin because his wife suffered from diabetes mellitus. Macleod was delighted to welcome him and invited Krogh to be his house guest. Krogh was in the city November 23 and 24, observed the work, spent much of his time with Banting and Macleod, and gave a guest lecture on the capillaries. When he left, he had authorization from the University of Toronto to introduce insulin into Scandinavia. A nonprofit Nordisk Insulin Laboratory was in production by the end of 1923 ( 54 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.277287483215332, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Apparently Macleod privately changed his appraisal of the discovery when it appeared that a Nobel Prize was a possibility. Two months after his response to Gooderham, he told the visiting August Krogh that Banting and Best would have gone off on the wrong track without his advice and guidance ( 51 ). A copy of Macleod’s original assessment was found among his papers 13 years after his death, and a copy was sent to the president of the University of Western Ontario in 1949. For the next 30 years, the Macleod manuscript was circulated among a small group of scholars. It was long impossible to gain access to the responses to Gooderham locked away in storage at the University of Toronto where they lay buried for >50 years ( 55 ). Best had challenged the accuracy of Macleod’s 1922 account and advised the president of the University of Toronto to forbid publication of any of the documents with the invalid claim that they were the property of the university ( 56 ). Publication was suppressed by the university president to avoid reopening a controversy that he believed would do no one any good. However, the feeling by several eminent Canadian academic scientists was that Macleod had been roughly handled by history and the University of Toronto and deserved a chance to speak for himself. Although threatened with legal action if he searched for or quoted from Macleod’s report, Lloyd Stevenson, a biographer of Banting (1947), published the document in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine in 1978 after Best died that year ( 17 )( 55 ). Although there are no startling revelations, the details, nevertheless, differ markedly from the generally available versions. The 1922 account of the discovery of insulin by Banting, Best, and a list of contributions by Collip was published in the same journal in 1982 ( 36 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.281540870666504, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Scathing criticism of Banting and Best’s work as reported in their first two publications in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine came in a letter to the British Medical Journal in December 1922 from Dr. Ff. Roberts, a physiology researcher in Cambridge, England. The writer declared that because the proteolytic enzyme exists in the pancreas in an inactive form—trypsinogen—that is activated by enterokinase secreted by the small intestine, there was no physiologic basis for the duct-ligation experiment. Although trypsinogen is also activated when a pancreas is cut out and begins to deteriorate, this happens only slowly and can easily be prevented by chilling. “The production of insulin originated in a wrongly conceived, wrongly conducted, and wrongly interpreted series of experiments. Through gross misreading of these experiments … apparently beneficial results have been obtained in certain cases of human diabetes…. The experiments of Banting and Best show conclusively that trypsin qua ferment has nothing whatever to do with it” ( 57 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.19213859736919403, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Roberts was immediately rebuked for the harsh tone of his letter by Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968), a leading figure in British research, who shared the Nobel Prize with Otto Loewi (1873–1961) in 1936 for discoveries relating to the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Dale had visited Toronto in September 1922 and been favorably impressed by Best’s work on insulin production and by his potential as a scientist. Dale called the review “armchair criticism” that leads only to verbal controversy. Perhaps “the enthusiasm, which carried them further, was fired by an imperfect interpretation of their earlier results…. Nobody can deny that a discovery of first-rate importance has been made, and, if it proves to have resulted from a stumble into the right road, where it crossed the course laid down by a faulty conception, surely the case is not unique in the history of science…. it is a poor thing to attempt belittlement of a great achievement by scornful exposure of errors in its inception” ( 58 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.487869262695312, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Ever more suspicious of a Macleod conspiracy to deprive him of his well-deserved credit and recognition, Banting stayed in close touch with friends and well-wishers who were trying to advance his interests. Many of his friends thought that recognition should entail something more tangible than applause, luncheons, and memberships in exclusive clubs. There were discussions in the House of Commons in Ottawa and the provincial legislature of Ontario in Toronto about financial support to Banting and Best for their research. As the prospect of national honors for Banting developed, there was a rush of activity by his politically connected friends to provide a government grant. Letters were written to the leading American clinicians and others, including Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948), US Secretary of State at the time and later reappointed to the US Supreme Court as Chief Justice, whose daughter Elizabeth had been treated by Banting, soliciting testimonials on behalf of an honor for Banting and insulin. Best was all but completely ignored. The university people did not consider him a codiscoverer. To them he was a student assistant. Banting often gave Best a great deal of credit and told the Premier of Ontario that he and Best had worked together from the beginning and that his and Best’s names should be linked. However, at no time did he credit Best with specific ideas or proposals that advanced the research. The testimonials had their effect. Early in May 1923, the Ontario government announced the Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, a nonteaching professorship for Banting. An annual grant of $10000 would pay his salary, support his research, and fund Best in his research. A special appropriation of $10000 would reimburse the discoverers for the discovery period. Banting gave Best $2500. On June 27, 1923, the Canadian House of Commons granted Banting a lifetime annuity of $7500. They had no way of knowing that of the four principals of the insulin team, only Banting would fail to make new discoveries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0103354454040527, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "When archives of the Nobel Committee in Stockholm were opened to historians for study of the 1923 awards, the documents revealed the process and roadblocks in the pathway leading to the prize in physiology or medicine ( 53 )( 59 ). Early in 1922, the Caroline Institute’s Nobel Committee sent out its annual requests for nominations of individuals worthy of receiving a prize for the discovery in physiology or medicine that, in that year, had, according to the will of Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), “conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” ( 53 )( 59 ). After discarding the self-nominations, publicity seekers, the frivolous, and the irrelevant, there remained a total of 57 nominations with merit. The prize could be awarded to more than one, but no more than three. Banting was nominated, so was Macleod. There was also a joint nomination of Banting and Macleod. It came from August Krogh, who had visited Toronto in November 1922 and heard the inside story from Macleod about the guidance he had provided to Banting and Best. Krogh nominated the pair for the discovery of insulin and their exploration of its clinical and physiologic characteristics. “According to the information I personally obtained in Toronto, … credit for the idea for the work that led to the discovery unquestionably goes to Dr. Banting. He is a young and apparently very talented man. But he would surely never have been able to carry out the experiments on his own, which from the beginning and at all stages were directed by Professor Macleod. The other authors should be considered as Macleod’s and Banting’s collaborators, but there is reason for specially mentioning the chemist J.B. Collip. He has made a very important contribution in the method of producing insulin…. But I do not think that is sufficient ground for the award of a prize”. Krogh concluded that Macleod’s part in the work merited the award. The Nobel Committee got the message.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6148152351379395, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In April 1923, the list was reduced to nine, counting Macleod and Banting as one. Nobel nominations are subjected to reviews. These appraisals are detailed, expert studies of the work of the nominees. Those assigned to the committees read the publications, observed the results of clinical tests, and met with specialists who were using insulin. On the basis of past experience, 1 year was almost always too soon to evaluate the true importance of a fundamental medical discovery. In their lengthy report the examiners concluded that the discovery of insulin was of fundamental importance, worthy of a Nobel Prize, and, although one of the reviewers found it difficult to judge Macleod’s contribution, they agreed that Banting and Macleod should share the Nobel Prize. The recommendations had to go to the Nobel Assembly, which consisted of the faculty members of the Caroline Institute, for final approval. At its October 11 meeting, there was a challenge to the joint recommendation and it was sent back to the committee for reconsideration. The objection was to making an award on hearsay evidence from unknown persons or on statements in the two appraisals, like “it is beyond doubt”, or on things that are thought of as “very possible”. The Assembly should adhere only to verifiable facts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.854592323303223, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "The committee reconsidered and reaffirmed its recommendation. In a formal letter to the Assembly, it identified August Krogh as the source of the “hearsay” evidence and emphasized that he had made the joint recommendation based on his visit to Toronto. The committee concluded that it was Banting’s idea alone, but “it was Macleod’s guiding hand that helped Banting’s idea reach such a happy culmination ….” On October 25, the 19 professors of the Caroline Institute voted by secret ballot to award the 1923 prize to Banting and Macleod “for the discovery of insulin”. For once, as stipulated in Nobel’s will, the award was given for a benefit rendered “during the preceding year”. The citation made no mention of insulin’s clinical or physiologic characteristics as noted in Krogh’s nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9914989471435547, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "A 1973 British film, “Comets Among the Stars”, later released as a three-part TV series, starred Sir Ralph Richardson in the role of Professor Macleod. His portrayal, as described by Stevenson ( 55 ), was dark, unappealing, and repellent. All the villainous elements of conflict and drama were exploited. In 1988, a Canadian TV miniseries from Gemstone Productions, based on The Discovery of Insulin, made it to the small screen as “Glory Enough for All”. It was seen in the US on “Masterpiece Theater” of the Public Broadcasting System in 1989 and 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201994895935059, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "After Insulin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352550506591797, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "During the years after insulin, Banting was coauthor on publications dealing with a wide variety of subjects, but he did no work with insulin ( 63 ). It was indicative of his limitations as an original researcher that all the other members of the team except Banting went on to do other significant work. He tried to duplicate the insulin experience—a great idea, an ingenious approach, and then the solution. In his many talks on medical research, he always stressed the ideas, not the training. Throughout his life, the press and public expected him to repeat the triumph of insulin and were always asking what he would do next.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0120880603790283, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "When war broke out in 1939, Banting served as coordinating chairman of Canada’s wartime medical research focusing on aviation medicine, especially the physiologic effects of the high speeds, high altitudes, and rapid descents expected to be encountered in combat aerial maneuvers. While in London in the winter of 1939–1940, consulting with his British counterparts, he spent his free time writing a long account of the discovery of insulin, which was deposited among the unpublished Banting Papers in the archives of the University of Toronto. Bliss describes the account as rambling and unpolished, never verified for accuracy—more a documentary source than a history. The 1940 manuscript was frequently cited in his history of the discovery of insulin. Bliss rejects the conventional history that minimizes Macleod’s role in the discovery of insulin and reveals the importance of his contributions leading to the successful first use of insulin on human diabetics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.46891450881958, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "To his colleagues of the insulin era, Banting was determined, willful, and frequently difficult. To others, he was “a disappointed and disillusioned man, … an unsociable creature…. Not a great scientist, as scientifically trained people appreciate the word, he was primarily … a symbol of medical research”. Understood by too few, Banting was a man of many talents, moods, and interests. Immortalized long before his death, he was “a man possessed of the finest degree of humility….” ( 66 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.644963264465332, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "With Norman B. Taylor, Best coauthored a widely used textbook, The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice (1937), (10th edition, 1979). The 11th (1985) and 12th (1991) editions were edited by John B. West. Best wrote and often reminisced about his role in the discovery of insulin. However, his memory was too selective to make the accounts entirely reliable ( 68 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.842411518096924, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Best’s version began to lose credibility with the surfacing of new documentary evidence of the vital contributions of Collip and Macleod. As already noted, Best challenged the accuracy of Macleod’s 1922 account and urged the university president to forbid its publication. Collip refused to offer his own written comments or to get involved in the web of misleading claims, distortions, manipulation of the historical record, omissions, and inaccuracies being put out by Best. He was satisfied to let history have the final say. Best’s rewrite of history was challenged in 1954 by a major critical evaluation of the insulin work. Joseph H. Pratt, a Boston physician, credited Collip with providing the first insulin to be used successfully in the treatment of diabetes. He concluded that all four members of the team deserved recognition ( 69 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.916008472442627, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Best was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1938 and, in the later years of his life, was awarded many honors by grateful diabetes associations, medical societies, and universities. He received the DSc in 1928 for postgraduate work in London with H.H. Dale. In 1950, Dale nominated Best for a Nobel Prize for his later research on choline and for his general achievements, including the work with insulin. Despite repeated nominations by Dale and others ( 56 ), Best was not awarded a Nobel Prize. However, he did have the satisfaction of knowing that the 1972 official history of the Nobel Prize acknowledged that a mistake had been made in 1923. “Although it would have been right to include Best among the prize-winners, this was not formally possible, since no one had nominated him—a circumstance which probably gave the Committee a wrong impression of the importance of Best’s share in the discovery” ( 70 ). The history noted that “The work was also facilitated by the previous introduction of convenient methods for determining the sugar content of the blood”. Years earlier, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, Best said: “We had many advantages over our predecessors, but I think the greatest single advantage undoubtedly was the method of doing blood-sugars quickly and accurately … on very small amounts of blood” ( 71 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.476912498474121, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In 1981, Rolf Luft, a former chairman of the Nobel selection committee for the physiology or medicine award, told the NIH that in his view, the 1923 award to Banting and Macleod was the worst error of commission ( 72 ). It was a message Luft had delivered before. At a 1972 anniversary symposium on insulin, he dismissed Macleod as a manager and promoter who “put Collip and the Lilly Company into business” ( 61 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.857795238494873, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In his obituary tribute to Banting, Collip wrote: “The part which I was able to contribute subsequently to the work of the team was only that which any well-trained biochemist could be expected to contribute, and was indeed very trivial by comparison with Banting’s contribution” ( 67 ). Collip was very reluctant to talk about the discovery of insulin. Very little of his unpublished material, including his laboratory notebooks, has been found. He did write a short history of the discovery of insulin, which he read at a medical meeting ( 76 ). He always maintained that the truth about the discovery of insulin was in the publications of those years and might emerge after they were all dead ( 56 ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.38511848449707, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "Insulin kept type I diabetic patients alive so that complications that occur later in life (cardiovascular, renal, blindness) were then better understood and appreciated. There was an unexpected by-product to the discovery of insulin. Diabetic individuals lived longer and passed the hereditary component of this disease to their children, which has brought about a steady increase in the number of diabetic sufferers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2593994140625, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" }, { "answer": "Insulin", "passage": "In 1926, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) of Johns Hopkins University prepared the first crystalline insulin. In the mid-1950s the molecular structure of insulin was determined by Frederick Sanger (1918–1982), for which he received a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1958. He received a second Nobel Prize in 1980 for determining base sequences of nucleic acids. With genetic engineering it is now possible not only to make insulin in unlimited quantities, but to make human insulin rather than use the slightly different insulin of other species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800947189331055, "source": "search", "title": "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy - Clinical Chemistry" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "La Dolce Vita (; Italian for \"the sweet life\" or \"the good life\") is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini, a journalist writing for gossip magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the \"sweet life\" of Rome in a fruitless search for love and happiness. La Dolce Vita won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes, and remains one of the most critically acclaimed films of all time.", "precise_score": 10.832297325134277, "rough_score": 9.856422424316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Critic Robert Richardson suggests that the originality of La dolce vita lies in a new form of film narrative that mines \"an aesthetic of disparity.\" Abandoning traditional plot and conventional \"character development,\" Fellini and co-screenwriters Ennio Flaiano and Tullio Pinelli, forged a cinematic narrative that rejected continuity, unnecessary explanations, and narrative logic in favour of seven non-linear encounters between Marcello, a kind of Dantesque Pilgrim, and an underworld of 120 different characters. These encounters build up a cumulative impression on the viewer that finds resolution in an \"overpowering sense of the disparity between what life has been or could be, and what it actually is.\" ", "precise_score": 6.118495941162109, "rough_score": 6.7424235343933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "In Filmcritica XI, Italian poet and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini argued that \"La dolce vita was too important to be discussed as one would normally discuss a film. Though not as great as Chaplin, Eisenstein or Mizoguchi, Fellini is unquestionably an author rather than a director. The film is therefore his and his alone... The camera moves and fixes the image in such a way as to create a sort of diaphragm around each object, thus making the object’s relationship to the world appear as irrational and magical. As each new episode begins, the camera is already in motion using complicated movements. Frequently, however, these sinuous movements are brutally punctuated by a very simple documentary shot, like a quotation written in everyday language\". ", "precise_score": 7.719692230224609, "rough_score": 7.410842418670654, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Film critic Roger Ebert considered La Dolce Vita as Fellini’s best film, as well as his favorite film of all time besides Citizen Kane (1941), and listed it consistently in his top ten films for the Sight & Sound Greatest Films poll every ten years. Ebert's first review for the film, written on October 4, 1961, was the first film review he wrote, before he started his career as a film critic in 1967. The film was also a personal touchstone for Ebert, in how his perspective of the movie and his life changes as time passes by, giving this summation in his 1997 Great Movie review:", "precise_score": 5.661208629608154, "rough_score": 7.359832286834717, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "\"Movies do not change, but their viewers do. When I saw 'La Dolce Vita' in 1960, I was an adolescent for whom 'the sweet life' represented everything I dreamed of: sin, exotic European glamour, the weary romance of the cynical newspaperman. When I saw it again, around 1970, I was living in a version of Marcello's world; Chicago's North Avenue was not the Via Veneto, but at 3 a.m. the denizens were just as colorful, and I was about Marcello's age. When I saw the movie around 1980, Marcello was the same age, but I was 10 years older, had stopped drinking, and saw him not as a role model but as a victim, condemned to an endless search for happiness that could never be found, not that way. By 1991, when I analyzed the film a frame at a time at the University of Colorado, Marcello seemed younger still, and while I had once admired and then criticized him, now I pitied and loved him. And when I saw the movie right after Mastroianni died, I thought that Fellini and Marcello had taken a moment of discovery and made it immortal.\" ", "precise_score": 2.2026870250701904, "rough_score": 5.249859809875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd", "precise_score": 10.571215629577637, "rough_score": 9.857921600341797, "source": "search", "title": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Truthful, audacious, bold, boring in stretches, and passionately sweeping: Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita is a film that I admire greatly, but I never truly found a direct connection to it in relation to my own personal experiences. I was very indifferent to much of the film in the second half, only to have spurts of majestic beauty and honesty awake me from my slowly-fading attention. The ending is absolutely perfect however, and just like Don't Look Now, It's a conclusion that raised my thoughts of the film as a whole. I don't think it comes close to the masterful beauty of 8 1/2, but I can clearly understand why it is as revered as it is. Marcello Mastroianni stuns…", "precise_score": 7.086016654968262, "rough_score": 5.751008987426758, "source": "search", "title": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini | South China Morning Post", "precise_score": 9.848273277282715, "rough_score": 9.812153816223145, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini", "precise_score": 10.15221881866455, "rough_score": 10.082390785217285, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini", "precise_score": 10.15221881866455, "rough_score": 10.082390785217285, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The movie is made with boundless energy. Fellini stood here at the dividing point between the neorealism of his earlier films (like \" La Strada \") and the carnival visuals of his extravagant later ones (\" Juliet of the Spirits ,\" \" Amarcord \"). His autobiographical \" 8 1/2 ,\" made three years after \"La Dolce Vita,\" is a companion-piece, but more knowing: There the hero is already a filmmaker, but here he is a young newspaperman on the make.", "precise_score": 4.331210613250732, "rough_score": 5.298272609710693, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita Movie Review & Film Summary (1960 ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "LA DOLCE VITA, scenario by Federico Fellini, Tullio Pinelli. Ennio Flaiano and Brunello Rondi; directed by Signor Fellini; produced by Giuseppe Amato; presented here by Astor Films. At Henry Miller's Theatre, Forty-third Street east of Broadway. Running time: 175 minutes.", "precise_score": 10.184978485107422, "rough_score": 9.230496406555176, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini", "precise_score": 9.564517974853516, "rough_score": 8.50747013092041, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Critics have often commented on the extravagant costumes used throughout Fellini's films. In various interviews, Fellini claimed that the film's initial inspiration was the fashionable ladies' sack dress because of what the dress could hide beneath it. Brunello Rondi, Fellini's co-screenwriter and long-time collaborator, confirmed this view explaining that \"the fashion of women's sack dresses which possessed that sense of luxurious butterflying out around a body that might be physically beautiful but not morally so; these sack dresses struck Fellini because they rendered a woman very gorgeous who could, instead, be a skeleton of squalor and solitude inside.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709716796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Most of the film was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. Set designer Piero Gherardi created over eighty locations, including the Via Veneto, the dome of Saint Peter's with the staircase leading up to it, and various nightclubs. However, other sequences were shot on location such as the party at the aristocrats' castle filmed in the real Bassano di Sutri palace north of Rome. (Some of the servants, waiters, and guests were played by real aristocrats.) Fellini combined constructed sets with location shots, depending on script requirements—a real location often \"gave birth to the modified scene and, consequently, the newly constructed set.\" The film's famous last scenes where the monster fish is pulled out of the sea and Marcello waves goodbye to Paola (the teenage \"Umbrian angel\") were shot on location at Passo Oscuro, a small resort town situated on the Italian coast 30 kilometers from Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56791877746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Fellini scrapped a major sequence that would have involved the relationship of Marcello with Dolores, an older writer living in a tower, to be played by 1930s Academy Award-winning actress Luise Rainer. If the director’s dealings with Rainer \"who used to involve Fellini in futile discussion\" were problematic, biographer Kezich argues that while rewriting the screenplay, the Dolores character grew \"hyperbolic\" and Fellini decided to jettison \"the entire story line.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18589973449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The famous scene in the Trevi Fountain was shot over a week in winter: in March according to the BBC, in late January according to Anita Ekberg. Fellini claimed that Ekberg stood in the cold water in her dress for hours without any trouble while Mastroianni had to wear a wetsuit beneath his clothes - to no avail. It was only after the actor \"polished off a bottle of vodka\" and \"was completely pissed\" that Fellini could shoot the scene. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813468933105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The character of Paparazzo, the news photographer (Walter Santesso), was inspired by photojournalist Tazio Secchiaroli and is the origin of the word paparazzi used in many languages to describe intrusive photographers. As to the origin of the character's name itself, Fellini scholar Peter Bondanella argues that although \"it is indeed an Italian family name, the word is probably a corruption of the word papataceo, a large and bothersome mosquito. Ennio Flaiano, the film's co-screenwriter and creator of Paparazzo, reports that he took the name from a character in a novel by George Gissing.\" Gissing's character, Signor Paparazzo, is found in his travel book, By the Ionian Sea (1901).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540285110473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "In a device used earlier in his films, Fellini orders the disparate succession of sequences as movements from evening to dawn. Also employed as an ordering device is the image of a downward spiral that Marcello sets in motion when descending the first of several staircases (including ladders) that open and close each major episode. The upshot is that the film's aesthetic form, rather than its content, embodies the overall theme of Rome as a moral wasteland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067621231079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Writing for L'Espresso, Italian novelist Alberto Moravia highlighted the film's variations in tone: \"Highly expressive throughout, Fellini seems to change the tone according to the subject matter of each episode, ranging from expressionist caricature to pure neo-realism. In general, the tendency to caricature is greater the more severe the film's moral judgement although this is never totally contemptuous, there being always a touch of complacence and participation, as in the final orgy scene or the episode at the aristocrats' castle outside Rome, the latter being particularly effective for its descriptive acuteness and narrative rhythm.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849836349487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther praised Fellini’s “brilliantly graphic estimation of a whole swath of society in sad decay and, eventually, a withering commentary on the tragedy of the over-civilized… Fellini is nothing if not fertile, fierce and urbane in calculating the social scene around him and packing it onto the screen. He has an uncanny eye for finding the offbeat and grotesque incident, the gross and bizarre occurrence that exposes a glaring irony. He has, too, a splendid sense of balance and a deliciously sardonic wit that not only guided his cameras but also affected the writing of the script. In sum, it is an awesome picture, licentious in content but moral and vastly sophisticated in its attitude and what it says\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75394344329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Tributes to Fellini in the \"Director's Cut\" of Cinema Paradiso (1988) include a helicopter suspending a statue of Christ over the city and scenes in which the Trevi Fountain is used as a backdrop while Toto, the main character, grows up to be a famous film director.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451095581054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "La Dolce Vita" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Federico Fellini considered Burt Lancaster for the role of Marcello Rubini. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028125762939453, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Although the film seems to be making a negative statement about self-indulgence that leads to self-loathing, Fellini also gives the viewer plenty of room to act as interpreter, and he cleverly plays one theme against its antithesis throughout the film. (The suffocation of monogamy vs. the meaninglessness of promiscuity and sincere religious belief vs. manipulative hypocrisy are but two of the most obvious juxtapositions.) But Fellini's most remarkable effect here is his ability to keep us interested in the largely unsympathetic characters LA DOLCE VITA presents: a few are naive to the point of stupidity; most are vapid; the majority (including the leads) are unspeakably shallow--and yet they still hold our interest over the course of this three hour film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.413151979446411, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The cast is superior, with Marcello Mastroianni's personal charm particularly powerful. As usual with Fellini, there is a lot to look at on the screen: although he hasn't dropped into the wild surrealism for which he was sometimes known, there are quite a few surrealistic flourishes and visual ironies aplenty--the latter most often supplied by the hordes of photographers that scuttle after the leading characters much like cockroaches in search of crumbs. For many years available to the home market in pan-and-scan only, the film is now in a letterbox release that makes it all the more effective. Strongly recommended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76169204711914, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "After adoring Nights of Cabiria, and loving 8 ½ , it seemed like the appropriate time to take another dip into Fellini’s pool with a film that many consider their favourite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352152824401855, "source": "search", "title": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Seen this a few times now. I used to struggle with it but I'm starting to get into the flow of Fellini's style. It's frustrating because while I love individual parts his films, as a collective whole I just struggle with length of them. When I put this on last night I actually forgot that it was nearly 3 hours long but it was mostly a pleasure to sit through this time. While the length was still an issue, the indivual episode's all entertained and Marcello's arc resonated stronger than it ever did before. Put simply, I have been this character far too many times and it's likely I'll resemble him again.......", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277854919433594, "source": "search", "title": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "At times enthralling, at others depressing; there is a stinging, confessional truthfullness to the way Fellini captures Marcello's aimless ambition and that's what makes La Dolce Vita such a masterpiece.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6081327199935913, "source": "search", "title": "‎La Dolce Vita (1960) directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "This doesn't happen very often, but I must say, I'm rather baffled. I'm not sure how I truly feel about this movie. I don't know if I truly get it. I'm a smart guy, and I'd like to think I can 'get' artsy European cinema, but I am simultaneously aware of why this is called a classic but also baffled as to why it is so adored. The film tells the story of a tabloid photographer in Rome in the 50s who discovers that the high society world isn't all that it seems, that trying to find a balance betwween the relics of the past and the ever-growing ways of the modern world is complicated, and that it can be quite a challenge to discover who one really is amidst all of this. That's pretty much it. That's the plot in it's most simplified way. It doesn't take long to really get all of this, but the film is just under three hours. I really don't think it needed to be. However,the film is wall to wall with style and cinematic craft. The film has a neat structure (it takes place over the course of about a weeks worth of days and nights, though not consecutively), and there's all kinds of religious imagery and symbolism-allowing the viewer to either just read into it like there's no tomorrow, or just take it at face value. Normally I'm cool with this sort of thing, but again, the movie is just about 3 hours...and kinda slow at times. The film could have had far more substance, especially given the theme and premise, but the slice of life stuff it quite nice too. It just all happens to ramble far too often. Maybe I'm being too hard on this though. Maybe I should have been really exhauted and had my mind on other things when I sat down to watch it. Or maybe (and I'm probably in the minority here) Fellini was more full of crap than people might like to admit. I loved 8 1/2 , but I was in a different mood and mindset when I saw that. I do love the music and cinematography though. There's some really gorgeous (and sometiems surreal) images, and some sequences are just fantastic, but it's all just kinda hard to endure in one setting. Ther performances aren't bad, but it seems like Fellini was more interested in just letting everything just run wild instead of having a far tighter hold on things. Maybe the issues Im haivng with this can be attributed to the fact that, as a bunch of critics and scholars have said, this was a transitional film for Fellini between his neo-realistic stuff, and his whimsical art film. It has elements of both, and they are done well, but maybe they just don't blend all that wonderfully. I'm rambling, much lke the movie. I didn't hate it, but I found it very hard to endure. Is it a really good movie? Yeah. Is it really all that influential? Sure. Does it deserve all the accolades and respect it gets? To an extent. You should see this, just to say you finally saw it, because it is worth it. As a cohesive masterpiece though, I didn't find it to be that exactly. 4 stars for the film overall, and an extra half star just for the style and technique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666738510131836, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita (1960) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Director: Federico Fellini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869084358215332, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Conflict often leads to great art, and after the end of the second world war, Italian filmmakers became obsessed with depicting poverty and depression in what they deemed \"neo-realism\". Federico Fellini was one, but all that changed when the director offered up his three-hour epic on pure hedonistic pleasure: La Dolce Vita.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5910661220550537, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Through haughty intellectuals, wild Hollywood starlets and sex-obsessed aristocrats, Fellini is saying something about this \"sweet\" way of life, but what exactly? More than 50 years after it put Italy on the international film map, La Dolce Vita is still being debated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5126125812530518, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Is it a depiction of Fellini's own self-indulgent lifestyle? A balanced look at sin and salvation? A Christian nightmare of what's wrong with society? Or a parody of celebrity culture and post-war excess?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391637802124023, "source": "search", "title": "Rewind Film: 'La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "I have heard theories that Federico Fellini's \"La Dolce Vita\" catalogs the seven deadly sins, takes place on the seven hills of Rome, and involves seven nights and seven dawns, but I have never looked into them, because that would reduce the movie to a crossword puzzle. I prefer it as an allegory, a cautionary tale of a man without a center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.8413615226745605, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita Movie Review & Film Summary (1960 ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Fellini shot the movie in 1959 on the Via Veneto, the Roman street of nightclubs, sidewalk cafes and the parade of the night. His hero is a gossip columnist, Marcello, who chronicles \"the sweet life\" of fading aristocrats, second-rate movie stars, aging playboys and women of commerce. The role was played by Marcello Mastroianni , and now that his life has ended we can see that it was his most representative. The two Marcellos -- character and actor -- flowed together into a handsome, weary, desperate man, who dreams of someday doing something good, but is trapped in a life of empty nights and lonely dawns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.919116020202637, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita Movie Review & Film Summary (1960 ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "When I saw the movie around 1980, Marcello was the same age, but I was 10 years older, had stopped drinking, and saw him not as a role model but as a victim, condemned to an endless search for happiness that could never be found, not that way. By 1991, when I analyzed the film a frame at a time at the University of Colorado, Marcello seemed younger still, and while I had once admired and then criticized him, now I pitied and loved him. And when I saw the movie right after Mastroianni died, I thought that Fellini and Marcello had taken a moment of discovery and made it immortal. There may be no such thing as the sweet life. But it is necessary to find that out for yourself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700945854187012, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita Movie Review & Film Summary (1960 ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "Federico Fellini considered Enrico Maria Salerno for the role of Steiner. See more  »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237139701843262, "source": "search", "title": "Federico Fellini's 1960 film \"La Dolce Vita.\" - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946703910827637, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211502075195312, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Federico Fellini", "passage": "FEDERICO FELLINI'S \"La Dolce Vita\" (\"The Sweet Life\"), which has been a tremendous hit abroad since its initial presentation in Rome early last year, finally got to its American premiŌre at Henry Miller's Theatre last night and proved to deserve all the hurrahs and the impressive honors it has received.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.856487274169922, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The critic is faced with a dilemma in attempting to assess and convey all the weird observations and intimations that abound in this titanic film. For Signor Fellini is nothing if not fertile, fierce and urbane in calculating the social scene around him and packing it onto the screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045305252075195, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "This is Signor Fellini's comment, not put into words, of course, but fully illuminated in his accumulation of startling episodes. It is clear in the crazy experience of his questing newspaper man (played brilliantly by Marcello Mastroianni) with a visiting Hollywood movie star (enacted by Anita Ekberg with surprising personality and punch.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882673263549805, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Possibly Signor Fellini has rambled a bit in his film. Possibly he has strained logic and exaggerated somewhat here and there. (He has a character say \"The public demands exaggeration,\" which does support the theme.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052881240844727, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Fellini Film Lives Up to Foreign Hurrahs ..." }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "October 27th, 2009 1:52 amRating: AN WISTFUL AND WISE ITALIAN CAPRICE IN CANDOUR Fellini chooses sixties Rome to deliver an incisively hedonistic satire on modern contemporary european culture where degeneracy is fashionable and egomania out rules morality ,it becomes even more powerful as art and A SOCIAL statement when applied to the capital city of a religion that has itself become mostly a caprice , as the opening shot demonstrates in a mockery with two helicopters conveying a plaster statue of christ, being transported over the eclectic mix of ancient and ugly modern architectural design of Rome itself while semi -naked women sunbath on top of skyscrapers . The main prodigal protagonist involved in this exorcism to retrieve some sense is marcello ,a journalist who leads a vacuous superficial life covering the modern day news coverage as a gossip columnist and converging the freak circus that news media has become itself . He is belligerently intelligent and realises his redundant role in this lunatic milieu but as the rest of humanity he goes with the flow and the movie encompasses seven days in his frantic but uneventful life which is packed with events and disasters that will be ignored by him for the trivia that he exaggerates to sell his news media and that also echoes the indifference of humanity in general to anything of crucial importance while superficial instant trivia are celebrated in a gala cause . The women in his life are almost marionettes to him as they serve the purpose of a convenience as sexual objects ,ranging from his frustrated mistress who attempts suicide in a desperate gesture to his indifference and the rather sybaritic socialite heiress he attaches himself to played by Anouk aimee ,who takes him on his wild adventures in her posh sports car . The main event is his coverage of the arrival of a celebrity american actress visiting Roma played by Anita Ekberg who is the object of his desire and fascination like a sex toy while he interviews her and they mutually abuse and lusciously exploit each other in a degenerate manner , ultimately ending tragically in an icon of frustrated romance in the lush Trevi fountain . The epic satire is set in spectacular nightclubs ,with gala revues and musical cabarets and aristocratic italian castles where the superficial rich parade in their extravaganza in degenerate profligacy indulging every selfish whim. But it balances the act with showing the realistic squalor in inner Rome and the exploitation of the vulnerable who survive in despair on the fringes of this extroverted existence . Marcello is chasing a quest for happiness and love which is impossible to achieve even in an impossible dream like the symbolic sequence portrayed between him and Ekberg in the Trevi fountain which is the epitome of romantic travesty . Yet the final orgy in a beach house following the sensually intricate yet intellectually provoking ARISTOCRATIC party in a suburban Roman castle shows the reality of a degenerate culture in the most profound cynicism to be ever witnessed in cinema . The recurrent enchanting musical encores and the Balenciaga wardrobe just goes to provide the metaphorical sallow glamour and beauty which the pallid human spirit has lost in the centre of the great european civilisation and the absolute doom is demonstrated in a horrific sub-plot which covers the tragic, yet perfect life of a rich intellectual played by alan cluny ,who serves fellini as a metaphor for the ultimate fate of a festering and decaying civilisation . The events are abjure and alternately definitive which are open to vicarious interpretations with mastrioanni delivering an inexhaustibly fascinating act where he is virtually the centre piece in every sequence, though both anouk aimee and anita ekberg lack neither dazzling beauty or emotionally charged exchanges which leave the beholder stunned by their tantalising talent . This is livid ,angry ,elegiac wistful art which is intensely provoking and yet historically relevant laden with icons like the religious images mingled with sexual orgies and it is a testament to the travesty of modern existence that history will judge in its own time .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025501251220703, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini | Film review" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "October 27th, 2009 1:52 amRating: AN WISTFUL AND WISE ITALIAN CAPRICE IN CANDOUR Fellini chooses sixties Rome to deliver an incisively hedonistic satire on modern contemporary european culture where degeneracy is fashionable and egomania out rules morality ,it becomes even more powerful as art and A SOCIAL statement when applied to the capital city of a religion that has itself become mostly a caprice , as the opening shot demonstrates in a mockery with two helicopters conveying a plaster statue of christ, being transported over the eclectic mix of ancient and ugly modern architectural design of Rome itself while semi -naked women sunbath on top of skyscrapers . The main prodigal protagonist involved in this exorcism to retrieve some sense is marcello ,a journalist who leads a vacuous superficial life covering the modern day news coverage as a gossip columnist and converging the freak circus that news media has become itself . He is belligerently intelligent and realises his redundant role in this lunatic milieu but as the rest of humanity he goes with the flow and the movie encompasses seven days in his frantic but uneventful life which is packed with events and disasters that will be ignored by him for the trivia that he exaggerates to sell his news media and that also echoes the indifference of humanity in general to anything of crucial importance while superficial instant trivia are celebrated in a gala cause . The women in his life are almost marionettes to him as they serve the purpose of a convenience as sexual objects ,ranging from his frustrated mistress who attempts suicide in a desperate gesture to his indifference and the rather sybaritic socialite heiress he attaches himself to played by Anouk aimee ,who takes him on his wild adventures in her posh sports car . The main event is his coverage of the arrival of a celebrity american actress visiting Roma played by Anita Ekberg who is the object of his desire and fascination like a sex toy while he interviews her and they mutually abuse and lusciously exploit each other in a degenerate manner , ultimately ending tragically in an icon of frustrated romance in the lush Trevi fountain . The epic satire is set in spectacular nightclubs ,with gala revues and musical cabarets and aristocratic italian castles where the superficial rich parade in their extravaganza in degenerate profligacy indulging every selfish whim. But it balances the act with showing the realistic squalor in inner Rome and the exploitation of the vulnerable who survive in despair on the fringes of this extroverted existence . Marcello is chasing a quest for happiness and love which is impossible to achieve even in an impossible dream like the symbolic sequence portrayed between him and Ekberg in the Trevi fountain which is the epitome of romantic travesty . Yet the final orgy in a beach house following the sensually intricate yet intellectually provoking ARISTOCRATIC party in a suburban Roman castle shows the reality of a degenerate culture in the most profound cynicism to be ever witnessed in cinema . The recurrent enchanting musical encores and the Balenciaga wardrobe just goes to provide the metaphorical sallow glamour and beauty which the pallid human spirit has lost in the centre of the great european civilisation and the absolute doom is demonstrated in a horrific sub-plot which covers the tragic, yet perfect life of a rich intellectual played by alan cluny ,who serves fellini as a metaphor for the ultimate fate of a festering and decaying civilisation . The events are abjure and alternately definitive which are open to vicarious interpretations with mastrioanni delivering an inexhaustibly fascinating act where he is virtually the centre piece in every sequence, though both anouk aimee and anita ekberg lack neither dazzling beauty or emotionally charged exchanges which leave the beholder stunned by their tantalising talent . This is livid ,angry ,elegiac wistful art which is intensely provoking and yet historically relevant laden with icons like the religious images mingled with sexual orgies and it is a testament to the travesty of modern existence that history will judge in its own time .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025501251220703, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini | Film review" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "This is a young man's film(Fellini) and centred on a remarkable young actor,Mastroianni,the cynical young reporter at the heart of the movie.I saw this 30 years a go and was saturated with it's 60s stereotypes in an age of transition from the sacred to the profane.The passing away of religion is symbolized by the carriage of Christ through the sky,parodying the 2nd Coming;also by the large dead fish washed up at the end on the shore.The 'sweet life' of the title does not exist.Drunkenness,despair and decadence stalk the Via Veneto,brothels,car parks ,night clubs and palaces for the diletante Marcello,who is searching for love and for a deeper life.He thinks his intellectual friend Steiner,married with 2 kids has the key.He holds musical and poetic soirees in his home.He also wants to write a novel.The fecundity of a young maestro's imagination is revealed in a ballet of movement and sound,the choreography of the camera,the motion of the actors.Cinema has since shed all such approaches to narrative like a snakeskin perhaps for the better as the focus has evolved and narrowed.The film remarkably lasts for 3 hours,which is hard to believe and could have done with some editing.Night and dawn alternate.The ending is poignant:a young girl wants to remind him of the novel he wanted to write someday,but he is hung over and cannot hear her shouting over the waves and her message is lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.305230140686035, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini | Film review" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "This is a young man's film(Fellini) and centred on a remarkable young actor,Mastroianni,the cynical young reporter at the heart of the movie.I saw this 30 years a go and was saturated with it's 60s stereotypes in an age of transition from the sacred to the profane.The passing away of religion is symbolized by the carriage of Christ through the sky,parodying the 2nd Coming;also by the large dead fish washed up at the end on the shore.The 'sweet life' of the title does not exist.Drunkenness,despair and decadence stalk the Via Veneto,brothels,car parks ,night clubs and palaces for the diletante Marcello,who is searching for love and for a deeper life.He thinks his intellectual friend Steiner,married with 2 kids has the key.He holds musical and poetic soirees in his home.He also wants to write a novel.The fecundity of a young maestro's imagination is revealed in a ballet of movement and sound,the choreography of the camera,the motion of the actors.Cinema has since shed all such approaches to narrative like a snakeskin perhaps for the better as the focus has evolved and narrowed.The film remarkably lasts for 3 hours,which is hard to believe and could have done with some editing.Night and dawn alternate.The ending is poignant:a young girl wants to remind him of the novel he wanted to write someday,but he is hung over and cannot hear her shouting over the waves and her message is lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.305230140686035, "source": "search", "title": "La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini | Film review" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Directed by Frederico Fellini with Marcello Mastroianni, Anita Ekberg, Nadia Gray, Yvonne Furneaux, Anouk Aim�e, Magali Noe, Alain Cluny and Lex Barker, black-and-white, 167 minutes, 1960", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.032430171966553, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "The film's title means \"The Sweet Life,\" and refers to the decadence of the upper classes. In America, Jackie Gleason, the comic, had a popular television program in which one of his famous lines was \"How sweet it is.\" Although one of his characters, Reginald Van Gleason, was a black-tie rapscallion with a toy train set always at the ready to transport to him his supply of booze, Gleason's \"sweet\" was joyful and not sardonic as Fellini's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555441856384277, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Italian film after World War II was noted for its realism. Movies such as \"Open City,\" \"Shoeshine\" and \"Bicycle Thief\" were immensely powerful narratives of the plight of the poor. Fellini was not inured to the poor and indeed his great 1954 film, \"La Strada,\" was about poor circus folk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.229647636413574, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "In his fine book, \"Conversations with Fellini,\" (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1995), Costanzo Costantini, relates the following comments from his interviews with the director about this scene:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977628707885742, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Costantini goes on to quote Fellini to the effect that Dino De Laurentis had wanted Paul Newman for the role of the journalist: \"How could Paul Newman be believable as a journalist in the Via Veneto, when he himself would have been the object of the chasing pack of paparazzi? What was required was an actor who wasn't a household name. I remember De Laurentis saying to me, `He's too soft and goody-goody; a family man rather than the type who flings women onto the bed.' As an alternative to Paul Newman he suggested G�rard Philipe, but that came to nothing and he ended up giving up the film.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91128921508789, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "Had Fellini ended the film without the final striptease party, and even without the reappearance and rejection of the Umbrian angel, we might have despaired for Marcello as Modern Man, not satisfied by traditional religion, not content with the trappings of the elite, the trappings of marriage, the trappings of affairs, still searching for answers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06501293182373, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" }, { "answer": "Fellini", "passage": "We are aghast, however, at how Marcello has taken a turn for the worse, to put it mildly. Despite his great looks and charm, he has become not merely shallow, but evil. His evil, however, is not premeditated. He is lashing out in protest at his own unhappiness and while his smile and wave at the Umbrian angel indicates that he still has a spark of humanity he is in a drunken stupor and no longer conscious enough to care much about her. He has crossed over into an oblivion and whatever message Fellini might have wanted to convey is pessimistic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235154151916504, "source": "search", "title": "Film/Classic: La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "Avianca Costa Rica, formerly known as Lacsa (Spanish: Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A.), minority owned by the Synergy Group, is the national airline of Costa Rica and is based in San José. It operates international scheduled services to over 35 destinations in Central, North and South America. When it was a subsidiary of Grupo TACA, the airline was also known as TACA/LACSA. Since May 2013, when Grupo TACA was bought, Avianca Costa Rica is one of the seven nationally branded airlines (Avianca Ecuador, Avianca Honduras, etc.) in the Avianca Holdings group of Latin American airlines.", "precise_score": 6.167458534240723, "rough_score": 5.44248628616333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "Lacsa was established on 17 October 1945 by Pan American World Airways, the Costa Rican government and Costa Rican private interests. It started operations on 1 June 1946 and was designated the national carrier in 1949. Its domestic network was transferred to its wholly owned subsidiary Sansa in September 1959. ", "precise_score": 6.2407636642456055, "rough_score": 5.902930736541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America were Bolivia with Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Cuba with Cubana de Aviación, Colombia with Avianca, Argentina with Aerolineas Argentinas, Chile with LAN Chile (today LAN Airlines), Brazil with Varig, Dominican Republic with Dominicana de Aviación, Mexico with Mexicana de Aviación, Trinidad and Tobago with BWIA West Indies Airways (today Caribbean Airlines), Venezuela with Aeropostal, and TACA based in El Salvador and representing several airlines of Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.485593318939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airline" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "The airline also operated a subsidiary in the Cayman Islands, Cayman Brac Airways (CBA) Ltd., which it sold a 51% controlling interest in the late 1960s to the Cayman Islands government which in turn used the air carrier to form Cayman Airways. Lacsa served Grand Cayman for many years as an intermediate stop on its services between San Jose, Costa Rica and Miami. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.131771564483643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "Since 1999, the five airlines in the alliance began flying under the TACA brand. In 2008 a new TACA logo was introduced, followed by a new fleet of Embraer 190 airplanes registered in Costa Rica and operated under the Lacsa code. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.280573844909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "* San Jose, Costa Rica - Hub and airline headquarters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721147537231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "On 11 January 1998, Lacsa flight 691, an Airbus A320, veered off a runway at San Francisco International Airport during the takeoff roll. The aircraft left the runway at full speed, coming to rest in a field of mud. The runway was closed after the incident, reducing take-off capacity by 50 percent, leading to massive delays at the airport. None of the 122 passengers on board the aircraft sustained injuries, and stayed at a hotel until another aircraft could transport them to their destination, San José, Costa Rica. The cause of the incident was not determined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8661835193634033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Avianca Costa Rica" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "Enjoy your trip, Costa Rica is worth visiting,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411569595336914, "source": "search", "title": "LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum - TripAdvisor" }, { "answer": "Costa Rica", "passage": "TACA (Central American Air Transportation) is an airline founded in the 1930s as a cargo company. In the 1990s TACA became Grupo TACA incorporating the airlines of Costa Rica (LACSA), Guatamala (AVIATECA) and Nicaragua (NICA) into the corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.476520538330078, "source": "search", "title": "LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum - TripAdvisor" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay, written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, was partially inspired by Clarke's short story \"The Sentinel\". Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released. The film follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer Hal after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution. The film deals with the themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life. It is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. It uses sound and minimal dialogue in place of traditional narrative techniques; the soundtrack consists of classical music such as The Blue Danube and Also sprach Zarathustra.", "precise_score": 10.975669860839844, "rough_score": 9.838215827941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Financed and distributed by American studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 2001: A Space Odyssey was filmed and edited almost entirely in England, using the studio facilities of the MGM-British Studios and those of Shepperton Studios, mostly because of the availability of much larger sound stages than in the United States. Production was subcontracted to Kubrick's production company and care was taken that the film would be sufficiently British to qualify for subsidy from the Eady Levy. Having already shot his previous two films in England, Kubrick decided to settle there permanently during filming.", "precise_score": 7.217734336853027, "rough_score": 6.811817169189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick and Clarke privately referred to the project as How the Solar System Was Won as a reference to MGM's 1962 Cinerama epic, How the West Was Won. On February 23, 1965, Kubrick issued a press release announcing the title Journey Beyond The Stars. Other titles considered include Universe, Tunnel to the Stars, and Planetfall. In April 1965, eleven months after they began working on the project, Kubrick selected 2001: A Space Odyssey; Clarke said the title was \"entirely\" Kubrick's idea. Intending to set the film apart from the \"monsters and sex\" type of science fiction films of the time, Kubrick used Homer's The Odyssey as inspiration for the title. Kubrick said, \"[i]t occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation.\" ", "precise_score": 5.872731685638428, "rough_score": 0.08379639685153961, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Principal photography began December 29, 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the 60 x pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot. The production moved in January 1966 to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live action and special effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane; it was described as a \"huge throbbing nerve center ... with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown.\"Lightman, Herb A. Filming 2001: A Space Odyssey. American Cinematographer, June 1968. Excerpted in: Castle, Alison (Editor). The Stanley Kubrick Archives, Taschen, 2005. ISBN 3-8228-2284-1 The only scene not filmed in a studio—and the last live-action scene shot for the film—was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his new-found bone \"weapon-tool\" against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance. ", "precise_score": 2.6501028537750244, "rough_score": -1.4301012754440308, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Russian documentarian Pavel Klushantsev's 1957 film Road to the Stars is believed to have significantly influenced Kubrick's technique in 2001: A Space Odyssey, particularly in its accurate depiction of weightlessness and a rotating space station. Encyclopedia Astronautica describes some scenes from 2001 as a \"shot-for-shot duplication of Road to the Stars\". Specific comparisons of shots from the two films have been analyzed by the filmmaker Alessandro Cima. A 1994 article in American Cinematographer says, \"When Stanley Kubrick made 2001: a Space Odyssey in 1968, he claimed to have been first to fly actor/astronauts on wires with the camera on the ground, shooting vertically while the actor's body covered the wires\" but observes that Klushantsev had preceded him in this. ", "precise_score": 6.883016109466553, "rough_score": 8.56287670135498, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "In The New Yorker, Penelope Gilliatt said it was \"some kind of great film, and an unforgettable endeavor ... The film is hypnotically entertaining, and it is funny without once being gaggy, but it is also rather harrowing.\" Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times opined that it was \"the picture that science fiction fans of every age and in every corner of the world have prayed (sometimes forlornly) that the industry might some day give them. It is an ultimate statement of the science fiction film, an awesome realization of the spatial future ... it is a milestone, a landmark for a spacemark, in the art of film.\" Louise Sweeney of The Christian Science Monitor felt that 2001 was \"a brilliant intergalactic satire on modern technology. It's also a dazzling 160-minute tour on the Kubrick filmship through the universe out there beyond our earth.\" Philip French wrote that the film was \"perhaps the first multi-million-dollar supercolossal movie since D.W. Griffith's Intolerance fifty years ago which can be regarded as the work of one man ...Space Odyssey is important as the high-water mark of science-fiction movie making, or at least of the genre's futuristic branch.\" The Boston Globe's review indicated that it was \"the world's most extraordinary film. Nothing like it has ever been shown in Boston before or, for that matter, anywhere ... The film is as exciting as the discovery of a new dimension in life.\" Roger Ebert gave the film four stars in his original review, believing the film \"succeeds magnificently on a cosmic scale.\" He later put it on his Top 10 list for Sight & Sound. Time provided at least seven different mini-reviews of the film in various issues in 1968, each one slightly more positive than the preceding one; in the final review dated December 27, 1968, the magazine called 2001 \"an epic film about the history and future of mankind, brilliantly directed by Stanley Kubrick. The special effects are mindblowing.\" Director Martin Scorsese has also listed it as one of his favourite films of all time. Critic David Denby later compared Kubrick to the monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey, calling him \"a force of supernatural intelligence, appearing at great intervals amid high-pitched shrieks, who gives the world a violent kick up the next rung of the evolutionary ladder\". ", "precise_score": 5.169238090515137, "rough_score": 0.21068647503852844, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "The influence of 2001 on subsequent filmmakers is considerable. Steven Spielberg, George Lucas and others, including many special effects technicians, discuss the impact the film has had on them in a featurette titled Standing on the Shoulders of Kubrick: The Legacy of 2001, included in the 2007 DVD release of the film. Spielberg calls it his film generation's \"big bang\", while Lucas says it was \"hugely inspirational\", labeling Kubrick as \"the filmmaker's filmmaker\". Sydney Pollack refers to it as \"groundbreaking\", and William Friedkin states 2001 is \"the grandfather of all such films\". At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott stated he believed 2001 was the unbeatable film that in a sense killed the science fiction genre. Similarly, film critic Michel Ciment in his essay \"Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick\" stated, \"Kubrick has conceived a film which in one stroke has made the whole science fiction cinema obsolete.\" However, others credit 2001 with opening up a market for films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Alien, Blade Runner and Contact; proving that big-budget \"serious\" science-fiction films can be commercially successful, and establishing the \"sci-fi blockbuster\" as a Hollywood staple. Science magazine Discovers blogger Stephen Cass, discussing the considerable impact of the film on subsequent science-fiction, writes that \"the balletic spacecraft scenes set to sweeping classical music, the tarantula-soft tones of HAL 9000, and the ultimate alien artifact, the Monolith, have all become enduring cultural icons in their own right.\" ", "precise_score": 2.292092800140381, "rough_score": -0.7665058970451355, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick did not envision a sequel to 2001. Fearing the later exploitation and recycling of his material in other productions (as was done with the props from MGM's Forbidden Planet), he ordered all sets, props, miniatures, production blueprints, and prints of unused scenes destroyed. Most of these materials were lost, with some exceptions: a 2001 spacesuit backpack appeared in the \"Close Up\" episode of the Gerry Anderson series UFO, and one of Hal's eyepieces is in the possession of the author of Hal's Legacy, David G. Stork. In 2012 Lockheed engineer Adam Johnson, working with Frederick I. Ordway III, science adviser to Kubrick, wrote the book 2001: The Lost Science, which for the first time featured many of the blueprints of the spacecraft and film sets that previously had been thought destroyed.", "precise_score": 0.1870359629392624, "rough_score": -1.223545789718628, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Clarke wrote three sequel novels: 2010: Odyssey Two (1982), 2061: Odyssey Three (1987), and 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997). The only filmed sequel, 2010, was based on Clarke's 1982 novel and was released in 1984. Kubrick was not involved in the production of this film, which was directed by Peter Hyams in a more conventional style with more dialogue. Clarke saw it as a fitting adaptation of his novel, and had a brief cameo appearance in the film. As Kubrick had ordered all models and blueprints from 2001 destroyed, Hyams was forced to recreate these models from scratch for 2010. Hyams also claimed that he would not have made the film had he not received both Kubrick's and Clarke's blessings:", "precise_score": 3.2167978286743164, "rough_score": 2.975202798843384, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Matt Groening's animated series The Simpsons, of which Kubrick was a fan, and Futurama frequently reference 2001, along with other Kubrick films. The Simpsons had in the episode \"Deep Space Homer\" Bart throwing a felt-tip marker into the air; in slow motion it rotates, before a match cut replaces it with a cylindrical satellite. In 2004 Empire magazine listed this as the third best film parody of the entire run of the show. In the Futurama episode \"Love and Rocket\" a sentient spaceship revolts in a manner similar to Hal. Games Radar listed this as number 17 in its list of 20 Funniest Futurama parodies, while noting that Futurama has referenced Space Odyssey on several other occasions. ", "precise_score": 1.4779455661773682, "rough_score": -0.3437079191207886, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has a scene (using actual footage from A Space Odyssey) in which the monolith morphs into a chocolate bar. Catholic News wrote that the film \"had subtle and obvious riffs on everything from the saccharine Disney \"Small World\" exhibit to Munchkinland to, most brilliantly, a hilarious takeoff on Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey.\" ", "precise_score": 4.157013416290283, "rough_score": 6.303968906402588, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* The poorly reviewed Canadian spoof 2001: A Space Travesty has been occasionally alluded to as a full parody of Kubrick's film, both because of its title and star Leslie Nielsen's many previous films which were full parodies of other films. However, Space Travesty only makes occasional references to Kubrick's material, its \"celebrities are really aliens\" jokes resembling those in Men in Black. Canadian reviewer Jim Slotek said, \"It's not really a spoof of 2001, or anything in particular. There's a brief homage at the start, and one scene in a shuttle en route to the Moon that uses The Blue Danube... The rest is a patched together plot.\" Among many complaints about the film, reviewer Berge Garabedian derided the lack of much substantive connection to the Kubrick film (the latter of which he said was \"funnier\"). ", "precise_score": 0.8182405233383179, "rough_score": -1.3062082529067993, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "I write this review just after hearing of Stanley Kubrick's death. It's a great loss, and I write about 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY, because I feel it is the consummate Kubrick film, the one he will be most remembered for. It is a picture like no other, not only revolutionizing science fiction, but changing the way films are conceptualized. It was probably America's first 'art' film and has inspired the likes of George Lucas and countless other writers and directors.", "precise_score": 7.134941577911377, "rough_score": 3.8705697059631348, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "‎2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) directed by Stanley Kubrick • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd", "precise_score": 10.771393775939941, "rough_score": 10.099626541137695, "source": "search", "title": "‎2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "2001: A Space Odyssey deals with the elements of human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence & extra-terrestrial life. It is divided into 3 segments & an epilogue, each connected with an extra-terrestrial reference. Kubrick's first…", "precise_score": 4.9355998039245605, "rough_score": 4.3084492683410645, "source": "search", "title": "‎2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick | MoMA", "precise_score": 10.626161575317383, "rough_score": 9.930188179016113, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick", "precise_score": 10.83375358581543, "rough_score": 10.109686851501465, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. USA/Great Britain. Directed by Stanley Kubrick. 160 min.", "precise_score": 10.715140342712402, "rough_score": 9.807720184326172, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "And finally, Kubrick would have leaned back with a sly smile (his only smile), knowing his classic’s reputation was safe. It’s not that 2001: A Space Odyssey doesn’t look dated—it does, a touch—but rather, it feels as intelligent and provocative as ever, bearing years of conceptual dreaming. Until today’s equivalent of novelist Arthur C. Clarke commits a hefty chunk of time to envisioning the beginning of human civilization, as well as the far ends of the future, there will be no new film that supplants it. Though it was showered with technical praise, 2001 lingers on the mind like a tall, black riddle: Where are the new bones, the new tools, that will take us higher? Do we even deserve them?", "precise_score": 4.981173038482666, "rough_score": 4.128134250640869, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: movie review, directed by Stanley ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Vivian Kubrick as Floyd's daughter (uncredited)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733903884887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Meeting of Kubrick and Clarke", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267850875854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "After completing Dr. Strangelove (1964), director Stanley Kubrick became fascinated by the possibility of extraterrestrial life, and resolved to make \"the proverbial good science fiction movie\". Searching for a collaborator in the science fiction community, Kubrick was advised by a mutual acquaintance, Columbia Pictures staffer Roger Caras, to talk to writer Arthur C. Clarke. Although convinced that Clarke was \"a recluse, a nut who lives in a tree\", Kubrick allowed Caras to cable the film proposal to Clarke, who lived in Ceylon. Clarke's cabled response stated that he was \"frightfully interested in working with enfant terrible\", and added \"what makes Kubrick think I'm a recluse?\" Meeting for the first time at Trader Vic's in New York on April 22, 1964, the two began discussing the project that would take up the next four years of their lives. Clarke kept a diary throughout his involvement with 2001, excerpts of which were published in 1972 as The Lost Worlds of 2001. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.09587287902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick told Clarke he wanted to make a film about \"Man's relationship to the universe\", and was, in Clarke's words, \"determined to create a work of art which would arouse the emotions of wonder, awe ... even, if appropriate, terror\". Clarke offered Kubrick six of his short stories, and by May 1964, Kubrick had chosen \"The Sentinel\" as the source material for the film. In search of more material to expand the film's plot, the two spent the rest of 1964 reading books on science and anthropology, screening science fiction films, and brainstorming ideas. They spent two years transforming \"The Sentinel\" into a novel, and then into a script for 2001. Clarke said that his short story \"Encounter in the Dawn\" inspired the film's \"Dawn Of Man\" sequence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.310420036315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick and Clarke planned to develop the 2001 novel first, free of the constraints of film, and then write the screenplay. They planned the writing credits to be \"Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, based on a novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick\" to reflect their preeminence in their respective fields. In practice, the screenplay developed in parallel to the novel, and elements were shared between both. In a 1970 interview, Kubrick said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.11324405670166, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The screenplay credits were shared whereas the 2001 novel, released shortly after the film, was attributed to Clarke alone. Clarke wrote later that \"the nearest approximation to the complicated truth\" is that the screenplay should be credited to \"Kubrick and Clarke\" and the novel to \"Clarke and Kubrick\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.578590393066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Clarke and Kubrick wrote the novel and screenplay simultaneously. Clarke opted for clearer explanations of the mysterious monolith and Star Gate in the novel; Kubrick made the film more cryptic by minimising dialogue and explanation. Kubrick said the film is \"basically a visual, nonverbal experience\" that \"hits the viewer at an inner level of consciousness, just as music does, or painting\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579047203063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Astronomer Carl Sagan wrote in his book The Cosmic Connection that Clarke and Kubrick asked his opinion on how to best depict extraterrestrial intelligence. Sagan, while acknowledging Kubrick's desire to use actors to portray humanoid aliens for convenience's sake, argued that alien life forms were unlikely to bear any resemblance to terrestrial life, and that to do so would introduce \"at least an element of falseness\" to the film. Sagan proposed that the film suggest, rather than depict, extraterrestrial superintelligence. He attended the premiere and was \"pleased to see that I had been of some help.\" Kubrick hinted at the nature of the mysterious unseen alien race in 2001 by suggesting, in a 1968 interview, that given millions of years of evolution, they progressed from biological beings to \"immortal machine entities\", and then into \"beings of pure energy and spirit\"; beings with \"limitless capabilities and ungraspable intelligence\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.122594833374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The script went through many stages. In early 1965, when backing was secured for the film, Clarke and Kubrick still had no firm idea of what would happen to Bowman after the Star Gate sequence. Initially all of Discoverys astronauts were to survive the journey; by October 3, Clarke and Kubrick had decided to leave Bowman the sole survivor and have him regress to infancy. By October 17, Kubrick had come up with what Clarke called a \"wild idea of slightly fag robots who create a Victorian environment to put our heroes at their ease.\" HAL 9000 was originally named Athena after the Greek goddess of wisdom and had a feminine voice and persona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527228355407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Early drafts included a prologue containing interviews with scientists about extraterrestrial life, voice-over narration (a feature in all of Kubrick's previous films), a stronger emphasis on the prevailing Cold War balance of terror, and a different and more explicitly explained breakdown for HAL. Other changes include a different monolith for the \"Dawn of Man\" sequence, discarded when early prototypes did not photograph well; the use of Saturn as the final destination of the Discovery mission rather than Jupiter, discarded when the special effects team could not develop a convincing rendition of Saturn's rings; and the finale of the Star Child exploding nuclear weapons carried by Earth-orbiting satellites, which Kubrick discarded for its similarity to his previous film, Dr. Strangelove. The finale and many of the other discarded screenplay ideas survived into Clarke's novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311832427978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick made further changes due to his desire to make the film more non-verbal, communicating at a visual and visceral level rather than through conventional narrative. Vincent LeBrutto writes that Clarke's novel has \"strong narrative structure\", while the film is a mainly visual experience where much remains symbolic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154650688171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Although the film leaves it mysterious, early script drafts made clear that HAL's breakdown is triggered by authorities on Earth who order him to withhold information from the astronauts about the purpose of the mission (this is also explained in the film's sequel 2010). Frederick Ordway, Kubrick's science advisor and technical consultant, stated that in an earlier script Poole tells HAL there is \"... something about this mission that we weren't told. Something the rest of the crew knows and that you know. We would like to know whether this is true\", to which HAL responds: \"I'm sorry, Frank, but I don't think I can answer that question without knowing everything that all of you know.\" HAL then falsely predicts a failure of the hardware maintaining radio contact with Earth (the source of HAL's difficult orders) during the broadcast of Frank Poole's birthday greetings from his parents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128040313720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL \"had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348245620727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick originally planned a voice-over to reveal that the satellites following a match cut from a bone-weapon are nuclear weapons, and that the Star Child would detonate the weapons at the end of the film. However, he decided this would create associations with his previous film Dr. Strangelove, and decided not to make it so obvious that they were \"war machines\". A few weeks before the release of the film, the U.S. and Soviet governments had agreed not to put any nuclear weapons into outer space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765932083129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "In a book he wrote with Kubrick's assistance, Alexander Walker states that Kubrick eventually decided that as nuclear weapons the bombs had \"no place at all in the film's thematic development\", now being an \"orbiting red herring\" which would \"merely have raised irrelevant questions to suggest this as a reality of the twenty-first century\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018746376037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick scholar Michel Ciment, discussing Kubrick's attitude toward human aggression and instinct, observes: \"The bone cast into the air by the ape (now become a man) is transformed at the other extreme of civilization, by one of those abrupt ellipses characteristic of the director, into a spacecraft on its way to the moon.\" In contrast to Ciment's reading of a cut to a serene \"other extreme of civilization\", science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, speaking in the Canadian documentary 2001 and Beyond, saw it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that \"what we see is not how far we've leaped ahead, what we see is that today, '2001', and four million years ago on the African veldt, it's exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. It's a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.107812881469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The film contains no dialogue for the first and last 20 minutes or so. By the time shooting began, Kubrick had removed much of the dialogue and narration; what remains is notable for its banality (making the computer Hal seem to have more emotion than the humans) juxtaposed with epic space scenes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533148765563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "According to biographer Vincent Lobrutto, one of Kubrick's visual—and aural—inspirations was the 1960 National Film Board of Canada animated short documentary Universe. The 29 minute film, which had also proved popular at NASA for its realistic portrayal of outer space, achieved \"the standard of dynamic visionary realism that he was looking for.\" Wally Gentleman, one of the special effects artists on Universe, worked briefly on 2001. The short film's most notable influence may have been Kubrick's decision to cast the narrator of Universe, actor Douglas Rain, relatively unknown outside Canada, as the voice of HAL. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.865664958953857, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Filming of actors was completed in September 1967, and from June 1966 until March 1968 Kubrick spent most of his time working on the 205 special effects shots in the film. The director ordered the special effects technicians on 2001 to use the painstaking process of creating all visual effects seen in the film \"in camera\", avoiding degraded picture quality from the use of blue screen and traveling matte techniques. Although this technique, known as \"held takes\", resulted in a much better image, it meant exposed film would be stored for long periods of time between shots, sometimes as long as a year. In March 1968, Kubrick finished the 'pre-premiere' editing of the film, making his final cuts just days before the film's general release in April 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.662276268005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick involved himself in every aspect of production, even choosing the fabric for his actors' costumes, and selecting notable pieces of contemporary furniture for use in the film. When Floyd exits the Space Station V elevator, he is greeted by an attendant seated behind a slightly modified George Nelson Action Office desk from Herman Miller's 1964 \"Action Office\" series. First introduced in 1968, the Action Office-style \"cubicle\" would eventually occupy 70 percent of office space by the mid-2000s. Danish designer Arne Jacobsen designed the cutlery used by the Discovery astronauts in the film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53941822052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Other examples of modern furniture in the film are the bright red Djinn chairs seen prominently throughout the space station and Eero Saarinen's 1956 pedestal tables. Olivier Mourgue, designer of the Djinn chair, has used the connection to 2001 in his advertising; a frame from the film's space station sequence and three production stills appear on the homepage of Mourgue's website. Shortly before Kubrick's death, film critic Alexander Walker informed Kubrick of Mourgue's use of the film, joking to him \"You're keeping the price up\". Commenting on their use in the film, Walker writes: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8859710693359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "2001 pioneered the use of front projection with retroreflective matting. Kubrick used the technique to produce the backdrops in the Africa scenes and the scene when astronauts walk on the moon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.627599716186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The technique consisted of a separate scenery projector set at a right-angle to the camera, and a half-silvered mirror placed at an angle in front that reflected the projected image forward in line with the camera lens onto a backdrop made of retroreflective material. The reflective directional screen behind the actors could reflect light from the projected image a hundred times more efficiently than the foreground subject did. The lighting of the foreground subject had to be balanced with the image from the screen, making the image from the scenery projector on the subject too faint to record. The exception was the eyes of the leopard in the \"Dawn of Man\" sequence, which glowed orange from the projector illumination. Kubrick described this as \"a happy accident\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304492950439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "For spacecraft interior shots, ostensibly containing a giant centrifuge that produces artificial gravity, Kubrick had a 30 ST rotating \"ferris wheel\" built by Vickers-Armstrong Engineering Group at a cost of $750,000. The set was 38 ft in diameter and 10 ft wide. Various scenes in the Discovery centrifuge were shot by securing set pieces within the wheel, then rotating it while the actor walked or ran in sync with its motion, keeping him at the bottom of the wheel as it turned. The camera could be fixed to the inside of the rotating wheel to show the actor walking completely \"around\" the set, or mounted in such a way that the wheel rotated independently of the stationary camera, as in the jogging scene where the camera appears to alternately precede and follow the running actor. The shots where the actors appear on opposite sides of the wheel required one of the actors to be strapped securely into place at the \"top\" of the wheel as it moved to allow the other actor to walk to the \"bottom\" of the wheel to join him. The most notable case is when Bowman enters the centrifuge from the central hub on a ladder, and joins Poole, who is eating on the other side of the centrifuge. This required Gary Lockwood to be strapped into a seat while Keir Dullea walked toward him from the opposite side of the wheel as it turned with him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703241348266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Music plays a crucial part in 2001, and not only because of the relatively sparse dialogue. From very early on in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience, one that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. About half the music in the film appears either before the first line of dialogue or after the final line. Almost no music is heard during any scenes with dialogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.847491264343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The film is notable for its innovative use of classical music taken from existing commercial recordings. Most feature films then and now are typically accompanied by elaborate film scores or songs written specially for them by professional composers. In the early stages of production, Kubrick had actually commissioned a score for 2001 from Hollywood composer Alex North, who had written the score for Spartacus and also worked on Dr. Strangelove. However, during postproduction, Kubrick chose to abandon North's music in favor of the now-familiar classical pieces he had earlier chosen as \"guide pieces\" for the soundtrack. North did not know of the abandonment of the score until after he saw the film's premiere screening. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.477871894836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "2001 is particularly remembered for using pieces of Johann Strauss II's best-known waltz, The Blue Danube, during the extended space-station docking and Lunar landing sequences. This is the result of the association that Kubrick made between the spinning motion of the satellites and the dancers of waltzes. It also makes use of the opening from the Richard Strauss tone poem Also sprach Zarathustra performed by the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan. The use of Strauss's Zarathustra may be a reference to the theme of mankind's eventual replacement by supermen (Übermensch) in Nietzsche's work Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Gayane's Adagio from Aram Khachaturian's Gayane ballet suite is heard during the sections that introduce Bowman and Poole aboard the Discovery, conveying a somewhat lonely and mournful quality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.371537923812866, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "In addition to the majestic yet fairly traditional compositions by the two Strausses and Khachaturian, Kubrick used four highly modernistic compositions by György Ligeti that employ micropolyphony, the use of sustained dissonant chords that shift slowly. This technique was pioneered in Atmosphères, the only Ligeti piece heard in its entirety in the film. Ligeti admired Kubrick's film but, in addition to being irritated by Kubrick's failure to obtain permission directly from him, he was offended that his music was used in a film soundtrack shared by composers Johann and Richard Strauss. Other music used is Ligeti's Lux Aeterna, the second movement of his Requiem and an electronically altered form of his Aventures, the last of which was also used without Ligeti's permission and is not listed in the film's credits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960533142089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "A recording of British light music composer Sidney Torch's \"Off Beat Moods Part 1\" was chosen by Kubrick as the theme for the fictitious BBC news programme \"The World Tonight\" seen aboard the Discovery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056136131286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick filmed several scenes that were deleted from the final film. These fall into two categories: scenes cut before any public screenings of the film, and scenes cut a few days after the world premiere on April 2, 1968. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175148963928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The first ('pre-premiere') set of cuts included a school-room on the Lunar base—a painting class around a decorative fountain that included Kubrick's daughters, additional scenes of life on the base, and Floyd buying a bush baby from a department store via videophone for his daughter. Additionally, a ten-minute black-and-white opening sequence featuring interviews with actual scientists, including Freeman Dyson discussing off-Earth life, were removed after an early screening for MGM executives. The actual text survives in the book The Making of Kubrick's 2001 by Jerome Agel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483116149902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Kubrick's rationale for editing the film was to tighten the narrative. Reviews suggested the film suffered too much by the radical departure from traditional cinematic story-telling conventions. Regarding the cuts, Kubrick stated, \"I didn't believe that the trims made a critical difference. ... The people who like it, like it no matter what its length, and the same holds true for the people who hate it\". As was typical of most films of that era released both as a \"road-show\" (in Cinerama format in the case of Space Odyssey) and subsequently put into general release (in seventy-millimetre in the case of Odyssey), the entrance music, intermission music (and intermission altogether), and postcredit exit music were cut from most prints of the latter version, although these have been restored to most DVD releases. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.999709129333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "According to Kubrick's brother-in-law Jan Harlan, the director was adamant the trims were never to be seen, and that he \"even burned the negatives\"—which he had kept in his garage—shortly before his death. This is confirmed by former Kubrick assistant Leon Vitali: \"I'll tell you right now, okay, on Clockwork Orange, The Shining, Barry Lyndon, some little parts of 2001, we had thousands of cans of negative outtakes and print, which we had stored in an area at his house where we worked out of, which he personally supervised the loading of it to a truck and then I went down to a big industrial waste lot and burned it. That's what he wanted.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.469148635864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The film's world premiere was on April 2, 1968, at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C. It opened two days later at the Warner Cinerama Theatre in Hollywood and the Loew's Capitol in New York. Kubrick then deleted nineteen minutes of footage from the film before its general release in five other U.S. cities on April 10, 1968, and internationally in five cities the following day, where it was shown in 70mm format, used a six-track stereo magnetic soundtrack, and projected in the 2.21:1 aspect ratio. The general release of the film in its 35mm anamorphic format took place in autumn 1968 and used either a four-track magnetic stereo soundtrack or an optical monaural soundtrack. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.690688133239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* In 1989, The Criterion Collection released a 3-disc special LaserDisc edition with a transfer monitored by Kubrick himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603100776672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "* In 1999, it was re-released on VHS, and as part of the \"Stanley Kubrick Collection\" in both VHS format (1999) and DVD (2000) with remastered sound and picture. In some video releases, three title cards were added to the three \"blank screen\" moments; \"OVERTURE\" at the beginning, \"ENTR'ACTE\" during the intermission, and \"EXIT MUSIC\" after the closing credits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.942713737487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Pauline Kael said it was \"a monumentally unimaginative movie\", and Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic called it \"a film that is so dull, it even dulls our interest in the technical ingenuity for the sake of which Kubrick has allowed it to become dull.\" Renata Adler of The New York Times wrote that it was \"somewhere between hypnotic and immensely boring.\" Variety's 'Robe' believed the film was a \"[b]ig, beautiful, but plodding sci-fi epic ... A major achievement in cinematography and special effects, 2001 lacks dramatic appeal to a large degree and only conveys suspense after the halfway mark.\" Andrew Sarris called it \"one of the grimmest films I have ever seen in my life ...2001 is a disaster because it is much too abstract to make its abstract points.\" (Sarris reversed his opinion upon a second viewing of the film, and declared, \"2001 is indeed a major work by a major artist.\" ) John Simon felt it was \"a regrettable failure, although not a total one. This film is fascinating when it concentrates on apes or machines ... and dreadful when it deals with the in-betweens: humans ...2001, for all its lively visual and mechanical spectacle, is a kind of space-Spartacus and, more pretentious still, a shaggy God story.\" Eminent historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. deemed the film \"morally pretentious, intellectually obscure and inordinately long ... a film out of control\". The BBC said that its slow pacing often alienates modern audiences more than it did upon its initial release. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.65229606628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "2001 earned Stanley Kubrick an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, as well as nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay (shared with Arthur C. Clarke). Anthony Masters was also nominated for Best Art Direction. An honorary award was made to John Chambers in that year for his make-up work on Planet of the Apes, and Clarke reports that he \"wondered, as loudly as possible, whether the judges had passed over 2001 because they thought we had used real ape-men\". The film won four Baftas, for Art Direction, Cinematography, Sound Track and as Best Road Show, and was a nominee in the Best Film category. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.759057521820068, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "The National Board of Review listed 2001 among the Top Ten Films of 1968, and Kansas City Film Critics gave it both the Best Film and Best Director awards. Kubrick earned the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, and was nominated for both the Directors Guild of America Award, and the Laurel Award (on which 2001 was named the Best Road Show of 1968). Both the Cinema Writers Circle of Spain and the David di Donatello Awards in Italy named 2001 the best foreign production of 1968. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.62019681930542, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Stanley Kubrick encouraged people to explore their own interpretations of the film and refused to offer an explanation of \"what really happened\" in the film, preferring instead to let audiences embrace their own ideas and theories. In a 1968 interview with Playboy magazine, Kubrick stated:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114130973815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid \"intellectual verbalization\" and reach \"the viewer's subconscious.\" However, he said he did not deliberately strive for ambiguity—it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film nonverbal, though he acknowledged this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the \"simplest level,\" but unwilling to discuss the metaphysical interpretation of the film which he felt should be left up to the individual viewer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11385440826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Rolling Stone reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as like a four-movement symphony, its story told with \"deliberate realism.\" Carolyn Geduld believes that what \"structurally unites all four episodes of the film\" is the monolith, the film's largest and most unresolvable enigma. Vincent LoBrutto's biography of Kubrick says that for many, Clarke's novel is the key to understanding the monolith. Similarly, Geduld observes that \"the monolith ... has a very simple explanation in Clarke's novel,\" though she later asserts that even the novel doesn't fully explain the ending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892565727233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "* Mad magazine #125 (March 1969) featured a spoof called 201 Minutes of a Space Idiocy written by Dick DeBartolo and illustrated by Mort Drucker. In the final panels it is revealed that the monolith is a film script titled \"'How to Make an Incomprehensible Science Fiction Movie' by Stanley Kubrick\". It was reprinted in various special issues, in the MAD About the Sixties book, and partially in the book \"The Making of Kubrick's 2001\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4350996017456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* The August 1971 album Who's Next by The Who featured as its cover artwork a photograph of a concrete slab at Easington Colliery with the band apparently doing up their trouser zips. The decision to photograph this \"monolith\" image while on their way to a concert followed discussion between John Entwistle and Keith Moon about Kubrick's film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003987312316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Thought to be the first time Kubrick gave permission for his work to be re-used, Apple Inc.'s 1999 website advertisement \"It was a bug, Dave\" was made using footage from the film. Launched during the era of concerns over Y2K bugs, the ad implied that Hal's weird behavior was caused by a Y2K bug, before driving home the point that \"only Macintosh was designed to function perfectly\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.349058151245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Mel Brooks' satirical film History of the World, Part I opens with a parody of Kubrick's \"Dawn of Man\" sequence, followed by the parody of One Million Years BC, narrated by Orson Welles. DVDVerdict describes this parody as \"spot on\". A similar spoof of the \"Dawn of Man\" sequence also opened Ken Shapiro's 1974 comedy The Groove Tube in which the monolith was replaced by a television set. (The film is mostly a parody of television. Film and Filming held that after this wonderful opening, the film slid downhill.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159825325012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Woody Allen cast actor Douglas Rain (Hal in Kubrick's film) in an uncredited part as the voice of the controlling computer in the closing sequences of his science-fiction comedy Sleeper. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561799049377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Peter Sellers starred in Hal Ashby's comedy-drama Being There about a simple-minded middle-aged gardener who has lived his entire life in the townhouse of his wealthy employer. In the scene where he first leaves the house and ventures into the wide world for the first time, the soundtrack plays a jazzy version of Strauss' Also Sprach Zarathustra arranged by Eumir Deodato. Film critic James A. Davidson writing for the film journal Images suggests \"When Chance emerges from his home into the world, Ashby suggests his childlike nature by using Richard Strauss' Thus Spake Zarathustra as ironic background music, linking his hero with Kubrick's star baby in his masterpiece 2001: A Space Odyssey.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0598819255828857, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "* Commenting on the broader use of Ligeti's music beyond that by Kubrick, London Magazine in 2006 mentioned Monty Python's use of Ligeti in a 60-second spoof of Space Odyssey in the Flying Circus episode commonly labeled \"A Book at Bedtime\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.645181179046631, "source": "wiki", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (film)" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Director: Stanley Kubrick", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603666305541992, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Director: Stanley Kubrick", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603666305541992, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Director: Stanley Kubrick", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603666305541992, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Director: Stanley Kubrick", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603666305541992, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Aside from its visual greatness, the reason the film spawns so much discussion and analysis is because so many people have so many different interpretations of it. Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, his co-writer, had a vision, but we have never really found out what was going through their minds. Of course, the skinny on its 'message' is how technology of the future will take over humanity and decide the course of our lives unless we are careful. 2001's ending is one of hope, a version of our rebirth through the star-child's flight back to earth. It is meaningless to many, but discerning filmgoers will understand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41737174987793, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Although 2001 does not have the wicked, dark humor of DR. STRANGELOVE or CLOCKWORK ORANGE, or contain strong, eccentric characters that filled his earlier works like PATHS OF GLORY or SPARTACUS, I still feel he would've liked to be remembered most for this. If anything, HAL will be his most memorable character, dangerous, murderous, and artificial. It was a half-decade in the making at a time when Hollywood was still churning out dull musicals and just waking up to the New Wave of French and Italian cinema. Kubrick was a maverick director who made great films on his own terms, his own time, and for everyone else to marvel at. He will be missed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.764020919799805, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "But what is IBM? A computer company Kubrick had a grudge against? Or are we just missing a \"T\" in the greatest riddle known to mankind? Confused? Allow me to demonstrate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432591438293457, "source": "search", "title": "‎2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "This is not a ‘film’. It is cinema in its purest form. Every aspect of this particular artform is used to its fullest extent. It exposes themes without narrative, offers no explanations but leaves room for interpretation and it provides a visual and aural sensation to accompany the unravelling of its internal philosophical debate. No other director than Kubrick could have made this.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190927505493164, "source": "search", "title": "‎2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Screenplay by Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, based on Clarke’s novel. With Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, William Sylvester, Douglas Rain. Stanley Kubrick’s oblique art-film-in-outer-space left many critics and initial road-show audiences bored and confused, but in that summer of 1968 younger viewers took to the film, hypnotized by its prophetic tone and psychedelic finale. Campaign director Mike Kaplan took note of the new demographic and had new posters designed, emphasizing the ending and rebranding the film as “the ultimate trip.” Digital restoration courtesy Warner Bros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.533891201019287, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey. 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Hazarding a wildly speculative guess, I think Stanley Kubrick would have loved Gravity. He would have been knocked out by Alfonso Cuarón’s zero-G realism and long-take panache. Secretly, he would have envied the movie’s grosses (Kubrick knew about the power that money could buy). He would have called someone in the middle of the night to talk about it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064132690429688, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: movie review, directed by Stanley ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "And if The Shining can grow as a black comedy, so can this one. Douglas Rain’s clammy voice work as HAL 9000, the murderous machine, remains one of Kubrick’s snazziest pieces of direction. Of course, he’d tell us, Gravity is great. But I prefer Her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18736457824707, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: movie review, directed by Stanley ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Clarke wrote this novel while Stanley Kubrick created the film, the two collaborating on both projects. The novel is much more detailed and intimate, and definitely easier to comprehend. Even though history has disproved its \"predictions,\" it's still loaded with exciting and awe-inspiring science fiction. --Brooks Peck --This text refers to the School & Library Binding edition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185653686523438, "source": "search", "title": "2001: a Space Odyssey: Arthur C. Clarke: 9780451457998 ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Odyssey is an oddity: it is a novel based on a screenplay by Clarke and Kubrick that itself was based on a Clarke short story. And though it has thrilled fans for 31 years, still no one is really sure what it means. This nice hardcover sports a new introduction by Clarke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.156233549118042, "source": "search", "title": "2001: a Space Odyssey: Arthur C. Clarke: 9780451457998 ..." }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "Consider that this book was written almost 30 years ago. Consider what has happened in space exploration since then. One can only wonder at how Clarke and Kubrick were able to achieve this. A movie like this had never been attempted on this scale before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68227767944336, "source": "search", "title": "2001: a Space Odyssey: Arthur C. Clarke: 9780451457998 ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "I read this book for the first time, shortly after I saw the movie. This was when it first came out. While Stanley Kubrick's film is a masterpiece on it's own, the book does a great deal to fill in the inevitable blanks in the movie. The movie is unlike anything you have ever seen, very short on dialog, extremely visual. Hence my recommendation that you read the book, then see the movie. It will make more sense. By the way, the movie was among the first real attempts at visual realism with the subject of sci-fi (sorry fellow Star Wars fans, these guys did it first). So well did it succeed, so powerful and detailed were the production values, that it set the standard for sci-fi movies that came after. But, that's a different review.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143112182617188, "source": "search", "title": "2001: a Space Odyssey: Arthur C. Clarke: 9780451457998 ..." }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Directed by: Stanley Kubrick | 1968 | 2h 13m | Rated R", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.464217185974121, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: O Cinema Miami Beach, Miami Beach FL" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "A mind-bending sci-fi symphony, Stanley Kubrick’s landmark 1968 epic pushed the limits of narrative and special effects toward a meditation on technology and humanity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284632682800293, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: O Cinema Miami Beach, Miami Beach FL" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": "To begin his voyage into the future, Kubrick visits our prehistoric ape-ancestry past, then leaps millenia (via one of the most mind-blowing jump cuts ever conceived) into colonized space, and ultimately whisks astronaut Bowman (Keir Dullea) into uncharted realms of space, perhaps even into immortality. With assistance from special-effects expert Douglas Trumbull, Kubrick spent over two years meticulously creating the most “realistic” depictions of outer space ever seen, greatly advancing cinematic technology for a story expressing grave doubts about technology itself. Despite some initial critical reservations that it was too long and too dull, 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY became one of the most popular films of 1968, underlining the generation gap between young moviegoers who wanted to see something new and challenging and oldsters who “didn’t get it.” Let the awe and mystery of a journey unlike any other begin…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.577796697616577, "source": "search", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey: O Cinema Miami Beach, Miami Beach FL" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306411743164062, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "Stanley Kubrick was born in Manhattan, New York City, to Sadie Gertrude (Perveler) and Jacob Leonard Kubrick, a physician. His family were Jewish immigrants (from Austria, Romania, and Russia). Stanley was considered intelligent, despite poor grades at school. Hoping that a change of scenery would produce better academic performance, Kubrick's ... See full bio »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993749618530273, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": "How much of Stanley Kubrick's work have you seen?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494317054748535, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": " 2016 Stanley Kubrick's Napoleon (Documentary short) (special thanks)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171079635620117, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Kubrick", "passage": " 2008 Kubrick (Short) (special thanks)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132608413696289, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Stanley Kubrick", "passage": " 2008 Stanley Kubrick's Boxes (TV Movie documentary)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072894096374512, "source": "search", "title": "Stanley Kubrick - IMDb" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mount Surabachi", "Iō-tō", "Iwō Tō", "Iwo-Jima", "Io-jima", "Ivo jima", "Io To", "Iōtō", "Iwo To", "Iwo Jima Island", "Iwo Jima", "Ioto", "Iwoto", "Iwo jima", "Iwojima", "Io Jima", "Iō Tō", "Iwōtō" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "io jima", "iwojima", "mount surabachi", "io to", "iwo jima island", "iwōtō", "iō tō", "iwō tō", "iwo jima", "iwo to", "ioto", "iōtō", "iwoto", "ivo jima" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "iwo jima", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Iwo Jima" }

[ { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Kaitoku volcano (Kaitoku Kaizan) is a massive active seamount composed of 3 overlapping submarine volcanoes in the Japanese Volcano Islands chain, 130 km NW of Iwo-jima Island.", "precise_score": 5.167753219604492, "rough_score": 2.1893186569213867, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "Volcano Islands, Japanese Kazan-rettō, archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), far southern Japan . The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in north–south sequence, Kita-Iō (San Alexander) Island, Iō Island (Iō-tō; conventionally, Iwo Jima), and Minami-Iō (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese fishermen and sulfur miners in 1887, the islands were claimed formally by Japan in 1891.", "precise_score": 5.281301498413086, "rough_score": 7.236689567565918, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands | archipelago, Japan | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "island that is part of the Volcano Islands archipelago, far southern Japan. The island has been widely known as Iwo Jima, its conventional name, since World War II (1939–45). However, Japan officially changed the name to its Japanese form, Iō-tō (Iō Island), in 2007.", "precise_score": 2.735349416732788, "rough_score": 6.2962164878845215, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands | archipelago, Japan | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "A group of three small islands, the Volcano Islands (in Japanese, Kazan-retto) lie in the western Pacific Ocean between the Bonin Islands to the north and the Mariana Islands to the south. The Volcano Islands belong to Japan. The three volcanic islands are, from north to south, Kita-Io (San Alexander) Island, Io Island (now Io-to; conventionally, Iwo Jima), and Minami-Io (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese fishermen and sulfur miners in 1887, the islands were claimed formally by Japan in 1891.", "precise_score": 5.756237506866455, "rough_score": 5.724072456359863, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands | archipelago, Japan | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "(Placename) a group of three volcanic islands in the W Pacific, about 1100 km (700 miles) south of Japan: the largest is Iwo Jima, taken by US forces in 1945 and returned to Japan in 1968. Area: about 28 sq km (11 sq miles). Japanese name: Kazan Retto", "precise_score": 6.064793586730957, "rough_score": 7.623382568359375, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands - definition of Volcano Islands by The ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "By 1944, the Allies had seized or bypassed and neutralized many of Japan's strategic bases through amphibious landings and bombardment. This, coupled with the losses inflicted by Allied submarines on Japanese shipping routes began to strangle Japan's economy and undermine its ability to supply its army. By early 1945, the U.S. Marines had wrested control of the Ogasawara Islands in several hard-fought battles such as the Battle of Iwo Jima, marking the beginning of the fall of the islands of Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.401803970336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "*1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9), The Soviet Union and Mongolia invade Japanese colonies of Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (August 9–September 2). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.476072311401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "*Kita Iwo Jima (北硫黄島 Kita-Iō-jima or Kita-Iō-tō, literally North Sulphur Island), , (Sakaki-ga-mine)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679306030273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "*Iwo Jima (硫黄島 Iō-jima or Iō-tō, literally Sulphur Island) , (Suribachi-yama)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636046409606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "*Minami Iwo Jima (南硫黄島 Minami-Iō-jima or Minami-Iō-tō, literally South Sulphur Island) , ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4884033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "There is a Japan Self-Defense Forces air base on Iwo Jima with a staff of 380. It is located in the village of Minami (Iwo Jima village). Other than that, the islands are uninhabited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92406940460205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "The first recorded sighting by Europeans was in October 1543 by Spanish navigator Bernardo de la Torre on board of carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain. Iwo Jima was charted as Sufre, the old Spanish term for sulphur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51841926574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "The population was about 1,100 in 1939, distributed among five settlements: Higashi, Minami, Nishi, Kita and Motoyama (meaning \"East\", \"South\", \"West\", \"North\" and \"Mountain of Origin\", or central mountain) on Iwo Jima; and two settlements on Kita Iwo Jima: Ishino-mura (\"Ishino village\"; Ishino is a surname) and Nishi-mura (\"West village\"). The municipal administration office was located in Higashi until 1940, when the municipality was integrated into the administration of Ogasawara, Tokyo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144304275512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "Iwo Jima was the site of the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II, and the island group came under United States administration. The Volcano Islands were reverted to Japanese administration in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.861461877822876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano Islands" }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Fukutoku-Okanoba is a submarine volcano 5 km NE of the small pyramidal island Minami-iwo-jima in the Japanese Volcano Island chain. Eruptions and submarine hydrothermal activity often cause water discoloration in the area, and during eruptions, the volcano has built several tempo... [ more ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.752398729324341, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Iwo-jima", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.549751281738281, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Ioto (硫黄島, also known as Iwo-jima) volcano is a triangular-shaped, flat, 8 km long and up to 4.5 wide volcanic island stretching NE-SW. It is surrounded by steep cliffs under the sea, which belong to a 9-km-wide submarine caldera. The volcano is located 1250 km south of Tokyo in ... [ more ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1070098876953125, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Kita-Fukutokutai is a newly recognized active submarine volcano halfway between Iwo-jima and Minami-Iwo-jima islands, ca. 1300 km south of Tokyo. [ more ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4970808029174805, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Kita-Iwo-jima", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.577341079711914, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo-Jima", "passage": "Kita-Iwo-jima (北硫黄島 officially Kita-iōtō, also frequently Kita-iōjima, meaning \"north sulfur island\") is a steep-sided basaltic stratovolcano and forms a small island. It is the northernmost of the Kazan Retto (Volcano Islands) chain, in the center of the Izu-Maranas volcanic arc... [ more ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0291624069213867, "source": "search", "title": "Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information ..." }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "Iwo Jima is the largest island, with a large stretch of level land that was converted into a military airfield during World War II . It lies about 760 miles (1,220 km) south of Tokyo . The island was the scene of a bloody battle between Japanese and U.S. forces in 1945. Under the peace treaty with Japan, that nation retained residual sovereignty over the archipelago, but the United States administered the islands from 1951 to 1968, when they were returned to Japan. Its name was officially changed to Iō-tō in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7771170139312744, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands | archipelago, Japan | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "Iwo Jima", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555097579956055, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands | archipelago, Japan | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Iwo Jima", "passage": "three islands in the W Pacific, including Iwo Jima, belonging to Japan: under U.S. administration 1945–68.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.096124649047852, "source": "search", "title": "Volcano Islands - definition of Volcano Islands by The ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Ezzard Mack Charles (July 7, 1921 – May 28, 1975) was an American professional boxer and former World Heavyweight Champion.", "precise_score": 8.220680236816406, "rough_score": 8.848091125488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "This Day in Boxing History - December 12, 1951 - Charles KOs Oma at the Garden. Heavyweight Champion Ezzard Charles stops Lee Oma at Madison Square Garden. Referee Ruby Goldstein calls a halt to the action in the 10th round. facebook - boxing hall of fame las vegas www.boxinghalloffame.com http://youtu.be/sUIp7HUmXco", "precise_score": 3.5611705780029297, "rough_score": 6.296205520629883, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles on Pinterest | Heavyweight Boxing, Boxing ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "   For that rare boxing fan with an eye for fistic delicacies, the name Ezzard Charles suggests one of the greatest boxers in the history of the sport. But for the general boxing public, especially those weaned on the exploits of Joe Louis, the name of Ezzard Charles initiates a banquet of the malicious. To traditionalists, of whom there are many, daring to succeed to the mantle of the great Joe Louis was irreverent. But, even worse, to actually beat the great Joe Louis in combat bordered on blasphemy. It was almost as if the boxing crowd suddenly realized that what they had in front of them was not the dish they had ordered. And so, Charles, instead of being hailed as the heavyweight champion of the world, became known merely as the man who beat Joe Louis, destined forever to become an antihero to one of the most popular names in all of sports.", "precise_score": 6.56865119934082, "rough_score": 6.832199573516846, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles & associates - fighttoys" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1949-06-22 Ezzard Charles beats Jersey Joe Walcott in 15 for National Boxing Association world heavyweight title", "precise_score": 6.328375339508057, "rough_score": 5.903348445892334, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1949-10-14 Ezzard Charles TKOs Pat Valentino in 8 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": 4.827556133270264, "rough_score": 5.699203968048096, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1954-09-17 Rocky Marciano KOs Ezzard Charles in 8 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": 5.508606433868408, "rough_score": 5.5903801918029785, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Sixty-three summers ago, former world heavyweight boxing champion Ezzard Charles met Utah contender Rex Layne in Ogden. Twenty-five thousand fans packed Ogden Stadium, producing the largest sports gate at that time for Utah.", "precise_score": 6.187906742095947, "rough_score": 7.436470985412598, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "As Dettloff notes in his excellent biography, Ezzard Mack Charles was the finest light heavyweight boxer who ever lived. It's kind of ironic that the 175-pounder won the heavyweight title, while never receiving a light heavyweight title shot. Charles, who started boxing in Pittsburgh as a skinny teen, was an amateur star who, despite a short break for World War II moved up the ranks of middleweight and light heavyweight in the 1940s.", "precise_score": 5.152085781097412, "rough_score": 6.084034442901611, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "There’s no counting the number of punches that hit the head and midsection of Ezzard Mack Charles in his 42 amateur and 122 professional fights. Known as “The Cincinnati Cobra,” Charles endured shots from great boxers such as Louis, Rocky Marciano, Archie Moore and Jersey Joe Walcott because he wanted to be the heavyweight champion.", "precise_score": 3.936136484146118, "rough_score": 6.06398344039917, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Become a WCPO Insider to read more about Ezzard Charles, the first heavyweight boxing champion of the world from Cincinnati.", "precise_score": 6.918883323669434, "rough_score": 7.409186840057373, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "There’s no counting the number of punches that hit the head and midsection of Ezzard Mack Charles in his 42 amateur and 122 professional fights. Known as \"The Cincinnati Cobra,\" Charles endured shots from great boxers such as Louis, Rocky Marciano, Archie Moore and Jersey Joe Walcott because he wanted to be the heavyweight champion.", "precise_score": 3.916430950164795, "rough_score": 6.114170074462891, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Ezzard Charles, in full Ezzard Mack Charles (born July 7, 1921, Lawrenceville, Georgia , U.S.—died May 28, 1975, Chicago , Illinois ), American world heavyweight boxing champion from September 27, 1950, when he outpointed Joe Louis in 15 rounds in New York City , to July 18, 1951, when he was knocked out by Jersey Joe Walcott in 7 rounds in Pittsburgh .", "precise_score": 7.677676677703857, "rough_score": 8.15436840057373, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Ezzard Charles (right) boxing Joe Louis during their heavyweight title bout, 1950.", "precise_score": 4.639064311981201, "rough_score": 5.607775688171387, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Ezzard won several amateur championships, including two Golden Gloves crowns—welterweight (1938) and middleweight (1939)—before turning professional in 1940. Before winning the heavyweight championship, he had won the National Boxing Association title by defeating Walcott on June 22, 1949. In attempts to regain the world championship, he lost to Walcott in 1952 and twice to Rocky Marciano in 1954. From 1940 to 1959 Charles fought 122 bouts, winning 96, of which 58 were by knockout. Ezzard was inducted into Ring magazine’s Boxing Hall of Fame in 1970.", "precise_score": 7.126356601715088, "rough_score": 7.662445545196533, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Jan. 31, 1914 Merchantville, N.J., U.S. Feb. 25, 1994 Camden, N.J. American world heavyweight boxing champion from July 18, 1951, when he knocked out Ezzard Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, Pa., until Sept. 23, 1952, when he was knocked out by Rocky Marciano in 13 rounds in Philadelphia.", "precise_score": 6.038409233093262, "rough_score": 6.488578796386719, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "He returned to boxing after the war as a light heavyweight, picking up many notable wins over leading light heavyweights, as well as heavyweight contenders Archie Moore, Jimmy Bivins, Lloyd Marshall and Elmer Ray. Shortly after his knock-out of Moore in their third and final meeting, tragedy struck. Charles fought a young contender named Sam Baroudi, knocking him out in Round 10. Baroudi died of the injuries he sustained in this bout. Charles was so devastated he almost gave up fighting. Charles was unable to secure a title shot at light heavyweight and moved up to heavyweight. After knocking out Joe Baksi and Johnny Haynes, Charles won the vacant National Boxing Association World Heavyweight title when he outpointed Jersey Joe Walcott over 15 rounds on June 22, 1949. The following year, he outpointed his idol and former World Heavyweight Champion Joe Louis to become the recognized Lineal Champion. Successful defenses against Walcott, Lee Oma and Joey Maxim would follow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.497916221618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "In 1951, Charles fought Walcott a third time and lost the title by knockout in the seventh round. Charles lost a controversial decision in their fourth and final bout. If Charles had won this fight, he would have become the first man in history to regain the heavyweight championship. Remaining a top contender with wins over Rex Layne, Tommy Harrison and Coley Wallace, Charles knocked out Bob Satterfield in an eliminator bout for the right to challenge Heavyweight Champion Rocky Marciano. His two stirring battles with Marciano are regarded as ring classics. In the first bout, held in June 1954, he valiantly took Rocky the distance, going down on points in a vintage heavyweight bout. Charles is the only man ever to last the full 15-round distance against Marciano. A number of fans and boxing writers felt that Charles deserved the decision. In their September rematch, Charles landed a severe blow that literally split Marciano's nose in half. Marciano's cornermen were unable to stop the bleeding and the referee almost halted the contest until Marciano rallied with an 8th round knockout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535747528076172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "In 1968, Charles was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which was called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". The disease affected Charles legs and eventually left him completely disabled. A fund raiser was held to assist Charles and many of his former opponents spoke on his behalf. Rocky Marciano in particular called Charles the bravest man he ever fought. The former boxer spent his last days in a nursing home. A chilling 1973 commercial showed Charles in his wheelchair horribly disabled by the disease. Charles died on May 28, 1975 in Chicago", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.668340682983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807965278625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "In 2006, Ezzard Charles was named the 11th greatest fighter of all time by the IBRO (International Boxing Research Organisation). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.594053030014038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "The \"Cincinnati Cobra\" was a master boxer of extraordinary skill and ability. He had speed, agility, fast hands and excellent footwork. Charles possessed a masterful jab and was a superb combination puncher. He was at his peak as a light-heavyweight. His record is quite impressive. Against top rate opposition like Archie Moore, Charley Burley, Lloyd Marshall, Jimmy Bivins, and Joey Maxim he was an impressive 16-2 combined. Despite being a natural light-heavy he won the heavyweight title and made 9 successful title defenses. Nearly 25% of voters had Charles in the top 10. Half of the voters had him in the top 15. Two thirds of voters had him inside the top 20.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17677116394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "In 2007, ESPN online ranks Ezzard Charles as the 27th greatest boxer of all time, ahead of such notable fighters as Mike Tyson, Larry Holmes and Jake LaMotta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6187175512313843, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "In 2009, Boxing magazine listed Ezzard Charles as the greatest Light Heavyweight fighter ever, ahead of the likes of Archie Moore, Bob Foster, Michael Spinks and Gene Tunney. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.525974750518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Prominent boxing historian Bert Sugar listed Charles as the 7th greatest Heavyweight of all time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.680388450622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Professional boxing record ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292437553405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ezzard Charles" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Following the addition of women's boxing in 2012, and women's ski jumping in 2014, there are no Olympic sports that are only for men in those Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060070037841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "   This was patently unfair to Charles, one of the great boxers of all time, heavyweight or otherwise-and one of its most underrated as well. Not because, following in Louis' rather large footsteps, it was inevitable that he had to suffer in comparison to the man who had served as an idol to all for the previous twelve years. But because boxing fans, confused by the entrance of a new player-as they always are-failed to recognize the genius in this warm, sensitive man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914798736572266, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles & associates - fighttoys" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "   For even before Ezzard Charles entered the heavyweight ranks, he had carried a flame of achievement, first as a middleweight and then as a light heavyweight. Some, including that venerable boxing voice, Ray Arcel, hold that Charles was one of the greatest light heavyweights of all time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.855924367904663, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles & associates - fighttoys" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Bert Randolph Sugar-The 100 Greatest Boxers Of All Time", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107390403747559, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles & associates - fighttoys" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Profession: Boxer and World Heavyweight Champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.287156581878662, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1949-08-10 Ezzard Charles TKOs Gus Lesnevich in 8 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.393966197967529, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1949-12-05 Ezzard Charles defeats Jersey Joe Walcott for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.794820308685303, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1950-08-05 Ezzard Charles KOs Freddie Beshore to retain heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.569560527801514, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1950-08-15 Ezzard Charles TKOs Freddie Beshore in 14 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.210446357727051, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1950-09-27 Ezzard Charles beats Joe Louis in 15 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.726688385009766, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1950-12-05 Ezzard Charles KOs Nick Barone in 11 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.569952964782715, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1951-01-12 Ezzard Charles TKOs Lee Oma in 10 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.5070390701293945, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1951-03-07 Ezzard Charles beats Jersey Joe Walcott in 15 for 2nd time to win National Boxing Association world heavyweight title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.473453521728516, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1951-05-30 Ezzard Charles beats Joey Maxim in 15 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.065425872802734, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1952-06-05 Jersey Joe Walcott beats Ezzard Charles in 15 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.121674537658691, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "1954-06-17 Rocky Marciano beats Ezzard Charles in 15 for heavyweight boxing title", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.893712043762207, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | OnThisDay.com" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3460601568222046, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3460601568222046, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The fight's a footnote, and I'll get to the \"winner.\" But the backstory, as related by William Dettloff in the biography, \" A Boxing Life: Ezzard Charles \" (McFarland), is more interesting. ( www.mcfarlandpub.com , 800-253-2187)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.420160174369812, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The final indignity of Charles' Ogden visit occurred on fight night, Aug. 8, 1952. The former champ easily outboxed the aggressive Layne, winning most of the 10 rounds. However, when it was over, referee Jack Dempsey , a boxing legend who himself had fought in Ogden 36 years earlier, raised Layne's hand in victory .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.988973617553711, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "The most significant lesson of the Layne bout was that Charles, a superb boxer, a Floyd Mayweather Jr. of the 1950s who frustrated fans by jabbing instead of slugging, would fall prey to spurious decisions as an ex-champ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55360221862793, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Charles was frustrating boxer. He did enough to win, often choosing not to KO opponents. This made him unpopular to fans, who often stayed away from his bouts. It was unfortunate that he followed a legend, Louis, as heavyweight champ. He beat an above-average, older fighter named Jersey Joe Walcott to succeed Louis, whipped Louis when he came back, and defended his title often before Walcott got lucky and finally stopped Charles on an off night. They had a rematch, in which Charles dominated Walcott but didn't get the decision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.899712562561035, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Charles' record, 93-25-1, looks spotty, but most of the losses were in the late 1950s, when he was over the hill, being battered by home-town favorites he could have once swatted aside easily. In what's not uncommon for many champions, Charles had little money left at retirement. He made ends meet in his later years, but was essentially broke. His wife Gladys seems a remarkable woman. She endured his many trysts while a boxer, yet diligently took care of him as his health declined in his 40s and early 50s due to Lou Gehrig's disease. He died in 1975 at age 53. He fought for 19 years as a pro, from 1940 to 1959.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.303791046142578, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Why did he go broke? Dettloff portrays a man who trusted his advisers, was an easy target for pity loans from friends and acquaintances, and simply didn't save money. There were several ill-advised business ventures as well. Another reason was that Charles, like many boxers of that era, was sliced too thin by trainers and managers. His promoter and managers took 45 percent of his winnings, trainers were paid, New York contacts were paid, and hanger-ons had their share. After taxes I wonder if Charles even saw a third of the money he earned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739103317260742, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "A strength of Dettloff's book is that it captures the rogue years of boxing, the 40s and 50s, with its mob-influenced players and the eccentric managers, hangers on, even boxers. Walcott, a fighter surrounded by mobsters, was a deeply pious man who often read his Bible in the dressing room prior to fights. Charles' promoter, a boxing character named Jake Mintz, was known for his malapropisms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.265480995178223, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Through all the 19 years, Charles stayed the same, quiet, unassuming, supremely confident, seemingly devoid of emotion. He had little rapport with the fight fans or reporters; he was simply the best heavyweight boxer around for several years. When his time was over, few were unhappy. Charles kept going to the gym, kept training, kept fighting until losses exceeded wins and Gladys finally convinced him to quit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.180523872375488, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "\"A Boxing Life: Ezzard Charles\" offers a boxing history lesson. It helps explain why many black fighters of yesteryear, even if as talented as a Mayweather of today, rarely experienced wealth and ultimately retained little of the fortunes they earned for others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5894769430160522, "source": "search", "title": "50-plus years ago, boxer Ezzard Charles was robbed in Ogden" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest boxers ever, to become part of cityscape - Insider - Story", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.414646029472351, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest boxers ever, to become part of cityscape", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9193836450576782, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Ezzard Charles learned to box in Cincinnati and made it his home during his 19-year professional boxing career. Photo courtesy of boxingnewsonline.net", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5277118682861328, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "CINCINNATI -- Cincinnati’s first world boxing champion is making a comeback this summer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300413608551025, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "And from June 22, 1949 to July 18, 1951 he was on top of the boxing world. Life after that, however, wasn’t the same. When he died at age 53, Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS) had robbed him of almost everything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980395317077637, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest boxers ever, to become part of cityscape", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9193836450576782, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Ezzard Charles learned to box in Cincinnati and made it his home during his 19-year professional boxing career. Photo courtesy of boxingnewsonline.net", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5277118682861328, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "CINCINNATI -- Cincinnati’s first world boxing champion is making a comeback this summer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300413608551025, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "And from June 22, 1949 to July 18, 1951, he was on top of the boxing world. Life after that, however, wasn’t the same. When he died at age 53, Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS)  had robbed him of almost everything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931145668029785, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Charles turned professional in 1940, the year he turned 19. He fought 42 times, posting a 37-4-1 record, before serving 16 months in the Army during World War II. Charles resumed boxing in February 1946 and won his next 15 fights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.069930076599121, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "A fight-by-fight record on the website boxrec.com shows that Music Hall, which stands just blocks from where Charles grew up, was where he fought most often early in his career. He had a 23-1-1 record there. Those wins included an impressive victory over Archie Moore, who went on to be the longest reigning light heavyweight champion in boxing history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595232009887695, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Baroudi’s death did not slow Charles’ career, but it \"stayed with him as though his own shadow,\" wrote boxing.com reporter Clarence George.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810362815856934, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The Cincinnati Cobra lost his two last bouts and retired after 19 years as a professional boxer. His only son, Ezzard Charles II told the Gwinnett Daily News in 2010 that his father rarely spoke of his boxing career, preferring instead to focus on the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.439461350440979, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Charles, who had three children, worked several jobs after the end of his boxing days, according to the Cincinnati Historical Library and Archives' website, library.cincymuseum.org.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413382530212402, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "\"Charles was a sharp boxer who cut and slashed his opponents. … He was kept in action long past his prime in an effort to get back in the limelight. … He had the finest attitude of any man I ever met in sport.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.120771884918213, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Charles was inducted posthumously into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. He was ranked No. 27 on ESPN's list of the all-time greatest boxers of all weights, ahead of the likes of Roberto Duran, Larry Holmes, Marvin Hagler, Thomas Hearns, Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson and Floyd Mayweather Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.455218315124512, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Rob Pilger, a boxing historian, former fighter and boxing trainer in Columbus ranked Charles No. 5 on his list of the all-time pound-for-pound best boxers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7477388381958, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Wrote Pilger in 2010: \"Ezzard Charles could display the sweet science at its finest. He would feint, slip, roll, counter, do it all. To some, he may have been dull. But those who understood boxing see him as a true artist. Many believe Ezzard to be the best light heavyweight ever, although he never won a title there.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.506002426147461, "source": "search", "title": "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.40381115674972534, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "May 13, 1914 Lafayette, Alabama, U.S. April 12, 1981 Las Vegas, Nevada American boxer who was world heavyweight champion from June 22, 1937, when he knocked out James J. Braddock in eight rounds in Chicago, until March 1, 1949, when he briefly retired. During his reign, the longest in the history...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.820123672485352, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "amateur boxing competition initiated by Arch Ward, sports editor of the Chicago Tribune. First sponsored by the Tribune in 1926, annual tournaments were held between Chicago and New York teams from 1927. The New York organizer was Paul Gallico of the New York Daily News. In later years the idea was...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.841044425964355, "source": "search", "title": "Ezzard Charles | American boxer | Britannica.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "As a pilot, Amelia Earhart set many world flying records. She became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and the first person to make a solo flight across both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Earhart also set several height and speed records in an airplane.", "precise_score": 10.684865951538086, "rough_score": 9.867050170898438, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "In 1927, aviator Charles Lindbergh made history by becoming the first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic, from the U.S. to England. A year later, Amelia Earhart was asked to make a non-stop flight across the same ocean. She had been discovered by publisher George Putnam, who had been asked to look for a suitable female pilot to complete this feat. Since this was not to be a solo flight, Earhart joined a crew of two other aviators, both men.", "precise_score": 10.000657081604004, "rough_score": 8.980353355407715, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Having won multiple competitions, flown in air shows, and set new altitude records, Amelia Earhart began looking for a bigger challenge. In 1932, she decided to become the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. On May 20, 1932, she took off again from Newfoundland, piloting a small Lockheed Vega.", "precise_score": 10.500072479248047, "rough_score": 9.004732131958008, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the Atlantic | World History Project", "precise_score": 10.732431411743164, "rough_score": 9.36298656463623, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the Atlantic", "precise_score": 10.805197715759277, "rough_score": 9.384303092956543, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart: The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the Atlantic", "precise_score": 10.904346466064453, "rough_score": 9.676677703857422, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart: The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Five years to the day that American aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first pilot to accomplish a solo, nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, female aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first pilot to repeat the feat, landing her plane in Ireland after flying across the North Atlantic. Earhart traveled over 2,000 miles from Newfoundland in just under 15 hours.", "precise_score": 10.280577659606934, "rough_score": 8.970803260803223, "source": "search", "title": "Earhart completes transatlantic flight - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Barely two months after Lindbergh had completed the flight to Paris,\"WE\", the first of what would be 15 books he would eventually author or significantly contribute to over his lifetime, was released on July 27, 1927 by G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), the New York publishing house run by prominent promoter and aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam (1887-1950) who later promoted the career (and eventually married) another almost equally famous flyer of the era, the ill-fated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart. An \"instant\" autobiography of the suddenly world famous young aviator, the 318-page book was an immediate best seller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.402057647705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40434741973877, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40434741973877, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40434741973877, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Studio headshot portrait of American aviator Amelia Earhart, the first woman to complete a solo transatlantic flight, wearing a leather jacket. (circa 1932).  (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.920579433441162, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Who Was Amelia Earhart?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365065574645996, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Despite all these records, Amelia Earhart is perhaps best remembered for her mysterious disappearance, which has become one of the enduring mysteries of the 20th century. While attempting to become the first woman to fly around the world, she disappeared on July 2, 1937 while heading toward Howland's Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.233577728271484, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Mary Earhart", "passage": "Also Known As: Amelia Mary Earhart, Lady Lindy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351590156555176, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart’s Childhood", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43991756439209, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Mary Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Mary Earhart was born in her maternal grandparents’ home in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897 to Amy and Edwin Earhart. Although Edwin was a lawyer, he never earned the approval of Amy’s parents, Judge Alfred Otis and his wife, Amelia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106250762939453, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart spent much of her early childhood living with her Otis grandparents in Atchison during the school months and then spending her summers with her parents. Earhart’s early life was filled with outdoor adventures combined with the etiquette lessons expected of upper-middle-class girls of her day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129505157470703, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Due to her family’s frequent moves, Amelia Earhart switched high schools six times, making it hard for her to make or keep friends during her teen years. She did well in her classes, but preferred sports. She graduated from Chicago’s Hyde Park High School in 1916 and is listed in the school’s yearbook as “the girl in brown who walks alone.” Later in life, however, she was known for her friendly and outgoing nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030130386352539, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Before long, Amelia Earhart was looking for new records to break in her own airplane. A few months after publishing 20 Hours 40 Minutes, she flew solo across the United States and back -- the first time a female pilot had made the journey alone. In 1929, she founded and participated in the Woman’s Air Derby, an airplane race from Santa Monica, California to Cleveland, Ohio with a substantial cash prize. Flying a more powerful Lockheed Vega, Earhart finished third, behind noted pilots Louise Thaden and Gladys O’Donnell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.567878723144531, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart’s Last Flight", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79469108581543, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Not long after making her Pacific flight in 1935, Amelia Earhart decided she wanted to try flying around the entire world. A U.S. Army Air Force crew had made the trip in 1924 and male aviator Wiley Post flew around the world by himself in 1931 and 1933.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.69910192489624, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "On May 21, 1937, Amelia Earhart and Frank Noonan took off from Oakland, California, on the first leg of their trip. The plane landed first in Puerto Rico and then in several other locations in the Caribbean before heading to Senegal. They crossed Africa, stopping several times for fuel and supplies, then went on to Eritrea, India, Burma, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. There, Earhart and Noonan prepared for the toughest stretch of the trip -- the landing at Howland’s Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.987607955932617, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "At the age of 34, on the morning of May 20, 1932 Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland with the latest copy of a local newspaper (the dated copy was intended to confirm the date of the flight). She intended to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5b to emulate Charles Lindbergh's solo flight. Her technical advisor for the flight was famed Norwegian American aviator Bernt Balchen who helped prepare her aircraft. He also played the role of \"decoy\" for the press as he was ostensibly preparing Earhart's Vega for his own Arctic flight. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes during which she contended with strong northerly winds, icy conditions and mechanical problems, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, \"Have you flown far?\" Amelia replied, \"From America.\"The site now is the home of a small museum, the Amelia Earhart Centre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.403224468231201, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "— Amelia Earhart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390427589416504, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart was born July 24, 1898 in Atchison, Kansas. She was a lively tomboy throughout her childhood and unlike most American women in her generation and generations before, she never outgrew this trait. She volunteered in a Red Cross Hospital during World War I, taught English to immigrant factory workers, and studied pre-med for a short time. But airplanes were her first love.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879569053649902, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart: The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart was a woman of great courage. She chose to loose herself from the conventional roles of women in her generation and follow her heart, doing what she loved best - flying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940332412719727, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart: The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40434741973877, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "See biographies by M. S. Lovell (1989), D. L. Rich (1996), and S. Butler (1997, repr. 2009); T. E. Devine and R. Daley, Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident (1987); S. Ware, Still Missing (1993); C. Szabo, Sky Pioneer (1997); T. C. Brennan and R. Rosenbaum, Witness to the Execution: The Odyssey of Amelia Earhart (1999); K. Lubben and E. Barnett, ed., Amelia Earhart: Image and Icon (2007).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.706622123718262, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells Her Own Story of Perilous 21-Hour Trip to Wales; Radio Quit and They Flew Blind Over Invisible Ocean", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.704788684844971, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells Her Own Story of Perilous 21-Hour Trip to Wales; Radio Quit and They Flew Blind Over Invisible Ocean", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.704788684844971, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Burry Port, Carmarthenshire, South Wales, June 18.--The first woman to cross the Atlantic successfully by air, Miss Amelia Earhart, Boston settlement worker, alighted in the seaplane Friendship here this morning on the broad expanse of Loughor estuary, after a flight of 20 hours and 40 minutes elapsed time from Trepassey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.634891510009766, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells ..." }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "In 1935, in the first flight of its kind, she flew solo from Wheeler Field in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California, winning a $10,000 award posted by Hawaiian commercial interests. Two years later, she attempted, along with copilot Frederick J. Noonan, to fly around the world, but her plane disappeared near Howland Island in the South Pacific on July 2, 1937. The U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca picked up radio messages that she was lost and low in fuel–the last the world ever heard from Amelia Earhart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.543757438659668, "source": "search", "title": "Earhart completes transatlantic flight - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic | World History Project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.212638854980469, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic" }, { "answer": "Amelia Earhart", "passage": "Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.418506622314453, "source": "search", "title": "Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The term \"Puget Sound\" is used not just for the body of water but also the Puget Sound region centered on the sound. Major cities on the sound include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and Everett, Washington. The Seattle metropolitan area also includes Bellevue, Washington, just east of the Sound.", "precise_score": 1.0609755516052246, "rough_score": 3.830270528793335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puget Sound" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "As the Vashon glacier receded a series of proglacial lakes formed, filling the main trough of Puget Sound and inundating the southern lowlands. Glacial Lake Russell was the first such large recessional lake. From the vicinity of Seattle in the north the lake extended south to the Black Hills, where it drained south into the Chehalis River. Sediments from Lake Russell form the blue-gray clay identified as the Lawton Clay. The second major recessional lake was Glacial Lake Bretz. It also drained to the Chehalis River until the Chimacum Valley, in the northeast Olympic Peninsula, melted, allowing the lake's water to rapidly drain north into the marine waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which was rising as the ice sheet retreated.", "precise_score": -3.097778797149658, "rough_score": -2.237339973449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puget Sound" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Lake Washington is a large freshwater lake adjacent to the city of Seattle. It is the largest lake in King County and the second largest natural lake in the state of Washington, after Lake Chelan. It is bordered by the cities of Seattle on the west, Bellevue and Kirkland on the east, Renton on the south and Kenmore on the north, and surrounds Mercer Island. The lake is fed by the Sammamish River at its north end and the Cedar River at its south.", "precise_score": 1.0145399570465088, "rough_score": -3.7861244678497314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lake Washington" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Puget Sound itself is a body of water lying east of Admiralty Inlet, through which ocean waters reach inland some 50 miles from the Pacific Coast to provide all-weather ports for ocean-going ships at Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. The waterway is a complex and intricate system of channels, inlets, estuaries, embayments and islands.", "precise_score": 4.697083950042725, "rough_score": 6.267547130584717, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Washington - Go Northwest! A Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle , the state's largest city, lies in the center of the Puget Sound region and sits between Elliot Bay and Lake Washington. Across the Sound is Bainbridge Island , the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Peninsula . To the east, and across Lake Washington, is Seattle's near neighbor Bellevue .", "precise_score": 6.355458736419678, "rough_score": 9.186572074890137, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Washington - Go Northwest! A Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Puget Sound itself is a body of water lying east of Admiralty Inlet, through which ocean waters reach inland some 50 miles from the Pacific Coast to provide all-weather ports for ocean-going ships at Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. The waterway is a complex and intricate system of channels, inlets, estuaries, embayments and islands.", "precise_score": 4.697083950042725, "rough_score": 6.267547130584717, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle, which is the state's largest city, lies in the center of the Puget Sound region and sits between Elliot Bay and Lake Washington. Across the Sound are Bainbridge Island, the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Peninsula. To the east, and across Lake Washington, is the neighboring city of Bellevue.", "precise_score": 6.365084171295166, "rough_score": 8.745689392089844, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle is a city offering many amenities in town and many adventures in the nearby mountains, lakes, rivers, and Puget Sound. It is a place where you will encounter friendly faces while wandering through Pike Place Market or while enjoying a hot cup of coffee at one of the inviting local coffeehouses. The Seattle area offers many activities for both the outdoor enthusiast and the urban connoisseur.", "precise_score": -3.683622121810913, "rough_score": -1.7362362146377563, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Bellevue lies across Lake Washington to the east of Seattle. It is the fifth largest city in the state.", "precise_score": 0.24303047358989716, "rough_score": -2.466587781906128, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Along East Side of Puget Sound The eastside is more populated and therefore, offer more frequent schedules on more routes. If you're trying to get from Olympia to Port Townsend, Bremerton or Widbey Island it would be quicker to get a series of buses up into Seattle and taking the ferry across than the buses along the west side of the Sound.", "precise_score": 1.3906840085983276, "rough_score": 0.13998696208000183, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Blake Island State Park (located in Puget Sound in the waters between Seattle and the Kitsap Peninsula). a popular island state park accessible only by boat that was the birthplace of Chief Seattle and still offers guests Native American style dinners and dancing. ", "precise_score": 0.18034008145332336, "rough_score": -0.1901114135980606, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The Kitsap Peninsula is almost an island attached by a relatively small landmass near Belfair , its complex coastline dominates the Puget Sound area between Hood Canal and the Main Puget Sound Channel. It is home of several cities and towns and is accessible by the Tacoma Narrows Bridge near Tacoma and the floating Hood Canal Bridge giving access on the northern end to the Olympic Peninsula as well as several ferry terminals giving access from Seattle and Edmunds.", "precise_score": 1.129958987236023, "rough_score": 1.5207319259643555, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle pioneer Thomas Mercer (1813-1898) was the first to point out the benefits of building a navigable passage between the fresh waters of Lake Washington and the saltwater of Puget Sound and the Pacific beyond. At a village celebration on July 4, 1854, Mercer proposed the name Union for the lake lying between Salmon Bay on the west and Lake Washington on the east, in the full confidence that a canal would eventually connect these waters. Eighty years passed before this vision was fully realized.", "precise_score": 4.900224208831787, "rough_score": 4.543145656585693, "source": "search", "title": "Lake Washington Ship Canal - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Meanwhile, in 1867, the U.S. Navy endorsed the idea of a canal linking Puget Sound and Lake Washington so that Navy ships could enjoy fresh water anchorage. At this time, only shallow-draft boats and barges could pass from Lake Washington to Elliott Bay via the Black River slough leading into the Duwamish River. Delays led the Navy to establish its Puget Sound Naval Shipyard near Bremerton instead of on Lake Washington, but it continued to urge development of a Seattle canal. In 1891, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers endorsed a canal via Lake Union.", "precise_score": 3.409515380859375, "rough_score": 5.088445663452148, "source": "search", "title": "Lake Washington Ship Canal - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. Beyond the waters lie two rugged mountain ranges, the Olympics to the west and the Cascades to the east. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific vegetation and abundant natural resources.", "precise_score": 4.171409606933594, "rough_score": 7.083432674407959, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle has always exhibited a spirit of optimism, enterprise, and self-promotion. At one time this was institutionalized as \"the Seattle Spirit,\" a movement that enabled the city literally to move mountains by washing down high hills to improve building sites, to connect Lake Washington and Puget Sound with locks and a canal, and to build the world's largest man-made island at the mouth of the Duwamish River. More recently, this spirit can be credited with accomplishments like the Forward Thrust program of the 1970s, which built the Kingdome arena and numerous parks throughout the city, including Freeway Park that spans the I-5 freeway with waterfalls and hanging gardens.", "precise_score": -1.8009971380233765, "rough_score": -3.366442918777466, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Continental ice sheets have repeatedly advanced and retreated from the Puget Sound region. The most recent glacial period, called the Fraser Glaciation, had three phases, or stades. During the third, or Vashon Glaciation, a lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, called the Puget Lobe, spread south about 15,000 years ago, covering the Puget Sound region with an ice sheet about 3000 ft thick near Seattle, and nearly 6000 ft at the present Canada-U.S. border. Since each new advance and retreat of ice erodes away much of the evidence of previous ice ages, the most recent Vashon phase has left the clearest imprint on the land. At its maximum extent the Vashon ice sheet extended south of Olympia to near Tenino, and covered the lowlands between the Olympic and Cascade mountain ranges. About 14,000 years ago the ice began to retreat. By 11,000 years ago it survived only north of the Canadian border.Kruckeberg (1991), pp. 18–23.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.958782196044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puget Sound" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The depth of the basins is a result of the Sound being part of the Cascadia subduction zone, where the terranes accreted at the edge of the Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted under the North American Plate. There has not been a major subduction zone earthquake here since the magnitude nine Cascadia earthquake; according to Japanese records, it occurred 26 January 1700. Lesser Puget Sound earthquakes with shallow epicenters, caused by the fracturing of stressed oceanic rocks as they are subducted, still cause great damage. The Seattle Fault cuts across Puget Sound, crossing the southern tip of Bainbridge Island and under Elliott Bay. To the south, the existence of a second fault, the Tacoma Fault, has buckled the intervening strata in the Seattle Uplift.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.114869594573975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puget Sound" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Concrete floating bridges are employed to span the lake because Lake Washington's depth and muddy bottom prevented the emplacement of the pilings or towers necessary for the construction of a causeway or suspension bridge. The bridges consist of hollow concrete pontoons that float atop the lake, anchored with cables to each other and to weights on the lake bottom. The roadway is constructed atop these concrete pontoons. Three floating bridges cross Lake Washington: the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (officially the SR 520 Albert D. Rosellini Evergreen Point Floating Bridge) carries State Route 520 from Seattle's Montlake neighborhood to Medina while the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and the Third Lake Washington Bridge (officially the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge) carry Interstate 90 from Seattle's Mount Baker neighborhood to Mercer Island. The East Channel Bridge carries Interstate 90 from Mercer Island to Bellevue. The Evergreen Point, Lacey V. Murrow, and Third Lake Washington bridges are the longest, second longest, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.649672508239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lake Washington" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The cities and towns bordering the lake, going clockwise from the west, are Seattle, Lake Forest Park, Kenmore, Kirkland, Yarrow Point, Hunts Point, Medina, Bellevue, Beaux Arts Village, Newcastle, and Renton. The city of Mercer Island occupies the island of the same name, in the southern half of the lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.600064754486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lake Washington" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Around 1900, Seattle began discharging sewage into Lake Washington. During the 1940s and 1950s, eleven sewage treatment plants were sending state-of-the-art treated water into the lake at a rate of 20 million gallons per day. At the same time, phosphate-based detergents came into wide-use. The lake responded to the massive input of nutrients by developing unpleasant blooms of noxious blue-green algae. The water lost its clarity, the desirable fish populations declined, and masses of dead algae accumulated on the shores of the lake. After significant pollution, the October 5, 1963 issue of the Post Intelligencer referred to the lake as \"Lake Stinko\". Citizen concern led to the creation of a system that diverted the treatment-plant effluents into nearby Puget Sound, where tidal flushing would mix them with open-ocean water. The diversion was complete by 1968, and the lake responded quickly. The algal blooms diminished, the water regained its clarity, and by 1975, recovery was complete. Careful studies by a group of limnologists from the University of Washington showed that phosphate was the culprit. Since then, Lake Washington has undergone major improvements, drastically improving the ecology and water quality, making the water twice as clear as it was in 1950.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.418559551239014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lake Washington" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Human Resources at Seattle Colleges", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830674171447754, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle is filled with unique neighborhoods, parks, museums and shops. The city offers a wide variety of restaurants ranging from a casual meal at a cafe to formal dining at a luxurious restaurant overlooking the skyline and Puget Sound. After a delicious meal, you can see a show at the 5th Avenue, Intiman, and numerous other theatres, drop by a local clubs like the Triple Door, Jazz Alley, and Tractor Tavern to hear some incredible music, or attend one of the Mariners or Seahawks sporting events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.678219318389893, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Take a virtual tour (Source: City of Seattle’s Office of Economic Development)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346721649169922, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle Colleges", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.694740295410156, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "This page maintained by the Seattle Colleges Employee Services department. Contact Jobs@seattlecolleges.edu with any questions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192580223083496, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "© 2016 Seattle Colleges", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95517635345459, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "1500 Harvard Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04707145690918, "source": "search", "title": "The Puget Sound Region - Seattle Colleges" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "King County , where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue , Redmond , Woodinville , Kent and much more that extend north, east and south from the core. Bordered to the west by the Kitsap Peninsula this region also includes Vashon Island and Blake Island .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984335899353027, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Redmond , home of Microsoft, is on the Eastside of Seattle and offers parks, shopping, and more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67977523803711, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle is by far the largest city in the region. It is the heart of a vibrant metropolitan area and a major tourist destination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310639381408691, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Today the area has grown in international influence with economic powerhouses such as Boeing, Starbucks and Microsoft whose global reach is far beyond Washington State borders. Seattle is the largest cosmopolitan city with millions of people and the regions cultural influence is profound with many artistic and cultural endeavors reaching an international audience. Yet through all of this growth and change the people of the region are still tied to Puget Sound not only for transportation and source of food but as the symbolic center of area culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.760974884033203, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "There are ethnically diverse neighborhoods in the Seattle area where many languages are spoken, including a large International District where many Asian languages are spoken. Washington is the thirteenth most populated state for example, but by comparison has the fourth highest Asian population. Seattle's 98118 zip code centered around the Columbia City neighborhood in South Seattle is considered the most ethnically diverse zip code in the country by the US Census bureau with 59 different languages regularly being spoken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.216179847717285, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Chinook Jargon was a pidgin or trade language established among indigenous inhabitants of the region. After contact with Europeans, French, English, and Cree words entered the language, and \"eventually Chinook became the lingua franca for as many as 250,000 people along the Pacific Slope from Alaska to Oregon.\" Chinook Jargon reached its height of usage in the 19th century though remained common in resource and wilderness areas, particularly but not exclusively by Native Americans and Canadian First Nations people, well into the 20th century. Chinook Jargon was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II, making Seattle the last city where the language was widely used. Today its influence is felt mostly in place names and a handful of localized slang terms. Pronunciation of some of these terms is difficult and often separates the visitor from the local including Alki, Seattle, Kitsap, Yakima, Duwamish and Lummi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756046295166016, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle-Tacoma International Airport ( IATA : SEA), universally nicknamed \"Sea-Tac\", is located in the city's southern suburbs. Domestically it's a major hub for Northwest and West Coast destinations, and internationally handles especially frequent trans-Pacific routes, as well as direct flights to the major European airports. The airport is about a 25-minute drive from downtown Seattle when there isn't heavy traffic, much longer during rush hour. All informations about the airport, including any means of ground transportation, is covered in a separate article.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.071104049682617, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Amtrak has three train services that serve the Puget Sound area. Cities served are Seattle , Tukwila , Tacoma , Olympia , Edmonds , and Everett : see the \"Get in\" sections of those cities for more details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.673868656158447, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The Coast Starlight train starts in Seattle and heads south through Tukwilla, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland , and ultimately San Francisco and Los Angeles in California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422774314880371, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The Empire Builder starts in Seattle, goes to Everett then heads east across the mountains to Spokane and eventually Minneapolis and Chicago .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84090518951416, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Amtrak Cascades is a regional train service that goes north from Seattle to Vancouver and south to Portland and Eugene .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516160011291504, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "I-5 is the main freeway running north-south; going north to Vancouver and south to Portland and California . I-90 goes east from Seattle to Spokane , Chicago and ultimately Boston . Other east-west routes include US-2 over Stevens Pass from Everett and SR-410 from Tacoma (closed in winter).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358464241027832, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Greyhound , toll-free: +1-800-231-2222 . Runs along the I-5 corridor between Seattle and Vancouver, BC (via Everett, Mt Vernon & Bellingham) on one route and to Portland (via Tacoma, Olympia, Centralia & Kelso) on the other. They also run along I-90 across eastern Washington between Seattle, Spokane and Missoula, MT. Prices varies depending on travel from which departure point to which destination point.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.163516998291016, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Quick Shuttle . Runs between Seattle and Vancouver, BC. Stops in Downtown Seattle (outside the Best Western at 200 Taylor Ave N) and SeaTac Airport (at the main terminal near south end of baggage claim, outside door 00, bays 11-16). Fares from Vancouver to Downtown Seattle are $36 one-way, $65 round-trip; from Vancouver to SeaTac, fares are $49 one-way, $87 round-trip. Vancouver to Downtown Seattle: $36 one-way, $65 round-trip; Vancouver to SeaTac airport: $49 one-way, $87 round-trip.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857565879821777, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Washington State Ferries +1 206 464-6400 [1] . Connects downtown Seattle to Bainbridge Island , Bremerton , and Vashon Island , and connects West Seattle to Vashon Island and Southworth ( Kitsap Peninsula ). All ferries are for both vehicles and passenger except the ferry between downtown Seattle and Vashon Island which is foot traffic only.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.16070556640625, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Victoria Clipper . High speed catamaran passenger ferries which connect Seattle to Victoria , British Columbia and the San Juan Islands .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573582649230957, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Cruise ships to Seattle may be docked at one of two terminals in the Port of Seattle .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.038597106933594, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Bell Street Pier Cruise Terminal at Pier 66, 2225 Alaskan Way S, near the middle of Seattle downtown's waterfront, serves as home port for Norwegian Cruise Line and Celebrity Cruises. Has bus, taxi and shuttle connections for transfer of passengers and luggage. For travelers with connecting flights, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport is less than 15 mi (24 km) away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.958217144012451, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Smith Cove Cruise Terminal at Pier 91, 2001 W Garfield St, at the north end of Seattle's downtown waterfront, serves as home port to Holland America Line, Royal Caribbean and Princess Cruises.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.834725379943848, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Dungeness Line operated by Olympic Bus Lines ,  ☎ +1 360 417-0700 . The Dungeness Line, operated by Olympic Bus Lines provides two trips daily between Port Angeles, Sequim, Port Townsend, Discovery Bay, and Kingston, to and from Edmonds, downtown Seattle, and Seattle Tacoma International Airport. It is a privately operated bus between Seattle and the Olympic Peninsula $28 to $49 OW depending on how far you're going.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.478848457336426, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "BoltBus , toll-free: +1-877-BOLTBUS (2658287) . In the area they only stop into Bellingham and Seattle. $1 if lucky; up to $30. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175618171691895, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Greyhound , toll-free: +1-800-231-2222 . Runs along the I-5 corridor between Vancouver BC, Bellingham, Mt Vernon, Everett Seattle , Tacoma and Olympia . Quicker to get across longer distances such as from Olympia up to Bellingham than a series of county operated buses. Prices varies depending on travel from which departure point to which destination point.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.398195266723633, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Sound Transit ,  ☎ +1 206 553-3000 , toll-free: +1-800-542-7876 . The long distance public transit operator operates express bus services from and between cities in the four county Seattle metropolitan area such as Tacoma , Olympia , Bellevue , Everett , Bothell, and lots of other cities surrounding Seattle. $2.50 within King County, $3.50 cross-county.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.704076766967773, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Community Transit ,  ☎ +1 425 353-RIDE (7433) , toll-free: +1-800-562-1375 . Transit services around Everett and Snohomish County (Arlington, Brier, Bothell, Edmonds, Lynnwood, Lake Stevens, Marysville, Monroe, Snohomish, Stanwood, etc) and express services from various points in Snohomish County to downtown Seattle and the University of Washington in the mornings and up to Snohomish County in the afternoons. Local bus service within the city of Everett is provided by Everett Transit . $4 from Everett and south of Everett to Seattle, $5.25 from north of Everett to Seattle(one way); $2.00 within Snohomish County.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.861038208007812, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "King County Metro . Operates buses within Seattle and out to outlying suburbs & cities within King County such as Federal Way, Shoreline, North Bend, Renton, Kent, Bothell, Bellevue, Kirkland, Shorline, Issaquah, North Bend, Enumclaw etc. The rule of thumb is that three digit line numbers are for service to/from or within outside the Seattle city limits. There are other routes that operate locally within the suburbs and between the suburban cities that do not come into Seattle at all. $3.00 peak hours, $2.50 off peak. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.126734733581543, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Light rail is growing rapidly in the area, however is currently only available to deliver passengers between the airport in Seatac to downtown Seattle with various stops through South Seattle and Sodo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531942367553711, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "[dead link]Belgium , The World Trade Center Seattle, 2200 Alaskan Way Ste 470,  ☎ +1 206 728-5145 , fax: +1 206 770-7923, e-mail: Seattle@diplobel.org .  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787349700927734, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 38,790 at the 2011 State Estimate. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. Bremerton is connected to downtown Seattle by a 55-minute ferry route, which carries both vehicles and walk-on passengers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.838334083557129, "source": "search", "title": "Bremerton, WA - Bremerton, Washington Map & Directions ..." }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Hiram M. Chittenden had taken command of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Seattle in 1906 and although he did not think highly of Moore's efforts, he strongly urged completion of the canal. He continued his advocacy after his retirement in 1908, and helped to persuade Congress to appropriate $2,275,000 for the necessary locks on June 25, 1910.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23646354675293, "source": "search", "title": "Lake Washington Ship Canal - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Puget Sound, Seattle 16 Insider Tips, Photos and Reviews", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0642266273498535, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Seattle, Washington State - VirtualTourist" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle to Victoria Ferry: One-Way and Roundtrip Tickets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113354682922363, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Seattle, Washington State - VirtualTourist" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "\"Meet the cruise at Pier 69 in the heart of downtown Seattle and relax as you travel in comfort and style to Victoria. Enjoy a 2- to 3-hour cruise through Puget Sound and into the Strait of Juan de Fuca on your way to Victoria's Inner Harbor.Wide roomy and comfortable seats provide ample leg room making your trip easy and relaxing. Some seats have tables so you can enjoy onboard meal baskets or a refreshing beverage right at your seat (meals and beverages are not included). Pass the time by shopping at the onboard duty-free gift shop for luxuries and souvenirs. Or step out on deck and observe the beauty of the passing scenery. The friendly crew will answer all your questions and help you in any way they can. Your trip ends at Victoria's Inner Harbor - right in the heart of downto\"\"\"Hop aboard the high-speed ferry from Seattle in Washington State to Victoria in British Columbia. Enjoy a scenic 2- to 3-hour cruise through Puget Sound as you travel between the USA and Canada by ferry. Upgrade and add the round-trip option.If you booked the round-trip option you must immediately call Victori", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.389965534210205, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Seattle, Washington State - VirtualTourist" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle to Victoria Ferry: One-Way and Roundtrip Tickets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113354682922363, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Seattle, Washington State - VirtualTourist" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "\"Meet the cruise at Pier 69 in the heart of downtown Seattle and relax as you travel in comfort and style to Victoria. Enjoy a 2- to 3-hour cruise through Puget Sound and into the Strait of Juan de Fuca on your way to Victoria's Inner Harbor.Wide roomy and comfortable seats provide ample leg room making your trip easy and relaxing. Some seats have tables so you can enjoy onboard meal baskets or a refreshing beverage right at your seat (meals and beverages are not included). Pass the time by shopping at the onboard duty-free gift shop for luxuries and souvenirs. Or step out on deck and observe the beauty of the passing scenery. The friendly crew will answer all your questions and help you in any way they can. Your trip ends at Victoria's Inner Harbor - right in the heart of downto\"\"\"Hop aboard the high-speed ferry from Seattle in Washington State to Victoria in British Columbia. Enjoy a scenic 2- to 3-hour cruise through Puget Sound as you travel between the USA and Canada by ferry. Upgrade and add the round-trip option.If you booked the round-trip option you must immediately call Victori", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.389965534210205, "source": "search", "title": "Puget Sound Seattle, Washington State - VirtualTourist" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930707931518555, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Brief History of Seattle", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827725410461426, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle.Gov", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45019817352295, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "A series of storm systems is set to move through the Puget Sound area that have the potential to cause impacts over the next couple of days. The second, and potentially more powerful storm system will push through sometime on Saturday evening and into Sunday. The latest information can be found on alert.seattle.gov .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.661758899688721, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "/ Home / Facts About Seattle / Brief History of Seattle", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920254707336426, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Brief History of Seattle", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827725410461426, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "White settlers came to the Seattle area in 1851, establishing a townsite they first called New York, and then, adding a word from the Chinook jargon meaning \"by-and-by,\" New York-Alki. They soon moved a short distance across Elliott Bay to what is now the historic Pioneer Square district, where a protected deep-water harbor was available. This village was soon named Seattle, honoring a Duwamish Indian leader named Sealth who had befriended the settlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.677900314331055, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The new town's principal economic support was Henry Yesler's lumber mill at the foot of Mill Street (now Yesler Way), built in 1853. Much of the mill's production went to the booming city of San Francisco, but the mill also supplied the fledgling towns throughout the Puget Sound region. A brief Indian \"war\" in the winter of 1856 interrupted the town's development, but when the Territorial legislature incorporated Seattle in 1869, there were more than 2,000 residents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05462646484375, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The 1870s were fairly quiet, despite the discovery of coal near Lake Washington, and the consequent growth of another extractive industry whose product also found its way to San Francisco. In the early 1870s the Northern Pacific Railway Company announced that its transcontinental railroad western terminus would be at Tacoma, some forty miles south of Seattle. Despite local leaders' disappointment, Seattle managed to force a connection with Northern Pacific shortly after its completion in 1883, and the town's population soared in the late 1880s. Lumber and coal were the primary industries, but the growth of fishing, wholesale trade, shipbuilding, and shipping also contributed to the town's economic expansion and population growth. One estimate is that in the first half of 1889, Seattle was gaining 1,000 new residents per month; in March alone, there were 500 buildings under construction, most of them built of wood. The explosive growth was slowed but not stopped by a devastating fire on June 6, 1889, which leveled the buildings on 116 acres in the heart of the city's business district. No one died in the fire, but the property damage ran into millions of dollars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.115606784820557, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Enthusiasm for Seattle was little dampened by the fire. In fact, it provided the opportunity for extensive municipal improvements, including widened and regraded streets, a professional fire department, reconstructed wharves, and municipal water works. New construction in the burned district was required to be of brick or steel, and it was by choice on a grander and more imposing scale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132817268371582, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The 1890s were not so prosperous, despite the arrival of another transcontinental railroad, the Great Northern, in 1893. A nationwide business depression did not spare Seattle, but the 1897 discovery of gold along and near the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory and in Alaska once again made Seattle an instant boom town. The city exploited its nearness to the Klondike and its already established shipping lines to become the premier outfitting point for prospectors. The link became so strong that Alaska was long considered to be the personal property of Seattle and Seattleites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315164566040039, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "During the early 1900s, Seattle, now having discovered the rewards of advertising, continued to experience strong growth. Two more transcontinental railroads, the Union Pacific and Milwaukee Road systems, reached Seattle and reinforced the city's position as a trade and shipping center, particularly with Asia and the North Pacific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738234519958496, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "With its population now approaching 240,000, Seattle announced its achievements by sponsoring an international fair in 1909. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition celebrated the economic and cultural links Seattle had forged along what is now known as the North Pacific Rim. The forty-two story L.C. Smith building was completed in 1914. For more than four decades it was the tallest building in the American west and a symbol of Seattle's booster spirit and metropolitan aspirations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.136409759521484, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "World War I transformed the city's shipbuilding industry, which turned out 20 percent of the nation's wartime ship tonnage. The war also brought Seattle national attention when, early in 1919, workers struck the shipyards to maintain their high wartime wages. This event soon led to the Seattle general strike of February 6-10, the longest such strike in American history. The strike lacked a cogent objective, but its success fueled postwar American fears about radicals and socialists. Along with the city's early ventures into municipal transit service and public electrical power, the general strike helped establish Seattle's reputation as a hotbed of political radicalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976644515991211, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle also had a reputation for a boom-and-bust economy, and the twenties brought depressed conditions in shipbuilding and the lumber trade. The Depression of the 1930s hit Seattle particularly hard, and a \"Hooverville\" of shacks and lean-tos housing nearly 1,000 unemployed men grew up at an abandoned shipbuilding yard south of Pioneer Square. World War II sparked an economic rebound as shipyards flourished again. The Boeing Company, a modestly successful airplane manufacturer founded in 1916, increased its workforce more than 1,200 percent and its sales from $10 million to $600 million annually during the war years. The war's end, however, brought an economic slump to the area that persisted until the middle 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837058067321777, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "When Boeing successfully introduced the 707 commercial jet airliner in the late 1950s, it heralded another burst of municipal optimism. In 1962 Seattle sponsored a full-fledged world's fair, the futuristic Century 21 Exposition. The fair left the city a permanent legacy in the Seattle Center and its complex of performance, sports, and entertainment halls, as well as the Pacific Science Center, the Monorail, and the Space Needle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802838325500488, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Since Century 21, the city population has remained fairly stable around the half-million mark, while suburban areas have grown explosively. The Boeing Company suffered a slump in the early 1970s that severely depressed the local economy. The region's economy has subsequently been steadied and diversified. Weyerhaeuser and Boeing have been a part of that development, along with such high-technology firms as Microsoft. The political strength of Washington Senators Warren G. Magnuson and Henry Jackson in the postwar decades greatly contributed to growth at such research institutions as the University of Washington, and in defense related activities. Seattle has also enjoyed an expanded air and sea trade with Asia, Alaska, and the North Pacific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8500394821167, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Seattle is proud of its arts and cultural institutions, the many live theaters, and the downtown art museum. It is proud of its parks, of its professional and collegiate sports, of Pioneer Square and the Pike Place Market, and, above all, of the beauty of its surroundings. Seattle is also a city of parades, not always respectful of its own brief heritage, not as radical as its legend would have it; a city of homes that has many who are homeless, a city that wants great growth but demands that somehow the setting remain untouched.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877143859863281, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of Seattle - CityArchives | seattle.gov" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "So began Rotary in the early 1900’s in the pioneer town of Chicago.Certainly, no Rotarian of 1905 ever dreamed that the idea set in motion in that Chicago office would some day be accepted by men and women around the world. Five years after Rotary’s birth, there were 16 Rotary Clubs and approximately 1,500 Rotarians. Within that same period, the organization became international with the formation of a Club in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1910. The first Rotary Convention was held in the Congress Hotel of Chicago in August, 1910. The National Association of Rotary Clubs was organized at that time with all 16 Clubs in membership. The following year, Clubs were organized in Ireland and England, and Rotary was on its global way. In 1912, the name was changed to International Association of Rotary Clubs. In 1916, the first Rotary Club in Ibero-America was functioning in Havana, Cuba; in 1919, the first in Asia in Manila, Philippines; in 1920, the first in continental Europe in Madrid, Spain; in 1921 the first in Africa in Johannesburg, Republic of South Af- rica; and in 1921, the first in Australia in Melbourne. The name Rotary International was adopted in 1922. Today, Rotary spans six continents with Clubs in more than eightscore countries. (as taken from the Rotary Club of Hanalei Bay )", "precise_score": 6.679384231567383, "rough_score": 8.004575729370117, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - springfieldrotary.org" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The world's first service club, the Rotary Club of Chicago, was formed on 23 February 1905 by Paul P. Harris, an attorney who wished to capture in a professional club the same friendly spirit he had felt in the small towns of his youth. The Rotary name derived from the early practice of rotating meetings among members' offices.", "precise_score": 8.43356704711914, "rough_score": 7.417065143585205, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - Meriden Rotary Club" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Remaining true to his five-year plan, he settled in Chicago in 1896, and it was there on the evening of February 23, 1905, that he met with three friends to discuss his idea for a businessmen’s club. This is commonly regarded as the first Rotary club meeting. Over the next five years, the movement spread as Rotary clubs were formed in other U.S. cities. When the National Association of Rotary Clubs held its first convention in1910, Paul was elected president.", "precise_score": 7.108116149902344, "rough_score": 7.613730430603027, "source": "search", "title": "The Boys of 1905 - Rotary Club of Santa Rosa Sunrise" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The first Rotary club meeting was in Chicago, Illinois, on February 23,1905.", "precise_score": 8.447992324829102, "rough_score": 8.445755004882812, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "By 1910, Rotary was no longer just in Chicago; there were sixteen clubs in the United States that made up the National Association of Clubs. And with the charter of each new club came a new design, based loosely on Bear's wagon wheel motif.", "precise_score": 5.184207916259766, "rough_score": 8.210953712463379, "source": "search", "title": "Rotary Wheel - Club Rotario Guatemala Nordeste" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "In Chicago, Illinois, on this particular February day, four men met in Room 711 of the Unity Building on Dearborn Street. They were Paul P. Harris, a lawyer, Silvester Schiele, a coal dealer, Gustavus E. Loehr, a mining engineer, and Hiram E. Shorey, a merchant tailor. The office of “Gus” Loehr was typical of its time – a small room, not too well lighted, with a desk and four uncomfortable chairs, a coat rack in the corner, one or two pictures and an engineering chart on the wall. They talked about the idea that Paul Harris had been pondering for five years. It was simply this: That business relations could, and should, foster friendly relations They need not, thought Paul Harris, be a barrier to friendship. What kind of men were these that Paul Harris had brought together? The founder of Rotary answered these questions in his book, This Rotarian Age, saying: “In the city by the lake, a drama was to be acted, the importance of which could not be foreseen. The dramatis personae were men of the ordinary walks of life: business and professional men.” “While lacking qualities which would have distinguished them from others of their kind, it may nevertheless be said that they were fairly representative of what in common parlance would have been termed ‘the better element’. They were all natural products of the times and subject to its usual frailties.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69615364074707, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - springfieldrotary.org" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Paul Harris modestly declined to accept any office in the new Club at that time. In fact, it was not until 1907 that Harris was elected president of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The name “Rotary” was chosen at one of the early meetings, its proposer being Paul Harris, who pointed out that the word aptly conveyed the original plan of the members to meet “in rotation” at their various places of business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.123295783996582, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - springfieldrotary.org" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "With the name decided upon, Montague M. Bear, an engraver who had joined the Club, thought it was time to have an emblem. He came up with a sketch of a plain wagon wheel, a rotating symbol that won full approval. Today, “Monty” Bear’s wheel, though much changed in design, has hundreds of thousands of descendants in the form of the familiar cogwheel em- blem on the lapels of Rotarians across the world. The first printed roster of the Rotary Club of Chicago had 19 members, but at the end of 1905 there were 30 members. Paul Harris later wrote of these first members: “There were no drones in the 1905 group. Every one was interested and busy. Practically every member contributed some one or more serviceable ideas”. Several of these ideas are in operation today; for example the midday meeting, the practice of using photographs in rosters, the presentation of papers on vocational service subjects, and many others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0697429180145264, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - springfieldrotary.org" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "More than a century after Paul Harris and his colleagues chartered the club that eventually led to Rotary International, Rotarians continue to take pride in their history. In honor of that first club, Rotarians have preserved its original meeting place, Room 711 in Chicago�s Unity Building, by re-creating the office as it existed in 1905. For several years, the Paul Harris 711 Club maintained the room as a shrine for visiting Rotarians. In 1989, when the building was scheduled to be demolished, the club carefully dismantled the office and salvaged the interior, including doors and radiators. In 1993, the RI Board of Directors set aside a permanent home for the restored Room 711 on the 16th floor of RI World Headquarters in nearby Evanston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7217206954956055, "source": "search", "title": "History of Rotary - Meriden Rotary Club" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "On February 23, 1905 a Chicago lawyer, Paul P. Harris, called three friends to a meeting. What he had in mind was a club that would kindle fellowship among members of the business community. It was an idea that grew from his desire to find within the large city the kind of friendly spirit that he knew in the villages where he had grown up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4062609672546387, "source": "search", "title": "The Boys of 1905 - Rotary Club of Santa Rosa Sunrise" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The four businessmen didn’t decide then and there to call themselves a Rotary club, but their get-together was, in fact, the first meeting of the world’s first Rotary club. As they continued to meet, adding others to the group, they rotated their meetings among the members’ places of business, hence the name. Soon after the club name was agreed upon, one of the new members suggested a wagon wheel design as the club emblem. It was the precursor of the familiar cogwheel emblem now worn by Rotarians around the world. By the end of 1905, the club had 30 members. The second Rotary club was formed in 1908 half a continent away from Chicago in San Francisco, California. It was a much shorter leap across San Francisco Bay to Oakland, California, where the third club was formed. Others followed in Seattle, Washington, Los Angeles, California, and New York City, New York. Rotary became international in 1910 when a club was formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. By 1921 the organization was represented on every continent, and the name Rotary International was adopted in 1922.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.492600440979004, "source": "search", "title": "The Boys of 1905 - Rotary Club of Santa Rosa Sunrise" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "After his term, and as the organization’s only president-emeritus, Paul continued to travel extensively, promoting the spread of Rotary both in the USA and abroad. A prolific writer, Paul wrote several books about the early days of the organization and the role he was privileged to play in it. These include The Founder of Rotary, This Rotarian Age and the autobiographical My Road to rotary. He also wrote several volumes of Perigrinations detailing his many travels. He died in Chicago on January 27, 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82575798034668, "source": "search", "title": "The Boys of 1905 - Rotary Club of Santa Rosa Sunrise" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "A wheel has been the symbol of Rotary since our earliest days. The first design was made by Chicago Rotarian Montague Bear, an engraver who drew a simple wagon wheel, with a few lines to show dust and motion. The wheel was said to illustrate \"Civilization and Movement.\" Most of the early clubs had some form of wagon wheel on their publications and letterheads. Finally, in 1922, it was decided that all Rotary clubs should adopt a single design as the exclusive emblem of Rotarians. Thus, in 1923, the present gear wheel, with 24 cogs and six spokes was adopted by the \"Rotary International Association.\" A group of engineers advised that the geared wheel was mechanically unsound and would not work without a \"keyway\" in the center of the gear to attach it to a power shaft. So, in 1923 the keyway was added and the design which we now know was formally adopted as the official Rotary International emblem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.044437408447266, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The first Rotary convention was in Chicago in 1910.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.754388809204102, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The first motto of Rotary International, \"He Profits Most Who Serves Best,\" was approved at the second Rotary Convention, held in Port- land, Oregon, in August 1911. The phrase was first stated by a Chicago Rotarian, Art Sheldon, who made a speech in 1910, which included the remark, \"He profits most who serves his fellows best.\" At about the same time, Ben Collins, president of the Rotary Club of Minneapolis, Minnesota, commented that the proper way to organize a Rotary club was through the principle his club had adopted--\"Service, Not Self.\" These two slogans, slightly modified, were formally approved to be the official mottoes of Rotary at the 1950 Convention in Detroit--\"He Profits Most Who Serves Best\" and \"Service Above Self.\" The 1989 Council on Legislation established \"Service Above Self\" as the principal motto of Rotary, since it best explains the philosophy of unselfish volunteer service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.53688907623291, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "One of the most widely printed and quoted statements of business ethics in the world is the Rotary \"4-Way Test.\" It was created by Rotarian Herbert J. Taylor in 1932 when he was asked to take charge of the Chicago- based Club Aluminum Company, which was facing bankruptcy. Taylor looked for a way to save the struggling company mired in depression-caused financial difficulties. He drew up a 24-word code of ethics for all employees to follow in their business and professional lives. The 4-Way Test became the guide for sales, production, advertising and all relations with dealers and customers, and the survival of the company was credited to this simple philosophy. Herb Taylor became president of Rotary International during 1954-55. The 4-Way Test was adopted by Rotary in 1943 and has been translated into more than 100 languages and published in thousands of ways. The message should be known and followed by all Rotarians. \"Of the things we think, say or do: 1. Is it the TRUTH? 2. Is it FAIR to all concerned? 3. Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS? 4. Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1238160133361816, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "There is an easy explanation to this apparent contradiction. Although Paul Harris was the founder and organizer of the first Rotary club in Chicago in 1905, the man selected to be the first president was one of the other founding members, Silvester Schiele. By the year 1910 there were 16 Rotary clubs, which linked up as an organization called the National Association of Rotary Clubs. A couple of years later the name was changed to International Association of Rotary Clubs as Rotary was organized in Winnipeg, Canada, and then in England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1922 the name was shortened to Rotary International. When the first organization of Rotary clubs was created in 1910, Paul Harris was selected as the first president. He served in this position for two years from 1910 until 1912. thus, the founder of the Rotary idea, who declined to be president of the first club, became the first president of the worldwide organization, Rotary International.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.01224422454834, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The headquarters of Rotary International always has been in the area of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. First it was in Chicago itself, but in 1954 an attractive new building opened in suburban Evanston. The Ridge Avenue building met the needs of the Rotary Secretariat until the 1980s when the addition of new programs, the growth of The Rotary Foundation, and the new PolioPlus activities made the headquarters building extremely crowded and required some staff members to be housed in supplementary office space nearby. When a modern 18-story office building became available in downtown Evanston in 1987, it appeared to meet all of Rotary's space and expansion needs for years to come. The glass and steel structure, built in 1977, provides 400,000 square feet of office and usable space. The building was purchased by Rotary International, which leases approximately two-thirds of the space to commercial tenants, until needed by future Rotary growth. The building provides a 190-seat auditorium, large parking garage and 300-seat cafeteria, as well as functional office space for the 400 employees of the world headquarters. The executive suite on the 18th floor includes conference rooms for the R.I. board and committee meetings, in addition to the offices for the R.I. president, president-elect and general secretary. One Rotary Center, as it is called, will enhance the efficient operations of Rotary International for many years to come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.823482513427734, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Rotary's first Community Service project took place in 1907 when Chicago Rotarians led a campaign to install a public \"comfort station\" in the city hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.419788837432861, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "Rotary's motto, \"He Profits Most Who Serves Best,\" was first expressed at Rotary's very first Convention in Chicago in 1910.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5890442728996277, "source": "search", "title": "The ABCs of Rotary - ClubRunner - Home Page" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "In 1939 the Rotary District for this area was number 108, which consisted of four counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and part of San Diego. Earl Stanley, a charter member of the Club and a real estate broker, knew Mac Robbins of the Santa Ana Rotary Club (the first service club in Orange County, chartered in 1920) and Mac knew Karl Glasbreuner (Orange Rotary Club, chartered in 1921), both of whom held the classification of Insurance. Mac Robbins was certainly the right person to know and ask to help form the RCNB; he was a Past President of the Rotary Club of Chicago (the first Rotary Club, founded in 1905) and the first President of the Rotary Club of Santa Ana. The Santa Ana club granted the territory and the Orange club sponsored the Rotary Club of Newport-Balboa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.9246063232421875, "source": "search", "title": "Club History - The Rotary Club of Newport - Balboa" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "The initial design emerged from the desk of engraver and Rotary Club of Chicago member Montague \"Monty\" Bear in 1905, shortly after the formation of the first Rotary club. Inspired to create an insignia that symbolized his club, Bear sketched a wagon wheel with 13 spokes, which was met with approval by Paul P. Harris and the rest of the founding members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.446415901184082, "source": "search", "title": "Rotary Wheel - Club Rotario Guatemala Nordeste" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "So, Rotary's first graphic artist went back to his drawing board and inked over the dust clouds and superimposed a banner ribbon with the words \"Rotary Club.\" Slightly altered later to clean up dark ink where the clouds had been, this design, drafted around 1910, would remain more or less the same for several years, even as automobiles were gradually replacing wagon buggies on the streets of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.669323921203613, "source": "search", "title": "Rotary Wheel - Club Rotario Guatemala Nordeste" }, { "answer": "Chicago", "passage": "For Charles Mackintosh and Oscar Bjorge of the Rotary clubs of Chicago and Duluth, the Rotary wheel was not running well. In a co-authored January 1920 article for The Rotarian titled \"Redesigning the Rotary Wheel,\" they complained about the divergence of Rotary wheels with ever-changing numbers of spokes and gear cogs and pleaded for clubs to recognize the standard design. But there was also a probem with that design: it was not mechanically sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.280989646911621, "source": "search", "title": "Rotary Wheel - Club Rotario Guatemala Nordeste" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": " Gerald Ford was the first vice president selected by this method, after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973; after succeeding to the presidency, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.", "precise_score": 7.861392974853516, "rough_score": 8.437627792358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Since the adoption of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, the office has been vacant twice while awaiting confirmation of the new vice president by both houses of Congress. The first such instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew as Richard Nixon's vice president. Gerald Ford was subsequently nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later when Nixon resigned following the Watergate scandal and Ford assumed the presidency. The resulting vice presidential vacancy was filled by Nelson Rockefeller. Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office, and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office.", "precise_score": 7.5285139083862305, "rough_score": 7.565637588500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Agnew was the second vice president to resign from office — the first, John C. Calhoun, resigned to take a seat to become a U.S. senator… Nixon chose Gerald Ford to be Agnew’s replacement as vice president… In 1976 Agnew published a novel, The Canfield Decision… Political columnists William Safire and Pat Buchanan used to write speeches for Agnew.", "precise_score": 7.987685680389404, "rough_score": 6.941427230834961, "source": "search", "title": "Spiro Agnew Biography (U.S. Vice President) - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Gerald R. Ford", "passage": "As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.", "precise_score": 9.18666934967041, "rough_score": 8.582940101623535, "source": "search", "title": "Richard M. Nixon | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Gerald R. Ford", "passage": "In practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself. The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who, prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate. Reagan's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well. The proposal was defeated, and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976. Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3864874839782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "President Gerald R. Ford", "passage": "In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976, Ronald Reagan, who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan's selection of Schweiker became moot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946395874023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Gerald R. Ford", "passage": "In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him at the start of the second term on the Court-packing issue and became Roosevelt's leading political enemy. In 1937, Garner became the first vice president to be sworn in on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president, a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.279742956161499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "In 1973, Agnew was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000 while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, and Vice President. On October 10 that same year, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President. Nixon later replaced Agnew by appointing House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as Vice President. The following year, when Nixon resigned from the White House due to the Watergate scandal, Ford ascended to the presidency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.217373847961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spiro Agnew" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Agnew's resignation triggered the first use of the 25th Amendment, specifically Section 2, as the vacancy prompted the appointment and confirmation of Gerald Ford, the House Minority Leader, as his successor. This remains one of only two instances in which the amendment has been employed to fill a vice-presidential vacancy. The second time was when Ford, after becoming President upon Nixon's resignation, chose Nelson Rockefeller (originally Agnew's mentor in the moderate wing of the Republican Party) to succeed him as Vice President. Had Agnew remained as Vice President when Nixon resigned just 10 months later, Agnew himself would have become the 38th President, instead of Ford.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.4374799728393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spiro Agnew" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "After leaving politics, Agnew became an international trade executive with homes in Rancho Mirage, California; Arnold, Maryland; Bowie, Maryland; and near Ocean City, Maryland. In 1976, he briefly reentered the public spotlight and engendered controversy with what Gerald Ford publicly criticized as \"unsavory remarks about Jews\" and anti-Zionist statements that called for the United States to withdraw its support for the state of Israel, citing Israel's allegedly bad treatment of Christians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1325199604034424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spiro Agnew" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974. On September 8, 1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.623304843902588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Initially, Nixon gained a positive reaction for his speech. As people read the transcripts over the next couple of weeks, however, former supporters among the public, media and political community called for Nixon's resignation or impeachment. Vice President Gerald Ford said, \"While it may be easy to delete characterization from the printed page, we cannot delete characterization from people's minds with a wave of the hand.\" The Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott said the transcripts revealed a \"deplorable, disgusting, shabby, and immoral\" performance on the part of the President and his former aides. The House Republican Leader John Jacob Rhodes agreed with Scott, and Rhodes recommended that if Nixon's position continued to deteriorate, he \"ought to consider resigning as a possible option.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.83683967590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "President Ford", "passage": "President Ford's pardon of Nixon ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015230178833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "With President Nixon's resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the federal and state level. Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford as President, who on September 8, 1974, issued a full and unconditional pardon of Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he had \"committed or may have committed or taken part in\" as president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. He said that the Nixon family's situation \"is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.979681968688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "President Ford", "passage": "Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Ford's loss of the presidential election of 1976. Allegations of a secret deal made with Ford, promising a pardon in return for Nixon's resignation, led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17, 1974. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.830811500549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Under the process decreed by the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, President Nixon was instructed to the fill vacant office of vice president by nominating a candidate who then had to be approved by both houses of Congress. Nixon’s appointment of Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan was approved by Congress and, on December 6, Ford was sworn in. He became the 38th president of the United States on August 9, 1974, after the escalating Watergate affair caused Nixon to resign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1037718057632446, "source": "search", "title": "Vice President Agnew resigns - Oct 10, 1973 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gerald R. Ford", "passage": "He had been quickly replaced as Vice President by Representative Gerald R. Ford in Mr. Nixon's effort to recover momentum. But the encompassing whirlwind of the Watergate scandal and hearings saw Mr. Nixon follow Mr. Agnew into resignation and disgrace in August 1974, as a White House political plot against the Democrats and subsequent cover-up was painfully brought to light. A national trauma shook political life to its foundations and Jimmy Carter eventually was chosen by the voters in 1976 to replace President Ford.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.098964214324951, "source": "search", "title": "Spiro T. Agnew, Point Man for Nixon Who Resigned Vice ..." }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Gerald Ford", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399421691894531, "source": "search", "title": "Spiro T. Agnew | vice president of United States ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The Eastman Kodak Company, commonly known as Kodak, is an American technology company that concentrates on imaging products, with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York, United States and incorporated in New Jersey. It was founded by George Eastman in 1888.", "precise_score": 3.687037944793701, "rough_score": 3.209413528442383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "From the company's founding by George Eastman in 1888, Kodak followed the razor and blades strategy of selling inexpensive cameras and making large margins from consumables – film, chemicals and paper. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales and 85% of camera sales in the U.S. ", "precise_score": 4.45133113861084, "rough_score": 6.106093406677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1885: George Eastman bought David Houston's patents for roll film and developed them further. These were the basis for the invention of motion picture film, as used by early filmmakers and Thomas Edison.", "precise_score": 6.72310733795166, "rough_score": 4.600912094116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1892: It was renamed the Eastman Kodak Company in 1892. Eastman Kodak Company of New York was organized. He coined the advertising slogan, \"You Press the Button, We Do the Rest.\" The Kodak company thereby attained its name from the first simple roll film cameras produced by Eastman Dry Plate Company, known as the \"Kodak\" in its product line.", "precise_score": 4.7722954750061035, "rough_score": 6.473750591278076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1899: George Eastman purchased the patent for Velox photographic paper from Leo Baekeland for $1,000,000. After this time, Velox paper was then sold by Eastman Kodak.", "precise_score": 1.422199010848999, "rough_score": 2.8133246898651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "), originally from Cambria, Wisconsin, patented the first holders for flexible roll film. Houston moved to Hunter in Dakota Territory in 1880. He was issued an 1881 patent for a roll film holder which he licensed to George Eastman (it was used in Eastman's Kodak 1888 box camera). Houston sold the patent (and an 1886 revision ) outright to Eastman for $5000 in 1889. Houston continued developing the camera, creating 21 patents for cameras or camera parts between 1881 and 1902. In 1912 his estate transferred the remainder of his patents to Eastman.", "precise_score": 6.883545875549316, "rough_score": 8.0066499710083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roll film" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The use of photographic film was pioneered by George Eastman, who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching to celluloid in 1889. His first camera, which he called the \"Kodak,\" was first offered for sale in 1888. It was a very simple box camera with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer. The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras.", "precise_score": 7.356536865234375, "rough_score": 8.36093521118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor", "precise_score": 7.401255130767822, "rough_score": 7.068814277648926, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film", "precise_score": 7.788362979888916, "rough_score": 7.3230366706848145, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented the roll of film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. The roll film was also the basis for the invention of the motion picture film in 1888 by world's first filmmaker, Louis Le Prince, and a decade later by his followers Léon Bouly, Thomas Edison, the Lumière Brothers and Georges Méliès.", "precise_score": 9.772025108337402, "rough_score": 9.381117820739746, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1884, Eastman patented a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls. The invention of roll film greatly sped up the process of recording multiple images.", "precise_score": 5.006252765655518, "rough_score": 3.50080943107605, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman then received a patent in 1888 for a camera designed to use roll film. He coined the marketing phrase, \"You press the button, we do the rest.\" The phrase entered the public consciousness. It was even incorporated into a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta (Utopia, Limited).", "precise_score": 5.661121368408203, "rough_score": 3.7395598888397217, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "•Carl W. Ackerman, George Eastman: Founder of Kodak and the Photography Business (1930), Beard Books, ISBN 1-89312299-9", "precise_score": 5.519867897033691, "rough_score": 4.446005821228027, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The first commercial transparent roll film, perfected by Eastman and his research chemist, was put on the market. The availability of this flexible film made possible the development of Thomas Edison's motion picture camera in 1891. ♦ A new corporation - The Eastman Company - was formed, taking over the assets of the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company.", "precise_score": 4.415641784667969, "rough_score": 3.299605131149292, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak developed aerial cameras and trained aerial photographers for the U.S. Signal Corps during World War I. Eastman also offered the U.S. Navy supplies of cellulose acetate for coating airplane wings and producing unbreakable lenses for gas masks.", "precise_score": -0.32098037004470825, "rough_score": 2.942495584487915, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Tennessee Eastman began marketing its first cellulose acetate yarn in the textile field. ♦ Kodak introduced KODALITH Film and Plates, which replaced the collodion wet plates used in the graphic arts industry. ♦ KODAK VERICHROME Film was introduced, offering greater latitude and finer grain than the KODAK NC (Non-Curling) Film that had been the standard since 1903. ♦ Kodak bought the Nagel Camera Company in Stuttgart, Germany. This became Kodak A.G., which for decades served as an equipment manufacturing site for Kodak. Another German factory in Koepenick was lost in the division of Germany after World War II.", "precise_score": -0.4436912536621094, "rough_score": 2.573192596435547, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "KODAK TRI-X Film, a high-speed black-and-white film, was introduced. ♦ Texas Eastman constructed a new plant to produce EASTMAN TENITE polyethylene plastic. ♦ Kodak Brasileira began operating a sensitizing plant in Sao Paulo, Brazil.", "precise_score": -1.5165702104568481, "rough_score": 2.7861275672912598, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Black-and-white KODAK VERICHROME Pan Film was introduced, replacing the popular KODAK VERICHROME Film that was launched in 1931. ♦ Tennessee Eastman introduced VEREL Fiber for use in rugs, draperies and other household furnishings. ♦ Kodak formed the Apparatus and Optical Division, which included the Camera Works and the Hawk-Eye Works in Rochester.", "precise_score": -1.3041341304779053, "rough_score": 4.302187442779541, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The KODAK CAVALCADE Projector, the company's first fully automatic slide projector, was introduced. ♦ The KODAK X-OMAT Processor reduced the processing time for x-ray films from one hour to six minutes. ♦ The company's first single-lens reflex camera, the KODAK RETINA Reflex Camera, was manufactured by Kodak A.G. in Stuttgart, Germany. ♦ KODAK Polyester Textile Fiber, developed by Tennessee Eastman, was made available for use in clothing. A plant for large-scale production of EASTMAN KODEL Fiber was built in 1960.", "precise_score": 0.2114790678024292, "rough_score": 4.246755599975586, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak introduced 20 new photographic products, including the sleek, compact CAMEO 35 mm Camera Line; new EKTACHROME LUMIERE Films; an underwater version of EKTACHROME Film; and the KODAK FUN SAVER Portrait 35 One-Time Use Camera. ♦ The company launched a stream of new software products and Photo CD formats for commercial use, in addition to a portable Photo CD player. ♦ Using Kodak's new CINEON Technology, Kodak technicians digitally restored Walt Disney's 1937 classic Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. ♦ George M.C. Fisher, previously CEO of Motorola, became Kodak's Chairman and CEO. ♦ At year-end, Eastman Chemical Company (including Distillation Products business), founded in 1920, was spun off to shareholders and became an independent company with its own board of directors and New York Stock Exchange listing.", "precise_score": 1.772429347038269, "rough_score": 4.679381847381592, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera", "precise_score": 7.837851047515869, "rough_score": 5.575685501098633, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Geni Blog Home » Genealogy Research » Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera", "precise_score": 6.744755268096924, "rough_score": 3.1204018592834473, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera", "precise_score": 7.837851047515869, "rough_score": 5.575685501098633, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "On September 4, 1888, Eastman received a patent for a roll-film camera and registered the trademark “Kodak.”  The name “Kodak” came from Eastman’s fondness for the letter “K.” He found it a “strong, incisive sort of letter.” He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagram set.", "precise_score": 6.818938732147217, "rough_score": 8.006481170654297, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "By popularizing the use of roll film, Eastman succeeded in bringing photography to the mainstream. Small, affordable, and easy-to-use, Kodak cameras were an instant hit. They even coined the motto: “You press the button, we do the rest.”", "precise_score": 4.468643665313721, "rough_score": 6.378256320953369, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Picture of George Eastman with a Kodak camera taken with a Kodak camera, 1890", "precise_score": 3.250275135040283, "rough_score": 6.083104610443115, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1892, Eastman established the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York. The company was the first of its kind to mass produce standardized photography equipment. In 1900, Kodak introduced their famous Brownie cameras. At just $1 and using film that sold for only 15 cents, the Brownie was easy for people of all ages to use.", "precise_score": 1.9949402809143066, "rough_score": 4.302704811096191, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera", "precise_score": 6.828864097595215, "rough_score": 8.21794319152832, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman's first Kodak hand-held camera from 1888", "precise_score": 2.3702635765075684, "rough_score": 2.8641748428344727, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1880 George Eastman (1854 - 1932) perfected a process for making gelatin dry plates (invented in 1971 by Richard Maddox) for photography that were manufactured by The Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. Before that, photographers had to coat a plate with wet chemical each time they wanted to take a picture (the Collodion process) - a very discouraging process. The increased speed and sensitivity to light of the dryplates freed the camera from the tripod and paved the way for the handheld camera - instant photography at low cost - of this the most popular was the Kodak handheld camera.", "precise_score": 4.902301788330078, "rough_score": 7.113973140716553, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Co. (1881) and invented the roll paper film (1885) and celluloid film in 1889 which brought photography to everybody. The roll film was also the basis for the invention of the motion picture film, used by early filmmakers Thomas Edison , the Lumiere Brothers , and Georges M�li�s .", "precise_score": 9.340771675109863, "rough_score": 9.053184509277344, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "On September 4, 1888 Eastman registered the trademark Kodak, and received a patent (388850) for his hand-held box camera which used roll film containing a 100 exposure of roll of paper stripping film and the entire camera was sent back to the manufacturer for developing, printing, and reloading with a new film. He coined the phrase \"You Press The Button and We Do The Rest.\"", "precise_score": 6.808830261230469, "rough_score": 7.8870344161987305, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1886 a detective camera was patented by George Eastman and F. M. Cossitt (patent No. 353545) which failed in the market but was a precursor of the famous Kodak handheld camera from 1888. Some of the concepts in the detective camera design were used later in 1888.", "precise_score": 5.725776672363281, "rough_score": 7.119704723358154, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "This Original Kodak camera, introduced by George Eastman, placed the power of photography in the hands of anyone who could press a button. Unlike earlier cameras that used a glass-plate negative for each exposure, the Kodak came preloaded with a 100-exposure roll of flexible film. After finishing the roll, the consumer mailed the camera back to the factory to have the prints made. In capturing everyday moments and memories, the Kodak's distinctive circular snapshots defined a new style of photography--informal, personal, and fun.", "precise_score": 7.517998695373535, "rough_score": 7.676145553588867, "source": "search", "title": "Original Kodak Camera, Serial No. 540 | National Museum of ..." }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman invented flexible roll film and in 1888 introduced the Kodak camera shown to use this film. It took 100-exposure rolls of film that gave circular images 2 5/8\" in diameter. In 1888 the original Kodak sold for $25 loaded with a roll of film and included a leather carrying case.", "precise_score": 9.331164360046387, "rough_score": 9.716902732849121, "source": "search", "title": "Original Kodak Camera, Serial No. 540 | National Museum of ..." }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "When George Eastman marketed the first commercial transparent roll film in 1889, it enabled Thomas Edison to develop the first motion picture camera. Since then, Kodak has earned nine Oscar® statuettes – more than any other non-studio company – for its technical contributions to the movie industry.", "precise_score": 7.983511924743652, "rough_score": 7.692929267883301, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in 1888. Thanks to his inventive genius, anyone could now take pictures with a handheld camera simply by pressing a button. He coined the slogan, \"you press the button, we do the rest,\" and within a year it became a well-known phrase. Later, with advertising managers and agencies carrying out his ideas, magazines, newspapers, displays and billboards bore the Kodak banner.", "precise_score": 4.866032600402832, "rough_score": 5.5850138664245605, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The letter k was a favorite of Eastman's; he is quoted as saying, \"it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676105499267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagrams set. Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, easy to pronounce, and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.256057024002075, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*April 1880: George Eastman leased the third floor of a building on State Street in Rochester N.Y. and began the commercial manufacture of dry plates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519220352172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*January 1, 1881: Eastman and businessman Henry A. Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company. Eastman resigned his position at the Rochester Savings Bank in order to work full-time at the Eastman Dry Plate Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301665306091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1884: The Eastman-Strong partnership was dissolved and the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company formed with 14 shareowners. The Eastman Dry Plate Company was responsible for the first cameras suitable for non expert use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.30739688873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*September 4, 1888: Eastman registered the trademark Kodak. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.349738121032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1889: The Eastman Company was formed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.782617568969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1891: George Eastman began to produce a second line of cameras, the Ordinary range. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9571131467819214, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1901: The present company, Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey, was formed under the laws of that state. Eventually, the business in Jamestown was moved in its entirety to Rochester, and the plants in Jamestown were demolished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.541232585906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1920: Tennessee Eastman was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary. The company's primary purpose was the manufacture of chemicals, such as acetyls, needed for Kodak's film photography products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.463929533958435, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1930: Eastman Kodak Company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on July 18, 1930. The company remained listed as one of the DJIA companies for the next 74 years, ending in 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.437601566314697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1932: George Eastman dies at age 77, taking his own life with a gun shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.524852752685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1940-1944: Eastman Kodak ranked 62nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.939271450042725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1976: The Bayer Pattern color filter array (CFA) was invented by Eastman Kodak researcher Bryce Bayer. The order in which dyes are placed on an image sensor photosite is still in use today. The basic technology is still the most commonly used of its kind to date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4618468284606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "*1993: Eastman Chemical, a Kodak subsidiary founded by George Eastman in 1920 to supply Kodak's chemical needs, was spun off as a separate corporation. Eastman Chemical became a Fortune 500 company in its own right. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.208006739616394, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1997, Heidelberg Printing Machines AG and Eastman Kodak Co. had created the Nexpress Solutions LLC joint venture to develop a digital color printing press for the high-end market segment. Heidelberg acquired Eastman Kodak Co.'s Office Imaging black and white digital printing activities in 1999. In 2000, they had launched Digimaster 9110 - Black & White Production Printer and NexPress 2100 Digital Colour Press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.970688819885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In March 2004, Heidelberg transferred its Digital Print division to Eastman Kodak Co. under mutual agreement. Kodak continues to research and develop Digital Printing Systems and introduced more products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.780996322631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The home market-oriented 8 mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak. Kodak also entered the professional television production video tape market, briefly in the mid-1980s, under the product portfolio name of Eastman Professional Video Tape Products. In 1990, Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Program working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the future generation of film-makers. Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US, Europe and Asia made up of Deans and Chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.589140772819519, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Polaroid was awarded damages in the patent trial in the amount of $909,457,567, a record at the time. (Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts, decided October 12, 1990, case no. 76-1634-MA. Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481). See also the following cases: Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 641 F.Supp. 828 [228 USPQ 305] (D. Mass. 1985), stay denied, 833 F.2d 930 [5 USPQ2d 1080] (Fed. Cir.), aff'd, 789 F.2d 1556 [229 USPQ 561] (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 850 (1986). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5330610275268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak provides document imaging solutions. Historically this industry began when George Eastman partnered with banks to image checks in the 1920s. Through the development of microfilm technology, Eastman Kodak was able to provide business and government with a solution for long term document storage. Document imaging was one of the first imaging solutions to move to \"digital imaging\" technology. Kodak manufactured the first digital document scanners for high speed document imaging. Today Kodak has a full line of document scanners providing imaging solutions for banking, finance, insurance, healthcare and other vertical industries. Kodak also provides associated document capture software and business process services. Eastman Kodak acquired the Bowe Bell & Howell scanner division in September 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9318891763687134, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 2005, Kodak Canada donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University in Toronto. The Ryerson University Library also acquired an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. & Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester, New York. The Kodak Archives, begun in 1909, contain the company's Camera Collection, historic photos, files, trade circulars, Kodak magazines, price lists, daily record books, equipment, and other ephemera. It includes the contents of the Kodak Heritage Collection Museum, a museum established in 1999 for Kodak Canada's centennial that Kodak closed in 2005 along with the company's entire 'Kodak Heights' manufacturing campus in Mount Dennis, Toronto. See also: George Eastman House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.09715598821640015, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "On March 26, 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) announced that Eastman Kodak was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initiated by the CBBB Board of Directors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.80899715423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He was the third and youngest child of George Washington Eastman and Maria Kilbourn, both from the bordering town of Marshall. His third sister died shortly after her birth. In 1854, his father established the Eastman Commercial College in Rochester. The Eastman family moved to Rochester in 1865. Two years later after his father's death, George Eastman left high school to support his mother and sisters. At age 14 he began working as an office boy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.612893104553223, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1874, Eastman became intrigued with photography, but found the process awkward. It required coating a glass plate with a liquid emulsion, which had to be quickly used before it dried. After three years of experimentation with British gelatin emulsions, Eastman developed a dry photographic plate, and patented it in both England and the US. In 1880 he began a photographic business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0302042961120605, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "On September 4, 1888 Eastman registered the trademark Kodak. The letter \"K\" had been a favorite of Eastman's. He said, \"[I]t seems a strong, incisive sort of letter\". Eastman and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagram set. He used three principal concepts to create the name: it must be short, it could not be mispronounced, and it could not resemble anything else or be associated with anything but Kodak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6422648429870605, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "By 1896, 100 Kodak cameras had been sold. The first Kodak cost USD $25. In an effort to bring photography to the masses, Eastman introduced the Brownie in 1900 at a price of just $1. It became a great success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.16448357701301575, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1925, Eastman gave up his daily management of Kodak, to become chairman of the board. He thereafter concentrated on philanthropic activities, to which he had already donated substantial sums. He was one of the major philanthropists of his time, ranking only slightly behind Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and a few others, but did not seek publicity for his activities. He concentrated on institution-building and causes which could help people's health. He donated to the University of Rochester, establishing the Eastman School of Music and School of Dentistry; to Tuskegee Institute; and to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), donations which provided the capital to build several of their first buildings at their second campus along the Charles River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3524346351623535, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In his final two years, Eastman was in intense pain, caused by a degenerative disorder affecting his spine. He had trouble standing and his walking became a slow shuffle. Today it might be diagnosed as spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal caused by calcification in the vertebrae. Eastman grew depressed, as he had seen his mother spend the last two years of her life in a wheelchair from the same condition. On March 14, 1932, Eastman committed suicide. He left a suicide note that read, \"To my Friends, My work is done. Why wait?\" His funeral was held at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Rochester. Eastman, who never married, was buried on the grounds of the company he founded at Kodak Park in Rochester, New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.229990005493164, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "During his lifetime, he donated $100 million, mostly to the University of Rochester and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (under the alias \"Mr. Smith\"). The Rochester Institute of Technology has a building dedicated to Mr. Eastman, in recognition of his support and substantial donations. He endowed the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99245548248291, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "MIT has a plaque of Eastman (the rubbing of which is traditionally considered by students to bring good luck) in recognition of his donation. Eastman also made substantial gifts to the Tuskegee Institute and the Hampton Institute. Upon his drew, his entire estate went to the University of Rochester, where his name can be found on the Eastman Quadrangle of the River Campus. His former home at 900 East Avenue in Rochester, New York was opened as the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film in 1949. On the 100th anniversary of his birth in 1954, Eastman was honored with a postage stamp from the United States Post Office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.600433349609375, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "A First Day Cover Honoring George Eastman 1954.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.338134765625, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman had a very astute business sense. He focused his company on making film when competition heated up in the camera industry. By providing quality and affordable film to every camera manufacturer, Kodak managed to turn its competitors into de facto business partners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3860093355178833, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1926 George Eastman was approached by Lord Riddell, the Chairman of Royal Free Hospital, to fund a dental clinic in London. He agreed to give £200,000 which was matched by £50,000 each from Lord Riddell and Sir Albert Levy, the Royal Free's honorary treasurer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.286144256591797, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The Eastman Dental Clinic was opened in 20 November 1931 by the American Ambassador in the presence of Neville Chamberlain. The building, which resembled the Rochester Dispensary, was totally integrated into the Royal Free Hospital and included three wards for oral, ear, nose, and throat and cleft lip and palate surgery and was dedicated to providing dental care for children from the poor districts of central London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.766899108886719, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "•Eastman Dental Institute London", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093591690063477, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "1.^ George Eastman - The Man: About His Life. Kodak: History of Kodak. Retrieved on December 7, 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3838269710540771, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "6.^ Rochester's History. George Eastman. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130450248718262, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "7.^ - George Eastman Biography (2006) nnbd.com.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.385185241699219, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "9.^ Ford, Carin T. (2004). George Eastman: The Kodak Camera Man. Enslow Publishers, INC..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.615020751953125, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "• ^ - History of the Eastman Dental Institute (2007) eastman.ucl.ac.uk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508318901062012, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "•Elizabeth Brayer, George Eastman: A Biography (1996), John's Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5263-3, University of Rochester Press 2006 reprint: ISBN 1-58046247-2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591438293457031, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "•George Eastman archive at the University of Rochester", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491873741149902, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "•The George Eastman Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512903213500977, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman - invented the roll of film - Famous Inventor" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman was one of the first to demonstrate the great convenience of gelatin dry plates over the cumbersome and messy wet plate photography prevalent in his day. Dry plates could be exposed and developed at the photographer's convenience; wet plates had to be coated, exposed at once, and developed while still wet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.620920658111572, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman invented an emulsion-coating machine which enabled him to mass-produce photographic dry plates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.550922870635986, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman began commercial production of dry plates in a rented loft of a building in Rochester, N.Y.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57279109954834, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In January, Eastman and Henry A. Strong (a family friend and buggy-whip manufacturer) formed a partnership known as the Eastman Dry Plate Company. ♦ In September, Eastman quit his job as a bank clerk to devote his full time to the business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09666633605957, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The Eastman Dry Plate Company completed transfer of operations to a four-story building at what is now 343 State Street, Rochester, NY, the company's worldwide headquarters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087377548217773, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The business was changed from a partnership to a $200,000 corporation with 14 shareowners when the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company was formed. ♦ EASTMAN Negative Paper was introduced. ♦ Eastman and William H. Walker, an associate, invented a roll holder for negative papers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0512709617614746, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "EASTMAN American Film was introduced - the first transparent photographic \"film\" as we know it today. ♦ The company opened a wholesale office in London, England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.698965549468994, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman became one of the first American industrialists to employ a full-time research scientist to aid in the commercialization of a flexible, transparent film base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.89145565032959, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The company became Eastman Kodak Company of New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.078258514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "One year after the discovery of x-rays, Eastman entered into an agreement to supply plates and paper for the new process. ♦ Kodak also marketed the first film especially coated for motion picture use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4909842908382416, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The company developed the continuous wheel process for manufacturing transparent film base, which had previously been coated on long tables. ♦ Eastman awarded Kodak employees a bonus from his personal funds for their \"extra good work.\" ♦ Kodak Canada Limited was organized as a distribution center in Toronto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5392177104949951, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey, the present parent company, was formed. George Eastman became president of the New Jersey holding company. Henry A. Strong, Eastman's original partner, remained at the head of the New York company until his death in 1919.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.07788041234016418, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The company's Blair Camera factory in Rochester was renamed the Hawk-Eye Works, and a department for the design of optics was established there in 1912. ♦ Eastman created a benefit, accident, and pension fund for employees. ♦ The company's first safety committee was organized to study accident prevention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.891342639923096, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman hired Dr. C.E. Kenneth Mees, a British scientist, to organize and head a research laboratory in Rochester, one of the first industrial research centers in the U.S. ♦ Kodak employees received their first Wage Dividend, a profit-sharing program that continues in the U.S. today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.796184539794922, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The introduction of EASTMAN Portrait Film began a transition to the use of sheet film instead of glass plates for professional photographers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.290085792541504, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Tennessee Eastman Company was organized to manufacture wood alcohol for film base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.448875427246094, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The Eastman Savings and Loan Association was established to help employees save and to finance home purchases. It remained part of the company until it became a self-standing credit union in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002132415771484, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman became chairman of Kodak's board of directors. William G. Stuber, whom Eastman had hired in 1894 to direct emulsion-making, was elected president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.680666446685791, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak purchased a gelatin manufacturing plant in Peabody, Massachusetts, and formed Eastman Gelatin Corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.019318103790283, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The first 8 mm amateur motion picture film, cameras, and projectors were introduced. ♦ Tennessee Eastman began production of its first plastic - EASTMAN TENITE Acetate. ♦ George Eastman died, leaving his entire residual estate to the University of Rochester. In 1949, his Rochester home was opened as an independent public museum - The International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.30998674035072327, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Perley S. Wilcox succeeded Frank Lovejoy as chairman of the board of directors. He had previously directed the formation of Tennessee Eastman Company in 1920.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480216979980469, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The world's first commercial production of synthetic vitamin A began at Distillation Product Industries (DPI); DPI discontinued vitamin A production in 1973. ♦ Kodak introduced the EASTMAN Television Recording Camera, in cooperation with DuMont Laboratories and NBC, for recording images from a television screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.317862033843994, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The low-priced BROWNIE 8 mm Movie Camera was introduced. The BROWNIE Movie Projector was added in 1952, and the BROWNIE Turret Camera was introduced in 1955. ♦ Recordak Corporation introduced the new BANTAM Microfilmer with the highest reduction ratio ever achieved - 40:1. ♦ The Texas Eastman Company began operations in Longview, Texas, for the production of alcohols and aldehydes for the chemical trade. ♦ Dr. Albert K. Chapman succeeded Thomas J. Hargrave as president of the company when Hargrave became chairman of the board.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.554012298583984, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Carolina Eastman Company was dedicated in Columbia, South Carolina, for the manufacture of KODEL Polyester fibers and yarn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.918478012084961, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Arkansas Eastman Company, the newest member of the Eastman Chemicals Division, began commercial production of organic chemicals. ♦ Walter A. Fallon was elected chairman of the board and Colby H. Chandler became president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.161192893981934, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman Chemicals Division introduced EASTMAN KODAPAK Thermoplastic Polyester for use in manufacturing beverage bottles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.005443572998047, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Colby H. Chandler was elected chairman and chief executive officer and Kay R. Whitmore became president. ♦ The KODAK KAR 4000 Information System provided advanced capabilities for computer-assisted storage and retrieval of microfilm images. ♦ Tennessee Eastman began operation of the only commercial plant in the U.S. for making industrial chemicals from coal. ♦ The KODAK EKTACHEM DT60 Analyzer, a desktop unit, brought the convenience of dry-chemistry blood serum analysis to the physician's office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.813300132751465, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The company introduced two new KODACOLOR VR-G 35 Films and re-entered the 35 mm camera market with two new Kodak VR 35 Cameras. ♦ The company announced KODAK ULTRALIFE Lithium Power Cells, the world's first 9-volt lithium cells for consumer use, and entered the general consumer battery market with a line of KODAK SUPRALIFE Batteries. ♦ Kodak entered a new health-care business with the establishment of its Eastman Pharmaceuticals Division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.092656135559082, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak celebrated the 100th anniversary of motion pictures by introducing EASTMAN EXR Color Negative Films. ♦ The KODAK XL 7700 Digital Continuous Tone Printer, which produced large format thermal color prints, was introduced. ♦ The one-time-use KODAK STRETCH 35 Camera produced 3 1/2 x 10 - inch prints for panoramic scenes. ♦ The one-time-use KODAK WEEKEND 35 Camera was an all-weather camera capable of taking pictures underwater down to a depth of 8 feet. ♦ The KODAK IMAGELINK Component Series (for document imaging) and KODAK OPTISTAR Products (for computer output) offered a choice of micrographic or digital capture of images. ♦ The KODAK X-OMATIC RA cassette significantly reduced radiographic exposure for pediatric patients.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.631873607635498, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Kodak introduced its first waterproof digital still camera, the KODAK EASYSHARE SPORT Camera. ♦ New offerings were launched to meet the growing demand for high-quality photo books and other photo products. The KODAK NEXPRESS Photo Platform lets photo labs, commercial printers, and others digitally print such product offerings; KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA EP-D and EP-L Papers provide the look and feel of photo paper when used in electrophotographic digital presses. ♦ Sharpening its operational focus, Kodak sold its Image Sensor Solutions (ISS) and Eastman Gelatine businesses, as well as parts of its microfilm products and equipment business. Kodak acquired the relief plates business of Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd., helping expand capabilities for flexographic/packaging markets. The unit operates as Yamanashi RPB Supply Company. ♦ KODAK Picture Kiosks were enhanced to allow users to access – and easily make prints or photo products from – the increasing number of images stored on social sites like Facebook. ♦ A wide-format version of the KODAK FLEXCEL NX System, used to produce plates for flexible packaging products, was introduced. It enables printing of larger materials or printing of multiple jobs at one time. ♦ A new generation of KODAK VERSAMARK Printing Systems – with a 40% smaller footprint than competitive systems – was introduced. The units benefit transactional, newsletter, direct mail and newspaper printers where space is at a premium. ♦ Kodak shipped its 100 millionth digital still camera, placing the company among top manufacturers worldwide over the past 15 years. ♦ Kodak introduced a line of home inkjet printers – KODAK HERO All-in-One Printers – that combined high quality output with affordable ink. ♦ KODAK VISION3 50D Color Negative Film 5203/7203 was introduced, giving filmmakers more flexibility for shooting in natural or simulated daylight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8836870193481445, "source": "search", "title": "Milestones | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Do you remember the days when cameras used film rolls? Today most of us take photos digitally, either with our phones, tablets or a digital camera and it’s easy to forget that it wasn’t always so easy to snap a picture. Nearly fifty years after the world was first introduced to the daguerrotype, American inventor and entrepreneur George Eastman sought to find a way to make photography less cumbersome and easier for the average person to enjoy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.346898078918457, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Patent filed by George Eastman (click to view full patent)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.133291721343994, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman Kodak Company, c.1900-1910", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.496474266052246, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman’s contributions revolutionized the industry of photography and transformed the world’s relationship with photos. His improvements also proved to be vital to the invention of motion picture film by some of the world’s first film-makers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840694904327393, "source": "search", "title": "Patents: George Eastman and the Roll Film Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman's Contribution and Inventions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.092679500579834, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1900, Eastman took mass-market photography one step further with the Brownie, a simple and very inexpensive box camera that introduced the concept of the snapshot. The Brownie was extremely popular and various models remained on sale until the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.108498573303223, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Upon Eastman�s death, his entire residuary estate went to the University of Rochester. His former home at 900 East Avenue in Rochester, New York, was opened as the International Museum of Photography at the George Eastman House in 1947. On the 100th anniversary of his birth in 1954, Eastman was honored with a postage stamp from the United States Post Office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.836946487426758, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1936 was developed Kodachrome by Eastman Kodak, the first color multi-layered color film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.336780548095703, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1990 Eastman Kodak announces Photo CD as a digital image storage medium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.175775051116943, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Many contributed to the development of the camera and photography, during the years, in the fields of chemistry, optics and mechanics but we dedicated this page to George Eastman since we think his inventions of dry rolled film and the hand-held camera that could utilize it revolutionized photography in a manner not seen before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2563319504261017, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "With the slogan \"you press the button, we do the rest,\" George Eastman put the first simple camera into the hands of a world of consumers in 1888. In so doing, he made a cumbersome and complicated process easy to use and accessible to nearly everyone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.248193740844727, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Just as Eastman had a goal to make photography \"as convenient as the pencil,\" Kodak continues to expand the ways images touch people's daily lives. Read on to Learn More.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.766411304473877, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1880, George Eastman, a young hobbyist photographer and school dropout, became one of the first to successfully manufacture dry plates commercially in the United States. One year later Eastman and Henry Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.305696487426758, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Our founder, George Eastman, devoted his life to making photography “as convenient as the pencil.” His company has been at the center of most milestones in photography and digital imaging ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.851241588592529, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Given young George Eastman’s experience as a bank clerk, it’s not surprising Kodak created a variety of technologies to preserve, copy and manage documents. One descendant of Kodak’s document technologies is the fastest commercial inkjet print engine in today’s printing industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7167688608169556, "source": "search", "title": "Heritage | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman | Kodak", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2175910472869873, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "George Eastman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.018768310546875, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "1884: Eastman at age 30", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784725189208984, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He was George Eastman, and his ability to overcome financial adversity, his gift for organization and management, and his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties, and enabled him to direct his Eastman Kodak Company to the forefront of American industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.024060010910034, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Photo Credit: Steven Doane, © Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5863044261932373, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The youngest of three children, George Eastman was born to Maria Kilbourn and George Washington Eastman on July 12, 1854 in the village of Waterville, some 20 miles southwest of Utica, in upstate New York. The house on the old Eastman homestead, where his father was born and where George spent his early years, has since been moved to the Genesee Country Museum in Mumford, N.Y., outside of Rochester", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53518295288086, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Early photos of Eastman (Click to view gallery)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.160933494567871, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "When George was five years old, his father moved the family to Rochester. There the elder Eastman devoted his energy to establishing Eastman Commercial College. Then tragedy struck. George's father died, the college failed and the family became financially distressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.221421241760254, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "When Eastman was 24, he made plans for a vacation to Santo Domingo. When a co-worker suggested he make a record of the trip, Eastman bought a photographic outfit with all the paraphernalia of the wet plate days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57125473022461, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman did not make the Santo Domingo trip. But he did become completely absorbed in photography and sought to simplify the complicated process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254087448120117, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He read in British magazines that photographers were making their own gelatin emulsions. Plates coated with this emulsion remained sensitive after they were dry and could be exposed at leisure. Using a formula taken from one of these British journals, Eastman began making gelatin emulsions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688737869262695, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Box of EASTMAN Dry Plates, early 1880s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.790505409240723, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He worked at the bank during the day and experimented at home in his mother's kitchen at night. His mother said that some nights Eastman was so tired he couldn't undress, but slept on a blanket on the floor beside the kitchen stove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019734382629395, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "After three years of photographic experiments, Eastman had a formula that worked. By 1880, he had not only invented a dry plate formula, but had patented a machine for preparing large numbers of the plates. He quickly recognized the possibilities of making dry plates for sale to other photographers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2789459228515625, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1879, London was the center of the photographic and business world. George Eastman went there to obtain a patent on his plate-coating machine. An American patent was granted the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.073657989501953, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In April 1880, Eastman leased the third floor of a building on State Street in Rochester, and began to manufacture dry plates for sale. One of his first purchases was a second-hand engine priced at $125.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820111274719238, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "On January 1, 1881, Eastman and Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company. Late that year, Eastman resigned from his position at the Rochester Savings Bank to devote all his time to the new company and its business. While actively managing all phases of the firm's activities, he continued research in an effort to simplify photography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289992332458496, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1884, the Eastman-Strong partnership had given way to a new firm -- the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company -- with 14 shareowners. A successive concern -- the Eastman Company, was formed in 1889.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.490917205810547, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The company has been called Eastman Kodak Company since 1892, when Eastman Kodak Company of New York was organized. In 1901, the Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey was formed under the laws of that state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.215392112731934, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman built his business on four basic principles:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673530578613281, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "As Eastman’s young company grew, it faced total collapse at least once when dry plates in the hands of dealers went bad. Eastman recalled them and replaced them with a good product. \"Making good on those plates took our last dollar,\" he said. \"But what we had left was more important -- reputation.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07082748413086, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman's experiments were directed to the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. His first approach was to coat the photographic emulsion on paper and then load the paper in a roll holder. The holder was used in view cameras in place of the holders for glass plates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.749129295349121, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In 1883, Eastman startled the trade with the announcement of film in rolls, with the roll holder adaptable to nearly every plate Camera on the market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0262632369995117, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman's solution was to coat the paper with a layer of plain, soluble gelatin, and then with a layer of insoluble light-sensitive gelatin. 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After exposure, the whole camera was returned to Rochester. There the film was developed, prints were made and new film was inserted -- all for $10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9283151626586914, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman's faith in the importance of advertising, both to the company and to the public, was unbounded. The very first Kodak products were advertised in leading papers and periodicals of the day -- with ads written by Eastman himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9896650314331055, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "The word \"Kodak\" was first registered as a trademark in 1888. There has been some fanciful speculation, from time to time, on how the name was originated. But the plain truth is that Eastman invented it out of thin air.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.16477584838867188, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "He explained: \"I devised the name myself. The letter 'K' had been a favorite with me -- it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter. It became a question of trying out a great number of combinations of letters that made words starting and ending with 'K.' The word 'Kodak' is the result.\" Eastman also selected Kodak's distinctive yellow trade dress, which is widely known throughout the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.298905849456787, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "To his basic principles of business, Eastman added these policies:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082756042480469, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "In regards to his employees and in building his business, Eastman blended human and democratic qualities, with remarkable foresight. He believed employees should have more than just good wages -- a way of thinking that was far ahead of management people of his era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160375595092773, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Early in his business, Eastman began planning for \"dividends on wages\" for employees. 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The social philosophy, which he practiced in building his company, was not only far in advance of the thinking during his lifetime, but it will be years before it is generally recognized and accepted.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409979820251465, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman is almost as well known for his philanthropy as he is for his pioneering work in photography. In this field, as in others, he put the direction of an enthusiastic amateur to work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.098345756530762, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "- George Eastman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.013002872467041, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Dental clinics were also of great interest to Eastman. He devised complete plans and financial backing for a $2.5 million dental clinic for Rochester. He then started a large-scale, remedial dental program for children. Dental clinics were also given to London, Paris, Rome, Brussels and Stockholm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990792274475098, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman loved music and wanted others to enjoy the beauty and pleasure of music. He established and supported the Eastman School of Music, a theatre, and a symphony orchestra. \"It is fairly easy to employ skillful musicians. It is impossible to buy appreciation of music. Yet without a large body of people who get joy out of it, any attempt to develop musical resources of any city is doomed to failure,\" he said. So his plan had a practical formula for exposing the public to music -- with the result that the people of Rochester have for decades supported their own philharmonic orchestra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10622787475586, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Interest in hospitals and dental clinics had grown with Eastman's work and study of the field. He promoted and brought to fruition a program to develop a medical school and hospital at the University of Rochester, which became as nationally prominent as the university's music school. 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He could walk down the main street of Rochester without being recognized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649142265319824, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman, fishing in Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99511432647705, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman lived his philosophy, \"What we do during our working hours determines what we have; what we do in our leisure hours determines what we are.\" A tough competitor, hard-bitten and practical in business, he was gentle and congenial at home or in the field of outdoor enjoyment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087908744812012, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "© Eastman Kodak Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.139043807983398, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "1929: Eastman (second from left) with Dr. Lewis Perry, Charles A. Lindbergh, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Dr. Samuel Wesley Stratton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400086402893066, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Eastman died by his own hand on March 14, 1932 at the age of 77. Plagued by progressive disability resulting from a hardening of the cells in the lower spinal cord, Eastman became increasingly frustrated at his inability to maintain an active life, and set about putting his estate in order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69848346710205, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "\"Eastman was a stupendous factor in the education of the modern world,\" said an editorial in The New York Times following his death. \"Of what he got in return for his great gifts to the human race he gave generously for their good; fostering music, endowing learning, supporting science in its researches and teaching, seeking to promote health and lessen human ills, helping the lowliest in their struggle toward the light, making his own city a center of the arts and glorifying his own country in the eyes of the world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.643521308898926, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Learn More by visiting the George Eastman House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.975900650024414, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" }, { "answer": "Eastman", "passage": "Learn More about Kodak, photography, and the legacy of George Eastman by visiting the George Eastman House in Rochester, N.Y.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5019853115081787, "source": "search", "title": "George Eastman | Kodak" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Odd Couple", "The Female Odd Couple", "Oscar madison", "Murray Greshler", "Oscar Madison" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "oscar madison", "female odd couple", "odd couple", "murray greshler" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "odd couple", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Odd Couple" }

[ { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple is a play by Neil Simon. Following its premiere on Broadway in 1965, the characters were revived in a successful 1968 film and 1970s television series, as well as other derivative works and spin-offs. The plot concerns two mismatched roommates: the neat, uptight Felix Ungar and the slovenly, easygoing Oscar Madison. Simon adapted the play in 1985 to feature a pair of female roommates (Florence Ungar and Olive Madison) in The Female Odd Couple. An updated version of the 1965 show appeared in 2002 with the title Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple.", "precise_score": 6.495894432067871, "rough_score": 7.246185779571533, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Felix Ungar, a neurotic, neat freak newswriter (a photographer in the television series), is thrown out by his wife, and moves in with his friend Oscar Madison, a slovenly sportswriter. Despite Oscar's problems – careless spending, excessive gambling, a poorly kept house filled with spoiled food – he seems to enjoy life. Felix, however, seems utterly incapable of enjoying anything and only finds purpose in pointing out his own and other people's mistakes and foibles. Even when he tries to do so in a gentle and constructive way, his corrections and suggestions prove extremely annoying to those around him. Oscar, his closest friend, feels compelled to throw him out after only a brief time together, though he quickly realizes that Felix has had a positive effect on him.", "precise_score": 5.038241863250732, "rough_score": 7.105538845062256, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Based on the Broadway play by Neil Simon, this tells the story of two mismatched friends, Felix Unger and Oscar Madison. Felix is a neat, tidy, and healthy nut, a photographer at a portrait studio, and a connoisseur of classical music. Because of this, his wife divorced Felix and threw him out of his apartment for good. Desperately in the need of a place to live, he moves in with his longtime childhood friend, Oscar Madison, a sports journalist for the New York Times. What he realizes is that Oscar is the exact opposite of him: sloppy, messy, and doesn't eat the right foods. Felix's cleaning, hygienic tips, and healthiness annoys Oscar while Oscar's crazy world of living like a pig upsets Felix. But in the process they'll learn that love, trust, and friendship are more important than living in different worlds Tony Randall and Jack Klugman star.Al Molinaro 1970", "precise_score": 6.245584487915039, "rough_score": 6.666680335998535, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple TV Show Opening Theme Season Two 1970" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Felix Unger, played by Thomas Lennon , is a professional photographer and recent divorcee. He moves in with his old college friend Oscar Madison after his wife Ashley kicks him out of the house. Felix is a bit of a neat-freak and is extremely neurotic and fussy, especially when compared to Oscar. In his free time, he does yoga. He also fancies cooking and baking. Throughout the series, he often gets mistaken to be gay by several characters. Him and Ashley were good friends with Oscar and Gaby when both couples were still together.", "precise_score": 6.833027362823486, "rough_score": 7.758201599121094, "source": "search", "title": "Felix Unger - The Odd Couple Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "He is the seventh incarnation of Felix Unger following Art Carney in the original 1965 play, Jack Lemmon in the 1968 film and its 1998 sequel, Tony Randall in the 1970s television series and its made-for-tv film The Odd Couple: Together Again, a cartoon adaptation named Spiffy the Cat in The Oddball Couple, Ron Glass in The New Odd Couple, and Sally Struthers as Florence in The Female Odd Couple.", "precise_score": 3.6985838413238525, "rough_score": 4.388739109039307, "source": "search", "title": "Felix Unger - The Odd Couple Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Thomas Lennon, left, and Matthew Perry are the newest reincarnations of Felix Unger and Oscar Madison.", "precise_score": 6.867493629455566, "rough_score": 6.614450454711914, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Felix Unger and Oscar Madison meet at college in the late 1980s and quickly became friends. Years later, Felix is a news writer and photographer and Oscar is a sports talk show host, but both are divorced from their wives. Felix's wife Ashley kicked him out and Oscar's wife Gaby left him, and now the two friends have to live in the same apartment in spite of their differences. Felix is extremely neurotic and fussy in contrast to Oscar who is slovenly and easy-going. In the middle of all this, Felix and Oscar are trying to date Casey and Emily , two sisters who coincidentally are roommates in the same building. Lucky for the divorcees, both women also have recently exited unhealthy relationships. Felix is pretty insecure because of his remaining feelings for Ashley, but Oscar feels better off away from his ex.", "precise_score": 5.068709373474121, "rough_score": 6.634009838104248, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple - The Odd Couple Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "*Oscar Madison: A slovenly, recently divorced sportswriter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.954400062561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple premiered on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on March 10, 1965 and transferred to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre where it closed on July 2, 1967 after 964 performances and two previews. Directed by Mike Nichols, the cast starred Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison and Art Carney as Felix Ungar.[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.703055500984192, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "3230 The Odd Couple] Internet Broadway database, accessed April 12, 2012 The production gained Tony Awards for Walter Matthau, Best Actor (Play), Best Author (Play), Best Direction of a Play, and Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith), and was nominated for Best Play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892614364624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1970, the McMaster Shakespearean Players performed The Odd Couple with Martin Short as Felix, Eugene Levy as Oscar, and Dave Thomas as Murray – before any of these performers were famous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3743414878845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2002, Simon wrote an updated version of The Odd Couple, titled Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple. This version incorporated updated references and elements into the original storyline. This production ran at the Geffen Playhouse (Los Angeles) from June 2002 to July 21, 2002 with a cast that starred Gregory Jbara (Vinnie ), John Larroquette (Oscar), Joe Regalbuto (Felix) and María Conchita Alonso (Ynes) and was directed by Peter Bonerz. The revival opened on Broadway at The Brooks Atkinson Theatre on October 27, 2005, and closed on June 4, 2006 after 249 performances. Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane played Felix and Oscar, respectively. Lane was replaced for three performances in January 2006 due to illness by Brad Garrett who had previously played Murray. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1579651832580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2011, Cezary Żak and Artur Barciś (popular actors from the Polish hit TV series Ranczo) performed as Oscar and Felix in Dziwna Para, a Polish rendition of The Odd Couple. The play was performed in the U.S and in Toronto, Canada and received good reviews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2617697715759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2013, The Dallas Theater Center performed a revival of The Odd Couple that was directed by Kevin Moriarty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3803071975708, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1985, Neil Simon revised The Odd Couple for a female cast. The Female Odd Couple was based on the same story line and same lead characters, now called Florence Ungar and Olive Madison. The poker game became Trivial Pursuit with their friends becoming the girlfriends: Mickey, Sylvie, Vera, and Renee. The Pigeon sisters became the Costazuela brothers, Manolo and Jesus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.132881164550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Female Odd Couple", "passage": "The Female Odd Couple opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 11, 1985, and closed on February 23, 1986, after 295 performances and nine previews. Directed by Gene Saks the cast starred Sally Struthers and Rita Moreno as Florence (Felix) and Olive (Oscar), with Lewis J. Stadlen and Tony Shalhoub (in his Broadway debut) as the Costazuela brothers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.572546482086182, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1968, The Odd Couple was made into a highly successful film starring Jack Lemmon as Felix and Walter Matthau (once more) as Oscar. Most of the script from the play is the same, although the setting is expanded: instead of taking place entirely in Oscar's apartment, some scenes take place at various outside locations. The film was also written by Simon (who was nominated for an Academy Award) and was directed by Gene Saks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2076544761657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1998, Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau reprised their roles for the film The Odd Couple II, produced by Neil Simon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887809753417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In December 2013, it was announced that Matthew Perry would be starring in, co-writing, and executive-producing a remake of The Odd Couple. The multi-camera comedy premiered on February 19, 2015. Perry stars as Oscar while Thomas Lennon stars as Felix. The show also features Wendell Pierce as Teddy, Oscar's agent, Yvette Nicole Brown as Dani, Oscar's assistant, Dave Foley as Roy (a holdover from the original play), and Leslie Bibb and Lindsay Sloane as Casey and Emily (taking over for the Pigeon sisters).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.983626365661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31704330444336, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Title: The Odd Couple (1970–1975)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159465789794922, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The original Broadway production of \"The Odd Couple\" by Neil Simon opened at the Plymouth Theater on March 10, 1965, ran for 966 performances and was nominated for the 1965 Tony Award as Best Play. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93701171875, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple TV Show Opening Theme Season Two 1970 - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353711128234863, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple TV Show Opening Theme Season Two 1970" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple TV Show Opening Theme Season Two 1970", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288134574890137, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple TV Show Opening Theme Season Two 1970" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Felix Unger | The Odd Couple Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.513058185577393, "source": "search", "title": "Felix Unger - The Odd Couple Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "THE ODD COUPLE: 8:30 tonight, CBS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42271614074707, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Lennon, at first, was dubious about taking on the role of the neat freak played to perfection by Tony Randall in the original 1970s \"Odd Couple\" sitcom, based on Neil Simon's play and movie. But Lennon, who plays the new Felix to Matthew Perry's new Oscar Madison in the new CBS reboot of \"The Odd Couple,\" premiering at 8:30 tonight, has come to take the long view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.454080104827881, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Female Odd Couple", "passage": "But then he began to think about the history of the character — who, after all, had been played pre-Randall by Art Carney (Broadway, 1965) and Jack Lemmon (the 1968 movie), and was played post-Randall by Frank Nelson (voice talent in the 1975 cartoon series \"The Oddball Couple\"), Ron Glass (in the 1982 reboot \"The New Odd Couple\") and Sally Struthers (in Simon's distaff version, \"The Female Odd Couple,\" which opened on Broadway in 1985).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.284078598022461, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "On the one hand, the premise is pre-sold: everyone knows that \"The Odd Couple\" is about two divorced men, fussy Felix and sloppy Oscar, who drive each other crazy when they share an apartment. On the other hand, viewers have very specific expectations about these characters, played definitively for most people by the late actors Randall and Jack Klugman, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.768122673034668, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Beyond all this, \"The Odd Couple\" depends on the chemistry between the two leads for its success. Again, Lennon says, they have realism on their side. His relationship with Matthew Perry (\"Friends\"), who spearheaded this reboot, has a natural Felix-and-Oscar component.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.078213691711426, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Even so, some of the most brilliant stuff in \"Reno 911!,\" the inspired sendup of the \"Cops\" reality show featuring a team of spectacularly inept police officers, was made up on the spot. On this show, unlike \"The Odd Couple,\" improv was king.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275869369506836, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "Partly, that line was funny because of the character: Lt. Dangle, the nearly-unstereotypical gay cop (the short-shorts, now a popular Halloween costume, are the giveaway). Which brings us back to \"The Odd Couple,\" whose premise of two guys sharing an apartment has always raised eyebrows. \"Homosexuals will enjoy it — for obvious reasons,\" wrote The New York Times in its 1965 review of the play. In the new version, the subject is for the first time mentioned directly. \"He seems a little gay,\" Pierce's Teddy says of Lennon's Felix. \"No, he seems incredibly gay,\" Perry's Oscar corrects him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.616126537322998, "source": "search", "title": "New 'Odd Couple' comes to CBS in sitcom reboot ..." }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple | The Odd Couple Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478529930114746, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple - The Odd Couple Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "The Odd Couple / Characters - TV Tropes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.038275718688965, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple / Characters - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Oscar madison", "passage": "Oscar Madison", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3906843662261963, "source": "search", "title": "The Odd Couple / Characters - TV Tropes" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Philips had developed a LaserDisc early on for selling movies, but delayed its commercial launch for fear of cannibalizing its video recorder sales. Later Philips joined with MCA to launch the first commercial LaserDisc standard and players. In 1982, Philips teamed with Sony to launch the Compact Disc; this format evolved into the CD-R, CD-RW, DVD and later Blu-ray, which Philips launched with Sony in 1997 and 2006 respectively.", "precise_score": 3.937579870223999, "rough_score": 6.269813060760498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philips" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Technology giants Philips and Sony developed the CD format together. 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We did this by collaborating openly to agree on a new standard. For Philips, this open innovation was a new approach � and it paid off. In the late 70s and early 80s, we never imagined that one day the computing and entertainment industries would also opt for the digital CD for storing the growing volume of data for computer programs and movies.�", "precise_score": 8.546175956726074, "rough_score": 8.034283638000488, "source": "search", "title": "Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the compact disc" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "• Philips and Sony co-developed CD – over 200 billion CDs sold in last 25 years", "precise_score": 4.6854119300842285, "rough_score": 3.409268856048584, "source": "search", "title": "Compact Disc is 25 Years Old | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Philips and Sony partnered to develop CD – collaboration based on", "precise_score": 4.013006687164307, "rough_score": 4.026673793792725, "source": "search", "title": "Compact Disc is 25 Years Old | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "As early as 1979, Philips and Sony set up a joint task force of engineers to design the new digital audio disc. Many decisions were made in the year to follow – such as the disc diameter. The original target storage capacity for a CD was one hour of audio content, and a disc diameter of 115 mm was sufficient for this, however both parties extended the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate a complete performance of Beethoven’s 9th Symphony. In June 1980, the new standard was proposed by Philips and Sony as the “Red Book” containing all the technical specification for all CD and CD-Rom standards.", "precise_score": 2.6717495918273926, "rough_score": 2.812281847000122, "source": "search", "title": "Compact Disc is 25 Years Old | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Piet Kramer, who at the time was a member of the optical group at Philips that made a significant contribution to the CD technology, commented on Philips’ and Sony’s collaborative work: “When Philips teamed up with Sony to develop the CD, our first target was to win over the world for the CD. We did this by collaborating openly to agree on a new standard. For Philips, this open innovation was a new approach – and it paid off. In the late 70s and early 80s, we never imagined that one day the computing and entertainment industries would also opt for the digital CD for storing the growing volume of data for computer programs and movies.”", "precise_score": 8.268959045410156, "rough_score": 8.22098159790039, "source": "search", "title": "Compact Disc is 25 Years Old | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Russell's own company manufactured the first disc player in 1980, although the technology never reached the marketplace until Philips and Sony developed the technology. In late 1982, Philips and Sony released the first of the compact disc (CD) formats, which they then called CD-DA (digital audio). In the years since, format has followed format as the original companies and other industry members developed more adaptations of the original specifications.", "precise_score": 5.815863132476807, "rough_score": 6.262134552001953, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "FM became so popular in the '80s that AM stations had to reinvent themselves, leading to more talk and sports channels. With the expansion of radio dial choices for drivers, button-pushing became part of the common listening experience. The compact disc was introduced by Philips and Sony in 1982, and the first CD players in cars arrived in 1984. A year later, automatic CD changers began to appear in cars.", "precise_score": 2.008284330368042, "rough_score": 6.917194843292236, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Car Audio | eHow" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1972 Philips launched the world's first home video cassette recorder, in the UK, the N1500. Its relatively bulky video cassettes could record 30 minutes or 45 minutes. Later one-hour tapes were also offered. As competition came from Sony's Betamax and the VHS group of manufacturers, Philips introduced the N1700 system which allowed double-length recording. For the first time, a 2-hour movie could fit onto one video cassette. In 1977, the company unveiled a special promotional film for this system in the UK, featuring comedian Denis Norden. The concept was quickly copied by the Japanese makers, whose tapes were significantly cheaper. Philips made one last attempt at a new standard for video recorders with the Video 2000 system, with tapes that could be used on both sides and had 8 hours of total recording time. As Philips only sold its systems on the PAL standard and in Europe, and the Japanese makers sold globally, the scale advantages of the Japanese proved insurmountable and Philips withdrew the V2000 system and joined the VHS Coalition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.806463360786438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philips" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CDs must comply with what is known as the ‘Red Book’ audio specification. The document of standards was created by Sony and Philips in 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.806795120239258, "source": "search", "title": "The rise and fall of the CD: 12 facts you might not know - BT" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The CD has a 74-minute playing time, allegedly because vice president of Sony, Norio Ohg’s wife’s favourite piece of music was Beethoven’s Ninth symphony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645195960998535, "source": "search", "title": "The rise and fall of the CD: 12 facts you might not know - BT" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The first commercially available CD player was the Sony CDP-101, which was released in 1982 priced 168,000 yen (around £922). Sony CEO Nobuyuki Idei based the model name on the numbers 0101, which is number five in binary code, meaning the product was medium class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282317161560059, "source": "search", "title": "The rise and fall of the CD: 12 facts you might not know - BT" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "As early as 1979, Philips and Sony set up a joint task force of engineers to design the new digital audio disc. Many decisions were made in the year to follow � such as the disc diameter. The original target storage capacity for a CD was one hour of audio content, and a disc diameter of 115 mm was sufficient for this, however both parties extended the capacity to 74 minutes to accommodate a complete performance of Beethoven�s 9th Symphony. In June 1980, the new standard was proposed by Philips and Sony as the �Red Book� containing all the technical specification for all CD and CD-Rom standards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9261645078659058, "source": "search", "title": "Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the compact disc" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "A problem over royalties arose during the contract stage. Philips initially suggested that it receive a payment of 25 yen for each unit sold by companies in Japan. Ohga thought this was excessive and did not agree to it. A few days later, Philips showed some flexibility and asked for 6 yen per unit, a figure it said other companies had agreed to. Masanobu Tada, Operations Division manager, recommended that Sony accept the offer, but Ohga still refused, insisting that unless Philips waived royalties altogether, Sony would collaborate with Grundig. Finally, Philips agreed to waive royalties, but did not give Sony exclusive rights to the technology. In 1965, based on a patent that guaranteed compatibility, Philips made the technology available free of charge to manufacturers all over the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.039356231689453, "source": "search", "title": "History of Compact Cassette: - Vintage Cassettes" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Super metals. High end metal cassettes were introduced: TDK MA-XG, Metal Vertex, Sony Metal Master, That's Suono.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334538459777832, "source": "search", "title": "History of Compact Cassette: - Vintage Cassettes" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "But Philips approached Sony Corporation in Japan after realizing that Japanese acceptance of the new format would vastly improve the chances of success in America and Europe. After some hardball negotiation, Philips agreed to license the system to Sony without royalties. In fact, by 1965 Philips had opened the format up to other manufacturers free of charge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.562889575958252, "source": "search", "title": "History's Dumpster: The History of Cassettes" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Ampex and Sony were the companies that REALLY pushed for the cassette's survival in it's early days and paved the way for other companies such as Maxell, Memorex and TDK....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059260368347168, "source": "search", "title": "History's Dumpster: The History of Cassettes" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The Sony Walkman was introduced in 1979 and acceptance of the cassette as a serious home and portable medium started really taking off. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.639202117919922, "source": "search", "title": "History's Dumpster: The History of Cassettes" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In May of 1994, Sony and Philips announced that they would be cooperatively developing a new high-density medium known popularly as Digital Video Disk (DVD) (Dwyer).  This infant technology was to be the successor to compact disks (CD-ROM) for computers, and replace VHS tapes and laserdiscs in the entertainment industry.  A disk the same size as a CD but with five to ten times the data capacity would be very useful indeed.  The distribution of some large video games that would otherwise reside on a set of many CD’s would only require a single disk.  DVD audio would be a great improvement over the already crystal clear and popular CD audio.  Watching movies that would normally require you to flip sides on a laserdisc could live up to the same standards of quality, and far surpass them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.644243597984314, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony was the first to showcase its DVD technology.  John Eargle described the demonstration that was held at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in early January 1995.  In his article, The great DVD debate, Eargle quickly said, “its color and sharpness were more than a match for the Laserdisc,” but his focus was on the technical specifications that had been officially announced in December (Pemberton).  Because the new DVD disc would be identical in shape, size, and appearance to a CD, “minimal changes in manufacturing methods will be required for mass production” (Eargle).  The increased data density of a DVD was attributed to a laser of a color higher in the light spectrum and a technology being developed with 3M that would allow the laser to be refocused to a second “layer” in the disc.  Having a double-layer disc increases the capacity to 7.4 gigabytes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.066511154174805, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "“Three weeks later, on January 24th in Beverly Hills, Time Warner and Toshiba held a press conference to announce their version of the DVD.”  The “DVD debate” had begun.  Eargle reported two technical differences between the DVD versions.  First, Toshiba’s disc was “double-sided” to give it a capacity of 10 gigabytes.  Although this was an obvious drawback, it did make the disc bigger and better than Sony’s version.  Second, Toshiba used thinner discs, yielding a density that bested even Sony’s DVD.  This allowed for a higher data rate, which would improve the quality of an MPEG-2 picture.  (The Motion Picture Experts Group has set this standard for video compression.)  Additionally, “thinner discs permit shorter manufacturing cycle times.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805879592895508, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "During the spring of 1995, the conflict between the two developers had been fueled by Toshiba’s own development of a two-layer disc called SD (Super Density).  Sony and Philips were then tightly grid locked in competition.  Then, in December of that same year, after a playful yet appropriate allusion to Chinese literature, Ken Pohlmann coveys the news of an alliance between the two formats.  In The Art of War, Pohlmann begins by writing that “something” had motivated Sony, Philips, and the Toshiba posse to unite in their efforts to create the DVD.  More specifically, that “something” was a report by Apple, Compaq, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, and Microsoft in which the software and hardware giants collectively refused to support the dueling standards.  The agreement to work together toward the DVD standard was centered in the mutual exchange and pooling of technologies.  The developers (now ten corporations large) would use Toshiba’s SD disc, with its thinness and high data density, in combination with Sony’s “data coding methods,” called EFM Plus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.696212291717529, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Eight months later the assemblage of DVD inventors were still quibbling over how to produce a five-inch disk.  Every detail of the standardization had to be agreed upon.  The still Hollywood-supported group had decisions in front of it regarding protocols specific to movie reproduction and distribution around the world.  DVD players and titles were expected to hit the consumer market in late 1996 (Pohlmann), but it was already August of that year.  The product development lead-time was getting out of hand.  Philips and Sony then took it upon themselves to break off the stagnant relationship.  On August 5th they announced that they would be licensing the DVD specification (MacLellan), allowing the DVD-Video standards to continue in development for months to come, without further hindering the manufacturers who were antsy to pay for use of the patents.  One month later an agreement was made with Toshiba and Warner to formulate the split of royalties with Philips, the licensor of the patents (Wall Street Journal).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.050638198852539, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In evaluating these articles, there is one in particular which may be flawed.  The title, Has Hollywood fallen in love with Time Warner/Toshiba’s DVD, is the first indication that the author may be biased.  The aforementioned quote, “widely reported as the winner,” is from the first sentence of the article and appears to be wholly unsubstantiated.  The author goes out of her way to show that the “requirements proposed … by the Hollywood Digital Video Disc Advisory Group … are all part of the Time Warner/Toshiba standard,” but does not discuss whether or not Sony’s DVD meets those same standards.  Pemberton does not even answer the question she poses in the title.  The alignment of Warner and Toshiba with several Hollywood companies is the only fact relevant to that question, and is mentioned after the fact that Sony “owns several Hollywood movie companies.”  Her message was unclear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090354919433594, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The original intent in researching the History of DVD was to define the DVD as a recently introduced product, then analyze it in terms of engineering processes.  As was discovered and presented here, the DVD began as a technology and not as a product.  When Sony and Philips began work on this new technology, they did not aim to get bought out by a larger company.  With prior experience in licensing the patents on CD technology (MacLellan), these companies set out to establish themselves as having the final say in the successor to the CD.  This is a function in the beginning of product development: concept planning.  They were capable of producing a technology that their customers (the Original Equipment Manufacturers) wanted to license and sell to consumers, who also wanted this technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.37472182512283325, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony and Philips may have underestimated their competition.  Perhaps sufficient benchmarking would have found that they would have direct competition in their new endeavor.  In the end, they were able to make up for this unanticipated competition in the product-planning phase.  It was this phase in which Toshiba and Warner lost their footing in the market.  Their assumed essential relationship with the movie industry turned out to be a falling block.  Sony and Philips decisively determined which technologies to incorporate and perfect in their DVD format, then carried those technologies through the product-engineering phase.  Both duos were able to manufacture over a million discs “to ascertain mass-producibility” (Pohlmann).  Toshiba and Warner, however, could not weigh the pros and cons of different file formatting techniques in a timely manner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.183748245239258, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The final phases of product development, including process engineering, were left up to the licensees of the DVD patents.  The final specification for the technology was specific enough that all discs made to the requirements of the standard would be compatible with all drives that were also made to comply with the standard.  Sony and Philips, in terms of product design concepts, engineered a product that they themselves would not produce.  With the exception of a few timely mistakes, they successfully planned out and defined a new technology, and carried out that plan to completion.  This is the History of DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6750078201293945, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "MacLellan, A.  (1996, August 5).  Philips, Sony pooling DVD patents.  Electronic News.  Retrieved September 22, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=000000010059330&Fmt=3&Deli=1&Mtd=17&Idx=6&Sid=1&RQT=309", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361488342285156, "source": "search", "title": "Miqrogroove: History of DVD" }, { "answer": "MMCD", "passage": "Digital Versatile disc (DVD) had its beginning in 1994, when two formats, Super disc (SD) and Multimedia CD (MMCD) were introduced. Promoters of the competing technologies failed to reach an agreement on a single standard until 1996, when DVD was selected as a convergence format. DVD has, in the few years since, grown to include variations that do anything that CD does, and more efficiently. Standardization and compatibility issues aside, DVD is well-placed to supplant CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.560739517211914, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) is an international trade organization dedicated to the promotion of standardized writable optical technologies and related products. Incorporated in 1992, OSTA is made up of members and associates from the leading optical media manufacturers and resellers of North America, Europe, and Asia. OSTA members include Adaptec, Hewlett-Packard, Philips, and Sony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208779335021973, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Proprietary interfaces are specific to one manufacturer and utilize that company's private standard. For example, Mitsumi, Panasonic, and Sony are three companies that manufacture proprietary CD-ROM drives and interfaces. The primary advantage of purchasing proprietary drives and interfaces is cost savings. The prices of such drives and interfaces are dramatically lower than other ATAPI or SCSI devices. The disadvantage is that the CD-ROM drive is only compatible with an interface card manufactured by the same company that produced the drive. If any other card is used, the drive will simply not function.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819777488708496, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "A CD (Compact Disk) is an optical media storage device, originally developed by Philips and Sony and introduced as CD-Digital Audio (CD-DA) in 1982. CD-DA was originally developed to contain only audio information, digitized at a sample rate of 44,100 samples per second, in a range of 65,536 possible values (16 bits), with a storage capacity of about 650 megabytes (MB).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.397564172744751, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-DA (Compact Disk-digital audio), the original compact disc for music, was defined in the Red Book by Philips and Sony, in 1982. The CD-DA allows a music playing time of 74 minutes 30 seconds. Data on a CD-DA is organized into logical blocks of information. The audio information is stored in frames of 1/75 second length. There are 44,100 samples per second stored. Each sample occupies two bytes (16bits) and there are two channels (left and right) stored on the CD-DA. This gives a sector size of 2,352 bytes per frame, which is the total size of a physical block on a CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.546366214752197, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-ROM (Compact Disk, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text, video, and graphics, as well as stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the Yellow Book. Other standards are used in conjunction with it to define directory and file structures, including ISO 9660, HFS (Hierarchal File System, for Macintosh computers), and Hybrid HFS-ISO. Format of the CD-ROM is the same as for audio CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate (underlayer - this is the main body of the disk), one or more thin reflective metal (usually aluminum) layers, and a lacquer coating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2270805835723877, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-R (for Compact Disk, recordable ) is a type of write once, read many (WORM) CD format that allows one-time recording on a disk. The CD-R (as well as the CD-RW) format was introduced by Philips and Sony in their 1988 specification document, the Orange Book. Prior to the release of the Orange Book, CDs had been read-only audio (CD-Digital Audio, detailed in the Red Book), to be played in CD players, and multimedia (CD-ROM), to be played in computers' CD-ROM drives; after the Orange Book, any user with a CD recorder drive could create their own CDs from their desktop computers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.146719455718994, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-RW (for Compact Disk, rewriteable ) is a CD format that allows repeated recording on a disk. The CD-RW format was introduced by Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi, Philips, Ricoh, and Sony, in a 1997 supplement to Philips and Sony's Orange Book. CD-RW is Orange Book III (CD-MO was I, while CD-R was II). CD-RW drives can write both CD-R and CD-RW disks and can read any type of CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9491348266601562, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-ROM XA (Compact disc - read-only-memory, extended architecture) is a modification of CD-ROM that defines two new types of sectors that enable it to read and display data, graphics, video, and audio at the same time. CD-ROM XA was developed jointly by Sony, Philips and Microsoft, and its specifications were published in an extension to the Yellow Book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6907505989074707, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CD-Bridge disc specifications are built on those from the Yellow Book extension, which defined CD-ROM XA, and the Green Book, which defined CD-i, and must conform to the complete requirements of both formats. The complete CD-Bridge disc definition is detailed in the White Book, which was released by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC in 1993.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.111874580383301, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "E-CD specifications are detailed in the Blue Book, a 1995 supplement to the 1988 Philips and Sony Orange Book, that was intended as a separate definition for stamped multisession disc format. Because the disks are stamped (pressed from copies of the original recording), they are not user-recordable. The Blue Book, which called the new format CD Plus specified two recording sessions, one for audio data and one for any other included data. Like all CD formats, enhanced CD is based on the original Red Book specifications. E-CD is sometimes called CD-Extra, CD-Plus, stamped multisession , or simply Blue Book format .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2564263343811035, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Compact disc - Magneto Optical (CD-MO) is a CD format that uses magnetic fields for data storage. Defined by Philips and Sony in their 1990 Recordable CD Standard , (informally known as the Orange Book) CD-MO disks can, at least theoretically, be rewritten an unlimited number of times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.891048908233643, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Super Audio Compact disc (SACD) is a high-resolution audio CD format. Version 1.0 specifications were detailed by Philips and Sony in March of 1999, in the Scarlet Book. SACD and DVD-Audio (DVD-A)are the two formats competing to replace the standard audio CD. Most of the industry is backing DVD-A, with Philips and Sony being the major exceptions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.137916088104248, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Like SACD, DVD-A offers 5.1 channel surround sound in addition to 2-channel stereo. Both formats improve the complexity of sound by increasing bit rates and sampling frequencies, and can be played on existing CD players, although only at quality levels similar to those of traditional CDs. SACD uses Direct Stream Digital (DSD) recording, a proprietary Sony technology that converts an analog waveform to a 1-bit signal for direct recording, instead of the pulse code modulation (PCM) and filtering used by standard CDs. DSD uses lossless compression (so-called because none of the data is lost in the compression process) and a sampling rate of 2.8MHz to improve the complexity and realism of sound. SACD can also contain extra information, such as text, graphics, and video clips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638562202453613, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The first SACD player was released in North America in December of 1999, with an $8000 price tag. In late 2000, Sony released a new model, priced at $1000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142966270446777, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Double Density Compact disc (DDCD) is a CD format that increases the storage capacity of the disc through means such as increasing the number of tracks and pits. Philips and Sony detailed the DDCD specifications in their 2000 document (known informally as the Purple Book).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.992612361907959, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Although DDCD did not receive much industry notice until Philips and Sony produced the Purple Book specifications, the Optical disc Corporation (ODC) released a similar format, High Density CD (HDCD) in 1993, and Nimbus Technology and Engineering introduced their own Double Density CD format in 1994. The general feeling in the industry is that DDCD has been introduced as a stop-gap measure to tide over the market until DVD inevitably solves its problems (such as standardization and compatibility issues) and completely obliterates the CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9926974177360535, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The DVD Forum is an international organization made up of companies using or manufacturing DVD - related products. The Forum, which was originally called the DVD Consortium, was created in 1995 when ten companies (Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Thomson Multimedia, Time Warner, Toshiba Corporation, and Victor) joined for the common purpose of promoting DVD worldwide, establishing single formats of each DVD application for the marketplace, and addressing the issues threatening DVD acceptance, such as standardization and device compatibility issues. From ten founding members, the DVD Forum membership has grown to include some 230 companies worldwide. The Forum's activities are directed by a steering committee that is elected every second year. Separate working groups are established to define specifications. A Verification Task Force (VTF) exists to define test specifications, tools, and procedures to be used and to ensure that products bearing the official DVD logo comply with all specifications. The DVD defines as its purposes, to:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.910201072692871, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Although DVD-A is designed for music, it can also contain other data, so that - similarly to Enhanced CD - it can provide the listener with extra information, such as liner notes, and images. A variation on the format, DVD-AudioV, is designed to hold a limited amount of conventional DVD video data in addition to DVD-Audio. DVD-A is backed by most of the industry as the technology that will replace the standard audio CD. The major exceptions are Philips and Sony, whose Super Audio provides similar audio quality. Like DVD-A, SACD offers 5.1 channel surround sound in addition to 2-channel stereo. Both formats improve the complexity of sound by increasing bit rates and sampling frequencies (among other techniques), and can be played on existing CD players, although only at quality levels similar to those of traditional CDs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.000426292419434, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Digital Versatile disc - Rewritable (DVD-RW) is a DVD format that allows the user to record and erase multiple times on a single DVD disk. DVD-RW specifications were released as Book F in 1999 by the DVD Forum. A slightly different rewritable DVD format, DVD+RW is backed by a group of companies known as the DVD+RW Consortium, made up of Philips, Sony, Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Chemical, Yamaha, and Ricoh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48946762084961, "source": "search", "title": "Fast Guide to CD/DVD - Reference from WhatIs.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Nestlé S.A. (;,,) is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues, and ranked #72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014. ", "precise_score": 7.279760360717773, "rough_score": 1.6166619062423706, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Nestle is a multinational corporate since the headquarter is located in Switzerland but operates businesses in the many other countries over the world such as Europe, United State, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong etc. As we know, Nestle is an infant's product. Besides producing infants, Nestle has also produces some other products such as chocolate, yogurt drink, cornflakes, ice-cream etc which can easily found in supermarkets all over the world.", "precise_score": 7.8203816413879395, "rough_score": 8.541032791137695, "source": "search", "title": "Why Nestle Is Multinational Corporate Marketing Essay" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Nestlé is a multinational packaged food and beverage company founded and headquartered in Vesey, Switzerland. Nestlé Company is the world’s first company to make infant cereal. Henri Nestlé is the chemist who starts to do research on baby food in year 1867. His products soon became known worldwide after introducing a baby drink, which is his new product. In 1905, Nestlé Company merged with Angle-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and after that Nestlé Company produced milk chocolate.", "precise_score": 7.5857343673706055, "rough_score": 7.49147367477417, "source": "search", "title": "The Organization Change – Nestle | Student Simple" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational businesses. The company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by Heinrich Nestle, who established Nestle to distribute “milk food,” a type of infant food he had invented that was made from powdered milk, baked food, and sugar. From its very early days, the company looked to other countries for growth opportunities, establishing its first foreign offices in London in 1868. In 1905, the company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, thereby broadening the company’s product line to include both condensed milk and infant formulas. Forced by Switzer­land’s small size to look outside’ its borders for growth opportunities, Nestle established condensed milk and infant food processing plants in the United States and Britain in the late 19th century and in Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia in the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1929, Nestle moved into the chocolate business when it acquired a Swiss chocolate maker. This was fol­lowed in 1938 by the development of Nestle’s most rev­olutionary product, Nescafe, the world’s first soluble coffee drink. After World War 11, Nestle continued to expand into other areas of the food business, primarily through a series of acquisitions that included Maggi (1947), Cross & Blackwell (1960), Findus (1962), Libby’s (1970), Stouffer’s (1973), Carnation (1985), Rowntree (1988), and Perrier (1992). By the late 1990s, Nestle had 500 factories in 76 countries and sold its products in a staggering 193 nations-almost every country in the world. In 1998, the company generated sales of close to SWF 72 billion ($51 billion), only 1 percent of which occurred in its home country. Similarly, only 3 percent of its- 210,000 employees were located in Switzerland. Nestle was the world’s biggest maker of infant formula, powdered milk, chocolates, instant coffee, soups, and mineral waters. It was number two in ice cream, breakfast cereals, and pet food. Roughly 38 percent of its food sales were made in Europe, 32 percent in the Americas, and 20 percent in Africa and Asia.", "precise_score": 5.976346015930176, "rough_score": 5.934783935546875, "source": "search", "title": "Case Study: Nestle's Growth Strategy - MBA Knowledge Base" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Nestle is the world's largest food and nutrition company. Founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestle originated in a 1905 merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1867 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle.", "precise_score": 6.187578201293945, "rough_score": 0.5582150816917419, "source": "search", "title": "World's biggest food and beverage companies - Rediff.com ..." }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle). The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.727764129638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Nestlé has a primary listing on the SIX Swiss Exchange and is a constituent of the Swiss Market Index. It has a secondary listing on Euronext. In 2011, Nestlé was listed No.1 in the Fortune Global 500 as the world’s most profitable corporation. With a market capitalisation of , Nestlé ranked No.11 in the FT Global 500 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.409822940826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Nestlé’s origins date back to 1866, when two separate Swiss enterprises were founded that would later form the core of Nestlé. In the succeeding decades, the two competing enterprises aggressively expanded their businesses throughout Europe and the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8479645252227783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "In August 1867 Charles (US consul in Switzerland) and George Page, two brothers from Lee County, Illinois, USA, established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham, Switzerland. Their first British operation was opened at Chippenham, Wiltshire, in 1873. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327929496765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "In 1877 Anglo-Swiss added milk-based baby foods to their products; in the following year, the Nestlé Company added condensed milk to their portfolio, which made the firms direct and fierce rivals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.218216419219971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "In 1904 François-Louis Cailler, Charles Amédée Kohler, Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé participated in the creation and development of Swiss chocolate, marketing the first chocolate - milk Nestlé. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.845953464508057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "In 1905 the companies merged to become the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, retaining that name until 1947, when the name ‘Nestlé Alimentana SA’ was taken as a result of the acquisition of Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (founded 1884) and its holding company, Alimentana SA, of Kempttal, Switzerland. Maggi was a major manufacturer of soup mixes and related foodstuffs. The company’s current name was adopted in 1977. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain. The First World War created demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts, and, by the end of the war, Nestlé’s production had more than doubled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.27616548538208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Nestlé is the biggest food company in the world, with a market capitalisation of roughly 231 billion Swiss francs, which is more than US$ 247 billion as of May 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2060073614120483, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "A boycott was launched in the United States on 7 July 1977, against the Swiss-based Nestlé corporation. It spread in the United States, and expanded into Europe in the early 1980s. It was prompted by concern about Nestlé's \"aggressive marketing\" of breast milk substitutes, particularly in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), largely among the poor. The boycott was officially suspended in the U.S. in 1984, after Nestlé agreed to follow an international marketing code endorsed by the World Health Organization. The boycott was also ended in the UK by several organisations including the General Synod of the Church of England in July 1994, the Royal College of Midwives in July 1997, and the Methodist Ethical Investment Committee in November 2005 and the Reformed Churches in November 2011 as a result of the company’s inclusion in the responsible investment index FTSE4Good Responsible Investment Index. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7993310689926147, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "In 2010, Nestlé launched the Nescafé Plan, an initiative to increase sustainable coffee production and make sustainable coffee farming more accessible to farmers. The plan aims to increase the company’s supply of coffee beans without clearing rainforests, as well as using less water and fewer agrochemicals. According to Nestlé, Nescafé will invest 350 million Swiss francs (about $336 million) over the next ten years to expand the company's agricultural research and training capacity to help benefit many of the 25 million people who make their living growing and trading coffee. The Rainforest Alliance and the other NGOs in the Sustainable Agriculture Network will support Nestlé in meeting the objectives of the plan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.990657806396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "In 2014, Nestlé renewed its long-standing partnership long with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to increase access to safe water and sanitation in rural communities. In recent years, the partnership has brought clean drinking water and sanitation facilities to 100,000 people in Ivory Coast’s cocoa communities. Nestlé has committed to contributing five million Swiss francs over the next five years to the IFRC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.947129249572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "* In September 2011, Nestlé occupied 19th position in the Universum's global ranking of Best Employers Worldwide. According to a survey by Universum Communications Nestlé was in 2011 the best employer to work for in Switzerland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.376093864440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nestlé" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "In 1905 Nestlé work together with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the year after Nestlé added chocolate to its line of foods. The newly formed Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company had factories in the Spain, Germany, United States and Britain. Soon, the company had full-scale manufacturing in Australia with warehouses in Hong Kong, Singapore and Bombay. Most production still took place in Europe. (English Tea Store, 2004-2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8554270267486572, "source": "search", "title": "Why Nestle Is Multinational Corporate Marketing Essay" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Currently, Nestle is still having their principles, which to provide the best products throughout the world. As the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company, Nestlé provides the best food for anytime of day and for anytime of your life. Nestlé has grown to become the world's largest food company which offers more than 8500 brands and 10000 products throughout the whole world. With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé has more than 456 factories in more than 80 countries and having more than 283,000 employers. (Nestle Products Sdn Bhd , 2010)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4047613143920898, "source": "search", "title": "Why Nestle Is Multinational Corporate Marketing Essay" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Although Nestlé makes intensive use of local managers to knit its diverse worldwide operations together, the company relies on its “expatriate army.”  This consists of about 700 managers who spend the bulk of their careers on foreign assignments , moving from one country to the next.  Selected primarily on the basis of their ability, drive and willingness to live a quasi-nomadic lifestyle, these individuals often work in half-a-dozen nations during their careers.  Nestlé also uses management development programs as a strategic tool for creating an esprit de corps among managers.  At Rive-Reine, the company’s international training center in Switzerland, the company brings together, managers from around the world, at different stages in their careers, for specially targetted development programs of two to three weeks’ duration.  The objective of these programs is to give the managers a better understanding of Nestlé’s culture and strategy, and to give them access to the company’s top management.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8209954500198364, "source": "search", "title": "Case Study: Nestle's Growth Strategy - MBA Knowledge Base" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Image: Bottles of baby food are seen in the company supermarket at the Nestle headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.505753040313721, "source": "search", "title": "World's biggest food and beverage companies - Rediff.com ..." }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Brief of company: Nestlé with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé and is today the world's leading nutrition, health and wellness company. Its sales for 2009 were $ 112.3 billion, with a net profit of $ 11.1 billion. They employ around 276,050 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8568476438522339, "source": "search", "title": "Complications of Nestle being a Global Multinational company" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Company's contribution to the National Economy: Switzerland's GDP for the year 2009 was estimated at $522.4 billion with GDP growth rate of 2.8% (2010 estimate). Out of which Merchandise exports for 2009 were of $173 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526045799255371, "source": "search", "title": "Complications of Nestle being a Global Multinational company" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": " Nestlé was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé and is today theworld's biggest food and beverage company. Sales at the end of 2005 were CHF 91 bn, with a net profit of CHF 8 bn. Nestléemploy around 250,000 people from more than 70 countries andhave factories or operations in almost every country in the world.The history of Nestlé began in Switzerland in 1867 when Henri Nestlé, the pharmacist,launched his product Farine Lactée Nestlé, a nutritious gruel for children. Henri used hissurname, which means ’little nest’, in both the company name and the logotype. The nest,which symbolizes security, family and nourishment, still plays a central role in Nestlé’s profile.Since it began over 130 years ago, Nestlé’s success with product innovations and business acquisitions has turned it into the largest Food Company in the world. As theyears have passed, the Nestlé family has grown to include chocolates, soups, coffee,cereals, frozen products, yoghurts, mineral water and other food products. Beginning inthe 70s, Nestlé has continued to expand its product portfolio to include pet foods, pharmaceutical products and cosmetics too.Today, Nestlé markets a great number of products, all with one thing in common: thehigh quality for which Nestlé has become renowned throughout the worldThe Company's strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestlé's existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance ingeographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Company's priority is to bring the best and most relevant productsto people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives.Taste of Nestlé in each of the countries where Nestlé sell products. Nestlé is based on the principle of decentralization, which means each country is responsible for the efficientrunning of its business - including the recruitment of its staff.1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9949195384979248, "source": "search", "title": "Introduction: Nestlé Was Founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé And" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "A company whose foreign sales are 25% or more of total sales. This ratio is high for small countries, but low for large countries, e.g. Nestle (98%: Dutch), Phillips (94%: Swiss).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.570420265197754, "source": "search", "title": "Multinational Corporations - Iowa State University" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To), by Diana Ross. From the movie, Mahogany in the year 1975.", "precise_score": 7.26701021194458, "rough_score": 8.21666431427002, "source": "search", "title": "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme From \"Mahogany\")", "precise_score": 7.087320327758789, "rough_score": 7.129316806793213, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme From ... - Apple" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "“Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You’re Going To?)” is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin, and recorded first by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973, and most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown/Paramount film Mahogany.", "precise_score": 7.668578147888184, "rough_score": 7.875776290893555, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From ... - Genius" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Theme from Mahogany : Do you know where you're going to? : from the original soundtract [sic] of a Berry Gordy film Mahogany (Musical score, 1975) [WorldCat.org]", "precise_score": 7.455992698669434, "rough_score": 7.843418598175049, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from Mahogany : Do you know where you're going to ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.680288791656494, "source": "search", "title": "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "This movie was the first movie I ever saw after moving to the Bay Area in 1975. Having come from a small town, everything was so BIG. Intersections, malls, people rushing everywhere. The question this song asks, I asked myself over and over after such upheaval. I still don't have the answer. The movie Mahogany (and this theme song) turn 40 this October.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3012733459472656, "source": "search", "title": "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Diana Ross – Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) Lyrics | Genius Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.763091564178467, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.452130317687988, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "THEME FROM MAHOGANY - (DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU'RE GOING TO) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.999985694885254, "source": "search", "title": "THEME FROM MAHOGANY - (DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU'RE GOING TO ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "THEME FROM MAHOGANY - (DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU'RE GOING TO)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.909228801727295, "source": "search", "title": "THEME FROM MAHOGANY - (DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU'RE GOING TO ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "The Theme from the movie \"Mahogany\" also titled \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Giffin and was sung by Dianna Ross as the theme to the 1975 Paramount film. Her recording of the theme became a number one hit on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Hits and the Easy Listening Charts. The song was nominated for an Academy Award and was performed live by Dianna Ross at the oscars show. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT LAW IS NEVER INTENDED!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.186812877655029, "source": "search", "title": "THEME FROM MAHOGANY - (DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU'RE GOING TO ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "DIANA ROSS LYRICS - Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.919075965881348, "source": "search", "title": "\"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "\"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\" lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.6633076667785645, "source": "search", "title": "\"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "\"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.514754295349121, "source": "search", "title": "\"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme From \"Mahogany\") - Single by Mariah Carey on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.005162239074707, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme From ... - Apple" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "Mariah Carey – Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From Mahogany) Lyrics | Genius Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.165562629699707, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From ... - Genius" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "About “Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From Mahogany)”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.209438800811768, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From ... - Genius" }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15797322 Title: Theme from Mahogany : Do you know where you're going to? : from the original soundtract [sic] of a Berry Gordy film Mahogany Author: Michael Masser; Gerry Goffin Publisher: Hialeah, Fla. : Screen Gems-Columbia Music : Jobete Music, ©1975. OCLC:15797322", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.853588581085205, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from Mahogany : Do you know where you're going to ..." }, { "answer": "Mahogany", "passage": "This song was the theme song of the 1976 movie Mahogany, where Ross acted as the title character and as Tracy Chambers. The movie was directed by Berry Gordy Jr., who worked with Ross as head of Motown Records. >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.550122022628784, "source": "search", "title": "Do You Know Where You're Going To? by Diana Ross" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created for himself the title of \"emperor\" (huangdi) of the Qin dynasty, marking the beginning of imperial China. Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.", "precise_score": -9.40921401977539, "rough_score": -9.087173461914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is radiocarbon-dated to about 7000 BC. The earliest evidence of cultivated rice, found by the Yangtze River, is carbon-dated to 8,000 years ago. Farming gave rise to the Jiahu culture (7000 to 5800 BC). At Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000–5000 BC have been discovered, \"featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun, moon, stars, gods and scenes of hunting or grazing.\" These pictographs are reputed to be similar to the earliest characters confirmed to be written Chinese. Chinese proto-writing existed in Jiahu around 7000 BC, Dadiwan from 5800 BC to 5400 BC, Damaidi around 6000 BC and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium BC. Some scholars have suggested that Jiahu symbols (7th millennium BC) were the earliest Chinese writing system. Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county, Henan, found a community that flourished in 5,500 to 4,900 BC, with evidence of agriculture, constructed buildings, pottery, and burial of the dead. With agriculture came increased population, the ability to store and redistribute crops, and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators. In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture (5000 BC to 3000 BC), and the first villages were founded; the most archaeologically significant of these was found at Banpo, Xi'an. Later, Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture, which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC.", "precise_score": -8.367779731750488, "rough_score": -8.8702974319458, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Although there is disagreement as to whether the dynasty actually existed, there is some archaeological evidence pointing to its possible existence. Writing in the late 2nd century BC, Sima Qian dated the founding of the Xia dynasty to around 2200 BC, but this date has not been corroborated. Most archaeologists now connect the Xia to excavations at Erlitou in central Henan province, where a bronze smelter from around 2000 BC was unearthed. Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be ancestral to modern Chinese characters. With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones or the Zhou bronze vessel writings, the Xia era remains poorly understood.", "precise_score": -10.075986862182617, "rough_score": -8.796653747558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The Tang dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618. It was a golden age of Chinese civilization with significant developments in art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology. Buddhism became the predominant religion for common people. Chang'an (modern Xi'an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world of its time. ", "precise_score": -7.308380126953125, "rough_score": -8.949784278869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "In 1449 Esen Tayisi led an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu. Since then, the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier, which led to the Ming Great Wall being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming. The brick and granite work was enlarged, the watchtowers were redesigned, and cannons were placed along its length.", "precise_score": -9.486191749572754, "rough_score": -8.619206428527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "In 1989 the death of former general secretary Hu Yaobang helped to spark the Tiananmen Square protests of that year, during which students and others campaigned for several months, speaking out against corruption and in favour of greater political reform, including democratic rights and freedom of speech. However, they were eventually put down on 4 June when PLA troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square, with many fatalities. This event was widely reported, and brought worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the government. A filmed incident involving the \"tank man\" was seen worldwide.", "precise_score": -11.17263412475586, "rough_score": -8.81915283203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "CPC general secretary and PRC President Jiang Zemin and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji, both former mayors of Shanghai, led post-Tiananmen PRC in the 1990s. Under Jiang and Zhu's ten years of administration, the PRC's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2%. The country formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.", "precise_score": -10.91250991821289, "rough_score": -8.849935531616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rat: 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960", "precise_score": -7.557305335998535, "rough_score": -4.514821529388428, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "So, putting the stem and branch terms together, the first year in a 60-year cycle is called jia-zi (Year of the Rat) as jia is the celestial stem and zi (rat) is the terrestrial branch. The next year is yi-chou (Year of the Ox), and son on. The 11th year is jia-xu, etc., until a new cycle starts over with jia-zi.", "precise_score": -7.374667644500732, "rough_score": -8.117874145507812, "source": "search", "title": "chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The Chinese lunisolar calendar is divided into 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The calendar is adjusted to the length of the solar year by the addition of extra months at regular intervals. The years are arranged in major cycles of 60 years. Each successive year is named after one of 12 animals. (Learn more about the Chinese Zodiac .) These 12-year cycles are continuously repeated. The Chinese New Year is celebrated at the second new moon after the winter solstice and falls between January 21 and February 19 on the Gregorian calendar . The year 2010 translates to the Chinese year 4707–4708. The year 2011 translates to the Chinese year 4708–4709.", "precise_score": -3.0369162559509277, "rough_score": -5.384524822235107, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Calendar - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac. After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.", "precise_score": 0.12488828599452972, "rough_score": -7.32787561416626, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Given below is a list of all the years starting from the year 1900 to 2100 sorted according to the Chinese Animal they represent. For example, the Years listed under the column rat represent the Chinese Year of the Rat, likewise, Chinese Year of the Tiger, Chinese Year of the Hare etc...", "precise_score": 0.40940791368484497, "rough_score": -7.440670967102051, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further developed during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC). The Zhou dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period. This is one of multiple periods of failed statehood in Chinese history, the most recent being the Chinese Civil War that started in 1927.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26889705657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite, the Scholar-officials (\"Scholar-gentlemen\"). Young men were carefully selected through difficult examinations and were well-versed in calligraphy and philosophy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26939868927002, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world, carried by successive waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact, form the basis of the modern culture of China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56983470916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "What is now China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than a million years ago. Recent study shows that the stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site are magnetostratigraphically dated to 1.36 million years ago. The archaeological site of Xihoudu in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus, which is dated 1.27 million years ago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880207061767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The Zhou initially moved their capital west to an area near modern Xi'an, on the Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150161743164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "As neighboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning, were annexed, they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture (郡縣/郡县). This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn period, and parts can still be seen in the modern system of Sheng & Xian (province and county, 省縣/省县).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036589622497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Historians often refer to the period from Qin dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty as Imperial China. Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang (close to modern Xi'an). The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin emphasized strict adherence to a legal code and the absolute power of the emperor. This philosophy, while effective for expanding the empire in a military fashion, proved unworkable for governing it in peacetime. The Qin Emperor presided over the brutal silencing of political opposition, including the event known as the burning of books and burying of scholars. This would be the impetus behind the later Han synthesis incorporating the more moderate schools of political governance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317891120910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "A major Qin innovation that lasted until 1912 was reliance upon a trained intellectual elite, the Scholar-official (\"Scholar-gentlemen\"). They were civil servants appointed by the Emperor to handle daily governance. Talented young men were selected through an elaborate process of imperial examination. They had to demonstrate skill at calligraphy, and had to know knew Confucian philosophy. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642152786254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.735724449157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Major military campaigns were launched to weaken the nomadic Xiongnu Empire, limiting their influence north of the Great Wall. Along with the diplomatic efforts led by Zhang Qian, the sphere of influence of the Han Empire extended to the states in the Tarim Basin, opened up the Silk Road that connected China to the west, stimulating bilateral trade and cultural exchange. To the south, various small kingdoms far beyond the Yangtze River Valley were formally incorporated into the empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198015213012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Emperor Wu also dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Baiyue tribes. The Han annexed Minyue in 135 BC and 111 BC, Nanyue in 111 BC, and Dian in 109 BC. Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south. It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia, introducing diplomacy and trade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98286247253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of the former capital Xi'an. Thus, this new era is termed the Eastern Han dynasty. With the capable administrations of Emperors Ming and Zhang, former glories of the dynasty was reclaimed, with brilliant military and cultural achievements. The Xiongnu Empire was decisively defeated. The diplomat and general Ban Chao further expanded the conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea, thus reopening the Silk Road, and bringing trade, foreign cultures, along with the arrival of Buddhism. With extensive connections with the west, the first of several Roman embassies to China were recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea route in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524953842163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Northern China fragmented into a series of independent kingdoms, most of which were founded by Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang rulers. These non-Han peoples were ancestors of the Turks, Mongols, and Tibetans. Many had, to some extent, been \"sinicized\" long before their ascent to power. In fact, some of them, notably the Qiang and the Xiongnu, had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the Great Wall since late Han times. During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, warfare ravaged the north and prompted large-scale Han Chinese migration south to the Yangtze Basin and Delta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.663986206054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The second emperor, Taizong, started military campaigns to eliminate threats from nomadic tribes, extend the border, and submit neighboring states into a tributary system. Military victories in the Tarim Basin kept the Silk Road open, connecting Chang'an to Central Asia and areas far to the west. In the south, lucrative maritime trade routes began from port cities such as Guangzhou. There was extensive trade with distant foreign countries, and many foreign merchants settled in China, encouraging a cosmopolitan culture. The Tang culture and social systems were observed and imitated by neighboring countries such as Japan. Internally the Grand Canal linked the political heartland in Chang'an to the economic and agricultural centers in the eastern and southern parts of the empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.204333305358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Underlying the prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was a strong centralized bureaucracy with efficient policies. The government was organized as \"Three Departments and Six Ministries\" to separately draft, review, and implement policies. These departments were run by royal family members as well as scholar officials who were selected by imperial examinations. These practices, which matured in the Tang dynasty, were continued by the later dynasties, with some modifications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385251998901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Amidst political chaos in the north, the strategic Sixteen Prefectures (region along today's Great Wall) were ceded to the emerging Khitan Liao Dynasty, which drastically weakened the defense of the China proper against northern nomadic empires.To the south, Vietnam gained lasting independence after being a Chinese prefecture for many centuries. With wars dominated in Northern China, there were mass southward migrations of population, which further enhanced the southward shift of cultural and economic centers in China. The era ended with the coup of Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin, and the establishment the Song dynasty in 960, which would eventually annihilated the remains of the \"Ten Kingdoms\" and reunified China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6753511428833, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Aiming to recover the strategic Sixteen Prefectures lost in the previous dynasty, campaigns were launched against the Liao dynasty in the early Song period, which all ended in failure. Then in 1004, the Liao cavalry swept past the exposed North China Plain and reached the outskirt of Kaifeng, forcing the Song's submission to the Chanyuan Treaty, which imposed heavy annual tributes from the Song treasury. The treaty was a significant reversal of Chinese dominance in traditional tributary system. Yet the annual outflow of Song's silver to the Liao were paid back for Chinese goods and products, which expanded the Song economy, and replenished its treasury. This would have dampened the incentive for the Song to further campaign against the Liao. Meanwhile, such cross-border trade and contact induced further sinicization within the Liao Empire, in the expense of its military might derived from primitive nomadic lifestyle. Similar treaties and social-economical consequences recurred in Song's relation to the Jin dynasty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851572036743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Before the Mongol invasion, Chinese dynasties reported approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the conquest had been completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people. This major decline is not necessarily due only to Mongol killings. Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether; other historians including William McNeill and David Morgan consider that plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17878532409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432607650756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire. The emperor's role became more autocratic, although Zhu Yuanzhang necessarily continued to use what he called the \"Grand Secretariat\" to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, including memorials (petitions and recommendations to the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records. It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society, and eventually led to its decline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315542221069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Over the next half-century, all areas previously under the Ming dynasty were consolidated under the Qing. Xinjiang, Tibet, and Mongolia were also formally incorporated into Chinese territory. Between 1673 and 1681, the Kangxi Emperor suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, an uprising of three generals in Southern China who had been denied hereditary rule of large fiefdoms granted by the previous emperor. In 1683, the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan, bringing down the rebel Kingdom of Tungning, which was founded by the Ming loyalist Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming, and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China. The Qing defeated the Russians at Albazin, resulting in the Treaty of Nerchinsk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.892589569091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's weakness, young officials, military officers, and students began to advocate the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the creation of a republic. They were inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat-sen. A revolutionary military uprising, the Wuchang Uprising, began on 10 October 1911, in Wuhan. The provisional government of the Republic of China was formed in Nanjing on 12 March 1912. The Xinhai Revolution ended 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.71230697631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Although the PRC needs economic growth to spur its development, the government began to worry that rapid economic growth was degrading the country's resources and environment. Another concern is that certain sectors of society are not sufficiently benefiting from the PRC's economic development; one example of this is the wide gap between urban and rural areas. As a result, under former CPC general secretary and President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, the PRC initiated policies to address issues of equitable distribution of resources, but the outcome was not known . More than 40 million farmers were displaced from their land, usually for economic development, contributing to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China in 2005. For much of the PRC's population, living standards improved very substantially and freedom increased, but political controls remained tight and rural areas poor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162519454956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334978103637695, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The 12 animals were chosen deliberately, after many revisions. The zodiac animals are either closely related to ancient Chinese people’s daily lives, or have lucky meanings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121429443359375, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743440628051758, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Usually an animal has is the same number of claws on its front and rear legs. However the rat has four toes on its fore legs and five on its hind legs. As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”, so the Rat ranks first of the 12 zodiac animals. It uniquely combines the attributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classified as odd (yang) overall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310988426208496, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356454849243164, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rat (Zi)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344450950622559, "source": "search", "title": "chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Robust and passionate, your life is filled with complexity. Compatible with the monkey and the rat. Your opposite is the dog.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54014778137207, "source": "search", "title": "chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Physically attractive and popular, you like the company of others. Compatible with the tiger and the dog. Your opposite is the rat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53406047821045, "source": "search", "title": "chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Persuasive, skillful, and intelligent, you strive to excel. Compatible with the dragon and the rat. Your opposite is the tiger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476263999938965, "source": "search", "title": "chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356454849243164, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Calendar - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Year of the Rat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635110855102539, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Most rats are highly adaptable. They can live just about anywhere and eat just about anything. Before brown rats leave their underground burrows, these clever creatures send one rat ahead to make sure danger isn't lurking outside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552251815795898, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Born a Rat? ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529900550842285, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "If you were born in any of these years, you're a Rat!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478917121887207, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rats Are Adaptable", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471237182617188, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rabbits normally give birth to about six babies at once and often live in groups. Their long ears help them cool off by lowering the temperature of the blood that circulates through them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.579815864562988, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Snakes have great instincts. Some \"play dead\" to fool predators, and most sense prey by detecting ground vibrations. They can take more than an hour to swallow a meal, and they become inactive for up to two weeks before they shed their skin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498491287231445, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Horoscopes and New Year" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Passionate about life, Tigers tend to act before they think and throw all their energies into every situation headlong. Supremely confident, they breed confidence in those around them and are natural born leaders and great orators. But their hot and cold emotions mean they are easily bored and change their mind and opinions frequently. They warm to people quickly and usually have a wide circle of friends, but can often be too easily influenced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552236557006836, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "One of the noblest signs, rabbits are considered principled and honorable and often gain the admiration of those around them. They care deeply about family and friends and their kindness and sympathy for others means they have long and strong relationships. Inscrutability honest and with a talent for dealing with people, they can often rise to positions of influence.  Their good intentions can make them a soft target for people to take advantage of their charity and sympathy, and their gullibility can lead them into trouble.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543440818786621, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Naturally intelligent, snakes have a thirst for knowledge and education giving them a wisdom that makes them prudent and rational when it comes to both money and relationships.  They rarely make snap decisions, preferring to be patient, weigh up the pros and cons before choosing the right course. Their cool, calm and collected approach to life snakes cope with stress well but it can make them seem emotionally detached and they struggle to express themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522150039672852, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Rat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356454849243164, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "This is the time rats actively seek food.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51662540435791, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin" }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "The cat and the rat, who were once good friends and poor swimmers, convinced the ox to carry them across the river. Being naive, gullible, good-natured, the powerful swimmer ox agreed. As they were crossing the river, the rat was worried that the cat might win the race; so the rat pushed the cat into the river. This explains why cats hate rats, because they never forgave the rat for the incident. Right before the ox and the rat reached the shore, the rat jumped off the ox's back and took first place in the race.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53596019744873, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Chinese History :: Features :: Chinese Lunar ..." }, { "answer": "Rat", "passage": "Just as the Jade Emperor complimented the dragon for his consideration, he heard the horse whining and galloping. From out of the horse's hoof sneaked a shrewd slimy snake. The sudden appearance and the hissing of the snake startled the horse and made him jump backwards, thus forcing the horse to fall in 7th place and the snake to take the 6th place in the race.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374423027038574, "source": "search", "title": "Exploring Chinese History :: Features :: Chinese Lunar ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "six", "6" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "six", "6" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "6", "type": "Numerical", "value": "6" }

[ { "answer": "6", "passage": "Currently, the first qualifying period is eighteen minutes long, with all twenty two cars on the circuit. At the end of the period, the six slowest drivers are eliminated, and they fill positions seventeen to twenty two on the grid. Any driver attempting to set a qualifying time when the period ends is permitted to finish his lap, though no new laps may be started once the chequered flag is shown. After a short break, the second period begins, with sixteen cars on the circuit. At the end of the fifteen-minute period, the six slowest drivers are once again eliminated, filling grid positions eleven to sixteen. Finally, the third qualifying period features the ten fastest drivers from the second period. The drivers have twelve minutes to set a qualifying time, which will determine the top ten positions on the grid. The driver who sets the fastest qualifying time is said to be on pole position, the grid position that offers the best physical position from which to start the race. For the first two races of the 2016 season, a modified format was used where drivers were eliminated during the sessions rather than just at the end and only eight drivers progressed to the final session. Qualifying reverted to the previous format from the third race of the season onwards.", "precise_score": -7.767179489135742, "rough_score": -6.075600624084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Points are awarded to drivers and teams exclusively on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10. If a race has to be abandoned before 75% of the planned distance has been completed all points are halved. In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on. ", "precise_score": 4.185940742492676, "rough_score": 3.21924090385437, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Historically, the races were scored on the basis of a five-place tally: i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete 90% of race distance) on a 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis.", "precise_score": 0.43604499101638794, "rough_score": -1.0905554294586182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In the Hamilton finished in seventh place and Räikkönen won, which meant that Hamilton came second in the championship by one point. On the first lap Hamilton was passed by several cars and dropped to eighth place. On the ninth lap of the race Hamilton could not select a gear and ending up coasting for 40 seconds. He recovered to seventh place but Ferrari switched their two drivers allowing the championship to go to Räikkönen. Hamilton took the record of Youngest World Drivers' Championship runner-up, at 22 years and 288 days, previously held by Kimi Räikkönen at 23 years and 360 days (since beaten by Sebastian Vettel in 2009).", "precise_score": -3.990684747695923, "rough_score": -6.307259559631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "The tensions within the team surfaced again at the 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix. During the final qualifying session for the race Hamilton was delayed in the pits by Alonso and thus unable to set a final lap time before the end of the session. McLaren pointed out that Hamilton had disobeyed an earlier instruction to let Alonso pass in qualifying, for fear of losing his own position. Alonso was relegated to sixth place on the starting grid, thus elevating Hamilton (who had originally qualified second) to first, while McLaren were docked constructors championship points. Hamilton said he thought Alonso's penalty was \"quite light if anything\" and only regretted the loss of constructors' points. Hamilton was reported to have sworn at Dennis on the team radio following the incident. British motorsport journal Autosport claimed that this \"[led] Dennis to throw his headphones on the pit wall in disgust (a gesture that was misinterpreted by many to be in reaction to Alonso's pole)\". However McLaren later issued a statement on behalf of Hamilton which denied the use of any profanity. As a result of these events, the relationship between Hamilton and Alonso temporarily collapsed, with the pair not on speaking terms for a short period. In the aftermath it was reported that Hamilton had been targeted by Luca di Montezemolo regarding a Ferrari drive for . ", "precise_score": -4.124866485595703, "rough_score": -4.169926643371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In Korea, Hamilton qualified on pole position, ending a run of 16 consecutive pole positions for Red Bull. He led only until turn four on lap 1, where World Champion Sebastian Vettel overtook him and went on to win the race as Hamilton finished second. At the inaugural race in India, Hamilton recorded the second-fastest time in qualifying, but was penalised three places on the starting grid, after a yellow flag infraction in Friday practice. Hamilton finished seventh after yet another incident with Massa which left the Brazilian facing the penalty as Hamilton had to replace the front wing. In Abu Dhabi, Hamilton qualified second and won the race. In Brazil Hamilton and Massa ended their feud as he retired from the race and finish fifth overall in the championship. ", "precise_score": -6.6865105628967285, "rough_score": -5.831917762756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "At the first race after the summer break in Belgium, Hamilton took the lead from Rosberg at the start but a collision between them on lap two punctured his rear tyre and he later retired from the race. He then won the Italian, and Singapore Grands Prix each from pole to take the lead in the Drivers' Championship. This was followed by victories at the  – which was stopped due to heavy rain – the Russian and United States Grands Prix to achieve five consecutive victories for the first time in his career. His tenth victory of the season was also his 32nd career victory, the most of any British driver. Hamilton became the World Champion after winning the , beating team mate Rosberg by 67 points, after Rosberg's car encountered mechanical trouble during the race. Hamilton said in the podium interview \"This is the greatest day of my life\". At the end of the year, Hamilton was awarded with the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. ", "precise_score": -3.0520477294921875, "rough_score": -2.565322160720825, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "After a win-less start to the European round, Hamilton went on to win the British Grand Prix for the second time in a row and third overall, also surpassing Jackie Stewart's 45-year-old record of laps led in eighteen consecutive Grands Prix. He finished 6th in an eventful Hungarian Grand Prix, ending his run of 16 consecutive podium finishes, the second-longest in F1 history. Hamilton won the next two races at Spa and Monza and extended his championship lead over Nico Rosberg, who was forced to retire in the latter race due to engine failure, to 53 points. At the Singapore Grand Prix, Hamilton was only able qualify in 5th ahead of teammate Nico Rosberg, and had moved up to 4th in the race before he was forced to retire due to a power unit issue. By winning the United States Grand Prix, Hamilton secured his third Drivers' Championship with three races left to run. ", "precise_score": -0.9454401731491089, "rough_score": 0.8373578786849976, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Just before the season opener in Australia, Hamilton was pictured riding a motorcycle in New Zealand on the public road whilst using a mobile phone, against the law. Though urged by triple world champion Jackie Stewart to apologise, Hamilton refused to comment on the incident. At the season opening Australian Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified on pole however made a poor start to the race before recovering to finish second behind his Mercedes teammate Nico Rosberg. In the second race of the season, the Bahrain Grand Prix, Hamilton again qualified on pole. On the first lap however there was a collision between him and Bottas with Bottas getting a drive-through penalty. Hamilton finished the race in third behind Rosberg and Räikkönen. In the next race, the Chinese Grand Prix, Hamilton did not set a time in qualifying so started at the back of the grid. He got as high up fifth but was overtaken by Räikkönen and Ricciardo near the end of the race to finish seventh. In the fourth race of the season, the Russian Grand Prix, Hamilton did not set a time in the third part of qualifying so he started in tenth. Hamilton came second behind Rosberg despite having zero water pressure for the last 16 laps. In the next race in Spain, Hamilton qualified on pole. On the opening lap a collision between Hamilton and Rosberg meant that both Mercedes cars retired instantly. The stewards decided that the collision was a racing incident. On 3 July 2016, Hamilton went on to win the Austrian Grand Prix despite having a last lap collision with Rosberg. On 10 July 2016, Hamilton completed a hat-trick of home wins by triumphing in the British Grand Prix to cut his Mercedes team-mate's championship lead to just one point. ", "precise_score": -4.245667934417725, "rough_score": -5.042698383331299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Originally in Grand Prix racing, grid positions, including pole, were determined by lottery among the drivers. Prior to the inception of the Formula 1 World Championship, the first instance of grid positions being determined by qualifying times was at the 1933 Monaco Grand Prix. Since then, the FIA have introduced many different qualifying systems to F1. From the long-standing one session on Friday and Saturday, to the current knockout style qualifying leaving 10 out of 22 drivers to battle for pole, there have been many changes to qualifying systems. Between 1996 and 2006, the FIA made 6 significant changes to the qualifying procedure, each with the intention of making the battle for pole more interesting to an F1 viewer at home.", "precise_score": -7.4420294761657715, "rough_score": -3.881732225418091, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "At Iowa, each car takes one qualifying lap, and the top six cars advance to the feature race for the pole position. Positions from 7th onward are assigned to their races, based on time, with cars in the odd-numbered finishing order starting in one race, and cars in the even-numbered finishing order starting in the second race. The finishing order for the odd-numbered race starts on the inside, starting in Row 6 (11th), and even-numbered race on the outside based on finishing position, again from Row 6 (12th), except for the top two in each race, which start in the inside and outside, respectively (Row 4 and 5) of the race for the pole position. The result of the feature race determines positions 1–10. All three races are 50 laps.", "precise_score": -7.68009614944458, "rough_score": -6.155965328216553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The first race to be given the “Grand Prix” title was the Grand Prix de l’Automobile Club de France held at Le Mans in 1906. It was restricted to “big cars”, which could be described as the “Formula One” cars of the period. From then on, the term Grand Prix became associated with all types of circuit races for cars. Major events, which were the equivalent of today’s Grands Prix, were called “Grandes Epreuves” (Great Events). However, the FIA was opposed to the popular usage of the “Grand Prix” title, which it wished to reserve for events counting towards its Formula One World Championship. Henceforth, it became prohibited to use the Grand Prix title for an event which did not count towards this Championship, except for very rare cases with historic justification, such as the Grand Prix de Pau, which is currently a Formula 3000 event.", "precise_score": -6.583522319793701, "rough_score": -5.57508659362793, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The scale of points awarded to the first six finishers in each race has been modified on two occasions, the most recent of which was in 1991; the first now obtains 10 points (previously nine, and only eight between 1950 and 1960), and the following five are awarded: 6 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 points. There was a time when the driver who recorded the fastest lap was given 1 point.", "precise_score": 2.7464895248413086, "rough_score": 3.796180009841919, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "When the World Championship was created, Formula One was not as popular as it is today, and the 1950 Championship, for example, consisted of only 7 Grands Prix. This figure gradually increased, peaking at 17 events in 1977. It was then limited to 16, and the possibility of holding a maximum of 17 events was reintroduced in 1996.", "precise_score": -4.877885341644287, "rough_score": -6.245406627655029, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "A minimum of eight events out of those entered on the calendar must take place for the World Champion Drivers’ and Constructors’ titles to be awarded. The 1997 Argentine Grand Prix was the 600th Grand Prix counting towards the FIA Formula One World Championship.", "precise_score": -3.416893482208252, "rough_score": -1.3309911489486694, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The Grand Prix with the highest average speed in history was the 1971 Italian Grand Prix, won by Peter Gethin in a BRM at an average speed of 242.615 kph (151.634 mph) on the Monza circuit which at the time did not yet have any chicanes (interestingly, a recent computer simulation suggested that current Formula One cars would achieve an average speed of well over 300 kph – 190 mph – on the original circuit). In 1997, the fastest Grand Prix was the Italian, won by David Coulthard at an average of 238.036 kph (147.940 mph). The highest speed recorded during practice in 1997 was 250.295 kph (155.559 mph), which was set at Monza by Jean Alesi, while the highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix in the 1997 season was set by Jacques Villeneuve, at 351.7 kph (218.6 mph), during the German Grand Prix. The lowest average speed of a Grand Prix winner in 1997 was 104.264 kph (64.800 mph), and was recorded by Michael Schumacher in the Monaco Grand Prix.", "precise_score": -5.984828472137451, "rough_score": -4.653095722198486, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Currently, Grand Prix are two-day events with nine rounds of Swiss on day one, and six rounds on day two (five for team events), followed by a top eight playoff (top four for team events). In the past, Grand Prix had rounds according to the size of the event; individual Grand Prix events had 11 to 17 rounds of Swiss, but present-day individual events have 15 rounds regardless of size, while team events have 14.", "precise_score": -5.025324821472168, "rough_score": -6.2177910804748535, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In order to advance to the second day of competition, players need to have at least 18 match points (a 6–3 record). [3]", "precise_score": 0.425996333360672, "rough_score": -3.9309535026550293, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Additionally, the top finishers at Grand Prix events qualify for the Pro Tour it feeds. All players in the top eight receive an invitation. Additionally, for individual Grand Prix, all players with 39 or more match points (a 13–2 record) win an invitation; for team Grand Prix, players on teams with 36 or more match points (a 12–2 record) receive invitations. Starting with the 2015–16 season, players who earn invitations this way also get free airfare.", "precise_score": 0.6957337260246277, "rough_score": -0.7770004868507385, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Four additional players have finished the Swiss portion of the event 15–0: Kevin Grove at Grand Prix Brighton 2009, [9] Fabrizio Anteri at Grand Prix Madrid 2015, [10] Josh Buitenhuis at Grand Prix Toronto 2016, [11] and Mike Sigrist at Grand Prix New York 2016. [12] All four players lost in the quarterfinals.", "precise_score": -4.098032474517822, "rough_score": -4.124881267547607, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "One of Pontiac's original performance-oriented cruisers, the Grand Prix first set sail on American roadways in the early '70s and lasted over thirty years. The first generation of the Pontiac Grand Prix debuted in 1973 as a midsize sports sedan. The model was deemed by the automaker to present a viable option for U.S. car buyers over the influx of upscale luxury entrants from Europe and elsewhere. The standard engine equipped inside the Grand Prix was a 6.5L V8, which got credit for producing up to 170 horsepower. An optional 7.4L V8 configuration stepped it up a notch with 230 horsepower, while a boosted version threw out up to 250 hp. The Grand Prix was also offered with either a single or dual exhaust system. Throughout the 1970s, Pontiac did not implement many changes to the Grand Prix parts other than various restyling cues. Pontiac halted production of the car by 1975 due to the oil crisis and sagging sales. But in 1978, the Grand Prix was brought back, this time smaller and with a few V8 engine configurations to choose from. Although more compact than the previous generation, the Grand Prix was still geared towards performance and showcased a radial tuned suspension as well as both front and rear sway bars.", "precise_score": -7.782992362976074, "rough_score": -2.8241820335388184, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The second generation of the Pontiac Grand Prix came and went quickly, as it was phased out by 1980. For the model's third go-round, the Grand Prix was essentially a compact car that was given a little muscle. It was initially outfitted with a 2.5L Tech IV, but by 1987, a turbocharged 2.0L four-cylinder sourced from the Sunbird GT began being used. As the '90s approached, the Grand Prix received a 2.3L LD2 High Output Quad 4 that pumped out 160 horsepower along with 155 pounds-per-foot of torque. A slightly more powerful LG0 2.3L High Output Quad 4 offered up to 180 hp. Pontiac instituted another redesign for Grand Prix parts with the model heading into the 1992 model year. Introduced as the fourth generation of the Grand Prix, the model was given smoother lines and a new base SOHC 2.3L Quad 4. Antilock brakes were made standard for the first time, as well. 1996 welcomed in another redesign to Grand Prix parts. Once again, the exterior parts were restyled for a more aerodynamic look. Dual airbags, a new stereo, and an updated design highlighted the interior. Air conditioning became standard a year later, but no other major changes were introduced until the premiere of the fifth generation Grand Prix in 1999.", "precise_score": -4.352564811706543, "rough_score": 4.203104019165039, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "After joining the United States Auto Club in 1964, Mario finished third in the sprint car point standings, capped by a dramatic victory in a 100-lap race at Salem, IN. He also drove in his first Indy Car event at Trenton, NJ on April 19, 1964, starting 16th and finishing 11th in the 100-mile race, and earned $526.90 in his professional debut.", "precise_score": -8.48867416381836, "rough_score": -6.176385879516602, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Mario won his first Indy Car race in 1965, the Hoosier Grand Prix, and finished third in the Indianapolis 500, earning him Rookie-of-the-Year honors. He went on to win his first Indy Car Championship that year - with 12 top-four finishes - and became the youngest driver (at age 25) to win that title. In 1966, he won eight Indy Car races, his first pole at the Indy 500 and a second straight national championship.", "precise_score": -6.311733245849609, "rough_score": -6.365788459777832, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In 1967, Mario's passion for racing saw him compete and win in the Daytona 500 stock car race, take his second pole at the Indy 500, claim his first of three career victories in the 12 Hours of Sebring endurance race, finish as runner-up in the Indy Car national championship and be named Driver of the Year for the first time.", "precise_score": -9.639823913574219, "rough_score": -4.917816638946533, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "He even tried drag racing in 1968 - driving a Ford Mustang - and earned eight more Indy Car victories en route to second place in the Indy Car point standings. Realizing a lifelong dream, Mario qualified on the pole in his very first Formula One race at the 1968 U.S. Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, but was forced out of the race with a clutch problem. But Grand Prix racing was in his blood and the decade of the Seventies would see his dream come true.", "precise_score": -4.291428089141846, "rough_score": -1.883188009262085, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Andretti returned full-time to the Grand Prix circuit in the mid-seventies. His quest for the world title began in earnest in 1976, racing for the legendary Colin Chapman at Team Lotus. Their first taste of success came in the year's final Grand Prix in Japan, a race Andretti won in a monumental downpour. Conditions, in fact, were so bad that Niki Lauda pulled into the pits and forfeited his chance to attain the championship.", "precise_score": -7.5925397872924805, "rough_score": -5.728641033172607, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "As the 80s progressed, Andretti continued to make racing history with some personal milestones. With his son, Michael, they established the first-ever, father-son front row in qualifying for the 1986 Phoenix Indy Car event, a feat they accomplished a total of ten times before the close of the decade.", "precise_score": -10.513923645019531, "rough_score": -6.207369327545166, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Since 2006, three practice sessions are held before the race; the first on Friday morning and the second on Friday afternoon. Both sessions last one and a half hours. The third session is held on Saturday morning and lasts an hour. A third driver is permitted to take part in the Friday free practice sessions in the place of a regular driver. With testing in the middle of the season banned, many teams will nominate their third driver to take part in the first session. The Monaco Grand Prix traditionally begins on a Thursday, with Friday as a day of rest. Practice sessions for the Singapore and Abu Dhabi Grands Prix take place in the evening as these races are run at night. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.969676494598389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In 1996 qualifying was amended with the Friday qualifying session abolished in a favour for a single qualifying session held on Saturday afternoon. As previously, each driver was limited to twelve laps with the inclusion of a 107% rule to exclude drivers with slow lap times. This was calculated by using the time of the driver on pole position and adding on 7% to create a cut-off time. This format remained until the conclusion of the 2002 season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797807693481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "As of 2016, eleven teams are entered for the Formula One World Championship, each entering two cars for a total of twenty two cars. The regulations place a limit of twenty-six entries for the championship. At some periods in the history of Formula One the number of cars entered for each race has exceeded the number permitted, which historically would vary from race to race according to the circuit used. Monaco, for example, for many years allowed only twenty cars to compete because of the restricted space available. The slowest cars excess to the circuit limit would not qualify for the race and would be list as 'Did Not Qualify' (DNQ) in race results. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.450778007507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "In the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of cars attempting to enter each race was as high as thirty-nine for some races. Because of the dangers of having so many cars on the track at the same time, a pre-qualifying session was introduced for the teams with the worst record over the previous six months, including any new teams. Only the four fastest cars from this session were then allowed into the qualifying session proper, where thirty cars competed for twenty-six places on the starting grid for the race. The slowest cars from the pre-qualifying session were listed in race results as 'Did Not Pre-Qualify' (DNPQ). Pre-qualifying was discontinued after 1992 when many small teams withdrew from the sport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.977677345275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "As the number of cars entered in the world championship fell below twenty-six, a situation arose in which any car entered would automatically qualify for the race, no matter how slowly it had been driven. The 107% rule was introduced in to prevent completely uncompetitive cars being entered in the championship. If a car's qualifying time was not within 107% of the pole sitter's time, that car would not qualify for the race, unless at the discretion of the race stewards for a situation such as a rain affected qualifying session. For example, if the pole-sitter's time was one minute and forty seconds, then all cars must set a time within one minute and forty-seven seconds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.885669708251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The 107% rule was removed since the FIA's rules indicated previously that 24 cars can take the start of a Formula One race, and a minimum of twenty cars must enter a race. In , the qualifying procedure changed to a single-lap system, rendering the rule inoperable. However, there were concerns about the pace of the new teams in the 2010 season. As the qualifying procedure had been changed since the 2006 season to a three-part knockout system, the rule could now be reintroduced. As such, the 107% rule has been reintroduced for the 2011 Formula One season. Currently, cars have to be within 107% of the fastest Q1 time in order to qualify for the race. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.989206314086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Thirty minutes prior to race time, the cars take to the track for any number of warm-up laps (formally known as reconnaissance laps), provided they pass through the pit lane and not the grid, after which they assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. At the hour of the race, a green light signifies the beginning of the relatively slow formation lap during which all cars parade around the course doing a final tire warmup and system checks. The cars then return to their assigned grid spot for the standing race start. The starting light system, which consists of five pairs of lights mounted above the start/finish line, then lights up each pair at one-second intervals. Once all five pairs are illuminated, after a random length of time (one to nine seconds), the red lights are turned off by the race director, at which point the race starts. The race length is defined as the smallest number of complete laps that exceeds 305 kilometers (the Monaco Grand Prix is the sole exception with a race length of 78 laps / 260.5 km), though occasionally some races are truncated due to special circumstances. The race can not exceed two hours in length; if this interval is reached the race will be ended at the end of that lap. The only exception is if the race is halted by a Red flag in which case the total time including the red flag stoppage must not exceed 4 hours (since 2012), and the total time excluding the red flag stoppage may not exceed 2 hours. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.450770378112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Despite having the highest budget in all of auto racing, Formula One racing has often been accused of being unexciting when compared to less expensive categories. The differences in driver ability are usually dwarfed when compared to the relative speed of the different makes of cars, and on-track overtaking is very rare due to the aerodynamics of trailing cars being adversely affected by the car in front (making overtaking only possible by very risky and thus rarely taken chances, or a much faster car trailing a slower one). So, beginning in the 2011 season F1 adopted 2 new innovations to help with passing/overtaking and to bring a little more excitement to the races. These innovations are \"DRS\" and the \"KERS\" systems. The DRS (Drag Reduction System) allows for one of the horizontal fins/blade on the rear spoiler to be \"lifted\" open which reduces the downforce and increases the race car speed. This system is only operable on straightaways where rear downforce is not as important. The system cannot be activated unless the driver is within (1) second or less behind the car he is trying to pass. The DRS zones on each track are set by the F1 governing body. And although the system on is controlled by computers and timers, the driver has to activate it by pushing a button on the steering wheel when he wants to use it. The \"KERS\" (kinetic energy recovery system) grabs and stores the energy usually lost during braking (which has always been wasted) and stores the energy into the batteries. Again, when allowed and the driver wants to use this system it is a matter of pushing a button and the engine gets another 60-80 horse power for a short time. The system will deplete/discharge this stored energy quickly and the driver has to wait until it gets charged back up. Also the use of electronic driver aids such as semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control has been widely criticized by F1 fans around the globe. Traction control was banned in the 2008 Formula One season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37492847442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Formula One racing" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Coming from a mixed background, with a black father and white mother, Hamilton is often labelled \"the first black driver in Formula One\", although Willy T. Ribbs tested a Formula One car in 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126811027526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Hamilton's father bought him a radio-controlled car in 1991, which gave him his first taste of racing competition. Hamilton finished second in the national BRCA championship the following year. He said of the time: \"I was racing these remote-controlled cars and winning club championships against adults\". As a result of this his father bought him his first go-kart as a Christmas present at the age of six. His father told him that he would support his racing career as long as he worked hard at school. Supporting his son became problematic, which caused him to take redundancy from his position as an IT Manager and become a contractor. He was sometimes employed in up to three jobs at a time, while still managing to find enough time to attend all Hamilton's races. He later set up his own computer company as well as working as a full-time manager for Hamilton. Hamilton ended his working relationship with his father in early 2010 and subsequently signed a management deal in March 2011 with Simon Fuller's firm XIX Entertainment. In November 2014, Hamilton announced that he would not be renewing his management contract with Fuller. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.20394229888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Hamilton was educated at The John Henry Newman School, a voluntary aided Catholic secondary school in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Alongside his interest for racing, he played association football for his school team with England international midfielder Ashley Young. Hamilton said that if Formula One had not worked for him he would have been a footballer, being a big fan of Arsenal F.C. or a cricketer, having played both for his school teams as a youngster. He subsequently attended, in February 2001, Cambridge Arts and Sciences (CATS), a private sixth-form college in Cambridge. At the age of five Hamilton took up karate to defend himself as a result of bullying at school. At around 12, he learned to ride a unicycle, as part of his karting rivalry with future F1 Mercedes teammate, Nico Rosberg, who could already ride one. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883739471435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Hamilton moved to the reigning Euro Series champions ASM for the 2005 season and dominated the championship, winning 15 of the 20 rounds. This would have been 16 but for being disqualified from one win at Spa-Francorchamps on a technical infringement that caught out several other drivers. He also won the Marlboro Masters of Formula 3 at Zandvoort. After the season British magazine Autosport featured him in their \"Top 50 Drivers of 2005\" issue, ranking Hamilton 24th. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.965583801269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Due to his success in Formula Three, he moved to ASM's sister GP2 team ART Grand Prix for 2006. Just like their sister team in F3, ART were the leaders of the field and reigning champions having taken the 2005 GP2 crown with Nico Rosberg. Hamilton won the GP2 championship at his first attempt, beating Nelson Piquet, Jr. and Timo Glock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.859714508056641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "His performances included a dominant win at the Nürburgring, despite serving a penalty for speeding in the pit lane. At his home race at Silverstone, supporting the , Hamilton overtook two rivals at Becketts, a series of high-speed (up to 150 mph in a GP2 car) bends where overtaking is rare. In Istanbul he recovered from a spin that left him in eighteenth place to take second position in the final corners. He won the title in unusual circumstances, inheriting the final point he needed after Giorgio Pantano was stripped of fastest lap in the Monza feature race. In the sprint race, though he finished second with Piquet sixth, he finished twelve points clear of his rival. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.918419361114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "His 2006 GP2 championship coincided with a vacancy at McLaren following the departure of Juan Pablo Montoya to NASCAR and Kimi Räikkönen to Ferrari. After months of speculation on whether Hamilton, Pedro de la Rosa or Gary Paffett would be paired with defending champion Fernando Alonso for , Hamilton was confirmed as the team's second driver. He was told of McLaren's decision on 30 September, but the news was not made public until 24 November, for fear that it would be overshadowed by Michael Schumacher's retirement announcement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418444633483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Hamilton won the from pole position following a controversial qualifying session. Alonso had set the fastest time, but was relegated five places down the grid to sixth for preventing Hamilton from leaving the pit lane in time to complete his final qualifying lap. After the race Hamilton declared that he had restored his relationship with Alonso. At the Turkish Grand Prix Hamilton suffered a puncture which saw him finish in fifth place. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.946303844451904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "On 21 October 2007 it was announced that the FIA were investigating BMW Sauber and Williams for fuel irregularities, the BMW drivers had finished in fifth and sixth place, and if they were to be excluded Hamilton would be promoted to fifth and would win the 2007 Drivers World Championship by one point over Räikkönen. Ultimately no penalty whatsoever was given to any team as there was \"sufficient doubt as to render it inappropriate to impose a penalty\", though McLaren officially appealed this decision. Hamilton subsequently told the BBC he did not want to win an F1 title through the disqualifications of other drivers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.113909721374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "At the , Hamilton needed to finish at least in fifth position if Massa won the race to secure the World Championship. In mixed conditions, Hamilton became the youngest Formula One World Champion as he snatched the championship on the very last corner. Just before the race began a rain shower hit and Hamilton ran in fourth place before dropping down to sixth to put on dry weather tyres. Hamilton moved back to fourth place after passing Fisichella and overtaking the three stopping Vettel. Hamilton held Vettel off and after they pitted for wet weather tyres as another shower he was fifth. But with two laps to go Vettel overtook Hamilton and the Brit could not get back past, but on the final lap he and Vettel made up an eighteen-second gap on Glock who had stayed out on dry tyres and Hamilton overtook him for fifth place and the championship by one point in the very last corner as Massa won the race. This meant that Hamilton had clinched the 2008 Formula One World Championship, becoming the youngest driver to win the title, as well as the first black driver. He is also the first British driver to win the World Championship since Damon Hill triumphed in 1996. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8806986808776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Hamilton finished third in Bahrain, In Australia, Hamilton ended the race in sixth place, after a late-race collision with Mark Webber. In Malaysia a misjudgement on the weather by his team in qualifying, left him on tyres that were unfavourable for the wet conditions. This restricted him to 20th on the grid for the race, but he made his way through the field to finish in sixth place. Hamilton was given a warning during the race, after he weaved four times on a straight as he tried to break the tow that Vitaly Petrov was receiving and was not intending to block him. After the race the rules were clarified by stewards to only allow a driver to make one move during an overtaking manoeuvre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.672083854675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "In Monaco, he qualified tenth after Q3 was red-flagged before he could set a competitive time due to a heavy crash from Sergio Pérez. During the race Hamilton received a drive through penalty after he bumped into Massa at the Hotel Harpin. Later on, Alguersuari crashed into Hamilton, breaking his rear wing; the race was red-flagged as Petrov crashed at the same time allowing his team to fix the car. On the restart he had a collision with Maldonado at Sainte Devote, which later he was given a 20-second time penalty for but it did not affect his finishing position. In an interview with the BBC Hamilton, said that he had been to the stewards five races out of six thus far in the season and felt victimised. When prompted why he had been to the stewards so much Hamilton replied \"Maybe it's because I'm black. That's what Ali G says.\" He later returned to the stewards and explained the joke and escaped further punishment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.866006851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Hamilton enjoyed a continuation of Mercedes's dominance heading into the season, as the new W06 Hybrid completed more laps in pre-season testing than any rival car, and did so using just one power unit. At the opening race in Australia, Hamilton qualified in pole position, 0.594 seconds quicker than team-mate Rosberg and 1.391 seconds clear of Felipe Massa's Williams in third. Hamilton then won the race ahead of Rosberg in second, with Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari in third, 34 seconds back. In Monaco he lost first position to his team mate Rosberg after leading the race for 65 laps due to a pit-stop error made by his team, eventually finishing third.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.110191345214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258944511413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "At the start of 2013, Hamilton took delivery of a metallic red and black Bombardier Challenger 600 series private jet, tail plate number G-LCDH. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902220726013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "On 18 March 2009, Madame Tussauds unveiled a waxwork of Hamilton in his Vodafone McLaren Mercedes race suit. This wax replica cost around £150,000 and took over six months to complete. In 2012, Hamilton featured in the cartoon Tooned, alongside Jenson Button and comedian Alexander Armstrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924113273620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "On 18 December 2007, Hamilton was suspended from driving in France for a month after being caught speeding at 196 km/h on a French motorway. His Mercedes-Benz CLK was also impounded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99435043334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Two days before the 2010 Australian Grand Prix, Victoria Police witnessed Hamilton \"deliberately losing traction\" in his silver Mercedes-AMG C63, and impounded the car for 48 hours. Hamilton immediately released a statement of apology for \"driving in an over-exuberant manner\". After being charged with intentionally losing control of a vehicle, Hamilton was eventually fined A$500 (£288), being described as a \"Hoon\" [boy racer] by the magistrate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.849285125732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "One of Hamilton's favourite cars is the AC Cobra. He owns two unrestored 1967 models, one black and one red. In February 2015, it was reported that Hamilton had purchased a Ferrari LaFerrari from \"his rivals in Maranello.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152502059936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Hamilton" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Also, when F1 enforced the 107% rule between 1996 and 2002, a driver's pole time might affect slower cars also posting times for qualifying, as cars that could not get within 107% of the pole time were disqualified for the race. Since the reintroduction of the rule in 2011, this only applies to the quickest first session (Q1) time, not the pole time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.712218284606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "On road and street courses, cars are drawn randomly into two qualifying groups. After each group has one twenty-minute session, the top six cars from each group qualify for a second session. The cars that finished seventh or worse are lined up by their times, with the best of these times starting 13th. The twelve remaining cars run a 15-minute session, after which the top six cars move on to a final 10-minute session to determine positions one through six on the grid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2704877853393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "The Iowa format was instituted in 2012 with major modifications (times set based on open qualifying session in second practice, positions 11th and back in odd positions raced in the inside heat, positions 12th and back in even positions raced in the outside heat, and positions 1–10 raced for the pole, each heat 30 laps), and non-Iowa oval format in August 2010, while the Indianapolis format was in 2010. The road course format was installed for 2008. In prior seasons, oval qualifying ran for four laps, Indianapolis-style, from 2008, and previously two laps with the best lap used for qualification. Street and road circuits used a two-phase format similar to oval qualifying except that cars took one qualifying lap, then the top six advanced to the ten-minute session for the pole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.32218074798584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Starting in 2010, the first day is split into Q1 and Q2. At the end of Q1, positions 10–24 are set. The top nine cars will then have their times wiped out and advance to Q2 where cars will have 90 minutes to run for pole. If inclement weather causes officials to cancel Q2, positions 1–24 are set. If inclement weather in Q1 is early where Q2 is late (past 6 PM usually), drivers will have only one attempt in Q2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235888481140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "In radio-controlled car racing, the term Top Qualifier (TQ) is used to determine the fastest qualifying driver, usually over a two-day, five/six rounds qualifying sessions, depending on the overall duration of the event. The result is determined by the best half of the driver's performance. As the event bring in over 100 entrants, the fastest driver is guaranteed directly a place in front of the A-main final, the group that carries a chance of being the overall winner. The slower drivers are allocated a spot to compete in their groups to determine the overall positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439489364624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pole position" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The Formula One World Championship was created in 1950 and is the oldest FIA Championship. It also has the greatest media impact. It is estimated that the 17 Grands Prix of the 1997 season attracted over 50 billion television viewers, while the printed press maintained a significant presence, with an average of 650 journalists and photographers traveling from all over the world to cover each event.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.50393009185791, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In addition to a large number of specifications relating, in particular, to safety and aerodynamics, the current formula restricts the cylinder capacity of the engine to 3 litres, prohibits supercharging and stipulates a minimum weight of 600 kg, including the weight of the driver and his race equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058429718017578, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "6. How is the World Championship title obtained?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233946800231934, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Each circuit must be homologated by the FIA Circuits and Safety Commission following a series of inspections which are carried out from the start of the work right up until the inauguration of the circuit. The homologation criteria are less strict for circuits hosting events for slower formulae. In addition to the initial procedure, the circuits sometimes have to carry out maintenance work or update their facilities so that their homologation may be renewed. In the past, with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix, which is the only event to take place within a town itself, circuits tended to be very fast with long straights. The increase in the cars’ performances has meant that these straights have had to give way to series of bends, which are the only means of preventing excessive speeds. Similarly, very long tracks, like that at the old Nürburgring (22.835 km), have had to be abandoned, since the costs involved in providing the safety facilities and personnel required by the regulations together with the technical facilities necessary for television broadcasting are too great. Monaco is still the shortest circuit (3.328 km), while Spa is the longest (6.940 km).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.815169334411621, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "For financial reasons, engines which are not reciprocating or 4-stroke are prohibited, and the engines are restricted to a maximum of twelve cylinders which cannot have an oval section. It is obligatory for each car to have four wheels, only two of which are driven (yes, in the past there were Formula One cars with six wheels!).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157353401184082, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "16. Can any driver compete in a Grand Prix?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.030472755432129, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "26. Does a Grand Prix always go ahead, rain or shine?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.449602127075195, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "The rapid changes possible with semi-automatic gearboxes mean that transmissions with a greater number of ratios (six or seven) can be installed. On circuits with a large number of bends, the drivers only use four or five ratios. Reverse gear is obligatory, but must not be used in the pit-lane, on pain of immediate exclusion from the Grand Prix.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.542240142822266, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "The brakes on series-produced cars are derived from the disc brakes which were first used in racing. All Formula One cars are equipped with brakes with callipers made from light alloy while the discs and pads tend to be made from synthetic materials, i.e. carbon/carbon. Their resistance to heat is much greater than that of series-produced brakes (which is why, in certain conditions, the insides of the wheels appear completely incandescent) and they weigh significantly less. Their braking power is thus uncommonly high: at the end of a straight, at maximum speed (around 340 kph – 212.5 mph), a Formula One car can brake at less than 100 meters in order to take a slow corner. Naturally, carbon/carbon is expensive: it takes six months to produce a disc, at a temperature of between 900 and 2000°C. The same material is now used to produce clutch discs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868144989013672, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "36. Is a special type of fuel used in Formula One?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269305229187012, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "46. What is the International Court of Appeal?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356797218322754, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "60. In what conditions are the cars weighed?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29983901977539, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The Scrutineers may weigh the cars at all times, to make sure that they never weigh less than 600 kg, including driver. Electronic weighing devices are located at the entrance to the pit lane to enable these checks to be carried out. During qualifying practice, an electronic programme selects at random the cars which are to be checked. When a car is chosen by the computer, a red light comes on and the driver returning to his pit must proceed to the weighing area. If the weight of the car is insufficient, the driver is excluded for the rest of the event, but he has the right to request that the car be weighed a second time. To avoid cheating, any car which breaks down on the circuit also has to pass in front of the computer which decides whether the car must be weighed in the same conditions. At the finish of the race, all the cars are directed to the parc fermé where they are weighed; the drivers are also weighed before proceeding to the podium or to their motorhome. If a car’s weight does not comply at the finish, it is excluded from the classification. Such an instance has already occurred.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011723518371582, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "61. What are the different signals which the officials may give to the competitors?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31718635559082, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "62. Does the chequered flag always signal the finish?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26750373840332, "source": "search", "title": "FAQ | Formula One At & Genius" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The white jersey (maillot blanc): a junior yellow basically. Given to the rider under 26 with the lowest overall time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786717414855957, "source": "search", "title": "The Tour de France : a guide to the basics - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "The Tour is a tactical affair. Riders don't simply set off attempting to go as fast as they can at all times. They largely ride together in a main group called the peloton with small groups breaking away off the front in nearly every stage. It is customary for a group of three to six or so riders to break off the peloton early and go out ahead, often just to reward their sponsor with some time on camera, sometimes hoping they can make it stick for the whole day's racing and take a stage win. The breakaways rarely contain overall contenders, and the peloton will happily let them stray around five to 10 minutes down the road, depending on who's among them, before swallowing them up again when they have tired out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499617576599121, "source": "search", "title": "The Tour de France : a guide to the basics - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Grand Prix events' prize purse depends on the size of the tournament, with a minimum of $50,000. [5] Starting in 2016, the winner of individual Grand Prix earns $10,000. [3] [6]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.661258697509766, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The largest Standard Grand Prix: GP Tokyo 2016 – 3,335 players", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843828201293945, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The largest Block Constructed Grand Prix: GP Madrid 2004 – 1,465 players", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.9909029006958, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The largest Team Limited Grand Prix: GP Washington, D.C. 2016 – 3,366 players (1,122 teams)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.653412818908691, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Kai Budde won GP Barcelona on 6–7 February 1999, and then GP Vienna on 13–14 March 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7462797164917, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Daniel Clegg won GP Turin on 26–27 May 2001, and then GP Taipei on 21–22 July 2001 (both of these were Team Limited Grand Prix).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.947002410888672, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Kenji Tsumura won GP Kuala Lumpur on 3–4 June 2006, and then GP Toulouse on 24–25 June 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910806655883789, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Shuhei Nakamura won GP St. Louis on 22–23 July 2006, and then GP Hiroshima on 19–20 August 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050736427307129, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Owen Turtenwald won GP Washington, D.C. on 16–17 November 2013, and then GP Albuquerque on 23–24 November 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959917068481445, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Prix - MTG Salvation Wiki" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "When the fifth generation was released for the 1999 model year, the Pontiac Grand Prix displayed a slightly longer wheelbase, an independent suspension, and five separate trim levels: SE. SE1, SE2, GT, and GT1. The base engine (SE and SE1) was a 2.4L Twin Cam inline four-cylinder good for 150 horsepower mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. The SE2, GT, and GT1 used a 3.4L V6, which got credit for churning out up to 170 (GT- 175) horsepower along with 150 pounds-per-foot of torque (GT- 200). All trims featured traction control and antilock brakes. In 2001, Pontiac dropped the SE2 trim level and a year after that, a new 2.2L DOHC Ecotec four-cylinder engine (140 hp/150 pounds-per-foot of torque) was introduced into the lineup to replace the previous 2.4L. 2005 saw Pontiac stop producing the GT coupe. This eventually led to the introduction of the G6, the Grand Prix's successor. Although no longer assembled, the Pontiac Grand Prix is still a visible presence on the blacktop. While it was in production, the Pontiac Grand Prix was consistently recognized as one of GM's most successful and reliable cars with impressive sales numbers to back it up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.482359886169434, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "October 25, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08869457244873, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "September 06, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098081588745117, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "September 01, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131092071533203, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "August 25, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054455757141113, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "August 23, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132404327392578, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "August 15, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063651084899902, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "July 07, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217546463012695, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "June 30, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13811206817627, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "June 24, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085287094116211, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "June 23, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127799034118652, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "June 21, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039722442626953, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 24, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02852725982666, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 18, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9389009475708, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 17, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8468656539917, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 06, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141972541809082, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 05, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203099250793457, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 04, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201683044433594, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "May 03, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159565925598145, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "April 25, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105497360229492, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "six", "passage": "Sunroof deflectors install on your vehicle's roof in front of the leading edge of the sunroof itself. The rounded, upwardly-curving shape they possess redirects air so it flows up and over the sunroof opening instead of into the vehicle. Because of that built-in curve, most deflectors extend over and effectively cover approximately three to six inches of the sunroof opening at the front - blocking sun glare that would normally beam directly into your eyes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288698196411133, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "March 23, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218215942382812, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "March 23, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218215942382812, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "March 22, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189388275146484, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "March 16, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111856460571289, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "March 02, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25405502319336, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "February 24, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103968620300293, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "February 18, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057308197021484, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "If the air conditioning system in your car no longer blows cold air because performing costly repairs isn't feasible, you've probably become familiar with the cooling off method some describe as \"460 Air Conditioning\" - signifying 4 windows down at 60 miles per hour. You play around with just how much to open each window in order to create a balance that maximizes crosswind and minimizes unpleasant, ear-popping buffeting inside the cabin. But no matter how hard you try, you and your hair still end up disheveled. Hopefully you're not going to a place where that matters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289146423339844, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "February 12, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097548484802246, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Maybe you've got an SUV with three rows of seats. They're great fun when 6 or 8 people are along for a road trip, but most such modern vehicles utilize every inch of interior space in order to fit that third row. Consequentially, there's virtually zero room for cargo when seats are in the upright position. Or maybe you have a similar problem with a compact hatchback, or even a minivan. Your vehicle may have fold-flat seats that make carrying cargo easy, but what good are they when you need to bring passengers with you? You can't ask adults to squeeze in between duffel bags or sporting gear, and you can't ask them to hang on tight and surf on the roof either.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978655815124512, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "February 11, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065718650817871, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "February 11, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065718650817871, "source": "search", "title": "Pontiac Grand Prix Accessories & Parts - CARiD.com" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The Andrettis waited several years for U.S. visas. When they were finally granted, the family of five left all their belongings behind and began their new life in America. On the morning of June 16, 1955, the Italian ocean liner Conte Biancamano arrived into New York Harbor. Settling in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, the family of five had $125 and didn't speak English. Mario and his twin brother, Aldo, were 15.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122573852539062, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "1960s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189786911010742, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Mario's \"first victory of consequence\" came on March 3, 1962, a 100-lap feature TQ Midget race at Teaneck, NJ. On Labor Day in 1963, he won three midget features on the same day - one at Flemington, NJ and two at Hatfield, PA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59196662902832, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Mario's celebrated win in the Indianapolis 500 came in 1969. He led a total of 116 laps and established 15 of 20 new records set during that event. Mario scored a total of nine wins and five pole positions that season and went on to win his third national Indy Car title. He ended the decade with a total of 30 victories and 29 poles out of 111 Indy Car starts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.327468872070312, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The 1970s proved to be a decade of successful versatility for Andretti, beginning with his second victory in the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1970, followed by his first Formula One triumph in South Africa, driving for Ferrari in 1971. His mastery of endurance racing was at its zenith in 1972, when he co-drove a Ferrari 312P to victory with Jacky Ickx at the 6 Hours of Daytona, 12 Hours of Sebring, BAOC 1000 km at Brands Hatch and Watkins Glen 6 Hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9797749519348145, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The culmination of his international career came in 1978, when he won the World Championship driving for Lotus, making him the first driver in motor racing history to win the Formula One and Indy Car titles. Mario dominated the scene with nine poles and six wins in the revolutionary \"ground effects\" Lotus, which he had worked so hard to develop, and joined Phil Hill (1961) as the only American ever to capture the world title. He was again honored by being selected Driver of the Year, in recognition of his accomplishments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.27316665649414, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The 1984 Indy Car season proved to be a memorable one for Andretti, who at age 44, won his fourth national championship by winning six events, eight pole positions and setting ten track records. The season was capped with his third Driver of the Year selection, bestowed for the first time by unanimous vote, making Mario the only man to ever win the trophy in three different decades (1969, 1978, 1984).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.715173721313477, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "The following year, the four Andrettis raced against one another for the first time in the Indianapolis 500. Jeff was voted Rookie of the Year, joining Mario (1965) and Michael (1984) as the only three members of the same family to win the award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.638396263122559, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "In 1992, Mario achieved two new milestones. He became the oldest Indy Car pole winner when he earned his record-setting 66th pole at the Michigan 500 and, at Cleveland, he set an all-time record for most Indy Car race starts with 370 (Mario finished his career with 407 starts). He was also named Driver of the Quarter Century by a vote of all former Driver of the Year winners and a panel of 12 journalists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.488487243652344, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "As he began his 35th year of professional racing in 1993, Mario continued to make headlines with his 52nd Indy Car victory at the Phoenix 200, making him the first driver to win Indy Car races in four decades and the first driver to win races in five decades. This race also marked his 111th major career victory. Records continued to be made in 1993, when Mario set a world closed-course speed record (234.275 mph) in qualifying for the Michigan 500, as he earned his 67th pole. This record stood intact until 1996, a year after the track was repaved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271845817565918, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - The Official Site of Mario Andretti" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Friday, August 14 from 12:00 PM – 6:00 PM", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241229057312012, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "1st: 36 prize tickets/team", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127333641052246, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Eastbound on I-96 or I-94, take the Lodge US-10 south; exit Larned St. (on left);", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080720901489258, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Sunday, August 16: Day Two begins at 9:00 a.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012408256530762, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "60 minutes for deck building", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427785873413086, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "60 minutes for deck building", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427785873413086, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" }, { "answer": "6", "passage": "Team members draft at the same draft table with one opposing team (6 total players per draft table). Team members will be seated at the draft table in exactly the following order:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342469215393066, "source": "search", "title": "FACT SHEET GRAND PRIX DETROIT 2015 | MAGIC: THE GATHERING" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver, Colorado, United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines, People Express, Trans World Airlines, (TWA), United Airlines and Western Airlines. Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways, the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. ", "precise_score": 8.141105651855469, "rough_score": 8.59314250946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stapleton International Airport" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "Stapleton International Airport, Denver County, Colorado, United States", "precise_score": 8.386573791503906, "rough_score": 8.847461700439453, "source": "search", "title": "Stapleton International Airport Webcam" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "* legal threats by Adams County, Colorado, to block a runway extension into Rocky Mountain Arsenal lands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379081726074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stapleton International Airport" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "The Colorado General Assembly brokered a deal in 1985 to annex a plot of land in Adams County into the city of Denver, and use that land to build a new airport. Adams County voters approved the plan in 1988, and Denver voters approved the plan in a 1989 referendum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962968826293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stapleton International Airport" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver , Colorado , United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines , the original Frontier Airlines , People Express , Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), United Airlines and Western Airlines . Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways , the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. [1]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.522272109985352, "source": "search", "title": "Stapleton International Airport - PediaView.com" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "legal threats by Adams County, Colorado , to block a runway extension into Rocky Mountain Arsenal lands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34019660949707, "source": "search", "title": "Stapleton International Airport - PediaView.com" }, { "answer": "Colorado", "passage": "The Colorado General Assembly brokered a deal in 1985 to annex a plot of land in Adams County into the city of Denver, and use that land to build a new airport. Adams County voters approved the plan in 1988, and Denver voters approved the plan in a 1989 referendum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962968826293945, "source": "search", "title": "Stapleton International Airport - PediaView.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "Kevin Kline re-teamed with his \"Sophie's Choice\" director, Alan J. Pakula, for the 1992 thriller, \"Consenting Adults.\" Kevin Spacey co-starred as a neighbor not to be trusted, with Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Kline's wife.", "precise_score": 4.827909469604492, "rough_score": 6.874350547790527, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "Kevin Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Margaret and Robert Joseph Kline, who owned several stores. His father was of German Jewish descent and his mother was of Irish ancestry. After attending Indiana University in Bloomington, Kline studied at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1972, Kline joined the Acting Company in New York which was run by John Houseman . With this company, Kline performed Shakespeare across the country. On the stage, Kline has won two Tony Awards for his work in the musicals \"On the Twentieth Century\" (1978) and \"The Pirates of Penzance\" (1981). After working on the Television soap Search for Tomorrow (1951), Kline went to Hollywood where his first film was Sophie's Choice (1982). He was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance. His work in the ensemble cast of The Big Chill (1983) would again be highly successful, so that when Lawrence Kasdan wrote Silverado (1985), Kline would again be part of the cast. With his role as Otto \"Don't call me Stupid!\" West in the film A Fish Called Wanda (1988), Kline would win the Oscar for Supporting Actor. Kline could play classic roles such as Hamlet in Great Performances: Hamlet (1990); or a swashbuckling actor like Douglas Fairbanks in Chaplin (1992); or a comedic role in Soapdish (1991). In all the films that he has worked in, it is hard to find a performance that is not well done. In 1989, Kline married actress Phoebe Cates .", "precise_score": 4.727311611175537, "rough_score": 6.324034690856934, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "After a stint on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, Kline made his film debut in Alan Pakula's 1982 Sophie's Choice. It was an inarguably auspicious beginning: aside from the wide acclaim lavished on the film, Kline earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nathan Landau. The following year, he again struck gold, starring in The Big Chill, Lawrence Kasdan's seminal exploration of baby-boomer anxiety. Two years later, Kline and Kasdan enjoyed another successful collaboration with Silverado, an homage to the Westerns of the 1950s and '60s.", "precise_score": 6.216555595397949, "rough_score": 0.30144745111465454, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "He made his film debut the following year, opposite Meryl Streep in Sophie's Choice (1982). For his role in the 1988 comedy hit A Fish Called Wanda, he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2003, he starred as Falstaff in the Broadway production of Henry IV, for which he won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.3444185256958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevin Kline" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "Dubbed \"the American Olivier\" by New York Times theater critic Frank Rich for his stage acting, Kline finally ventured into film in 1982 in Sophie's Choice. He won the coveted role of the tormented and mercurial Nathan opposite Meryl Streep. Streep won an Academy Award for her performance in the film. Kline was nominated for a 1983 Golden Globe award (New Star of the Year) and BAFTA Award for Most Outstanding Newcomer To Film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7835497856140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevin Kline" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "The two-time Tony Award-winner, and the Oscar-winning star of such films as \"Sophie's Choice,\" \"The Big Chill,\" \"A Fish Called Wanda\" and \"The Ice Storm,\" has proven himself one of the most versatile stage and screen actors - adept at tortured drama, light-footed musical comedy, and everything in-between. His most recent film is the buddy comedy, \"Last Vegas,\" starring opposite three actors who are no slouches themselves: Michael Douglas, Robert De Niro and Morgan Freeman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.162907600402832, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "\"But I got sort of talked into it, and it was a good thing,\" he said, \"because Alan Pakula saw me in it and cast me in 'Sophie's Choice.' It actually started my movie career, ironically.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.613136291503906, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "\"Sophie's Choice\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398242950439453, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "Meryl Streep as a Polish immigrant and Holocaust survivor, and Kevin Kline as Nathan Landau, her erratic lover, in \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.784135341644287, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "Though this appears that his feature debut was in Sophie's Choice (1982), Kline had actually completed The Pirates of Penzance (1983) before going on to co-star with Meryl Streep , but the release of 'Pirates' was sufficiently delayed, enabling 'Sophie' to receive an earlier release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.605600357055664, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Sophie's Choice", "passage": "[on Sophie's Choice (1982)] There was a tremendous ensemble feeling. There was never any sense that anything but what was best for a scene was at stake. We were all treated equally, with a tremendous amount of caring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228337287902832, "source": "search", "title": "Kevin Kline - Biography - IMDb" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Gloria Rabinowitz", "Star Trek (Shatnerverse Novels)", "Shatastic", "William Shatner", "A Twist in the Tale (1998 TV series)", "Shatneresque", "The Shat", "Bill Shatner", "Shatnerian", "Nerine Kidd", "The Shatters", "Gloria Rand", "Willem shatner", "William Alan Shatner", "Shatner, William", "Will Shatner", "Shatnernator", "William Shatner SciFi DVD of the Month Club" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "star trek shatnerverse novels", "shatnernator", "william shatner scifi dvd of month club", "shatastic", "gloria rabinowitz", "william shatner", "bill shatner", "shatnerian", "nerine kidd", "shatters", "william alan shatner", "shatner william", "will shatner", "twist in tale 1998 tv series", "shat", "gloria rand", "willem shatner", "shatneresque" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "william shatner", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "William Shatner" }

[ { "answer": "William Shatner", "passage": "      Well known owners of the breed are President John F. Kennedy, who’s Doberman was named Moe. Actor William Shatner has owned a handful of Doberman Pinschers over time, their names were Kirk, Morgan, China, Heidi, Paris, Royale, Martika, Sterling, Charity, Bella and Starbuck. Even Mariah Carey flaunted her Doberman, Princess, in her “All I Want For Christmas is You” video.", "precise_score": 7.25197172164917, "rough_score": 8.067781448364258, "source": "search", "title": "Breed Breakdown: Doberman Pinscher - unleashmagazine.com" }, { "answer": "William Shatner", "passage": "William Shatner", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325186729431152, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Doberman Owners - Dobermans Den - The" }, { "answer": "William Shatner", "passage": "Actor William Shatner, Captain Kirk of Star Trek fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.419281959533691, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Doberman Owners - Dobermans Den - The" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Thor's Day", "Guruvaar", "Thor's day", "Thursdays", "Thursday", "Thurs.", "Thorsday", "Jupiter's day" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "thorsday", "thursday", "thor s day", "thursdays", "guruvaar", "thurs", "jupiter s day" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "thursday", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Thursday" }

[ { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 (\"Black Thursday\"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its aftereffects. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. ", "precise_score": 7.6233038902282715, "rough_score": 7.542738437652588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Crowds flock to Wall Street in New York after news of the stock market collapse. Right, the front page of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle on 'Black Thursday', the first day of the crash. The stock market had been fuelled by a speculative boom throughout the 'Roaring Twenties', but it lost a quarter of its value over the course of just six days in late October 1929", "precise_score": 5.316320896148682, "rough_score": 3.892134189605713, "source": "search", "title": "Wall Street Crash, 1929 | The Week UK" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "The most consequential U.S. event of the 20th century would have to be the Wall Street Crash of 1929.  It not only had a country wide effect, but a long term global effect, resulting in a month long economic decline.  The crash would later be defined into three phases, Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday.", "precise_score": 6.366006851196289, "rough_score": 4.705336093902588, "source": "search", "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929 – Wall Street Crash" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "On October 24 (\"Black Thursday\"), the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor. The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank; Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank; and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419733047485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "The tremors that would eventually destroy this flimsy economic edifice made their first rumblings in September 1929. The market dropped sharply at the beginning of the month but rose again only to drop and rise again. The rollercoaster ride continued in October as the beginning of the month saw another drop followed by another burst of strength. Then came Black Thursday � October 24 � when a drop in stock prices triggered a burst of panic-selling so frantic that it overwhelmed the Stock Exchange's ability to keep track of the transactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248456954956055, "source": "search", "title": "The Wall Street Crash, 1929 - EyeWitness to History" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Jonathan Leonard was a reporter who was on the scene as Wall Street tumbled. We join his story following \"Black Thursday.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.731384754180908, "source": "search", "title": "The Wall Street Crash, 1929 - EyeWitness to History" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Monday was a rout for the banking pool, which was still supposed to be 'on guard.' If it did any net buying at all, which is doubtful, the market paid little attention. Leading stocks broke through the support levels as soon as trading started and kept sinking all day. Periodically the news would circulate that the banks were about to turn the tide as they had done on Thursday, but it didn't happen. A certain cynicism developed in the board rooms as the day wore on. Obviously the big financial interests had abandoned the market to its fate, probably intending to pick up the fragments cheap when the wreck hit the final bottom. 'Very well,' said the little man, 'I shall do the same.'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158286094665527, "source": "search", "title": "The Wall Street Crash, 1929 - EyeWitness to History" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "This was real panic. It was what the banks had prevented on Thursday, had slowed on Monday. Now they were helpless. Reportedly they were trying to force their associated corporations to toss their buying power into the whirlpool, but they were getting no results. Albert Conway, New York State Superintendent of Insurance, took the dubious step of urging the companies under his jurisdiction to buy common stocks. If they did so, their buying was insufficient to halt the rout.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308595657348633, "source": "search", "title": "The Wall Street Crash, 1929 - EyeWitness to History" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Stock prices began to decline in September and early October 1929, and on October 18 the fall began. Panic set in, and on October 24—Black Thursday—a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Investment companies and leading bankers attempted to stabilize the market by buying up great blocks of stock, producing a moderate rally on Friday. On Monday, however, the storm broke anew, and the market went into free fall. Black Monday was followed by Black Tuesday, in which stock prices collapsed completely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.862083435058594, "source": "search", "title": "Stock market crashes - Oct 29, 1929 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "The atmosphere of doubt and caution which Wall Street in recent weeks has come to regard almost as habitual on Thursdays was swept away yesterday in a rush of buying…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4533846378326416, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . The Crash of 1929 | PBS" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Largest Financial Powers in the City Meet After Day of Hysterical Liquidation Sinking Prices Below Thursday’s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2968168258667, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . The Crash of 1929 | PBS" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "Black Thursday happened first, on October 24th, 1929.  The market finally turned down and investors began to panic.  In order to ease investors fears, a group of major banks (Morgan Bank, Chase National Bank, and National City Bank) got together and purchased a large block of shares in US steel.  They also purchased similar blocks of other “blue chip” stocks.  To no avail, on Black Monday, more investors decided to get out of the market, causing stocks to slip further down with a record loss in the Dow that day of 13%.  On Black Tuesday, amist rumors that president Herbert Hoover would not veto the pending Hawley-Smoot Tariff bill, the stock market plummeted even more.  Approximately 16 million shares were traded that day, a record that had not been broken in nearly 40 years in 1968.  The Dow lost another 12% that day.  The market lost 14 billion in value that day, bringing the week total losses to 30 billion, ten times more the the U.S. annual budget, more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644949913024902, "source": "search", "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929 – Wall Street Crash" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "In the last hour of trading on Thursday, Oct. 23, 1929, stock prices suddenly plummeted. When the closing bell rang at 3 p.m. people were shaken. No one was sure what had just happened, but that evening provided enough time for fear and panic to set in. When the market opened again the next day, prices plunged with renewed violence. Stock transactions in those days were printed on ticker tape, which could only produce 285 words a minute. Thirteen million shares changed hands — the highest daily volume in the exchange's history at that point — and the tape didn't stop running until four hours after the market closed. The following day, President Herbert Hoover went on the radio to reassure the American people, saying \"The fundamental business of the country...is on a sound and prosperous basis.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069067001342773, "source": "search", "title": "Brief History of The Crash of 1929 - TIME" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "“Black Thursday.” The economic bubble finally bursts. Stock prices fall sharply on a day of heavy liquidation. Ticker tape runs four hours later than normal at a volume of 12.9 million shares. Headlines will report the market’s paper loss at $5 billion. A pool of bankers acts to stem the drop by putting more money into the market, and President Hoover reassures Americans that U.S. business is sound. Within a few days, a headline will read, “Brokers Believe Worst is Over and Recommend Buying of Real Bargains.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345237731933594, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . The Crash of 1929 | PBS" }, { "answer": "Thursday", "passage": "After the end of the First World War, the world economy was boosted by a period of reconstruction. In the early- to mid-1920s, a series of defeats were inflicted on the workers movement which had been engaged in revolutionary struggles in the wake of the War and the Russian Revolution. These events created conditions for an economic boom which became known as the “Roaring Twenties”. The value of shares on the US stock market rapidly climbed, reaching a peak at the end of August 1929. Prices began to decline in September and early October, while speculation continued, but came to an abrupt end on October 18, when the Stock Market began to fall precipitately. The first day of real panic, October 24, is known as “Black Thursday” – a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Major banks and investment companies bought up stocks in an attempt to hold up prices and stem the panic, but the panic began again on “Black Monday”, and on “Black Tuesday”, October 29, 16,000,000 shares were sold, and prices on the stock market collapsed completely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064530372619629, "source": "search", "title": "Glossary of Events: Wa - Marxists Internet Archive" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "After the United States helped Panama win its independence, a treaty was immediately negotiated to allow the US to build a canal. The treaty granted considerably more to the US then the failed agreement with Columbia had, including rights to use military within Panama and US control of the Canal Zone in perpetuity. In essence, the Canal Zone would be part of the US in all but name. However, the man who signed for the Panamanians, the Frenchman Bunau-Varilla, was not part of the official delegation from the new Panamanian government, and some Panamanians felt that the rights granted to the US in the treaty were excessive.", "precise_score": 8.176155090332031, "rough_score": 7.173641681671143, "source": "search", "title": "Panama Canal - The Hacking Family" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Pre-Columbian period ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489848136901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The French were the first to try and build a canal across South America, starting in 1882. Before they could start work, they needed to secure a concession from the Columbian government, which controlled Panama at that time. However, their project failed, thousands of workers died (mainly from disease,) and the company went bankrupt six years later, in 1888. A Frenchman named Philippe Bunau-Varilla managed to keep the effort from collapsing entirely, and looked for another party to take up the concession. The United States, which was also interested in building a canal, negotiated to buy the concession from the French. However, Columbia refused the sale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.987194538116455, "source": "search", "title": "Panama Canal - The Hacking Family" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Meanwhile, nationalism was stirring in Panama. An agreement was made with the US government that if the US would help Panama gain their independence, they would allow the canal to be built. In 1903, Panama became its own country, and the United States immediately recognized the new government. Columbia sent troops to reclaim Panama, but US warships prevented them from landing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8912668228149414, "source": "search", "title": "Panama Canal - The Hacking Family" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "By the turn of the century, sole possession of the proposed canal became a military and economic imperative to the United States, which had acquired an overseas empire at the end of the Spanish-American War and sought the ability to move warships and commerce quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In 1902, the U.S. Congress authorized purchase of the French canal company (pending a treaty with Colombia) and allocated funding for the canal’s construction. In 1903, the Hay-Herran Treaty was signed with Columbia, granting the United States use of the territory in exchange for financial compensation. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, but the Colombian Senate, fearing a loss of sovereignty, refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.021242141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Panama to control canal - Sep 07, 1977 - HISTORY.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Batdance" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "batdance" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "batdance", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Batdance" }

[ { "answer": "Batdance", "passage": "After Purple Rain, Prince closed out the decade of the 80s with a string of groundbreaking pop hits. \"Raspberry Beret\" rode a wave of pop psychedelia to #2. Another double album Sign O' the Times included the massive hits \"Sign O' the Times\" and \"U Got the Look.\" Prince finished the decade with the soundtrack to the movie Batman including the #1 pop hit \"Batdance.\"", "precise_score": 2.1942224502563477, "rough_score": -0.17159035801887512, "source": "search", "title": "Biography of Prince - About.com Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Batdance", "passage": "In 1989, Prince appeared on Madonna's studio album Like a Prayer, co-writing and singing the duet \"Love Song\" and playing electric guitar (uncredited) on the songs \"Like a Prayer\", \"Keep It Together\", and \"Act of Contrition\". He also began work on several musical projects, including Rave Unto the Joy Fantastic and early drafts of his Graffiti Bridge film, but both were put on hold when he was asked by Batman (1989) director Tim Burton to record several songs for the upcoming live-action adaptation. Prince went into the studio and produced an entire nine-track album that Warner Bros. released on June 20, 1989. Batman peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 4.3 million copies. The single \"Batdance\" topped the Billboard and R&B charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.113082408905029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prince (musician)" }, { "answer": "Batdance", "passage": "After two failed attempts in 1990 and 1991, Warner Bros. released a greatest hits compilation with the three-disc The Hits/The B-Sides in 1993. The first two discs were also sold separately as The Hits 1 and The Hits 2. The collection features the majority of Prince's hit singles (with the exception of \"Batdance\" and other songs that appeared on the Batman soundtrack), and several previously hard-to-find recordings, including B-sides spanning the majority of Prince's career, as well as some previously unreleased tracks such as the Revolution-recorded \"Power Fantastic\" and a live recording of \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" with Rosie Gaines. Two new songs, \"Pink Cashmere\" and \"Peach\", were chosen as promotional singles to accompany the compilation album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.885859966278076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prince (musician)" }, { "answer": "Batdance", "passage": "\"Batdance\" (from \"Batman\") Prince", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460684776306152, "source": "search", "title": "Prince's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song made popular by Michael Jackson and written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett. Jackson's recording was produced by Quincy Jones and co-produced by Jackson. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad. It is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed songs and it was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks. The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988, but in 2009, following the news of Jackson's death, the song peaked at number 2, having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart. It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK, having sold over 1.3 million digital copies in the former alone. ", "precise_score": 4.532161712646484, "rough_score": 3.341266393661499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Man in the Mirror" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "\"Man In The Mirror\" was the 4th consecutive number-one single for Jackson's Bad in the United States. The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6, 1988, and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart, on March 26, 1988, where it remained for 2 weeks.", "precise_score": 3.7830147743225098, "rough_score": 5.006714820861816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Man in the Mirror" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Jackson performed a live, extended version of the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards. He also performed the song as the ending of the concert during the Bad World Tour's second leg, and regularly during the Dangerous World Tour. Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 and Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour. On July 16, 1996, Jackson also performed \"Man in the Mirror\" at the Royal Concert Brunei for the last time prior to the United We Stand benefit concert.", "precise_score": 1.6805511713027954, "rough_score": -3.764923572540283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Man in the Mirror" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "This 2005 retrospective of career-spanning singles lives up to its name. After offering a few of Michael’s initial hits with his brothers (“I Want You Back” and “ABC”) and nascent singles as a solo artist, the compilation gains altitude with self-assured pop hits like “Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough” and “Off the Wall.” The tracks taken from Thriller and Bad—especially “Billie Jean” and “Man in the Mirror”—capture Jackson at his popular apex, swerving effortlessly from honeyed balladry to sweat-drenched dance tracks. The New Jack Swing-ing “In the Closet” and the inspirational “Heal the World” find his talent transcending the scrutiny of his superstardom. Spinning to a close with \"You Rock My World,\" from his tenth and final studio album, Invincible, this well-selected anthology is a concise single-volume primer on Jackson’s singular career.", "precise_score": 1.6949646472930908, "rough_score": -2.4526171684265137, "source": "search", "title": "The Essential Michael Jackson by Michael Jackson ... - Apple" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Michael Jackson's short film for \"Man in the Mirror\" was the third of nine short films produced for recordings from Bad, one of the best selling albums of all time. The \"Man in the Mirror\" single hit No. 1 in four countries in 1988, topping the charts in the United States, Italy, Belgium and Poland and reaching Top 5 in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In the U.S., \"Man in the Mirror\" was the fourth of five consecutive No. 1 singles from one album on the Billboard Hot 100-making Michael the first artist to achieve this milestone.", "precise_score": 5.3383660316467285, "rough_score": 6.254864692687988, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "\"Man in the Mirror,\" written by Siedah Garrett (Michael's duet partner on \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\") and Glen Ballard, is one of only two songs on Bad not written by Michael Jackson and, even though it wasn't a song he wrote himself, it was a message that was strongly identified with him and reflective of his own philosophies, as demonstrated through his actions and expressed in some of his own lyrics. \"'Man in the Mirror' has a great message,\" he wrote in his 1988 memoir Moonwalk. \"I love that song. ..Start with yourself. Don't be looking at all the other things. Start with you. That's the truth.\" A review of Bad in Rolling Stone in 1987 called the song \"among the half dozen best things Jackson has done.\"", "precise_score": 1.8949822187423706, "rough_score": -2.267094850540161, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "The PCM Stereo music video version of this song was included on Number Ones, Michael Jackson's Vision, the Target version DVD of Bad 25, and the song's video that released on VHS in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370514869689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Man in the Mirror" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "An alternate live video was used as the opening song in Jackson's film Moonwalker with live audio and footage from several live performances of the song during the Bad World Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.214913368225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Man in the Mirror" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Buy/Listen to Bad 25:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430540084838867, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "From the album Bad, released August 31, 1987", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159496307373047, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "In contrast to Michael's other short films of the Bad era, \"Man of the Mirror\"tells a story not through performance, but through powerful images of oppression, homelessness, hunger, police brutality and other ills of the world, as well as events and leaders of the 20th century whose work is reflective of the song's message to \"make that change.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89966869354248, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "This song is about making a change and realizing that it has to start with you. It was one of just two songs on the Bad album that Jackson didn't write. The song was written by Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard, and Garret also sang backup on the track. Ballard went on to write and produce for Alanis Morissette and Dave Matthews. Garrett also sang on Jackson's \" I Just Can't Stop Loving You \" and later joined the Brand New Heavies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.446879386901855, "source": "search", "title": "Man In The Mirror by Michael Jackson Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "This was the fourth of five US #1 hits from the Bad album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774115562438965, "source": "search", "title": "Man In The Mirror by Michael Jackson Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad by Michael Jackson on iTunes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366020202636719, "source": "search", "title": "Man In the Mirror - Michael Jackson - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad may not have all the timeless prestige of its predecessor, Thriller, but it’s just as full of heart and purpose. Over rockier rhythms, Jackson sounds gleeful and impassioned, whether he’s making a profound humanitarian plea (“Man in the Mirror”), raging with lust (“Dirty Diana”), or narrating a suave play-by-play (“Smooth Criminal”). And when he’s slaying the dance floor, his voice is spine-tingling—his nuanced falsetto goes from subtle to ferocious in the space of a single line—once again proving that Jackson is pop's one true master of ceremony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.434811592102051, "source": "search", "title": "Man In the Mirror - Michael Jackson - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad - Michael Jackson | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.442997932434082, "source": "search", "title": "Bad - Michael Jackson | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "The downside to a success like Thriller is that it's nearly impossible to follow, but Michael Jackson approached Bad much the same way he approached Thriller -- take the basic formula of the predecessor, expand it slightly, and move it outward. This meant that he moved deeper into hard rock, deeper into schmaltzy adult contemporary, deeper into hard dance -- essentially taking each portion of Thriller to an extreme, while increasing the quotient of immaculate studiocraft. He wound up with a sleeker, slicker Thriller , which isn't a bad thing, but it's not a rousing success, either. For one thing, the material just isn't as good. Look at the singles: only three can stand alongside album tracks from its predecessor (\"Bad,\" \"The Way You Make Me Feel,\" \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\"), another is simply OK (\"Smooth Criminal\"), with the other two showcasing Jackson at his worst (the saccharine \"Man in the Mirror,\" the misogynistic \"Dirty Diana\"). Then, there are the album tracks themselves, something that virtually didn't exist on Thriller but bog down Bad not just because they're bad, but because they reveal that Jackson 's state of the art is not hip. And they constitute a near-fatal dead spot on the record -- songs three through six, from \"Speed Demon\" to \"Another Part of Me,\" a sequence that's utterly faceless, lacking memorable hooks and melodies, even when Stevie Wonder steps in for \"Just Good Friends,\" relying on nothing but studiocraft. Part of the joy of Off the Wall and Thriller was that craft was enhanced with tremendous songs, performances, and fresh, vivacious beats. For this dreadful stretch, everything is mechanical, and while the album rebounds with songs that prove mechanical can be tolerable if delivered with hooks and panache, it still makes Bad feel like an artifact of its time instead a piece of music that transcends it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.690420627593994, "source": "search", "title": "Bad - Michael Jackson | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.16397762298584, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad CD music Product Description", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497749328613281, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad album for sale by Michael Jackson was released Jan 16, 2015 on the Epic label. Personnel includes: Michael Jackson (vocals); Stevie Wonder (vocals, keyboards); The Winans (vocals); David Williams, Eric Gale, Steve Stevens, Bill Bottrell, Dann Huff, Michael Landau, Paul Jackson Jr. (guitar); Larry Williams (saxophone, keyboards, programming); Kim Hutchcroft (saxophone); Gary Grant, Jerry Hey (trumpet); John Barnes (piano, keyboards); Kevin Maloney (piano); Jimmy Smith (Hammond organ); Christopher Currell, Michael Boddicker, David Paich, Greg Phillinganes, Rhett Lawrence, Glen Ballard, Randy Kerber, Denny Jaeger (keyboards); Nathan East (bass); Ollie E.   ... See Full Description", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.339343547821045, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad buy CD music Product Reviews", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48349380493164, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Michael Jackson - Bad Album Track Listing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.102940559387207, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad album for sale Customer Reviews", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281292915344238, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Wow Michael Jackson bad album was written very well as a statement to have written thirty three songs almost every song that wrote made ?the album I would put this next to the thriller album my favorites are don't be messing around street walker Al Capone free abortion papers bad smooth criminal another part of Me just good friends and loving you not be confused with I just can't stop loving you I love this album I m ??thanks for reading my review god - you Michael Jackson love you bless you all Mysterious.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30592155456543, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson - Bad CD Album at CD Universe" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Michael Jackson 's double-disc HIStory: Past, Present, and Future, Book I is a monumental achievement of ego. Titled \"HIStory Begins,\" the first disc is a collection of his post-Motown hits, featuring some of the greatest music in pop history, including \"Billie Jean,\" \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough,\" \"Beat It,\" and \"Rock with You.\" It leaves some hits out -- including the number ones \"Say Say Say\" and \"Dirty Diana\" -- yet it's filled with enough prime material to be thoroughly intoxicating. That can't be said for the second disc, called \"HIStory Continues\" and consisting entirely of new material -- which also happens to be the first material he released since being accused of child molestation. \"HIStory Continues\" is easily the most personal album Jackson has recorded. References to the scandal permeate almost every song, creating a thick atmosphere of paranoia. If Jackson 's music had been the equal of Thriller or Bad , the nervous, vindictive lyrics wouldn't have been quite as overbearing. However, \"HIStory Continues\" reiterates musical ideas Jackson had been exploring since Bad . Jackson certainly tries to stay contemporary, yet he has a tendency to smooth out all of his rougher musical edges with show-biz schmaltz. Occasionally, Jackson produces some well-crafted pop that ranks with his best material: R. Kelly 's \"You Are Not Alone\" is seductive, \"Scream\" improves on the slamming beats of his earlier single \"Jam,\" and \"Stranger in Moscow\" is one of his most haunting ballads. Nevertheless, \"HIStory Continues\" stands as his weakest album since the mid-'70s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.831870079040527, "source": "search", "title": "HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I - Michael ..." }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad - Michael Jackson — Listen and discover music at Last.fm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304630279541016, "source": "search", "title": "Bad - Michael Jackson — Listen and discover music at Last.fm" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209753036499023, "source": "search", "title": "Bad - Michael Jackson — Listen and discover music at Last.fm" }, { "answer": "Bad", "passage": "Bad is the seventh album by Michael Jackson. It was released on August 31, 1987 by Epic/CBS Records. The record was released nearly five years after his last studio album Thriller. 20 years after its release, the album has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, and shipped 8 million units in the United States. Bad is the first, and currently only album ever to feature five Billboard Hot 100 #1 singles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.141489505767822, "source": "search", "title": "Bad - Michael Jackson — Listen and discover music at Last.fm" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "水原", "Suwon, Puwan", "Suwŏn", "Suwon Airfield", "Suwon", "Suweon", "수원", "Suwon City", "Sannam Elementary School" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "suwon airfield", "sannam elementary school", "suweon", "水原", "suwon city", "suwon", "suwon puwan", "수원", "suwŏn" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "suwon", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Suwon" }

[ { "answer": "Suwon", "passage": "UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.", "precise_score": -5.2198309898376465, "rough_score": -2.728461742401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Suwon", "passage": "U.S. military leaders in Korea visit the front linres north of Suwon on 28 January 1951. General MacArthur is at the right front. General Ridgeway is in the center, third from the left. (DA photograph)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.623642921447754, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention - history.army.mil" }, { "answer": "Suwon", "passage": "and instituting a series of aggressive reconnaissance-in-force patrols to their front. General Ridgway, dismayed by the continuing poor showing of his battle-weary units, demanded that unit commanders lead the way in restoring an aggressive spirit. To help rebuild the still shaky morale of Eighth Army, he ordered I Corps to plan a major reconnaissance-in-force in its sector to test the measure of Chinese resistance. Operation Wolfhound used troops from the U.S. 25th Infantry Division (especially the 27th Infantry Regiment, the \"Wolfhounds,\" from which the operation drew its name), the U.S. 3d Infantry Division, and the ROK 1st Division. Maj. Gen. Frank W. \"Shrimp\" Milburn, commander of I Corps, directed it along the Osan-Suwon axis, twelve to twenty miles to the north, supported by artillery and tanks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.094932556152344, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention - history.army.mil" }, { "answer": "Suwon", "passage": "The reconnaissance began on 15 January. The 3d Infantry Division units involved were quickly immobilized by enemy defensive positions, but the rest of the forces met little opposition until near Suwon. There, Chinese troops forced the Wolfhound units to turn back just south of their objective, but they were able to establish an advance corps outpost line along the Chinwi River, south of Osan, by", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.328389167785645, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention - history.army.mil" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Barbuda", "passage": "* British West Indies/Anglophone Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bay Islands, Guyana, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Croix (briefly), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago (from 1797) and the Turks and Caicos Islands", "precise_score": -7.4183030128479, "rough_score": -10.499839782714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caribbean" }, { "answer": "Barbuda", "passage": "*** Barbuda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529016494750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caribbean" }, { "answer": "Barbuda", "passage": "* French West Indies – Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic (briefly), Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, St. Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas départements of Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941855430603027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caribbean" }, { "answer": "Barbuda", "passage": "* West Indies Cricket Board, Antigua and Barbuda ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518179893493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caribbean" }, { "answer": "Barbuda", "passage": "* Antigua and Barbuda – fungee and pepperpot", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495529174804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caribbean" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.", "precise_score": 1.4026989936828613, "rough_score": -0.45453283190727234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "I was riding the great wave of action movies. They became as important to the 1980s as Westerns were in the 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03005313873291, "source": "search", "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger - Biography - IMDb" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Gigi", "GiGi" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "gigi" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "gigi", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Gigi" }

[ { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "\"Thank Heaven for Little Girls\" is a 1957 song written by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe and often associated with performer Maurice Chevalier. It opened and closed the 1958 film Gigi. Alfred Drake performed the song in the 1973 Broadway stage production of Gigi, though in the 2015 revival, it was sung as a duet between Victoria Clark and Dee Hoty.", "precise_score": 9.741535186767578, "rough_score": 9.326574325561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thank Heaven for Little Girls" }, { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "Maurice Chevalier - Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from Gigi) Lyrics", "precise_score": 8.522651672363281, "rough_score": 9.046168327331543, "source": "search", "title": "Maurice Chevalier - Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from ..." }, { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "Maurice Chevalier - Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from Gigi) Lyrics", "precise_score": 8.522651672363281, "rough_score": 9.046168327331543, "source": "search", "title": "Maurice Chevalier - Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from ..." }, { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from Gigi)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.966738224029541, "source": "search", "title": "Maurice Chevalier - Thank Heaven for Little Girls (from ..." }, { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "Chevalier Gigi - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40800666809082, "source": "search", "title": "Chevalier Gigi - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Gigi", "passage": "Chevalier Gigi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308932304382324, "source": "search", "title": "Chevalier Gigi - YouTube" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Kong Hong", "Hong Kong, city", "Hong kong as a financial center", "Hongkong,China", "Hsian kang", "Hongkong", "Hong-kong", "Hon Kon", "Hong Kong S. A. R.", "Hong Kong/China", "Hong Kong City", "HK", "Name of Hong Kong", "Hong Kong,China", "Heung Gong", "Hsiankang", "Hong Kong/Infobox", "Hog Kog", "Xiang Gang", "Heung-Gong", "Hong Kong Special Administrative Republic", "Honk Kong", "香港特別行政區", "Xiānggǎng", "H.K.S.A.R.", "香港", "Hsiang-kang", "HKSAR", "Hong-Kong", "Hon kon", "Hong Kong SAR China", "Hk", "HongKong", "Hong Kong/infobox", "Hong Kong China", "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China", "HKSAROPRC", "香港特區", "Hong Kong", "Heung-gong", "Hong Kong SAR", "SAR Hongkong", "香港特区", "Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xiānggǎng tèbié xíngzhèngqū", "Hong Kong S.A.R.", "Hong Kong (China)", "CN-91", "中華人民共和國香港特別行政區", "中华人民共和国香港特别行政区", "Sianggang", "Hsangkang", "Hongkong, China", "HONG KONG", "Xiāng Gǎng", "Hyanghang", "Hong Kong Special Administration Region", "Hong cong", "Hksar", "China/Hong Kong", "Hong Kong, Hong Kong", "H K", "Hong kong", "Hong Kong, China", "SAR HongKong", "ISO 3166-1:HK", "Hong Kong as a Financial Center", "Hèunggóng", "H.K.", "Heunggong", "Shang gang", "Xianggang", "Hong Kong SAR, China", "香港特别行政区", "Hong Kong, SAR", "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region", "Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu", "Hong Kong cityscape", "Hoong Kong", "Xiang gang", "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China", "UN/LOCODE:HKHKG", "Hoeng1 gong2" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "hong kong special administration region", "hong kong special administrative region of people s republic of china", "hong kong sar", "zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xiānggǎng tèbié xíngzhèngqū", "xiāng gǎng", "h k", "name of hong kong", "hsiang kang", "hong kong as financial center", "香港特區", "iso 3166 1 hk", "xiānggǎng", "hoong kong", "shang gang", "hong kong special administrative region of china", "hon kon", "sianggang", "hong kong cityscape", "hksaroprc", "xianggang tebie xingzhengqu", "hong cong", "un locode hkhkg", "hong kong", "hèunggóng", "h k s r", "hsangkang", "香港", "heunggong", "hong kong hong kong", "中華人民共和國香港特別行政區", "香港特別行政區", "香港特区", "hong kong china", "hong kong s r", "hoeng1 gong2", "heung gong", "honk kong", "cn 91", "xiang gang", "kong hong", "hong kong sar china", "sar hongkong", "hong kong special administrative republic", "china hong kong", "hyanghang", "hsiankang", "中华人民共和国香港特别行政区", "hong kong special administrative region", "hk", "hog kog", "xianggang", "香港特别行政区", "hongkong china", "hongkong", "hong kong city", "hong kong infobox", "hsian kang", "hksar" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "hong kong", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Hong Kong" }

[ { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "The ship was completely destroyed by the fire, and the water sprayed on her by fireboats caused the burnt wreck to capsize and sink in Hong Kong Victoria Harbour. The vessel was finally declared a shipping hazard and dismantled for scrap between 1974 and 1975. Portions of the hull that were not salvaged were left at the bottom of the bay. The keel and boilers remained at the bottom of the harbour and the area was marked as \"Foul\" on local sea charts warning ships not to try to anchor there. It is estimated that around 40–50% of the wreck was still on the seabed. In the late 1990s, the final remains of the wreck were buried during land reclamation for the construction of Container Terminal 9. Position of wreck: . Queen Elizabeth is surpassed only by Costa Concordia in 2012 as the largest passenger shipwreck.", "precise_score": 5.605463981628418, "rough_score": 5.741881370544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On the morning of Sunday, Jan. 9, 1972, while the Queen Elizabeth was anchored in Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbour, a series of fires suddenly broke out aboard the ship , forcing hundreds of visiting shipyard workers and their families to evacuate the ship.", "precise_score": 4.195810317993164, "rough_score": 5.676436424255371, "source": "search", "title": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On this day in 1972,, the ship Seawise University (formerly the RMS Queen Elizabeth) sinks in Hong Kong Harbor despite a massive firefighting effort over two days.", "precise_score": 2.578096628189087, "rough_score": 6.061214923858643, "source": "search", "title": "Fire breaks out on Queen Elizabeth - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Launched in 2010 she is 16-stories high and 964ft long and replaces the original Queen Elizabeth, which was destroyed in a fire in Hong Kong Harbour.", "precise_score": 3.553563356399536, "rough_score": 6.776707172393799, "source": "search", "title": "Cruise ship Queen Elizabeth meets her docked predecessor ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Sunday, January 9, 1972. :�� Former ocean liner, the Queen Elizabeth, is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbour.", "precise_score": 7.311097621917725, "rough_score": 9.380735397338867, "source": "search", "title": "History News - The Queen Elizabeth, Is Destryed By Fire" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "*Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67904281616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harbor" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "With the decline in the popularity of the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the smaller, more economical Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1969. Queen Mary was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and was sold to the city of Long Beach, California, US. Queen Elizabeth was sold to a succession of buyers, most of whom had adventurous and unsuccessful plans for her. Finally she was sold to a Hong Kong businessman, Tung Chao Yung, who intended to convert her into a floating university cruise ship. In 1972, while undergoing refurbishment in Hong Kong harbour, she caught fire under mysterious circumstances and was capsized by the water used to fight the fire. In 1973, her wreck was deemed an obstruction, and she was partially scrapped where she lay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7801365852355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "In 1968, Queen Elizabeth was sold to a group of American businessmen from a company called The Queen Corporation (which was 85% owned by Cunard and 15% by them). The new company intended to operate the ship as a hotel and tourist attraction in Port Everglades, Florida, similar to the use of Queen Mary in Long Beach, California. Elizabeth, as she was now called, actually opened to tourists before Queen Mary (which opened in 1971) but it was not to last. The climate of southern Florida was much harder on Queen Elizabeth than the climate of southern California was on Queen Mary. Losing money and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, the ship was sold at auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon Tung Chao Yung.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4653191566467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "After the fire, Tung had one of the liner's anchors and the metal letters \"Q\" and \"E\" from the name on the bow placed in front of the office building at Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California, US that was intended to be the headquarters of the Seawise University venture, where they remain to this day. Two of the ship's fire warning system brass plaques were recovered by a dredger and these are now on display at The Aberdeen Boat Club in Hong Kong within a display area about the ship. The charred remnants of her last ensign were cut from the flag pole and framed in 1972, and still adorn the wall of the officers' mess of marine police HQ in Hong Kong. Parker Pen Company produced a special edition of 5,000 pens made from material recovered from the wreck in a presentation box and these are highly collectable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.232508659362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong Harbor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.268176555633545, "source": "search", "title": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong Harbor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.268176555633545, "source": "search", "title": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "The RMS Queen Elizabeth, a 83,000-ton ocean liner, was the largest ship in the world when it launched in 1938. It was retired 30 years later and subsequently purchased by Chinese shipping tycoon C.Y. Tung, who brought the ship to Hong Kong to be converted to a floating school called “Seawise University.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3632779121398926, "source": "search", "title": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "John A. Hudson, an Englishman who had sailed his own boat into Hong Kong Harbor, describes watching the fire : “What caught our attention from a distance across the water was smoke coming from the ship's portholes; not just one or two portholes but from almost all of them from stem to stern on one side. … What had started as puffs of smoke from portholes turned into a raging inferno in the upper superstructure generating huge volumes of smoke. This, over only a three hour period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.859101295471191, "source": "search", "title": "On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong ..." }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On October 31st 1967, Queen Mary left Southampton on her 516th and last voyage. Sold to the city of Long Beach, California for $3,400,000, she would be turned into a dockside hotel. She arrived at her final port of call on December 9th, and was officially removed from the British registry and handed over to her new owners two days later. A year later, in October 1968, the time had come for the Queen Elizabeth to leave the Cunard fleet, when she left New York harbour dressed in flags. She had been sold for $7,750,000 for use as a floating hotel and museum in the Port Everglades, Florida. But as such she would never be used. As her new owners ran into financial difficulties, the Queen Elizabeth was not given enough attendance and started to suffer from the harsh climate. Two years later, when her owners could see no other way out, she was auctioned off to the highest bidder, namely the Taiwanese shipping tycoon C. Y. Tung. He wanted to turn her into a floating university that would tour the world but before he could do so, the ship had to be laid up in Florida to have her engines repaired, as they had been damaged when water had entered the deteriorating hull. Finally, she left Florida bound for Hong Kong, but during the voyage she had many problems with her machinery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.318179607391357, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth story and picture - rmhh.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Once in Hong Kong, work started on turning her into a floating university. Renamed Seawise University, the old Queen Elizabeth was stripped down and then built back up. She was given new equipment in order to bring her up to modern safety standards, and her interior was given a new, more oriental look. Soon, she would set out on her maiden voyage in this new guise. On January 9th 1972, five mysterious fires broke out through the ship. The fire protection system was still not complete, and there was not much the workers could do to fight the raging blaze. The great superstructure eventually melted in the extreme heat and finally caved in on itself. Fireboats arrived at the scene and started pumping water onto the burning hulk, but as the water filled the vessel, she began listing over on her starboard side. As with the Normandie thirty years earlier, the sheer weight of the water had now spelled doom for the ship. As night fell over the now dying vessel, she was listing at a greater angle. By the next morning, she had rolled over and was now lying on her side on the bottom of the harbour. To salvage the devastated vessel would not be much use, and it was decided that she would be sold for scrap. But before that she would stand in the spotlights one last time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9374233484268188, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth story and picture - rmhh.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "In 1974, Queen Elizabeth briefly appeared in the James Bond-movie 'The Man with the Golden Gun', where she served as the secret Hong Kong headquarters of the MI6. Filmed in 1973, the Queen Elizabeth had already been removed from Hong Kong harbour by a Japanese scrap firm at the time of the film's premiere in late 1974. So ended the glorious days of the Queen Elizabeth, the largest passenger vessel for 57 years, not surpassed until the arrival of the Carnival cruise ship Destiny at 101,000 tons in 1997. She was also the ship on which my wife and I (Rodney Hall) honeymooned in 1966!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6339791417121887, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth story and picture - rmhh.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Later, the Queen Elizabeth was called into service as a troop transport ship, carrying nearly 1 million soldiers during the war. Following the war, the ship returned to commercial service and became one of the dominant transatlantic carriers, hauling thousands of people back and forth between England and the United States. In 1968, the ship’s owner, the Cunard Steamship Company, sold the Queen Elizabeth to a company that sought to turn it into a tourist attraction and hotel in Philadelphia. However, the aging ship was deemed a fire hazard and two years later it was sold to Hong Kong businessman C.Y. Tung, who wanted to use the ship as a floating college. It was renamed Seawise University and sent to Hong Kong Harbor for refitting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2532578706741333, "source": "search", "title": "Fire breaks out on Queen Elizabeth - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "On January 8, fire broke out on the ship and virtually the entire Hong Kong firefighting force turned out to try to save it. Despite heroic efforts over two days, the old ship turned on its side and sank to the bottom of the harbor. Fortunately, no one was killed. Two years later, the wreck served as the backdrop for a key scene in The Man With the Golden Gun, a 1974 film starring Roger Moore as James Bond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.907517910003662, "source": "search", "title": "Fire breaks out on Queen Elizabeth - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "The Wreck of RMS Queen Elizabeth - Hong Kong Harbor - Page 2 of 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1462037563323975, "source": "search", "title": "The Wreck of RMS Queen Elizabeth - Vintage News" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "1973-05-005 “Seawise University” Photographed in Hong Kong in 1973 Photo Credit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013882637023926, "source": "search", "title": "The Wreck of RMS Queen Elizabeth - Vintage News" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Tung rescued an anchor and the letters Q and E from the ship’s nameplate and had them placed in front of the office building at Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California. The Aberdeen Boat Club in Hong Kong also claimed two of the ship’s fire warning plaques and put them on display.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7468900680542, "source": "search", "title": "The Wreck of RMS Queen Elizabeth - Vintage News" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "1973-05-005 “Seawise University” Photographed in Hong Kong in 1973 Photo Credit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013882637023926, "source": "search", "title": "The Wreck of RMS Queen Elizabeth - Vintage News" }, { "answer": "Hong Kong", "passage": "Generating huge debts and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, it was sold in 1970 to C W Tung, a Taiwanese shipping tycoon, who intended to transform it into a mobile, floating university. Renamed the Seawise University, the ship was destroyed by fire on 9 January 1972, in Hong Kong harbour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.0026163943111896515, "source": "search", "title": "History News - The Queen Elizabeth, Is Destryed By Fire" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Basset Hound", "Bassett hound", "Basset hounds", "Basset hound", "Basid hound" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "basid hound", "basset hounds", "basset hound", "bassett hound" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "basset hound", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Basset hound" }

[ { "answer": "Basset hound", "passage": "Dog the dog - Basset hound seen on episodes of the police drama COLUMBO/NBC/1971-77/ABC/1989-91.", "precise_score": 3.8842155933380127, "rough_score": 4.422309398651123, "source": "search", "title": "Breeds> Basset Hounds > Dog the dog (Columbo) - TV Acres" }, { "answer": "Basset hound", "passage": "A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings). In a study of seven different French breeds of dogs (Bernese mountain dog, basset hound, Cairn terrier, Epagneul Breton, German Shepard dog, Leonberger, and West Highland white terrier) it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival . Another analysis of data on 42,855 dachshund litters, found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.852216720581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dog" }, { "answer": "Basset hound", "passage": "TV ACRES: Dogs > Breeds> Basset Hounds > Dog the dog (Columbo)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.254425525665283, "source": "search", "title": "Breeds> Basset Hounds > Dog the dog (Columbo) - TV Acres" }, { "answer": "Basset hound", "passage": "Basset Hounds", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.546467781066895, "source": "search", "title": "Breeds> Basset Hounds > Dog the dog (Columbo) - TV Acres" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Josefa Jamarillo Carson", "Rope Thrower", "Christopher Carson", "Christopher Houston Carson", "Kit Carson", "Waa-Nibe", "Christopher %22Kit%22 Carson" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "kit carson", "christopher houston carson", "josefa jamarillo carson", "rope thrower", "christopher 22kit 22 carson", "waa nibe", "christopher carson" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "kit carson", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Kit Carson" }

[ { "answer": "Kit Carson", "passage": "it was the first narrative Western film with a storyline, and included various western cliches (a shoot-out, a robbery, a chase, etc.) that would be used by all future westerns [Note: the same claim was made for the earlier 21-minute Kit Carson (1903)]", "precise_score": 6.840452671051025, "rough_score": 8.001683235168457, "source": "search", "title": "Film History Before 1920 - Filmsite.org" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Meryl streep", "Meryl Streep", "Mary Streep", "Streep", "Mary Louise Streep", "Merril Streep", "Meril streep" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "meryl streep", "merril streep", "mary streep", "meril streep", "mary louise streep", "streep" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "meryl streep", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Meryl Streep" }

[ { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "#219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June 1949 | Born On The Same Day", "precise_score": 7.41819953918457, "rough_score": 3.1801977157592773, "source": "search", "title": "#219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Mary Louise “Meryl” Streep (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress who has worked in theatre, television and film. She is widely regarded as one of the most talented and respected actors of the modern era. Streep has received 16 Academy Award nominations, winning two, and 25 Golden Globe nominations, winning seven, more nominations than any other actor in the history of either award. Her work has also earned her two Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, four New York Film Critics Circle Awards, five Grammy Award nominations, a BAFTA award, an Australian Film Institute Award and a Tony Award nomination, amongst others. She was awarded the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.", "precise_score": -4.815652370452881, "rough_score": -2.969135046005249, "source": "search", "title": "#219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "Maggie Smith. Meryl Streep is a film actress who has spent the majority of her career avoiding working with great writers and directors. For someone supposedly the greatest actress alive, she has certainly avoided playing the great female parts. Where is her Mary Tyrone? Clytemnestra? Lady Macbeth?", "precise_score": -9.785234451293945, "rough_score": -9.294548988342285, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "If Meryl was never born, someone else in the 80's may have taken off but we will never know. Streep managed to be popular in every decade, with a few bumps in the road. Most actresses are lucky to have a 5 year run and then it's downhill at 40, no matter how good they are. Maybe Susan Sarandon would have soared. Definitely not Jess. She was never a good movie lead and audiences did not care for her movies.", "precise_score": -9.539290428161621, "rough_score": -9.91560173034668, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "The actress who lost the most with the ascendance of Streep was Annette O'Toole. They were visually similar when young and both had critical support. But they were sort of twins and Steeep probably had more ambition.", "precise_score": -8.023094177246094, "rough_score": -8.927515983581543, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "R81...LOVE Juliette Binoche. She is indeed amazing. She doesn't seem to have the discipline of the English stage actresses, but she is so alive onscreen. When I think of Meryl Streep's career and find it wanting, it's because I've compared her to Maggie Smith/Judi Dench/Vanessa Redgrave/Helen Mirren...who besides working in film also committed themselves to the stage and tackled some of THE great roles. Meryl just hasn't done that. She has not thrown down her Mary Tyrone, her Blanche DuBois, her Antigone, her Nora, her Cleopatra.", "precise_score": -10.227193832397461, "rough_score": -9.345759391784668, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "But I also think of Juliette Binoche, who has largely forsaken Hollywood and has worked with the great directors of our time. She has shown courage in a way that Meryl Streep hasn't. Meryl has been considered one of the greatest actresses alive for 30+ years. She could work with anyone she wanted. In any medium. And yet, time after time she chooses to work with mediocre talent in mediocre films. But, hey, she keeps getting nominated and winning Oscars...", "precise_score": -7.918346881866455, "rough_score": -7.746001720428467, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "[quote]People who claim Streep is cold should watch her Oscar worthy scene in Devil Wears Prada when Miranda strips down emotionally to AnnE, reveals her fears and passions. No ' tick tick tock' with her there.", "precise_score": -9.421544075012207, "rough_score": -9.948938369750977, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "Meryl Streep will win her fourth Oscar and there's nothing you can do to prevent this.", "precise_score": -4.8171162605285645, "rough_score": -9.355992317199707, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "As for February 2010, she holds the record for youngest actress to get two Oscar nominations (by the age of 20). Was tied with Meryl Streep , Jack Nicholson and Alan Alda for the most Golden Globe Award wins: six, until Streep's seventh win on January 17, 2010.", "precise_score": -3.7503738403320312, "rough_score": -4.3024678230285645, "source": "search", "title": "Angela Lansbury - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "Meryl Streep", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361225128173828, "source": "search", "title": "#219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "I'm always surprised that people think Streep is so great. She's made a career of playing mediocre characters in (for the most part) mediocre movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251263618469238, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "Not true. People would not spend all their time here talking about her if that was true. And people spend a LOT of time here talking about Meryl Streep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335341453552246, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Jessica Lange surpasses Streep. Lange is the best.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136276245117188, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "R51, no, I wasn't talking about all of them, just Meryl \"Couch surfer\" Streep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331215858459473, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "and while personally, I'm about as much of a fan of Patti LuPone as I am of Meryl Streep, not even Sarah Brightman with her nails on chalkboard shrill voice and those decades of straddling Webber's horsecock could wrestle broadway, off broadway, off off broadway from LuPone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969223976135254, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Both Blanchette and Streep are mainstream actresses for the masses. Blah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06179428100586, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "I get the sense Streep is interested in creating her own characters. I also think it would be great if Scorsese, Spielberg, etc. did more movies about women. It's easy to second guess her choices but clearly she is an ongoing DL obsession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991175651550293, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Cherry Jones should have been offered the role in the film 'Doubt' not Streep. She did win the Tony award...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.963994026184082, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "[R122] She did. I don't always feel that the criticism that you can always see Streep 'acting' is entirely warranted, but in A:OC it really was.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060233116149902, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "I loved her in AOC but I love hammy Streep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3408842086792, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "If Meryl was never born, her parts might have been taken by Blythe Danner, who got similarly great reviews early in her career. The big critics, Kael, Simon, Kauffman, Champlin, Canby all thought she'd be the next big thing. Kael compared her to DeNiro and Simon said how unfair it was that she'd been doing brilliant work for years yet is immediately usurped by Streep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.366890907287598, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Meryl Streep", "passage": "For crying out loud, I like a lot of actors and I do not want to see Meryl Streep in every role. She should not have been in Bridges of Madison County and Eastwood was not right either.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079139709472656, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Without Streep, nobody else would have garnered a consensus they were the best. Streep's reputation derives from her fondness for accents and her alleged chameleon quality. The other major stars of her generation didn't go for that so much, but were more about emotional truth and power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883591651916504, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "With Streep, it's usually evident that she is \"acting,\" but most critics somehow either don't notice or don't care. Her contemporaries are most of them a lot less technical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981998443603516, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "R176, Streep is the epitome of cold and uninvolving, except in comedy and in roles where Streeps own aloofness or coolness meshes with the character's. No major actress of our time has less ability to elicit deep emotion, no one is less able to bring an audience to tears or make them feel on the edge of their seats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7258882522583, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "More DL bullshit. Streep is constantly discussed here. If she were cold or uninvolving, she never would have become a movie legend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19162368774414, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "People who claim Streep is cold should watch her Oscar worthy scene in Devil Wears Prada when Miranda strips down emotionally to AnnE, reveals her fears and passions. No ' tick tick tock' with her there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11722183227539, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "[quote]More DL bullshit. Streep is constantly discussed here. If she were cold or uninvolving, she never would have become a movie legend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244093894958496, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "That depends how you define a legend. If a legend is someone who stars in legendary, classic movies, then no, Streep is not a legend. She continues to have no classics where she plays lead (and no, I'm not interested in arguing ths point, because it's a fact that her movies fail to make the critics' Great Film lists). I don't always agree with what's on these lists and what's left off, but it is true that her movies tend to be left off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035111427307129, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "If that's the best example you can give, I rest my case. The performance was genuinely entertaining, but hardly moving or sympathy generating. I felt nothing for her character and she certainly never humanized that woman to any great degree, certainly not when you compare it to what Sigourney Weaver did with a similar character (the abusive boss from hell) in Working Girl. Weaver really does generate real sympathy for her character, her final humiliation is disturbing to watch, despite never letting you forget what a bully and manipulative bitch she is. Weavers performance is far superior to Streep's, as good as Streep is.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079244613647461, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "People dismiss actresses ' performances all the time here, whether generally acclaimed or not. I don't give a fuck if you dislike what I say. Tough shit. It's a discussion board. Several prior posts harshly criticized Jessica Lange's acting skills, and in far more insulting terms than I criticized Streep, but you didn't complain about that did you? This is because you're an entitled fanboy cunt who thinks it's just fine to lambast Lange or any other actress, but woe betide anyone who dares to attack the sacred cow Streep. Double standards much?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905986785888672, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "I was responding to a prior post claiming Lange could not have starred in Bridges of Madison County because she is \"cold\" in everything. I stand by my charge that Streep has a colder screen presence than Lange except when she does comedy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288268089294434, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Furthermore, other living actresses do have movies that make these lists regularly. You may not like the idea of mixing Hollywood with foreign language films, but that's what these lists do, so someone like Liv Ullmann has numerous titles high up on these lists where she has starring roles, not just a cameo like Streep in Manhattan. Shirley MacLaine has The Apartment and Being There. Sissy Spacek, Julianne Moore, and Sigourney Weaver have titles. There are others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43059253692627, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Not in my world. My sense is Streep will be remembered as a great actress and her films will be discussed for decades. Her work depicts a variety of fully fleshed out female characters. They already are in the film canon. My 2 cents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713579177856445, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Streep is only talked about among gays and fraus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313348770141602, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Everyone from Alicia Vikander to Jennifer Lawrence has cited Streep as an influence. You are underestimating her influence because you are jealous of her success!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.478123664855957, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "The only one who rivals Streep is Maggie Smith but she's too old to play Hollywood game and too British.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.256209373474121, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "[quote]Everyone from Alicia Vikander to Jennifer Lawrence has cited Streep as an influence. You are underestimating her influence because you are jealous of her success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636250495910645, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "That's just playing the PR game and status signalling. If anyone disliked Streep's acting, they would never say so because the one thing you never ever do in Hollywood is badmouth a big star. That's sacrilege. Saying you admire Streep is shorthand to indicate you're a serious actress and want to be offered the great roles. The only acceptable attitude to Streep in Hollywood is to gush over her alleged genius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64754867553711, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Meanwhile, if you observe what Jennifer Lawrence DOES instead of what she SAYS, she was obviously busy stealing ideas and mannerisms from Gena Rowlands for American Hustle. Not Streep. When interviewers set aside their preconceptions and allow actors to answer freely, stop trying to force feed Streep, the answers are different. Rachel McAdams turns out to be a huge fan of Elizabeth Taylor. Sarah Paulson turns out to adore Jessica Lange. Jessica Lange turns out to have idolized Kim Stanley and doesn't even have a favorite Streep performance. Jessica Chastain turns out to be sick and tired of seeing Streep in everything and would rather see other people get cast. Gena Rowlands turns out to be one of those hidden influences that was much more impactful on the acting community than on the general public. And so forth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.129837989807129, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "She didn't badmouth Meryl R206. She did the fake air kissy gushing thing they all do, saying I Love Meryl over and over before segueing into her real point, that Meryl gets cast in everything and wouldn't it be nice to spread the wealth and the other actresses of Streeps generation get to play some of those parts. She made sure her plea to spread the wealth wouldn't sound like a diss, but that didn't stop crazy Meryl fans from attacking her in the comments section below the article.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998032569885254, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Yes, everyone has different influences, and for most of today's stars, except a few like Blanchett, Streep is not a significant one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77748966217041, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "They can't touch Streep and they know it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372836112976074, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "Streep is gifted and was cast a lot, but the idea that all of these various actresses would have done better without her around is really dubious.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757184982299805, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." }, { "answer": "Streep", "passage": "It would not have changed much. Streep was dominant from 1980-1990, then Julia Roberts and other younger stars took over. All of Meryl's contemporaries from the 80's ran out of steam on their own accord. Over 40 was not supported then. It's kind of more supported now.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801956176757812, "source": "search", "title": "If Meryl was never born, who would be considered the best ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Prohibition focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; however, exceptions were made for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal law. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United States until January 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect, and was repealed in December, 1933, with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. ", "precise_score": 6.768454551696777, "rough_score": 7.475808143615723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In December 1917, after two previous attempts had failed (one in 1913; the other in 1915), Congress approved a resolution to submit a constitutional amendment on nationwide prohibition to the states for ratification. The new constitutional amendment prohibited \"the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes\". On January 8, 1918, Mississippi became the first state to ratify the amendment, and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the thirty-sixth state to ratify it, assuring its passage into federal law. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, which provided enabling legislation to implement the Eighteenth Amendment. When the National Prohibition Act was passed on October 28, 1919, thirty-three of the forty-eight states were already dry. Congress ratified the Eighteenth Amendment on January 16, 1920, and nationwide prohibition began on January 17, 1920.", "precise_score": 5.651586532592773, "rough_score": 7.716668128967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. It was promoted by the \"dry\" crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties. It gained a national grass roots base through the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Prohibition was mandated state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. For example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law; however, in many areas, local laws were stricter, with some states banning possession outright. In the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Their opposition mobilized and nationwide, Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition.", "precise_score": 6.217185974121094, "rough_score": 7.578438758850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920. ", "precise_score": 3.316835641860962, "rough_score": 4.337465763092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%. (This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919, becoming known as the \"Thirsty-First\". ", "precise_score": 2.833503007888794, "rough_score": 5.465172290802002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "A resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states needed to assure it passage into law. Eventually, only two of those states—Connecticut and Rhode Island—opted out of ratifying it. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920.", "precise_score": 7.363139629364014, "rough_score": 8.4566068649292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents (police) were tasked with enforcement.", "precise_score": 6.7142815589904785, "rough_score": 8.150102615356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect in January 1920, many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began. They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers, emptying out their warehouses, saloons, and club storerooms. President Woodrow Wilson moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended. His successor, Warren G. Harding, relocated his own large supply into the White House after inauguration. ", "precise_score": 5.27864408493042, "rough_score": 6.074496746063232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Thirteen years later, the Twenty-first Amendment was ratified, overturning the Eighteenth Amendment and ending national prohibition in 1933.", "precise_score": 2.793499231338501, "rough_score": 3.4888060092926025, "source": "search", "title": "The Supreme Court upholds national prohibition, 1920 | The ..." }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "In 1917, after the United States entered World War I , President Woodrow Wilson instituted a temporary wartime prohibition in order to save grain for producing food. That same year, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment, which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Though Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process, the amendment received the support of the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states in just 11 months.", "precise_score": 2.3441593647003174, "rough_score": 4.607211112976074, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Ratified on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a year later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative Andrew Volstead of Mississippi , the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, the legislation was more commonly known as the Volstead Act.", "precise_score": 3.9517903327941895, "rough_score": 5.658578872680664, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor industry had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform calling for Prohibition’s appeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover . FDR’s victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The amendment was submitted to the states, and in December 1933 Utah provided the 36th and final necessary vote for ratification. Though a few states continued to prohibit alcohol after Prohibition’s end, all had abandoned the ban by 1966.", "precise_score": 0.7118861079216003, "rough_score": 4.340140342712402, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "This period of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution banning alcohol is seen as the Noble Experiment, but is officially the Prohibition in the United States.", "precise_score": 4.354542255401611, "rough_score": 4.424763202667236, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "By 1881 Kansas outlawed alcoholic drinks as part of its constitution and by 1890 until the prohibition of the 1920’s the “dry” folk who wished for prohibition advanced their desire for prohibition. It was also during this time that many people starting turning against the saloons, not only from an anti-alcohol point of view but also because of the influence saloons carried in political circles.", "precise_score": 0.6137585043907166, "rough_score": 3.671226739883423, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Because of this renewed case and the high percentage of pro-prohibition members of Congress the proposed Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution was put forward to ban alcohol. By the end of 1917 the new amendment was passed 36 states ratified the amendment.", "precise_score": 4.223479747772217, "rough_score": 6.510153293609619, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "In January 1920 the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution came into effect and it was then illegal to sell or manufacture alcohol. The name of the amendment was the National Prohibition Act otherwise known as the Volstead Act", "precise_score": 8.953981399536133, "rough_score": 8.684139251708984, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "On January 17, 1920, a new day dawned.  As the 18th Amendment went into effect, Americans could no longer manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating beverages.  Prohibition was now part of the Constitution, holding the same status as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the abolition of slavery.", "precise_score": 8.212300300598145, "rough_score": 8.264424324035645, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "In the beginning of the 20th century, there were Temperance organizations in nearly every state. By 1916, over half of the U.S. states already had statutes that prohibited alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol, was ratified. It went into effect on January 16, 1920—beginning the era known as Prohibition.", "precise_score": 7.374340534210205, "rough_score": 6.785221576690674, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "While it was the 18th Amendment that established Prohibition, it was the Volstead Act (passed on October 28, 1919) that clarified the law.", "precise_score": 4.547986030578613, "rough_score": 4.782643795013428, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Beginning in 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol, but the idea of controls on alcohol began more than a century earlier. Eventually, religious groups, politicians, and social organizations advocated for total abolition of alcohol, leading to Prohibition. The Eighteenth Amendment caused widespread disregard for the law and a surge in organized crime before it was eventually repealed in 1933. Why did some groups want a Prohibition amendment passed? How did Prohibition fit into the progressive movement? What were its effects, and why was it eventually repealed? Explore these questions with this full lesson plan .", "precise_score": 5.867878437042236, "rough_score": 6.299169540405273, "source": "search", "title": "Toast the Constitution: Prohibition Resources - Bill of ..." }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages and was in effect from 1920 to 1933. What impact did this amendment have on government power? What powers did the national government gain or lose? What powers did the state governments gain or lose? Who were the important players in the Prohibition amendments? What ideas, terms, and concepts were developed or came to the forefront during this period? Download this activity and explore these important questions.", "precise_score": 5.7333831787109375, "rough_score": 5.088560104370117, "source": "search", "title": "Toast the Constitution: Prohibition Resources - Bill of ..." }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "The PROHIBITION AMENDMENT, outlawing the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages, was enforced in Ohio 27 May 1919-23 Dec. 1933--nearly 8 months longer than the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and its enforcing Volstead Act. When state prohibition began in 1919, most Cleveland liquor dealers either sold or stored their stocks and closed, or sold nonalcoholic drinks. About 50 of 1,028 bars stayed open. However, liquor could be easily purchased in the Cleveland area in spite of federal, state, and local attempts to enforce the law. As initial stocks dwindled, forged permits to legal warehouses, bootlegging, and area stills provided new sources. Alcohol was brought to Cleveland from Canada across Lake Erie.", "precise_score": 2.9468295574188232, "rough_score": 7.02257776260376, "source": "search", "title": "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: PROHIBITION AMENDMENT" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "By the late 1800s, prohibition movements had sprung up across the United States, driven by religious groups who considered alcohol, specifically drunkenness, a threat to the nation. The movement reached its apex in 1920 when Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors. Prohibition proved difficult to enforce and failed to have the intended effect of eliminating crime and other social problems–to the contrary, it led to a rise in organized crime, as the bootlegging of alcohol became an ever-more lucrative operation. In 1933, widespread public disillusionment led Congress to ratify the 21st Amendment, which repealed Prohibition.", "precise_score": 6.93118953704834, "rough_score": 7.251720428466797, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Prohibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured, distributed, and sold alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took away license to do business from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. The leaders of the prohibition movement were alarmed at the drinking behavior of Americans, and they were concerned that there was a culture of drink among some sectors of the population that, with continuing immigration from Europe, was spreading.", "precise_score": 3.459449052810669, "rough_score": 1.9630602598190308, "source": "search", "title": "Why Prohibition? | Temperance & Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "All thirty-three amendment proposals that have been sent to the states for ratification since the establishment of the Constitution have come into being via the Congress. State legislatures have however, at various times, used their power to apply for a national convention in order to pressure Congress into proposing a desired amendment. For example, the movement to amend the Constitution to provide for the direct election of senators began to see such proposals regularly pass the House of Representatives only to die in the Senate from the early 1890s onward. As time went by, more and more state legislatures adopted resolutions demanding that a convention be called, thus pressuring the Senate to finally relent and approve what later became the Seventeenth Amendment for fear that such a convention—if permitted to assemble—might stray to include issues above and beyond just the direct election of senators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.471097946166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitutional amendment" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The only method for proposing an amendment to the Texas State Constitution is through the legislature, either in regular or special session. The governor may call a special session, and specify the agenda for the session. To become part of the constitution, proposed amendments must be approved by a majority of voters in a referendum. Texas has had six different constitutions and the current constitution, adopted in 1876, has been amended 474 times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.080343723297119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitutional amendment" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "* Article Five of the United States Constitution, ratified in 1788, prohibited any amendments before 1808 which would affect the foreign slave trade, the tax on the slave trade, or the direct taxation provisions of the constitution. The foreign slave trade was outlawed by an act of Congress rather than by a constitutional amendment shortly after that clause expired in 1808. Also, no amendment may affect the equal representation of states in the Senate without their own consent. If the Corwin Amendment had passed, any future amendment to the Constitution \"interfering with the domestic institutions of the state\" (i.e., slavery) would have been banned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1957719326019287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitutional amendment" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "*Section 284 of Article 18 of the Alabama State Constitution states that legislative representation is based on population, and any amendments are precluded from changing that.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.882535934448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitutional amendment" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 146,385 words in its English-language translation, while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution, containing 10 chapters with 97 articles, and a total of 3,814 words. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.586438179016113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Excavations in modern-day Iraq by Ernest de Sarzec in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC. Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens. For example, it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the usury of the rich.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356364250183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In 1392 the Carta de Logu was legal code of the Giudicato of Arborea promulgated by the giudicessa Eleanor. It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827. The Carta was a work of great importance in Sardinian history. It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253921508789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "8goko0Lpr5sC&pgPA118&f", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568002700805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "All of the British colonies in North America that were to become the 13 original United States, adopted their own constitutions in 1776 and 1777, during the American Revolution (and before the later Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution), with the exceptions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts adopted its Constitution in 1780, the oldest still-functioning constitution of any U.S. state; while Connecticut and Rhode Island officially continued to operate under their old colonial charters, until they adopted their first state constitutions in 1818 and 1843, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.218345642089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "On March 19, the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was ratified by a parliament gathered in Cadiz, the only Spanish continental city which was safe from French occupation. The Spanish Constitution served as a model for other liberal constitutions of several South-European and Latin American nations like, for example, Portuguese Constitution of 1822, constitutions of various Italian states during Carbonari revolts (i.e., in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), the Norwegian constitution of 1814, or the Mexican Constitution of 1824. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.253533363342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In Brazil, the Constitution of 1824 expressed the option for the monarchy as political system after Brazilian Independence. The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince Pedro I, elder son of the king of Portugal. Pedro was crowned in 1822 as first emperor of Brazil. The country was ruled by Constitutional monarchy until 1889, when finally adopted the Republican model.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.946300506591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In Denmark, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the absolute monarchy lost its personal possession of Norway to another absolute monarchy, Sweden. However the Norwegians managed to infuse a radically democratic and liberal constitution in 1814, adopting many facets from the American constitution and the revolutionary French ones; but maintaining a hereditary monarch limited by the constitution, like the Spanish one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35687255859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The first Swiss Federal Constitution was put in force in September 1848 (with official revisions in 1878, 1891, (1949. 1971, 1982) and 1999).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.842304229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The Serbian revolution initially led to a proclamation of a proto-constitution in 1811; the full-fledged Constitution of Serbia followed few decades later, in 1835. The first Serbian constitution ([http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2 Sretenjski ustav]) was adopted at the national assembly in Kragujevac on February 15 in 1835.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.853878021240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The Constitution of Canada came into force on July 1, 1867 as the British North America Act, an act of the British Parliament. Over a century later, the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Apart from the Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982, Canada's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.635683059692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In Brunei, alcohol consumption in public and sale of alcohol is banned. Non-Muslims are allowed to purchase a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarkation overseas for their own private consumption, and non-Muslims who are at least the age of 18 are allowed to bring in not more than two bottles of liquor (about two litres) and twelve cans of beer per person into the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366774559020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Pakistan allowed the free sale and consumption of alcohol for three decades from 1947, but restrictions were introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto just weeks before he was removed as prime minister in 1977. Since then, only members of non-Muslim minorities such as Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians are allowed to apply for alcohol permits. The monthly quota is dependent upon one's income, but usually is about five bottles of liquor or 100 bottles of beer. In a country of 180 million, only about 60 outlets are allowed to sell alcohol. The Murree Brewery in Rawalpindi was once the only legal brewery, but today there are more. The ban officially is enforced by the country's Islamic Ideology Council, but it is not strictly policed. Members of religious minorities, however, often sell their liquor permits to Muslims as part of a continuing black market trade in alcohol. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242674827575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "On 14 September 2012, the government of the Czech Republic banned all sales of liquor with more than 20% alcohol. From this date on it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, bars, restaurants, gas stations, e-shops etc. This measure was taken in response to the wave of methanol poisoning cases resulting in the deaths of 18 people in the Czech Republic. Since the beginning of the \"methanol affair\" the total number of deaths has increased to 25. The ban was to be valid until further notice, though restrictions were eased towards the end of September. The last bans on Czech alcohol with regard to the poisoning cases were lifted on 10 October 2012, when neighbouring Slovakia and Poland allowed its import once again. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286406517028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, have had a strong temperance movement since the late 1800s, closely linked to the Christian revival movement of the late 19th century, but also to several worker organisations. As an example, in 1910 the temperance organisations in Sweden had some 330,000 members, which was about 16% of a population of 5.5 million. Naturally, this heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early 20th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205445289611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Formed in 1853 and inspired by the Maine law in the USA, the United Kingdom Alliance aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the Sale of Beer Act 1854 which restricted Sunday opening hours had to be repealed, following widespread rioting. In 1859 a prototype prohibition bill was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.54124641418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "An official, but non-binding, federal referendum on prohibition was held in 1898. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier's government chose not to introduce a federal bill on prohibition, mindful of the strong antipathy in Quebec. As a result, Canadian prohibition was instead enacted through laws passed by the provinces during the first twenty years of the 20th century. The provinces repealed their prohibition laws, mostly during the 1920s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.752305746078491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Concern over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken behavior and for selling liquor without a license. In the eighteenth century, when drinking was a part of everyday American life, Protestant religious groups, especially the Methodists, and health reformers, including Benjamin Rush and others, urged Americans to curb their drinking habits for moral and health reasons. In particular, Benjamin Rush believed Americans were drinking hard spirits in excess, so he created \"A Moral and Physical Thermometer,\" displaying the progression of behaviors caused by the consumption of various alcohols. By the 1840s the temperance movement was actively encouraging individuals to reduce alcohol consumption. Music (a completely new genre) was composed and performed in support of the efforts, both in social contexts and in response to state legislation attempts to regulate alcohol. Many took a pledge of total abstinence (teetotalism) from drinking distilled liquor as well as beer and wine. Prohibition remained a major reform movement from the 1840s until the 1920s, when nationwide prohibition went into effect, and was supported by evangelical Protestant churches, especially the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, and Congregationalists. Kansas and Maine were early adopters of statewide prohibition. Following passage of the Maine law, Delaware, Ohio, Illinois, Rhode Island, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York, among others, soon passed statewide prohibition legislation; however, a number of these laws were overturned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.439621925354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "As temperance groups continued to promote prohibition, other groups opposed increased alcohol restrictions. For example, Chicago's citizens fought against enforcing Sunday closings laws in the 1850s, which included mob violence. It was also during this time when patent medicines, many of which contained alcohol, gained popularity. During the American Civil War efforts at increasing federal revenue included imposition of taxes on liquor and beer. The liquor industry responded to the taxes by forming an industry lobby, the United States Brewers Association, that succeeded in reducing the tax rate on beer from $1 to 60 cents. The Women's Crusade of 1873 and the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874, \"marked the formal entrance of women into the temperance movement.\" It was also the first time that women had organized and acted together politically, using their influence to fight against the drunken culture of the time. Organizations such as the Women's Christian Temperance Movement would set the stage for women to organize and demand political action as a group with common interests and common goals. The WCTU and the Prohibition Party, organized in 1869, remained major players in the temperance movement until the early twentieth century, when the Anti-Saloon League, formed in 1895, emerged as the movement's leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.047724723815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Between 1880 and 1890, although several states enacted local option laws that allowed counties or towns to go dry by referendum, only six states had statewide prohibition by state statute or constitutional amendment. The League, with the support of evangelical Protestant churches including the Episcopalians and Lutherans, and other Progressive-era reformers continued to press for prohibition legislation. Opposition to prohibition was strong in America's urban industrial centers, where a large, immigrant, working-class population generally opposed it, as did Jewish and Catholic religious groups. In the years leading up to World War I, nativism, American patriotism, distrust of immigrants, and anti-German sentiment became associated with the prohibition movement. Through the use of pressure politics on legislators, the League and other temperance reformers achieved the goal of nationwide prohibition by emphasizing the need to destroy the moral corruption of the saloons and the political power of the brewing industry, and to reduce domestic violence in the home. By 1913 nine states had stateside prohibition and thirty-one others had local option laws in effect, which included nearly fifty percent of the U.S. population. At that time the League and other reformers turned their efforts toward attaining a constitutional amendment and grassroots support for nationwide prohibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7284307479858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Al Capone was the most notorious gangster of his generation. Born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; Capone settled in Chicago to take over Johnny Torrio's business dealing with outlawed liquor. Within three years, Capone had nearly 700 men at his disposal. As the profits came in, Capone acquired finesse—particularly in the management of politicians. By the middle of the decade, he had gained control of the suburb of Cicero, and had installed his own mayor. Capone's rise to fame did not come without bloodshed. Rival gangs, such as the Gennas and the Aiellos, started wars with Capone, eventually leading to a rash of killings of proportions. In 1927, Capone and his gang were pulling in approximately $60 million per year- most of it from beer. Capone not only controlled the sale of liquor to over 10,000 speakeasies, but he also controlled the supply from Canada to Florida. Capone was imprisoned for tax violations and died January 25, 1947, from a heart attack, pneumonia, and syphilis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64873218536377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League. It assumed that individual virtue was all that was needed to carry the colony forward from a pioneering society to a more mature one, but it never achieved its goal of national prohibition. However, both the Church of England and the largely Irish Catholic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church's domain, while the growing labor movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.30009651184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, 1933, ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.027699947357178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest of government-imposed taxes on whiskey. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a \"sin tax\" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and George Washington, came to power in 1800. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276966094970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Benjamin Rush, one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, \"The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind\" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease. Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808. Within a decade, other temperance groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the ideology of \"true motherhood\" refrained from consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home. In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of hard liquor per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13712215423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The 1898 Congressional Record, when reporting on a proposed tax on distilled spirits (H.R. 10253), noted that the relationship between populations, tax on distilled spirits (made from things other than fruit), and consumption was thus: (The Aggregates are grouped by tax rate)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137763977050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The American Temperance Society (ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with women constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863357543945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The Prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by pietistic religious denominations, especially the Methodists. The late nineteenth century saw the temperance movement broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912313938140869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Some successes were achieved in the 1850s, including the Maine law, adopted in 1851, which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor. However, it was repealed in 1856. The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the American Civil War (1861–1865).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.684100151062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Following the war, the dry crusade was revived by the national Prohibition Party, founded in 1869, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1873. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing, through education, abuse from alcoholic husbands. WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. Frances Willard, the second president of the WCTU, held that the aims of the organization were to create a \"union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the dram-shop from our streets by law\". While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's \"Do Everything\" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor laws. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.885491847991943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In 1881 Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution. Carrie Nation gained notoriety for enforcing the state's ban on alcohol consumption by walking into saloons, scolding customers, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Other dry states, especially those in the South, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.681952476501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. While some cases ruled in opposition, the general tendency was toward support. In Mugler v. Kansas (1887), Justice Harlan commented: \"We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil.\" In support of prohibition, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), remarked: \"The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.468699932098389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a free lunch, where the bill of fare commonly consisting of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink. During the Progressive Era (1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the Anti-Saloon League superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as women's suffrage, onto their prohibition platform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.423745155334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious. Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily pietistic Protestant denominations that included Methodists, Northern Baptists, Southern Baptists, New School Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, Congregationalists, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans, but also included the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America and, to a certain extent, the Latter-day Saints. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical Protestants (Episcopalians and German Lutherans) and Roman Catholics, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality. Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and African-American labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products. A particularly effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League, who made Prohibition a wedge issue and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Wheeler became known as the \"dry boss\" because of his influence and power. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.073017597198486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that \"there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.575432777404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "One of the main reasons why Prohibition did not proceed smoothly was the inefficient means of enforcing it. From its inception, the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who had previously been drinkers and law-abiding citizens. In some instances the public viewed Prohibition laws as \"arbitrary and unnecessary\", and therefore were willing to break them. Law enforcement found themselves overwhelmed by the rise in illegal, wide-scale alcohol distribution. The magnitude of their task was unexpected and law enforcement agencies lacked the necessary resources. Additionally, enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Many attempts to impose Prohibition were deterred due to the lack of transparency between federal and state authorities. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition. Furthermore, American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes, and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports, and borders which the United States shared with Canada and Mexico made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases the legislature did not match the general public opinion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2384281158447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Despite the efforts of Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a Utah convention helped ratify the Twenty-first Amendment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.701464295387268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "It is not clear whether Prohibition reduced per-capita consumption of alcohol. Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States did not exceed pre-Prohibition levels until the 1960s; others claim that alcohol consumption reached the pre-Prohibition levels several years after its enactment, and have continued to rise. Cirrhosis of the liver, a symptom of alcoholism, dropped nearly two-thirds during Prohibition. In the decades after Prohibition, any stigma that had been associated with alcohol consumption was erased; according to a Gallup Poll survey conducted almost every year since 1939, two-thirds of American adults age 18 and older drink alcohol. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.083995819091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Shortly after World War II, a national opinion survey found that \"About one-third of the people of the United States favor national prohibition.\" Upon repeal of national prohibition, 18 states continued prohibition at the state level. The last state finally dropped it in 1966. Almost two-thirds of all states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. Therefore, despite the repeal of prohibition at the national level, 38% of the nation's population lived in areas with state or local prohibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3364033699035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The nation was highly optimistic and the leading prohibitionist in the United States Congress, Senator Morris Sheppard, confidently asserted that \"There is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a hummingbird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.049312114715576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor for the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment. Simon Patten, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. Yale economics professor Irving Fisher, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition. Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against marijuana, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, \"Blue Monday\" referred to the hangover workers experienced after a weekend of binge drinking, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day. But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.466122627258301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "As a result of Prohibition, the advancements of industrialization within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the Eighteenth Amendment did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an \"intoxicating\" beverage, the Volstead Act's definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.207976818084717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "After more than a century of activism, the temperance movement achieved its signal victory with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1919. The amendment abolished “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors,” and provided for “concurrent” federal and state authority to enforce the ban. It was controversial from its inception: it did not define “intoxicating liquors,” it did not specifically forbid the purchase of alcohol, it established “concurrent” state and federal enforcement but did not provide any means for enforcement, and its constitutionality was in question.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15022428333759308, "source": "search", "title": "The Supreme Court upholds national prohibition, 1920 | The ..." }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In the 1820s and ’30s, a wave of religious revivalism swept the United States, leading to increased calls for temperance, as well as other “perfectionist” movements such as the abolition of slavery. In 1838, the state of Massachusetts passed a temperance law banning the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities; though the law was repealed two years later, it set a precedent for such legislation. Maine passed the first state prohibition law in 1846, and a number of other states had followed suit by the time the Civil War began in 1861.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.535327911376953, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "By the turn of the century, temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893) and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.615604400634766, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "In 1917 the American Senate put forward a proposed Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution to ban the sale and manufacture of alcohol in the United States. This amendment was put forward because of the abuse of alcohol by a percentage of Americans during this post World War One period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2163432836532593, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcoholThroughout the 18th century and 19th century physicians and temperance movements talked about the illness of drunkenness and a likened it to physically and mental problems. With America being a very religious country the excesses of alcohol were also seen as an excess of the deadly sins too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.797508239746094, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The prohibition movement started moving more quickly in 1869 when the Prohibition Party was set up and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union followed a few years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4644083976745605, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition in the 1920's | 20th Century Crime" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Over 100 rare artifacts including flapper dresses, temperance propaganda, a 1929 Buick Marquette, and original ratification copies of the 18th and 21st Amendments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678606033325195, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Films, music, photos, and multimedia exhibits including the dazzling Wayne Wheeler’s Amazing Amendment Machine, a 20-foot-long, carnival-inspired contraption that traces how the temperance movement culminated in the 18th Amendment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96695327758789, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "By 1830, the nation reached rock bottom.  On average, Americans over the age of 15 were guzzling seven gallons of pure alcohol each year.  This was the equivalent of 90 bottles of 80-proof liquor – or about four shots every day.  Three times greater than current levels, it remains the highest measured volume of consumption in U.S. history.  The consequences of this national binge would be severe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436595916748047, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Upon entering American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, visitors can view a video, set on January 16, 1920, just as Prohibition was about to go into effect.  Guests also will see a volume display of glass bottles that demonstrate the drastic difference in the amount an average American adult currently drinks each year versus consumption in 1830.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.097193479537964, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "By the early 1800s, the country was swimming – and nearly drowning – in liquor.  A barrel of hard cider sat by the door of thousands of farmhouses, available to everyone in the family.  In many cities, the tolling of a bell at 11 a.m. and again at 4 p.m. marked “grog time,” when workers were granted an alcohol-soaked break.  And the wealthy might drink their evenings away in hotel dining rooms or at lavish dinner parties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393413543701172, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In rural areas, whiskey and hard cider were the drinks of choice.  Farmers used the grain they grew to make rye or corn whiskey.  They also used apples from trees like those that John Chapman – “Johnny Appleseed” – had planted throughout the Ohio Valley.  Some of these apples were specifically meant to be fermented into hard cider; a ceramic jug from 1895, like those used to carry hard cider, is on display.  Frequently, distilled liquor was added to cider to keep it from spoiling, making it stronger than beer with an alcoholic content of at least 10 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430862426757812, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The establishment that was seen as the most destructive force in American life by those advocating for reform was the saloon.  Between 1870 and 1900, as millions of immigrants flocked to the United States, it is estimated that the number of saloons nationwide increased from 100,000 to 300,000.  The saloon was a male-only institution, which served many different purposes. In cities, they were gathering places for working-class immigrants that often doubled as the headquarters for political organizations.  Out West, it was simultaneously a social hall, a place to pick up your mail or cash your check, and an entertainment venue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311290740966797, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Many men gathered in saloons to escape their responsibilities on an ocean of beer and booze. A Growler-style pail from the 1890s, on display in this section of the exhibition, was used to carry beer home from the saloon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493000030517578, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The shift in tactics began on Christmas Eve in 1873 when Eliza Thompson of Hillsboro, Ohio, led a group of women to each of the town’s saloons.  The group knelt outside in the snow and prayed.  Within days, nine of Hillsboro’s 13 drinking places had closed their doors.  Thompson’s crusade led directly to the founding of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).  Under the leadership of Francis Willard, the WCTU became a 250,000 women army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414020538330078, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Featured in this section of the exhibition is a wooden gavel with white ribbon used by Frances Willard to run WCTU meetings.  The white ribbon was the emblem of the WCTU symbolizing purity.  Other temperance artifacts include a letter written by Susan B. Anthony to Frances Willard in 1876 and Do Everything: A Handbook for the World’s White Ribboners,published in 1875.  Suffragist artifacts include a “Woman Suffrage Party” sash from 1910.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378443717956543, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Eliza Thompson began the Crusade inspired by religious piety, and it was religion that continued to be the dominant influence in the temperance movement.  Baptists and Methodists – denominations that forbade alcohol consumption – led the attack, carrying their campaign into the nation’s political life.  And in 1893, in Oberlin, Ohio, the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) was born. Led entirely by Protestant ministers, the ASL would become the most effective political pressure group in American history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12516975402832, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "William Jennings Bryan, also featured in this section of the exhibition, was among the most controversial figures of his time.  Bryan believed that Prohibition could improve the lives of ordinary Americans.  He also was a supporter of the amendments to establish the income tax, provide for the direct election of senators, and grant the vote to women.  Bryan ran for president three times on the Democratic ticket, but lost each time.  Buttons from his 1896, 1900, and 1908 presidential campaign bids are on display in this section of the exhibition.  Later, while serving as Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, he lived out his temperance beliefs by serving grape juice instead of wine at formal functions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.550311088562012, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Recreations of temperance propaganda warning of the dangers of alcohol hang on the walls.  A hand-colored lithograph titled “The Drunkards Progress” from 1846 by Nathaniel Currier shows the presumed life-span of a drunkard, with his wife and child as the victims of his abuse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342670440673828, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "SECTION 2: AMENDMENT 18", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.557862281799316, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "As the chief lobbyist for the Anti-Saloon League, Wheeler became the ASL’s most effective weapon.  Taking advantage of an income tax amendment, the campaign for women’s suffrage, and a world war, Wheeler shepherded the 18th Amendment to its ratification on January 16, 1919.  A new era was about to arrive in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.192801475524902, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "The dazzling Wayne Wheeler’s Amazing Amendment Machine gives visitors a visual demonstration of the amendment ratification process.  Measuring twenty-feet long and eight-feet tall, this carnival-inspired contraption follows the birth of Prohibition from 1913, when Wheeler began his campaign in earnest after the ratification of the income tax amendment, until 1919 when the 18th Amendment was ratified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.34747037291526794, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "An original copy of the 18th Amendment congressional resolution and notification letter – sent to the state of Pennsylvania by Secretary of State Robert Lansing to consider for ratification – is displayed in this section of the exhibition.  Pennsylvania became the 45th state to ratify on February 25, 1919, one month after the proposed amendment had been ratified by the required 36 out of 48 states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6973161697387695, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "In just 112 words, the 18th Amendment made the manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors illegal.  But a law had to be enacted to determine how the amendment would be enforced.  Passed by Congress in 1919, the Volstead Act stipulated what precisely was illegal and what was not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0074726343154907, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Soft drinks first gained popularity in the 1800s, but once Prohibition arrived, business boomed.  Law-abiding Americans quenched their thirst with these sweet, carbonated beverages, while those skirting the law used them as mixers to hide the taste of low-quality alcohol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.875755310058594, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Soda-pop artifacts from this time period include Coca-Cola bottles and six-pack carton, and a Hires root beer dispenser along with an extract bottle and box.  Coca-Cola saw its sales triple during Prohibition.  Charles Hires, a Philadelphia pharmacist, developed a recipe for root beer from popular colonial brews in the 1800s.  Marketed as a wholesome temperance drink, Hires would grow to become one of the most popular brands of soda-pop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738730430603027, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "Dr. Thomas Bramwell Welch developed “Dr. Welch’s Unfermented Wine” in the 1860s.  After winning the Methodist Church’s approval to use it as a nonalcoholic communion wine, Welch’s Grape Juice set new sales records during Prohibition.  The exhibition features a Welch’s Grape Juice Bottle from 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.211925506591797, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "SECTION 4: REPEAL THE 18th!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940511703491211, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Congress saw hope in a tax – this time, the return of a federal tax on alcohol.  By the time Franklin Roosevelt came out for repeal during the 1932 campaign, it was clear that the 18th Amendment was doomed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7866249084472656, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "In this section of American Spirits, guests can view the official copy of the 21st Amendment congressional resolution and notification from the state of New Jersey.  While New Jersey was the last to ratify the 18th Amendment, it became the fifth state to ratify repeal on June 1, 1933.  Celebratory images of Americans enjoying the first legal glasses of beer in April 1933 and toasting repeal in December 1933 surround the resolution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.35971212387085, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Other propaganda promoting repeal incudes a “Repeal the 18th Amendment, More Beer Less Taxes” handkerchief and a “No Beer, No Work” pin.  A “Happy Days Are Here Again” shot glass celebrates the popular theme song from Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 campaign, which also was used to celebrate the repeal of Prohibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.127716302871704, "source": "search", "title": "American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "The 18th Amendment Passes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.963686943054199, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "There were, however, several loopholes for people to legally drink during Prohibition. For instance, the 18th Amendment did not mention the actual drinking of liquor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2560222148895264, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Also, since Prohibition went into effect a full year after the 18th Amendment's ratification, many people bought cases of then-legal alcohol and stored them for personal use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0658122301101685, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Attempts to Repeal the 18th Amendment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.768959045410156, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "Almost immediately after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, organizations formed to repeal it. As the perfect world promised by the Temperance movement failed to materialize, more people joined the fight to bring back liquor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2855963706970215, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol once again legal. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an Amendment has been repealed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.06984999775886536, "source": "search", "title": "What Was Prohibition? (1920 to 1933) - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "18th and 21st Amendments - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.817493438720703, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "18th and 21st Amendments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.652317047119141, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "A wave of intense religious revivalism that swept the U.S. during the 1820s and 30s led to the formation of a number of prohibition movements driven by religious groups who considered alcohol, specifically drunkenness, a “national curse.” (This revivalism also helped inspire the movement to end slavery.) The first temperance legislation appeared in 1838, in the form of a Massachusetts law prohibiting the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities. Though it was repealed two years later, Maine passed the first state prohibition law in 1846, and by the time the Civil War began, a number of other states had followed suit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.475517272949219, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "As early as 1873, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Ohio called for the abolition of the sale of alcohol. They were soon joined in the fight by the even more powerful Anti-Saloon League (ASL), founded in 1893 in Ohio but later expanded into a national organization that endorsed political candidates and lobbied for legislation against saloons. Beginning around 1906, the ASL led a renewed call for prohibition legislation at the state level. Through speeches, advertisements and public demonstrations at saloons and bars, prohibition advocates attempted to convince people that that eliminating alcohol from society would eliminate poverty and social vices, such as immoral behavior and physical violence. One prominent temperance advocate, Kentucky-born Carrie Amelia Moore Nation (she called herself “Carry A. Nation”), became known for particularly violent tactics against what she called “evil spirits.” In addition to making protest speeches, Nation was known for breaking saloon windows and mirrors and destroying kegs of beer or whiskey with a hatchet. She was arrested numerous times, and became a household name across the country for her “saloon-smashing” campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.592621326446533, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "By 1916, 23 of 48 states had passed anti-saloon legislation. Many went further, prohibiting the manufacture of alcoholic beverages as well. After the congressional elections that year, “dry” members (as those who favored a national prohibition of alcohol became known) won a two-thirds majority over “wet” in the U.S. Congress. On January 29, 1919, Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the manufacturing, transportation and sale of alcohol within the United States; it would go into effect the following January.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.29325532913208, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "If public sentiment had turned against Prohibition by the late 1920s, the advent of the Great Depression only hastened its demise, as some argued that the ban on alcohol denied jobs to the unemployed and much-needed revenue to the government. The efforts of the nonpartisan group Americans Against Prohibition Association (AAPA) added to public disillusionment. In 1932, the platform of Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt included a plank for repealing the 18th Amendment, and his victory that November marked a certain end to Prohibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.394918292760849, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18th", "passage": "In February 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing the 21st Amendment to the Constitution, which repealed both the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act. The resolution required state conventions, rather than the state legislatures, to approve the amendment, effectively reducing the process to a one-state, one-vote referendum rather than a popular vote contest. That December, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the amendment, achieving the necessary majority for repeal. A few states continued statewide prohibition after 1933, but by 1966 all of them had abandoned it. Since then, liquor control in the United States has largely been determined at the local level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.613783597946167, "source": "search", "title": "On the 18th and 21st Amendments: Prohibition - History.com" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "When the Prohibition era in the United States began on January 19, 1920, a few sage observers predicted it would not go well. Certainly, previous attempts to outlaw the use of alcohol in American history had fared poorly. When a Massachusetts town banned the sale of alcohol in 1844, an enterprising tavern owner took to charging patrons for the price of seeing a striped pig—the drinks came free with the price of admission. When Maine passed a strict prohibition law in 1851, the result was not temperance, but resentment among the city's working class and Irish immigrant population. A deadly riot in Portland in 1855 lead to the law's repeal. Now, Prohibition was being implemented on a national scale, and being enshrined in the Constitution no less. What followed was a litany of unintended consequences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2005678415298462, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition: Unintended Consequences | PBS" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Prohibition led to many more unintended consequences because of the cat and mouse nature of Prohibition enforcement. While the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating beverages, it did not outlaw the possession or consumption of alcohol in the United States. The Volstead Act, the federal law that provided for the enforcement of Prohibition, also left enough loopholes and quirks that it opened the door to myriad schemes to evade the dry mandate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4575324058532715, "source": "search", "title": "Prohibition: Unintended Consequences | PBS" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "The prohibition movement's strength grew, especially after the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893. The League, and other organizations that supported prohibition such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, soon began to succeed in enacting local prohibition laws. Eventually the prohibition campaign was a national effort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.026455402374268, "source": "search", "title": "Why Prohibition? | Temperance & Prohibition" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal, also called Oil Reserves Scandal or Elk Hills Scandal, in American history, scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall . After Pres. Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil-reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome (Wyoming) reserves (April 7, 1922). He granted similar rights to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum Company for the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills reserves in California (1921–22).", "precise_score": 2.8728201389312744, "rough_score": 5.995590686798096, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Political cartoon depicting the Teapot Dome Scandal of the early 1920s.", "precise_score": -7.545914649963379, "rough_score": -3.4888529777526855, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest Political Scandal of Its Time | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History", "precise_score": -3.141390085220337, "rough_score": -4.81555700302124, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "In the 1920s, Teapot Dome became synonymous with government corruption and the scandals arising out of the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Since then, it has sometimes been used to symbolize the power and influence of oil companies in American politics. In the days before Watergate, one historian called it “the greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics.”", "precise_score": -0.18984225392341614, "rough_score": 0.7906234264373779, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "In 1924, in reaction to the Teapot Dome scandal, President Coolidge set up the Federal Oil Conservation Board to encourage closer coordination in oil production between the federal government and the oil industry. Its activities laid the basis for a loose interstate oil cartel that set crude oil prices until 1973.", "precise_score": 6.324563503265381, "rough_score": 7.283742427825928, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "The special prosecutors filed two civil cases to cancel the disputed oil leases. Both cases were appealed to the Supreme Court, which voided the disputed oil leases in 1927, on the grounds of corruption and actions without basis in law. Teapot Dome and Elk Hills were then shut down, although Elk Hills was opened during World War II. In 1976, in response to the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973–1974, Congress directed that the naval reserves be brought into full production. They were transferred to the Department of Energy in 1977. Production at Elk Hills made it one of the largest producing oil fields in North America. In 1995, President William Clinton proposed selling the Elk Hills reserve as part of his administration’s efforts to reduce the size of government and to privatize some federal functions. In 1996, Congress approved legislation that directed that Elk Hills be sold to the highest bidder. Occidental Petroleum Company took over operations there in 1998 in the largest single divestiture of federal property in the history of the US government. The Buena Vista Hills reserve was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 2005. The Department of Energy retains control of Teapot Dome, which currently produces a small amount of crude oil and natural gas and earns approximately $5 million per year for the federal government.", "precise_score": -7.864212512969971, "rough_score": -3.865863800048828, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Hearings on the Teapot Dome oil lease began on October 15, 1923 before the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. Senator Thomas J. Walsh , a Democrat from Montana, led the committee's investigation. Over the next few months, dozens of witnesses testified before the committee. On January 24, 1924, Edward Doheny admitted that he had lent Fall $100,000.", "precise_score": 1.0069572925567627, "rough_score": 0.6845099329948425, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "(6) Attlee Pomerene, Special Counsel in the Teapot Dome Scandal, letter to M. T. Everhart (24th September, 1924)", "precise_score": -0.775191605091095, "rough_score": 0.11031758785247803, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Juggernaut. This 1924 cartoon shows the dimensions of the Teapot Dome scandal.", "precise_score": -1.6274765729904175, "rough_score": -0.43142518401145935, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Teapot Dome, the oil reserve scandal that began during the administration of President Harding. In 1921, by executive order of the President, control of naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyo., and at Elk Hills, Calif., was transferred from the Navy Department to the Department of the Interior. The oil reserves had been set aside for the navy by President Wilson. In 1922, Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased, without competitive bidding, the Teapot Dome fields to Harry F. Sinclair, an oil operator, and the field at Elk Hills, Calif., to Edward L. Doheny. These transactions became (1922�23) the subject of a Senate investigation conducted by Sen. Thomas J. Walsh", "precise_score": 1.2188526391983032, "rough_score": 4.970193386077881, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Harding had few illusions about his qualifications for the presidency. \"I am a man of limited talents from a small town,\" he said. He appointed a number of sleazy and corrupt officials to office. His administration was marred by scandals involving bribes and kickbacks at the Justice Department and the Veterans Bureau. After his sudden death from a stroke in 1923, his administration's biggest scandal, known as the Teapot Dome, was revealed. His Interior Secretary, Albert B. Fall, was sent to prison for accepting $360,000 in bribes for transferring U.S. naval oil reserves in Wyoming to oil operators in exchange for above ground petroleum storage. Private oil companies were also draining oil from federal lands.", "precise_score": -1.5281462669372559, "rough_score": 0.1835595667362213, "source": "search", "title": "Digital History" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "     If Congress considers alternatives to a system of temporary, court appointed independent counsel, history provides an important model--the investigation and prosecution of the Teapot Dome scandal. In 1924, President Coolidge nominated two special counsel, one a Republican and one a Democrat, to investigate and pursue the civil and criminal cases arising from allegations that members of President Harding's cabinet had corruptly leased naval oil reserves to private oil firms. His appointees, Democrat Atlee Pomerene and Republican Owen Roberts, were confirmed by the Senate.", "precise_score": 2.4695472717285156, "rough_score": 2.7411797046661377, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     On March 13, 1924, a civil complaint was filed in the United States District Court for Wyoming against Mammoth Oil, Sinclair Crude Oil Purchasing and Sinclair Pipe to cancel and annul the Teapot Dome lease. In March 1925, the trial got underway. It too was tried before a judge. Roberts and Pomerene again represented the United States. Martin W. Littleton led a group of eight lawyers who represented Sinclair's companies. Sinclair, Fall and Denby did not testify. Busch, Enemies of the State, at 119.", "precise_score": 3.5709848403930664, "rough_score": 3.454798698425293, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     In the wake of the Teapot Dome investigation tumbled the resignations of Secretary of the Interior Fall, Secretary of the Navy Denby and Attorney General Daugherty. The scandal would forever cast a shadow on the Harding administration. On February 25, 1928, the President returned the administration of the oil and gas naval reserves to the Secretary of the Navy. 45 Stat. chap. 104 (1928) . The \"slimy trail\" finally ended, as North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye observed:", "precise_score": -1.5386632680892944, "rough_score": 0.9139643311500549, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.001289367675781, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "When these leases and contracts came under investigation by committees of the U.S. Senate, it was disclosed that shortly after the signing of the Teapot Dome lease, Fall and members of his family had received from an unknown source more than $200,000 in Liberty bonds under circumstances indicating that the bonds came from a company organized by Sinclair and others receiving benefits from the lease. Also, it appeared that prior to the execution of the Pan American contracts and leases, Doheny, at Fall’s request, sent $100,000 in currency to Fall as a “loan” that had not been repaid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194319725036621, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "When the affair became known, Congress directed President Harding to cancel the leases; the Supreme Court declared the leases fraudulent and ruled illegal Harding’s transfer of authority to Fall. Although the president himself was not implicated in the transactions that had followed the transfer, the revelations of his associates’ misconduct took a severe toll on his health; disillusioned and exhausted, he died before the full extent of the wrongdoing had been determined. Fall was convicted of accepting a bribe in the Elk Hills negotiations and imprisoned. Doheny and Sinclair were acquitted of charges of bribery and criminal conspiracy , but Sinclair spent 6 1/2 months in prison for contempt of court and contempt of the U.S. Senate. Although the secretary of the navy, Edwin Denby, had signed all the leases, he was cleared of all charges. While “Teapot Dome” entered the American political vocabulary as a synonym for governmental corruption, the scandal had little long-term effect on the Republican Party . Calvin Coolidge , a Republican , was elected president in 1924.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.7988920211792, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal | United States history | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest Political Scandal of Its Time", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.052973747253418, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Teapot Dome is a geological feature in Wyoming, named for nearby Teapot Rock, and the site of an oil field. In 1915, President Woodrow Wilson designated that oil deposit as Naval Oil Reserve Number 3 (reserves Number 1 and Number 2, in Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills, California, respectively, had been similarly identified by President William Howard Taft in 1912). These reserves were created to guarantee that the Navy would have a sufficient supply of oil in wartime. However, their establishment was controversial—oil interests believed that the reserves were unnecessary and could be developed privately. In addition, private wells surrounded the naval reserve fields, siphoning off their underground deposits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199424743652344, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Stymied in his efforts to acquire more control over western natural resources and make them more easily available to developers, Fall turned to the naval oil reserves. He persuaded Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby and President Harding to transfer the naval oil reserves to the Interior Department. He then secretly, and without competitive bidding, leased the Teapot Dome oil rights to Harry Sinclair’s Mammoth Oil Company and the Elk Hills oil rights to the Pan-American Petroleum Company, owned by Edward Doheny, a longtime friend of Fall’s. When the news became public in April 1922, conservationists and small oil producers in Wyoming, who objected to the secrecy and lack of competitive bidding, raised a storm of protest. La Follette called for a Senate investigation, and the Senate approved the resolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.895274639129639, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "When the Senate opened its investigation, Fall delivered a truckload of documents to the committee, snarling the investigators in a mass of paper. He then resigned from office in January 1923. The investigation, led by Senator Thomas Walsh, Democrat of Montana, with assistance from Slattery, finally got underway in October of that year. Though nothing seemed objectionable in the materials delivered by Fall, Walsh began to dig into reports of improvements to Fall’s ranch. In January 1924, testifying before the committee, Doheny revealed that he had loaned Fall $100,000, and that his son, Edward Doheny Jr., together with his son’s close friend Hugh Plunkett, had delivered the cash to Fall in a satchel. However, Doheny denied that the loan had any connection to the Elk Hills lease. Similarly, Sinclair acknowledged that he’d given Fall some livestock but denied any connection to Teapot Dome. Congress thereupon asked the President to take action to cancel the leases and name special counsel to investigate and prosecute those responsible for any wrongdoing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.076621055603027, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "As the Teapot Dome scandal unfolded, Democrats gleefully planned a 1924 presidential campaign against Republican corruption. Teapot Dome was only the most dramatic example of corruption by Harding’s appointees. Other scandals had emerged in the Veterans Bureau and in the office of the Alien Property Custodian (responsible for the property of Germans and other enemy aliens during World War I). One scandal implicated Harding’s Attorney General, Harry Daugherty. Coolidge, however, provided the Republicans with an image of flinty integrity, and his actions in appointing the special prosecutors, in demanding the resignation of Daugherty and Denby, and in naming the highly regarded Harlan Fiske Stone as Daugherty’s successor seemed to demonstrate that he would not tolerate corruption in his administration and that his standards for Cabinet appointments were much higher than Harding’s had been.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1032233238220215, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "The Democrats proved to have oil problems of their own. Doheny was a Democrat who had contributed to the Democratic Party; through his various business enterprises, he had hired a number of prominent Democrats at various times. During the Senate hearings, a Republican Senator led Doheny to reveal that four previous members of Woodrow Wilson’s Cabinet, all important leaders of the Democratic Party, had been on his payroll after leaving public office. Most significantly for the Democrats, Doheny had paid William Gibbs McAdoo $50,000 per year for several years as a legal retainer. McAdoo, the leading Democratic presidential prospect and well known as a progressive, was now tainted by oil money. Though a major problem, Doheny’s money was not the only problem with McAdoo’s campaign, and he failed to secure the nomination. Instead, the Democrats nominated John W. Davis, a conservative lawyer who specialized in representing corporations. As a result, most progressives in both parties supported the third-party candidacy of Robert La Follette. Coolidge won easily. In the end, though both Republicans and Democrats had tried to use Teapot Dome to embarrass their opponents, neither party drew much advantage from the events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964765548706055, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "By the time Walsh’s investigation finally wound down, he had found only circumstantial evidence against Fall. Roberts and Pomerene, however, found additional evidence and filed a total of eight cases, two civil and six criminal. In 1929, Fall was convicted on charges of accepting a bribe from Doheny—the only guilty verdict in the Teapot Dome case. Fall, the first Cabinet member convicted of a crime committed while in office, was fined $100,000 and sentenced to a year in prison. Doheny, however, was acquitted of offering the same bribe to Fall; both men always insisted that the $100,000 was a loan, and Doheny eventually foreclosed on Fall’s ranch. With Fall now destitute, his fine was excused. After all appeals failed, he arrived at prison in 1931 but was released after nine months due to poor health. In 1929, Doheny’s son was murdered by Plunkett, who then committed suicide; Plunkett may have feared that he’d be sent to prison for helping to deliver the cash to Fall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.382221221923828, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Walsh’s work set important legal precedents for the power of Congressional investigating committees. Sinclair had refused to answer some questions before the Senate committee on the grounds that Congress had no jurisdiction over his private affairs. In Sinclair v. United States in 1929, the Supreme Court upheld the right of the Senate to investigate the effect of the laws it passed. Earlier, in a spin-off investigation from Teapot Dome, Attorney General Daugherty’s brother, Mally Daugherty, had been called before a Senate investigating committee but refused to appear. In McGrain v. Daugherty, decided in 1927, the Supreme Court recognized that Congress had significant power to investigate the lives and activities of private citizens in carrying out its Constitutional duty to legislate, even though the Constitution nowhere specifically grants an investigatory power to Congress. Thus, the Walsh hearings produced a significantly broader understanding of the role of Congress as an investigatory body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.152527809143066, "source": "search", "title": "Graft and Oil: How Teapot Dome Became the Greatest ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410844802856445, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410844802856445, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410844802856445, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "In the early part of the 20th century large oil reserves were discovered at Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. In 1912 President William Taft decided that this government owned land and its oil reserves should be set aside for the use of the United States Navy .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.220186233520508, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "In March 1921 President Warren Harding appointed Albert Fall as Secretary of the Interior. Soon afterwards he persuaded Edwin Denby , the Secretary of the Navy, that he should take over responsibility for the Naval Reserves at Elk Hills and Teapot Dome. Later that year Fall decided that two of his friends, Harry F. Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corporation) and Edward L. Doheny (Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company), should be allowed to lease part of these Naval Reserves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.055144309997559, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Attempts were made to keep this deal secret but rumours began to circulate when it became known that Albert Fall was spending large sums of money. On 14th April, 1922, the Wall Street Journal reported that Fall had leased Teapot Dome to Harry F. Sinclair . President Warren Harding defended Fall by claiming that \"the policy which has been adopted by the Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of the Interior in dealing with these matters was submitted to me prior to the adoption thereof, and the policy decided upon and the subsequent acts have at all times had my entire approval.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.973915100097656, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "(2) Thomas J. Walsh , The True History of Teapot Dome, Forum Magazine (July, 1924)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.774218559265137, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "In the spring of 1922 rumors reached parties interested that a lease had been or was about to be made of Naval Reserve No. 3 in the state of Wyoming, - popularly known, from its local designation, as the Teapot Dome. This was one of three great areas known to contain petroleum in great quantity which had been set aside for the use of the Navy - Naval Reserves No. 1 and No. 2 in California by President Taft in 1912, and No. 3 by President Wilson in 1915. The initial steps toward the creation of these reserves - the land being public, that is, owned by the government - were", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400135040283203, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "They too became keen on the report of the impending lease of Teapot Dome. Failing to get any definite or reliable information at the departments, upon diligent inquiry, Senator Kendrick of Wyoming introduced and had passed by the Senate on April 16, 1922, a resolution calling on the secretary of the interior for information as to the existence of the lease which was the subject of the rumors, in response to which a letter was transmitted by the acting secretary of the interior on April 21, disclosing that a lease of the entire Reserve No. 3 was made two weeks before to the Mammoth Oil Company organized by Harry Sinclair, a spectacular oil operator. This was followed by the adoption by the Senate on April 29, 1922, of a resolution introduced by Senator LaFollette directing the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys to investigate the entire subject of leases of the naval oil reserves and calling on the secretary of the interior for all documents and full information in relation to the same.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535395622253418, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "In the month of June following, a cartload of documents said to have been furnished in compliance with the resolution was dumped in the committee rooms, and a letter from Secretary Fall to the President in justification of the lease of the Teapot Dome and of leases of limited areas on the other reserves was by him sent to the Senate. I was importuned by Senators LaFollette and Kendrick to assume charge of the investigation, the chairman of the committee and other majority members being believed to be unsympathetic, and assented the more readily because the Federal Trade", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34394359588623, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Still another impressive bit of evidence of national apathy presented itself in the Teapot Dome scandal. It had its origin in the early months of the Harding administration. It became the subject of common gossip in Washington, and yet no betrayal of public trust resisted exposure and punishment more tenaciously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.721631050109863, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Teapot Dome involved the conservation of the oil resources of the United States, especially those situated upon the public lands. The investigation of alleged irregularities had been in progress for some time, under the auspices of the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, when the decision was reached to institute court action to cancel the leases granted to private interests at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.760644912719727, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "(5) Thomas J. Walsh , The True History of Teapot Dome, Forum Magazine (July, 1924)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.83513069152832, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410844802856445, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Senate Investigates the \"Teapot Dome\" Scandal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.865143775939941, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "On April 15, 1922, Wyoming Democratic Senator John Kendrick introduced a resolution that set in motion one of the most significant investigations in Senate history. On the previous day, the Wall Street Journal had reported an unprecedented secret arrangement in which the Secretary of the Interior, without competitive bidding, had leased the U.S. naval petroleum reserve at Wyoming's Teapot Dome to a private oil company. Wisconsin Republican Senator Robert La Follette arranged for the Senate Committee on Public Lands to investigate the matter. His suspicions deepened after someone ransacked his Russell Building office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.058778285980225, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Diner, Hasia. \"Teapot Dome, 1924,\" Included in Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., and Roger Bruns, eds. Congress Investigates: A Documented History, 1792-1974. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.352593421936035, "source": "search", "title": "Teapot Dome Scandal - Freedom School" }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings Institution", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545120239257812, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "THE TEAPOT DOME MODEL", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473784446716309, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Those difficulties notwithstanding, history has largely judged the Teapot Dome investigation a success. The tale of corruption was told, the fraudulent leases were set aside and the oil leases returned to the government, and at least some of the perpetrators were successfully prosecuted. Consequently, when allegations of high-level wrongdoing in the government again arose, Teapot Dome has served as a call to action. See, e.g., Watergate: Clean-Up Precedent , Chr. Sci. Monitor, reprinted in 119 Cong. Rec. 13721 (1973) (Watergate); Byron York, How Congress Can Break Through the Reno Stonewall , Wall St. J., Dec. 16, 1997, at A18 (Campaign finance).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.732254981994629, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Should the Teapot Dome model of presidentially appointed and Senate confirmed prosecutors be considered for any future investigation that has significant political implications?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455307006835938, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     During 1922, Doheny's company leased portions of California Naval Reserve Number One (Elk Hills) and Number Two (Buena Vista). Doheny was obliged to build storage tanks at Pearl Harbor, fill them with oil, erect a refinery in California and build a pipe line from the naval reserves to the refinery. In return, Doheny received exclusive rights to exploit about 30,000 acres of proven oil lands, with a profit estimated by him at one hundred million dollars. Two other companies had expressed interest but had insisted that Congress approve the proposed contract before it was executed, a condition rejected by Fall and Navy officers. Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome, at 42, 54-57, 84-86.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.903526782989502, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     During the same period, Fall was secretly negotiating away Wyoming's Teapot Dome, believed to be the richest of the remaining oil reserves. See 62 Cong. Rec. 6042 (1922) . Harry F. Sinclair was head of the Mammoth Oil Company. In December, 1921, Fall entertained Sinclair, his attorney, Colonel J.W. Zevely, their wives, and several others at his ranch at Three Rivers, New Mexico: \"[i]n the evenings, Sinclair and Zevely sat before Fall's ranch-house fire and discussed a lease to Sinclair of the entire naval reserve at Teapot Dome.\" Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 56. They also discussed Fall's cattle needs. After Sinclair returned home, Fall received six heifers, a yearling bull, two six-months-old boars, four sows and for his foreman, an English thoroughbred horse. Id. at 57.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.211189270019531, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     On February 3, 1922, Sinclair, Fall, Admiral John Robison (Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Engineering and at one time in charge of the administration of the Naval Petroleum Reserves), and others met in Fall's office to outline the terms of an agreement. Teapot Dome would be leased in its entirety, Sinclair would build a pipe line with adequate capacity from the Teapot Dome oil fields, and the proceeds from the Navy's share of oil from the reserve were to be used by Sinclair to build storage tanks on the Atlantic coast and fill them with fuel oil. Under their arrangement, the Navy would not receive any cash, as cash would have to be turned over to the United States Treasury and the Navy could then only benefit in the ordinary way, through congressional appropriations. Id. at 59.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.612727165222168, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "[W]hen questioned later about his failure . . . [to ask Daugherty for a legal opinion] he said that he himself had been a lawyer for many years and neither needed nor wanted outside legal opinions. In this way, Fall protected himself from cutting Daugherty in on his profit and Daugherty was glad to be able to say later, when he was in trouble for shady deals of his own, that at least he had had nothing to do with Teapot Dome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380107879638672, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     As one historian wrote: \"By the time he was finished leasing the navy's reserves, Fall had given his two benefactors reserves which each of them estimated roughly to be worth $100,000,000, and he had collected from them $409,000 in cash and bonds.\" Id. at 86. With respect to Teapot Dome, an oil man would later testify that it was so valuable that the government could have easily gotten \"a bonus of at least $10,000,000, and possibly as much as $50,000,000, over and above the royalties Sinclair was obligated to pay, if the lease had been awarded after competitive bidding instead of in the privacy of Fall's ranch house.\" Id. at 79.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082243919372559, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Despite Fall's efforts to keep the Teapot Dome lease secret, the news began to spread: \"[s]ome men in New Mexico became suspicious when they noticed Fall buying more land and improving his property there, and oil men in Wyoming and Colorado began to wire their Congressmen in protest and for information.\" Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 64. On April 14, 1922, the front page of the Wall Street Journal reported that Fall had leased Teapot Dome to Sinclair. Noggle, Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920's, at 36.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.521664619445801, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     They also argued that drilling was necessary because millions of barrels of oil had already been lost from the California reserves due to drilling from adjacent lands and that Teapot Dome faced a similar fate. Id. at 1-2. Finally, they asserted that the lease did not contradict the administration's policies as \"[t]he Interior Department and the Navy Department have been in close cooperation and have been endeavoring, as they saw it, to carry out the purposes for which these naval reserves were created, i.e., not the sale of oil for commercial or other purposes but the securing of a reserve of fuel oil for Navy purposes.\" Id. at 3.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.323831558227539, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Fall too declared that the report was not \"written in the slightest degree as an attempt at defense of actions or of policies\" since \"[t]he writer recognizes no necessity for such defense.\" Id. at 26. Closely following the President's message, Fall, in a letter to the Senate, again insisted that he was in compliance with President Harding's Executive Order of May 31, 1921, giving him permission to administer the naval reserves for the Secretary of the Navy and thus, the lease was proper. H.R. Rep. No. 67-1079, at 9 (1922) . Fall also insisted that he had discussed the Teapot Dome lease with Denby. In his words, \"[t]he Secretary of the Interior has proceeded under this order in constant communication and consultation and cooperation with the Secretary of the Navy, and is so continuing at the present time.\" Id.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555971145629883, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "the Teapot Dome Lease", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459803581237793, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Hearings on the Teapot Dome oil lease began on October 15, 1923 before the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. Only three members were in attendance at the first meeting. Since they lacked a quorum, the meeting was adjourned until the following week. Senate Public Lands and Surveys Committee, 67th Congress 3rd Session - 68th Congress, 1st Session: Minutes (October 15, 1923 and October 22, 1923) . (5) That would be the first and only time the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys adjourned for want of a quorum during these Teapot Dome hearings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5864667892456055, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     At an executive session of the Public Lands Committee on January 26, 1924, a Saturday, Walsh proposed that he introduce on Monday a Senate Resolution calling on President Coolidge to annul the leases of Teapot Dome and Elk Hills and to appoint a special counsel to investigate and prosecute those involved. The Committee unanimously agreed. Before Walsh could present the resolution to the full Senate, however, Coolidge beat him to the punch. Coolidge issued a statement at midnight that appeared in the newspaper the next day, on Sunday, announcing his intention to nominate two special counsel:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.729764938354492, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Pennsylvania's Republican Senator, George Pepper, thought a Republican attorney from Philadelphia, Owen Roberts, would make an excellent candidate, and he suggested Roberts' name to Coolidge. Pepper then summoned Roberts to Washington. Before meeting Coolidge, Pepper asked Roberts if he would be interested in \"a very delicate piece of business—one which might make him a national figure, and one which might ruin him because he would be stepping on the toes of some mighty big people.\" Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 153.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275033950805664, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 160.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257672309875488, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome Scandal", "passage": "     Senate resolution 157, directing a Senate committee to investigate Daugherty's failure to prosecute, among others, the cases arising from the Teapot Dome scandal passed by a vote of 66 to 1. 65 Cong. Rec. at 3410 . The investigation also included \"numerous charges of illegality, graft, and influence-peddling in the Justice Department.\" Hasia Diner, Congress Investigates -- A Documented History 1792-1974 15 (1983).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554099082946777, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Their investigation was not without dramatic incident. Secret Service Agent Thomas B. Foster was detailed to the investigation and proceeded to examine Fall's financial transactions. On his trail were both agents of the Department of Justice's Bureau of Investigation and private detectives, assigned to follow him and find out what he was discovering. On the trail in Colorado, he found his hotel room ransacked. Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 171-73.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376382827758789, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     Pomerene and Roberts brought numerous civil and criminal actions against those involved in the fraudulent leasing of Teapot Dome and the Elk Hills reserves. Two civil trials and six criminal trials ensued. Ultimately, these cases restored the naval reserves to the United States, put Sinclair in jail for nine months for contempt of Congress, and landed Fall in prison. Francis Busch, an historian, writes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649657249450684, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "b. United States v. Mammoth Oil Company, the Sinclair Crude Oil Purchasing Company and the Sinclair Pipe Line Company: Teapot Dome Leases First Held Valid, then Voided On Appeal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491613388061523, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "    I have never been an employee of the United States Government. I have never been in any way connected officially with the Mammoth Oil Company or with Harry F. Sinclair. I had nothing at all to do with the transaction of the making of the lease of Teapot Dome. I decline to answer on the ground aforesaid whether if I had anything to do with any property for Mr. Fall I did it merely as his agent or his messenger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.278738021850586, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "     On June 30, 1924, a criminal indictment was filed in the District of Columbia charging Doheny and his son with offering a bribe to Fall -- the same bribe which Fall had been convicted of receiving from the Dohenys. The evidence \"was practically identical\" in the two cases, with \"one important difference -- [at the Dohenys' trial] no testimony was offered on Fall's financial transactions with Sinclair. Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome at 167. The Dohenys were acquitted by a jury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7833147048950195, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." }, { "answer": "Teapot Dome", "passage": "70 Cong. Rec. 830 (1928) . La Guardia observed that the Teapot Dome investigation had become a sacred cow:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433660507202148, "source": "search", "title": "A summary of the Teapot Dome scandal from the Brookings ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Collins had cameo appearances in Steven Spielberg's Hook (1991) and the AIDS docudrama And the Band Played On (1993). He starred in Frauds, which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. He supplied voices to two animated features: Amblin's Balto (1995) and Disney's The Jungle Book 2 (2003). A long-discussed but never completed project was a film titled The Three Bears; originally meant to star Collins, Danny DeVito, and Bob Hoskins. He often mentioned the film, though an appropriate script never materialised. ", "precise_score": 5.042886734008789, "rough_score": -0.9540134072303772, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil Collins" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "In 1991, Spielberg directed Hook, about a middle-aged Peter Pan, played by Robin Williams, who returns to Neverland. Despite innumerable rewrites and creative changes coupled with mixed reviews, the film proved popular with audiences, making over $300 million worldwide (from a $70 million budget).", "precise_score": 1.877244472503662, "rough_score": -0.7897431254386902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Spielberg" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Among the actors who helped him during his acting career, he credited Robert De Niro, from whom he learned the power of silence and economy of dialog when acting, to portray the deep-driven man. From Dustin Hoffman, with whom he co-starred in Hook, he learned to take on totally different character types, and to transform his characters by extreme preparation. Mike Medavoy, producer of Hook, told its director, Steven Spielberg, that he intentionally teamed up Hoffman and Williams for the film because he knew they wanted to work together, and that Williams welcomed the opportunity of working with Spielberg. Williams benefited from working with Woody Allen, who directed he and Billy Crystal in Deconstructing Harry (1997), as Allen had knowledge of the fact that Crystal and Williams had often performed together on stage. ", "precise_score": -1.7319402694702148, "rough_score": -4.261189937591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robin Williams" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Cameos: Remember when that pirate gets locked in the wooden chest with a scorpion? That pirate was in fact Glenn Close, dressed as a man. Singer Phil Collins also made a cameo in Hook, appearing as a police inspector.", "precise_score": -1.1203892230987549, "rough_score": -4.044678211212158, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob Hoskins, Maggie Smith, Robin Williams, Julia Roberts, Phil Collins, Steven Spielberg, Frank Marshall, Kathleen Kennedy, Gerald R. Molen, TriStar Pictures: Movies & TV", "precise_score": 3.3250091075897217, "rough_score": 5.845122337341309, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "A high-flying adventure from the magic of Steven Spielberg, Hook stars Robin Williams as a grown-up Peter Pan and Dustin Hoffman as the infamous Captain Hook. Joining the fun is Julia Roberts as Tinkerbell, Bob Hoskins as the pirate Smee, and Maggie Smith as Granny Wendy Darling, who must convince the middle-aged lawyer, Peter Banning, that he was once the legendary Peter Pan. And so the adventure begins anew, with Peter off to Neverland to save his two children from Captain Hook. Along the way, he rediscovers the power of imagination, of friendship, and of magic. A classic tale updated for children of all ages, Hook was nominated for five 1991 Academy Awards(r) including best visual effects.", "precise_score": 0.4670499265193939, "rough_score": -0.4283657968044281, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Steven Spielberg's deeply flawed but sporadically fun and moving update of the Peter Pan legend stars Robin Williams as the grown-up Pan, a corporate-takeover type who must embrace his old identity in order to save his kids from Captain Hook (Dustin Hoffman). The stars put on a good show, including Hoffman's read of Hook's hysterical personality, Julia Roberts mini-turn as a tiny Tinker Bell, and Maggie Smith's touching performance as the aged Wendy. The visual contrast between the adult Pan's bustling outside world and the insulated fantasy of Neverland is striking, but Spielberg's ideas about the Lost Boys--politically correct in their ethnic diversity, energetic on skateboards--are contrived and cheapening. On the plus side, the story's theme about adults finding their innocence again through their children is very touching (though some people have found it cloying). If you can look beyond the glaring problems, there's plenty to like here. --Tom Keogh", "precise_score": 0.6987264156341553, "rough_score": 0.7779878377914429, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Movie, Hook Movie,Hook Trailer,Hook 1991, Steven Spielberg,Bob Hoskins, Dustin Hoffman, Julia Roberts, Maggie Smith, Robin Williams, Phil Collins", "precise_score": 4.521694660186768, "rough_score": 7.255227565765381, "source": "search", "title": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook takes the Peter Pan tale in a direction few could have imagined it before Steven Spielberg's adaptation appeared in 1991. Robin Williams stars as middle-aged real-estate speculator Peter Banning, a man who can't remember his birth parents because he was placed with an adoptive family by Wendy Darling (Maggie Smith), whose granddaughter, Moira (Caroline Goodall), he later marries. On a return visit to the Darling residence in London, Banning's children are kidnapped from the nursery where Wendy claims she and her brothers conjured the stories from which J.M. Barrie created his Peter Pan tales. That's when Banning learns the stories are true and that he is Peter Pan, but grew up so that he could marry Moira. He's then carried by Tinker Bell (Julia Roberts) back to Neverland to meet Captain Hook (Dustin Hoffman), whose ransom demand is a fight to the finish. But Peter's been out of circulation for quite a while and can't even remember how to fly, let alone vanquish Hook, so the Lost Boys, (there are now a lot of them) get him back into shape and he's finally ready to save his kids and return to his former life but as a much loosier and self-confident person.", "precise_score": 1.4503179788589478, "rough_score": -0.6622740030288696, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook was big on budget, scale and top marquee names. Even its extras were big: David Crosby, Jimmy Buffet and Glenn Close show up as pirates, Carrie Fisher and George Lucas appear in additional cameos and Phil Collins pops up as a police inspector. Due to its size and the number of cast members, costumes, etc., the production was hard to manage. It ran 40 days over its 76 day shooting schedule and was rife with personality conflicts. Julia Roberts was said to be emotionally overwrought during filming and reportedly became known as \"Tinker Hell\". Dustin Hoffman was a perfectionist and had his own writer on hand, and the Lost Boys, seemingly endless numbers of them, were an ever changing lineup of amateur actors.", "precise_score": -0.7475493550300598, "rough_score": -4.985746383666992, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "J.M. Barrie wrote that \"All children, except one, grow up.\" The exception is Peter Pan, that flying, crowing embodiment of exuberant perpetual youth. But at the beginning of Steven Spielberg's \"Hook,\" Peter Pan has grown into Peter Banning (Robin Williams), a 40-year-old mergers and acquisitions lawyer with a billowing paunch, a cellular phone holstered on his belt and a constant expression of fretting anxiety on his face. Banning doesn't remember that he was once Peter Pan; he's lost his wings and his happy thoughts along with them. And because of the incessant tinkling of his portable phone, he's in serious danger of losing his wife, Moira (Caroline Goodall), and his two kids, Jack (Charlie Korsmo) and Maggie (Amber Scott). He's the consummate soulless corporate raider, a man totally estranged from his children, and, more important, the child in himself. He's a '90s-style Lost Boy.", "precise_score": -0.7592644095420837, "rough_score": -2.943413019180298, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook by Steven Spielberg |Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman, Julia Roberts | 43396039308 | DVD | Barnes & Noble®", "precise_score": 0.04025411233305931, "rough_score": -1.6226414442062378, "source": "search", "title": "Hook by Steven Spielberg |Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Turning Peter Pan into an exploration of yuppie angst and a metaphor for rediscovering one's \"inner-child,\" Hook might very well be the worst film of Steven Spielberg's career. The first of many disappointing fantasy-themed family comedies featuring Robin Williams, Hook dispenses with the charm and terror of the original tale in order to revel in some busy art direction and make parents realize they need to spend more time with their kids. Such moralizing would be fine if the film were at all entertaining, but none of the characters make any sense in their modern incarnations. The only character who works in a new way is Captain Hook, who misses battling with Peter, but Dustin Hoffman spends time chewing the scenery instead of acting. This is an artistic dead-end for everyone involved.", "precise_score": -0.24241657555103302, "rough_score": -2.787508010864258, "source": "search", "title": "Hook by Steven Spielberg |Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "No Jacket Required was criticised for being \"too commercial\", despite favourable reviews from many music critics. A positive review by David Fricke of Rolling Stone ended, \"After years on the art-rock fringe, Collins has established himself firmly in the middle of the road. Perhaps he should consider testing himself and his new fans's expectations next time around.\" \"Sussudio\" attracted negative attention for sounding too similar to Prince's \"1999\", a charge that Collins did not deny, and its hook line (\"Su-su-su-sussudio\") has been named as the most widely disliked element of his career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.080382347106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil Collins" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "In October 1985, Collins reunited with Banks and Rutherford to record the next Genesis album, Invisible Touch. Its title track was released as a single and reached No. 1 in the US, the only Genesis song to do so. The group received a Grammy Award (their only one) and a nomination for the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year in 1987 for the single \"Land of Confusion\" which featured puppet caricatures created by the British satirical team Spitting Image. The video was directed by Jim Yukich. Reviews of Invisible Touch were mixed and many comparisons were made with Collins's solo work, but Rolling Stones J. D. Considine praised the album's commercial appeal, stating, \"every tune is carefully pruned so that each flourish delivers not an instrumental epiphany but a solid hook\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.786411762237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil Collins" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.202543258666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Spielberg" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in Hook starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of the film regains the respect of his children. The notable absence of Elliott's father in E.T., is the most famous example of this theme. In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father, who is a professor of medieval literature, as his father always seemed more interested in his work, specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail, than in his own son, although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy (he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son \"self reliance,\" which is not how Indy saw it). Even Oskar Schindler, from Schindler's List, is reluctant to have a child with his wife. Munich depicts Avner as a man away from his wife and newborn daughter. There are of course exceptions; Brody in Jaws is a committed family man, while John Anderton in Minority Report is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son. This theme is arguably the most autobiographical aspect of Spielberg's films, since Spielberg himself was affected by his parents' divorce as a child and by the absence of his father. Furthermore, to this theme, protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents, most notably E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (protagonist Elliot's mother is divorced) and Catch Me If You Can (Frank Abagnale's mother and father split early on in the film). Little known also is Tim in Jurassic Park (early in the film, another secondary character mentions Tim and Lex's parents' divorce). The family often shown divided is often resolved in the ending as well. Following this theme of reluctant fathers and father figures, Tim looks to Dr. Alan Grant as a father figure. Initially, Dr. Grant is reluctant to return those paternal feelings to Tim. However, by the end of the film, he has changed, and the kids even fall asleep with their heads on his shoulders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.531031608581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Spielberg" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "After his film debut in Popeye (1980), he starred or co-starred in widely acclaimed films, including The World According to Garp (1982), Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), Dead Poets Society (1989), Awakenings (1990), The Fisher King (1991), Aladdin (1992), Good Will Hunting (1997), and One Hour Photo (2002), as well as financial successes, such as Hook (1991), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Jumanji (1995), The Birdcage (1996), Night at the Museum (2006), and World's Greatest Dad (2009).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311336517333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robin Williams" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Many of his later roles were in comedies tinged with pathos. Williams's roles in comedy and dramatic films garnered him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (for his role as a psychologist in Good Will Hunting), as well as two previous Academy Award nominations (for playing an English teacher in Dead Poets Society (1989), and for playing a troubled homeless man in The Fisher King (1991)). In 1991, he played an adult Peter Pan in the movie Hook, although he had said that he would have to lose twenty-five pounds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.653473854064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robin Williams" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook (1991) - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411245346069336, "source": "search", "title": "Hook (1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "When Captain Hook kidnaps his children, an adult Peter Pan must return to Neverland and reclaim his youthful spirit in order to challenge his old enemy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367433547973633, "source": "search", "title": "Hook (1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Search for \" Hook \" on Amazon.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510469436645508, "source": "search", "title": "Hook (1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Peter Pan (Williams) has grown up to be a cut-throat merger and acquisitions lawyer, and is married to Wendy's granddaughter. Captain Hook (Hoffman) kidnaps his children, and Peter returns to Never Land with Tinkerbell (Roberts). With the help of her and the Lost Boys, he must remember how to be Peter Pan again in order to save his children by battling with Captain Hook once again. Written by Ed Sutton <esutton@mindspring.com>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933418273925781, "source": "search", "title": "Hook (1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Wendy Darling : The stories are true! I swear to you! I swear on everything I adore, and now he's come back to seek his revenge. The fight isn't over for Captain James Hook. He wants you back. He knows that you'll follow Jack and Maggie to the ends of the earth and beyond. And by heaven, you must find a way. Only you can save your children. Somehow, you must go back. You must make yourself remember.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294549942016602, "source": "search", "title": "Hook (1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Bangarang: Things you never knew about Hook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504427909851074, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "THERE are a few easy ways to tell if someone has seen Hook, one of the greatest kids films from the 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3839111328125, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Michael Jackson: Steven Spielberg originally wanted to make the movie in 1983 with Michael Jackson playing Peter Pan, according to IMDB . The King of Pop was also going to sing most of the songs on the soundtrack. But Spielberg was too busy with Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and held off on Hook until 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.001834392547607, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Bowie would have been a killer Captain Hook.Source:YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394025802612305, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Cast: Both Kevin Kline and Tom Hanks were considered for the role of Peter Pan, which of course eventually went to Robin Williams. Rocker David Bowie was offered the role of Captain Hook but turned it down, and Richard Attenborough passed on playing Tootles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.217880725860596, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Gwyneth: In just her second film ever, Gwyneth Paltrow played the teenage Wendy in Hook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.782282829284668, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Not impressed: Steven Spielberg was pretty disappointed with how Hook turned out. He said in a radio interview last year that, “I wanna see Hook again because I so don’t like that movie, and I’m hoping someday I’ll see it again and perhaps like some of it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.821239471435547, "source": "search", "title": "Eight things you never knew about Steven Spielberg’s 1991 ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook (Blu-ray DVD) has been added to your Cart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431081771850586, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "This item:Hook (Blu-ray + DVD) by Dustin Hoffman Blu-ray $9.99", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420296669006348, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Dustin's Hoffman's Capt. Hook knows, as do all of us who remember his soliloquy, that no little children love him. His concern with how he will be remembered, and with Good Form, ring quite true to the original. The character is suave, urbane, vicious, captivating, and ultimately tragic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916437149047852, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The role-reversal and eventual re-reversal is fascinating. In the play, the same actor always plays both Hook and the thoughtless and cruel father, Mr. Darling. But here, Peter is the uncaring father and a corporate pirate, while Hook takes the children to Never-Never-Land. The lost boys are, at first, quarrelsome and threatening, while the pirates are a happy adventuresome lot, even sentimental in the lullaby sequence. But while the Lost Boys help Peter recover himself (and to recover their own innocence), Hook's attempt to win over Peter's kids is, in the end, a failure, and we are brought full circle. Read more ›", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208274841308594, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook (Blu-ray + DVD): Dustin Hoffman, Bob ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502350807189941, "source": "search", "title": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook Trailer 1991", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45168685913086, "source": "search", "title": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook Trailer 1991", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45168685913086, "source": "search", "title": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Peter Pan, now a grown yuppie, must travel back to Neverland to save his children from his old nemesis, Captain Hook. Good family adventure with a wonderful cast!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212459564208984, "source": "search", "title": "Hook Trailer 1991 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37634563446045, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37634563446045, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook was apparently not a happy time for Spielberg, either, who commented on the experience in Steven Spielberg: A Biography by Joseph McBride, stating, \"For some reason this movie was such a dinosaur coming out of the gate. It dragged me along behind it...Every day I came on the set I thought, 'Is this flying out of control?'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.631699562072754, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "It was the filmmaker's favorite tale as a child and when he was 11, he had his first taste of directing it, that time as a school production. In the early 80s Spielberg developed a live-action version of Peter Pan for Disney and later for Paramount and considered casting Michael Jackson in the title role. He had already discovered that Hoffman would make his ideal Hook. The project was abandoned with the birth of Spielberg's first child, Max, in 1985. In McBride's biography he recalls, \"Peter Pan came at a time when I had my first child and I didn't want to go to London...I wanted to be home as a dad, not a surrogate dad.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.599410057067871, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The decision is one that the theme of Hook wholeheartedly endorses. Much has been made about Spielberg's parents' divorce, its effect on him and his own struggle to keep marriage and family intact while managing a superstar career. The collision between responsibility and eternal boyhood that has defined Spielberg's personal and creative life is key to understanding the director's attraction to Hook, so much so, that Spielberg asked John Bradshaw, the popular psychologist who sent everyone looking for his or her inner child, for advice on the script and had him on set, even casting his daughter in the film. Not surprisingly, those portions of the film that involve Peter Banning and his family are considered the most genuine and affecting aspects of Hook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69430160522461, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Largely considered one of Spielberg's least successful films, Hook nonetheless did well at the box office. Made for a budget of $70 million, it grossed $119 million on U.S. screens. It was nominated for five Oscars®, including those for Art Direction, Costumes, Visual Effects, Makeup and Music. For fans of John Williams, the score for Hook is considered one of his best.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.741080284118652, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Cast: Dustin Hoffman (Captain Hook), Robin Williams (Peter Banning), Julia Roberts (Tinkerbell), Bob Hoskins (Smee), Maggie Smith (Granny Wendy), Caroline Goodall (Moira Banning), Charlie Korsmo (Jack 'Jackie' Banning), Amber Scott (Maggie Banning).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.055847644805908, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - Turner Classic Movies" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484696388244629, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Hook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37634563446045, "source": "search", "title": "Hook - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia Roberts, Bob Hoskins: Amazon Digital Services LLC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.072380065917969, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "A little explanation why I watched this movie again, that i loved when I was a kid (although i never was a big Peter Pan fan). Last weekend we watched \"Pan\" with my 9 year old Stepson. And i was very disappointed. The movies and characters are cold, there is no one i could warm up to. especially the wannabe Indiana Hook and a terrible Jack Sparrow copy Blackbeard made the movie lack character. When i asked my stepson if he ever saw HOOK he said no.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011897087097168, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "HOOK is everything PAN isn't.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550925254821777, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The characters are worked out great, Robin Williams plays Peter and his transformation amazing. But Dustin Hoffman as Hook is in my eyes even better! Yes, he is the bad guy, but you just have to love him. Those two alone carry a movie already. Julia Roberts as Tinkerbell is another perfect cast.The story makes a great family movie about the transformation of a business man who has no time for his family because his job is more important. Yes, there are uncountable movies that have this, but the way it plays into the Peter Pan Universe makes it so good.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7733564376831055, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Maybe it is a generation problem because \"adventure\" movies are just different today. Pan feels like an adventure movie, Hook is more like a fairy-tale and feels like the crew and cast put their heart into it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321269989013672, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Hook: Dustin Hoffman, Robin Williams, Julia ..." }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "'Hook'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389589309692383, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "\"Hook\" is the story of Banning's redemption; it's an extravagant fable about how Banning recovers his past as Peter Pan, saving himself and his family by (please excuse the psychobabble) reclaiming his inner child. It's a '90s movie to the bone, yet another moral lesson for our time. It's also great fun: big, splashy, energetic, one-size-fits-all Hollywood entertainment. Spielberg and Co. have finally made their Disney movie -- or better yet, their film version of a theme park at Disneyland. It's sort of like \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" and \"It's a Small World\" rolled into one. It's a helluva contraption, and certainly one to be marveled at. It gives good ride.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130928039550781, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "What it doesn't do, though, is instantly take a place in your heart. For all its pomp and color, for all the talent of its contributors, it's not a movie for which you can build a deep affection. The movie is about happy thoughts, but it takes a somewhat mechanical approach to happiness. It's hard to be elated about a machine, and that's what \"Hook\" is -- an $80 million Happy Thought machine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384082794189453, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Spielberg is one of the greatest visual storytellers in movie history; the camera is his \"once upon a time\" device, and, at his best, he makes you feel as if you're living the story as it's taking place. In \"Hook,\" though, he never seems to get inside his story. The problem may be partly conceptual. The style of the picture is broadly theatrical; at times, it takes on the stagy look of a big Broadway musical. (John Napier, the stage designer for \"Cats\" and \"Les Miserables,\" served as the film's visual consultant.) Here, Spielberg operates more from outside the story than is usually his habit, as if he were a theater director, not a film director. Stylistically, it's a departure for him, but it's not a break that releases his true gifts. He never gives the picture wings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9521355628967285, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The script -- which was written by Jim V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo -- is a nifty updating of Barrie's original, and Spielberg does an expert job of moving from the real world, where Banning and family travel to London to see their aged Aunt Wendy (Maggie Smith), to the fantasy world of Neverland, where Hook has taken Peter's kidnapped children. Our first sight of Neverland is transcendent, and some sequences here -- such as the Lost Boys' food fight and the climatic battle between them and Hook's pirates -- are blissfully directed. We're aware in these scenes that we are in the grip of a great filmmaker. We're also aware that his talents are being tailored to the purpose of creating a film that is all things to all people, a wholesome, crowd-pleasing circus with Spielberg as ringmaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.768977165222168, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "It's Dustin Hoffman who takes us by storm, not Williams. His Captain Hook is a delicious portrait of lip-smacking evil, a vain, pompous, sublimely narcissistic swine. Hoffman's performance is unapologetically theatrical, and perfectly suited to the stylized quality of the film. It's a performance in the Barrymore tradition -- grandiloquent, larger than life and a trifle tipsy. He's a prig, this Hook, and more than a little foppish. Hook allows Hoffman to cut loose in a way that Williams can't.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.59317684173584, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "We see him shift moods in the space of a lightning flash, at first cajoling Peter's kids to reject their parents, then threatening to commit suicide over the demise of his career -- a routine gesture that his trusted second mate, Smee (Bob Hoskins), is expected to interrupt; we see him exchange his trademark hook for a baseball mitt in a pickup game staged to woo Peter's son, Charlie, away from his father, and we get to see him fence in his high-heeled pumps. Everything Hoffman does here shows him at his hammy best; his performance is a glory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121318817138672, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "The movie falls slightly into the doldrums while we're waiting for Peter to rediscover himself; even though we know it's coming, it seems to take forever. When he finally remembers his past, the story takes a neat turn. The movie isn't simply about the happiness of childhood; it's about the pleasures of growing up too. When Peter finally remembers his Happy Thought, it's not a childhood memory that lifts him off the ground, but a flashback to an adult epiphany. To take wing, Peter recalls the birth of his son, and in doing so, he remembers why he chose to grow up -- and abandon Neverland forever -- in the first place: He wanted to be a father. The movie suggests, then, that there are two varieties of Lost Boys -- those who never grow up, and those who grow up but lose the child within them. That's what Hook and his men represent: the evil of lost innocence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02912712097168, "source": "search", "title": "‘Hook’ - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Steven Spielberg's variation on Peter Pan, Hook comes to DVD with a superb widescreen anamorphic transfer that preserves the original theatrical aspect ratio of 2.35:1. Closed-captioned English soundtracks are rendered in both Dolby Digital 5.1 and Dolby Digital Surround. English subtitles are accessible. Supplemental materials include theatrical trailers, talent files, and production notes. This disc offers excellent picture and sound quality, making it worth a look, especially considering the reasonable list price.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.065690994262695, "source": "search", "title": "Hook by Steven Spielberg |Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tigress", "🐅", "Tigers in captivity", "Tigris striatus", "Tigers (animal)", "Mating tigers", "Sexual behavior of tigers", "🐯", "Endangered Subspecies of Tiger", "Tiger populations", "Tigers", "Tigris regalis", "Panthera Tigris", "Tiger", "F tigris", "Tiger blood", "Naahar", "African tiger", "Panthera tigris", "Felis tigris", "Tigrine", "Endangered subspecies of tiger", "Tiger cub", "Tiger (wild)", "Tiger urine", "F. tigris" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "🐅", "mating tigers", "tiger populations", "panthera tigris", "naahar", "endangered subspecies of tiger", "🐯", "tiger", "tiger blood", "tigris striatus", "tiger wild", "felis tigris", "tigers animal", "tigers in captivity", "african tiger", "tiger cub", "tigris regalis", "tigers", "f tigris", "tigress", "sexual behavior of tigers", "tiger urine", "tigrine" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tiger", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tiger" }

[ { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar, which runs alongside the better known lunar calendar. Instead of months, this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms. Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month. Unlike the 60 year lunar calendar, which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Western calendar, the agricultural calendar varies by only one day, beginning on the Western February 3 or 4 every year. Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years, which begins with the Rat, the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring. Around summer days are longer than winter days, because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion.", "precise_score": -7.537668228149414, "rough_score": -10.400623321533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Years of the Tiger include 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, and 2022.", "precise_score": -4.769411563873291, "rough_score": -6.061020374298096, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In Chinese element theory, each zodiac sign is associated with one of five elements: Gold (Metal), Wood, Water, Fire, or Earth, which means that e.g. a Wood Tiger comes once in a 60-year cycle.", "precise_score": -9.169825553894043, "rough_score": -10.749714851379395, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tiger: 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962", "precise_score": -6.08864688873291, "rough_score": -6.455296516418457, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people.", "precise_score": -3.7997376918792725, "rough_score": -10.534419059753418, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued)", "precise_score": -0.17645838856697083, "rough_score": -4.576995372772217, "source": "search", "title": "1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued) - Jade Dragon" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "1998 - Year of the Tiger", "precise_score": -0.15705014765262604, "rough_score": -4.419028282165527, "source": "search", "title": "1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued) - Jade Dragon" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "According to the Chinese zodiac, 1998 (beginning on January 28th according to the lunar calendar) will have characteristics much like the Tiger described on our home page. Unfortunately tiger years are also full of wars, unrest, dissension and catastrophes. Consider past Tiger events - such as Watergate, Irangate, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and the space shuttle explosion. Witness already El Nino and La Nina, the current Asian currency crisis, and the current Clinton scandal. The Year of the Tiger is sure to a be a real shaker!!", "precise_score": 2.4312703609466553, "rough_score": -2.1184098720550537, "source": "search", "title": "1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued) - Jade Dragon" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Chinese New Year Tiger Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan", "precise_score": -5.168755054473877, "rough_score": -9.349478721618652, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Birth Years for the Tiger Zodiac Sign: 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998", "precise_score": -7.2912278175354, "rough_score": -7.933012962341309, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac. After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.", "precise_score": -0.7349997758865356, "rough_score": -7.564276695251465, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Given below is a list of all the years starting from the year 1900 to 2100 sorted according to the Chinese Animal they represent. For example, the Years listed under the column rat represent the Chinese Year of the Rat, likewise, Chinese Year of the Tiger, Chinese Year of the Hare etc...", "precise_score": -0.4917106330394745, "rough_score": -6.87326717376709, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese ..." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "# Tiger – 虎 (寅) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19200611114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Within the Four Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from the sign of the person, the current sign of the year and the person's perceived age (teens, mid 20's, 40's and so on). For example, a person who is a Tiger is either 12, 24, 36 or 48 years old in 2010, the year of the Tiger. In 2011, the year of the Rabbit, that person is one year older.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080314636230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "* 03:00 – 04:59: 寅 Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452129364013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The third trine consists of the Tiger, Horse and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honourable, loyal and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable or stubborn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55489444732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "*Tiger (Yinshi): 03:00 to 04:59. This is the time when Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452653884887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Following closely behind was strong Ox who was named the 2nd animal in the zodiac. After Ox, came Tiger, panting, while explaining to the Jade Emperor how difficult it was to cross the river with the heavy currents pushing it downstream all the time. But with its powerful strength, Tiger made to shore and was named the 3rd animal in the cycle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499547004699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Another story tells that God called the animals to a banquet that night. The Rat, who loved to play tricks on his neighbor, told the cat that the banquet was on the day after tomorrow. The cat believed his neighbour the Rat and slept whilst dreaming of the banquet. The next day, the Rat arrived first followed by the Ox, the Tiger and the rest of the animals. The order of the animals was decided by the order that they arrived. The cat was devastated and vowed that he would always hate the Rat. This is why cats chase Rats in folklore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526183128356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "# Ügur – Tiger, Myachè Ügur – Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530673027038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (), and Tiger appears as a leopard ().", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959683418273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "# Bar - Бар - Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527915000915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinese zodiac" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082792282104492, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Tiger’s Personality: Brave, Confident...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375618934631348, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "People born in the year of the Tiger are brave, competitive, unpredictable, and self-confident. They are very charming and well-liked by others. But sometimes they are likely to be impetuous, irritable, and overindulged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320002555847168, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "With stubborn personalities and tough judgment, tigers work actively and boldly express themselves, and do things with a high-handed manner. They are authoritative and never go back on what they have said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.554967880249023, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers love be challenged and will accept any challenge if it means important value to them, and they do not like to obey others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.588836669921875, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Good Health for “Tigers”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55314826965332, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers enjoy good health. They are active so they like to do various sports. Small illnesses, such as colds, coughs, and fever, are rarely experienced by Tigers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.590356826782227, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers are energetic and have great enthusiasm at work. When they feel exhausted after extended work, they need some relaxation to refresh themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.58594799041748, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Best Jobs or Career for Tigers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575390815734863, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Tiger, called “the king of the animals\" in China, is usually the center of attention. They are born with leadership, and they are respected by others. Tigers are suitable to any career as leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027092933654785, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "However, in their early years, Tigers’ careers are not so smooth. After their thirties they find their direction and gather wealth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54830551147461, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "How to Build Relationships with \"Tigers\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.571020126342773, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In social relationships, Tigers are always in the dominant role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.602200508117676, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Due to mistrust and over confidence, Tigers do not like to communicate with others, so they are not good at coordinating in social circles. They are inclined to use commanding means to deal with interpersonal relationships. Even though they are acquainted with a lot of people, they do not further the relationships to deep friendship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.582425117492676, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Understanding, patience, and tact are needed when dealing with Tigers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536022186279297, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In love relationships, Tigers cannot give sweet love to their partners because they lack a sense of romance. Partners need to be equally active to keep up with the Tiger’s sense of adventure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.59652042388916, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Luckiest Things for “Tigers”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536773681640625, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Things That Should Be Avoided by “Tigers”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524828910827637, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Is Year 2017 a Lucky Year for \"Tigers\"?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32923412322998, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The fortune trend for Tigers is rather gloomy in 2017, and the odds will be against them rather than in their favor if they are not resolved successfully.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.577444076538086, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Not only do many difficulties lie ahead of them, but they will also be hampered by underhand people. Just as each coin has two sides, Tigers will still have opportunities to move forward and even win in a flexible way if they pursue their advantages and avoid their disadvantages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57178783416748, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers should deal with difficulties and conflicts in their career calmly and struggle for their survival flexibly and diligently, or they will have an overwhelming defeat. One point that they should pay special attention to is that they must be flexible enough to adjust their strategies to the changing environment when encountering issues that do not run smoothly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574145317077637, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers will not be blessed due to their poor fortune trend in 2017. They should avoid any high-risk investments in the first, fourth, and seventh, Chinese lunar months even though others may make a profit due to good market prospects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330362319946289, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers will be very vulnerable to illnesses due to poor health; therefore, they should look after themselves well to avoid catching acute infectious diseases, especially in the fourth, seventh, and tenth Chinese lunar months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430471420288086, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "It will be hard for Tigers to fall in love due to their dramatically unstable emotions in 2017; therefore, they will not experience any love.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575462341308594, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Each animal sign has its unique characteristics. Love compatibility among Chinese zodiac animals mostly takes into account the general characteristics of each animal. Only those whose characteristics match each other well can be good partners. See below the compatibility of the Tiger with other animals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344351768493652, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "What Type of \"Tiger\" Are You: Wood, Fire, Earth, Gold, or Water?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498056411743164, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "It is theorized that a person's characteristics are decided by their birth year's zodiac animal sign and element. So there are five types of Tigers, each with different characteristics:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512601852416992, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Type of Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496745109558105, "source": "search", "title": "Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417254447937012, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tigers hunt prey and display fiercest nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517828941345215, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367865562438965, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese Zodiac, 12 Chinese Zodiac Animals, Find Your ..." }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Yin (tiger)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331460952758789, "source": "search", "title": "The Chinese Zodiac - Chinese Animal Signs - Time and Date" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "I AM THE TIGER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483065605163574, "source": "search", "title": "1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued) - Jade Dragon" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "3.  Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411788940429688, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Passionate about life, Tigers tend to act before they think and throw all their energies into every situation headlong. Supremely confident, they breed confidence in those around them and are natural born leaders and great orators. But their hot and cold emotions mean they are easily bored and change their mind and opinions frequently. They warm to people quickly and usually have a wide circle of friends, but can often be too easily influenced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559310913085938, "source": "search", "title": "Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal - About.com Travel" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Alfred Brendel KBE (born 5 January 1931) is an Austrian pianist, poet and author. ", "precise_score": 6.729081630706787, "rough_score": 5.555476665496826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Brendel" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "This album was issued in 2011 to honor Austrian pianist Alfred Brendel on his 80th birthday. Suffering from arthritis, Brendel had retired in 2008. The album consists of unreleased live performances from 1985, 2002, and 2007, which, in Brendel 's own words, \"seem to realize my idea\" of the works performed \"more fully than others.\" Brendel lost a bit of physical strength in his old age, but his playing was never about power, and the news here is that the performances, dating from the later parts of a 60-year career, do indeed add to his substantial recorded legacy. They may be of most interest to Brendel fans, who will spot the new subtleties added by this intellectual but never inexpressive artist. But the magnificent performance of the Beethoven Piano Sonata No. 31 in A flat major, Op. 110, could appeal to anyone. Brendel at once contrasts and links the parts of the work's formal architecture. There's lots of definition of the left-hand parts, bringing out the long-range harmonic patterns in the opening movement, and the sonata's moments of instrumental recitative seem to emerge from these patterns with particular vividness; Brendel takes a bit more time with these than in his better-known studio recordings. This and the Schubert Impromptu in F minor, Op. 90/1, that follows come from one of Brendel 's last public concerts, making this album a valuable document. The expansive Mozart Piano Concerto No. 25 in C major, K. 503, recorded in 2002, is a fine essay in long-range balance. The Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 15, on disc 1, recorded in 1985, closely follows a studio recording of the period with which Brendel was dissatisfied due to problems with the engineering. All in all, a fine way to cap out a Brendel collection of any size.", "precise_score": 3.57875657081604, "rough_score": 4.504500389099121, "source": "search", "title": "A Birthday Tribute - Alfred Brendel - AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Brendel was born in Wiesenberg, Czechoslovakia (now Loučná nad Desnou, Czech Republic) to a non-musical family. They moved to Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), when Brendel was six where he began piano lessons with Sofija Deželić. He later to moved to Graz, Austria, and studied piano with Ludovica von Kaan at the Graz Conservatory and composition with Artur Michel. Towards the end of World War II, the 14-year-old Brendel was sent back to Yugoslavia to dig trenches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.577888250350952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Brendel" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "In 2009 Brendel was featured in the award-winning German-Austrian documentary Pianomania, about a Steinway & Sons piano tuner, which was directed by Lilian Franck and Robert Cibis. The film premiered theatrically in North America, where it was met with positive reviews by The New York Times, as well as in Asia and throughout Europe, and is a part of the Goethe-Institut catalogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6963567733764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Brendel" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Brendel's thoughts, unexpected and spirited though they always are, follow a clear line. If you throw him a question, he will answer it and await the next one. He is precise and logical, his sentences well-shaped through a still strong and charming Austrian accent. His writings on music, published in two books and a collection, have become classics in their field. Now, to be sure of accuracy, he presents me with two freshly typed sheets of paper in a plastic folder headed \"A Lifetime of Recordings\", with his name written in ink at the top, presumably lest it be mistaken for someone else's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.539139747619629, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Brendel: 'I am a pessimist who enjoys being ..." }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Before our hour is up, Brendel describes his close affection for the many pictures on his walls. As a young man he also painted, but now only collects: a Jean Arp collage of wonky symmetry \"which puts me back in balance when I feel out of it\"; works by Max Neumann and a large, bright canvas by Maria Lassnig, an abstract expressionist and fellow Austrian. Brendel predicts my unasked question. \"Yes, I am still Austrian by nationality and passport.\" This despite having lived in Britain, in this same house, or, strictly, two adjoined in Hampstead, for nearly 40 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.605191469192505, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Brendel: 'I am a pessimist who enjoys being ..." }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "This acclaimed Austrian pianist, who has lived in London since the early 1970s, will retire from the concert stage at the end of the year. Wednesday’s recital and a performance last Sunday of Mozart’s Concerto No. 24 with the Met Orchestra and James Levine, also at Carnegie Hall, were his last New York appearances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534239768981934, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Brendel - Music - Review - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Mr. Brendel has performed with virtually all leading orchestras and conductors. He has appeared in the major cultural centers of Europe and the Far East, and his annual tours of North America have taken him from coast to coast. In recent seasons Mr. Brendel has performed with the Boston Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Chicago Symphony with Daniel Barenboim conducting, the Minnesota Orchestra and Osmo Vänskä, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic in the inaugural season of the new Disney Hall. He is an annual visitor to Carnegie Hall, where in 1983 he became the first pianist since the legendary Artur Schnabel to play all 32 Beethoven sonatas. At Carnegie Hall in 1999, he appeared six times in just over three weeks to delight audiences with recitals, chamber music, lieder with baritone Matthias Goerne, poetry reading, and a Mozart concerto with James Levine and the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Mr. Brendel's performance at Carnegie Hall the year before - on April 26, 1998 - marked the exact anniversary of his first public recital fifty years ago at the Kammermusiksaal in Graz, Austria. The same series of celebratory events took place later that year at the Lucerne Festival. Strongly identified for his performances of Mozart, Mr. Brendel marked the composer's 250th birth anniversary on January 27, 2006 with a special performance of Mozart's final piano concerto, K.595, with the Berlin Philharmonic and Simon Rattle at Carnegie Hall, which they performed together thereafter with the Philadelphia Orchestra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.46559634804725647, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Brendel Interview with Bruce Duffie" }, { "answer": "Austria", "passage": "Born in Weissenberg, Moravia, Alfred Brendel spent his childhood traveling throughout Yugoslavia and Austria. His father, an architectural engineer, businessman and cinema director, also ran a resort hotel on the Adriatic. The younger Brendel began piano lessons at the age of six but, owing to the family's continuous travel, had to give up one piano teacher after another. In his teens, he attended the Graz Conservatory where he studied piano, composition and conducting. He also showed talent as a painter and, when he made his recital debut at the age of 17, an art gallery near the concert hall was showing a one-man exhibition of his watercolors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.258335590362549, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Brendel Interview with Bruce Duffie" } ]

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[ { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. Such has been the case numerous times during the nation's history. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress. In another, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905, as a means to retain control of their lands. The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress. Instead, the Indian Territory, along with Oklahoma Territory were both incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907. The first instance occurred while the nation still operated under the Articles of Confederation. The State of Franklin existed for several years, not long after the end of the American Revolution, but was never recognized by the Confederation Congress, which ultimately recognized North Carolina's claim of sovereignty over the area. The territory comprising Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory, and ultimately the state of Tennessee.", "precise_score": -11.162249565124512, "rough_score": -10.900683403015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Also, statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions.", "precise_score": -11.180353164672852, "rough_score": -10.92687702178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport, Providence RI", "precise_score": 6.3099188804626465, "rough_score": 6.954766273498535, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport, Providence RI" }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": ", also known as Theodore Francis Green State Airport and Providence International Airport is located in Warwick, six miles (10 km) south of Providence, in Kent County, Rhode Island, USA. Completely rebuilt in 1996, it was the first state-owned airport in the United States.", "precise_score": 8.345894813537598, "rough_score": 9.077794075012207, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport, Providence RI" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "There are two terminals with two concourses, North and South. The South Concourse has eight gates, and the North Concourse has 14 gates. Gate 8 is designed for international arrivals for use by Air Canada and SATA International flights; it is directly connected to customs, which is on the lower level of the concourse. The terminal contains a number of stores and restaurants, and a central food court.", "precise_score": -10.661993026733398, "rough_score": -10.091160774230957, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport, Providence RI" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "© Copyright 2017, Providence-Airport.com, not the official airport website", "precise_score": -9.91390323638916, "rough_score": -10.849205017089844, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport, Providence RI" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) 2000 Post Rd Warwick, RI Major Airports - MapQuest", "precise_score": 5.619010925292969, "rough_score": 6.943731307983398, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) 2000 Post Rd ..." }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport PVD is an airport serving the Providence, Rhode Island. PVD Airport is situated approximately 6 miles to the southeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. Currently, the airport transports about four million passengers annually. T. F. Green State Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Rhode Island.", "precise_score": 6.377304553985596, "rough_score": 7.304075241088867, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) 2000 Post Rd ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Located just east of I-95 and to the south of Airport Road, PVD Airport has a variety of parking options including economy, short-term, long-term, garage and valet. T. F. Green Airport consists of a main terminal and two concourses (North, South) with 22 gates, all connected via walkway. There are 7 airlines that fly in and out of PVD serving several domestic locations.", "precise_score": -10.084260940551758, "rough_score": -10.63529109954834, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) 2000 Post Rd ..." }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "At T. F. Green State Airport there is an array of quick service and full service dining options, ranging from Starbucks Coffee to Shipyard Brew Pub. Whether it is books and magazines on your list or clothing and accessories MSY has you covered with options ranging from CNBC News to Brooks Brothers. In terms of services there are airline clubs, currency exchanges, ATMs, shoeshine and Wi-Fi.", "precise_score": -8.64539623260498, "rough_score": -10.193833351135254, "source": "search", "title": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) 2000 Post Rd ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Private Jet Charter Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) | Victor", "precise_score": 5.095056056976318, "rough_score": 7.190286159515381, "source": "search", "title": "Private Jet Charter Theodore Francis Green State Airport ..." }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport is a regional private jet airport located in Rhode Island, United States suitable for a variety of private jets and its International Air Transport Association code is PVD.", "precise_score": 8.599928855895996, "rough_score": 9.418506622314453, "source": "search", "title": "Private Jet Charter Theodore Francis Green State Airport ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "With Victor, chartering private jets to and from Theodore Francis Green State Airport has never been easier.", "precise_score": 4.4079270362854, "rough_score": 6.284370422363281, "source": "search", "title": "Private Jet Charter Theodore Francis Green State Airport ..." }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Theodore Francis Green State Airport or T. F. Green Airport is a public airport which is located in Warwick, Rhode Island, 6 miles south of the capital of Providence. The airport was named after Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Island’s former governor and senator.", "precise_score": 7.564048767089844, "rough_score": 7.474935531616211, "source": "search", "title": "Find Flights to Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Book flights to Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD) with CheapOair! In addition to offering competitive airfares to locations most convenient for you, we provide useful information to inform your travel to PVD. Read below to learn more about PVD flights, and count on CheapOair for the best deals on all of your travel booking needs.", "precise_score": 4.197042465209961, "rough_score": 5.500175476074219, "source": "search", "title": "Find Flights to Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent political entities that shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958622932434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "States range in population from just under 600,000 (Wyoming) to over 38 million (California), and in area from (Rhode Island) to (Alaska). Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104493141174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local governmental authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state. State governments are allocated power by the people (of each respective state) through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in republican principles, and each provides for a government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27109432220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution; among them ratifying constitutional amendments. Historically, the tasks of local law enforcement, public education, public health, regulating intrastate commerce, and local transportation and infrastructure have generally been considered primarily state responsibilities, although all of these now have significant federal funding and regulation as well. Over time, the U.S. Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a continuing debate over states' rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states' powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government and the rights of individuals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183073997497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, and at least one Representative, while additional representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is also entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators from that state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144356727600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172860145568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "As each state is itself a sovereign entity, it reserves the right to organize its individual government in any way (within the broad parameters set by the U.S. Constitution) deemed appropriate by its people. As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157196044921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Most states have part-time legislatures, while six of the most populated states have full-time legislatures. However, several states with high population have short legislative sessions, including Texas and Florida. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457364082336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "In Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court held that all states are required to elect their legislatures in such a way as to afford each citizen the same degree of representation (the one person, one vote standard). In practice, most states choose to elect legislators from single-member districts, each of which has approximately the same population. Some states, such as Maryland and Vermont, divide the state into single- and multi-member districts, in which case multi-member districts must have proportionately larger populations, e.g., a district electing two representatives must have approximately twice the population of a district electing just one. If the governor vetoes legislation, all legislatures may override it, usually, but not always, requiring a two-thirds majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241266250610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "In 2013, there were a total of 7,383 legislators in the 50 state legislative bodies. They earned from $0 annually (New Mexico) to $90,526 (California). There were various per diem and mileage compensation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3812837600708, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "States can also organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as they protect the federal constitutional right of their citizens to procedural due process. Most have a trial level court, generally called a District Court or Superior Court, a first-level appellate court, generally called a Court of Appeal (or Appeals), and a Supreme Court. However, Oklahoma and Texas have separate highest courts for criminal appeals. In New York State the trial court is called the Supreme Court; appeals are then taken to the Supreme Court's Appellate Division, and from there to the Court of Appeals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353593826293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Each state admitted to the Union by Congress since 1789 has entered it on an equal footing with the original States in all respects. With the growth of states' rights advocacy during the antebellum period, the Supreme Court asserted, in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan (1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152101516723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Under Article Four of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, each state is required to give full faith and credit to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts and criminal judgments, and before 1865, slavery status. Regardless of the Full Faith and Credit Clause, some legal arrangements, such as professional licensure and marriages, may be state-specific, and until recently states have not been found by the courts to be required to honor such arrangements from other states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257554054260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Such legal acts are nevertheless often recognized state-to-state according to the common practice of comity. States are prohibited from discriminating against citizens of other states with respect to their basic rights, under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Under the Extradition Clause, a state must extradite people located there who have fled charges of \"treason, felony, or other crimes\" in another state if the other state so demands. The principle of hot pursuit of a presumed felon and arrest by the law officers of one state in another state are often permitted by a state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33689022064209, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "With the consent of Congress, states may enter into interstate compacts, agreements between two or more states. Compacts are frequently used to manage a shared resource, such as transportation infrastructure or water rights. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331170082092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Every state is guaranteed a form of government that is grounded in republican principles, such as the consent of the governed. This guarantee has long been at the fore-front of the debate about the rights of citizens vis-à-vis the government. States are also guaranteed protection from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was discussed during the 1967 Detroit riot, but was not invoked.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298805236816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Since the early 20th century, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause of the Constitution of the United States to allow greatly expanded scope of federal power over time, at the expense of powers formerly considered purely states' matters. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States says, \"On the whole, especially after the mid-1880s, the Court construed the Commerce Clause in favor of increased federal power.\" In Wickard v. Filburn , the court expanded federal power to regulate the economy by holding that federal authority under the commerce clause extends to activities which may appear to be local in nature but in reality effect the entire national economy and are therefore of national concern. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348796844482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "For example, Congress can regulate railway traffic across state lines, but it may also regulate rail traffic solely within a state, based on the reality that intrastate traffic still affects interstate commerce. In recent years, the Court has tried to place limits on the Commerce Clause in such cases as United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145808219909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "Another example of congressional power is its spending power—the ability of Congress to impose taxes and distribute the resulting revenue back to the states (subject to conditions set by Congress). An example of this is the system of federal aid for highways, which include the Interstate Highway System. The system is mandated and largely funded by the federal government, and also serves the interests of the states. By threatening to withhold federal highway funds, Congress has been able to pressure state legislatures to pass a variety of laws. An example is the nationwide legal drinking age of 21, enacted by each state, brought about by the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Although some objected that this infringes on states' rights, the Supreme Court upheld the practice as a permissible use of the Constitution's Spending Clause in South Dakota v. Dole .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308873176574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. It also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had Western land claims (there were 4 in 1787), to have a veto over whether their western counties could become states, and has served this same function since, whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states in order that a region within might either join another state or to create a new state has come before Congress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167924880981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Most of the states admitted to the Union after the original 13 have been created from organized territories established and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2. The outline for this process was established by the Northwest Ordinance (1787), which predates the ratification of the Constitution. In some cases, an entire territory has become a state; in others some part of a territory has.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376794815063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "When the people of a territory make their desire for statehood known to the federal government, Congress may pass an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution as a step towards admission to the Union. Each act details the mechanism by which the territory will be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers. Although the use of an enabling act is a traditional historic practice, a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted. Upon acceptance of that constitution, and upon meeting any additional Congressional stipulations, Congress has always admitted that territory as a state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248239517211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states were never an organized territory of the federal government, or part of one, before being admitted to the Union. Three were set off from an already existing state, two entered the Union after having been sovereign states, and one was established from unorganized territory:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262882232666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "*Kentucky, 1792, from Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties)Michael P. Riccards, \"Lincoln and the Political Question: The Creation of the State of West Virginia\" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109893798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "*Maine, 1820, from Massachusetts (District of Maine)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436229705810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "*West Virginia, 1863, from Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties) during the Civil War ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44057559967041, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Puerto Rico", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543719291687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Puerto Rico referred to itself as the \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\" in the English version of its constitution, and as \"Estado Libre Asociado\" (literally, Associated Free State) in the Spanish version.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437091827392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "As with any non-state territory of the United States, its residents do not have voting representation in the federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited voting rights in the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, and no voting rights otherwise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137883186340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "A non-binding referendum on statehood, independence, or a new option for an associated territory (different from the current status) was held on November 6, 2012. Sixty one percent (61%) of voters chose the statehood option, while one third of the ballots were submitted blank. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460850715637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "On December 11, 2012, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366292953491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The intention of the Founding Fathers was that the United States capital should be at a neutral site, not giving favor to any existing state; as a result, the District of Columbia was created in 1800 to serve as the seat of government. The inhabitants of the District do not have full representation in Congress or a sovereign elected government (they were allotted presidential electors by the 23rd amendment, and have a non-voting delegate in Congress).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164743423461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Some residents of the District support statehood of some form for that jurisdiction—either statehood for the whole district or for the inhabited part, with the remainder remaining under federal jurisdiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299434661865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Various proposals to divide California, usually involving splitting the south half from the north or the urban coastline from the rest of the state, have been advanced since the 1850s. Similarly, numerous proposals to divide New York, all of which involve to some degree the separation of New York City from the rest of the state, have been promoted over the past several decades. The partitioning of either state is, at the present, highly unlikely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358509063720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Other even less likely possible new states are Guam and the Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, either the Northern Mariana Islands or American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could seek statehood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073456764221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. However, its predecessor document, the Articles of Confederation, stated that the United States \"shall be perpetual.\" The question of whether or not individual states held the right to unilateral secession remained a difficult and divisive one until the American Civil War. In 1860 and 1861, eleven southern states seceded, but following their defeat in the American Civil War were brought back into the Union during the Reconstruction Era. The federal government never recognized the secession of any of the rebellious states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068562507629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Following the Civil War, the United States Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that states did not have the right to secede and that any act of secession was legally void. Drawing on the Preamble to the Constitution, which states that the Constitution was intended to \"form a more perfect union\" and speaks of the people of the United States in effect as a single body politic, as well as the language of the Articles of Confederation, the Supreme Court maintained that states did not have a right to secede. However, the court's reference in the same decision to the possibility of such changes occurring \"through revolution, or through consent of the States,\" essentially means that this decision holds that no state has a right to unilaterally decide to leave the Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23774528503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Four states—Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia —adopted Constitutions early in their post-colonial existence identifying themselves as commonwealths, rather than states. These commonwealths are states, but legally, each is a commonwealth because the term is contained in its constitution. As a result, \"commonwealth\" is used in all public and other state writings, actions or activities within their bounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278436660766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "The term, which refers to a state in which the supreme power is vested in the people, was first used in Virginia during the Interregnum, the 1649–60 period between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II during which parliament's Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector established a republican government known as the Commonwealth of England. Virginia became a royal colony again in 1660, and the word was dropped from the full title. When Virginia adopted its first constitution on June 29, 1776, it was reintroduced. Pennsylvania followed suit when it drew up a constitution later that year, as did Massachusetts, in 1780, and Kentucky, in 1792.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18044376373291, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The U.S. territories of the Northern Marianas and Puerto Rico are also referred to as commonwealths. This designation does have a legal status different from that of the 50 states. Both of these commonwealths are unincorporated territories of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267428398132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Origins of states' names", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477529525756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "The 50 states have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from Native American languages. Of these, eight are from Algonquian languages, seven are from Siouan languages, three are from Iroquoian languages, one is from Uto-Aztecan languages and five others are from other indigenous languages. Hawaii's name is derived from the Polynesian Hawaiian language.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433022499084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages: Seven from Latin (mainly Latinized forms of English names), the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are named after individual people, including seven named for royalty and one named after an American president. The origins of six state names are unknown or disputed. Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples, have retained the plural ending of \"s\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341690063476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The borders of the 13 original states were largely determined by colonial charters. Their western boundaries were subsequently modified as the states ceded their western land claims to the Federal government during the 1780s and 1790s. Many state borders beyond those of the original 13 were set by Congress as it created territories, divided them, and over time, created states within them. Territorial and new state lines often followed various geographic features (such as rivers or mountain range peaks), and were influenced by settlement or transportation patterns. At various times, national borders with territories formerly controlled by other countries (British North America, New France, New Spain including Spanish Florida, and Russian America) became institutionalized as the borders of U.S. states. In the West, relatively arbitrary straight lines following latitude and longitude often prevail, due to the sparseness of settlement west of the Mississippi River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982196807861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Only two states, Missouri (Platte Purchase) and Nevada, grew appreciably after statehood. Several of the original states ceded land, over a several year period, to the Federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, Southwest Territory, and Mississippi Territory. In 1791 Maryland and Virginia ceded land to create the District of Columbia (Virginia's portion was returned in 1847). In 1850, Texas ceded a large swath of land to the federal government. Additionally, Massachusetts and Virginia (on two occasions), have lost land, in each instance to form a new state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938111305236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "There have been numerous other minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. Occasionally the United States Congress or the United States Supreme Court have settled state border disputes. One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York, in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270058631896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings. Many are defined in law or regulations by the federal government. For example, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau region definition is \"widely used … for data collection and analysis,\"\"The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2003\" (Report #:DOE/EIA-0581, October 2009). United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. and is the most commonly used classification system. Other multi-state regions are unofficial, and defined by geography or cultural affinity rather than by state lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271862030029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Charter a private jet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475589752197266, "source": "search", "title": "Private Jet Charter Theodore Francis Green State Airport ..." }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The MBTA Commuter rail service runs from T.F. Green Airport to downtown Providence, buses and taxis run from the airport to downtown providence. A taxi trip to Providence takes approximately 15 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164275169372559, "source": "search", "title": "Find Flights to Theodore Francis Green State Airport (PVD ..." }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Providence, Rhode Island, USA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456680297851562, "source": "search", "title": "AirNav: KPVD - Theodore Francis Green State Airport" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Variation: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44079875946045, "source": "search", "title": "AirNav: KPVD - Theodore Francis Green State Airport" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "6 miles S of PROVIDENCE, RI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558125495910645, "source": "search", "title": "AirNav: KPVD - Theodore Francis Green State Airport" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "UTC -5 (UTC -4 during Daylight Saving Time)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569921493530273, "source": "search", "title": "AirNav: KPVD - Theodore Francis Green State Airport" }, { "answer": "R I", "passage": "VGSI AND GLIDEPATH NOT COINCIDENT. RVR equipment: touchdown, midfield, rollouttouchdown Approach lights: ALSF2: standard 2,400 foot high intensity approach lighting system with centerline sequenced flashers (category II or III)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568862915039062, "source": "search", "title": "AirNav: KPVD - Theodore Francis Green State Airport" }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074069023132324, "source": "search", "title": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "Rhode Island", "passage": "Southwest Airlines began service in Rhode Island in 1996, forever changing the dynamics of air service in Rhode Island and the region. read more...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338010787963867, "source": "search", "title": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "The Service Animal Relief Area is located post security in the North Concourse. read more...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363353729248047, "source": "search", "title": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "Green Airport  |  2000 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886  |  888-268-7222", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027084350585938, "source": "search", "title": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "RI", "passage": "InterLink  |  700 Jefferson Blvd. Warwick, RI 02886", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523205757141113, "source": "search", "title": "Green Airport | PVD | Rhode Island" } ]

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[ { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Demi Gene Guynes ( ; born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore, is an American actress, filmmaker, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career, and appeared in a nude pictorial in Oui magazine in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained recognition for her work in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo's Fire (1985). Her first film to become both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night... (1986), which established her as a Hollywood star.", "precise_score": 5.366497993469238, "rough_score": 6.687769889831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Demi Moore" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Demi Moore was born on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her father, Charles Foster Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia Beverly (King), before Demi was born. Her stepfather, Danny Guynes, did not add much stability to her life, either. He frequently changed jobs and made the family move a total of 40 times. The parents kept on drinking, arguing and beating, until Guynes finally committed suicide. Demi quit school at age 16 to work as a pin-up-girl. At 18, she married rock musician Freddy Moore ; the marriage lasted four years. At 19, she became a regular on the soap opera General Hospital (1963) (1982-1983). From the first salaries, she started partying and sniffing cocaine. That lasted more than three years, until director Joel Schumacher threatened to fire her from the set of St. Elmo's Fire (1985) when she turned up high. She got a withdrawal treatment and returned clean within a week... and stayed clean. With determination and a skill for publicity stunts, like the nude appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair while pregnant, she made her way to fame. Thanks to the huge commercial success of Ghost (1990) and the controversial pictures Indecent Proposal (1993) and Disclosure (1994), she became Hollywood's most sought-after and most expensive actress.", "precise_score": 2.893993854522705, "rough_score": 5.499702453613281, "source": "search", "title": "Demi Moore - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Demi Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career, and posed for a nude pictorial in Oui magazine in 1980. After making her film debut in 1981, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained attention for her roles in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo’s Fire (1985). Her first film to become both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night (1986), which established her as a Hollywood star.", "precise_score": 5.8181939125061035, "rough_score": 5.955146312713623, "source": "search", "title": "Demi Moore Biography - Cast Of Movies" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Moore made her film debut with a small supporting role in the deaf-teen drama Choices (1981), directed by Silvio Narizzano. Her second feature was the 1982 3-D science fiction/horror film Parasite, for which director Charles Band had instructed casting director Johanna Ray to \"find me the next Karen Allen.\" Moore then joined the cast of the ABC soap opera General Hospital, playing the role of investigative reporter Jackie Templeton from December 1981 to March 1984. During her tenure on the series, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in the 1982 spoof Young Doctors in Love.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1010737195611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Demi Moore" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Auditioned for (and won) the role of Jackie Templeton on General Hospital (1963) after producers put out a casting call for a \" Margot Kidder / Karen Allen \" type actress (both of whom were top box office stars at the time).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078160285949707, "source": "search", "title": "Demi Moore - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Yes, Demi Moore was a key player in Hollywood’s Brat Pack. But before she appeared in movie hits like “St. Elmo’s Fire,” she played investigative reporter Jackie Templeton in “General Hospital” in the early 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1025333404541016, "source": "search", "title": "21 Actors Who Got Their Big Breaks On TV Soap Operas ..." }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Eva Longoria got her break on a couple of daytime soap operas. She made a guest appearance on “General Hospital” in 2000 before joining the cast of “The Young and The Restless” as Isabella Brana in 2001. Eva left the series in 2003 and went on to become a household name by playing Gabrielle Solis in “Desperate Housewives” a year later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.397279739379883, "source": "search", "title": "21 Actors Who Got Their Big Breaks On TV Soap Operas ..." }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Soap opera pedigree: played Jackie Templeton in General Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825664520263672, "source": "search", "title": "Death, coma or the revolving door trick: what now for Ridge?" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "In 1982, 19 year-old Demi Moore landed her first big acting role on General Hospital, beating out 1,000 other actresses for the job. Her character, Jackie Templeton, had a red-hot romance with the GH hunk Luke Spencer, played by Anthony Geary. Still, Moore's future husband, Ashton Kutcher, couldn't have been too jealous of their onscreen chemistry-he was only 4 years old at the time. Moore left GH in 1983 and went on to star in Blame It on Rio and St. Elmo’s Fire, eventually landing her big break in Ghost. Her key to such a successful career? Self-discipline. “It's the key to everything,” she has said. “I believe it down to my core. If there is structure, you can do anything.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.031338214874268, "source": "search", "title": "Stars Who Got Their Start on Soap Operas | InStyle.com" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "“I started on General Hospital when I was 18, but I was still flipping burgers at my dad's restaurant. He wouldn't let me quit!\" John Stamos has said of his start in the soap biz. \"People would come in and say, ‘Aren't you on General Hospital?’ and I'd say, ‘No.’” Coming onto the scene as Blackie Parrish on GH in 1981, Stamos became so popular that he started receiving 10,000 fan letters a week. He stayed for two years before moving on to become the Uncle Jesse on the family sitcom, Full House. When that show ended, he toured with the Beach Boys, starred on Broadway and, most recently, landed in the ER as the gorgeous Dr. Gates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.951875686645508, "source": "search", "title": "Stars Who Got Their Start on Soap Operas | InStyle.com" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Known as “Kiki” to close friends and relatives, Puerto Rican native Ricky Martin has made girls go crazy with songs like “Livin' La Vida Loca” and “Shake Your Bon Bon.” But Martin was first known as hospital orderly Miguel Morez on General Hospital. “What I love about doing a soap opera character is that you can never be sure what will happen to him next,” The Menudo alum said back then. After two years on the show, Martin left to star in Les Miserables on Broadway. The multi-talented singer then went on to release albums that have catapulted him to international fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.931983947753906, "source": "search", "title": "Stars Who Got Their Start on Soap Operas | InStyle.com" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "At 19, she became a regular on the soap opera General Hospital. From the first salaries, she started partying and sniffing cocaine. That lasted more than three years, until director Joel Schumacher threatened to fire her from the set of St. Elmo’s Fire when she turned up high. She got a withdrawal treatment and returned clean within a week; and stayed clean. With determination and a skill for publicity stunts, like the nude appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair while pregnant, she made her way to fame. Thanks to the huge commercial success of Ghost and the controversial pictures Indecent Proposal and Disclosure, she’s Hollywood’s most sought-after and most expensive actress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.36867904663086, "source": "search", "title": "Demi Moore Biography - Cast Of Movies" }, { "answer": "General Hospital", "passage": "Moore made her film debut with a supporting role in the low-budget teen drama Choices in year 1981, directed by Silvio Narizzano. Her second feature was the 1982, 3-D science fiction/horror film Parasite, for which director Charles Band had instructed casting director Johanna Ray to find me the next Karen Allen. Moore gained greater exposure when she joined the cast of the ABC soap opera General Hospital, playing the role of Jackie Templeton from 1982 to 1983. During her tenure on the series, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in the 1982 spoof Young Doctors in Love.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3549279570579529, "source": "search", "title": "Demi Moore Biography - Cast Of Movies" } ]

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[ { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. Its estimated mid-2015 population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 per cent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants, while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million.", "precise_score": 5.036420822143555, "rough_score": 7.059012413024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "London" }, { "answer": "seven million", "passage": "In terms of its population London overshadowed all other British and almost all European cities even in the late seventeenth century and continued to do so throughout the next two and a half centuries. By the early twentieth century it dwarfed its largest competitors, and formed an urban machine for living that was unprecedented in human history. From a population of around half a million when the Proceedings began publication in 1674, London reached a staggering population of over seven million by the time they ceased in 1913. From a city which was just starting to spill beyond the confines of the ‘Square Mile’, by 1913 London marched across the landscape, some seventeen miles from end to end.", "precise_score": 1.8192942142486572, "rough_score": 1.978574514389038, "source": "search", "title": "London History - A Population History of London - Central ..." }, { "answer": "seven million", "passage": "There are many museums in England, but perhaps the most notable is London's British Museum. Its collection of more than seven million objects is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books. The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6938696503639221, "source": "wiki", "title": "England" }, { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "According to the Office for National Statistics’ (ONS) latest population predictions, there will be by 9.7 million residents in the city by the middle of 2024 and the rate shows no sign of slowing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.132437705993652, "source": "search", "title": "London population predicted to near 10 million within a ..." }, { "answer": "seven million", "passage": "The last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth saw continued strong growth, in some ways replicating and reinforcing the pattern set in preceding decades. The over three million people living in Greater London in 1861 more than doubled to become over seven million by the 1910s. During the same period, the flow of European immigrants rose from a steady stream to a regular river of humanity, while migration from the wider world also grew in importance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.757378101348877, "source": "search", "title": "London History - A Population History of London - Central ..." }, { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "The population of Britain could rise from its current record level of 63.7 million to just under 78 million by 2037 Photo: ALAMY", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1216208934783936, "source": "search", "title": "UK population could hit 132 million, warn official figures ..." }, { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "The dramatic upward revision suggests the population of Britain could rise from its current record level of 63.7 million to just under 78 million by 2037.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6571838855743408, "source": "search", "title": "UK population could hit 132 million, warn official figures ..." }, { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "They suggest that the population will be between 71.4 million and 77.7 million by 2037.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.180806636810303, "source": "search", "title": "UK population could hit 132 million, warn official figures ..." }, { "answer": "7 million", "passage": "If higher levels of migration, life expectancy and birth rate are all factored in the, UK population would then soar to 77.7 million within 25 years and 93 million within 50 years. 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[ { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic artist active from 1922 to 1963. She began as an apprentice potter. By reason of her talent and ability, she became a ceramic artist, becoming the head of the factory artistic department.", "precise_score": 6.4875168800354, "rough_score": 6.9174370765686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "In 1930, Cliff was appointed Art Director to Newport Pottery and A. J. Wilkinson, the two adjoining factories that produced her wares. Her work involved spending more time with the Colley Shorter, and this gradually developed into an affair, conducted in secrecy. The couple worked closely together on creating awareness of 'Bizarre ware' to catch the attention of buyers in the middle of a major financial depression, and with a skilful eye and great foresight, Colley Shorter registered Clarice's name and even some of her shapes. It was her ability to design both patterns and also the shapes they were to go on that distinguished Cliff above any other designers in the Staffordshire Potteries at this time. Her first modelling in the mid 20s was of stylised figures, people, ducks, the floral embossed Davenport ware of 1925. But in 1929 at the same time as she started the colourful cubist and landscape designs, Cliff's modelling took on a new style. This was influenced by European originals by Désny, Tétard Freres, Josef Hoffmann and others, that she had seen in design journals including 'Mobilier e Décoration'. ", "precise_score": 5.490377426147461, "rough_score": 5.089157581329346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Ceramicist", "passage": "Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found '360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers'. This was put into context when he pointed out that in the same period, Susie Cooper, another Staffordshire ceramicist and designer, had 'fewer than 20 reviews, all bar one in the trade press' . ", "precise_score": 2.7801194190979004, "rough_score": 5.569209575653076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "In 1982 the ORIGINAL Clarice Cliff Collectors Club was formed and promoted her and her work throughout the world. The club founder had appealed in the Staffordshire Evening Sentinel for anyone who worked with Cliff to contact him and was delighted when he found 28 former workers. Still calling themselves the 'Bizarre girls' even in their mid 70s and early 80s Cliff's former painters were delighted in the interest in the pottery they had hand painted 50 years earlier. They attended the annual meetings of the club, and were to be involved in many television and radio programmes about Cliff, and a mass of books that appeared. Many of their memories were recorded in the CCCC Reviews from 1982 to 2004. The club also held meetings and exhibitions in Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand.", "precise_score": 4.635964870452881, "rough_score": 5.814428806304932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "The collecting market for Clarice Cliff pottery is complex; it is still possible to find examples of Crocus, Cliff's longest produced pattern (1928–1964) for as little as £30–50. But rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by Christie's, South Kensington, London, who sold an 18 in 'charger' (wall plaque) in the May Avenue pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an 8 in vase in Sunspots for £20,000. ", "precise_score": 2.952315092086792, "rough_score": 6.389468669891357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "When I bought my first piece of Clarice Cliff pottery in 1979 many antique dealers had not even heard of her. Some referred to her �Clarence� Cliff! The startling contrast between designs such as Crocus and Lugano; or shapes such as her Yo Yo vase and the very traditional My Garden ware, was puzzling. How could ONE person have designed such a diversity of designs?", "precise_score": 3.8526532649993896, "rough_score": 5.32724142074585, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice Cliff is, today, regarded as one of the most influential ceramics artists of the 20th Century and her work is collected, valued and admired the world over. She was born on January 20th 1899 in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent and started work at the age of 13 in 'The Potteries'. Clarice moved to the AJ Wilkinson's pottery factory in 1916. She was ambitious and her skills were recognised so that eventually she was given her own studio. It was here that she starting creating her own patterns and the famous 'Bizarre' wares were launched in 1927.", "precise_score": 6.934928894042969, "rough_score": 6.724461555480957, "source": "search", "title": "The Original Clarice Cliff Website - History, Museum ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice Cliff Pottery", "precise_score": 2.4763875007629395, "rough_score": 6.330629348754883, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Clarice Cliff: The potter", "precise_score": 2.5142526626586914, "rough_score": 5.507421493530273, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice Cliff was born in Tunstall, England in 1899 and grew up in the Staffordshire pottery district. She began work at 13 years of age and by 1916 was a studio painter at Wilkinson Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem, England.", "precise_score": 4.002946376800537, "rough_score": 6.025814533233643, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "From 1928-1937, most marks included a line name, such as \"Bizarre Line\" and the name \"Clarice Cliff\". These pieces can also have either the Wilkinson or Newport Pottery names as well. Between 1937 to 1963, the line names were dropped and backstamps had only the name \"Clarice Cliff.\" In 1963, the use of the Clarice Cliff name was ended when the Newport factories were sold to a company named Midwinters. Midwinters was in turn acquired by the Wedgwood Group in 1970.", "precise_score": 3.4722750186920166, "rough_score": 5.163707733154297, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "CLARICE CLIFF POTTERY", "precise_score": 2.4763875007629395, "rough_score": 6.330629348754883, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Clarice Cliff was born in Stoke-on-Trent in 1899. By the First World War, she was working in one of the many factories that dominated the potteries.", "precise_score": 3.249102830886841, "rough_score": 6.241504192352295, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Ceramics", "passage": "History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most Influential Ceramics Artists", "precise_score": 4.059080600738525, "rough_score": 5.5126261711120605, "source": "search", "title": "History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "With the ever-deepening worldwide depression, Clarice could no longer afford to fail and this may have created the climate for the uninspired patterns of the latter half of the 1930s. By 1935, even the name \"Bizarre\" had been phased out and the pottery was simply marked \"Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery or Wilkinson Ltd., England\"(the whole subject of backstamps is enormously complicated and if interested you should consult The Bizarre Affair).", "precise_score": 5.4998979568481445, "rough_score": 5.915966033935547, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice Cliff was unique. She chose to interpret art deco in her medium -- ceramics -- with vivid colors and strong lines unlike any seen before. For a very few brief years she was encouraged to try anything -- no matter how extreme -- and try anything she did. She said in 1930 that \"color seems to radiate happiness and the spirit of modern life\" and somehow that is what she created with her pottery -- joy and a sense of limitless possibility. When you look at a piece of Clarice Cliff Pottery you can almost see that room full of young boys and girls listening to the radio, gossiping about the dance to come, and painting as fast they can. Bevis Hillier argued that \"the cosy genius...continues to appeal because there are moments when one feels like cosiness rather than angst, profundity or high art.\" Clarice Cliff was a cosy genius who made people feel brighter in the darkening 1930s. Clearly her work is having the same effect in the 1990s.", "precise_score": 7.37779426574707, "rough_score": 6.318322658538818, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Sometimes in North America dealers price anything with a Clarice Cliff backstamp as though it were a wonderful hand-painted bit of Bizarre. Like most Staffordshire potteries after the war, the Wilkinson factory suffered hard times and they produced anything they thought would sell. Although the pieces may have a Clarice Cliff backstamp, few of them were designed by Clarice and they are not of interest to most serious collectors who are looking for the hand painted wares from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s.", "precise_score": 3.685947895050049, "rough_score": 5.251504898071289, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Cliff was sent to a different school from her siblings, and this perhaps prompted her more independent approach to her career, and her non-standard life style by Stoke-on-Trent standards. After school Cliff would visit aunts who were hand painters at a local pottery company, and she also made models from papier-mâché at school. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.437014579772949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "At the age of 13, Cliff started working in the pottery industry. Her first work was as a gilder, adding gold lines on ware of traditional design. Once she had mastered this she changed jobs to learn freehand painting at another potbank, at the same time studying art and sculpture at the Burslem School of Art in the evenings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.21811056137085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "In 1916,Cliff made the rather unusual decision to move to the factory of A.J. Wilkinson at Newport, Burslem, to improve her career opportunities. This necessitated a lengthy journey to work. This was an unusual start to an unusual career; most young women in the Staffordshire Potteries were on 'apprentice wages', and having mastered a particular task, stayed with that to maximise their income. However, Cliff was ambitious and acquired skills in modelling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware: outlining, enamelling (filling in colours within the outline) and banding (the radial bands on plates or vessels). In the early 1920s her immediate boss Jack Walker brought Cliff to the attention of one of the two factory owners, Colley Shorter, who managed it with his brother Guy. Colley Shorter was 17 years older than Cliff, and as well as playing a major role in nurturing her skills and ideas, he was later to be her husband.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.627882480621338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Cliff was given a second apprenticeship at A. J. Wilkinson's in 1924 (when she was already 25 years old) primarily as a 'modeller' but she also worked with the factory designers John Butler and Fred Ridgway. They produced conservative, Victorian style ware – Butler had been the designer for over 20 years by this time. Eventually, Cliff's wide range of skills were recognised and in 1927 she was given her own studio at the adjoining Newport Pottery which Shorter had bought in 1920. Here Cliff was allowed to decorate some of the old defective 'glost' (white) ware in her own freehand patterns. For these she used on-glaze enamel colours, which enabled a brighter palette than underglaze colours. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.435126543045044, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "She covered the imperfections in simple patterns of triangles, in a style that she called 'Bizarre'. The earliest examples had just a hand-painted mark, usually in a rust coloured paint, 'Bizarre by Clarice Cliff', sometimes with 'Newport Pottery' underneath. To the surprise of the company's senior salesman Ewart Oakes, when he took a car load to a major stockist, it was immediately popular. Clarice was joined by young painter Gladys Scarlett, who helped her with the ware, and soon a more professional 'backstamp' was made, which carried Cliff's facsimile signature, and proclaimed Hand painted Bizarre by Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery England. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.771554470062256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "From 1927 Cliff was actually credited for shapes she designed, such as her Viking Boat flower holder, though her modelling for the factory is recorded in trade journal as far back as 1923–24. The shapes from 1929 onwards took on a more 'Moderne' influence, often angular and geometric, and some are what was to be later termed Art Deco. Abstract and cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 Ravel (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware) which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of Cliff's rather Bizarre shape ideas which proved popular with 1930s customers. Ravel was to be produced between 1929 and at least as late as 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.607517719268799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "The factory produced a series of small colour printed leaflets (quite unusual for this time) which could be obtained by post, or picked up from stockists. This promotional device was clearly successful, as one young girl was employed whose only job was to put the leaflets in stamped addressed envelopes sent into the factory. At this time, many women would buy pottery by 'mail order' from advertising in magazines. The series of leaflets, each of which covered a range of pieces in a similar style or set of colours, included ones for Bizarre, Fantasque, Delecia, Appliqué, Inspiration, Crocus & Gayday and others. The original leaflet for the Appliqué patterns featured just two, Lucerne and Lugano, but Cliff's prolific ability to design new patterns is witnessed by the fact that by 1932 the Appliqué range had 14 patterns: with Avignon, Windmill, Red Tree, Idyll, Palermo, Blossom, Caravan, Bird of Paradise, Etna, Garden, Eden and Monsoon in addition to the original two. The Appliqué Lugano pattern is shown left on a 10 in wall plaque, with (inset) the printed Bizarre mark, and a hand painted range name as often seen on this ware. Appliqué, with its more intense colouring, proved long term to be one of the most sought after Cliff ranges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.862868309020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Cliff's worldwide impact was made clear by a story in the 'Pasadena Evening Post' in California. It pictured her with a five-foot-high 'horse' made entirely of Bizarre ware which had been made to promote the ware in Britain. It was in this article, that Cliff made what has become her most famous quote: Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.702729225158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Cliff's patterns are highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours, such as the 1933 Honolulu pattern. The trees are enamelled in red (coral) orange and yellow. Cliff produced a colourway variation on this by simply changing the trees to shades of blue and pink, and this was then called Rudyard after a local Staffordshire beauty spot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.734292030334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Despite all the publicity she received, Cliff was actually quite camera shy, and in most cases the images of her pottery were what dominated the women's magazine of the day. One picture which shows Cliff informally was taken when a South African stockist of her ware, from Werner Brothers, visited the factory on a buying trip. Cliff is seen with the 3-year-old daughter and wife of the stockist. After the visit Cliff sent the daughter a present of a miniature child's tea set painted in her Honolulu pattern. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.273819446563721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "During World War II only plain white pottery (utility ware) was permitted under wartime regulations, so Cliff assisted with management of the pottery but was not able to continue design work. Instead she concentrated her creative talents on gardening and the massive 4 acre garden at Chetwynd House became her shared passion with Shorter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.941254615783691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "A.J.Wilkinson and their Newport Pottery continued to sell ware under Cliff's name until 1964. The death of Colley Shorter in 1963 led Cliff to sell the factory to Midwinter in 1964 and she retired, becoming somewhat of a recluse. However, from December 1971 to January 1972, the first exhibition of Clarice Cliff pottery took place at Brighton, East Sussex. Cliff reluctantly provided comments for the catalogue, though she refused an invitation to go to the opening. The exhibition was prompted by enthusiastic collectors, including Martin Battersby, an early devotee of 20s and 30s design, the first author on that period to publish major works, and a devotee of Cliff's ceramics. Then, on 23 October 1972, Cliff died suddenly at Chetwynd House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.558594703674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "The first pieces produced included a ginger jar in House and Bridge, a large shape 14 vase in Solitude, a Stamford shape teapot milk and sugar in Pink Roof Cottage, a Conical bowl in Tennis, and a wall plaque in Lightning. From 1996 to 2002 pieces were made for CCCC members and these were also sold at major Wedgwood rooms. The hand painted pieces ceased production in 2002 but ware with printed (not hand painted) patterns were made in larger quantities by Wedgwood during and after this time. These reproductions should not be confused with forgeries (of which a number are found), the Wedgwood ones are clearly marked as 'Wedgwood Clarice Cliff'. An original Cliff painter Alice Andrews, then in her 80s, was employed to appear at launches of the ware in stores throughout Britain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3218914866447449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "In 2008, Cliff's pottery continued to prove both sought after and esteemed. Despite the financial depression collectors still paid high prices for special pieces. In Britain, Bonhams, London sold a 'Triple Bonjour' vase in Blue Firs for £6000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.10435962677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "On 2 August 2009 Will Farmer of the BBC Antiques Roadshow and members of the original Clarice Cliff Collectors Club unveiled three plaques commemorating Clarice Cliff's life and work in the Potteries. These were on her birthplace, Meir Street, Tunstall, her second home on Edwards Street, Tunstall and the site of Newport Pottery by the canal in Burslem where her Bizarre ware was decorated. These were filmed by BBC television for showing on a special Antiques Roadshow programme in December 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.7821807861328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Ceramics", "passage": "In September 2009 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceramics Galleries' and Cliff's work was chosen to be included; 'There will be two rooms displaying 20th-century collections. One will show ceramics made in a factory context and will include objects by designers such as Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff' .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7907657623291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "At the time there had been just one book about her, published in 1976 and was out of print. However, I finally managed to get a copy of the L�Odeon Clarice Cliff book, and devoured its contents eagerly. The more I learned about her pottery and life the more I become thoroughly engrossed. This was a very exciting time as many of the pieces I found were not in the book. What were to become her most famous creations, the classic Age of Jazz figures, were shown only in archive black and white photographs. It was clear there was much to discover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5737656354904175, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "possessions are all sought by enthusiasts. Yet the early eighties saw a quiet build in interest, so fortunately I managed to assemble a collection in the days when pieces cost tens of pounds, rather than thousands. To answer the many mysteries about Clarice and her pottery, I started the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club back in 1982. Seeing the vast diversity of shapes and designs in other people's collections made me realise it might take years to catalogue them all, and I am still trying to complete this task 18 years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.251177787780762, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "1927 and 1936, so were robust, lively women, surprised at the interest in their work. On my trips to Stoke I also discovered both the old decorating shop at Newport Pottery and the original tip where the breakages, �shards� were dumped! I still cherish a box with hundreds of pieces of �broken Bizarre� ~ another collector�s foible!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261494636535645, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pots", "passage": "be interested. Then, fate played its part; American collectors Louis and Susan Meisel approached me. Our mutual love for Clarice�s work inspired us to produce a new book. We added new shapes, new designs, new names to Clarice�s story. And for the first time, we illustrated the Age of Jazz figures! Bizarre Affair was published in 1988 and is still in print today. It added a hint of the personal story behind the amazing pots, as the title referred to the affair Clarice had with the factory owner Colley Shorter. Bizarre Affair exhibitions were staged at the National Theatre, London, and Warrington Museum, and yet more devotees discovered Clarice. The poster has already sold for �20 to �30, and an original edition of the book now sells for up to �50.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.877246856689453, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Ceramics", "passage": "Since 1988 the ceramics world has never been the same: suddenly Clarice was really discovered! But she was certainly not the chosen �doyenne of British ceramics amongst academics and �serious� writers. Luckily, ceramics collectors chose not to listen to the critics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.676904201507568, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Christies in South Kensington introduced sales of just Clarice Cliff pottery in 1989. They were amazed to find that hundreds of enthusiasts arrived on viewing and sales days, and �celebrity collectors� were soon spotted. Cliff devotees were rumoured to include Jerry Hall, Dawn French and Whoopi Goldberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.0757012367248535, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice�s pottery was exported to many countries, including the USA and Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, so collectors and auctions are found around the world. Indeed, the current World record is for a teaset sold by Christie�s in Melbourne in 1999 for �17,500!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.651904106140137, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Most recently, the phenomenal prices have appeared on eBay. There are usually over 250 pieces of Clarice Cliff on offer and a humble four inch high Beehive honeypot in Carpet sold for an astounding �2530 ($4050).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1961820125579834, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "the first woman to produce her own shapes en-masse in a Staffordshire �potbank� ~ hundreds of them! She designed over 20 teapot shapes alone, and companies adapted her designs; not only on pottery, but on aprons, tea towels, doormats, trays, calendars, even biscuit tins! This spate of look-alike ware cashed�in on Clarice�s style, much in the same way that �Mockintosh� appeared to copy the unique style of Charles Rennie Mackintosh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.899816513061523, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Perhaps one pivotal reason Clarice Cliff has become so famous is because she was just an ordinary person with whom we can all strongly identify. She was modest about her achievements to the last, refusing to go to an exhibition of her work in 1972 just before her death. Her �girls� tell us that she would have been �stunned� at the interest now. But it was inevitable for someone who, in a few years created a range of over 400 different shapes which could be ordered on any of over 500 major designs. No other Potteries designer ever achieved this unique skill of being both a prolific modeller of shapes and creator of designs: her fame is based on sheer talent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.260865688323975, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice�s Centenary has gone, but her �star� continues to rise. In the first auction after Centenary year her pottery has not only maintained its high prices, but suddenly made many new record prices. Lotus jugs, one of her most available shapes, were sold for �7000 to �8000 in standard designs. An Age of Jazz figure, that we did not really know a great deal about in 1982, made a world record price of �15,500 ! One of my first members had paid �20 for hers in the seventies. Clarice would have �chuckled�, for she was an artist who thoroughly enjoyed her work. She herself said in 1933: \"Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by a little innocent tomfoolery.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.240360736846924, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Credits: Images of Clarice Cliff and Colley Shorter are � Leonard Griffin� and Pavilion Books 1998/1999 Credits: Images of Wedgwood Clarice Cliff reproductions � Leonard Griffin� and Josiah Wedgwood� Credits: Clarice Cliff pottery images, and 1988 �Bizarre Affair� poster � Leonard Griffin� and Clarice Cliff Collectors Club", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6952348351478577, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? - The Potteries" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice Cliff PotteryBy Mark Chervenka", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.129976749420166, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Pottery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276009559631348, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "As you probably know from articles in antiques publications, pottery by Clarice Cliff has brought record prices. In auctions, teapots have sold for over $3,000; plates, up to $3,300; vases and jugs, $975 to $1,800. Cliff figurines have sold for over $6,000; vases have brought over $10,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2518008947372437, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "The increasing popularity of Cliff's work-- plus the scarcity and high price of originals-- has created a demand for reproductions and look-alikes and a temptation to sell the new reproductions as old. This article presents a brief history of Cliff's pottery and a list of known reproductions on the market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.311295032501221, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "In 1920, Wilkinson took over the nearby Newport Pottery which included a large amount of unsold plain white pottery. By 1926-27, Cliff had begun to decorate this unsold white ware with bright hand brushed paint in Art Deco designs. The designs were so successful that an entire new line was put into production in1928. New Art Deco ceramic shapes were added in 1929. In the late 1930s changing public tastes limited production and WW II ended it altogether. Some production was resumed after the War and continued off and on until 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.309475898742676, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Interest in Cliff's work was renewed with an exhibit of her works in England at both the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Brighton Museum in 1972. Later, in the same year, Cliff died and prices of her pottery began rising. In 1982, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York placed a small collection on view. Another English exhibition was assembled by the Warwick Museum in 1987.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.79962158203125, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "A great number and variety of marks were used on original Cliff pottery. That's why it is hard to show a \"typical\" mark or list general guidelines of original marks. Originals were hand painted, rubber stamped and lithographed; two or more methods were often used on one piece. Most rubber stamped and lithographed marks are in black ink but other colors of ink were used as well. A great deal of Cliff pottery is marked but many pieces are not. Entire sets of dinnerware, for example, that have survived the years intact will frequently have only one piece that is marked. Additional variations of marks appear on items made for large retail stores such as Harrods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.116003036499023, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "There are several potential problems with Cliff pottery: 1) New decorations on old undecorated blanks with original marks; 2) New marks on old unmarked decorated pieces; and 3) Application of forged old marks to new legitimate reproductions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.765669822692871, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "In 1985, Midwinters (which took over Newport in 1963), decided to produce limited editions of some Cliff pieces. These included: Conical shape teapot in Umbrellas and Rain pattern; Conical sugar shakers in six different patterns (at this time unable to verify pattern names); a Mei Ping shape vase in Honolulu pattern and a 13\" diameter wall plaque (charger) in the Summerhouse pattern. Prices for the limited editions ranged from about $20 for the sugar shakers to around $200 for a vase. Most of this production was distributed in England but some was presumably purchased by tourists and could turn up anywhere. All the Midwinters pieces were originally dated 1985 and carried a special backstamp. If you encounter the above shapes and patterns, though, you might want to double check the mark. The Midwinter reproductions could carry forged old backstamps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.810297966003418, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Next, a group of legitimate reproductions was introduced in 1993 by The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) in New York. There were six new pieces made. Those included: a 6 1/2\" Conical shape teapot of 20 oz. capacity decorated in Orange Autumn Cafe Au Lait pattern; a Conical shape 6 oz. cup and saucer in Orange Autumn pattern; a 4\" Bonjour shape jam pot in Windbells pattern; a 6 1/4\" vase Shape #278 in Melon pattern; and a 10 1/4\" dinner plate in an early abstract design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146376609802246, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Separating new from old is not easy. Due to the large number of original backstamps used, it is hard to set down rules of how old marks should appear. The forged marks we used looked a little ragged under magnification but not much more so than the usual differences that appear among genuinely old marks. Original Cliff pottery is heavier than the reproductions but, again, this knowledge isn't much use if you haven't examined originals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.267455101013184, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pots", "passage": "The shapes of the MMA pieces–the vase, jam pot, cup, saucer and plate–are unlikely to call attention because they are virtually exact copies of original shapes. The MMA teapot, however, is unique. It is very unusual for original Conical shape Cliff teapots to have open pierced handles; the majority of originals have solid handles. We were unable to examine any of the Midwinter pieces and can offer no advice on them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310369491577148, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Figs. 1-A & 1-B The teapot above is one of six legitimate Clarice Cliff reproductions sold by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Forgeries of old backstamps, though, are being applied to these and other new Cliff reproductions. This new teapot has an open pierced handle. Most comparable vintage handles were solid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.52480411529541, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery - Real Or Repro" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "1000+ images about Clarice Cliff Pottery on Pinterest | As you like it, Pottery and Ceramics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8306593894958496, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery on Pinterest | Clarice Cliff ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Vintage Newport Pottery “Clarice Cliff” Spring Crocus Bonjour Shape Sugar Sifter Lovely Newport Pottery “Clarice Cliff” Bonjour shaped sugar sifter in the Spring Crocus pattern which was designed in 1933, decorated in yellow, pink and blue crocuses on a cream/white background with bands of green above and below, on two roll feet. Marked underneath with “Newport Pottery Co England” & “Made in England” & “T”. With original stopper, cork has shrunk in width so is loose. Dimensions:5…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8771204948425293, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff Pottery on Pinterest | Clarice Cliff ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "PRICEY POTTERY | pound for pound, Clarice Cliff's work is worth more than gold", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6087427735328674, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "For those of you with an eye for a collectable, Inside Out may have just the thing. With her bright and original designs, Clarice Cliff took the pottery world of the 1920s by storm. Now 80 years on, some of her work, pound for pound, is worth more than gold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9022326469421387, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "By the late 1920s, amid economic recession, Clarice was designing innovative, colour rich pottery and her career was blossoming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.741982936859131, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice’s pottery was matched in vibrancy by her equally colourful love life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.711870193481445, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "During the 1920s, Clarice had an illicit affair with her then boss, Colly Shorter. Years later the pair married, but it was the couple’s business partnership that took the pottery industry by storm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.526942729949951, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "\"This swish twenties woman came along and revolutionised British pottery for him.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371406555175781, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Nowadays, Cliff’s pottery is still very much in demand and Inside Out meets Andy Muir from Birmingham, whose collection is arguably one of the largest in the UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701181411743164, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "85 year old Rene Dale, worked for Clarice at Newport pottery 70 years ago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.998281002044678, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Rene may be a huge fan of Clarice’s management style, but for Rene, her pottery was somewhat of an acquired taste.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2295684814453125, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Clarice started work at the age of 13 in 'The Potteries'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.587967872619629, "source": "search", "title": "History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Moved to the AJ Wilkinson's pottery factory in 1916.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311150550842285, "source": "search", "title": "History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "The factory continues to produce pottery bearing Clarice's name until 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0590670108795166, "source": "search", "title": "History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most ..." }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "    In November, 1997, a Clarice Cliff Age of Jazz figure set a new record -- selling to a determined American collector at Christie’s for over $20,000. Earlier the same month, a huge 15\" hexagonal vase in the rare and highly desired Football pattern sold in a northern English auction room for $3800. Amusingly, it had come from a solicitor’s office where a valuation expert had noticed the brightly colored vase being used as a doorstop. The years as a doorstop had resulted in damage to the base but the vase still sold well above estimate after determined bidding from collectors and dealers. Clarice Cliff seems to be either idolized as an icon of the English Deco period or regarded as something of an aberration by design pundits of the period. Her life and her role in twentieth century British design history have been hotly debated. From the headline in a 1929 newspaper \"Bizarre looks like a Russian ballet master’s nightmare\" to the headline in a 1993 Daily Mail \"How an affair with a married man and the Bizarre Girls made Clarice Cliff’s fortune\" she has continued to attract notoriety. In 1931, the Pottery Gazette hailed Clarice as \"a pioneer of advanced thought\" and assured buyers that her work represented heirlooms of the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.481778144836426, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "Clarice’s story is well known. She was born in 1899 and grew up in a typical Potteries working class family. As one of eight children she was expected to go out to work at the earliest opportunity and at thirteen she left school and joined Lingard, Webster and Company. She was meant to apprentice for seven years in order to learn the skill of the enameller or free hand painter and for a five-and-a-half day week she was paid one shilling. With so many men off at war she was able to move first to Hollinshead & Kirkham and, in 1916, to A.J.Wilkinson in the lithography department. Although she is often called an overnight success, in fact she spent four years hand painting, keeping pattern books and gilding before her work was noticed. One night when she had stayed after work, the decorating manager saw the plate she was decorating and showed it to the managing director, Colley Shorter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.438333988189697, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "By late 1925 Clarice Cliff was considered Mr. Colley’s prot�g�. She moved into a small apartment in Hanley much to her family’s disapproval. At the same time Colley Shorter gave Clarice an office next to his at the Newport Pottery. Clarice and Colley spent more and more time behind the closed door of her studio. Neither her fellow workers nor the other directors approved of this relationship and Clarice grew more and more isolated. Colley Shorter decided that Clarice needed formal training and paid for her to go to the Royal College of Art in London for three months in 1927. In the fall she was sent to Paris where she roamed the galleries and museums seeking ideas. Once again events conspired in Clarice’s favor. Just as the war had secured her a place at Wilkinson’s, so in 1926 the General Strike in England had extended coal shortages. Factories were desperate for ware to sell. When Wilkinson’s bought Newport Pottery in 1920, they inherited many hundreds of pieces of pottery which were still sitting in various stockrooms around the factory. In a letter to the Brighton Museum in 1972, Clarice said that \"this huge stock had always interested me and presented a challenge.\" She was given permission to set up a small studio and she and fifteen-year-old Gladys Scarlett set about covering the ware with brightly colored geometric decoration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.9149346351623535, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Newport Pottery made such enormous profits in 1929 that Colley Shorter decided to issue a new series of designs under the name \"Fantasque\". It was classed as part of the Wilkinson production for tax purposes. This was simply bookkeeping; all the ware was still decorated in the Bizarre shop. The first Fantasque range consisted of eight patterns including such popular ones as Umbrellas and Rain, Broth and Fruit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220422744750977, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "There were now 25 girls and boys working in the Bizarre shop -- most of them sixteen years old or younger. They were arranged according to their jobs with the front benches occupied by outliners who passed their work on to enamellers. The banders and liners sat at the back and finished the decorating process. The vast stock of old Newport ware was running down and Clarice was busy creating new shapes more in keeping with her designs. The whole of Newport Pottery was soon given over to the production of Bizarre ware. By the start of 1930 the biscuit and glost ovens were manned 24 hours a day. By 1931 the 25 boys and girls had grown to 150. It is impossible to describe all the patterns and shapes which Clarice designed or supervised in the next few years or the speed at which events moved. In an interview at the time Clarice was asked about design ideas and she said some weeks were better than others. That week she had only come up with twelve new designs!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.111242771148682, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Ceramics", "passage": "In November 1939 Colley Shorter’s wife died after a lengthy illness. Colley and Clarice married secretly a year later. Neither Colley nor Clarice’s family approved of the relationship and they had few visits from family members. After the war Colley spent time overseas trying to stimulate sales. Late in 1949 he and Clarice went to Canada and the United States, giving interviews and taking orders. Although Crocus was still being produced, most of the other post-war ware -- with the Clarice Cliff signature above Royal Staffordshire Ceramics -- seems to bear no relation to her earlier work and has never been considered collectible. After Colley’s death Clarice sold the factory to Roy Midwinter and lived a reclusive life at Chetwynd until her death in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0478414297103882, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pots", "passage": "Because prices for Clarice Cliff are so high, obviously more and more pieces are being restored. As long as they are properly marked and priced, this is not an issue. You should always look very closely at the tips of conical sugars and the spouts of tea and coffee pots. Ask the dealer if he/she knows of any restoration. The more pieces you look at and handle, the better able you will be to spot repairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9806163311004639, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pot", "passage": "If you are relatively new to Clarice collecting, you should spend some time reading some of the books and studying the pictures. It is very easy to buy a mismatched cup and saucer or jampot and lid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065271377563477, "source": "search", "title": "Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott - Collecting the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Having been surrounded by the industry from a young age – her aunts worked as hand painters at a nearby pottery firm – Clarice undertook a number of apprenticeships before being given her own studio; it was then that she began to create her own patterns on pieces of broken pottery. She named", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4633817970752716, "source": "search", "title": "The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives" }, { "answer": "Pots", "passage": "She worked with a diverse range of products, including plates, vases and coffee pots, and created all of her designs by hand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293041229248047, "source": "search", "title": "The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "Clarice was born and raised in Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, which is still famed for its pottery today (among others, it’s home to the Wedgwood Museum); it was a city buzzing with opportunity for budding ceramic artists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7369016408920288, "source": "search", "title": "The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives" }, { "answer": "Pottery", "passage": "‘Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery!’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491569519042969, "source": "search", "title": "The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ohmss", "OHMSS", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "On Her Majestys Secret Service", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "on her majestys secret service", "on her majesty s secret service disambiguation", "ohmss", "on her majesty s secret service" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "on her majesty s secret service", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" }

[ { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "\"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry.", "precise_score": 8.340718269348145, "rough_score": 8.561758995056152, "source": "search", "title": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 ..." }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus. That was a bit of a challenge with On Her Majesty's Secret Service, so producers opted to go with an instrumental in the opening sequence. Hal David and Burt Bacharach were brought on board to write another song for the movie, and they brought in Louis Armstrong to sing it. The 68-year-old jazz great was sick at the time, but he nailed the song in just a single take. He died less than two years later.", "precise_score": 6.750940799713135, "rough_score": 6.409256935119629, "source": "search", "title": "The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs - Rolling Stone" }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "''We Have All the Time in the World'' is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry.", "precise_score": 8.308783531188965, "rough_score": 8.69394302368164, "source": "search", "title": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All The Time In The World" }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "In 2012 the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatized for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond. In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.262875080108643, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Bond" }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice, which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was tempted back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.110774993896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Bond" }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "Armstrong had nineteen \"Top Ten\" records including \"Stardust\", \"What a Wonderful World\", \"When The Saints Go Marching In\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Ain't Misbehavin'\", \"You Rascal You\", and \"Stompin' at the Savoy\". \"We Have All the Time in the World\" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.1259274035692215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 On Her Majesty's Secret Service ] - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09558391571045, "source": "search", "title": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 ..." }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 On Her Majesty's Secret Service ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.135472297668457, "source": "search", "title": "Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 ..." }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "A quick point to note: we've discounted instrumentals, so the opening credits pieces from Dr No and On Her Majesty's Secret Service are not on the list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396419525146484, "source": "search", "title": "23 best and worst Bond theme songs ranked: Which are ..." }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "George Lazenby only played James Bond once, but boy what a movie! On Her Majesty's Secret Service was a cracker across the board; great Bond girl in Diana Rigg, great villain in Telly Savalas's Blofeld and the only 007 film that'll legit make you cry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.307781219482422, "source": "search", "title": "23 best and worst Bond theme songs ranked: Which are ..." }, { "answer": "Ohmss", "passage": "Part of its brilliance was the music. John Barry's powerful 'OHMSS' instrumental theme played out over the opening credits, but the theme connected to it - Louis Armstrong's 'We Have all the Time in the World' - ties in perfectly to the film's emotionally-charged story. Sure, it doesn't feel particularly Bondy, but the fact that one of the greatest love songs of all time emerged from a 007 film is something of a miracle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.620482087135315, "source": "search", "title": "23 best and worst Bond theme songs ranked: Which are ..." }, { "answer": "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", "passage": "From \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Hal David; performed by Louis Armstrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6723506450653076, "source": "search", "title": "The 10 best James Bond theme songs - CBS News" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five", "1965" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "one thousand nine hundred and sixty five", "1965" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1965", "type": "Numerical", "value": "1965" }

[ { "answer": "1965", "passage": "After several attacks upon them, it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. ", "precise_score": 8.486161231994629, "rough_score": 8.164329528808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam (1965): In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident of August 2 and 4, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson , per the authority given to him by Congress in the subsequent Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, decided to escalate the Vietnam Conflict by sending U.S. ground troops to Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed near Da Nang in South Vietnam; they are the first U.S. troops arrive in Vietnam.", "precise_score": 9.875054359436035, "rough_score": 8.727073669433594, "source": "search", "title": "1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "It was on this unremarkable stretch of Nam O Beach where, at 9.03am on 8 March 1965, 3,500 US marines disembarked from their landing crafts and waded on to Vietnam’s shores, becoming the first American ground troops to arrive in the country.", "precise_score": 9.032857894897461, "rough_score": 9.016785621643066, "source": "search", "title": "On the beach where US troops landed 50 years ago, a new ..." }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Fifty years ago, in March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed in South Vietnam. They were the first American combat troops on the ground in a conflict that had been building for decades. The communist government of North Vietnam (backed by the Soviet Union and China) was locked in a battle with South Vietnam (supported by the United States) in a Cold War proxy fight. The U.S. had been providing aid and advisors to the South since the 1950s, slowly escalating operations to include bombing runs and ground troops. By 1968, more than 500,000 U.S. troops were in the country, fighting alongside South Vietnamese soldiers as they faced both a conventional army and a guerrilla force in unforgiving terrain. Each side suffered and inflicted huge losses, with the civilian populace suffering horribly. Based on widely varying estimates, between 1.5 and 3.6 million people were killed in the war. This photo essay, part one of a three-part series, looks at the earlier stages of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, as well as the growing protest movement, between the years 1962 and 1967. Be sure to also see part 2 and part 3 . Warning: Several of these photographs are graphic in nature.", "precise_score": 6.491275310516357, "rough_score": 8.373269081115723, "source": "search", "title": "The Vietnam War, Part I: Early Years and Escalation - The ..." }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Why did the US commit ground troops to Vietnam in 1965?", "precise_score": 7.066953659057617, "rough_score": 8.080147743225098, "source": "search", "title": "Why did the US commit ground troops to Vietnam in 1965 ..." }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "1965: ‘Operation Rolling Thunder’ started; first US combat troops were sent to Vietnam in March; by the end of the year there were 200,000 US troops there; first major conventional clash between USA and NVA at Ia Drang", "precise_score": 8.700961112976074, "rough_score": 7.839681625366211, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline of the Vietnam War - History Learning Site" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "President Lyndon Johnson used that authority to order the first U.S. ground troops to Vietnam in March 1965.", "precise_score": 9.73783016204834, "rough_score": 9.003006935119629, "source": "search", "title": "What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. The Military Assistance Advisory Group, Indochina (with an authorized strength of 128 men) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8808772563934326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1959, and used 30,000 men to build invasion routes through Laos and Cambodia by 1961. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated into the south from 1961–63. North Vietnam sent 10,000 troops of the North Vietnamese Army to attack the south in 1964, and this figure increased to 100,000 in 1965. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.938360691070557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "\"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964…Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5837693214416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "The National Security Council recommended a three-stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. On 2 March 1965, following an attack on a U.S. Marine barracks at Pleiku, Operation Flaming Dart (initiated when Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a state visit to North Vietnam), Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Arc Light commenced. The bombing campaign, which ultimately lasted three years, was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnam's air defenses and industrial infrastructure. As well, it was aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese.Earl L. Tilford, Setup: What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991, p. 89. Between March 1965 and November 1968, \"Rolling Thunder\" deluged the north with a million tons of missiles, rockets and bombs..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9550299644470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December.. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. In December 1964, ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã, in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed. Previously, communist forces had utilized hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. However, at Binh Gia, they had defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3878532648086548, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "* Phase 1. Commitment of U.S. (and other free world) forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528580665588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Meanwhile, the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the coming to power of prime minister Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and figurehead Chief of State, General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in mid-1965 at the head of a military junta. This ended a series of coups that had happened more than once a year. In 1967, Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy, after rigged elections. Although they were nominally a civilian government, Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind-the-scenes military body. However, Thieu outmaneuvered and sidelined Ky by filling the ranks with generals from his faction. Thieu was also accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents. Thieu, mistrustful and indecisive, remained president until 1975, having won a one-candidate election in 1971..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.079553127288818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "But the Tet Offensive had another, unintended consequence. General Westmoreland had become the public face of the war. He had been named Time magazine's 1965's Man of the Year and eventually was featured on the magazine's cover three times. Time described him as \"the sinewy personification of the American fighting man… (who) directed the historic buildup, drew up the battle plans, and infused the… men under him with his own idealistic view of U.S. aims and responsibilities.\" Six weeks after the Tet Offensive began, \"public approval of his overall performance dropped from 48 percent to 36 percent–and, more dramatically, endorsement for his handling of the war fell from 40 percent to 26 percent.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28624153137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism and, for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement. Others, such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War. Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam, such as Norman Morrison emulating the actions of Thích Quảng Đức. In a key televised debate from 15 May 1965, Eric Severeid reporting for CBS conducted a debate between McGeorge Bundy and Hans Morgenthau dealing with an acute summary of the main war concerns of the U.S. as seen at that time stating them as: \"(1) What are the justifications for the American presence in Vietnam – why are we there? (2) What is the fundamental nature of this war? Is it aggression from North Vietnam or is it basically, a civil war between the peoples of South Vietnam? (3) What are the implications of this Vietnam struggle in terms of Communist China's power and aims and future actions? And (4) What are the alternatives to our present policy in Vietnam?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.971828937530518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "China's support for North Vietnam included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. In the summer of 1962, Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge. Starting in 1965, China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing, man anti-aircraft batteries, rebuild roads and railroads, transport supplies, and perform other engineering works. This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South. China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million. The Chinese military claims to have caused 38% of American air losses in the war. China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $20 billion (approx. $143 billion adjusted for inflation in 2015) during the Vietnam War. Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to NV food production in a single year), accounting for 10-15% of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0791044235229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet-made surface-to-air missiles at U.S. F-4 Phantoms, which were shot down over Thanh Hóa in 1965. Over a dozen Soviet citizens lost their lives in this conflict. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.07050804048776627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Some Russian sources give more specific numbers: Between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks, 1,700 APCs, 7,000 artillery guns, over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns, 158 surface-to-air missile launchers, 120 helicopters. During the war, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million. From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces. In addition, Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers – in all more than 10,000 military personnel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7754130363464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Australia and New Zealand, close allies of the United States and members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the ANZUS military co-operation treaty, sent ground troops to Vietnam. Both nations had gained experience in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare during the Malayan Emergency and World War II. Their governments subscribed to the Domino theory. Australia began by sending advisors to Vietnam in 1962, and combat troops were committed in 1965.Dennis et al 2008, pp. 555–558. New Zealand began by sending a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery, and then started sending special forces and regular infantry which were attached to Australian formations. Australia's peak commitment was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand's 552. More than 60,000 Australian personnel were involved during the course of the war, of which 521 were killed and more than 3,000 wounded. Approximately 3,500 New Zealanders served in Vietnam, with 37 killed and 187 wounded. Most Australians and New Zealanders served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Phước Tuy Province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.158952236175537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Thai Army formations, including the \"Queen's Cobra\" battalion, saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971. Thai forces saw much more action in the covert war in Laos between 1964 and 1972, though Thai regular formations there were heavily outnumbered by the irregular \"volunteers\" of the CIA-sponsored Police Aerial Reconnaissance Units or PARU, who carried out reconnaissance activities on the western side of the Ho Chi Minh trail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.05275394767522812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Between 1965 and 1975, the United States spent $111 billion on the war ($686 billion in FY2008 dollars). This resulted in a large federal budget deficit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297654151916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "In 1961 and 1962, the Kennedy administration authorized the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops. Between 1961 and 1967, the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons (75,700,000 L) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres (24,000 km2) of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. In 1965, 42% of all herbicide was sprayed over food crops. Another purpose of herbicide use was to drive civilian populations into RVN-controlled areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.930351257324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report, Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000. The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954–1959 and in 1975. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported \"enemy\" killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000. A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths for all of Vietnam. Between 240,000Sliwinski estimates 240,000 wartime deaths, of which 40,000 were caused by U.S. bombing. (). He characterizes other estimates ranging from 600,000–700,000 as \"the most extreme evaluations\" (p. 42). and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war. About 60,000 Laotians also died, and 58,300 U.S. military personnel were killed, of which 1,596 are still listed as missing . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9848424196243286, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro/anti-communist. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded \"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" / The \"Fish\" Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems. Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement, including Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Peggy Seeger, Ewan MacColl, Barbara Dane, The Critics Group, Phil Ochs, John Lennon, Nina Simone, Neil Young, Tom Paxton, Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.355766296386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vietnam War" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.516056060791016, "source": "search", "title": "1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.516056060791016, "source": "search", "title": "1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "In March 1965, Johnson made the decision–with solid support from the American public–to send U.S. combat forces into battle in Vietnam. By June, 82,000 combat troops were stationed in Vietnam, and General William Westmoreland was calling for 175,000 more by the end of 1965 to shore up the struggling South Vietnamese army. Despite the concerns of some of his advisers about this escalation, and about the entire war effort as well as a growing anti-war movement in the U.S., Johnson authorized the immediate dispatch of 100,000 troops at the end of July 1965 and another 100,000 in 1966. In addition to the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand also committed troops to fight in South Vietnam (albeit on a much smaller scale).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.388519287109375, "source": "search", "title": "Vietnam War History - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "As the first U.S. troops were withdrawn, those who remained became increasingly angry and frustrated, exacerbating problems with morale and leadership. Tens of thousands of soldiers received dishonorable discharges for desertion, and about 500,000 American men from 1965-73 became “draft dodgers,” with many fleeing to Canada to evade conscription. Nixon ended draft calls in 1972, and instituted an all-volunteer army the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4638166129589081, "source": "search", "title": "Vietnam War History - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "In the United States, the effects of the Vietnam War would linger long after the last troops returned home in 1973. The nation spent more than $120 billion on the conflict in Vietnam from 1965-73; this massive spending led to widespread inflation, exacerbated by a worldwide oil crisis in 1973 and skyrocketing fuel prices. Psychologically, the effects ran even deeper. The war had pierced the myth of American invincibility, and had bitterly divided the nation. Many returning veterans faced negative reactions from both opponents of the war (who viewed them as having killed innocent civilians) and its supporters (who saw them as having lost the war), along with physical damage including the effects of exposure to the harmful chemical herbicide Agent Orange , millions of gallons of which had been dumped by U.S. planes on the dense forests of Vietnam. In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. On it were inscribed the names of 57,939 American armed forces killed or missing during the war; later additions brought that total to 58,200.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1249256134033203, "source": "search", "title": "Vietnam War History - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Why did the US commit ground troops to Vietnam in 1965? – Thoughts of a 23 year old Liberal…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.437014579772949, "source": "search", "title": "Why did the US commit ground troops to Vietnam in 1965 ..." }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "By early 1965, when it had become clear that South Vietnam could not stave off the communist insurgents and their North Vietnamese comrades for more than a few months, the US commenced a major escalation of the war. By the end of the year it had committed 200,000 troops to the conflict. As part of the build-up, the US government requested further support from friendly countries in the region, including Australia. The Australian government dispatched the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR), in June 1965 to serve alongside the US 173d Airborne Brigade in Bien Hoa province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.668652534484863, "source": "search", "title": "Vietnam War 1962–75 | Australian War Memorial" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "Peter Edwards, A nation at war: Australian politics, society, and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 6 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1997)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.847571849822998, "source": "search", "title": "Vietnam War 1962–75 | Australian War Memorial" }, { "answer": "1965", "passage": "From 1965 to 1969, the U.S. was involved in a limited war in Vietnam. Although there were aerial bombings of the North, President Johnson wanted the fighting to be limited to South Vietnam. By limiting the fighting parameters, the U.S. forces would not conduct a serious ground assault into the North to attack the communists directly nor would there be any strong effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Viet Cong's supply path that ran through Laos and Cambodia).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.839550495147705, "source": "search", "title": "What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bras", "Bras (disambiguation)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "bras disambiguation", "bras" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bras", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bras" }

[ { "answer": "Bras", "passage": "In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \"only the ball should bounce\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film Me, Myself & Irene starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in FHM and Maxim. Kournikova was named one of People's 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \"hottest female athlete\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World in US and UK editions. By contrast, ESPN—citing the degree of hype as compared to actual accomplishments as a singles player—ranked Kournikova 18th in its \"25 Biggest Sports Flops of the Past 25 Years\". Kournikova was also ranked No. 1 in the ESPN Classic series \"Who's number 1?\" when the series featured sport's most overrated athletes. ", "precise_score": 0.20944499969482422, "rough_score": -3.424795389175415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anna Kournikova" }, { "answer": "Bras", "passage": "Differentiating the two served purposes beyond vanity: it also addressed the Kournikova conundrum. Despite rising to number eight in the world, and blazing a trail for Eastern European tennis players, Kournikova became known more for her beauty than her talent. She famously appeared in an advertisement for Berlei Shock Absorber Bras wearing her only her B-cups and panties. The tag line? “Only the ball should bounce.” She appeared in barely-there bikinis for spreads in FHM, Maxim, and Sports Illustrated, repeatedly appeared on People’s 50 Most Beautiful People list, and regularly topped Google’s annual rankings for search engine terms. Despite all her promise, she never won a WTA singles title. In 2004, ESPN ranked her #18 on its list of the “Biggest Flops of the Last 25 Years.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.198056221008301, "source": "search", "title": "Brand Sugarpova: How Maria Sharapova Became the World's ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Peter Thorkelson", "Peter Tork" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "peter tork", "peter thorkelson" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "peter tork", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Peter Tork" }

[ { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees are an American Pop-rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "precise_score": 2.4272148609161377, "rough_score": 2.047973155975342, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "This is the version of The Monkees featuring original members Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork, but not Mike Nesmith, who briefly toured with them from 2011 to 2014. But he's \"always invited,\" Micky Dolenz tells Rolling Stone, \"and at times he has blessed us with his presence ... I sure hope he does show up at some point and sing a couple of songs with us.\"", "precise_score": 1.742769479751587, "rough_score": -3.1946938037872314, "source": "search", "title": "Hey hey, The Monkees announced a 50th anniversary album ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees' first studio album in 20 years was released May 27, 2016. \"Good Times!\" celebrates the band's 50th anniversary and features new contributions from surviving members Michael Nesmith, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork. CD also includes tunes written especially for the project by various respected modern-rock artists.", "precise_score": 0.5776580572128296, "rough_score": -2.759260654449463, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Live on TV 2016 I'm A Believer / Good Times ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Following the Monkees' string of tour dates with Michael Nesmith last fall, the group has announced a 24-show summer run, with surviving members Nesmith, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork at the helm.", "precise_score": 0.2763802707195282, "rough_score": -2.752120018005371, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Announce Summer U.S. Tour Dates | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The four Monkees were Michael Nesmith (born 30th December 1942 in Houston, Texas), Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson on 13th February 1942 in Washington DC), Micky Dolenz (born George Michael Dolenz on 8th March 1945 in Los Angeles) and Davy Jones (born 30th December 1945 in Manchester, England). Michael and Peter were already musicians and Micky and Davy had experiences with fame as child stars. Michael had released records under the name of Michael Blessing and Peter was a folk musician. Micky, using the name Braddock, had stared in the 1950's television series Circus Boy, and Davy had been Ena Sharples' grandson in Coronation Street and starred in stage musicals such as Pickwick and Oliver!", "precise_score": 4.090439319610596, "rough_score": 5.112620830535889, "source": "search", "title": "Monkees - Pop-Cult.Com" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The last episode was aired in the US on 25 March 1968, and the end of the show saw the end of The Monkees as a band. The group featured in the film Head co-produced by Jack Nicholson and Bob Rafelson however the film failed to win critical acclaim. Peter Tork was the first member to leave the band to pursue a solo career. The remaining members continued as a trio, but by 1970 The Monkees disbanded. Mike Nesmith started a successful solo career and Mickey and Davy joined up with Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart for a little while during the seventies.", "precise_score": 1.534414291381836, "rough_score": -3.149355888366699, "source": "search", "title": "Monkees - Pop-Cult.Com" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "For the first few months of their initial five-year career as \"The Monkees\", the four actor-musicians were allowed only limited roles in the recording studio. This was due in part to the amount of time required to film the television series. Nonetheless, Nesmith did compose and produce some songs from the beginning, and Peter Tork contributed limited guitar work on the sessions produced by Nesmith. They eventually fought for and earned the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the band's name. The sitcom was canceled in 1968, but the band continued to record music through 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.267004489898682, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Out of 437 applicants, the other three chosen for the cast of the TV show were Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz. Nesmith had been working as a musician since early 1963 and had been recording and releasing music under various names, including Michael Blessing and \"Mike & John & Bill\" and had studied drama in college; contrary to popular belief, of the final four, Nesmith was the one member who actually saw the ad in the Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter. Tork, the last to be chosen, had been working the Greenwich Village scene as a musician, and had shared the stage with Pete Seeger; he learned of The Monkees from Stephen Stills, whom Rafelson and Schneider had rejected. Dolenz was an actor (his father was veteran character actor George Dolenz) who had starred in the TV series Circus Boy as a child, using the stage name Mickey Braddock, and he had also played guitar and sung in a band called the Missing Links before the Monkees, which had recorded and released a very minor single, \"Don't Do It\". By that time he was using his real name; he found out about The Monkees through his agent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.334109783172607, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The soundtrack album to the movie, Head, reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts. Jack Nicholson assembled the film's soundtrack album, weaving dialogue and sound effects from the film in between the songs from the film. The six (plus \"Ditty Diego\") Monkees songs on the album range from psychedelic pop to straight ahead rockers to Broadway rock to eastern-influenced pop to a folk-rock ballad. Although the Monkees performed \"Circle Sky\" live in the film, the studio version is chosen for the soundtrack album. The live version would later be released on various compilations, including Rhino's Missing Links series of Monkees albums. The soundtrack album also includes a song from the film's composer, Ken Thorne. The album had a mylar cover, to give it a mirror-like appearance, so that the person looking at the cover would see his own head, a play on the album title Head. Peter Tork said, \"That was something special ... [Jack] Nicholson coordinated the record, made it up from the soundtrack. He made it different from the movie. There's a line in the movie where [Frank] Zappa says, 'That's pretty white.' Then there's another line in the movie that was not juxtaposed in the movie, but Nicholson put them together in the [soundtrack album], when Mike says, 'And the same thing goes for Christmas.' ... that's funny, ... very different from the movie ...that was very important and wonderful that he assembled the record differently from the movie. ... It was a different artistic experience.\" The soundtrack album is a cult favorite among the Monkees' fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.19275426864624, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee, which rehashed many of the ideas from Head, only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for the television special, Dolenz noted that after filming was complete, Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going-away present, engraved \"From the guys down at work.\" (Tork kept the back, but replaced the watch several times in later years.) Most of the songs from the 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Monkee TV Special would not be officially released until over 40 years later, on the 2010 and 2011 Rhino Handmade Deluxe boxed sets of Head and Instant Replay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.019096851348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Partly because of repeats of the television series The Monkees on Saturday mornings and in syndication, The Monkees Greatest Hits charted in 1976. The LP, issued by Arista, who by this time had custody of the Monkees' master tapes, courtesy of their corporate owner, Screen Gems, was actually a re-packaging of an earlier (1972) compilation LP called Refocus that had been issued by Arista's previous label imprint, Bell Records, also owned by Screen Gems. Dolenz and Jones took advantage of this, joining ex-Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to tour the United States. From 1975 to 1977, as the \"Golden Hits of The Monkees\" show (\"The Guys who Wrote 'Em and the Guys who Sang 'Em!\"), they successfully performed in smaller venues such as state fairs and amusement parks, as well as making stops in Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Singapore. They also released an album of new material as Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart. Nesmith had not been interested in a reunion. Tork claimed later that he had not been asked, although a Christmas single (credited to Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones and Peter Tork due to legal reasons) was produced by Chip Douglas and released on his own label in 1976. The single featured Douglas' and Howard Kaylan's \"Christmas Is My Time Of Year\" (originally recorded by a 1960s group Christmas Spirit), with a B-side of Irving Berlin's \"White Christmas\" (Douglas released a remixed version of the single, with additional overdubbed instruments, in 1986). This was the first (albeit unofficial) Monkees single since 1971. Tork also joined Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart on stage at Disneyland on July 4, 1976, and also joined Dolenz and Jones on stage at the Starwood in Hollywood in 1977.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.061657428741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The sudden revival of the Monkees in 1986 helped move the first official Monkees single since 1971, \"That Was Then, This Is Now\", to the No. 20 position in Billboard Magazine. The success, however, was not without controversy. Jones had declined to sing on the track, recorded along with two other new songs included in a compilation album, Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees. Some copies of the single and album credit the new songs to \"The Monkees\", others as \"Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork (of the Monkees)\". Reportedly, these recordings were the source of some personal friction between Jones and the others during the 1986 tour; Jones would typically leave the stage when the new songs were performed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.480889797210693, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Making the front pages of several U.K. and international music papers was that the group members did not always play all of their own instruments or sing all of the backing vocals in the studio during their tour of England. The group was derisively dubbed the \"Pre-Fab Four\", and the London Sunday Mirror called them a \"Disgrace to the Pop World.\" Piling on later that year was tour opener Jimi Hendrix who before he left the tour told Melody Maker magazine, \"Oh God, I hate them! Dishwater....You can't knock anybody for making it, but people like the Monkees?\" Dealing with the controversy on the television series proved challenging. An interview tag at the end of episode No. 31 of their TV show, \"Monkees at the Movies\", which first aired April 1967, where Bob Rafelson asked the group about accusations that they did not play their instruments in concert, to which Nesmith responded, \"I'm fixin' to walk out there in front of fifteen thousand people, man! If I don't play my own instrument, I'm in a lot of trouble!\" But in the \"Devil and Peter Tork\" episode, the episode serves as a parable as a Kirshner-like producer has Tork sign over his soul to be a success as a musician. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.931941986083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "* Peter Tork – vocals, keyboards, piano, guitar, bass, banjo (1966–1968, 1986–1989, 1995–1997, 2001, 2011–present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364754676818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Hey hey, it's The Monkees, and here they come, treating you to a night of all their greatest hits at the Warner Theatre in D.C. Two of The Monkees' original four members -- Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork -- reunite to sing \"Last Train to Clarksville\" and \"I'm a Believer,\" along with so many other jams. At the height of their success in 1967, The Monkees sold more albums than The Beatles or The Rolling Stones. Don't miss this special night of timeless rock classics, acoustic numbers and fan favorites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.853069543838501, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Washington, D.C. Tickets - $20.00 - $45.00 at ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees returned from a decade-long hiatus in 2011 when the three-man lineup of Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork and Davy Jones reunited for a 45th anniversary tour. Jones died of a sudden heart attack  early the following year, and months later the group stunned fans by hitting the road with Mike Nesmith, who sat out nearly all Monkees reunion tours since the group split in 1971. The lineup of Nesmith/Tork/Dolenz played a series of American shows through the summer of 2014, though last year Nesmith stepped aside yet again and Dolenz and Tork began gigging without him. \"Mike has a lot of other arrows in his quiver,\" says Dolenz. \"For starters, he runs a big business. He's also writing a book, which was the specific reason he gave me for not wanting to leave town again for any particular length of time.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5132527351379395, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Plot 50th Anniversary Tour, New LP 'Good Times ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "As of now, there's no formal plans for Mike Nesmith to contribute any guitar or vocal parts. \"I don't know what's going to happen with that,\" he says. \"Frankly, we don't even have a recording schedule right now!\" Peter Tork, however, will definitely be on hand to record vocals and likely play guitar and possibly the banjo on some of the songs. Davy Jones' voice will be heard on Neil Diamond's \"Love To Love,\" which the group cut in the 1960s. \"I'm hoping to do harmonies on that,\" says Dolenz. \"But I haven't spoken to Adam about that in any great detail.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463208198547363, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Plot 50th Anniversary Tour, New LP 'Good Times ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees story began in the fall of 1965, when Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider, a pair of producers whose Raybert Productions had a deal with Columbia Pictures and their TV branch Screen Gems, came up with an idea for a television series about a rock group. Inspired by Richard Lester's groundbreaking comedies with the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night and Help!, Rafelson and Schneider imagined a situation comedy in which a four-piece band had wacky adventures every week and occasionally burst into song. The NBC television network liked the idea, and production began on The Monkees in early 1966. Don Kirshner, a music business veteran who was a top executive at Colgems Records (a label affiliated with Columbia/Screen Gems), was appointed music coordinator for the series, and Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, a producing and songwriting team, signed on to handle much of the day-to-day chores of creating music for the show's fictive band. A casting call went out for four young men to play the members of the group, and Rafelson and Schneider's choices for the roles were truly inspired. Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork were musicians with solid performing and recording experience who also had a flair for playing comedy, while Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones were primarily actors but had also dabbled in pop music and had strong vocal abilities. As the show went before the camera, Kirshner had Boyce and Hart take the four leads into the studio to begin recording the songs that would be featured on the show each week. While initially the cast was only going to provide vocals for material Boyce and Hart had already recorded, the producers were impressed enough with Nesmith's songwriting skills that they chose to use a few of his tunes and let him produce them. With this, the Monkees took their first step toward evolving into a proper, self-sufficient rock band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.184856414794922, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "After two successful seasons, the Monkees' television series was not renewed for the fall 1968 season, as the group hoped to launch a career in the movies. But Head, their first (and last) feature film, was a commercial disaster; it was an often clever and challenging satire of the Monkees' own curious stardom and the culture that surrounded them, but it also quite literally had no plot and confounded the younger viewers who were the TV show's strongest fan base. The soundtrack album struggled to a relatively dismal number 45 on the charts, and shortly afterwards Peter Tork opted to leave the band. The Monkees released two albums as a trio in 1969, Instant Replay and The Monkees Present, but while they both contained fine music that showed the group was continuing to mature, neither launched any major hits, and the band's commercial fortunes were clearly beginning to wane. In late 1969, Nesmith left to pursue a solo career (he'd already released an instrumental solo album, The Wichita Train Whistle Sings, in 1968), and after a final Monkees album featuring just Dolenz and Jones, 1970's Changes, the group quietly dissolved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.883681774139404, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees: Davy Jones, Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith and Mickey Dolenz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.810642719268799, "source": "search", "title": "Hey hey, The Monkees announced a 50th anniversary album ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "The Monkees: Mike Nesmith, Peter Tork, Davy Jones and Mickey Dolenz in 1967, London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.229206085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Hey hey, The Monkees announced a 50th anniversary album ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "For the first time since Davy Jones died in 2012 of a heart attack, The Monkees original members Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork sing on live TV. I'm A Believer and She Makes Me Laugh was performed on GMA the morning of June 1, 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974155902862549, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Live on TV 2016 I'm A Believer / Good Times ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the launch of The Monkees, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork and Michael Nesmith released \"Good Times,\" the band's first album in 20 years. \"If I had known I was going to live this long, I would have taken better care of myself,\" Mickey Dolenz joked.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.252620697021484, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Live on TV 2016 I'm A Believer / Good Times ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Micky Dolenz And Peter Tork Will Launch A North American Tour On May 18", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552303314208984, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Let The Good Times! Roll With New Album And ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "GOOD TIMES! features all three surviving band members – Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork. The unmistakable voice of the late Davy Jones is also included with a vintage vocal featured on one song. To produce the new album, the band found the perfect musical co-conspirator in Grammy® and Emmy®-winning songwriter Adam Schlesinger (Fountains Of Wayne, Ivy). GOOD TIMES! will be available June 10 on CD  and digitally, with a vinyl version coming out on July 1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322195053100586, "source": "search", "title": "The Monkees Let The Good Times! Roll With New Album And ..." }, { "answer": "Peter Tork", "passage": "Both Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork protested to the fact that they were not allowed to play their own music and soon Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones joined them. By the end of '67 the popularity of the show was enough that the group were able to negotiate their artistic freedom. The Monkees entered the recording studios as a band for the first time and came up with their third album Headquarters. This album proved their musical abilities. Inspired by their efforts, the Monkees became a live act and toured the world. Their live appearances in concerts in Hawaii and Britain caused riots and 'Monkeemania' was born.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.246743679046631, "source": "search", "title": "Monkees - Pop-Cult.Com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Roman Lusitania", "Luso-", "Lusitânia", "Lusitania", "Hispania Lusitania", "Lusitania (ancient region)", "Roman province Lusitania", "Lusitania (Roman province)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "roman province lusitania", "luso", "lusitania ancient region", "roman lusitania", "lusitânia", "lusitania roman province", "lusitania", "hispania lusitania" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "lusitania", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Lusitania" }

[ { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "But that is where the parallels end. Lusitania was a larger and more famous ship than Athenia, having briefly held the record for the fastest Atlantic crossing from Britain to the United States. She carried nearly 2,000 passengers and crew to Athenia’s 1,418. When Lusitania sank on May 7, 1915, she did so within 20 minutes and took almost 1,200 lives — including 128 Americans — with her to the bottom of the Celtic Sea.", "precise_score": 5.073604106903076, "rough_score": 3.3899519443511963, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "More famously, however, historians generally connect Lusitania’s sinking with America’s entry into World War I almost two years later. While Germany and the United States exchanged heated words at the time and President Woodrow Wilson demanded an apology from the German government, there was no broad sentiment in America for entering the war. The Germans argued (and Lusitania’s manifest showed) that the ship carried war material, a fact Germany maintained, which made Lusitania a legitimate wartime target. Before the sinking, Germany announced in February, 1915, that the waters around the British Isles were a war zone and that allied shipping would be sunk without giving any warning. Indeed, the German government placed ads in American newspapers warning passengers not to sail on the Lusitania.", "precise_score": 1.9394214153289795, "rough_score": -4.168801784515381, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "liner under British registration, sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. In the sinking, 1,198 persons lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies. The considerable sympathy for Germany that had previously existed in the United States to a large extent disappeared after the disaster, and there were demands from many for an immediate declaration of war. President Wilson chose the course of diplomacy and sent Germany a strong note asking for \"reparation so far as reparation is possible.\" Germany refused to accept responsibility for the act in an argumentative reply, but issued secret orders to submarine commanders not to attack passenger ships without warning. After prolonged negotiations, Germany finally conceded its liability for the sinking of the Lusitania and agreed to make reparations and to discontinue sinking passenger ships without warning. The immediate crisis between the United States and Germany subsided. The incident, however, contributed to the rise of American sentiment for the entry of the United States into World War I, with recruitment posters two years later urging potential enlistees to \"Remember the Lusitania!\"", "precise_score": 8.542553901672363, "rough_score": 7.567983150482178, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The RMS Lusitania is shown here docked in New York City in 1910. Its sinking in 1915 by a German torpedo was a key event in convincing the United States to enter World War I. Some say Winston Churchill actually helped make the attack possible in order to bring America into the war.", "precise_score": 4.517843246459961, "rough_score": -4.479435920715332, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania was an ocean liner of the British Cunard Steamship Line that was torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, within sight of the southern coast of Ireland. The sinking of a passenger ship and the loss of 1,195 lives was instrumental in causing the United States to enter World War I and to declare war on Germany and its allies. For over ninety years, the question has been argued whether Winston Churchill, as Lord of the British Admiralty, manipulated events to arrange for the liner’s sinking in order to create an incident that would convince the United States to participate in the conflict against Germany.", "precise_score": 7.256091117858887, "rough_score": 4.504354476928711, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "If Churchill had engineered the destruction of one of Britain’s finest ships and of 1,195 lives (among them 128 Americans) in a sacrificial act intended to bring the United States into the war, he had succeeded, for the Yanks saw the sinking of the Lusitania as another barbaric attack by the “Huns.”", "precise_score": 3.7773730754852295, "rough_score": -0.28143635392189026, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Conspiracy theorists counter that the British Admiralty, under Churchill’s direction, was well aware that the German U-boat command had issued a warning to all passenger ships that they must travel at their own risk. The Admiralty was also informed that the U-boat responsible for sinking two ships in recent days was still lurking in the waters off the southern coast of Ireland, the path the Lusitania was scheduled to travel. In spite of this knowledge, the Admiralty issued no special warnings to the Lusitania, offered no escort to port, and did not send any destroyers to search for the German submarine. It seems apparent to some researchers that there was a conspiracy to place the Lusitania in jeopardy in order to incite the Americans to enter the war.", "precise_score": 1.203214168548584, "rough_score": -5.6140971183776855, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, which primarily ferried people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Great Britain, was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sunk. Of the 1,959 people on board, 1,198 died, including 128 Americans. The sinking of the Lusitania enraged Americans and hastened the United States' entrance into World War I .", "precise_score": 8.748588562011719, "rough_score": 6.031815528869629, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "At 1.20pm on 7th May 1915, the U-20, only ten miles from the coast of Ireland , surfaced to recharge her batteries. Soon afterwards Captain Schwieger, the commander of the German U-Boat , observed the Lusitania in the distance. Schwieger gave the order to advance on the liner. The U20 had been at sea for seven days and had already sunk two liners and only had two torpedoes left. He fired the first one from a distance of 700 metres. Watching through his periscope it soon became clear that the Lusitania was going down and so he decided against using his second torpedo.", "precise_score": 1.9112166166305542, "rough_score": -5.072339057922363, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Of the 2,000 passengers on board, 1,198 were drowned, among them 128 Americans. (6) The German newspaper Die Kölnische Volkszeitung supported the decision to sink the Lusitania: \"The sinking of the giant English steamship in a success of moral significance which is still greater than material success. With joyful pride we contemplate this latest deed of our Navy. It will not be the last. The English wish to abandon the German people to death by starvation. We are more humane. we simply sank an English ship with passengers, who, at their own risk and responsibility, entered the zone of operations.\" (7)", "precise_score": 5.389901638031006, "rough_score": 1.6890610456466675, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "It was unrealistic to expect that the Germans should treat the United States as neutral in the war when the U.S. had been shipping great amounts of war materials to Germany's enemies. In early 1915, the British liner Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. She sank in eighteen minutes, and 1,198 people died, including 124 Americans. The United States claimed the Lusitania carried an innocent cargo, and therefore the torpedoing was a monstrous German atrocity. Actually, the Lusitania was heavily armed: it carried 1,248 cases of 3-inch shells, 4,927 boxes of cartridges (1,000 rounds in each box), and 2,000 more cases of small-arms ammunition. Her manifests were falsified to hide this fact, and the British and American governments lied about the cargo.", "precise_score": 7.620322227478027, "rough_score": 4.909579277038574, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "U-boat Warfare - Sinking of British liner Lusitania with the loss of 785 passengers including 124 US citizens caused major US-German diplomatic row with United States; notes of protest issued on 14 May, 9 June and 21 July 1915 about U-boat policy. Germany claimed the liner had been an armed merchant cruiser, was believed to be a troop transport and carrying a small quantity of ammunition, but immense diplomatic damage had been done. The Kaiser shortly banned attacks on large passenger ships", "precise_score": 6.133670330047607, "rough_score": 5.449075698852539, "source": "search", "title": "Ships sunk in 1915 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The ship Lusitania, departed from New York May 1, 1915 and sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915 while the Lusitania was on it's way to Liverpool. 1,198 of the people aboard the Lusitania died out of the 1,925 people on the ship. 128 of them were US citizens. Germany sunk the Lusitania wanting to cut off all war supplies to Great Britain. This was one of the factors leading the U.S. into ww1.", "precise_score": 7.2471771240234375, "rough_score": 5.654219627380371, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk By German U Boat on Pinterest | May 1, The ..." }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "As the first American merchant vessel lost to Germany’s aggression during the Great War, the William P. Frye incident sparked the indignation of many in the United States. The German government’s apology and admission of the attack as a mistake did little to assuage Americans’ anger, which increased exponentially when German forces torpedoed and sank the British-owned ocean liner Lusitania on May 7, 1915, killing more than 1,000 people, including 128 Americans. The U.S., under President Woodrow Wilson, demanded reparations and an end to German attacks on all unarmed passenger and merchant ships. Despite Germany’s initial assurances to that end, the attacks continued.", "precise_score": 6.525185585021973, "rough_score": 5.507971286773682, "source": "search", "title": "Germans sink American merchant ship - Jan 28, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "There was one torpedo shot. Lusitania’s survivors tell of seeing the torpedo come at them through the water. The torpedo hit on the starboard side, just behind the bridge. Passengers and crew were shocked that the Germans would have the gall to attack a ship that wasn’t part of the military, knowing it was carrying civilians, most importantly, Americans. When the torpedo hit, the damage didn’t seem to be too severe at first.lusitania_2898342k Then there was a second, enormous explosion. To…", "precise_score": -0.8092442154884338, "rough_score": -5.4845685958862305, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Lusitania on Pinterest | German Submarines, Ships and ..." }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a U-Boat with the loss of 1,198 civilians, including 128 American lives, creating a US-German diplomatic crisis.", "precise_score": 7.296548366546631, "rough_score": 6.61580753326416, "source": "search", "title": "World War 1 - 1915 Timeline - worldwar-1.net" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85245418548584, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Parallels Between the Sinking of the Lusitania and the Athenia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.558176040649414, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Seventy-five years ago this week, September 3, 1939, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Athenia in the opening hours of World War II. This tragic event is the common thread that links the nine people who are the subject of my prospective historical novel, Without Warning . Despite its historic significance as the first British ship sunk in the war, Athenia’s anniversary is likely to pass with little fanfare. Why is it that people generally are more familiar with the sinking of the  Lusitania , a passenger ship sunk during World War I, than with Athenia? That is the question I want to explore with this blog.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.858044624328613, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "When England declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, less than ten hours elapsed before Athenia was torpedoed. In dramatic contrast with Lusitania’s quick demise, Athenia stayed afloat for 14 hours, which allowed her crew to deploy all the ship’s lifeboats. As a result, the death toll from the U-boat attack was 112 passengers and crew, including 30 Americans. While Lusitania had lost 61% of her passengers and crew, Athenia’s toll was only 8%, a factor that may partly account for some people diminishing Athenia’s significance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300960540771484, "source": "search", "title": "On the Sinking of the Lusitania vs the Athenia" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503583908081055, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503583908081055, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46353530883789, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Related to Lusitania: titanic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255047798156738, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375638961791992, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": ", d. 139 B.C., leader of the Lusitani (see Lusitania). One of the survivors of the massacre of the Lusitani by the Roman praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, Viriatus rose as a popular leader and persuaded his countrymen to resist Roman rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970880508422852, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information. , who set up an independent state in Spain. The old identification of Portugal with Lusitania and of the ancestors of the Portuguese with the Lusitanians (hence Camões's great epic was entitled Os Lusíadas) is now largely ignored, but the creation of Lusitania may have had a faint echoing effect in the setting up of the separate kingdom of Portugal many centuries later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36587142944336, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306640625, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375638961791992, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "A number of historians still insist that the nearly 1,200 lives lost aboard the RMS Lusitania were sacrificed to the gods of war in an effort to embroil the United States in World War I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.42746353149414, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania and its sister ship, the Mauretania, were considerably smaller and less luxurious than the Olympic and Britannic of the rival White Star Line, but they were much faster and enabled Cunard to provide a weekly transatlantic departure schedule with just two vessels. When the Lusitania sank, she was on her 202d crossing of the Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.853710174560547, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Shortly after World War I began, the British established a blockade of Germany that was eventually responsible for the death by starvation, malnutrition, and disease of 750,000 Germans. Germany’s only hope of destroying the blockade was to sink as many warships as possible, and the feared U-boats were very effective in striving to attain that goal. The Lusitania, a luxury passenger liner and cargo ship, was immune from attack, as were all passenger ships—unless they were suspected of violating the agreement that such vessels would not transport ammunition and explosives to Great Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.765920639038086, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "German intelligence had suspected the fast-moving ships of the Cunard Line of carrying contraband munitions, and the German embassy in the United States issued a public warning to travelers intending to embark for Great Britain that a state of war existed between Germany and its allies and Great Britain and its allies, and the “zone of war” included the waters adjacent to the British Isles. Vessels flying the British flag were “liable to destruction in those waters,” and passengers who chose to travel on the ships of Great Britain or its allies must “do so at their own risk.” It was later learned that some of the wealthiest and most influential passengers had been warned that a U-boat attack was likely against the Lusitania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.371580123901367, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Captain Walther Schweiger, commander of submarine U-20, released one torpedo at a distance of seven hundred yards and saw it strike the Lusitania and trigger a second violent explosion. Upon seeing the second explosion, Schweiger felt justified in torpedoing the passenger vessel, for it was obviously carrying munitions under assumed cargo designations. The Lusitania rolled over and sank in about eighteen minutes. Rescuers from Queenstown, Ireland, managed to save 734 from the cold seawater.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74940013885498, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Germans had guessed correctly, for the Lusitania, under the descriptions of bales of fur and boxes of cheese, carried in its hold millions of rounds of rifle ammunition, 1,250 cases of shrapnel shells, and forty-six tons of aluminum powder for the Woolrich Arsenal. The British and American governments accused the U-boat of having launched a second torpedo at the sinking passenger ship, but the Germans steadfastly denied doing so, claiming the munitions on board had caused the second explosion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955850601196289, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375638961791992, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania | Article about Lusitania by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Sinking of the Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647093772888184, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Sinking of the Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647093772888184, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Sinking of the Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647093772888184, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Illustration of the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915.  Picture from the National Defence, courtesy of the Canadian Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.36950397491455, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "What Was the Sinking of the Lusitania?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065089225769043, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Also Known As: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.234331130981445, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Thus all ships headed to Great Britain were instructed to be on the lookout for U-boats and take precautionary measures such as travel at full speed and make zigzag movements. Unfortunately, on May 7, 1915, Captain William Thomas Turner slowed the Lusitania down because of fog and traveled in a predictable line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.865960121154785, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Turner was the captain of the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner famous for its luxurious accommodations and speed capability. The Lusitania was primarily used to ferry people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Great Britain. On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania had left port in New York for Liverpool to make her 202nd trip across the Atlantic. On board were 1,959 people, 159 of whom were Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.693141460418701, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Approximately 14 miles off the coast of Southern Ireland at Old Head of Kinsale, neither the captain nor any of his crew realized that the German U-boat, U-20, had already spotted and targeted them. At 1:40 p.m., the U-boat launched a torpedo. The torpedo hit the starboard (right) side of the Lusitania. Almost immediately, another explosion rocked the ship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.848251342773438, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "At the time, the Allies thought the Germans had launched two or three torpedoes to sink the Lusitania. However, the Germans say their U-boat only fired one torpedo. Many believe the second explosion was caused by the ignition of ammunition hidden in the cargo hold. Others say that coal dust, kicked up when the torpedo hit, exploded. No matter what the exact cause, it was the damage from the second explosion that made the ship sink.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.33028793334961, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania Sinks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312239646911621, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania sunk within 18 minutes. Though there had been enough lifeboats for all passengers, the severe listing of the ship while it sunk prevented most from being launched properly. Of the 1,959 people on board, 1,198 died. The toll of civilians killed in this disaster shocked the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5494866371154785, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The sinking of the Lusitania heightened tensions between the U.S. and Germany and, coupled with the Zimmermann Telegram , helped sway American opinion in favor of joining the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.455671310424805, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "In 2008, divers explored the wreck of the Lusitania, situated eight miles off the coast of Ireland. On board, the divers found approximately four million U.S.-made Remington .303 bullets. The discovery supports the German's long-held belief that the Lusitania was being used to transport war materials. The find also supports the theory that it was the explosion of munitions on board that caused the second explosion on the Lusitania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990249633789062, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat - history1900s.about.com" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35364055633545, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35364055633545, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Sinking of the Lusitania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647093772888184, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania, was at 32,000 tons, the largest passenger vessel on transatlantic service, left New York harbour for Liverpool on 1st May, 1915. It was 750ft long, weighed 32,500 tons and was capable of 26 knots. On this journey the ship carried 1,257 passengers and 650 crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.953192234039307, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Most of the passengers were aware of the risks they were taking. Margaret Haig Thomas , was the daughter of David Alfred Thomas , who had been sent by David Lloyd George to the United States to arrange the supply of munitions for the British armed forces. Margaret later recalled that in New York City during the weeks preceding the voyage \"there was much gossip of submarines\". It was \"stated and generally believed that a special effort was to be made to sink the great Cunarder so as to inspire the world with terror\". On the morning that the Lusitania set sail the warning that had been issued by the German Embassy on 22nd April 1915, was \"printed in the New York morning papers directly under the notice of the sailing of the Lusitania\". Margaret commented that \"I believe that no British and scarcely any American passengers acted on the warning, but we were most of us very fully conscious of the risk we were running.\" (3)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.303452014923096, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Adams soon discovered that there was a major problem with the lifeboats: \"Owing to the list of the ship, the lifeboats had a tendency to swing inwards across the deck and before they could be launched, it was necessary to push them over the side of the ship... It was impossible to lower the lifeboats safely at the speed at which the Lusitania was still going. I saw only two boats launched from this side. The first boat to be launched, for the most part full of women, fell sixty or seventy feet into the water, all the occupants being drowned. This was owing to the fact that the crew could not work the davits and falls properly, so let them slip out of their hands, and sent the lifeboats to destruction.\" (4)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60627555847168, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The German foreign secretary, Gottlieb von Jagow , issued a statement where he attempted to defend the sinking of the Lusitania. \"The Imperial Government must specially point out that on her last trip the Lusitania, as on earlier occasions, had Canadian troops and munitions on board, including no less than 5,400 cases of ammunition destined for the destruction of brave German soldiers who are fulfilling with self-sacrifice and devotion their duty in the service of the Fatherland. The German Government believes that it acts in just self-defense when it seeks to protect the lives of its soldiers by destroying ammunition destined for the enemy with the means of war at its command.\" (8)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.901494026184082, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The sinking of the Lusitania had a profound impact on public opinion in the United States . The German government apologized for the incident, but claimed its U-boat only fired one torpedo and the second explosion was a result of a secret cargo of heavy munitions on the ship. If this was true, Britain was guilty of breaking the rules of warfare by using a civilian ship to carry ammunition. British authorities rejected this charge and claimed that the second explosion was caused by coal dust igniting in the ship's almost empty bunkers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.713589191436768, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Some newspapers in the United States called on President Woodrow Wilson to declare war on Germany. However, he refused to do this as he wanted \"to preserve the world's respect by abstaining from any course of action likely to awaken the hostility of either side in the war, and so to keep the United States free to undertake the part of peacemaker\". (9) However, when it became clear that he intended to keep out of the First World War for economic reasons. (10) The British government decided to use the sinking of the Lusitania to recruit men into the armed forces and published several posters in 1915.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.865845680236816, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Since the sinking of the Lusitania there has been great debate about the morality of the unrestricted warfare campaign. Howard Zinn , the author of A People's History of the United States (1980), has argued that it was not a German atrocity: \"It was unrealistic to expect that the Germans should treat the United States as neutral in the war when the U.S. had been shipping great amounts of war materials to Germany's enemies... The United States claimed the Lusitania carried an innocent cargo, and therefore the torpedoing was a monstrous German atrocity. Actually, the Lusitania was heavily armed: it carried 1,248 cases of 3-inch shells, 4,927 boxes of cartridges (1,000 rounds in each box), and 2,000 more cases of small-arms ammunition. Her manifests were falsified to hide this fact, and the British and American governments lied about the cargo.\" (11)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.294249534606934, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Greg Bemis purchased the Lusitania. He was interviewed about this in 2002 and he explained why he believed that the ship carried munitions. \"The fact is that the ship sank in 18 minutes. That could only happen as the result of a massive second explosion. We know there was such an explosion, and the only thing capable of doing that is ammunitions. It's virtually impossible to get coal dust and damp air in the right mixture to explode, and none of the crew who were working in the boiler rooms and survived say anything about a boiler exploding. \" (12)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235404968261719, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "In 2014 a government document was published that indicated that Zinn and Bernis were right that the ship was used to transport munitions. In 1982 it was announced that attempts would be made to salvage the ship. This created panic in Whitehall. Noel Marshall , the head of the Foreign Office's North America department, admitted on 30th July 1982: \"Successive British governments have always maintained that there was no munitions on board the Lusitania (and that the Germans were therefore in the wrong to claim to the contrary as an excuse for sinking the ship). The facts are that there is a large amount of ammunition in the wreck, some of which is highly dangerous. The Treasury have decided that they must inform the salvage company of this fact in the interests of the safety of all concerned. Although there have been rumours in the press that the previous denial of the presence of munitions was untrue, this would be the first acknowledgement of the facts by HMG.\" (13)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.75673770904541, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "In New York, during the weeks preceding the last voyage of the Lusitania, there was much gossip of submarines. It was freely stated and generally believed that a special effort was to be made to sink the great Cunarder so as to inspire the world with terror. She was at that time the largest passenger boat afloat. The few pre-war passenger boats of greater tonnage had been commandeered for war service of various kinds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.552420616149902, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "On Saturday, May 1st (the day on which the Lusitania was to sail), in order that there might be no mistake as to German intentions, the German Embassy at Washington issued a warning to passengers couched in general terms, which was printed in the New York morning papers directly under the notice of the sailing of the Lusitania. The first-class passengers, who were not due on board till about ten o'clock, had still time after reading the warning, unmistakable in form and position, to cancel their passage if they chose. For the third-class passengers it came too late. As a matter of fact, I believe that no British and scarcely any American passengers acted on the warning, but we were most of us very fully conscious of the risk we were running. A number of people wrote farewell letters to their home folk and posted them in New York to follow on another vessel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5421781539917, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "(4) William McMillan Adams was an American passenger aboard the Lusitania when it was torpedoed on 7th May 1915.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.704990863800049, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "I was in the lounge on A Deck when suddenly the ship shook from stem to stem, and immediately started to list to starboard. I rushed out into the companionway. While standing there, a second, and much greater explosion occurred. At first I thought the mast had fallen down. This was followed by the falling on the deck of the water spout that had been made by the impact of the torpedo with the ship. My father came up and took me by the arm. We went to the port side and started to help in the launching of the lifeboats. Owing to the list of the ship, the lifeboats had a tendency to swing inwards across the deck and before they could be launched, it was necessary to push them over the side of the ship. While working there, the staff Captain told us that the boat was not going to sink, and ordered the lifeboats not to be lowered. He also asked the gentlemen to help in clearing the passengers from the boat deck (A Deck). it was impossible to lower the lifeboats safely at the speed at which the Lusitania was still going. I saw only two boats launched from this side. The first boat to be launched, for the most part full of women, fell sixty or seventy feet into the water, all the occupants being drowned. This was owing to the fact that the crew could not work the davits and falls properly, so let them slip out of their hands, and sent the lifeboats to destruction. I said to my father \"We shall have to swim for it. We had better go below and get our lifebelts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35027027130127, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "When we got down to Deck D, our cabin deck, we found it was impossible to leave the stairs, as the water was pouring in at all the port holes. Finally, we reached the boat deck again, this time on the starboard side, and after filling a lifeboat with women and children, we jumped into it. The lifeboat was successfully lowered until we were about twelve feet from the water, when the man at the bow davit lost his nerve, and let the rope go. Most of the occupants were thrown into the water, but we, being in the stern, managed to stay in. The lifeboat was full of water, but the sailors said it would float if only we could get it away from the Lusitania which was now not far from sinking. My father threw off his overcoat, and worked like a slave trying to help loose the falls from the boat. This, however, was impossible. B. Deck was then level with the water, and I suggested to my father we should climb up and get into another lifeboat. He, however, looked up, saw the Lusitania was very near its end, and was likely to come over on us, and pin us beneath. He shouted to me to jump, which I did. We were both swimming together in the water, a few yards from the ship, when something separated us. That was the last I saw of him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468073844909668, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "(6) Gottlieb von Jagow , statement issued after the sinking of the Lusitania (18th May, 1915)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.42574405670166, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "Lastly, the Imperial Government must specially point out that on her last trip the Lusitania, as on earlier occasions, had Canadian troops and munitions on board, including no less than 5,400 cases of ammunition destined for the destruction of brave German soldiers who are fulfilling with self-sacrifice and devotion their duty in the service of the Fatherland. The German Government believes that it acts in just self-defense when it seeks to protect the lives of its soldiers by destroying ammunition destined for the enemy with the means of war at its command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976049423217773, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "(7) Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg speech in the Reichstag on the sinking of the Lusitania (19th August, 1915)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.648808479309082, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The death roll in the Lusitania disaster is still not certainly known. About 750 persons were rescued, but of these some 50 have died since they were landed. Over 2,150 men, women and children were on the liner when she left New York, and since the living do not number more than 710, the dead cannot be fewer than 1,450.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.80695629119873, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "In Germany and Austria the people are undisguisedly delighted. They see in the sinking of the liner a fulfilment of all their boasts about the submarine blockade, which has hitherto signally failed to win any military or naval advantage. The newspapers seek to find an excuse in the Lusitania's armament. Their charge is false. Both the Admiralty and the Cunard company declare positively that the ship carried no guns. She had never done so, and the Government, although they had the right to employ her, had never called for her services. She was a genuine non-combatant merchant vessel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.067611217498779, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Lusitania was 790 feet long, 88 feet broad, and her gross tonnage was 32,500. There was, of course, one way in which she might be made available for Admiralty service. Though she was built as a swift passenger-ship, and a very large proportion of her space was occupied by engines and cabins, and her actual capacity was small in comparison to her tonnage, still she could carry a good deal, and her speed, 26.6 knots at her best, would enable her to escape the pursuit of most cruisers. These qualities would make her valuable as a carrier of ammunition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846940994262695, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "When the war broke out the Admiralty did not call on the company to hand the Lusitania over to them for service. She continued to be employed as a passenger-ship. The German Government has maintained, and continued to maintain, that the British Admiralty was guilty of what would have been a singularly mean device. It alleged, and went on alleging, that though the Lusitania continued to run as a passenger-ship she was loaded with contraband in the form of explosives, that the travellers who crossed the Atlantic in her were simply a blind, and that they were, in fact, allowed to embark in ignorance of the danger they were running, and in the hope that their presence would save the ship from attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.026664733886719, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "The Germans quoted the undoubted fact that the Lusitania was warned at an earlier stage of the war to hoist the American flag when approaching the coast of Ireland as a proof that she was really in the service of the Admiralty. This assertion was firmly denied both at home and in America, and it was impossible to believe that the German Government possessed evidence of the truth of its charge. If it had, it possessed an easy means of both stopping the Lusitania and discrediting the British Admiralty. The laws of the United States forbid the carrying of large quantities of explosives in passenger ships. Had the German Government held even prima facie evidence that explosives were being smuggled on board contrary to the United States law it would have taken the correct legal steps to call the offenders to account. It had every reason for taking this course, since a demonstration that the British Admiralty was making a gross and most insulting abuse of the hospitality of the port of New York must have produced an impression highly favour- able to Germany on public opinion in America. There can be but one explanation of the failure of the German Embassy at Washington to avail itself of so effective a weapon; and it is, of course, that there was no proof of the alleged violation of neutrality and American Law.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.854840278625488, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "(10) Greg Bemis purchased the Lusitania in 1968. He was interviewed about the disaster in an article published in the Sunday Times (5th May 2002)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366127967834473, "source": "search", "title": "The Lusitania - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "1000+ images about Lusitania Sunk By German U Boat on Pinterest | Warfare, Boats and Steamers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.303717613220215, "source": "search", "title": "Lusitania Sunk By German U Boat on Pinterest | May 1, The ..." }, { "answer": "Lusitania", "passage": "1000+ images about RMS Lusitania on Pinterest | Days in, New york and British", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240067481994629, "source": "search", "title": "RMS Lusitania on Pinterest | German Submarines, Ships and ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "50s", "passage": "Experimentation with magnetic tape recording of video signals began just post World-War II.  Prototype machines were built in the early 1950s.  The first practical, commercial broadcast quality video recorder was released by Ampex in 1956.  The model VR-1000  cost $50,000 and used 2\" wide videotape. KING-TV in Seattle got Serial Number 1. (CBS in Hollywood had earlier received the first production prototype, the VRX-1000.)", "precise_score": 6.370571136474609, "rough_score": 7.40289306640625, "source": "search", "title": "TV History: VCR And Home Video History - The First 75 Years" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "1939 - independent invention of the wire recorder in U.S. by Marvin Camras at Armour Research Foundation and sold to military during World War II; wire recorders such as the Webster pictured at right were popular with amateurs until the late 1950s.", "precise_score": 1.5179822444915771, "rough_score": 1.1748366355895996, "source": "search", "title": "Recording Technology History - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "A number of American companies began investigating this problem during the 1950s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028800010681152, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Video Recorders - Video Tape and Camera" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "1956 - Elvis Presley recorded Heartbreak Hotel on January 10 in Nashville at his first session for RCA in the RCA Studio on 1525 McGavock Street, and A Big Hunk o' Love June 10, 1958, in the new Studio B on Music Row. According to the Elvis Presley Studio Recordings RCA erased most of its tapes from the 1950s for later reuse, but a good transfer of the original, spliced A Big Hunk o' Love master can be found on the CD \"All Time Greatest Hits\", PD90100(2)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.474617958068848, "source": "search", "title": "Recording Technology History - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "When television first took off in the 1950s, the only means of preserving video footage was through kinescope, a process in which a special motion picture camera photographed a television monitor. Kinescope film took hours to develop and made for poor quality broadcasts. So most television networks just made live broadcasts direct from the studio. But in countries with several time zones, live broadcast was a problem. In the U.S., for example, the 6 p.m. news broadcast in New York, if aired direct, would be on at 3 p.m. Pacific time in Los Angeles. The only solutions were to repeat the live broadcast three hours later for LA, or to develop the kinescope film of the first broadcast and rush to air it on time. There was a pressing need for new recording technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8353753089904785, "source": "search", "title": "50 Years of the Video Cassette Recorder - WIPO" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "The emerging computer industry saw magnetic recording as a solution to the problems of data storage and speed. In 1937, Victor Atanasoff considered a variation of Poulsen's magnetic drum as a possible memory device for his early ABC electronic computer. However, he could not afford the vacuum tubes necessary to amplify the magnetic pulses, and decided to use non-magnetic capacitors on the drum. In 1947, William C. Morris led a group of engineers at Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in Minneapolis that had worked on Project Goldberg for the Navy to develop a computer that could solve cryptographic problems. They built the first magnetic drum out of recording tape from a captured German Magnetophone recorder and heads from a Brush wire recorder. The strips of tape would not stick to the aluminum drum, so they spray-painted an iron oxide emulsion obtained from 3M in Minneapolis directly onto the surface of the drum. John Coombs reported their success at the Chicago National Electronics Conference in November 1947. The drum was 5 inches in diameter and revolved at 3000 rpm, recording at a density of 230 bits per inch with a rigid head mounted only .001 inch from the surface of the drum. Howard Aiken at Harvard was also experimenting with a magnetic drum on the Mark II computer in 1947, and he would make the drum the key feature of his improved Mark III computer in 1948. Harry Huskey would use a magnetic drum in this design of the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer for the National Bureau of Standards in 1948. Arnold D. Booth in Britain built a magnetic drum for the Automatic Relay Computer in 1948 and would install a drum in the Manchester \"baby\" computer in 1949. The ERA would build the Atlas computer in 1948 with a magnetic drum 8.5 inches in diameter with 200 read/write heads and a capacity of 16,384 words of 24-bit length. The ERA would patent its drum design in 1948, including the so-called \"sprocket track\" that was a control track to map the addresses of data in the storage tracks. The access speed and large capacity of magnetic drums exceeded all other forms of computer memory in use during the decade after World War II, such as the CRT and the mercury delay line. It would remain the preferred computer memory until the faster magnetic core devices became available in the late 1950s. (12)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.662885665893555, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Magnetic Recording - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "The magnetic drum was fast but did not have the large capacity needed for data storage. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert began work in 1943 on ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania for the U.S. Army. It was not finished during the war but in 1946 they started the Electronic Control Co. and received grant from National Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output, renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but the project ran out of money. The two scientists formed Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in Dec. 1947 and developed by 1949 the BINAC stored-program computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive magnetic tape drive. Remington Rand bought EMCC in Feb. 1950 and provided funds to finish UNIVAC March 30, 1951. It announced on June 14, 1951, the sale of UNIVAC I to the Census Bureau. It was the first commercial computer to feature a magnetic tape storage system that consisted of eight UNISERVO tape drives standing separate from the CPU and control console on the other side of a garage-size room. Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second. The complete UNIVAC system weighed 29,000 pounds, included 5200 vacuum tubes, and an offline typewriter-printer UNIPRINTER with an attached metal tape drive. Later, a punched card-to-tape machine was added to read IBM 80-column and Remington Rand 90-column cards. The UNIVAC I was used in November 1952 to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the prediction. Magnetic tape systems became the standard data storage system in the 1950s. The SAGE aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built. It began in 1954 at MIT's Lincoln Lab with funding from the Air Force. The first of 23 Direction Centers went online in Nov. 1956, and the last in 1962. Each Center had two 55,000-tube computers known as \"Clyde\" that weighed 275 tons and had magnetic core memory, magnetic drum and magnetic tape storage, graphics display, and were connected by one of the first computer networks. (13)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.41702938079834, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Magnetic Recording - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "The computer and the transistor in the 1950s joined with the automobile and the teenager to create a new generation of stereo \"Hi-Fi\" components. Magnetic tape and FM radio made possible a new quality of sound. The tape recorder industry quickly expanded in Europe and Asia after the war. In Britain, EMI used the German design to produce the BTR1 for its Abbey Road studio in November 1947. The Grundig Company in Germany was started by radio dealer Max Grundig after World War II to produce radio repair instruments. It expanded into radio set production, making the Heinzelmann in 1946 and the Grundig Boy in 1949 that was one of the first portable cabinet radios. Grundig took over the Lumophon factory in Nuremberg and in 1951 began production of its first tape recorder, the Reporter 300. Willi Studer in Zurich produced his first recorder, the Dynavox, in 1949 and the Studer 27 in 1951 and the Revox A77 in 1967. Stefan Kudelski, a physics student in Switzerland, built the Nagra I portable tape recorder with wind-up motor in 1951 used by the Everest explorer Raymond Lambert and by the deep-sea bathyscaph Trieste. In Japan, Sony ( then called Totsuko) in 1950 sold its first G-type tape recorder in Tokyo at a price of $400 but it weighed over 100 lbs. Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita licensed transistor technology from Western Electric in 1953, and began a consumer electronics revolution with transistor radios, TVs (the TV8-301 of 1960 was nicknamed \"Kennedy's dog\" because JFK kept a set near him), and the first all-transistor tape recorder in 1961. (15)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8954991102218628, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Magnetic Recording - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "Belton, John. \"1950s Magnetic Sound: The Frozen Revolution,\" in Rick Altman. Sound Theory/Sound Practice. NY: Routledge, 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.599413871765137, "source": "search", "title": "The History of Magnetic Recording - Audio Engineering Society" }, { "answer": "50s", "passage": "The history of the digital camera dates back to the early 1950s. Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that recorded  television  images.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.305083274841309, "source": "search", "title": "About: Inventors—History of the Digital Camera" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Leonard Cyril Deighton", "Len Deighton", "Len Deighton's London Dossier" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "len deighton", "leonard cyril deighton", "len deighton s london dossier" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "len deighton", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Len Deighton" }

[ { "answer": "Len Deighton", "passage": "Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). Spy Hook is part of the Hook, Line and Sinker trilogy, being succeeded by Spy Line and Spy Sinker. This trilogy is preceded by the Game, Set and Match trilogy and followed by the final Faith, Hope and Charity trilogy. Deighton's novel Winter (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory to some of the characters.", "precise_score": 4.849737167358398, "rough_score": 5.045350074768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spy Hook" }, { "answer": "Len Deighton", "passage": "Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). Spy Line is part of the Hook, Line and Sinker trilogy, being preceded by Spy Hook and followed Spy Sinker. This trilogy is preceded by the Game, Set and Match trilogy and followed by the final Faith, Hope and Charity trilogy. Deighton's novel Winter (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory to some of the characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.961739540100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spy Line" }, { "answer": "Len Deighton", "passage": "Spy Sinker by Len Deighton on iBooks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.295932292938232, "source": "search", "title": "Spy Sinker by Len Deighton on iBooks - itunes.apple.com" }, { "answer": "Len Deighton", "passage": "Born in London, Len Deighton served in the RAF before graduating from the Royal College of Art (which recently elected him a Senior Fellow). While in New York City working as a magazine illustrator he began writing his first novel, The Ipcress File, which was published in 1962. He is now the author of more than thirty books of fiction and non-fiction. At present living in Europe, he has, over the years, lived with his family in ten different countries from Austria to Portugal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26349925994873, "source": "search", "title": "Spy Sinker by Len Deighton on iBooks - itunes.apple.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Eateries", "Cookshop", "Restuarant", "Restarant", "Resteraunt", "Piqueteadero", "Restaurant", "Restaraunt", "Restaurants", "Resturants", "Resturant", "Public food facility", "Eatery", "Theatre restaurant", "Resturaunt", "Restuarent", "Restauraunt", "Chef's table", "Resterant" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "restarant", "resturant", "resturaunt", "resterant", "restuarant", "theatre restaurant", "piqueteadero", "restuarent", "restaurants", "restauraunt", "chef s table", "restaurant", "resturants", "cookshop", "eatery", "public food facility", "restaraunt", "eateries", "resteraunt" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "restaurants", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Restaurants" }

[ { "answer": "Restaurants", "passage": "Most of the major restaurants do accept credit cards: Prima, La Choza , Guidos, La Morena , etc. The smaller places do not. Look for the posted signs if they don't- nothing like washing dishes all night long.", "precise_score": -5.996029853820801, "rough_score": -8.50745677947998, "source": "search", "title": "Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments ..." }, { "answer": "Restaurant", "passage": "The three men were eating at Major's Cabin Grill, a famous New York restaurant located next to the Empire State Building , to discuss a problem customer of the Hamilton Credit Corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015774726867676, "source": "search", "title": "First Modern Credit Card Introduced - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Restaurants", "passage": "We do not like to carry a lot of cash and/or pay ATM fees. We do like to eat at local restaurants. Also we are renting a car for the week and plan doing many activities all around the island. Will I have trouble with my credit cards being accepted? I understand that at a roadside stand or when buying small goods at a store that does not get many tourists’ I will need cash, but as a general rule of thumb are credit cards widely accepted?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923074722290039, "source": "search", "title": "Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments ..." }, { "answer": "Restuarant", "passage": "Also- most USD are exchanged at 10:1 at bars and restuarants. It's not the best exchange rate you can get. The ATM is the best exchange rate followed by the cambios. Traveler's checks get a poor exchange rate at the cambios. Whatever you do, don't use the AMEX exchange in Customs. They have the worst exchange on the island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419479370117188, "source": "search", "title": "Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale. Her other films include Fun in Acapulco, She, The Blue Max, Perfect Friday, The Sensuous Nurse, Slave of the Cannibal God, The Fifth Musketeer and Clash of the Titans.", "precise_score": 2.7612342834472656, "rough_score": -0.04319590702652931, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "The quintessential jet-set Euro starlet, Ursula Andress was born in the Swiss canton of Berne on March 19, 1936, one of six children in a strict German Protestant family. Although often seeming icily aloof, a restless streak early demonstrated itself in her personality, and she had an impetuous desire to explore the world outside Switzerland. (For instance, she was tracked down by Interpol for running away from boarding school at 17 years old.) The stunning young woman found work as an art model in Rome and did walk-ons in three quickie Italian features before coming to the Hollywood. At 19, she met fading matinée idol John Derek , who left his first wife and two children to marry Ursula in 1957, despite the fact that she only spoke a few words of English at the time, and persuaded the new bride to put her acting ambitions on hold for a few years.", "precise_score": 4.090899467468262, "rough_score": 3.0525331497192383, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "The quintessential jet-set Euro starlet, Ursula Andress was born in the Swiss canton of Berne on March 19, 1936, one of six children in a strict German Protestant family. Although often seeming icily aloof, a restless streak early demonstrated itself in her personality, and she had an impetuous desire to explore the world outside Switzerland. (For... See full bio »", "precise_score": 4.42527961730957, "rough_score": 3.5405826568603516, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Ursula was born in Berne, Switzerland, on March 19th, 1936. So she recently turned 71 and can now benefit from reduction prices to any theater showing her movies. Her father Rolf is German and mother Anna is Swiss. She has six siblings, the oldest two being born in Germany while she in the others in Switzerland due to political issues concerning her father. Her wandering spirit came alive very quickly and at the tender age of 15, she went AWOL with a French actor, who took her to Rome. Though she had the permission of her mother, her grandfather was not pleased and called Interpol to the rescue! But when sanity finally prevailed, Ursula's movie career began in the prestigious Cinecitta studios, as an extra for some minor films, mainly light comedies on the saucy side.", "precise_score": 5.8603973388671875, "rough_score": 5.87896728515625, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress | Chickipedia" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "It is the most important thing that ever happened to me,” exults Ursula Andress, the Swiss-born actress and seven-time Playboy plaything. At the ripe age of 44, she is expecting her first baby in mid-May. “Let’s say I had an incredible life up until today, and now I think it’s time for a change.”", "precise_score": -2.2837393283843994, "rough_score": -4.420327186584473, "source": "search", "title": "Urged by Her 28-Year-Old Lover, Harry Hamlin, Ursula ..." }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to Anna, a gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.396778106689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "At 18, Andress left Switzerland and went to Rome, Italy where she was a walk-on in three nondescript Italian films. Within a year she came to California and was signed to a contract with Paramount Pictures, but the contract resulted in no acting roles due to her inability to learn English at the time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12470817565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Andress became famous as Honey Ryder, a shell diver and James Bond's woman of desire in Dr. No (1962), the first Bond movie. In what became an iconic moment in cinematic and fashion history, she rose out of the Caribbean Sea in a white bikini sporting a large diving knife on her hip. Due to her heavy Swiss-German accent, her character's voice was provided by Nikki van der Zyl, while the calypso was sung by Diana Coupland. The scene made Andress a \"quintessential\" Bond girl. Andress later said that she owed her career to that white bikini: \"This bikini made me into a success. As a result of starring in Dr. No as the first Bond girl, I was given the freedom to take my pick of future roles and to become financially independent.\" The bikini she wore in the film sold at auction in 2001 for £41,125 ($59,755). In 2003, in a UK Survey by Channel 4, her entrance in Dr. No was voted #1 in \"the 100 Greatest Sexy Moments\". Andress won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year in 1964 for her appearance in the film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872563362121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Since the beginning of the 1990s, her acting appearances have been rare. In 1995, Andress was chosen by Empire magazine as one of the \"100 Sexiest Stars in film history.\" Her last role to date was playing \"Madonna\" in the low-budget 2005 Swiss feature ' (English title: The Bird Preachers).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312701225280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "On 18 May 2006, on the occasion of the inauguration of the Swiss Consulate General in Scotland, Andress celebrated her 70th birthday on board the Royal Yacht Britannia in Edinburgh in the company of an international crowd of celebrities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787416458129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ursula Andress" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "The year 1962 saw the virtually unknown Swiss beauty back on the set, playing a small role in the first movie version of Ian Fleming 's fanciful \"James Bond\" espionage novels, Dr. No (1962), opposite Sean Connery . Because her Swiss/German accent was so strong, Andress' entire performance had to be dubbed by a voiceover artist. Nevertheless, her striking beauty and smoldering screen presence made a strong impression on moviegoers, immediately establishing her as one of the most desired women in the world and as an ornament to put on-screen alongside some of the most bankable talent of the era, such as Elvis Presley in Fun in Acapulco (1963) and Dean Martin in 4 for Texas (1963). In 1965, she was one of several European starlets to co-star in What's New Pussycat (1965) -- a film that perhaps sums up mid-'60s pop culture better than any other -- written by Woody Allen , starring Allen and Peter Sellers , with music by Burt Bacharach , a title song performed by Tom Jones and much on-screen sexual romping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499125480651855, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Is fluent in English, French, German, Italian and Swiss-German.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293930053710938, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Is Swiss-German.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368144035339355, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Grew up in Ostermundingen, a city in the district of Berne, like TV host Michelle Hunziker and Lauriane Gilliéron , a former Miss Switzerland, who both attended her 70th birthday party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905994415283203, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "What I look for in a man isn't printable! I wouldn't want to shatter my cool Swiss image.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552664756774902, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "[People magazine, 12/29/80] I'm nearly having a nervous breakdown. I am Swiss, and I want everything precise, clean, perfect. Everybody is furious with me; I have no time for anybody. I cry every day, I'm so upset. A baby takes 24 hours out of every 24 hours -- I never imagined it would be so time-consuming. Never, never!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51713752746582, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Ursula Andress is a Swiss actress and sex symbol of the 1960s who is best known for her role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No (1962), for which she won a Golden Globe. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the 1967 Bond-parody Casino Royale . For her role in Dr. No, Andress won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year in 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.803858757019043, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - James Bond Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "Due to Andress' heavy Swiss-German accent, Honey Ryder's voice was provided by Nikki van der Zyl , while the calypso was sung by Diana Coupland .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376739501953125, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - James Bond Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Swiss", "passage": "The decision to have the child was made with Hamlin’s support. “Ursula is from another planet. She will never lose her love of living,” chimes in her adoring man. “She has more energy than 12 people, and she loves like no one else.” Adds Ursula: “He is very excited about the baby and is very strict about me, more strict than I am.” They are planning on marriage in the near future, “but not where you get married in a dismal legal building,” interjects Harry. “It is important for the child,” explains Ursula, who is contemplating a U.S. ceremony. “With the world situation I would like the baby to have the choice of both American and Swiss citizenship.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.712411403656006, "source": "search", "title": "Urged by Her 28-Year-Old Lover, Harry Hamlin, Ursula ..." }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Andress was back in Rome for most of her pregnancy to buy baby things, such as a $3,000 antique carousel horse, and to ready a new apartment in the suburbs. “I said to Harry, leave,” she says. “I do it myself. Every day there is something wrong and having somebody with you slows you down.” Now, however, Ursula is settled for the moment in Harry’s one-bedroom cottage overlooking Laurel Canyon. (She owns a house in Beverly Hills, now rented, and places in Ibiza and Switzerland.) Although he has assembled the bassinet Ursula brought from Rome, Hamlin admits everything is up in the air: “We may move to another house in Los Angeles or we may live in another country.” A serious dramatic actor, he is a Yale graduate who studied with the ACT rep company in San Francisco and is currently working with Lee Strasberg. Ursula wisely understands that “there is nothing constant in acting, so I can’t restrict him. He has to have the freedom to move.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.300886631011963, "source": "search", "title": "Urged by Her 28-Year-Old Lover, Harry Hamlin, Ursula ..." }, { "answer": "Switzerland", "passage": "Actress Born In Switzerland#2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.255167961120605, "source": "search", "title": "Ursula Andress - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays" } ]

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[ { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist, best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–81). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the broadcast's date.", "precise_score": 4.2713117599487305, "rough_score": 6.967571258544922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS Evening News (initially Walter Cronkite with the News), a job in which he became an American icon. The program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes on September 2, 1963, making Cronkite the anchor of American network television's first nightly half-hour news program. ", "precise_score": 2.5338919162750244, "rough_score": 7.004883766174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. ", "precise_score": 6.613562107086182, "rough_score": 6.545114517211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Prior to his death, \"Uncle Walter\" hosted a number of TV specials and was featured in interviews about the times and events that occurred during his career as America's \"most trusted\" man. In July 2006, the 90-minute documentary Walter Cronkite: Witness to History aired on PBS. The special was narrated by Katie Couric, who assumed the CBS Evening News anchor chair in September 2006. Cronkite provided the voiceover introduction to Couric's CBS Evening News, which began on September 5, 2006. Cronkite's voiceover was notably not used on introducing the broadcast reporting his funeral – no voiceover was used on this occasion.", "precise_score": 1.4149798154830933, "rough_score": 6.56203031539917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News - YouTube", "precise_score": 1.3702843189239502, "rough_score": 6.739173412322998, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News ..." }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News", "precise_score": 1.8607834577560425, "rough_score": 7.001245498657227, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News ..." }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS Evening News (initially Walter Cronkite with the News), a job in which he became an American icon.", "precise_score": 2.1364684104919434, "rough_score": 6.7757978439331055, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News ..." }, { "answer": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.", "passage": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. ( 4 November 1916 – 17 July 2009 ) was an American broadcast journalist, most famous as the anchorman for The CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–1981).", "precise_score": 3.809532642364502, "rough_score": 7.699346542358398, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled Douglas Edwards with the News, and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.128208637237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "CBS" }, { "answer": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.", "passage": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr., was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche; August 1892 – November 1993), and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite (September 1893 – May 1973), a dentist. He had remote Dutch ancestry on his father's side, the family surname originally being Krankheyt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.312482833862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "In 1998, Cronkite hosted the 90-minute documentary, Silicon Valley: A 100 Year Renaissance, produced by the Santa Clara Valley Historical Association. The film documented Silicon Valley's rise from the origin of Stanford University to the current high-technology powerhouse. The documentary was broadcast on PBS throughout the United States and in 26 countries. Prior to 2004, he could also be seen in the opening movie 'Back to Neverland' shown in the Walt Disney World attraction, The Magic of Disney Animation, interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with his famous catchphrase. In the featurette, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3154116868972778, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on Integrity in the Media with Ben Bradlee and Mike McCurry at the Connecticut Forum in Hartford, Connecticut. Cronkite provided a particularly funny anecdote about taking a picture from a house in Houston, Texas, where a newsworthy event occurred and being praised for getting a unique photograph, only to find out later that the city desk had provided him with the wrong address. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.0945853590965271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Cronkite wrote a syndicated opinion column for King Features Syndicate. In 2005 and 2006, he contributed to The Huffington Post. Cronkite was the honorary chairman of The Interfaith Alliance. In 2006, he presented the Walter Cronkite Faith and Freedom Award to actor and activist George Clooney on behalf of his organization at its annual dinner in New York. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5988922715187073, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "A grandson, Walter Cronkite IV, now works at CBS. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.318500995635986, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Cronkite was not just a namesake, but he also took the time to interact with the students and staff of the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Cronkite made the trip to Arizona annually to present the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism to a leader in the field of media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7947230935096741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "In 2008, the state-of-the-art journalism education complex in the heart of ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus was also built in his honor. The Walter Cronkite Regents Chair in Communication seats the Texas College of Communications dean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.065213441848755, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite Papers ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2728197574615479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "The Walter Cronkite papers are preserved at the curatorial Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin. Occupying 293 linear feet (almost 90 metres) of shelf space, the papers document Cronkite's journalism career. Amongst the collected material are Cronkite's early beginnings while he still lived in Houston. They encompass his coverage of World War II as a United Press International correspondent, where he cemented his reputation by taking on hazardous overseas assignments. During this time he also covered the Nuremberg war crimes trial serving as the chief of the United Press bureau in Moscow. The main content of the papers documents Cronkite's career with CBS News between 1950 and 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7175853252410889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "NASA presented Cronkite with a moon rock sample from the early Apollo expeditions spanning 1969 to 1972. Cronkite passed on the Moon rock to Bill Powers, president of the University of Texas at Austin, and it became part of the collection at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. Carleton said at this occasion, \"We are deeply honored by Walter Cronkite’s decision to entrust this prestigious award to the Center for American History. The Center already serves as the proud steward of his professional and personal papers, which include his coverage of the space program for CBS News. It is especially fitting that the archive documenting Walter's distinguished career should also include one of the Moon rocks that the heroic astronauts of the Apollo program brought to Earth.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4602571725845337, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "On November 4, 2013, Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph, Missouri dedicated the Walter Cronkite Memorial. The nearly 6,000 square-foot memorial includes images, videos and memorabilia from Cronkite’s life and the many events he covered as a journalist. The memorial includes a replica of the newsroom from which Cronkite broadcast the news during the 1960s and 1970s. In 2014, the Memorial received the Missouri Division of Tourism's Spotlight Award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.187589645385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walter Cronkite" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.847659587860107, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News ..." }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "Cronkite's farewell statement: \"This is my last broadcast as the anchorman of The CBS Evening News; for me, it's a moment for which I long have planned, but which, nevertheless, comes with some sadness. For almost two decades, after all, we've been meeting like this in the evenings, and I'll miss that. But those who have made anything of this departure, I'm afraid have made too much. This is but a transition, a passing of the baton. A great broadcaster and gentleman, Doug Edwards, preceded me in this job, and another, Dan Rather, will follow. And anyway, the person who sits here is but the most conspicuous member of a superb team of journalists; writers, reporters, editors, producers, and none of that will change. Furthermore, I'm not even going away! I'll be back from time to time with special news reports and documentaries, and, beginning in June, every week, with our science program, Universe. Old anchormen, you see, don't fade away; they just keep coming back for more. And that's the way it is: Friday, March 6, 1981. I'll be away on assignment, and Dan Rather will be sitting in here for the next few years. Good night.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.644988059997559, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News ..." }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15014785528182983, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1662349700927734, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916 in St. Joseph, Missouri, USA as Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. He is known for his work on The Twentieth Century (1957), Fail Safe (2000) and You Are There (1953). He was married to Mary Elizabeth \"Betsy\" Maxwell. He died on July 17, 2009 in Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7781944274902344, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "Always closed his newscasts by saying \"And that's the way it is\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.809494972229004, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "CBS asked Cronkite to come up with a signature closing line for the evening news. When he came up with \"And that's the way it is\", CBS was concerned that it would suggest a certain infallability. But Cronkite explained that it would fit any type of story whether it was funny or sad or ironic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.382810115814209, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Father was Walter Cronkite Sr., a dentist. Mother was Helen Cronkite who died in 1993 at the age of 101.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.023860216140747, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Release of the book, \"Walter Cronkite: His Life and Times\" by Doug James. [1991]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8579715490341187, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "And that's the way it is, March 6, 1981. [Sign-off line on his last night as anchor]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095931053161621, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0200389623641968, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Walter Cronkite", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1662349700927734, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "Old anchormen, you see, don't fade away; they just keep coming back for more. And that's the way it is...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25115966796875, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "And that's the way it is. ...[reads date]. This is Walter Cronkite, CBS News; good night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.00092887878418, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could. This is Walter Cronkite; good night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319576263427734, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "This is my last broadcast as the anchorman of The CBS Evening News; for me, it's a moment for which I long have planned, but which, nevertheless, comes with some sadness. For almost 2 decades, after all, we've been meeting like this in the evenings, and I'll miss that. But those who have made anything of this departure, I'm afraid have made too much. This is but a transition, a passing of the baton. A great broadcaster and gentleman, Doug Edwards , preceded me in this job, and another, Dan Rather , will follow. And anyway, the person who sits here is but the most conspicuous member of a superb team of journalists — writers, reporters, editors, producers—and none of that will change. Furthermore, I'm not even going away! I'll be back from time to time with special news reports and documentaries, and, beginning in June, every week, with our science program, Universe. Old anchormen, you see, don't fade away; they just keep coming back for more. And that's the way it is: Friday, March 6, 1981. I'll be away on assignment, and Dan Rather will be sitting in here for the next few years. Good night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5542192459106445, "source": "search", "title": "Walter Cronkite - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "It seemed like a marriage made in heaven. Walter Cronkite's consistency and integrity transformed television from a novelty into the primary news source for millions of Americans. TV returned the favor by transforming Cronkite from an obscure radio and wire service reporter into the most trusted man in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0367519855499268, "source": "search", "title": "And That's the Way It Is - American Journalism Review" }, { "answer": "And that's the way it is", "passage": "During Cronkite's 19-year tenure as anchor of the \"CBS Evening News,\" his trademark sign-off, \"And that's the way it is,\" became more familiar to many Americans than the Lord's Prayer. Art Buchwald once called him \"the only honest face on TV\"; Cronkite's turn against the Vietnam War in 1968 is said to have influenced President Johnson's decision five weeks later to announce he would not run for reelection; Cronkite's interview with Anwar Sadat triggered the Egyptian president's historic 1977 visit to Israel. And as recently as 1990, a poll ranked Cronkite as America's number one broadcaster--despite the fact he had retired nine years earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.005274295806885, "source": "search", "title": "And That's the Way It Is - American Journalism Review" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Lampshaded and discussed in Bruce Almighty , when Bruce, who's gunning for an anchor job, remarks that he should come up with his own \"signature sign-off\" like \"all the great anchors\" had, using Walter Cronkite 's (see below) as an example. He does eventually come up with his own: \"And that's the way the cookie crumbles.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8927769660949707, "source": "search", "title": "Signing Off Catch Phrase - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Walter Cronkite", "passage": "Wednesday: Pres. Obama delivers a special prime time address to Congress in order to tackle health care reform; Also, a special tribute to CBS News legend Walter Cronkite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5940648317337036, "source": "search", "title": "CBS Evening News - Season 2009 - TV.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Howard Bellamy", "Bellamy Brothers", "The Bellamy Brothers", "David M. Bellamy", "David Bellamy (singer)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "david bellamy singer", "howard bellamy", "bellamy brothers", "david m bellamy" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bellamy brothers", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bellamy Brothers" }

[ { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics", "precise_score": -1.25313401222229, "rough_score": -2.214686870574951, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "\"Let Your Love Flow\" is the title of a pop song written by Larry E. Williams, a former roadie for Neil Diamond, and made popular by the American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers (1976). It was offered to Neil Diamond first, but he turned it down.", "precise_score": 4.066441535949707, "rough_score": -3.043919563293457, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The Bellamy Brothers singing \"Let Your Love Flow\" on German TV in th 1970s.", "precise_score": 2.3526127338409424, "rough_score": 2.4376380443573, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, a Number One single on the Billboard Hot 100.", "precise_score": 3.2615559101104736, "rough_score": 4.951905250549316, "source": "search", "title": "The Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - Lyrics.com - your music ..." }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "\"Let Your Love Flow\" is the title of a pop song written by Larry E. Williams, a former roadie for Neil Diamond, and made popular by the American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. Diamond was initially offered the opportunity to record the song, but he declined. The song was first recorded by Gene Cotton prior to the Bellamy Brothers, but Cotton never secured the rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.571218490600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Let Your Love Flow" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The song was a crossover hit in the United States, reaching Number One on the 1976 Billboard Hot 100 charts, #2 on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and #21 on Hot Country Singles. It was also an international hit, landing on the charts in the UK, Scandinavia and West Germany, where the Bellamy Brothers' record spent five weeks at #1. In 2008, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart following its appearance in an advertisement in the United Kingdom for Barclaycard, where it peaked at #21. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68486213684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Let Your Love Flow" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The song has been covered by numerous other artists, most notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 Honest Lullaby album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album The Greatest Hits Sessions. \"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, spent eleven weeks at #1 in West Germany in 1976. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46824836730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Let Your Love Flow" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "Levis Jeans using Bellamy Brothers's \"Let Your Love Flow\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.12027359008789, "source": "search", "title": "in the 70s - Music From Commericals of the Seventies" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.994171380996704, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "This record was a crossover hit in the United States, reaching Number One on the 1976 Billboard Hot 100 charts, #2 on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and #21 on Hot Country Singles. It was also an international hit, landing on the charts in the UK, Scandinavia and West Germany, where the Bellamy Brothers' record spent five weeks at #1 followed by \"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, which spent the next six weeks at #1. In 2008 the song was used in an advert in the United Kingdom for Barclaycard. Subsequently, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart and peaked at #21. It appeared in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film Little Darlings and the 2008 period drama Swingtown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.045191764831543, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The song has been covered by numerous other artists, notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 Honest Lullaby album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album The Greatest Hits Sessions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.763690948486328, "source": "search", "title": "Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The Bellamy Brothers Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429814338684082, "source": "search", "title": "The Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - Lyrics.com - your music ..." }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The Bellamy Brothers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286781311035156, "source": "search", "title": "The Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - Lyrics.com - your music ..." }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "Bellamy Brothers \"Let Your Love Flow\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.405117988586426, "source": "search", "title": "Bad Songs of the Seventies - furious.com" }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "Bellamy Brothers — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410090446472168, "source": "search", "title": "Bellamy Brothers — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats ..." }, { "answer": "Bellamy Brothers", "passage": "The Bellamy Brothers started their musical career at the end of the 1960s. In 1968, they had their first official gig, playing a free show with their father at the Rattlesnake Roundup in San Antonio, Florida, USA. They kept playing throughout the South, often with already recognized musicians, such as Percy Sledge, Eddie Floyd and others. A couple of months later, the brothers moved up north, discovering the potentials of rock/country music in Atlanta, Georgia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.934487342834473, "source": "search", "title": "Bellamy Brothers — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. ", "precise_score": 8.332062721252441, "rough_score": 6.561738014221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Two years prior to the bout, Tyson had made several inflammatory remarks to Lewis in an interview following the Savarese fight. The remarks included the statement \"I want your heart, I want to eat your children.\" On January 22, 2002, the two boxers and their entourages were involved in a brawl at a New York press conference to publicize the planned event. A few weeks later, the Nevada State Athletic Commission refused to grant Tyson a license for the fight, forcing the promoters to make alternative arrangements. After multiple states balked at granting Tyson a license, the fight eventually occurred on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out Tyson with a right hook in the eighth round. Tyson was respectful after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory. This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the USA.", "precise_score": 1.7146861553192139, "rough_score": 3.180933952331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "July 9, 1997 -- The Nevada State Athletic Commission, in a unanimous voice vote, revoked Mike Tyson's boxing license and fined him $3 million for biting Holyfield.", "precise_score": 7.170145511627197, "rough_score": 7.588375091552734, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Mike Tyson timeline" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Oct. 19, 1998 -- The Nevada Athletic Commission voted 4-1 to restore Tyson's boxing license, with the lone holdout commissioner James Nave.", "precise_score": 8.722408294677734, "rough_score": 6.213052749633789, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Mike Tyson timeline" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Jan. 29, 2002 -- In a 4-1 vote, the Nevada Athletic Commission on Tuesday rejected Tyson's request to get his Nevada boxing license back.", "precise_score": 4.551906108856201, "rough_score": 4.821827411651611, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Mike Tyson timeline" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "LAS VEGAS — When Mike Tyson appears before the Nevada State Athletic Commission on Saturday, if indeed he keeps the much-anticipated date to seek restoration of his boxing license, he will have a solid reputation in his corner.", "precise_score": 4.951333045959473, "rough_score": 6.49214506149292, "source": "search", "title": "New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Mike Tyson, who hasn't fought since Nevada revoked his license for biting Evander Holyfield's ears during a championship bout last year, has applied for a boxing license in New Jersey.", "precise_score": 4.544522285461426, "rough_score": 4.5266876220703125, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson Applies For License In N.j. - tribunedigital ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "This evaluation was requested by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in order to provide medical input regarding Mr. Tyson's request for reinstatement of his boxing license. Pursuant to your letter of September 21, 1998, we have completed an evaluation by a team of psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurologists. To the extent possible, we utilized the assessment measures which you requested. Where other measures were used, the reasons for their use will be discussed.", "precise_score": 7.0886616706848145, "rough_score": 4.834600925445557, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all of the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant. He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round. On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision. He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympic super heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by knockout in the seventh round. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7810277938842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "As of May, 2016, he is so registered, as Michael Tyson, in Henderson, Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.260348320007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "On November 9, 1996, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Tyson faced Holyfield in a title bout dubbed \"Finally.\" In a surprising turn of events, Holyfield, who was given virtually no chance to win by numerous commentators, defeated Tyson by TKO when referee Mitch Halpern stopped the bout in round 11. Holyfield became the second boxer to win a heavyweight championship belt three times. Holyfield's victory was marred by allegations from Tyson's camp of Holyfield's frequent headbutts during the bout. Although the headbutts were ruled accidental by the referee, they would become a point of contention in the subsequent rematch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.537534475326538, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "As a subsequent fallout from the incident, US$3 million was immediately withheld from Tyson's $30-million purse by the Nevada state boxing commission (the most it could legally hold back at the time). Two days after the fight, Tyson issued a statement, apologizing to Holyfield for his actions and asked not to be banned for life over the incident. Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.362626552581787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002. Lennox Lewis held the WBC, IBF, IBO and Lineal titles at the time. As promising amateurs, Tyson and Lewis had sparred at a training camp in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984. Tyson sought to fight Lewis in Nevada for a more lucrative box-office venue, but the Nevada Boxing Commission refused him a license to box as he was facing possible sexual assault charges at the time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6402316093444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson resides in Seven Hills, Nevada. He has been married three times. He has fathered seven children, one deceased, by three women; in addition to his biological children, Tyson includes the oldest daughter of his second wife as one of his own. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.980695724487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The first instance of film censorship in the United States occurred in 1897 when several states banned the showing of prize fighting films from the state of Nevada, where it was legal at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956607818603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "* Nevada State Athletic Commission", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75033187866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson said he did not reapply for a license in Nevada, because he wanted to make a fresh start. But his adviser, Shelly Finkel, said Tyson might apply for a boxing license in other states in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7713837623596191, "source": "search", "title": "BOXING - Tyson Loses His Temper at His License Hearing ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Flanked by a gallery of reporters and friends, including his wife, Dr. Monica Tyson, and the boxer Larry Holmes, Tyson at first expressed remorse for biting Holyfield's ears in a heavyweight bout on June 28, 1997, an act that prompted Nevada to revoke his license. But Tyson said he did it only after constant head butting from Holyfield made his ''head foggy and incoherent'' and that he became ''desperate, irate and I just snapped. Nothing really mattered.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.548466145992279, "source": "search", "title": "BOXING - Tyson Loses His Temper at His License Hearing ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Hometown: Henderson, Nevada, USA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445669174194336, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Assault charges against Tyson stemming from an alleged altercation after a recent auto accident in Maryland won't convince the Nevada commissioners of his rehabilitation since June 1997. That's when they revoked his license for biting Evander Holyfield's ears, which disqualified him from a heavyweight title fight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5159438848495483, "source": "search", "title": "New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "He stopped short of admitting it was a strategic mistake for Team Tyson to seek a New Jersey boxing license rather than return to the scene of his biting transgression and face the Nevada commission that revoked Tyson's license. The East Coast strategy was dropped just before the New Jersey boxing commissioners were about to rule, following Tyson's less-than-impressive, expletive-inclusive appearance before them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8955180048942566, "source": "search", "title": "New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "\"When we decided not to go before New Jersey, that Nevada was the right thing to do, any other person would have gotten a blurb in sports,\" Finkel said. \"But Mike Tyson was front-page news.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.373699188232422, "source": "search", "title": "New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Nevada officials said they expect New Jersey and other states to continue to abide by their 1997 decision to revoke Tyson's license.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4846324920654297, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson Applies For License In N.j. - tribunedigital ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to circumvent ban - tribunedigital-baltimoresun", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.267258644104004, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to circumvent ban", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352117538452148, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Last July, the former heavyweight champion's license was revoked indefinitely and he was fined $3 million by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for chomping Evander Holyfield's ear in their championship match in Las Vegas on June 28, 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7629053592681885, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Tyson was eligible to appeal the revocation in Nevada this month, but, acting on the advice of his new managerial team headed by Shelly Finkel, he turned to New Jersey in an attempt to resume his ring career, which was first interrupted in 1992 by a three-year prison term for rape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.843418598175049, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The Nevada Commission viewed the New Jersey hearing as an end run by Tyson to circumvent a federal law that requires the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) to recognize statewide suspensions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4940285682678223, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "\"I feel like I'm at Fort Sumter,\" said Nevada commission executive director Marc Ratner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469233512878418, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Jim Nave, a member of the Nevada board who voted to revoke Tyson's license, took a different stance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.99825382232666, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Nevada chose to revoke rather than suspend Tyson's license in order to fine him 10 percent of his $30 million purse for the bout with Holyfield. The fight was stopped in the third round after Tyson bit Holyfield a second time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2915921211242676, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Anthony Fusco, a New Jersey attorney who will represent Tyson at the hearing, said that the fighter could have elected to apply for a license in any other state but Nevada, but opted to wait at least a calendar year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0521273612976074, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "An unfavorable political atmosphere helped persuade Tyson to steer clear of Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.02501106262207, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "\"We got intimations they [the Nevada commission] weren't going to OK Mike until January,\" said Jeff Wald, another member of Tyson's new advisory team. \"That, effectively, meant a two-year suspension. Mike's not getting younger [32]. He's got bills to pay.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.185190200805664, "source": "search", "title": "Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to ..." }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "-- Nevada Athletic Commission hearing on September 19, 1998", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.919198036193848, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Mr. Tyson had his license revoked for life by the Nevada Athletic Commission after this incident. It is our understanding that he became eligible to apply for reinstatement after one year. This report is requested in connection with that application for reinstatement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.214929580688477, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Members of the evaluation team reviewed the videotape of the July 27, 1998 New Jersey hearing. We noted that Mr. Tyson maintained excellent behavioral control during the course of the extensive and detailed questioning. He indicated that he did not want to speak any further because he was \"angry\" and did so in a calm voice. Mr. Tyson did raise his voice plaintively when Attorney Fusco began advocating for him, asking Mr. Fusco if he knew what Mr. Tyson meant. he subsequently used an expletive, wondering out loud what he was expected to do. It was the impression of the evaluation team the Mr. Tyson's behavior at the New Jersey hearing was not indicative of a significant problem with impulse control. In fact, we interpreted it as an example of reasonable control under significant pressure. Similarly, we found Mr. Tyson's behavior during the Nevada hearing on September 19, 1998 to be appropriate and evidence of good control under stress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.208383083343506, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War. After the war, he earned his bachelor's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station, where he logged over 900 flights. He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California.", "precise_score": 7.655439376831055, "rough_score": 8.436054229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Neil Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Neil Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. After serving in the Korean War and then finishing college, he joined the organization that would become NASA. He joined the astronaut program in 1962 and was command pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII, in 1966. He was spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar mission, and became the first man to walk on the moon. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2012.", "precise_score": 6.639236927032471, "rough_score": 7.223564624786377, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong - Astronaut, Explorer, Pilot - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "In 1949, as part of his scholarship, Armstrong trained as a pilot in the Navy and two years later, served in the Korean War. He flew 78 combat missions during this military conflict. He left the service in 1952, and returned to college. A few years later, Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For this government agency he worked in a number of different capacities, including serving as a test pilot and an engineer. He tested many high-speed aircraft, including the X-15, which could reach a top speed of 4,000 miles per hour.", "precise_score": 6.675345420837402, "rough_score": 5.818050384521484, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong - Astronaut, Explorer, Pilot - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Neil Alden Armstrong, 1930–2012, American astronaut, b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, grad. Purdue Univ. (B.S., 1955), Univ. of Southern California (M.S., 1970). A U.S. Navy fighter pilot during the Korean War, Armstrong became a test pilot for what was then the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics in 1955. In 1962, already a veteran of the X-15 rocket plane, Armstrong became a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut and served as command pilot of the Gemini 8 mission. As commander of Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969), he was the first person (July 20 EDST) to set foot on the moon, saying: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind\" (the \"a\" was apparently lost in transmission due to static). After serving (1970–71) as an associate NASA administrator for aeronautics, Armstrong taught aeronautical engineering at the Univ. of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979. In 1985, President Reagan appointed him to the National Commission on Space and in 1986 named him vice chairman of the panel that investigated the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger .", "precise_score": 7.41122579574585, "rough_score": 7.2382493019104, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Alden Armstrong - Encyclopedia.com" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Armstrong first saw action in the Korean War on August 29, 1951, as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin. Five days later on September 3, he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of Wonsan. While making a low bombing run at about 350 mph, Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by anti-aircraft fire. While trying to regain control, he collided with a pole at a height of about 20 ft, which sliced off about three feet (1 m) of the Panther's right wing. Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory, but due to the loss of the aileron, ejection was his only safe option. He planned to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters, and therefore flew to an airfield near Pohang, but his ejection seat was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked Armstrong up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of No. 125122 F9F-2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.806071400642395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Neil Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, most of which were in January 1952. He received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, a Gold Star for the next 20, and the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star. Armstrong left the Navy at age 22 on August 23, 1952, and became a lieutenant (junior grade), in the U.S. Naval Reserve. He remained in the reserve for eight years, then resigned his commission on October 21, 1960. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.841200351715088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Neil Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "To be sure, this is not the definitive, footnote-packed Armstrong biography. Instead, this book has the feel of sitting down with Barbree at a barbeque for an extended conversation. Barbree’s narrative unfolds with a particular eye toward Armstrong’s mastery of the machines he would come to fly, from F9Fs as a Navy carrier pilot during the Korean War and NASA’s X-15 to the ungainly lunar landing training vehicle and Apollo’s Lunar Excursion Module itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.244910955429077, "source": "search", "title": "'Neil Armstrong' recalls the astronaut, pilot, and man ..." }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Drawing on decades of notes, recorded interviews, and e-mails with Armstrong as well as a range of astronauts and key players in launch and mission controls, Barbree begins his account with Armstrong’s service flying F9F jets off the aircraft carrier USS Essex during the Korean War and a mission that nearly cost Armstrong his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9203126430511475, "source": "search", "title": "'Neil Armstrong' recalls the astronaut, pilot, and man ..." }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "During a bombing and strafing run in a narrow river valley, an antiaircraft cable the North Koreans had strung across the valley sliced off the outer six to eight feet of Armstrong’s right wing. Armstrong, who had earned a pilot’s license before he had a driver’s license, nearly augered in before he regained control and climbed out of the valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.261359214782715, "source": "search", "title": "'Neil Armstrong' recalls the astronaut, pilot, and man ..." }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served his country in the Korean War. after Korea, he became a test pilot. among the high performance craft Armstrong flew, was the famous, near-hypersonic, Bell X-15, which he piloted to the edge of space. His first spaceflight was NASA’s Gemini 8 in 1966, in which he and co-pilot David Scott performed the first manned docking of two spacecraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.632220268249512, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong: War Veteran, Test Pilot, Educator ..." }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "The future astronaut soloed an airplane just a few weeks after his sixteenth birthday. Before being selected as an astronaut, Armstrong was a naval aviator flying F9F Panther fighter jets in the Korean War. After the war, he became a research pilot for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor to NASA. While a research pilot NACA and later NASA, he flew the rocket powered Bell X-1B and the North American X-15 along with a wide variety of jet and propeller aircraft totaling more than 200 different types.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.97381854057312, "source": "search", "title": "Farewell Neil Armstrong, the Ultimate Test Pilot | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Military service: US Navy (pilot, Korean War)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6504807472229, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Armstrong was a Navy fighter pilot in the Korean war, and flew 78 combat missions. Later, as a civilian, he flew extensively as a test pilot. As a NASA astronaut, he commanded Gemini VIII in 1966, which conducted the first rendezvous of two spacecraft in orbit, and narrowly averted disaster when a stuck thruster made the Gemini craft roll and yaw uncontrollably. In 1968, the pressurization system for the steering jets on Armstrong's lunar landing research vehicle failed. Armstrong ejected safely, but the $1.5 million vehicle was a complete loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.801074981689453, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "In 1950, he served in the Korean War as a U.S. Navy fighter pilot. He flew 78 combat missions and received the Air Medal with two Gold Stars. Following the war, Armstrong enrolled in Purdue University. He graduated in 1955 with a bachelor of science degree in aeronautical engineering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.224546432495117, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Armstrong - United States History" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "It was not that Armstrong had never served in the military. As a naval aviator during the Korean War, he'd flown F9F Panther fighter-bombers from an aircraft carrier off the coast of North Korea. In the course of five combat tours he earned a reputation as one of the best pilots in the Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8088159561157227, "source": "search", "title": "Buzz Aldrin: Neil Armstrong Was ‘The Best Pilot I Ever ..." }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "Armstrong entered Purdue University in 1947 with a U.S. Navy scholarship. After two years of study he was called to active duty with the Navy and won his jet wings at Pensacola Naval Air Station in Florida. At 20 he was the youngest pilot in his squadron. He flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War and won three Air Medals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.819300889968872, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Alden Armstrong - Encyclopedia.com" }, { "answer": "Korean", "passage": "After the Korean conflict, Armstrong left the navy and returned to Purdue. In 1955, he earned his bachelor's in aerospace engineering. In 1956, he married fellow Purdue student Janet Shearon. By then, Armstrong was a test pilot for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the forerunner of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). At NACA's facility at Edwards Air Force Base in California , Armstrong flew a variety of aircraft under development. In 1960, Armstrong made his first of seven trips to the fringes of space in the X–15 rocket plane. The X–15, a sleek craft air-launched from a B–52 bomber and landed on Edwards's famous dry lake bed, gathered data about highspeed flight and atmospheric reentry that influenced many future designs, including the space shuttle .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2644870281219482, "source": "search", "title": "Neil Alden Armstrong - Encyclopedia.com" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. by Adam Bernstein Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. He had heart disease, an ailment that recently led him to leave his 58-year career hosting the weekly \"Letter from America\" radio series for the British Broadcasting Corp.", "precise_score": 4.861581802368164, "rough_score": -0.16684022545814514, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired 'Letter From America' - latimes", "precise_score": 3.2542500495910645, "rough_score": -3.025815010070801, "source": "search", "title": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired 'Letter From America'", "precise_score": 3.524381637573242, "rough_score": -2.89717960357666, "source": "search", "title": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke, the British-born journalist and commentator who brought a refinement and elegance to American television as the popular host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" has died. He was 95.", "precise_score": 6.051473140716553, "rough_score": 1.5268824100494385, "source": "search", "title": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "LONDON -- Former BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the 1950s and Masterpiece Theatre in the 1970s and '80s, died Tuesday at his New York home. He was 95. No cause of death was given. The Britain-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute weekly news commentary, Letter From America, on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one this month (HR 3/3). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, ' \" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC at the time. \"I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty and goodbye.\" »", "precise_score": 6.445802211761475, "rough_score": 5.066441535949707, "source": "search", "title": "\"Masterpiece Classic\" (1971) - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "LONDON -- Veteran BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the '50s and Masterpiece Theater in the '70s and '80s, died at his New York home Tuesday. He was 95. The British-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute news commentary, Letter From America on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one earlier this month (HR 03/03). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '\" Cooke said in a statement released at the time by the BBC. \"I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye.\" Tributes to Cooke, whose distinctive voice and broadcasting style bridged American and British society since his arrival in Manhattan in 1937, flowed in Tuesday after the BBC announced his death. \"He was really one of the greatest broadcasters of all time,\" said British Prime Minister Tony Blair . \"I was a big fan. I thought they were extraordinary essays. They brought an enormous amount of insight and understanding to the world. We shall feel his loss very keenly indeed.\" »", "precise_score": 6.145758152008057, "rough_score": 6.081721782684326, "source": "search", "title": "\"Masterpiece Classic\" (1971) - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Three months after Alistair Cooke ever so politely bade goodbye to \"Masterpiece Theater,\" the show's sponsors announced yesterday that Russell Baker would become the program's new host.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.047255039215088, "source": "search", "title": "A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "\"My reply was I'd like to be the man who succeeds the man who succeeds Alistair Cooke,\" he said. But several months went by, and Mr. Baker's self-esteem improved to the point where, he said, \"I thought, 'Why not give it a try?' \" He added that is was particularly influenced by his daughter, Kasia, who urged him to get out of his \"rut,\" and by a desire to fulfill his destiny as a citizen: \"In America, if you're not on television, somehow you're not American,\" he said. Hundreds Were Considered", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036102294921875, "source": "search", "title": "A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at 95 (2004-03-31)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.753731727600098, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at 95", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.976932525634766, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Mr. Cooke became a familiar fixture to American audiences in the 1950s as host of the network television program \"Omnibus,\" a much-honored show that aired news documentaries and literary adaptations. He narrated the BBC-produced series \"America: A Personal History of the United States\" in 1972 and 1973. The program, a wise and witty exploration of American culture and history, won four Emmy Awards and provided the basis for his best-selling written account, \"Alistair Cooke's America\" (1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.438752174377441, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alfred Alistair Cooke was born in Salford, near Manchester in northern England, where his father was a lay preacher who founded a mission that provided aid to slum districts. As a child, Mr. Cooke, who did not enjoy church attendance, was permitted to stay home and pore over the newspapers instead of the Bible. He once said his youthful ambition was to be some combination of Noel Coward and Eugene O'Neill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406464576721191, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "During the 1950s, he also appeared on \"An Evening With Alistair Cooke,\" an album that showcased his skills as a musician and entertainer; made a study for the BBC on songwriter George Gershwin, a favorite of his; and provided narration to \"The Three Faces of Eve\" (1957), the film for which Joanne Woodward won an Academy Award for playing a woman with multiple personalities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024888038635254, "source": "search", "title": "wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke didn't just introduce British classics. He was a British classic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07913589477539, "source": "search", "title": "USATODAY.com - A media masterpiece" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Journalist and broadcaster Alistair Cooke was best known for his Letter from America weekly BBC broadcast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130213737487793, "source": "search", "title": "USATODAY.com - A media masterpiece" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Alistair Cooke -- The obituary of commentator Alistair Cooke in Wednesday's California section stated incorrectly that \"Brideshead Revisited\" and \"Emma\" were part of the PBS series \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" on which Cooke served as host for many years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9037766456604, "source": "search", "title": "Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired ..." }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Masterpiece Theatre, the popular British-made series that enjoyed a long and successful run on public television, is regarded by many as the standard against which all \"quality\" programs should be measured. In this study, Laurence Jarvik provides insight into the many forces that shaped the series: its sponsor ( Mobil Corporation ), its American broadcast affiliate (television station WGBH in Boston), the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) , its host (Alistair Cooke) , and the Nixon Administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.527022361755371, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "This is the real behind-the-scenes story of how Masterpiece Theatre and Mystery! were born -- and continue to provide quality programs on PBS (made possible by a grant from Mobil Corporation...). There's plenty of intrigue and the backstage saga is as interesting as anything on Upstairs, Downstairs or I, Claudius, involving everyone from Richard Nixon to Diana Rigg and Alistair Cooke. You will not find this information anywhere else. The book makes a good companion to keep by the TV while watching the programs, and includes a full index, footnotes, and bibliography. It makes an excellent addition to any local, school, or university library collection. Pefect for fans of British drama, too!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.901451110839844, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "While Russell Baker is no Alistair Cooke, he plays an important role in setting the tone for the series. You can find his New York Times columns by clicking here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418211936950684, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "3. Alistair Cooke and Masterpiece Theatre", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9810357093811035, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Perhaps no one can be said to embody the essence of Masterpiece Theatre more that Alfred Alistair Cooke, the urbane and unflappable host who presided over the program from its inception until the end of the 1992 television season. Earlier, he had served as master of ceremonies for Omnibus, the cultural program which came to define uplift for the 1950's (the anthology program ran Sunday afternoons from 1952-1960 on all three networks garnering ratings as high as 17 million, far more than Masterpiece Theatre enjoys today). Cooke became an American citizen in 1941, and still broadcasts his weekly BBC report \"Letter from America\" which you can hear (and read) on the World Wide Web. He turned 90 in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7957208156585693, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "President Nixon was a man who left a lasting imprint on PBS. The Watergate Hearings were broadcast day and night on the publicly supported network. But equally important, Nixon's success in driving the Ford Foundation out of PBS programming (Watergate was their last Hurrah) left the field open for commercial sponsors of quality drama. Among them was the Mobil Corporation, and in Masterpiece Theatre they replaced confrontational agitprop from Ford (Day of Absence, about a world in which black workers had vanished) with period costume drama from England. Indeed Masterpiece Theatre went into the Sunday night slot PBS had given Public Broadcasting Laboratory, the Ford Foundation project devised by Fred Friendly, literally replacing Ford with Mobil. In its Churchillian tone, and its reflection of a 1950's style high-class anthology program with echoes of Omnibus (paradoxically sponsored before Ford embraced the 60's)though the choice of Alistair Cooke, Masterpiece Theatre is a reminder of the taste and sensibility of Richard Nixon, who idolized Winston Churchill. It remains a televisual legacy of his presidency to this day. You can reach the Nixon library to find out more about the former President by clicking above. Bibliography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.366939544677734, "source": "search", "title": "Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality - Reocities" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "SAN FRANCISCO — The elegant Huntington Hotel sits atop the city's famous Nob Hill. You expected Alistair Cooke to stay at Motel 6?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421966552734375, "source": "search", "title": "The Master Of 'Masterpiece' - latimes" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "He wore his customary button-down shirt, tie and V-neck pullover beneath a tweed jacket. Believing one should look like Alistair Cooke when interviewing Alistair Cooke, I also wore a button-down shirt, tie and V-neck pullover beneath a tweed jacket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44636058807373, "source": "search", "title": "The Master Of 'Masterpiece' - latimes" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "Two hours later, at the conclusion of our interview, Cooke would hurriedly change clothes to visit a friend in the hospital. Off came the jacket, pullover and tie as he headed toward the bedroom, shortly to emerge wearing only a shirt and corduroys. Just as I had dressed as TV's Alistair Cooke for him, it seemed he had dressed as TV's Alistair Cooke for me. Now that our business was ended, only I was dressed as Cooke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391672134399414, "source": "search", "title": "The Master Of 'Masterpiece' - latimes" }, { "answer": "Alistair Cooke", "passage": "LONDON -- The longest-running radio program in the world came to an end Tuesday when Alistair Cooke , 95, announced his retirement from BBC Radio 4's 58-year-old Letter from America on doctor's orders. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '\" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC. \"Throughout 58 years, I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye.\" Transplanted Englishman Cooke, who typed his weekly Letter from a Manhattan apartment overlooking Central Park since 1946, became famous in America as the host of Masterpiece Theatre on PBS from 1971-1992, introducing British dramatic series with his distinctive voice. »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.030974388122559, "source": "search", "title": "\"Masterpiece Classic\" (1971) - News - IMDb" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Also tentatively called \"radium F\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/curiespo.html English translation.] and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy.", "precise_score": 6.338611125946045, "rough_score": 7.518629550933838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "This element was the first one discovered by the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. [http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm English translation]", "precise_score": 7.483828544616699, "rough_score": 8.060188293457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium", "precise_score": 4.518350124359131, "rough_score": 6.130242824554443, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium", "precise_score": 4.518350124359131, "rough_score": 6.130242824554443, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Other scientists hard at work discovering radioactive elements were Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie, a French scientist. While working in France at the time of Becquerel’s discovery, they became very interested in his work. They too suspected that a uranium ore, known as pitchblende, contained other radioactive elements. The Curies started looking for these other elements, and in 1898 they discovered another radioactive element in pitchblende. They named it `polonium’ in honor of Marie Curie’s native homeland. Later that same year, the Curie’s discovered another radioactive element which they named radium. Both polonium and radium were more radioactive than uranium.", "precise_score": 6.738077163696289, "rough_score": 7.597248554229736, "source": "search", "title": "THE CURIES - nde-ed.org" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Following on Becquerel, the Curies succeeded in isolating element 84, polonium (named for Poland, the country of Marie’s birth), and then element 88, radium. It was Marie, in particular, who devised a method for separating radium from its radioactive residues, making possible the closer study of its therapeutic properties. This would remain a lifelong interest of hers.", "precise_score": 7.379387378692627, "rough_score": 7.3040971755981445, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Together with her husband, Curie discovered two new elements (radium and polonium, two radioactive elements that they extracted chemically from pitchblende ore) and studied the x-rays they emitted. She found that the harmful properties of x-rays were able to kill tumors. By the end of World War I, Marie Curie was probably the most famous woman in the world. She had made a conscious decision, however, not to patent methods of processing radium or its medical applications.", "precise_score": 5.3791961669921875, "rough_score": 7.415825843811035, "source": "search", "title": "Madame Curie - Marie Curie And Radioactive Elements" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Her co-discovery with her husband Pierre of the radioactive elements radium and polonium represents one of the best-known stories in modern science for which they were recognized in 1901 with the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1911, Marie Curie was honored with a second Nobel prize, this time in chemistry, to honor her for successfully isolating pure radium and determining radium's atomic weight.", "precise_score": 5.179017543792725, "rough_score": 7.181344032287598, "source": "search", "title": "Madame Curie - Marie Curie And Radioactive Elements" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "As there are only about a hundred natural elements in the universe, discovering two is quite a big thing! She called them polonium, after her home country of Poland, and radium because it was radioactive.", "precise_score": 2.2043089866638184, "rough_score": 6.665002346038818, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Radioactivity is a very good word and it was invented by Marie Curie.  Elements that were radioactive gave out strange, unknown rays that seemed to be very similar to the recently discovered X-rays. This is how she knew where to look for radium and polonium. The only element known to be radioactive at the time was uranium.", "precise_score": 3.693521738052368, "rough_score": 6.2322678565979, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "When she realized that some uranium and/or thorium compounds had stronger radiation than uranium, she made the following hypothesis: there must be an unknown element in the compound which had a stronger radiation than uranium or thorium. Her work aroused the interest of her husband, Pierre Curie, who stopped his own research on crystals and joined the \"detective work\" with his wife. And Marie was proven right: in 1898 the Curies discovered two new radioactive elements: radium (named after the Latin word for ray) and polonium (named after Marie's home country, Poland). ", "precise_score": 6.3762688636779785, "rough_score": 6.357512474060059, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - Questions and Answers - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "It was only a few years later that the authors noticed with astonishment and great perplexity that polonium was progressively disappearing, still unaware of its half-life. They were preoccupied with the authenticity of polonium for several years, and with their customary honesty they did not hide their doubts. In 1899, Marie Curie still raised the question: “Is polonium, which exhibits the lines of bismuth, really a new element or simply bismuth activated by the radium contained in pitchblende?” The doubt persisted for several years (Adloff 2007). Eventually, in 1910 Marie Curie and André Debierne separated from several tons of residues of uranium ores a final product that weighed 2 mg and contained about 0.1 mg of polonium. The spark spectrum of this sample revealed for the first time a few lines characteristic of the element. The position of polonium in the periodic table was not assigned by the discoverers, but the new element could obviously be placed to the right of bismuth as “eka-tellurium,” with atomic number 84.", "precise_score": 5.12485933303833, "rough_score": 7.1820068359375, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "With the foregoing discovery of polonium, the Curies had oddly enough begun with the most difficult part of the work. In its own right, radium had outstanding advantages: its half-life is 1600 years; its concentration in the ores was about 5000 times greater than that of polonium; it is a true analog of barium, from which it can be separated; and it could be readily assigned its place in the periodic table.", "precise_score": 6.70008659362793, "rough_score": 6.433618545532227, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive. The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. (Plutonium is sometimes also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces.) Of these 10 transient elements, 5 (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are relatively common decay products of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The remaining 5 transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, francium, and neptunium) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8549136519432068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0895233154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "* The more common radioactive elements, including uranium, thorium, radium, and radon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.888232231140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "1#metajump American nuclear guinea pigs: three decades of radiation experiments on U.S. citizens]. United States. Congress. House. of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power, published by U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, Identifier Y 4.En 2/3:99-NN, Electronic Publication Date 2010, at the University of Nevada, Reno, unr.edu\"Studies of polonium metabolism in human subjects\", Chapter 3 in Biological Studies with Polonium, Radium, and Plutonium, National, Nuclear Energy Series, Volume VI-3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950, cited in \"American Nuclear Guinea Pigs ...\", 1986 House Energy and Commerce committee report ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9699625968933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Polonium is a very rare element in nature because of the short half-life of all its isotopes. 210Po, 214Po, and 218Po appear in the decay chain of 238U; thus polonium can be found in uranium ores at about 0.1 mg per metric ton (1 part in 1010), which is approximately 0.2% of the abundance of radium. The amounts in the Earth's crust are not harmful. Polonium has been found in tobacco smoke from tobacco leaves grown with phosphate fertilizers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1338011026382446, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Because it is present in such small concentrations, isolation of polonium from natural sources is a very tedious process. The largest batch of the element ever extracted, performed in the first half of the 20th century, contained only 40 Ci (9 mg) of polonium-210 and was obtained by processing 37 tonnes of residues from radium production. Polonium is now obtained by irradiating bismuth with high-energy neutrons or protons.Greenwood, p. 249", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.07541178911924362, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Polonium was administered to humans for experimental purposes from 1943 to 1947; it was injected into four hospitalised patients, and orally given to a fifth. Studies such as this were funded by the Manhattan Project and the AEC, and conducted at the University of Rochester. The objective was to obtain data on human excretion of polonium to correlate with more extensive data from rats. Patients selected as subjects were chosen because experimenters wanted persons who had not been exposed to polonium either through work or accident. All subjects had incurable diseases. Excretion of polonium was followed, and an autopsy was conducted at that time on the deceased patient to determine which organs absorbed the polonium. Patients' ages ranged from 'early thirties' to 'early forties.' The experiments were described in Chapter 3 of Biological Studies with Polonium, Radium, and Plutonium, National Nuclear Energy Series, Volume VI-3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950. Not specified is the isotope under study, but at the time polonium-210 was the most readily available polonium isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8201205730438232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Polonium-210 is widespread in the biosphere, including in human tissues, because of its position in the uranium-238 decay chain. Natural uranium-238 in the Earth's crust decays through a series of solid radioactive intermediates including radium-226 to the radioactive gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4831128120422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.206311225891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polonium" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "It was originally defined as \"the quantity or mass of radium emanation in equilibrium with one gram of radium (element)\" but is currently defined as: 1 Ci ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748443603515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Curie" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Fascinating new vistas were opening up. Pierre gave up his research into crystals and symmetry in nature which he was deeply involved in and joined Marie in her project. They found that the strong activity came with the fractions containing bismuth or barium. When Marie continued her analysis of the bismuth fractions, she found that every time she managed to take away an amount of bismuth, a residue with greater activity was left. At the end of June 1898, they had a substance that was about 300 times more strongly active than uranium. In the work they published in July 1898, they write, \"We thus believe that the substance that we have extracted from pitchblende contains a metal never known before, akin to bismuth in its analytic properties. If the existence of this new metal is confirmed, we suggest that it should be called polonium after the name of the country of origin of one of us.\" It was also in this work that they used the term radioactivity for the first time. After another few months of work, the Curies informed the l'Académie des Sciences, on December 26, 1898, that they had demonstrated strong grounds for having come upon an additional very active substance that behaved chemically almost like pure barium. They suggested the name of radium for the new element.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1513938903808594, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "In order to be certain of showing that it was a matter of new elements, the Curies would have to produce them in demonstrable amounts, determine their atomic weight and preferably isolate them. To do so, the Curies would need tons of the costly pitchblende. However, it was known that at the Joachimsthal mine in Bohemia large slag-heaps had been left in the surrounding forests. Marie considered that radium ought to be left in the residue. A sample was sent to them from Bohemia and the slag was found to be even more active than the original mineral. Several tons of pitchblende was later put at their disposal through the good offices of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.746521949768066, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "In a preface to Pierre Curie's collected works, Marie describes the shed as having a bituminous floor, and a glass roof which provided incomplete protection against the rain, and where it was like a hothouse in the summer, draughty and cold in the winter; yet it was in that shed that they spent the best and happiest years of their lives. There they could devote themselves to work the livelong day. Sometimes they could not do their processing outdoors, so the noxious gases had to be let out through the open windows. The only furniture were old, worn pine tables where Marie worked with her costly radium fractions. Since they did not have any shelter in which to store their precious products the latter were arranged on tables and boards. Marie could remember the joy they felt when they came into the shed at night, seeing \"from all sides the feebly luminous silhouettes\" of the products of their work. The dangerous gases of which Marie speaks contained, among other things, radon - the radioactive gas which is a matter of concern to us today since small amounts are emitted from certain kinds of building materials. Wilhelm Ostwald , the highly respected German chemist, who was one of the first to realize the importance of the Curies' research, traveled from Berlin to Paris to see how they worked. Neither Pierre nor Marie was at home. He wrote: \"At my earnest request, I was shown the laboratory where radium had been discovered shortly before ... It was a cross between a stable and a potato shed, and if I had not seen the worktable and items of chemical apparatus, I would have thought that I was been played a practical joke.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.666290283203125, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "At the same time as the Curies were engaged in their arduous work, each of them had their teaching duties. From 1900 Marie had had a part-time teaching post at the École Normale Supérieur de Sèvres for girls. After thousands of crystallizations, Marie finally - from several tons of the original material - isolated one decigram of almost pure radium chloride and had determined radium's atomic weight as 225. She presented the findings of this work in her doctoral thesis on June 25, 1903. Of the three members of the examination committee, two were to receive the Nobel Prize a few years later: Lippmann , her former teacher, in 1908 for physics, and Moissan , in 1906 for chemistry. The committee expressed the opinion that the findings represented the greatest scientific contribution ever made in a doctoral thesis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.090923309326172, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "A little celebration in Marie's honour, was arranged in the evening by a research colleague, Paul Langevin. The guests included Jean Perrin , a prominent professor at the Sorbonne, and Ernest Rutherford , who was then working in Canada but temporarily in Paris and anxious to meet Marie Curie. He had good reason. His study of the deflection of radiation in magnetic fields had not met with success until he had been sent a strongly radioactive preparation by the Curies. By that time he was already famous and was soon to be considered as the greatest experimental physicist of the day. It was a warmish evening and the group went out into the garden. Pierre had prepared an effective finale to the day. When they had all sat down, he drew from his waistcoat pocket a little tube, partly coated with zinc sulfide, which contained a quantity of radium salt in solution. Suddenly the tube became luminous, lighting up the darkness, and the group stared at the display in wonder, quietly and solemnly. But in the light from the tube, Rutherford saw that Pierre's fingers were scarred and inflamed and that he was finding it hard to hold the tube.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.674185752868652, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "A week earlier Marie and Pierre had been invited to the Royal Institution in London where Pierre gave a lecture. Before the crowded auditorium he showed how radium rapidly affected photographic plates wrapped in paper, how the substance gave off heat; in the semi-darkness he demonstrated the spectacular light effect. He described the medical tests he had tried out on himself. He had wrapped a sample of radium salts in a thin rubber covering and bound it to his arm for ten hours, then had studied the wound, which resembled a burn, day by day. After 52 days a permanent grey scar remained. In that connection Pierre mentioned the possibility of radium being able to be used in the treatment of cancer. But Pierre's scarred hands shook so that once he happened to spill a little of the costly preparation. Fifty years afterwards the presence of radioactivity was discovered on the premises and certain surfaces had to be cleaned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765690803527832, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "In actual fact Pierre was ill. His legs shook so that at times he found it hard to stand upright. He was in much pain. He consulted a doctor who diagnosed neurasthenia and prescribed strychnine. And the skin on Marie's fingers was cracked and scarred. Both of them constantly suffered from fatigue. They evidently had no idea that radiation could have a detrimental effect on their general state of health. Pierre, who liked to say that radium had a million times stronger radioactivity than uranium, often carried a sample in his waistcoat pocket to show his friends. Marie liked to have a little radium salt by her bed that shone in the darkness. The papers they left behind them give off pronounced radioactivity. If today at the Bibliothèque Nationale you want to consult the three black notebooks in which their work from December 1897 and the three following years is recorded, you have to sign a certificate that you do so at your own risk. People will have to do this for a long time to come. In fact it takes 1,620 years before the activity of radium is reduced to a half.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00566291809082, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "In view of the potential for the use of radium in medicine, factories began to be built in the USA for its large-scale production. The question came up of whether or not Marie and Pierre should apply for a patent for the production process. They were both against doing so. Pure research should be carried out for its own sake and must not become mixed up with industry's profit motive. Researchers should be disinterested and make their findings available to everyone. Marie and Pierre were generous in supplying their fellow researchers, Rutherford included, with the preparations they had so laboriously produced. They furnished industry with descriptions of the production process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26888656616211, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "In 1908 Marie, as the first woman ever, was appointed to become a professor at the Sorbonne. She went on to produce several decigrams of very pure radium chloride before finally, in collaboration with André Debierne, she was able to isolate radium in metallic form. André Debierne, who began as a laboratory assistant, became her faithful collaborator until her death and then succeeded her as head of the laboratory. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The citation by the Nobel Committee was, \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.395147323608398, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Now that the archives have been made available to the public, it is possible to study in detail the events surrounding the awarding of the two Prizes, in 1903 and 1911. In a letter in 1903, several members of the l'Académie des Sciences, including Henri Poincaré and Gaston Darboux, had nominated Becquerel and Pierre Curie for the Prize in Physics. Marie's name was not mentioned. This caused Gösta Mittag-Leffler, a professor of mathematics at Stockholm University College, to write to Pierre Curie. That letter has never survived but Pierre Curie's answer, dated August 6, 1903, has been preserved. He wrote, \"If it is true that one is seriously thinking about me (for the Prize), I very much wish to be considered together with Madame Curie with respect to our research on radioactive bodies.\" Drawing attention to the role she played in the discovery of radium and polonium, he added, \"Do you not think that it would be more satisfying from the artistic point of view, if we were to be associated in this manner?\" (plus joli d'un point de vue artistique).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.90450119972229, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Some biographers have questioned whether Marie deserved the Prize for Chemistry in 1911. They have claimed that the discoveries of radium and polonium were part of the reason for the Prize in 1903, even though this was not stated explicitly. Marie was said to have been awarded the Prize again for the same discovery, the award possibly being an expression of sympathy for reasons that will be mentioned below. Actually, however, the citation for the Prize in 1903 was worded deliberately with a view to a future Prize in Chemistry. Chemists considered that the discovery and isolation of radium was the greatest event in chemistry since the discovery of oxygen. That for the first time in history it could be shown that an element could be transmuted into another element, revolutionized chemistry and signified a new epoch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5439581871032715, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "However, the publication of the letters and the duel were too much for those responsible at the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. Marie received a letter from a member, Svante Arrhenius , in which he said that the duel had given the impression that the published correspondence had not been falsified. He asked her to cable that she would not be coming to the prize award ceremony and to write him a letter to the effect that she did not want to accept the Prize until the Langevin court proceedings had shown that the accusations against her were absolutely without foundation. Of those most closely affected, the person who remained level-headed despite the enormous strain of the critical situation was in fact Marie herself. In a well-formulated and matter-of-fact reply, she pointed out that she had been awarded the Prize for her discovery of radium and polonium, and that she could not accept the principle that appreciation of the value of scientific work should be influenced by slander concerning a researcher's private life. On December 6, Langevin wrote a long letter to Svante Arrhenius, whom he had met previously. He described the whole situation, explained what circles were behind the smear campaign. He appealed to the Nobel Committee not to let it be influenced by a campaign which was fundamentally unjust. Nor, in fact, was it so influenced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.909632682800293, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie had opened up a completely new field of research: radioactivity. Various aspects of it were being studied all over the world. In Uppsala Daniel Strömholm, professor of chemistry, and The Svedberg , then associate professor, investigated the chemistry of the radioactive elements. In 1909 they were close to the discovery of isotopes. However it was the British physicist Frederick Soddy who in the following year, finally clarified the concept of isotopes. Marie's laboratory became the Mecca for radium research. Eva Ramstedt, who took a doctorate in physics in Uppsala in 1910, studied with Marie Curie in 1910-11 and was later associate professor in radiology at Stockholm University College in 1915-32. The Norwegian chemist Ellen Gleditsch worked with Marie Curie in 1907-1912.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.811441898345947, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "When, in 1914, Marie was in the process of beginning to lead one of the departments in the Radium Institute established jointly by the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute, the First World War broke out. Marie placed her two daughters, Irène aged 17 and Ève aged 10, in safety in Brittany. She herself took a train to Bordeaux, a train overloaded with people leaving Paris for a safer refuge. But Marie had a different reason for her journey. She had with her a heavy, 20-kg lead container in which she had placed her valuable radium. Once in Bordeaux the other passengers rushed away to their various destinations. She remained standing there with her heavy bag which she did not have the strength to carry without assistance. Some official finally helped her find a room where she slept with her heavy bag by her bed. The next day, having had the bag taken to a bank vault, she took a train back to Paris. It was now crowded to bursting point with soldiers. Throughout the war she was engaged intensively in equipping more than 20 vans that acted as mobile field hospitals and about 200 fixed installations with X-ray apparatus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180803298950195, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "After the Peace Treaty in 1918, her Radium Institute, which had been completed in 1914, could now be opened. It became France's most internationally celebrated research institute in the inter-war years. Even so, as her French biographer Françoise Giroud points out, the French state did not do much in the way of supporting her. In the USA radium was manufactured industrially but at a price which Marie could not afford. She had to devote a lot of time to fund-raising for her Institute. She also became deeply involved when she had become a member of the Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations and served as its vice-president for a time. She frequently took part in its meetings in Geneva, where she also met the Swedish delegate, Anna Wicksell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199628829956055, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie regularly refused all those who wanted to interview her. However, a prominent American female journalist, Marie Maloney, known as Missy, who for a long time had admired Marie, managed to meet her. This meeting became of great importance to them both. Marie told Missy that researchers in the USA had some 50 grams of radium at their disposal. \"And in France, then?\" asked Missy. \"My laboratory has scarcely more than one gram,\" was Marie's answer. \"But you ought to have all the resources in the world to continue with your research. Someone must see to that,\" Missy said. \"But who?\" was Marie's reply in a resigned tone. \"The women of America,\" promised Missy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342731475830078, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Missy, like Marie herself, had an enormous strength and strong inner stamina under a frail exterior. She now arranged one of the largest and most successful research-funding campaigns the world has seen. First of all she got the New York papers to promise not to print a word on the Langevin affair and - so as to feel safe - unbelievably enough managed to take over all their material on the Langevin affair. Due to the press, Marie became enormously popular in America, and everyone seemed to want to meet her - the great Madame Curie. Missy had to struggle hard to get Marie to accept a program for her visit on a par with the campaign. Finally, she had to turn to Paul Appell, now the university chancellor, to persuade Marie. In spite of her diffidence and distaste for publicity, Marie agreed to go to America to receive the gift - a single gram of radium - from the hand of President Warren Harding. \"I understand that it will be of the greatest value for my Institute,\" she wrote to Missy. When all this became known in France, the paper Je sais tout arranged a gala performance at the Paris Opera. It was attended by the most prominent personalities in France, including Aristide Briand , then Foreign Minister, who was later, in 1926, to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Jean Perrin made a speech about Marie's contribution and the promises for the future that her discoveries gave. The great Sarah Bernhardt read an \"Ode to Madame Curie\" with allusions to her as the sister of Prometheus. After being dragged through the mud ten years before, she had become a modern Jeanne d'Arc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.204978942871094, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie and Missy became close friends. The inexhaustible Missy organized further collections for one gram of radium for an institute which Marie had helped found in Warsaw. Marie's second journey to America ended only a few days before the great stock exchange crash in 1929.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257473945617676, "source": "search", "title": "Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "For their work on radioactivity, the Curies were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics. In 1910, Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her discoveries of radium and polonium, thus becoming the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes. Since these discoveries, many other radioactive elements have been discovered or produced. Today many artificial radioactive materials are produced and put to use in various ways ranging from medical to industrial. We will continue to talk about these in the following pages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.65665340423584, "source": "search", "title": "THE CURIES - nde-ed.org" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie and Pierre Curie advanced the study of radiation and discovered the radioactive materials radium and polonium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.352543354034424, "source": "search", "title": "THE CURIES - nde-ed.org" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.018115282058716, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.13747188448905945, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.13747188448905945, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "1898: Radium is discovered by the husband-and-wife team of Pierre and Marie Curie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.903027534484863, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "As for Pierre, his satisfaction over winning a Nobel was short lived. He was killed in an accident on a Paris street in 1906. Marie continued with their work, taking over her husband’s position as professor of general physics on the Faculty of Sciences, then becoming director of the Radium Institute’s Curie Laboratory at the University of Paris in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764373779296875, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie Curie received a second Nobel Prize in 1911, this time for chemistry. She spent the rest of her life in science, much of it promoting the healing properties of radium. In 1929, five years before her death, Curie founded a radiation laboratory in her native Warsaw.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.051263809204102, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "The curie is the international unit of measurement for radioactivity. Although originally defined as the radioactivity of 1 gram of pure radium, it is now specified as 3.7 x 1010 atomic disintegrations per second, or 37 gigabecquerels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.767411231994629, "source": "search", "title": "Dec. 21, 1898: The Curies Discover Radium | WIRED" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Dr. Marie Curie is known to the world as the scientist who discovered radioactive metals such as radium and polonium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.686591625213623, "source": "search", "title": "Madame Curie - Marie Curie And Radioactive Elements" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Radium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371990203857422, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "To find the new elements she had to grind the pitchblend in a pestle and mortar. Little did she know at the time, but she would have to grind over a tonne of pitchblend to extract about 0.1 grams of radium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580419540405273, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Radium and polonium are extraordinarily radioactive. One gram of pure polonium is about 250,000 times more lethal than arsenic. It was only because she was dealing with such tiny amounts of the material that she lived as long as she did. But it did kill her in the end. She died of cancer at the age of 67. Not a bad age considering how much radioactivity she'd been exposed to.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.107948303222656, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes for her work. Only three other scientists have achieved this in the last 100 years. She was an incredibly hard worker and was the first female professor at Paris' prestigious university, the Sorbonne.  She also helped develop mobile x-ray machines using her own discovery, radium, as the source of the then mysterious rays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40914249420166, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie (1866-1934) - Planet Science" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "                                           --One mg of polonium-210 emits as much alpha radiation as 5 grams of radium, and gamma radiation causes a blue glow around it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.06948471069336, "source": "search", "title": "POLONIUM (Po) - Pomona" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Answer: Yes, Marie Curie was awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discoveries and studies of the elements radium and polonium. She is the only woman so far, who has been awarded the Nobel Prize twice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.322399139404297, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - Questions and Answers - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "After initial excitement, interest in the new rays had faded rapidly. One reason was the proliferation of false or doubtful observations of radiation similar to uranic rays in a variety of substances. The topic was moribund when Marie Curie entered the scene. However, within eight months in 1898 she discovered two elements, polonium and radium, founding a new scientific field—radioactivity. This short history of the discoveries is retraced from three laboratory notebooks in which one can distinguish the writings of Pierre and Marie (Adloff 1998) and from three notes published in the Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.845493316650391, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "The Discovery of Radium: 26 December 1898", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9065523147583, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "The Curies laboratory notebook has no record from July to 11 November. The Curies suspected the presence of a further radioactive element in the pitchblende, which behaved like “nearly pure barium.” Their hypothesis was confirmed in three steps. First, they verified that “normal” barium was inactive. Second, they found that a radioactive substance could be concentrated by fractional crystallization from barium chloride contained in pitchblende. They pursued this operation until the activity of the chlorides was 900 times greater than that of uranium. Their third and last argument was decisive. This time the spectroscopic analysis was successful. Demarçay observed in the spectrum of radioactive barium chloride several lines that could not be assigned to any known element and whose intensity increased with the radioactivity. The Curies concluded, “We think this is a very serious reason to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name radium.” They added, “the new radioactive substance very likely contains a large amount of barium, nevertheless, the radioactivity of radium must be enormous.” The name, “radium,” followed by a question mark appears in the notebook on 18 November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3326163291931152, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "The determination of the atomic mass of radium became an obsession for Marie Curie. On 21 July 1902, she obtained the value 225±1 (now known to be 226.0254) on a self-luminous sample of 0.120 g of radium chloride with a radium barium ratio of 106, which was one million times more active than uranium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.482952117919922, "source": "search", "title": "Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC" }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "The discovery of polonium (July 98) was no mean task. Pitchbende, a uranium bearing ore, seemed to be far to radio active than could be accounted for by the uranium. The couple got the waste ore free, after the uranium had been removed. They sieved and sorted by hand, ounce by ounce, through tons of pitchblende before tiny amounts of polonium were discovered. With the polonium extracted, there was clearly something far more radioactive left behind and soon they had isolated the much more important element radium in December 1898. Radium was so named as it glowed in the dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6242146492004395, "source": "search", "title": "Polonium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Radium", "passage": "Pierre died in a tragic accident in 1906. In driving rain he seemed to walk in front of a large horse-drawn wagon, and a wheel shattered his head. Some think  the pain he was in as a result of radiation burns and sickness may have caused his lack of awareness. Marie was devastated, but her work continued. For discovering polonium and radium, she received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911, becoming the only woman ever to receive two such prizes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.597219467163086, "source": "search", "title": "Polonium - Element information, properties and uses ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hourlong packaged television program that included both live-action and animated segments. The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1969. The series' costumes and sets were designed by Sid & Marty Krofft , and the series was Hanna-Barbera’s initial foray into mixing live action with animation. The hosts of the show were Fleegle , Bingo , Drooper and Snorky (a dog, a gorilla, a lion and an elephant).", "precise_score": 3.7578840255737305, "rough_score": 6.248340129852295, "source": "search", "title": "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour - Hanna-Barbera Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "The Banana Splits themselves were an ersatz rock band made up of a dog (Fleegle), a lion (Drooper), a gorilla (Bingo), and a baby elephant (Snorky).", "precise_score": 7.112686634063721, "rough_score": 6.773031234741211, "source": "search", "title": "Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The - Nostalgia Central" }, { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics, an elephant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.208161354064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Banana Splits" }, { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Beatles and (especially) their NBC counterpart, The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion, and Snorky (called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics), an elephant. Fleegle would assume the role as leader of the Banana Splits and preside at club meetings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.710385322570801, "source": "search", "title": "The Banana Splits Opening and Closing Theme 1968 - 1970 ..." }, { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club,\" and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of the Beatles and the Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a dog; Bingo, an ape; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky (called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics), an elephant. Fleegle would assume the role as leader of the Banana Splits and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in fleecy costumes similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as H.R. Pufnstuf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.88551139831543, "source": "search", "title": "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour - Hanna-Barbera Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Elephant", "passage": "An elephant. Plays the keyboards. Snorky does not speak, he instead 'hoots'. His personal buggy is covered in pink spots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.930637836456299, "source": "search", "title": "ClassicTV - The Banana Splits - Characters" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "REO (album)", "Alan Gratzer", "R.E.O. Speedwagon", "REO Speedwagon", "Michael Bryan Murphy", "Can't Stop Rockin", "Reo Speedwagon", "R.E.O Speedwagon" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "r e o speedwagon", "alan gratzer", "reo speedwagon", "reo album", "can t stop rockin", "michael bryan murphy" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "reo speedwagon", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "REO Speedwagon" }

[ { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon, the single remained three consecutive weeks at the number one position at the U.S. Hot 100 chart from March 9 to March 23, 1985. 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It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.473058700561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Can't Fight This Feeling" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert, they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number one single at the moment in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298479080200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Can't Fight This Feeling" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50253677368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Can't Fight This Feeling" }, { "answer": "Alan Gratzer", "passage": "*Alan Gratzer - drums", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434553146362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Can't Fight This Feeling" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling (music video) - [043f6d673]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0464091300964355, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling (music video ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "Music video by REO Speedwagon performing Can't Fight This Feeling. (C) 1984 Sony BMG Music Entertainment ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3220863342285156, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling (music video ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album Wheels Are Turnin'. It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.473058700561523, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling (music video ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon — Can't Fight This Feeling — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8971807956695557, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon — Can't Fight This Feeling — Listen, watch ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album Wheels Are Turnin'. It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"… read more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.777546405792236, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon — Can't Fight This Feeling — Listen, watch ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon's official music video for 'Can't Fight This Feeling'. Click to listen to REO Speedwagon on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/REOspot?IQid=REOCFTF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.446829795837402, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "As featured on The Essential REO Speedwagon. Click to buy the track or album via iTunes: http://smarturl.it/REOEssiTunes?IQid=...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508358001708984, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "Follow REO Speedwagon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508353233337402, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "Subscribe to REO Speedwagon on YouTube: http://smarturl.it/REOsub?IQid=REOCFTF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511999130249023, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "The Hits by REO Speedwagon on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065323829650879, "source": "search", "title": "The Hits by REO Speedwagon on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "Legions of air-guitar playing American kids who grew up on FM rock radio in the '70s knew there was more to REO Speedwagon than dumb rock riffage and songs about girls and broken hearts. They loved a band that connected with them on levels that helped define specific moments in their lives: high school graduations and backyard kegger parties, first crushes and spurned heartbreaks. REO Speedwagon pinned sentimentality to riff-heavy tunes and managed to encapsulate their fans' feelings in song. It made the band huge, and it’s what makes them classic rock. All those '70s and early-'80s hits are here, from gazillion-selling power ballads (“I Can’t Fight This Feeling,” “Keep on Loving You,” “Take It on the Run”) to four-on-the-floor rock ’n’ rollers (“Back on the Road Again,” “Keep Pushin’ On,” “Roll with the Changes”). The smoking live version of “Ridin’ the Storm Out” (the band’s first chart hit) showcases the heady skills of unheralded rock ’n’ roll guitarist Gary Richrath, and two 1982 songs (“I Don’t Want to Lose You” and the hit “Here with Me”) are exclusive to this release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7777953147888184, "source": "search", "title": "The Hits by REO Speedwagon on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling (lyrics) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.205775499343872, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling (lyrics) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling (lyrics)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.026591420173645, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling (lyrics) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "'REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling' with lyrics added by me. Let me know what you think!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2966771125793457, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon - Can't fight this feeling (lyrics) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics | LyricWikia | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.535218715667725, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics ..." }, { "answer": "REO Speedwagon", "passage": "REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.723249614238739, "source": "search", "title": "REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.", "precise_score": 5.597035884857178, "rough_score": 3.5690321922302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.", "precise_score": 4.961096286773682, "rough_score": 5.972325325012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "North Korean communist forces moved south, crossing the 38th parallel military demarcation line agreed in 1945. South Korea, the US, Britain and their allies fought back.", "precise_score": 5.547100067138672, "rough_score": 6.0441765785217285, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: The Korean War - BBC News" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Just seven days before Japan's surrender at the end of that war, the Soviet Union took advantage of the changing fortunes and entered Korea. The USSR and the US later agreed to divide Korea at the 38th parallel, with the USSR in charge north of this line, and the US given jurisdiction over the south.", "precise_score": 4.617733478546143, "rough_score": 4.774145126342773, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: The Korean War - BBC News" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "So too, unfortunately, did the positions of the truce negotiators, who were unable to make any progress on the peace front during the summer. The chief stumbling block was the inability of the parties to agree on a cease-fire line. The Communists argued for a return to the status quo ante- that is, that the two armies withdraw their forces to the prewar boundary line along the 38th Parallel. This was not an unreasonable position, since the combat lines were not all that far from the 38th Parallel. The UN, however, refused to agree to a restoration of the old border on the grounds that it was indefensible in many places. Current UN positions were much more defensible, and a more defensible border was clearly advantageous, not only in protecting South Korea in the present conflict, but in discouraging future Communist aggression. Consequently, UN negotiators argued in favor of adopting the current line of contact as the cease-fire line.", "precise_score": 5.789130687713623, "rough_score": 4.088431358337402, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War: Years of Stalemate" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Seven days before the Japanese surrender that ended World War II, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Soviet troops entered Korea. By agreement, the Soviet Union accepted the surrender of all Japanese forces in Korea north of the 38th parallel of latitude, while the United States accepted the surrender of Japanese units south of the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": 3.3258790969848633, "rough_score": 4.987438678741455, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Above the 38th parallel, the Chinese and North Korean forces once again regrouped. In April and in May, their commanders hurled them against the United Nations lines. In response, General Van Fleet's forces slowly withdrew, scourging their attackers with superior firepower. When their adversaries were exhausted by massive casualties and supply shortages, the United Nations forces counterattacked. By mid-June, save for a small sector north of Seoul in the west, the United Nations line stood well above the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": 4.468020915985107, "rough_score": 3.3128960132598877, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Consequently, at the 38th Parallel, truce talks began on 10th July 1951. For two years the war of words remained bogged down in crucial ideological issues like the voluntary repatriation of prisoners of war. Little regard was given to soldiers dying in futile trench warfare, or the thousands of war prisoners suffering in barbaric conditions.", "precise_score": 4.28372049331665, "rough_score": 3.2469048500061035, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In 2000, the Korean War can be viewed more objectively. The United Nations' collective action provided a precedent and hope for the world; Communist aspirations were temporarily thwarted; and South Korea thrived and evolved into a modern democracy. The North Koreans, on the other hand, remain in a time warp, deluded and confined behind the line that is the most heavily guarded on earth: the 38th Parallel.", "precise_score": 4.502643585205078, "rough_score": 3.460603713989258, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The two sides turned to negotiations only after failing to reunify Korea through military force. The initial North Korean offensive was stopped by United Nations Command intervention. The UNC itself came close to military success with a counterattack into the North in October 1950. The Chinese then sent an army into Korea, forcing the UNC to withdraw from the North. This force pushed deep into South Korea before being repulsed by a United Nations Command counteroffensive. The UNC was briefly checked by new Chinese and North Korean offensives in April and May 1951, but by mid-June its forces had advanced generally north of the 38th Parallel, the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea.", "precise_score": 0.835466742515564, "rough_score": 3.859062433242798, "source": "search", "title": "PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2000" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "During the next two weeks the negotiators worked out an agenda and began substantive talks.[18] The first issue was the location and nature of the truce line and demilitarized zone. The KPA/CPV side insisted on a truce line along the 38th Parallel. The UNC, whose forces had pushed north of the parallel except for an area near Kaesong, sought a line well north of the existing line of ground contact, arguing that UNC air and naval power should be factored into the location of the truce line. The 38th Parallel was significant to both sides. KPA/CPV ejection of the UNC from North Korea and restoration of the status quo could be portrayed as a victory by them, while if the UNC achieved a truce line north of the 38th Parallel it would have more than met its initial objectives. ROK President Rhee, to whom the 38th Parallel was a hated symbol of Korea's division, also demanded that the UNC not accept a truce along that line. In spite of these differences, the two sides had by 22 August come close to agreement on a Military Demarcation Line (MDL) based on the ground contact line. But at that point the KPA/CPV unilaterally declared a recess.", "precise_score": 7.02721643447876, "rough_score": 5.342898368835449, "source": "search", "title": "PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2000" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The civil war escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—moved to the south to unite the country on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0156190395355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean troops. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8371240496635437, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, \"even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops\". He noted that he was \"faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area\". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.22525255382061005, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48). He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) due to its suspected Communist sympathies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.33236128091812134, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.447108745574951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide \"target practice\". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9125060439109802, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the \"bandit traitor Syngman Rhee\". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6020196676254272, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin, within an hour, North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel. The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery. The South Koreans did not have any tanks, anti-tank weapons, nor heavy artillery, that could stop such an attack. In addition, South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed within a few days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.416588306427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if \"at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...\" On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: \"We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel.\" During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.778321266174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.823288679122925, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (\"Rakkasans\") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.13899564743042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "1 October 1950, the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel, was also the first anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. On that day the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea, and Kim Il-sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention. At the same time, Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.262230396270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.797340154647827, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Fighting around the 38th parallel (January – June 1951)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.452075004577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.919727087020874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to \"Line Kansas\", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's (\"Rakkasans\") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.747597694396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22–25 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22–25 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the \"No-name Line\" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained \"Line Kansas\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \"Line Kansas\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8787126541137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "* In the third scenario: if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border, General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel, and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards. The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul–Incheon area, while X Corps would retreat to Pusan. A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.20205295085906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "After five years of simmering tensions on the Korean peninsula, the Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when the Northern Korean People's Army invaded South Korea in a coordinated general attack at several strategic points along the 38th parallel, the line dividing communist North Korea from the non-communist Republic of Korea in the south. North Korea aimed to militarily conquer South Korea and therefore unify Korea under the communist North Korean regime. Concerned that the Soviet Union and Communist China might have encouraged this invasion, President Harry S. Truman committed United States air, ground, and naval forces to the combined United Nations forces assisting the Republic of Korea in its defense. President Truman designated General Douglas MacArthur as Commanding General of the United Nations Command (UNC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.166557550430298, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War documents at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The first several months of the war were characterized by armies advancing and retreating up and down the Korean peninsula. The initial North Korean attack drove United Nations Command forces to a narrow perimeter around the port of Pusan in the southern tip of the peninsula. After the front stabilized at the Pusan perimeter, General MacArthur surprised the North Koreans in September 1950 with an amphibious landing at Inchon behind North Korean lines, forcing the North Koreans to retreat behind the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3817293643951416, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War documents at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In October, the United Nations, urged by the United States Government, approved the movement of UN forces across the 38th parallel into North Korea in an effort to unify the country under a non-communist government. In spite of warnings issued by the Chinese Government, the United Nations forces moved toward the Yalu River, marking the North Korean border with Manchuria. Discounting the significance of initial Chinese attacks in late October, MacArthur ordered the UNC to launch an offensive, taking the forces to the Yalu. In late November the Chinese attacked in full strength, pushing the UNC in disarray south of the 38th parallel with the communist forces seizing the South Korean capital, Seoul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.311812400817871, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War documents at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In early 1951 the Chinese offensive lost its momentum and the UNC, bolstered by the revitalized 8th U.S. Army led by General Matthew B. Ridgway, retook Seoul and advanced back to the 38th parallel. From July 1951, until the end of hostilities the battle lines remained relatively stable and the conflict became a stalemate. The Truman Administration abandoned plans to reunite North and South Korea and instead decided to pursue limited goals in order to avoid the possible escalation of the conflict into a third world war involving China and the Soviet Union. When General MacArthur publicly challenged the Truman Administration's conduct of the war, the President, \"...concluded that...MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the United States Government...\" and relieved him from command in April 1951, replacing him with General Ridgway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1550955772399902, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War documents at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Acting on a campaign pledge, President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower went to Korea on December 2, 1952. After visiting the troops, their commanders and South Korean leaders, and receiving briefings on the military situation in Korea, Eisenhower concluded, \"we could not stand forever on a static front and continue to accept casualties without any visible results. Small attacks on small hills would not end this war.\" President Eisenhower sought an end to hostilities in Korea through a combination of diplomacy and military muscle-flexing. On July 27, 1953, seven months after President Eisenhower's inauguration as the 34th President of the United States, an armistice was signed, ending organized combat operations and leaving the Korean Peninsula divided much as it had been since the close of World War II at the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0824326276779175, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War documents at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In the early hours of 25 June 1950 North Korea launched a surprise attack across the 38th parallel. US troops were hurriedly sent from bases in Japan. But they and their South Korean allies fared badly in the initial confrontation with the North.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4223108291625977, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: The Korean War - BBC News" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In the relatively open terrain of South Korea, the UN troops were better able to defend themselves. After a few more months of fighting, the front eventually stabilised in the area of the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4090312719345093, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: The Korean War - BBC News" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On 25 October UN and Communist negotiators reconvened the truce talks at a new location, a collection of tents in the tiny village of P'anmunjom, six miles east of Kaesong. After some sparring, the Communists dropped their demand for a return to the 38th Parallel and accepted the UN position that the cease-fire line be drawn along the current line of contact. In exchange, the UN bowed to Communist demands that a truce line be agreed upon prior to the resolution of other outstanding issues. To avoid the danger that the Communists might stop negotiating once a line had been established, the Americans insisted that both sides be permitted to continue fighting until all outstanding questions had been resolved. The two sides also agreed that the proposed armistice line would only be valid for thirty days. Should a final truce not be arrived at within that time, then the agreement over the line of demarcation would be invalid. Still, the willingness of the United Nations to accept the current line of contact as the final line of demarcation between the two Koreas represented a significant windfall for the Communists, for it served as a fairly strong indicator that the United Nations had no desire to press deeper into North Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5199590921401978, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War: Years of Stalemate" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The unusual setup continues for nearly 20 months until North Korea decides to be the aggressor and move troops of the North Korean People’s Army, estimated close to 135,000 in number, beyond the 38th parallel with an intention to invade ROK or Republic of Korea established by South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.714488983154297, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The same day, UN deplores the commencement of hostilities by North Korea and calls for a cease fire which necessitated the withdrawal of North Korean troops to the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.331732749938965, "source": "search", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Early in the morning of June 25, 1950, the armed forces of Communist North Korea smashed across the 38th parallel of latitude in an invasion of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) that achieved complete surprise. Although attacks came all along the border, the major North Korean thrust was in the west of the Korean peninsula, toward Seoul, the capital of South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.20072495937347412, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "While North Korea continued to hurl furious but ineffective attacks at the Pusan perimeter, General MacArthur readied the counterstroke that was to reverse the course of the war--an amphibious assault in his enemy's rear at the port city of Inchon, southwest of Seoul. On September 15 a Marine division swarmed ashore after preparatory bombardment by aircraft and naval guns. An Army division followed. Simultaneously, the Eighth Army--by now a well-equipped and cohesive force--broke out of the Pusan perimeter. Although bloody fighting ensued, Seoul was recaptured within a few days. Thereafter the North Korean army--its supply line severed and its principal withdrawal route blocked by the capture of Seoul--rapidly collapsed. By October 1 its remnants, utterly destroyed as a fighting force, had retreated above the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3102526664733887, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "In the United Nations, Communist delegates indicated that North Korea would now be willing to accept restoration of the 38th parallel as the border between the two Koreas. The United States and South Korea, however, decided to forcibly reunite North and South Korea under the government of South Korea. They disbelieved the threat of Communist China that it would intervene if United Nations forces entered North Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2406363487243652, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "By late January 1951 the Eighth Army--reformed and strengthened and incorporating the X Corps--was ready to advance against the now-weakened Chinese and North Korean armies. Thrusts of infantry and armor were supported by the vastly superior United Nations artillery and air power. Where the Communist forces chose to stand, they were slaughtered. In one action alone, 6,000 Chinese men were killed, 25,000 wounded. Seoul was reoccupied by the United Nations in mid-March. By March 31 the battle line stood roughly along the 38th parallel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1902735233306885, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "June 25. North Korean armored forces invade South Korea, or Republic of Korea (ROK), Sunday morning at dawn (Saturday afternoon, June 24, Eastern Standard Time), starting the conflict. 25. At 5:45 PMEST (Sunday), the United Nations (UN) issues cease-fire order. North Koreans ignore it. 26. President Harry S. Truman orders the United States air and naval forces in Far East to give armed aid to South Korean forces. 27. The UN empowers its members to send armed forces to aid South Korean forces. 28. Seoul abandoned. 30. Truman orders U.S. ground troops into action. July 1. First U.S. troops arrive from Japan. 5. U.S. troops in first battle. 7. The UN asks U.S. to create a unified command. 8. Truman names Gen. Douglas MacArthur commander of UN forces in Korea. 10. First North Korean atrocities reported. 12. U.S. troops and ROK forces retreat toward Taejon. 13. Lieut. Gen. W.H. Walker takes command of U.S. forces. 20. North Koreans take Taejon. 31. First reinforcements land direct from U.S. August5. U.S. and ROK troops pushed back to Naktong River line in a small defense perimeter based on Pusan; North Koreans within 40 miles of Pusan. 7. U.S. troops counterattack. September 1. North Koreans within 30 miles of Pusan. 15. Amphibious landing at Inchon. 16. UN forces launch counterattack. 24-28. UN forces regain Seoul. October 1. ROK pushes across 38th parallel; North Koreans ignore MacArthur's demand to surrender. 7-11. U.S., British, Australian forces join ROK beyond 38th parallel. 15. Truman, MacArthur confer. 19. UN forces take Pyongyang, North Korean capital. 26. ROK reaches Yalu River at Chosan; UN forces capture first Chinese Communist troops. November 1. Peking (Beijing) radio announces China \"will let volunteers fight in defense of Yalu area\"; UN pilots engage first Soviet-built MiG-15 jet fighters. U.S. forces hard hit by Chinese at Unsan. 24. UN forces launch \"end of war\" offensive. 26. North Korean counterattack smashes UN drive; UN forces begin long retreat. 27. U.S. forces cut off in Chosen Reservoir area. December 5. Pyongyang abandoned to North Koreans. 23. Lieut. Gen. W.H. Walker killed. Lieut. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway takes command of UN forces. 24. Evacuation, by ship, of 105,000 U.S. troops from Hungnam ends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.104185581207275, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "January1. North Koreans launch general offensive. 4. UN forces again abandon Seoul. 17. North Koreans reject UN cease-fire request. 25. UN forces launch offensive for \"war of maneuver.\" February 1. UN denounces China as \"aggressor.\" 12. ROK drives across 38th parallel. March 7. MacArthur asserts conflict will stalemate if UN forces are not permitted to attack North Korean bases in Manchuria. 14. UN forces retake Seoul. 24. MacArthur invites retreating Communist leaders to confer with him in the field to end the war \"without further bloodshed.\" Refused. UN forces resume northward drive. April 11. General MacArthur relieved of all his commands by Truman. General Ridgway made Supreme Commander of Allied Powers. Lieut. Gen. James A. Van Fleet takes command in Korea. 22. North Koreans launch counteroffensive with some 600,000 troops. 29. North Korean offensive halts on outskirts of Seoul in west and 40 miles below 38th parallel in central Korea. May 3. UN forces launch limited counterattack. 16. North Koreans advance in offensive drive. 19-21. UN forces stem drive and counterattack. June 23. The Soviet Union's delegate to the UN suggests possibility of a cease-fire. 30. General Ridgway proposes meeting to discuss armistice. July 10. First meeting of UN and North Korean representatives, at Kaesong. August 23. North Koreans suspend armistice talks. September 13. UN launches attack on \"Heartbreak Ridge.\" October 25. Armistice talks resume, after move to Panmunjom. December 18. UN and North Korean commands exchange prisoner of war lists. North Koreans list 11,559 names; UN has 132,474 North Korean POWs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.41452956199646, "source": "search", "title": "World History International - The Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Korean War, conflict between Communist and non-Communist forces in Korea from June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953. At the end of World War II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet (North Korean) and U.S. (South Korean) zones of occupation. In 1948 rival governments were established: The Republic of Korea was proclaimed in the South and the People's Democratic Republic of Korea in the North.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9112062454223633, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "After months of heavy fighting, the center of the conflict was returned to the 38th parallel, where it remained for the rest of the war. MacArthur, however, wished to mount another invasion of North Korea. When MacArthur persisted in publicly criticizing U.S. policy, Truman, on the recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff removed (Apr. 10, 1951) him from command and installed Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway as commander in chief. Gen. James Van Fleet then took command of the 8th Army. Ridgway began (July 10, 1951) truce negotiations with the North Koreans and Chinese, while small unit actions, bitter but indecisive, continued. Gen. Van Fleet was denied permission to go on the offensive and end the \"meat grinder\" war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1033072471618652, "source": "search", "title": "The Korean War - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "THE 38TH PARALLEL", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.874885082244873, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "\"The Vagrant Winds\" was the title chosen for the Korean War exhibition for it symbolises the vagaries not only of war but of life just as the soldier experienced the vagaries of the wind indiscriminately blowing the stench of death from dead bodies over enemy and ally alike, at the site of the last battle on the 38th parallel. Their only respite, he wrote, lay with the vagaries of the Korean winds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2491679191589355, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "On June 25th 1950, a sudden roar of guns shattered the pre-dawn silence at the 38th Parallel. The Korean War had begun, a war that was essentially a show-down between Communism and the West. Unfortunately for Korea, a nation that had enjoyed centuries of intact culture, it became the site of a war by proxy which left the country devastated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6124296188354492, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "However, Mao Zedong, as he had warned, declared the crossing of the 38th Parallel an \"invasion\", to which he responded. But the UN intelligence failed to detect that Mao had moved a huge Chinese Peoples Volunteer Army, estimated at 300,000 into North Korea in October 1950, led by Peng Dehuai. By 1st November, the UN force faced strong resistance from the Chinese who appeared, and then mysteriously seemed to disappear. MacArthur, denying the presence of the Chinese, launched on 24th November what he believed would be his coup de grace: a reunited Korea and the boys \"home by Christmas.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.041990280151367, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Reality confronted MacArthur within two days. As a harsh winter set in, Peng reacted on 26th November with the Chinese Second Offensive. The Communists hit with such force MacArthur was compelled to ring alarm bells and pronounce that \"a new war\" had begun. The UN faced their major crisis as the Communists laid on pressure with successive mass offensives. UN forces lapsed into disorderly retreat (the big bug out), except some, like the US Marines at Chosin, who engaged in heroic withdrawals. On 15th December, the Communists were again south of the 38th Parallel, creating enough anxiety for Truman to declare, on December 16th, a National Emergency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.462340354919434, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "Ridgway, called Iron Tits - he wore hand grenades on his chest - immediately began restoring the fighting spirit of the 8th Army. He was so successful that when the Chinese launched their last shot at victory, the Fifth Spring Offensive on the 22nd April 1951, the UN army was capable of halting it. But both armies were spent. Ridgway then set about securing a strong defence line at the original border, the 38th Parallel, for Truman realised victory could not be pursued. It must remain a limited war with limited objectives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3858642578125, "source": "search", "title": "THE 38TH PARALLEL - Korean War" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "The Chinese strategic goals were to increase China's influence and reshape the international order in East Asia. They sought an end to US support for the Nationalist regime on Taiwan and the seating of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. The Chinese aims with regard to Taiwan and the United Nations were set forth in a 17 January 1951 communication to the UN. When they decided to negotiate, the Chinese dropped these demands as preconditions for engaging in truce talks, but did not abandon them as long-range goals. Their immediate truce objectives thus focused on restoration of the status quo ante with a truce line at the 38th Parallel. A final settlement of the Korean question was to come at a postwar international conference.[8]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.45782941579818726, "source": "search", "title": "PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2000" }, { "answer": "38th Parallel", "passage": "US long-range national security objectives in Asia were to reduce or eliminate Soviet influence and establish cooperative relationships among friendly, noncommunist governments. The US leadership hoped this would diminish any threat to the United States from Asia and assure US access to the resources of the region. In support of those goals, the United States sought a \"united, independent and democratic Korea,\" but that objective was to be achieved by \"political, as distinguished from military, means.\"[13] Overall US objectives for Korea were to terminate hostilities under \"appropriate armistice arrangements,\" provide for the eventual withdrawal of non-Korean armed forces, and assure that the Republic of Korea border was drawn no farther south than the 38th Parallel while permitting the ROK to build sufficient forces to deter or repel renewed North Korean aggression.[14]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.448044776916504, "source": "search", "title": "PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2000" } ]

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[ { "answer": "S", "passage": "In computing, a computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a mechanical lever or electronic switch. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.", "precise_score": -2.5989203453063965, "rough_score": -2.156363010406494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.", "precise_score": -3.0067334175109863, "rough_score": -2.205094814300537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine.", "precise_score": -4.754211902618408, "rough_score": -3.1912193298339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A command-line interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device doing the job of one.", "precise_score": -9.405763626098633, "rough_score": -8.331964492797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "While typewriters are the definitive ancestor of all key-based text entry devices, the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication derives largely from the utility of two devices: teleprinters (or teletypes) and keypunches. It was through such devices that modern computer keyboards inherited their layouts.", "precise_score": -5.362927436828613, "rough_score": -7.220459461212158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication for most of the 20th century, while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long. The development of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards: the development of the ENIAC computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper-based output device, while the BINAC computer also made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape (instead of paper) and data output.", "precise_score": -7.306154251098633, "rough_score": -5.597224712371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The keyboard remained the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in 1984. By this time, text-only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to comparatively graphics-rich icons on screen. However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present, even as mobile personal computing devices such as smartphones and tablets adapt the keyboard as an optional virtual, touchscreen-based means of data entry.", "precise_score": -7.065081596374512, "rough_score": -5.748262405395508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboard types ", "precise_score": -6.209607124328613, "rough_score": -8.298176765441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys, such as a separate numeric keyboard, for convenience.", "precise_score": -7.191864013671875, "rough_score": -7.852514743804932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Further the keyboard size depends on the extent to which a system is used where a single action is produced by a combination of subsequent or simultaneous keystrokes (with modifier keys, see below), or multiple pressing of a single key. A keyboard with few keys is called a keypad. See also text entry interface.", "precise_score": -6.404140472412109, "rough_score": -5.479416370391846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacture imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboard: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ some what in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key.", "precise_score": -0.8107542395591736, "rough_score": -1.0344018936157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel distance, and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome; this is opposite the trend for full-size keyboards.", "precise_score": -5.85377311706543, "rough_score": -5.576018333435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Flexible keyboards are a junction between normal type and laptop type keyboards, normal from the full arrangement of keys, and laptop from the sort key distance, additionally the flexibility it allows the user to fold/roll the keyboard for better storage / transfer, however for typing, the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority of flexible keyboards in market are made from silicone, this material makes it water and dust proof, a very pleasant feature especially in hospitals where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing. For connection with the computer, the keyboards having USB cable and the support of operating systems reach far back as the Windows 2000.", "precise_score": -6.577776908874512, "rough_score": -5.800900936126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard. Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device.", "precise_score": -4.359628200531006, "rough_score": -0.12824709713459015, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A chorded keyboard allows users to press several keys simultaneously. For example, the GKOS keyboard has been designed for small wireless devices. Other two-handed alternatives more akin to a game controller, such as the AlphaGrip, are also used to input data and text.", "precise_score": -9.053115844726562, "rough_score": -7.231618404388428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A thumb keyboard (thumb board) is used in some personal digital assistants such as the Palm Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-Mobile PCs such as the OQO.", "precise_score": -7.424930572509766, "rough_score": -8.136061668395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Numeric keyboards contain only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, a decimal point, and several function keys. They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad, commonly those of laptop computers. These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys: Arithmetic operators, numbers, arrow keys, Navigation keys, Num Lock and Enter key.", "precise_score": -4.2417311668396, "rough_score": -5.5306010246276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard. Many are programmable, configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs, workstations (incl. SUN) and other information sources (incl. Thomson Reuters FXT/Eikon, Bloomberg, EBS, etc.) usually in multi-screen work environments. Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources. ", "precise_score": -7.920884132385254, "rough_score": -6.871709823608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key, chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses. Since there are many combinations available, chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys. Court reporters' stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time. The fastest typists (as of 2007) use a stenograph, a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed-caption reporters. Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable, such as on devices that can be used with only one hand, and on small mobile devices that don't have room for larger keyboards. Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient.", "precise_score": -7.70780611038208, "rough_score": -5.420208930969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Software keyboards or on-screen keyboards often take the form of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen. Another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text. Software keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones, due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and some varieties of Linux include on-screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse. In software keyboards, the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on-screen letters given by the software. On the click of a letter, the software writes the respective letter on the respective spot.", "precise_score": -3.9275577068328857, "rough_score": 0.307235449552536, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "An optical keyboard technology utilizes light emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB. The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys. Most optical keyboards require at least 2 beams (most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam) to determine the actuated key. Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam).", "precise_score": -8.106987953186035, "rough_score": -7.301112651824951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As the letter-keys were attached to levers that needed to move freely, inventor Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY layout to reduce the likelihood of jamming. With the advent of computers, lever jams are no longer an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for electronic keyboards because they were widely used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in widespread use.", "precise_score": -4.667638778686523, "rough_score": 0.9500247240066528, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboards in many parts of Asia may have special keys to switch between the Latin character set and a completely different typing system. Japanese layout keyboards can be switched between various Japanese input methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system's input interpreter of the change, and some operating systems (namely the Windows family) interpret the character \"\\\" as \"¥\" for display purposes without changing the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark \"\\\" as \"¥\" or both. In the Arab world, keyboards can often be switched between Arabic and Latin characters.", "precise_score": -1.6108112335205078, "rough_score": -6.726778984069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, which is significantly wider than other keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter. Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing. It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key, it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing, such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes. In certain programs for playback of digital video, the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback.", "precise_score": -8.057945251464844, "rough_score": -8.256998062133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key, when the two are pressed in combination. For example, + in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an active window. In contrast, pressing just will probably do nothing, unless assigned a specific function in a particular program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.", "precise_score": -9.854917526245117, "rough_score": -8.166898727416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The most widely used modifier keys include the Control key, Shift key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts often use a Fn key. \"Dead keys\" allow placement of a diacritic mark, such as an accent, on the following letter (e.g., the Compose key).", "precise_score": -3.3604867458343506, "rough_score": -2.7184739112854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction; page scroll keys, such as the Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll the page up and down. The Home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop.", "precise_score": -10.116832733154297, "rough_score": -7.253719329833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Lock keys lock part of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard. Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled, in the upper right corner above the numeric pad. The lock keys include Scroll lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock.", "precise_score": -7.38322639465332, "rough_score": -8.015833854675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Enter key is located: One in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys. When one worked something on their computer and wanted to do something with their work, pressing the enter key would do the command they ordered. Another function is to create a space for next paragraph. When one typed and finished typing a paragraph and they wanted to have a second paragraph, they could press enter and it would do spacing.", "precise_score": -8.690425872802734, "rough_score": -4.900571346282959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Menu key or Application key is a key found on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button. The key's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present, showing the menu only. This key was created at the same time as the Windows key. This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right-clicking (however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 keyboard shortcut).", "precise_score": -6.627465724945068, "rough_score": -5.32325553894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Many, but not all,computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basic mathematical symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few function keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Language input keys for changing the language to use. Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified software or command like launching a game or minimize all windows.", "precise_score": -3.4247186183929443, "rough_score": -6.232278823852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "It is possible to install multiple keyboard layouts within an operating system and switch between them, either through features implemented within the OS, or through an external application. Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac provide support to add keyboard layouts and choose from them.", "precise_score": -9.020273208618164, "rough_score": -7.889060974121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In 1978, Key Tronic Corporation introduced keyboards with capacitive-based switches, one of the first keyboard technologies to not use self-contained switches. There was simply a sponge pad with a conductive-coated Mylar plastic sheet on the switch plunger, and two half-moon trace patterns on the printed circuit board below. As the key was depressed, the capacitance between the plunger pad and the patterns on the PCB below changed, which was detected by integrated circuits (IC). These keyboards were claimed to have the same reliability as the other \"solid-state switch\" keyboards such as inductive and Hall-Effect, but competitive with direct-contact keyboards. Prices of $60 for keyboards were achieved and Key Tronic rapidly became the largest independent keyboard manufacturer.", "precise_score": -10.102611541748047, "rough_score": -8.04771614074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Meanwhile, IBM made their own keyboards, using their own patented technology: Keys on older IBM keyboards were made with a \"buckling spring\" mechanism, in which a coil spring under the key buckles under pressure from the user's finger, triggering a hammer that presses two plastic sheets (membranes) with conductive traces together, completing a circuit. This produces a clicking sound, and gives physical feedback for the typist indicating that the key has been depressed. ", "precise_score": -7.974697589874268, "rough_score": -7.638339519500732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Computer keyboards include control circuitry to convert key presses into key codes (usually scancodes) that the computer's electronics can understand. The key switches are connected via the printed circuit board in an electrical X-Y matrix where a voltage is provided sequentially to the Y lines and, when a key is depressed, detected sequentially by scanning the X lines.", "precise_score": -4.727370262145996, "rough_score": -4.825725555419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The first computer keyboards were for mainframe computer data terminals and used discrete electronic parts. The first keyboard microprocessor was introduced in 1972 by General Instruments, but keyboards have been using the single-chip 8048 microcontroller variant since it became available in 1978. The keyboard switch matrix is wired to its inputs, it converts the keystrokes to key codes, and, for a detached keyboard, sends the codes down a serial cable (the keyboard cord) to the main processor on the computer motherboard. This serial keyboard cable communication is only bi-directional to the extent that the computer's electronics controls the illumination of the caps lock, num lock and scroll lock lights.", "precise_score": -6.609360694885254, "rough_score": -6.1255669593811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "One test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the caps lock key. The keyboard sends the key code to the keyboard driver running in the main computer; if the main computer is operating, it commands the light to turn on. All the other indicator lights work in a similar way. The keyboard driver also tracks the Shift, alt and control state of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -9.176544189453125, "rough_score": -7.025327205657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "When pressing a keyboard key, the key contacts may \"bounce\" against each other for several milliseconds before they settle into firm contact. When released, they bounce some more until they revert to the uncontacted state. If the computer were watching for each pulse, it would see many keystrokes for what the user thought was just one. To resolve this problem, the processor in a keyboard (or computer) \"debounces\" the keystrokes, by aggregating them across time to produce one \"confirmed\" keystroke.", "precise_score": -7.732750415802002, "rough_score": -8.30126953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Wireless keyboards have become popular for their increased user freedom. A wireless keyboard often includes a required combination transmitter and receiver unit that attaches to the computer's keyboard port. The wireless aspect is achieved either by radio frequency (RF) or by infrared (IR) signals sent and received from both the keyboard and the unit attached to the computer. A wireless keyboard may use an industry standard RF, called Bluetooth. With Bluetooth, the transceiver may be built into the computer. However, a wireless keyboard needs batteries to work and may pose a security problem due to the risk of data \"eavesdropping\" by hackers. Wireless solar keyboards charge their batteries from small solar panels using sunlight or standard artificial lighting. An early example of a consumer wireless keyboard is that of the Olivetti Envision.", "precise_score": -8.45240306854248, "rough_score": -6.382467269897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards. Software keyloggers work on the target computer's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS, or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location. Some hackers also use wireless keylogger sniffers to collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver, and then they crack the encryption key being used to secure wireless communications between the two devices.", "precise_score": -10.148077011108398, "rough_score": -7.832239151000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboards are also known to emit electromagnetic signatures that can be detected using special spying equipment to reconstruct the keys pressed on the keyboard. Neal O'Farrell, executive director of the Identity Theft Council, revealed to InformationWeek that \"More than 25 years ago, a couple of former spooks showed me how they could capture a user's ATM PIN, from a van parked across the street, simply by capturing and decoding the electromagnetic signals generated by every keystroke,\" O'Farrell said. \"They could even capture keystrokes from computers in nearby offices, but the technology wasn't sophisticated enough to focus in on any specific computer.\" ", "precise_score": -9.923513412475586, "rough_score": -6.985044479370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A letter is a grapheme (written character) in an alphabetic system of writing, such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants. Letters also appear in abjads and abugidas (variants of alphabets in which vowel marking is secondary or absent). Letters broadly denote phonemes in the spoken form of the language, although there is rarely a consistent exact correspondence between letters and phonemes.", "precise_score": -6.997673988342285, "rough_score": -8.269250869750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# The shape of the letter, e.g. D-ring, F-clamp, G-clamp, H-block, H engine, O-ring, R-clip, U engine, V engine, Z-drive, a river delta", "precise_score": -4.3487420082092285, "rough_score": -5.830582618713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "English alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.", "precise_score": -3.55529522895813, "rough_score": -7.823575019836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "For some reason, the letter key G is stuck when power on the computer. It made a beep sound.", "precise_score": -4.738391876220703, "rough_score": -2.133024215698242, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As far as I know, there is nothing wrong with the keyboard because the letter D is not dead or malfunction because it was still responding.", "precise_score": 3.7749054431915283, "rough_score": 2.3551831245422363, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "After taping the little piece of paper down, the letter G worked normally again without being stuck. I just saved myself from buying a new keyboard.", "precise_score": -5.353590965270996, "rough_score": -7.567965030670166, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "You were redirected because this question was merged with Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B-C-D-E-F?", "precise_score": -4.903842926025391, "rough_score": -7.613229751586914, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Tests have proved that Dvorak is faster than Qwerty. It is especially popular among programmers who use a lot of non-alphabetical characters like punctuations and numbers too. Medically, Qwerty causes a lot of stress on fingers too. Also since most of the users are right handed - the Dvorak keyboard was optimised such that right handed people works more than left handed.", "precise_score": -8.707853317260742, "rough_score": -5.753782749176025, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Therefore, we have numbers in a single line in typewriters. However, on a computer keyboard, numbers are written in format of calculator. As, computer as a machine is also used for calculating.", "precise_score": -4.017995357513428, "rough_score": -8.158647537231445, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A sharped note is one half-step higher than the natural letter name, this is often (but not always) a black key on the keyboard. Examples; C# is one half-step higher than C, F# is one half-step higher than F.", "precise_score": -2.28983473777771, "rough_score": -6.402127742767334, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A flatted note is one half-step lower than the natural letter name, this is often (but not always) a black key on the keyboard. Examples; Eb is one half-step lower than E, and Bb is one half-step lower than B.", "precise_score": -2.7390871047973633, "rough_score": -4.962802410125732, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Whole steps on the Keyboard", "precise_score": -7.768585681915283, "rough_score": -6.836903095245361, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Most adjacent white keys (C-D, D-E, F-G, G-A, and A-B) are the interval of a whole-step away. Most adjacent black keys (C#-D#, F#-G#, and G#-A#) are the interval of a whole-step away. Other whole-step combinations include B-C#, E-F#, Bb-C, and Eb-F.", "precise_score": -1.3365206718444824, "rough_score": -3.960550308227539, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Keyboard is considered the best instrument on which to demonstrate music theory concepts. All musicians can benefit from the study of the keyboard. The first task is memorizing the letter names of the white keys on the keyboard. Notice the pattern of the black keys (2 black keys, 3 black keys, 2 black keys, 3 black keys, etc.). A landmark white key note lies to the immediate left of the group of 2 black keys. Those white keys are called \"C\".", "precise_score": -4.487014293670654, "rough_score": -0.29644379019737244, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The other letter names of the musical alphabet are assigned to the remaining white keys as shown below.", "precise_score": -5.887303829193115, "rough_score": -7.352487564086914, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Using the treble clef, the letter names are C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,A and B.", "precise_score": -0.8215632438659668, "rough_score": -5.901167869567871, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Using the bass clef, the letter names are also C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,A and B. These notes are two octaves lower than the notes shown above in Treble Clef.", "precise_score": -4.600039482116699, "rough_score": -5.237061977386475, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word on Windows", "precise_score": -9.336034774780273, "rough_score": -8.065696716308594, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "This article shows all keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word. The shortcuts in this article refer to the U.S. keyboard layout. Keys for other layouts might not correspond exactly to the keys on a U.S. keyboard.", "precise_score": -7.995577812194824, "rough_score": -7.805842399597168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Depending on which letter you press, you may be shown additional KeyTips. For example, if you press Alt+F, the Office Backstage opens on the Info page which has a different set of KeyTips. If you then press Alt again, KeyTips for navigating on this page appear.", "precise_score": -8.910922050476074, "rough_score": -7.883995532989502, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Whether you are using a PC or a Mac, your computer has built-in keyboard shortcuts for a number of actions. You can even use a keyboard shortcut to undo a mistake you just made, or to scroll up or down a webpage. Using keyboard shortcuts is much faster, because your hands aren’t going back and forth between your mouse or trackpad and your keyboard, and they make your life easier. If you’re having any pain in your hands, using the keyboard instead of the mouse when possible can save exacerbating it.", "precise_score": -9.312374114990234, "rough_score": -7.668102741241455, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Scroll up, down or sideways Instead of using your cursor on the scroll bar, you can use the arrow keys on your keyboard. The “up” arrow scrolls up, the “down” arrow scrolls down, and the left and right arrow will scroll horizontally if you happen to be a web page that’s wider than your computer screen.", "precise_score": -9.283102989196777, "rough_score": -7.967898368835449, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "These basics are a great starting point. If you’d like to learn about other shortcuts, check out a more in-depth list of keyboard shortcuts for Windows by  clicking here  and keyboard shortcuts for Mac  here . This  table of keyboard shortcuts  is also helpful.", "precise_score": -10.074074745178223, "rough_score": -5.663764953613281, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Clevy Keyboard is an attractively designed keyboard, designed to help teach writing and keyboard skills to young children. Its design also makes the Clevy Keyboard very suitable for keyboard users with a wide array of special needs.", "precise_score": -8.717402458190918, "rough_score": -8.17924690246582, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The font in which the characters are printed onto the Clevy Keyboard’s keys is similar to the font used in traditional education of hand-writing, which makes keys immediately identifiable.", "precise_score": -6.925757884979248, "rough_score": -8.247142791748047, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The keys of the Clevy Keyboard are 30% bigger and the characters on them even up to 4 times bigger than those on an average keyboard, making them simpler to find and easier to hit.", "precise_score": -7.902669906616211, "rough_score": -6.890873908996582, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Key repeat can be switched off with an on-board switch, causing a letter to appear on the screen only once no matter how long a key is pressed. This same switch also enables the use of function keys by pressing the letter “f” and the respective number (eg. f+1=F1).", "precise_score": -4.843208312988281, "rough_score": -6.054744243621826, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48819637298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "History ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484439849853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As early as the 1870s, teleprinter-like devices were used to simultaneously type and transmit stock market text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to stock ticker machines to be immediately copied and displayed onto ticker tape. The teleprinter, in its more contemporary form, was developed from 1907 to 1910 by American mechanical engineer Charles Krum and his son Howard, with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne. Earlier models were developed separately by individuals such as Royal Earl House and Frederick G. Creed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88566780090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Earlier, Herman Hollerith developed the first keypunch devices, which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the 1930s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99465274810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "From the 1940s until the late 1960s, typewriters were the main means of data entry and output for computing, becoming integrated into what were known as computer terminals. Because of the limitations of terminals based upon printed text in comparison to the growth in data storage, processing and transmission, a general move toward video-based computer terminals was effected by the 1970s, starting with the Datapoint 3300 in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173378944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys. Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.363436698913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Standard ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330086708068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Laptop-size ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07801628112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Flexible keyboards ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763904571533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Thumb-sized ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417737007141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such as PDAs, and smartphones. Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.522160530090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads, fully programmable function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets, biometric or smart card readers, trackballs, etc. New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a touchscreen display to stream video, control audio visual media and alarms, execute application inputs, configure individual desktop environments, etc. Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources. Multiple interfaces (serial, USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.) are used to integrate external devices. Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.706974029541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex, high-performance workplaces for financial traders and control room operators (emergency services, security, air traffic management; industry, utilities management, etc.).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335250854492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Non-standard layout and special-use types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504586219787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Software ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23157024383545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Projection (as by laser) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273881912231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Projection keyboards project an image of keys, usually with a laser, onto a flat surface. The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to \"watch\" where the user's fingers move, and will count a key as being pressed when it \"sees\" the user's finger touch the projected image. Projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector. Because the \"keys\" are simply projected images, they cannot be felt when pressed. Users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of \"give\" when typing. A flat, non-reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected. Most projection keyboards are made for use with PDAs and smartphones due to their small form factor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.072338104248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Also known as photo-optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.819448471069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols, either because they are inputting text in different languages, or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or other purposes. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems: Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The common QWERTY-based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters, so its ergonomics were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74642276763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The QWERTZ layout is widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298993110656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Another situation takes place with \"national\" layouts. Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ; similarly, those for Portuguese, French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç. The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is moved from the right of N to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.386751174926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.447731971740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Key types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118807792663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program, text editor, data spreadsheet, or other program. Many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.627949714660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Modifier keys ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018465042114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Enter/Return key typically causes a command line, window form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an \"entry\" and begin the desired process. In word processing applications, pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.692408561706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Cursor keys ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.805681228637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position \"back\" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the preceding character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371715545654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "System commands ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326264381408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The SysRq and Print screen commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a \"panic\" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard. The Break key/Pause key no longer has a well-defined purpose. Its origins go back to teleprinter users, who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line. The Break key can be used by software in several different ways, such as to switch between multiple login sessions, to terminate a program, or to interrupt a modem connection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.684978485107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In programming, especially old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Break is used (in conjunction with Ctrl) to stop program execution. In addition to this, Linux and variants, as well as many DOS programs, treat this combination the same as Ctrl+C. On modern keyboards, the break key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In most Windows environments, the key combination Windows key+Pause brings up the system properties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561781883239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Escape key (often abbreviated Esc) is used to initiate an escape sequence. As most computer users no longer are concerned with the details of controlling their computer's peripherals, the task for which the escape sequences were originally designed, the escape key was appropriated by application programmers, most often to \"escape\" or back out of a mistaken command. This use continues today in Microsoft Windows's use of escape as a shortcut in dialog boxes for No, Quit, Exit, Cancel, or Abort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2883882522583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A common application today of the Esc key is as a shortcut key for the Stop button in many web browsers. On machines running Microsoft Windows, prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards, the typical practice for invoking the \"start\" button was to hold down the control key and press escape. This process still works in Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.902667999267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Shift key: when one presses shift and a letter, it will capitalize the letter pressed with the shift key. Another use is to type more symbols than appear to be available, for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a quotation mark on the top. If one wants to type the quotation mark but pressed that key alone, the symbol that would appear would be the apostrophe. The quotation mark will only appear if both the required key and the Shift key are pressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.620234489440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Miscellaneous ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238859176635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Numeric keys ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354293823242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "When we calculate, we use these numeric keys to type numbers. Symbols concerned with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division symbols are located in this group of keys. The enter key in this keys indicate the equal sign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329700469970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Multiple layouts ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466867446899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Layout changing software ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50878620147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The character code produced by any key press is determined by the keyboard driver software. A key press generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function. Depending on operating systems, various application programs are available to create, add and switch among keyboard layouts. Many programs are available, some of which are language specific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.464537620544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The arrangement of symbols of specific language can be customized. An existing keyboard layout can be edited, and a new layout can be created using this type of software.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.223041534423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "For example, for Mac, The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator and open-source Avro Keyboard for Windows provide the ability to customize the keyboard layout as desired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.369928359985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments. Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys, to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room. Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys, to remind users that the function is activated (see photo).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.507699012756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Key switches ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.706951141357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s, the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames. These keyboards cost from USD $80 to $120 and were used in mainframe data terminals. The most popular switch types were reed switches (contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass capsule, affected by a magnet mounted on the switch plunger).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83922004699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In the mid-1970s, lower-cost direct-contact key switches were introduced, but their life in switch cycles was much shorter (rated ten million cycles) because they were open to the environment. This became more acceptable, however, for use in computer terminals at the time, which began to see increasingly shorter model lifespans as they advanced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33108139038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The first electronic keyboards had a typewriter key travel distance of 0.187 inches (4.75 mm), keytops were a half-inch (12.7 mm) high, and keyboards were about two inches (5 cm) thick. Over time, less key travel was accepted in the market, finally landing on 0.110 inches (2.79 mm). Coincident with this, Key Tronic was the first company to introduce a keyboard which was only about one inch thick. And now keyboards measure only about a half-inch thick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.210200309753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keytops are an important element of keyboards. In the beginning, keyboard keytops had a \"dish shape\" on top, like typewriters before them. Keyboard key legends must be extremely durable over tens of millions of depressions, since they are subjected to extreme mechanical wear from fingers and fingernails, and subject to hand oils and creams, so engraving and filling key legends with paint, as was done previously for individual switches, was never acceptable. So, for the first electronic keyboards, the key legends were produced by two-shot (or double-shot, or two-color) molding, where either the key shell or the inside of the key with the key legend was molded first, and then the other color molded second. But, to save cost, other methods were explored, such as sublimation printing and laser engraving, both methods which could be used to print a whole keyboard at the same time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.816567420959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Initially, sublimation printing, where a special ink is printed onto the keycap surface and the application of heat causes the ink molecules to penetrate and commingle with the plastic modules, had a problem because finger oils caused the molecules to disperse, but then a necessarily very hard clear coating was applied to prevent this. Coincident with sublimation printing, which was first used in high volume by IBM on their keyboards, was the introduction by IBM of single-curved-dish keycaps to facilitate quality printing of key legends by having a consistently curved surface instead of a dish. But one problem with sublimation or laser printing was that the processes took too long and only dark legends could be printed on light-colored keys. On another note, IBM was unique in using separate shells, or \"keycaps\", on keytop bases. This might have made their manufacturing of different keyboard layouts more flexible, but the reason for doing this was that the plastic material that needed to be used for sublimation printing was different from standard ABS keytop plastic material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.722139358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Three final mechanical technologies brought keyboards to where they are today, driving the cost well under $10:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518964767456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# \"Monoblock\" keyboard designs were developed where individual switch housings were eliminated and a one-piece \"monoblock\" housing used instead. This was possible because of molding techniques that could provide very tight tolerances for the switch-plunger holes and guides across the width of the keyboard so that the key plunger-to-housing clearances were not too tight or too loose, either of which could cause the keys to bind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777174949645996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# The use of contact-switch membrane sheets under the monoblock. This technology came from flat-panel switch membranes, where the switch contacts are printed inside of a top and bottom layer, with a spacer layer in between, so that when pressure is applied to the area above, a direct electrical contact is made. The membrane layers can be printed by very-high volume, low-cost \"reel-to-reel\" printing machines, with each keyboard membrane cut and punched out afterwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379959106445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Plastic materials played a very important part in the development and progress of electronic keyboards. Until \"monoblocks\" came along, GE's \"self-lubricating\" Delrin was the only plastic material for keyboard switch plungers that could withstand the beating over tens of millions of cycles of lifetime use. Greasing or oiling switch plungers was undesirable because it would attract dirt over time which would eventually affect the feel and even bind the key switches (although keyboard manufacturers would sometimes sneak this into their keyboards, especially if they could not control the tolerances of the key plungers and housings well enough to have a smooth key depression feel or prevent binding). But Delrin was only available in black and white, and was not suitable for keytops (too soft), so keytops use ABS plastic. However, as plastic molding advanced in maintaining tight tolerances, and as key travel length reduced from 0.187-inch to 0.110-inch (4.75 mm to 2.79 mm), single-part keytop/plungers could be made of ABS, with the keyboard monolocks also made of ABS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551231384277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Control processor ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044474601745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Some lower-quality keyboards have multiple or false key entries due to inadequate electrical designs. These are caused by inadequate keyswitch \"debouncing\" or inadequate keyswitch matrix layout that don't allow multiple keys to be depressed at the same time, both circumstances which are explained below:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6735200881958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Some low-quality keyboards also suffer problems with rollover (that is, when multiple keys pressed at the same time, or when keys are pressed so fast that multiple keys are down within the same milliseconds). Early \"solid-state\" keyswitch keyboards did not have this problem because the keyswitches are electrically isolated from each other, and early \"direct-contact\" keyswitch keyboards avoided this problem by having isolation diodes for every keyswitch. These early keyboards had \"n-key\" rollover, which means any number of keys can be depressed and the keyboard will still recognize the next key depressed. But when three keys are pressed (electrically closed) at the same time in a \"direct contact\" keyswitch matrix that doesn't have isolation diodes, the keyboard electronics can see a fourth \"phantom\" key which is the intersection of the X and Y lines of the three keys. Some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time. \"Three-key\" rollover, also called \"phantom key blocking\" or \"phantom key lockout\", will only register three keys and ignore all others until one of the three keys is lifted. This is undesirable, especially for fast typing (hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys), and games (designed for multiple key presses).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.811324119567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As direct-contact membrane keyboards became popular, the available rollover of keys was optimized by analyzing the most common key sequences and placing these keys so that they do not potentially produce phantom keys in the electrical key matrix (for example, simply placing three or four keys that might be depressed simultaneously on the same X or same Y line, so that a phantom key intersection/short cannot happen), so that blocking a third key usually isn't a problem. But lower-quality keyboard designs and unknowledgeable engineers may not know these tricks, and it can still be a problem in games due to wildly different or configurable layouts in different games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.391586303710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Connection types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45009994506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "There are several ways of connecting a keyboard to a system unit (more precisely, to its keyboard controller) using cables, including the standard AT connector commonly found on motherboards, which was eventually replaced by the PS/2 and the USB connection. Prior to the iMac line of systems, Apple used the proprietary Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard connector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.333345413208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Alternative text-entering methods ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438375473022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Optical character recognition (OCR) is preferable to rekeying for converting existing text that is already written down but not in machine-readable format (for example, a Linotype-composed book from the 1940s). In other words, to convert the text from an image to editable text (that is, a string of character codes), a person could re-type it, or a computer could look at the image and deduce what each character is. OCR technology has already reached an impressive state (for example, Google Book Search) and promises more for the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.828248023986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Speech recognition converts speech into machine-readable text (that is, a string of character codes). This technology has also reached an advanced state and is implemented in various software products. For certain uses (e.g., transcription of medical or legal dictation; journalism; writing essays or novels) speech recognition is starting to replace the keyboard. However, the lack of privacy when issuing voice commands and dictation makes this kind of input unsuitable for many environments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.155868530273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Pointing devices can be used to enter text or characters in contexts where using a physical keyboard would be inappropriate or impossible. These accessories typically present characters on a display, in a layout that provides fast access to the more frequently used characters or character combinations. Popular examples of this kind of input are Graffiti, Dasher and on-screen virtual keyboards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805346488952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Other issues ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388487815856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keystroke logging ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998297691345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Unencrypted wireless bluetooth keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening devices in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record bluetooth packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user. Microsoft wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677995681762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keystroke logging (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes. While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks, or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities, it is also used by hackers for various illegal or malicious acts. Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.035489082336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Anti-spyware applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them. Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs, thus preventing abuse of the software. Enabling a firewall does not stop keyloggers per se, but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured. Network monitors (also known as reverse-firewalls) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection. This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from \"phoning home\" with his or her typed information. Automatic form-filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all. Most keyloggers can be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50446891784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Physical injury ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423532485961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The use of any keyboard may cause serious injury (that is, carpal tunnel syndrome or other repetitive strain injury) to hands, wrists, arms, neck or back. The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent short breaks to get up and walk around a couple of times every hour. As well, users should vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When inputting at the keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that reaching is not necessary. The chair height and keyboard tray should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and the wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges. Wrist or palm rests should not be used while typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.850080490112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Some adaptive technology ranging from special keyboards, mouse replacements and pen tablet interfaces to speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently. Switching to a much more ergonomic mouse, such as a vertical mouse or joystick mouse may provide relief. Switching from using a mouse to using a stylus pen with graphic tablet or a trackpad can lessen the repetitive strain on the arms and hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666654586791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Pathogen transmission ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505556106567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Some keyboards were found to contain five times more potentially harmful germs than a toilet seat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4288911819458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "This can be a concern when using shared keyboards; the keyboards can serve as vectors for pathogens that cause the cold, flu, and other communicable diseases easily spread by indirect contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1907320022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Written signs in other writing systems are best called syllabograms (which denote a syllable) or logograms (which denote a word or phrase).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446260452270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Definition and usage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456405639648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "\"Letter,\" borrowed from Old French lettre, entered Middle English around AD 1200, eventually displacing the native English term bocstaf (i.e. bookstaff). Letter derives from Latin littera, which may have derived, via Etruscan, from the Greek \"διφθέρα\" (writing tablet). The Middle English plural lettres could refer to an epistle or written document, reflecting the use of the Latin plural litteræ. Use of the singular letter to refer to a written document emerged in the 14th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12044620513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As symbols that denote segmental speech, letters are associated with phonetics. In a purely phonemic alphabet, a single phoneme is denoted by a single letter, but in history and practice letters often denote more than one phoneme. A pair of letters designating a single phoneme is called a digraph. Examples of digraphs in English include \"ch\", \"sh\" and \"th\". A phoneme can also be represented by three letters, called a trigraph. An example is the combination \"sch\" in German.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067193984985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A letter may also be associated with more than one phoneme, with the phoneme depending on the surrounding letters or etymology of the word. As an example of positional effects, the Spanish letter c is pronounced [k] before a, o, or u (e.g. cantar, corto, cuidado), but is pronounced [θ] before e or i (e.g. centimo, ciudad).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.398795127868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Letters also have specific names associated with them. These names may differ with language, dialect and history. Z, for example, is usually called zed in all English-speaking countries except the U.S., where it is named zee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30987548828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Letters, as elements of alphabets, have prescribed orders. This may generally be known as \"alphabetical order\" though collation is the science devoted to the complex task of ordering and sorting of letters and words in different languages. In Spanish, for instance, ñ is a separate letter being sorted after n. In English, n and ñ are sorted alike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722034454345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Letters may also have numerical value. This is true of Roman numerals and the letters of other writing systems. In English, Arabic numerals are typically used instead of letters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887260437011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Letters may be used as words. The words a (lower or uppercase) and I (always uppercase) are the most common English letter-words. Sometimes O is used for \"Oh\" in poetic situations. In extremely informal cases of writing (such as SMS language) individual letters may replace words, e.g. u may be used instead of \"you\" in English, when the letter name is pronounced as a homophone of the word.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43327522277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "People and objects are sometimes named after letters, for one of these reasons:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368176460266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# The letter is an abbreviation, e.g. \"G-man\" as slang for a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, arose as short for \"Government Man\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375767707824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# Alphabetical order used as a counting system, e.g. Plan A, Plan B, etc.; alpha ray, beta ray, gamma ray, delta ray, epsilon ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384270668029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "# Other reasons, e.g. X-ray after \"x the unknown\" in algebra, because the discoverer did not know what they were.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472475051879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A classical definition", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4415922164917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Guilhem Molinier, a member of the Consistori del Gay Saber, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the Floral Games to award the best troubadour with the violeta d'aur top prize, gave a definition of the letter in his Leys d'Amors (1328–1337), a book aimed at regulating the then flourishing Occitan poetry:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.789494514465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484439849853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The first consonantal alphabet found has emerged around 2000 BCE to represent the language of Semitic workers in Egypt (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets), and was derived from the alphabetic principles of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Nearly all alphabets in the world today either descend directly from this development or were inspired by its design. The Greek alphabet, invented around 800 BCE, was the first alphabet assigning letters not only to consonants, but also to vowels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471517562866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Types of letters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941710472106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Various scripts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369845390319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The following alphabets, abjads, and individual letters are discussed in related articles. Each represents a different script:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158051490783691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Syriac alphabet: (Alphabetical from right to left) ܐ, ܒ, ܓ, ܕ, ܗ, ܘ, ܙ, ܚ, ܛ, ܝ, ܟܟ, ܠ, ܡܡ, ܢܢ, ܣ, ܥ, ܦ, ܨ, ܩ, ܪ, ܫ, ܬ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216849327087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Cyrillic script: А, Б, В, Г, Ґ, Ѓ, Д, Е, Є, Ж, З, Ѕ, И, І, Ї, Й, К, Ќ, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ю, Я, Ъ, Ь, Ђ, Љ, Њ, Ћ, Џ, Ы.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089234352111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Georgian script: ა, ბ, გ, დ, ე, ვ, ზ, თ, ი, კ, ლ, მ, ნ, ო, პ, ჟ, რ, ს, ტ, უ, ფ, ქ, ღ, ყ, შ, ჩ, ც, ძ, წ, ჭ, ხ, ჯ, ჰ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.818928718566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "International Phonetic Alphabet - used to represent exact pronunciation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.540247917175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "For other writing systems and their letters, see List of writing systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284319877624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Upper and lower case", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486348152160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Some writing systems have two major forms for each letter: an upper case form (also called capital or majuscule) and a lower case form (also called minuscule). Upper and lower case forms represent the same sound, but serve different functions in writing. Capital letters are most often used at the beginning of a sentence, as the first letter of a proper name, or in inscriptions or headers. They may also serve other functions, such as in the German language where all nouns begin with capital letters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.101141929626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A letter may be printed in a number of different sizes or forms, depending on choice of typeface. A typeface is a single, stylistically consistent set of forms for letters (or glyphs). A particular typeface may alter standard forms of characters, may present them with different optical weight, or may angle or embellish their forms. A font is more specific than a typeface, since it specifies the size of the letters as well as the form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.627432823181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In calligraphy, letters are written artistically and may or may not be consistent throughout a work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12623119354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Letter frequencies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.125395774841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The average distribution of letters, or the relative frequency of each letter's occurrence in text in a given language can be obtained analyzing large amounts of representative text. This information can be useful in cryptography and for other purposes as well. Letter frequencies vary in different types of writing. In English, the most frequently appearing ten letters are e, t, a, o, i, n, s, h, r, and d, in that order, with the letter e appearing about 13% of the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375636100769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Footnotes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436858177185059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Letter (alphabet)" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Account Suspended", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440853118896484, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Account Suspended", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440853118896484, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "This Account has been suspended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483983039855957, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Contact your hosting provider for more information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566954612731934, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078092575073242, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.469100952148438, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Want to watch this again later?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509037017822266, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Sign in to add this video to a playlist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522818565368652, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Sign in to report inappropriate content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48636531829834, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The interactive transcript could not be loaded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512948989868164, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Rating is available when the video has been rented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583857536315918, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54630184173584, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "PLEASE KEEP IN MIND: What I am presenting to you work for me, but it might not work or solve your problems. This is informational only so please don't hate or dislike my video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560443878173828, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "However, if you use my method, it will be at your own risk. I take no responsibilty if you break your keyboard and damage your computer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076473236083984, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Dell Inspiron 1501", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510395050048828, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "As I have shown, when I pressed any key, the letter G would stop. When I pressed the letter G again, it became stuck and continued to display the letter G.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695605278015137, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To fix the stuck letter G, I took out the letter and put a small piece of paper between the two plastics strips to separate the top and bottom electrical contact. I separated the top and bottom strips so that it will not become stuck as way to fix the stuck key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.239356994628906, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If you like my video, please comments, rates, and subscribe to my channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553735733032227, "source": "search", "title": "Fix Laptop Stuck Key - YouTube" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Why are the keys in the keypad not arranged in alphabetical order? - Quora", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.142498016357422, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Question merged", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368060111999512, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Answer Wiki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32058048248291, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "QWERTY was concocted back in the 1870s to mechanically separate the common letter pairs that used to frequently jam on the originally alphabetically ordered typewriter layouts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151087760925293, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Here's what that original layout looked like:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453601837158203, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Despite being much faster to learn and easier to use, this semi-alphabetic layout would often jam (note the position of the T, H & S keys) when users typed too quickly. As anyone who's used a typewriter will tell you, even one single jam or simple typo, would require unjamming the keys, ripping out the old paper, washing the ink off your fingers, inserting a new sheet, and starting all over again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708173751831055, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "So - without worrying about ergonomics or suability -  they just started moving keys around until the number of jams dropped to an \"acceptable\" level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381368637084961, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "History disagrees with Shisrail's answer below. This logical, intuitive alphabetic keyboard WAS fast. Too fast for its own good, in fact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80202579498291, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If QWERTY was so easy, why did 100s of typing schools pop up all over the world? Why did people have to enrol for a minimum of a year to get their speed and accuracy to even a basic level? Why does it take most people months of lessons and 100s of hours of practice (or even years of self-teaching) to master this confusing letter order?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379120826721191, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Is QWERTY logical? Yes... but only from a mechanical engineer's perspective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21799087524414, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "For most people, the learning curve for QWERTY is so slow and frustrating, once you've mastered it, the thought of relearning another layout would be considered a fate worse than death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502100944519043, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "But guess what? Quietly, stealthily, the entire planet DID adopt an alphabetic keyboard. And we all mastered it in just a few minutes. Here's a picture of the keyboard that more people on the planet use than any other:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638603210449219, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The current layout is inherited from typewriters, where keys were arranged to prevent jamming. This explains why keys are not in the proper sequence as the alphabets, as well as why they are arranged on diagonal columns (to give space for the levers).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.342303276062012, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Contrary to the popular belief, the QWERTY keyboard was NOT designed to slow typists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.313100814819336, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWE... and http://home.earthlink.net/~dcreh... provide further details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243002891540527, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "1878 Typewriter Patent Drawing, featuring the QWERTY Keyboard. Years after its introduction, it was considered important enough to include in a patent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266839981079102, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "There is a good historical reason for this. In early days of typewriter (in mid 19th century) the keys were arranged lexicographically. The earliest popular design had only 2 rows with 13 characters each. However this arrangement caused 2 major problems :", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35501766204834, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The type bars of the most commonly used combination letters of the alphabet (like TH and ST) was positioned close together, so when the keys were hit right after the other in rapid successions, the metallic arms / type bars responsible for creating an impression on paper would jam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.291872024536133, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In early typewriters printing point was located beneath the paper carriage, invisible to the operator - which forced the operator to raise the carriage in case of collision / mishaps between typebars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465559005737305, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Print on paper was due to Ink ribbon placed between typebar and paper. The typebar collides with paper with ink ribbon in between. If the frequently used keys are placed together - certain portions of ribbon (like st) would dry out relatively earlier - causing relative fade prints in those letters. This problem was quickly resolved with better quality ink ribbon - which caused internal diffusion of ink and ink quality was always evenly distributed throughout the ribbon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032869338989258, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "So as Mayank Bhura suggested, a frequency study was conducted and multiple designs were made to ensure the bars won't collide. Some early designs similar to qwerty :", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510668754577637, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Here is a patented design which gained some popularity -", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568570137023926, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Within a decade or two Qwerty became very popular. The Qwerty design isn't perfect. For example only one vowel 'A' is in the home row even though 40% of words contain it. There number of other statistical flaws. But still it allowed people to type faster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474514961242676, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "When modern keyboard came into picture - Qwerty design was continued. However, the modern keyword don't face any problems like typebar mishap. However, once modern keyboard came into picture it faced a lot of resistance for Qwerty lovers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777741432189941, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "One serious competition came from the Dvorak design - which was developed in 1940s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017969131469727, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Contemporary Keyboard designs are much more elegant. Some even have 2 different parts to provide an optimal slope for fast typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326582908630371, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "During my college, one of the my professors told me regarding this. He was a lecturer of Computer Science.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342297554016113, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "First of all, these keys (pattern) appeared first on the typewriters, not on a computer key board. The reason lies in how typewriters works, let's have a look.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.79317855834961, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In typewriters (manual, not electronic), in order to type any alphabet, we hit a key. A chain of mechanical systems works in a manner, that with every hit one of the type bars rise up and strikes to the ribbon; behind which paper is there and the type bar leaves an impression of embossed alphabet on the paper. By the time we hit other alphabet, type bar come back to its original position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978269577026367, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "In very initial stage, typewriters had alphabets in the original sequence. Some what like this:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443434715270996, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The problem with this pattern was, that it was easy to remember and to use. People were able to type fast and hence, begin typing very fast. So fast, that type bars did not get much time to come back to original position and type bars started to stuck with each other. We should keep in mind that initial typewriters did not had excellent technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424243927001953, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To resolve this issue, few intelligent people ( Sholes and Glidden) worked and created a complex pattern of alphabets. This pattern was not that easy to remember and typing with same give enough time to type bar to reach its original position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34411334991455, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Later on same pattern was adapted in computers and commonly known as QWERTY.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082611083984375, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Initially even computers did not has as good RAM as today. I remember computers with 128 mb or 256 mb of RAM (in early 90s). May be, that ram might not be good enough to cope up with typing speed, if old unjumbled", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328989028930664, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "pattern of alphabets were used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484298706054688, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "You can see, typing number is not a problem, as a word has certain spelling and that spelling applies universally for that word. Therefore, we get in to habit of remembering and using same spelling, which makes typing faster. But, numbers may differ every time also they are not that frequently used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194657325744629, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "There was a time, when it was a matter of debate that computer should have numerals in calculator format (starting from bottom line) or phone format (starting from top line). At that time, facilities like online fax were in place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213900566101074, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the keyboard layout Q-W-E-R-T-Y and not simply A-B ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Music theory usually is easier to grasp when it is applied to and experienced on a musical instrument. This chapter will relate the musical alphabet and other musical ideas to the keyboard (piano, organ or synthesizer) and guitar fretboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910750389099121, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "For those who have no prior instrumental experience it is suggested that you study the sections on keyboard. Guitarists who have playing experience but little or no theory background will find the section on guitar of interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03069019317627, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Before a discussion of theory can begin a few definitions must be presented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531855583190918, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Half step", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337372779846191, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "the smallest interval in the 12-tone system, used as the basic unit with which to measure the size of other intervals. The abbreviation \"H\" is used often throughout this book. On other occasions the number 1 is used as an abbreviation for a half step.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37891960144043, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A whole step is two half steps in size. The abbreviation \"W\" is used throughout this book. On other occasions the number 2 is used as an abbreviation for a whole step.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399484634399414, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Sharp", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223627090454102, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A natural note is the same as the original letter name. The term is usually used to make clear that a previously sharped or flatted note has been restored to its natural letter name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967936515808105, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The following example shows C-sharp then E-flat followed by C and E (both natural).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318498611450195, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "- An octave is the distance of 12 half steps. The musical alphabet along with the terms \"sharp\" and \"flat\" are used to assign names for all of the notes in one octave range. Additional octaves (using the same names) are added as needed to accommodate the different instrumental and vocal ranges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169093132019043, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The following animated graphic shows all of the consecutive half steps intervals for one octave of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90823745727539, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The interval of a half-step occurs between any note (white key or black key) and its immediate adjacent neighbor. Most white keys have a black key the interval of one half-step away except for the half-step intervals between B-C and E-F (there is no black key between B and C or between E and F). All black keys have a white key the interval of one half-step away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130919456481934, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The following animation shows a series of whole steps, first from the note C then from the note C#.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502358436584473, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The previous chapter on Pitch has introduced the 7 letter names used in music notation and discussion. The system of music used throughout most of western culture is based on a 12 tone per octave system. The letter names explain 7 of the 12 tones, but what about the other 5 tones of the system? These remaining tones have a letter name followed by the symbol \"#\" (\"sharp\") or the symbol \"b\" (\"flat\"). Any letter name can be followed by symbol \"#\" or \"b\". With 7 different letter names and three versions of each letter name (each having a \"sharp\" name and \"flat\" name as well as its original \"natural\" name) there would appear to be 21 different tones (3 x 7 = 21)! Several of the 21 different names have the same sound and in fact there are only 12 different tones per octave in this system. All of the 12 tones have more than one name to describe that sound. The context of the music will determine which name is most appropriate. This is common in music and is known as \"enharmonics\" (two different names that sound the same). It is because of enharmonics and the arrangement of the letter names within the pitch system that we have a 12 tone system instead of 21 tone system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.189581871032715, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Another landmark white key lies to the immediate left of the group of 3 black keys. Those white keys are called \"F\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081681251525879, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The pattern is repeated up and down the full range of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471872329711914, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Although the black keys have a different look about them, one must understand that they are notes just the same as the white keys and are used to create music just as the white keys are used. They are arranged in such a way as to help keyboard players literally \"feel\" their way around the musical alphabet. The black keys are the notes that have the \"sharp\" and \"flat\" names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454882621765137, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "First the notes that have \"sharp\" names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431684494018555, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The black keys are used for 5 of the 7 \"sharp\" note names and these 5 are the most commonly used of the sharp notes. Two less frequently used sharps are also available: B# and E#. These notes are enharmonic to C and F respectively (that is , they are white keys!). Since a sharp raises any note one half-step and it has previously been noted that the interval between B-C and E-F is a half-step, it is logical that B# and E# would sound the same as C and F respectively . This is the first of many enharmonic situations that illustrates how 12 tones can accommodate 21 different names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.724352836608887, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The black keys are used for 5 of the 7 \"flat\" note names and these 5 are the most commonly used of the flat notes. Two less frequently used flats are also available: Cb and Fb. These notes are the enharmonic equivalents to B and E respectively (Cb and Fb are white keys). Notice that all of the black keys have both a \"sharp\" name and a \"flat\" name. These enharmonic duplicates complete the explanation of the 12 tone (with 21 names) system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489506721496582, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "(Of interest only to the Left Brained)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451016426086426, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "12 tones = 7 letter names + 5 sharp names", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222908973693848, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "(2 sharp names are enharmonics of natural letter names and not counted as different tones)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292946815490723, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "(all of the flat names are enharmonics and not counted as different tones)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479911804199219, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "21 names = the above 12 names + 2 sharp names not counted above + 7 flat names", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569792747497559, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Actually, it is even more involved because there are rare instances when a double sharp is used, leading to even more names for the same 12 sounds! We will see the double sharps in action later on in the context of the Harmonic and Melodic minor scales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448164939880371, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter Two - Keyboard" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word on Windows - Word", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.885882377624512, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Applies To: Word 2016 Word 2013 Word 2010 Word 2007 Word Starter Word Starter 2010 More... Less", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.584847450256348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Note: If a shortcut requires two or more keys at the same time, the keys are separated by a plus sign (+). If you have to press one key immediately after another, the keys are separated by a comma (,)..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.990998268127441, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "This table shows the most frequently used shortcuts in Microsoft Word.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517658233642578, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To do this", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287516593933105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Decrease font size 1 point", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.594889640808105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Increase font size 1 point", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.595499038696289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Use the keyboard to navigate the ribbon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027280807495117, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The ribbon is the strip at the top of Word, organized by tabs. Each tab displays a different ribbon. Ribbons are made up of groups, and each group includes one or more commands. You can access every command in Word by using a shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299031257629395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Note: Add-ins and other programs may add new tabs to the ribbon and may provide access keys for those tabs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390398025512695, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "There are two ways to navigate the tabs in the ribbon:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464269638061523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To go to the ribbon, press Alt, and then, to move between tabs, use the Right Arrow and Left Arrow keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.939789772033691, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To go directly to a specific tab on the ribbon, use one of the access keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100393295288086, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To use Backstage view, open the File page.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559076309204102, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To use themes, colors, and effects, such as page borders, open the Design tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51941967010498, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To use common formatting commands, paragraph styles, or to use the Find tool. open Home tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399941444396973, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To manage Mail Merge tasks, or to work with envelopes and labels, open Mailings tab .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389476776123047, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To insert tables, pictures and shapes, headers, or text boxes, open Insert tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303800582885742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To work with page margins, page orientation, indentation, and spacing, open Layout tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451269149780273, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To type a search term for Help content, open \"Tell me\" box on ribbon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433429718017578, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Alt+Q, then enter the search term", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388068199157715, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To use Spell Check, set proofing languages, or to track and review changes to your document, open the Review tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487764358520508, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To add a table of contents, footnotes, or a table of citations, open the References tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391656875610352, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Alt+S", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118494033813477, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To choose a document view or mode, such as Read Mode or Outline view, open the View tab. You can also set Zoom magnification and manage multiple windows of documents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22645092010498, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Use commands on a ribbon by using the keyboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.259074211120605, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To move to the list of ribbon tabs, press Alt; to go directly to a tab, press a keyboard shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686859130859375, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To move into the ribbon, press the Down Arrow key. (JAWS refers to this action as a move to the lower ribbon.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139482498168945, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To move between commands, press the Tab key or Shift+Tab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479880332946777, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To move in the group that’s currently selected, press the Down Arrow key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251145362854004, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To move between groups on a ribbon, press Ctrl+Right Arrow or Ctrl+Left Arrow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935039520263672, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Controls on the ribbon are activated in different ways, depending upon the type of control:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426170349121094, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If the selected command is a button, to activate it, press Spacebar or Enter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327649116516113, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If the selected command is a split button (that is, a button that opens a menu of additional options), to activate it, press Alt+Down Arrow. Tab through the options. To select the current option, press Spacebar or Enter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133874893188477, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If the selected command is a list (such as the Font list), to open the list, press the Down Arrow key. Then, to move between items, use the Up Arrow or Down Arrow key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079617500305176, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "If the selected command is a gallery, to select the command, press Spacebar or Enter. Then, tab through the items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404327392578125, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Tip: In galleries with more than one row of items, the Tab key moves from the beginning to the end of the current row and, when it reaches the end of the row, it moves to the beginning of the next one. Pressing the Right Arrow key at the end of the current row moves back to the beginning of the current row.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208199501037598, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To use access keys:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.007790565490723, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Press Alt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120306968688965, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Press the letter shown in the square KeyTip that appears over the ribbon command that you want to use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288708686828613, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The following table lists some ways to move the keyboard focus when you're using only the keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664889335632324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "To do this", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287516593933105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier | Senior Planet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405752182006836, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294465065002441, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "13 comments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465576171875, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Looking for computer help? Every week, our Tekspert answers one question about digital technology. Computers, tablets, phones, cameras…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379020690917969, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "What do you do when you want to print something on your computer or close out of an application? How about when you need to copy and paste? If you use your cursor and the drop-down menu at the top of your screen, then I’ve got good news for you: There’s an easier way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248872756958008, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "While you’re learning these shortcuts, you might have to reference this list. Use the black “Print” button at the top of the page to bring up a printable version so you can keep it handy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435112953186035, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "General Shortcuts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420036315917969, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Wherever you see the “+” sign below, depress both keys at once. In other words, in where you see “Control + F” depress the “Control” key and the “F” key at the same time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458200454711914, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Log In or say “Okay”  You don’t always have to use your cursor to click the “log in” or “sign in” button after you’ve entered your password. Instead you can just hit the “Enter” key on your PC or your or “Return” key on your Mac. The same thing goes for the “okay” button; just hit “Enter” or “Return.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127605438232422, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Find a word or phrase  When you want to quickly locate a particular word or phrase in a large amount of text, whether in a document, in an email or on a webpage, just hit these keys:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038917541503906, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "A small search bar will appear near the top right or bottom left of your screen, where you can type the word or phrase you’re looking for. Then hit the “Enter” or “Return” key to have your computer conduct the search.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146723747253418, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Print This shortcut works both in word processing applications like Microsoft Word and in web browsers like Safari or Internet Explorer. You can also use this shortcut if you need to print an email confirmation (like a receipt or a ticket for an event.) While this shortcut is handy, if you’re printing something from the web, first look for a little printer icon on the webpage you want to print. This will provide you a printer-friendly version that’s easier to read on paper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353166580200195, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Undo your mistake Made a mistake? Did you accidentally delete something or did a document you were working on suddenly go blank? Don’t panic! That’s what the undo shortcut is for. Hit these keys and see the magic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232518196105957, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Redo what you undid This is the opposite of undo; you can also easily redo your last action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480317115783691, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Mac shift + ⌘Command + Z", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391266822814941, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Quit When you’re finished browsing the web or working in an application, you can quickly close the program with this shortcut. Just make sure you are actually in the application you want to close. Look at the top left of your computer screen to see which application you are in at the moment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394268035888672, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Reveal your desktop Sometimes, when you have one or more windows open, you need to look at your desktop; to do that without closing or minimizing your windows, use this shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354860305786133, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "PC Window + D or Window + M. Then use Window + Shift + M to bring back the windows that were open.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491310119628906, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Mac F11. Then press F11 again to bring back all the windows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410898208618164, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Copying and Pasting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475189208984375, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Once you’re a pro at copying and pasting ( click here to read our Tech Tip on how to copy and paste text), you can move even faster with these keyboard shortcuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54873275756836, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Select all Instead of dragging your cursor to select all the text on a page, you can quickly highlight that text with a keyboard shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649088859558105, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Copy Highlight text that’s in an email or a Microsoft Word document, or highlight the URL in your web browser; then use this shortcut to copy it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348403930664062, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Paste Once you’ve copied text, use this keyboard shortcut to paste it where you want it to go.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904984474182129, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Browser Specific Shortcuts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547316551208496, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "You probably spend a lot of time online, so use these keyboard shortcuts to get around on the Internet more quickly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09701919555664, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Go back to a previous webpage Instead of hitting the browser back button to return to the page you were just on, you can simply hit the backspace or delete key on your keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646838188171387, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "PC Backspace", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634625434875488, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Close a browser window (without quitting the application) If you’d like to close one window or webpage, but still want keep your browser open, use this shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283771514892578, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Open a new window To open a new browser window so you can go to a new webpage, use this shortcut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.573600769042969, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Open a new tab Instead of opening a new window, you might want to open a new tab when you want to go to a new webpage. You can easily toggle between tabs at the top of your browser window to move between different webpages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344502449035645, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Got a question? Ask it in the comments box below, or email it to  editor@seniorplanet.com  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440715789794922, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "SHARE & PRINT!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393390655517578, "source": "search", "title": "How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Make Your Life Easier ..." }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "» Request pricing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451557159423828, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Large keys", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.379609107971191, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The differently coloured keys cleverly represent the different functional areas and make the keyboard fun for children to work with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42859935760498, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The keys are arranged vertically to improve positioning of the hands and to make the appearance less cluttered. Unnecessary, distracting keys are left out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457367897033691, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Solid construction", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42149543762207, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Clevy keyboards have internal steel frames and each individual key is mounted onto a high-quality, mechanical switch capable of handling well over 50 million keystrokes. Most keyboards on the market use membrane-type internal switches , which are far less durable and consistent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.580399513244629, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Spillproof", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434093475341797, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The keyboard’s housing is designed to guide possible spilled fluids straight through the keyboard, keeping these liquids away from the internal electronics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207368850708008, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "Wireless", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298578262329102, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" }, { "answer": "S", "passage": "The Clevy Keyboard is also available in in a wireless version as part of the Simply Works range, the World’s first fully integrated wireless system specifically for users with motor skills difficulties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.581997871398926, "source": "search", "title": "Clevy Keyboard | Clevy" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Hitchcock began work on his tenth film Blackmail (1929) when its production company British International Pictures (BIP) decided to convert its Elstree facility to sound, and to utilise that new technology in Blackmail. It was an early 'talkie', often cited by film historians as a landmark film, and is often considered to be the first British sound feature film. Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies, Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP musical film revue Elstree Calling (1930) and directed a short film featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners entitled An Elastic Affair (1930). Another BIP musical revue, Harmony Heaven (1929), reportedly had minor input from Hitchcock, but his name does not appear in the credits.", "precise_score": 7.70585823059082, "rough_score": 8.086483001708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British Blackmail. Directed by twenty-nine-year-old Alfred Hitchcock, the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects, before its premiere. A British International Pictures (BIP) production, it was recorded on RCA Photophone, General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis-Klangfilm markets. Blackmail was a substantial hit; critical response was also positive—notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle, for example, called it \"perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen.\" ", "precise_score": 5.068301200866699, "rough_score": 6.927012920379639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sound film" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy", "precise_score": 9.501501083374023, "rough_score": 9.36474609375, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film", "precise_score": 9.741774559020996, "rough_score": 9.590747833251953, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Hitchcock’s “Blackmail,” made in 1929, is considered to be the first significant sound feature made by the British film industry. The film was a critical and commercial hit. Among its awards is a citation as the best British movie of 1929.", "precise_score": 9.085908889770508, "rough_score": 8.847333908081055, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "With the release of his first sound film Blackmail, Hitchcock�s techniques of film sound pushed the art forward and continued to stretch the boundaries throughout his career. As Hitchcock manipulated sound the viewer, prompting and teasing, he showed that he was in control, orchestrating his soundscape like no other director could. Sound enabled him to add a sense of depth to the worlds he created � a third dimension evoked only in the minds of the viewers who always came back for more.", "precise_score": 7.962843418121338, "rough_score": 8.53294563293457, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "An early example of Hitchcock's technical virtuosity was his creation of \"subjective sound\" for Blackmail (1929), his first sound film. In this story of a woman who stabs an artist to death when he tries to seduce her, Hitchcock emphasized the young woman's anxiety by gradually distorting all but one word \"knife\" of a neighbor's dialogue the morning after the killing. Here and in Murder! (1930), Hitchcock first made explicit the link between sex and violence.", "precise_score": 8.449517250061035, "rough_score": 8.730653762817383, "source": "search", "title": "HitchcockTV: Alfred Hitchcock Brief Biography" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "In 1929, Hitchcock began work on his tenth film Blackmail . While the film was still in production, the studio, British International Pictures (BIP), decided to make it one of the UK's first sound pictures. With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum, Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences. In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies, Hitchcock had explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, emphasizing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP musical film revue Elstree Calling (1930) and directed a short film featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners, An Elastic Affair (1930 ). Another BIP musical revue, Harmony Heaven (1929), reportedly had minor input from Hitchcock, but his name does not appear in the credits.", "precise_score": 7.483126163482666, "rough_score": 7.748099327087402, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Horror Film Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "A second Hitchcock plot device is the story about the guilty woman : although there are guilty women in earlier films, the structure is definitively established in Blackmail , Hitchcock's (and Britain's) first sound film. We may also add Sabotage from the British period, but it is in the American period that examples proliferate: Rebecca (Hitchcock's first Hollywood film), Notorious, Under Capricorn, The Paradine Case, Vertigo, Psycho (the first third), The Birds , and Marnie are all variations on the original structure.", "precise_score": 6.145778656005859, "rough_score": 8.54301643371582, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Director - Film Reference" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "In 1929, he began work on Blackmail , his tenth film. While the film was in production, the studio decided to make it one of Britain's first sound pictures. With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum, Blackmail also began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as the backdrop to a story.", "precise_score": 7.163009166717529, "rough_score": 7.493149757385254, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Moviepedia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive. The collection includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of Blackmail (1929) and Frenzy (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive preserved many of Hitchcock's home movies. The Alfred Hitchcock papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library complement the film material. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3305447101593018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "* Blackmail (1929)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273078918457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "On August 23, the modest-sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie: G’schichten aus der Steiermark (Stories from Styria), an Eagle Film–Ottoton Film production. On September 30, the first entirely German-made feature-length dramatic talkie, Das Land ohne Frauen (Land Without Women), premiered. A Tobis Filmkunst production, about one-quarter of the movie contained dialogue, which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music. The response was underwhelming. Sweden's first talkie, Konstgjorda Svensson (Artificial Svensson), premiered on October 14. Eight days later, Aubert Franco-Film came out with Le Collier de la reine (The Queen's Necklace), shot at the Épinay studio near Paris. Conceived as a silent film, it was given a Tobis-recorded score and a single talking sequence—the first dialogue scene in a French feature. On October 31, Les Trois masques debuted; a Pathé-Natan film, it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie, though it was shot, like Blackmail, at the Elstree studio, just outside London. The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system. The Braunberger-Richebé talkie La Route est belle, also shot at Elstree, followed a few weeks later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.367602825164795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sound film" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In Blackmail, Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word \"knife\" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing. In his first film, the Paramount Applause (1929), Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots. At a certain point, Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays; according to the director, \"They said we couldn't record the two things—the song and the prayer—on one mike and one channel. So I said to the sound man, 'Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing?'\" Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.441084384918213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sound film" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "When production began, “Blackmail” meant to be silent, but during the process, the new technology offered Hitchcock exciting opportunities, especially for the kinds of films he was interested in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.550175666809082, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "A completed silent version of Blackmail was released in 1929 shortly after the talkie version hit theaters. The silent version of Blackmail actually ran longer in theaters and proved more popular, largely because most theaters in Britain were not yet equipped for sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.332758903503418, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Assigned to the case, Webber begins to suspect that the girl is involved but he conceals his suspicion from his superiors. The blackmail occurs, when a man claims to have seen Alice entering the artist’s quarters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435975074768066, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "The detective, trying to shift blame for the killing to the blackmailer, leads to the man’s flight. A chase ensues, ending with the blackmailer’s death, falling through the dome of the British Museum (a site Hitchcock will return to in future films). The girl decides to clear her conscience but is prevented from doing so by the detective", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.429507732391357, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "The figures who represent law and order are themselves corruptible. In “Blackmail,” as in future films, the apparent righteousness of the police is completely undermined", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36505126953125, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Two future directors worked on “Blackmail”: Ronald Neame operated the clapperboard and Michael Powell (“The Red Shoes”) took still photographs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33908462524414, "source": "search", "title": "Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Borgus.com - Because he is known for his visual techniques, Alfred Hitchcock�s unique use of sound is a topic which receives less attention. While his first several films were silent, Blackmail (1929) started him on a path of aural manipulation that continued through his later works. Blackmail showcases Hitchcock�s instinctive styles of soundscaping during a time period where little was yet known about the cinematic powers of sound. Blackmail demonstrates ongoing tactics, such as: withholding sound from the viewer to pique curiosity, exaggerating sound as a form of narrative emphasis, and creating tension through both ambient noises and silence. Further, in a world where music was the dominant form of narrative accompaniment, he stripped music score away from his scenes and instead used the act of singing (and whistling) as a suspense device. Lastly, Hitchcock�s manipulation of human speech ranged from technical malfunctions of telephone calls to dizzied audio abstraction of the characters� subjective thoughts. This article will outline the major uses of sound in Hitchcock�s Blackmail, and demonstrate that it is an essential foundation to his usage in later works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.8986663818359375, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "At the time of Blackmail�s release, most theaters still didn�t have speakers, only 22% having sound. Nonetheless, Hitchcock was keen to consider those 5,200 theaters worldwide which did have sound, and knew that more would follow (Belton 1999). Film scholar Elizabeth Weis wrote The Silent Scream in 1982, a thorough examination of the use of sound in Hitchcock films. According to Weis, Hitchcock saw the arrival of sound technology as a �new dimension of cinematic expression� (Weis 1982, p.14). This dimension enabled him to break away from the flat plane of the visual and create cinematic worlds more deeply entrenched in realism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.637343406677246, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Since he was known for his manipulation of viewer expectations, it is not surprising that Hitchcock intentionally withheld sound information to heighten curiosity. In Blackmail, he teases by allowing the characters to keep secrets from us, and each other. The viewer is cued early in the film � when Alice laughs as the doorman whispers into her ear � that some information is going to be kept from us. After laughing at the doorman�s secret, Alice White (Anny Ondra, voiced by Joan Barry) walks down the street with her boyfriend, Detective Frank Webber (John Longdon) who is also unaware of the secret, playfully shunning him. This tactic came around again in his 1955 The Trouble With Harry, in which a whisper into the ear is used as a running gag, leaving the viewer curious what Jennifer (Shirley MacLain) wants as a gift. In both films, the whispered information was irrelevant to the plot, serving only to playfully tease the viewer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.402642011642456, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Conversely, there are moments where he lets us in exclusively. The phone booth in Blackmail becomes a dual private and public space, as a way to allow the viewer to share secret information and to exclude others from it. Hitchcock uses the phone booth in three key moments in the film: first, to reveal subjective fears of Alice; second, to reveal Frank�s knowledge of the murder; and third, to plant a plot twist in which the police suspect the blackmailer. The first time Alice walks into the phone booth within her family�s newsagent shop, the viewer is allowed a subjective viewpoint on her guilt. As a nearby gossiper is rambling on about the murder, we follow Alice into the booth; the gossiper�s voice drops to silence as she closes the door. We are inside the booth with Alice as she looks up Frank�s number in the phone book; instead of dialing the number she gets frightened. As she opens the booth to leave, the gossiper�s voice comes back � still talking about the murder. The brief absence of the murder-talk in the booth allows us to internalize Alice�s desire to hide from it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.580104827880859, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "A few moments later Frank arrives and enters the booth pretending to make a call. Then, he asks Alice to come into the booth with him, presumably so they can talk in private. While both are in the booth, we are made privy to the conversation, revealing that Frank knows Alice committed the murder. He brings out her glove found on the scene and she grabs it in shock, unable to speak. Unfortunately for the characters, the phone booth�s privacy excludes the visual; Tracy (Donald Calthrop) knocks on the door to speak to them having just seen the glove through the glass. Because he was snooping around the area the night of the murder, he saw Alice enter the apartment and somehow found the matching glove. Seeing it confirms his suspicion that she committed the murder and sets up his attempt to blackmail her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146032333374023, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Later, as Frank receives an update from Scotland Yard, he takes the phone call in the booth with the door cracked open so we can hear. As his conversation gets more interesting, he closes the door on us, reducing his speech to mere mumbles. This information is withheld until he is able to reveal it as a dramatic twist to Tracy in the next scene. As Frank leaves the booth hurriedly, Mr. White, also frustrated by not hearing the call, yells out, �any news Frank?� The answer is withheld, increasing tension until Frank dramatically reveals the police are looking for Tracy, thus turning the tables on the blackmailer. These moments are pure timed manipulation of viewer access to information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119229316711426, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Hitchcock also tended to switch back to silent-film mode by placing the actors out of the microphone�s reach intentionally. In the final sequence of Blackmail, we are given a distant view through glass doors within the police building, as Alice and the doorman knock on the Inspector�s office door. Since we see it through the glass doors from a distance, the knocking sound is absent as well as the dialogue of the doorman explaining who is there and the subsequent permission to enter. Hitchcock�s act of withholding the audio of this simple moment from us, allows us to see it from an objective viewpoint and consider the implication of what she is about to do � confess to the murder. Subsequently, Hitchcock switched to silent-film mode in To Catch a Thief (1955), also through glass doors, as a conversation is carried out with broad motions of the actor�s bodies, rather than dialogue. During a key moment in Torn Curtain (1966), Sarah (Julie Andrews) is made privy to the secret which we�ve known all along � that her husband (Paul Newman) has been sent to spy. He reveals this to her on a distant hill, in which they both walk away from the microphone. In the distance we see him explaining something to her, and witness the moment she changes from anger to glee, punctuated by her embrace. Since the viewer already knew this information, Hitchcock chose not to bore us with the dialogue, focusing instead on the visual moment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5974291563034058, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "In Blackmail, Hitchcock used the ambient sounds of his settings by manipulating them for the purposes of suspense, as a way of expressing character emotion. In order to enhance the feelings of guilt from Alice after she murdered The Artist, Hitchcock used surrounding sounds to amplify those feelings. As Alice is slowly walking through quick-moving crowds in a daze of shock, car horns enhance the counterpoint between the busy world and her stoic stake of shock. She soon walks through a crowd of theater goers who are laughing under a billboard which reads: �a new comedy.� The sound of laugher increases the tension as Hitchcock plays this humorous tone against her guilt. Each of Hitchcock�s car horns are taunting her to snap out of it. As she wakes up in bed the next morning, caged song-birds in her room whistle happily to the extent that they become intrusive, further escalating her frantic mental state. Later, while she sits down to eat at her family�s shop, the door chime rings abstractly instead of its recognizable quick burst. The sound of the chime is stretched out over several seconds resembling the long protracted tone of a tuning fork. This abstracted reality, created purely through sound manipulation, brings the viewer into her subjective state of mind � ultra sensitive to the sounds around her as she sinks further inward, hoping to hide from what she has done.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2776131629943848, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "When Tracy comes into the shop to intimidate them, saying, �what a chance for blackmail � I could never do a thing like that,� the door chime sounds and a delivery man walks in with a newspaper. The ambient sounds of the street spill into the room. Car horns, honking happily, further counterpoint the seriousness of the line just spoken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960474967956543, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Then, as the delivery man walks back outside, he shuts the door behind him silencing the street sounds. At this point we know the line was spoken ironically, because of course Tracy does intend to blackmail. The sudden burst of comic energy from the delivery man�s entrance is Hitchcock�s way of indicating this irony. It is also a reminder that the outside world is ready to intrude on their private conversation, and that if Alice is implicated in the murder she will have to face public scrutiny.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.950930118560791, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Characters in Blackmail whistle, hum, sing, and play the piano but they don�t do it for amusement. Hitchcock has designed each moment of musical activity to evoke suspense. As Alice enters The Artist�s apartment she explores the rooms, and gives the piano a try for a few seconds, a metaphor for her mental state � she�s going to try spending time with him, but is rather apathetic about it. The Artist starts out by whistling but soon is playing a full song on the piano with lyrics while he convinces Alice to try on a dress. He uses this moment as an opportunity to hide her clothes and force her to walk out in the open in her underwear, while he continues to play the song �Miss After Day� (Belton 1999). After Alice murders him, the film�s music score repeats the song for dramatic effect. From this point, Hitchcock uses the motif of song as a reminder of the murder. Frank whistles a tune as he investigates the murder scene, and Tracy hums while buying a cigar and later whistles at the breakfast table in order to intimidate them into blackmail. In Frank�s usage, the whistle is a subtle expression that he�s already feigning ignorance among his other police colleagues; he already knows Alice was having an affair with The Artist and that she was probably involved in his murder. In Tracy�s usage of song, it is a flamboyant tease that he knows their secret and is wielding power over them, playfully trying to decide whether he wants to extort them for money. He whistles �The Best Things in Life are Free� (Belton 1999) as a direct expression of his intentions � that they can be free if they pay him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.565976142883301, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Hitchcock often portrayed speech from the perspective of a character�s mind � either selectively manipulating speech heard through their ears, or projecting their internal thoughts as voice-over. In the infamous scene in Blackmail, he manipulates the speech of the gossipy neighbor in the shop when she�s talking about the knife used for the murder. Hitchcock deliberately accentuates the word �knife� in a repetitive rhythm, mixed with mumblings that were literally spoken by the actress as unintelligible abstracted syllables. This way, we get a clear sense of how Alice�s mind perceives the woman�s dialogue, subjectively singling out only the one word, as she slices the bread. Often a character is talking off-screen while Hitchcock�s camera pans toward an object or a reaction on someone�s face. Since the camera stays on close-up of Alice during this scene and the gossiper is off-screen, the focus is on the reaction of Alice with each utterance of �knife.�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.415476083755493, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Another ploy that Hitchcock creates with dialogue is: missed information, or a sense of misunderstood language in a time of crisis. In Blackmail, the housekeeper frantically calls the police, and while she is relaying the address she thinks the dispatcher has heard the address incorrectly. We hear both sides of the conversation and know it�s correct, but she repeats the address frantically. In The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) it�s a confused name, Ambrose Chapel, which Benjamin (James Stewart) thinks is a person but is actually a location. In the same film, he has trouble hearing his son while speaking with him on the phone � a way of building tension surrounding his kidnapping. In the final moments of Blackmail, a random phone ring at the police station delays Alice�s confession long enough for her to decide against it. She had been torn about whether to confess, and she was slowly fumbling with getting the words out. The phone rings, distracting the Inspector and ending their conversation, and thus ending the suspense; confession thwarted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.497535228729248, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "A common question raised in a Hitchcock thriller is whether the neighbors had been able to hear the murder, and, in the case of Blackmail, Hitchcock�s lack of music score during the murder scene allows us to ascertain that for ourselves. Often ironically, the murder is loud enough to be heard as a desperate scream bursts out through the silence, and Hitchcock accentuates the fact that those nearby still fail to notice. When Alice kills The Artist it happens off-screen behind the curtains of the bed canopy. As Hitchcock cuts to a view of a policeman walking casually down the sidewalk outside, we hear Alice scream, �Let me go! Let me go!� Her cries for help are unheard by the policeman, thus creating a feeling of isolation from the outside world. With the use of simple juxtaposition of sound not reaching a hero�s ears in a time of crisis, in addition to the irony that the policeman seems happy, Hitchcock uniquely creates a desperate situation. The viewer is compelled to warn the hero, but of course is a helpless viewer � also unheard by those on the screen. The silence creates a state of paralyzing shock, the feeling that time has stopped. We see only Alice�s flailing arm reaching through the curtain, desperately feeling around for the knife, which she grabs. As she carries out the murder, The Artist makes no sound. Alice�s screams of panic continue rhythmically with each breath and then gradually subside as her attacker falls limp; the room fills with silence. Finally, The Artist�s hand flops out into view, indicating that he is now a corpse. Silence continues as Alice stands up, carefully places the knife back on the table, and stands in shock. Only after a long, tense silence does music score begin, resembling the very piano piece that The Artist had been playing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1407229900360107, "source": "search", "title": "Hitchcock's Sound Style (film directing, criticism, film ..." }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "[Cameo] Often has a quick cameo in his films. He eventually began making his appearances in the beginning of his films, because he knew viewers were watching for him and he didn't want to divert their attention away from the story's plot. He made a live cameo appearance in all of his movies beginning with The Lady Vanishes (1938) (Man in London Railway Station walking on the station train platform), The Girl Was Young (1937) (Photographer Outside Courthouse) ... aka The Girl Was Young (USA), The 39 Steps (1935) (Passerby Near the Bus), Murder! (1930) (Man on Street), Blackmail (1929) (Man on subway), Easy Virtue (1928) (Man with stick near tennis court), The Lodger (1927) (Extra in newspaper office) ... aka The Case of Jonathan Drew., excluding Lifeboat (1944), in which he appeared in a newspaper advertisement; Dial M for Murder (1954), in which he appeared in a class reunion photo; Rope (1948) in which his \"appearance\" is as a neon version of his famous caricature on a billboard outside the window in a night scene and Family Plot (1976) in which his \"appearance\" is as a silhouette of someone standing on the other side of a frosted glass door.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.467423439025879, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "As of the 5th edition of 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die (edited by Steven Jay Schneider), Hitchcock is the most represented director, with 18 films. Included are his films Blackmail (1929), The 39 Steps (1935), Sabotage (1936), Rebecca (1940), Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946), Rope (1948), Strangers on a Train (1951), Rear Window (1954), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), The Wrong Man (1956), Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), The Birds (1963), Marnie (1964) and Frenzy (1972).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4549472332000732, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Many of Hitchcock's films have one-word titles: Blackmail (1929), Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), Saboteur (1942), Lifeboat (1944), Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946), Rope (1948), Vertigo (1958), Psycho (1960), Marnie (1964), Topaz (1969) and Frenzy (1972). He favored one-word titles because he felt that it was uncluttered, clean and easily remembered by the audience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.442537546157837, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Where the critic Robin Wood once felt it necessary to pose the rhetorical question, “Why should we take Hitchcock seriously?,” the complete retrospective before us, including its new restorations of nine of Hitchcock’s extant silent features, begs a different question: When did Hitchcock become Hitchcock? It would take time for the director’s formal and moral fixations to cohere as the compound effect known all too simply as “suspense,” but there is no mistaking the master’s touch in the persistent ambiguities of The Lodger, theobsessive reiterations of the circle motif in The Ring, the menacing voyeur crowding the edges of Champagne, or the spiraling delineation of guilt in the silent Blackmail. Even within the seemingly inhospitable confines of a comedy of manners (Easy Virtue) or melodramatic fall (Downhill), the young Hitchcock experimented with different styles of point-of-view and disclosure, ever attentive to the audience in relation to the characters. The director learned Expressionism during an early apprenticeship at Berlin’s UFA Studio and Soviet-style montage from London Film Society screenings, quickly absorbing both styles into his own deeply intuitive grasp of entertainment as moral reckoning. Already in the silent films we see the interpolations of subjective and objective viewpoints, the rupture of fantasy in authentic settings, the condensation of whole characterizations into discrete details, and the genius for soliciting the audience’s complicity. From the very first, a Hitchcock film lays special claims to our role as viewer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.765120506286621, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Blackmail", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354268074035645, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Blackmail", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354268074035645, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "British International Pictures only asked Hitchcock to remake enough portions of Blackmail with dialogue to make for a passable “part-talkie,” but the ever ambitious director made preparations on the sly to avail himself of the new medium’s creative possibilities. In spite of the restrictive nature of the early sound technology, Hitchcock staged a remarkable series of expressionistic effects. The theme of “guilty woman,” in particular, is reinforced by subjective sound—most famously when a breakfast conversation is smudged out except for the increasingly insistent word “knife.” Idle chatter about the homicide clarifies Hitchcock’s pleasure in revealing our workaday fascination with murder. Joan Barry read the lines for a pantomiming Anny Ondra, the Czech actress whose English film career stalled with the coming of sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.900353193283081, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Hitchcock’s first sound film after Blackmail closely adheres to Sean O’Casey’s hit play about an Irish family’s wildly changing fortunes during the Troubles. The director would later deride Juno and the Paycock as a “photograph of a stage play,” but his camera comes alive in the presence of the family’s wayward son, Johnny, a young man who lost an arm for the same cause he now informs against. Aural hallucinations of gunfire attach to Johnny's point-of-view, a sharp break from the otherwise theatrical conception of character. O’Casey made a lasting impression on Hitchcock, serving as the model for a disheveled doomsayer in The Birds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.754169464111328, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Originally intended by the producers to be a vehicle for Jessie Matthews, a famous star of the British stage and screen, Waltzes From Vienna was dismissed by Hitchcock as one of his lesser efforts. Undertaken when his career was ebbing after the success of The Lodger and Blackmail, Hitchcock did admit that his biopic of Josef Strauss, Jr. – focused on his composition of “The Blue Danube” – allowed him “opportunities for working out ideas in the relation of film and music.” Lacking both the director’s approval and his distinctively suspenseful storyline, this period piece has long been ignored. Seen today, it is a charming example of Hitchcock’s flair for comedy. Print courtesy the British Film Institute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.06295919418335, "source": "search", "title": "The Complete Alfred Hitchcock - Harvard Film Archive" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "With the film Strangers on a Train (1951), based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith, Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. Hitchcock approached Dashiell Hammett to write the dialogue but Raymond Chandler took over, then left over disagreements with the director. Two men casually meet and speculate on removing people who are causing them difficulty. One of the men takes this banter entirely seriously. With Farley Granger reprising some elements of his role from Rope, Strangers continued the director's interest in the narrative possibilities of blackmail and murder. Robert Walker, previously known for \"boy-next-door\" roles, plays the villain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3568739891052246, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Horror Film Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Alfred Hitchcock Presents was parodied by Friz Freleng's 1961 cartoon The Last Hungry Cat , which contains a plot similar to Blackmail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.754997968673706, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Horror Film Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Nationality: British. Born: Alfred Joseph Hitchcock in Leytonstone, London, 13 August 1899, became U.S. citizen, 1955. Education: Salesian College, Battersea, London, 1908; St. Ignatius College, Stamford Hill, London, 1908–13; School of Engineering and Navigation, 1914; attended drawing and design classes under E.J. Sullivan, London University, 1917. Family: Married Alma Reville, 2 December 1926, daughter Patricia born 1928. Career: Technical clerk, W.T. Henley Telegraph Co., 1914–19; title-card designer for Famous Players-Lasky at Islington studio, 1919; scriptwriter and assistant director, from 1922; directed two films for producer Michael Balcon in Germany, 1925; signed with British International Pictures as director, 1927; directed first British film to use synchronized sound, Blackmail , 1929; signed with Gaumont-British Studios, 1933; moved to America to direct Rebecca for Selznick International Studios, decided to remain, 1939; returned to Britain to make short films for", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8414146900177, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Director - Film Reference" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "Wood, Robin, \"Symmetry, Closure, Disruption: The Ambiguity of Blackmail ,\" in CineAction! (Toronto), no. 15, 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315034866333008, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Director - Film Reference" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "It is striking to observe that the opposition of the two themes discussed above is almost complete; there are very few Hitchcock films in which the accused man turns out to be guilty after all ( Shadow of a Doubt and Stage Fright are the obvious exceptions; Suspicion would have been a third if Hitchcock had been permitted to carry out his original intentions), and no Hitchcock film features an accused woman who turns out to be innocent ( Dial M for Murder comes closest, but even there, although the heroine is innocent of murder, she is guilty of adultery). Second, it should be noticed that while the falsely accused man is usually (not quite always) the central consciousness of type one, it is less habitually the case that the guilty woman is the central consciousness of type two: frequently, she is the object of the male protagonist's investigation. Third, the outcome of the guilty woman films (and this may be dictated as much by the Motion Picture Production Code as by Hitchcock's personal morality) is dependent upon the degree of guilt: the woman can sometimes be \"saved\" by the male protagonist ( Blackmail, Notorious, Marnie ), but not if she is guilty of murder or an accomplice to it ( The Paradine Case, Vertigo ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1462602615356445, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Director - Film Reference" }, { "answer": "Blackmail", "passage": "With Strangers on a Train (1951), his first epic film based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith , Hitchcock combined many of the best elements from his preceding British and American films. Two men casually meet and speculate on removing people who are causing them difficulty. One of the men, though, takes this banter entirely seriously. With Farley Granger reprising some elements of his role from Rope, Strangers continued the director's interest in the narrative possibilities of homosexual blackmail and murder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.310817003250122, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Hitchcock - Moviepedia - Wikia" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "When her mother married the Standard Oil heir Hugh D. Auchincloss Jr., his largesse did not extend to Jacqueline and her sister. So when, after graduating from George Washington University in 1951, Jackie took a job as the “Inquiring Camera Girl” for the Washington Times-Herald, she did it because she needed the salary.", "precise_score": 3.861774206161499, "rough_score": -2.1800150871276855, "source": "search", "title": "Five myths about Jackie Kennedy - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "Before ever going on her first date with Kennedy, Onassis very nearly married another man. In January 1952, the society pages of the Washington Times-Herald announced her engagement to a Yale grad, World War II vet and Wall Street banker named John Husted. The 22-year-old Onassis soon began having doubts about the match, and supposedly expressed reservations about becoming a housewife. In March 1952, she abruptly called off the wedding. Only a few months later, she began dating Kennedy—then a U.S. congressman—after meeting him at a dinner party. The two were married in September 1953.", "precise_score": 0.7182413935661316, "rough_score": -2.5432209968566895, "source": "search", "title": "10 Things You May Not Know About Jacqueline Kennedy ..." }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "Bouvier was the elder daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and socialite Janet Lee Bouvier. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594481468200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "Bouvier moved back to Merrywood, and was hired as a part-time receptionist at the Washington Times-Herald. After a week, she approached editor Frank Waldrop requesting more challenging work, and was given the position of an \"Inquiring Camera Girl\", despite Waldrop's initial concerns about her competence. The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures to be published in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random \"man on the street\" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency several days after the 1952 presidential election. During this time, Bouvier was also briefly engaged to a young stockbroker, John G. W. Husted, Jr.; the announcement was published in The New York Times in January 1952, after only a month of dating. She broke off the engagement after three months, as she began to find him \"immature and boring\" once she got to know him better.Spoto, pp. 89-91. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.732502937316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "Bouvier and then-U.S. Representative John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy belonged to the same social circle, and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The two also shared similarities in both being Catholic and writers, enjoying reading and previously having lived abroad.O'Brien, pp. 265–266 Kennedy was then busy running for the US Senate but after his election in November, the relationship grew more serious and he proposed marriage to her. Bouvier took some time to accept, due to having been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald. After a month in Europe, she accepted the proposal upon her return to the United States, and resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.359713315963745, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "After attending Vassar University, the Sorbonne and George Washington University, Onassis got her first job working as a reporter for the Washington Times-Herald in 1952. As the paper’s “Inquiring Photographer,” the future first lady roamed the streets of the nation’s capital asking strangers their opinions on everything from personal finance (“Do you approve of joint bank accounts?”) to politics and relationships (“Do you think a wife should let her husband think he’s smarter than she is?”). Among the many people she interviewed was Richard Nixon, the man John F. Kennedy would later defeat in the 1960 presidential election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5756680965423584, "source": "search", "title": "10 Things You May Not Know About Jacqueline Kennedy ..." }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "Jacqueline started her first job in the fall of 1951 as the \"Inquiring Camera Girl\" for the Washington Times-Herald newspaper. Roving around the city, she took pictures of people she encountered, asked them questions on the issues of the day, and wove their answers into her newspaper column. Among those she interviewed for her column was Richard M. Nixon. She also covered the first inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.04448127746582, "source": "search", "title": "Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy - John F. Kennedy ..." }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "In Washington, she met and was briefly engaged to John Husted, a stockbroker. Through her stepfather's contacts, she was able to get a job as a photographer at The Washington Times-Herald, earning $42.50 a week. At the paper, she was an inquiring photographer assigned to do a light feature in which people were asked about a topic of the day; their comments appeared with their photos. Among the questions she asked were: \"Are men braver than women in the dental chair?\" and, \"Do you think a wife should let her husband think he's smarter than she is?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.696149826049805, "source": "search", "title": "Death of a First Lady ; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of ..." }, { "answer": "Washington Times-Herald", "passage": "She continued her work for The Washington Times-Herald and she enjoyed Washington's restaurants and parties. It was at one such party, given in May 1952 by Charles Bartlett, Washington correspondent for The Chattanooga Times, that she met Mr. Kennedy, who would soon capture the Senate seat held by Henry Cabot Lodge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3631439208984375, "source": "search", "title": "Death of a First Lady ; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of ..." } ]

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[ { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The name of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term \"Türk\" or \"Türük\" as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century). The English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. ", "precise_score": -6.10806941986084, "rough_score": -7.92956018447876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Turkish public administration. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. Turkey is a unitary not a federal system, and the provinces are subordinated to the centre. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the governors and city governors. Besides the governors and the city governors, other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government rather than appointed by mayors or elected by constituents.", "precise_score": -10.521007537841797, "rough_score": -7.6568756103515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an administrative division.", "precise_score": -9.700553894042969, "rough_score": -8.864538192749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has a legal system which has been wholly integrated with the system of continental Europe. For instance, the Turkish Civil Law has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code, the Code of Obligations and the German Commercial Code. The Administrative Law bears similarities with its French counterpart, and the Penal Code with its Italian counterpart.", "precise_score": -7.483868598937988, "rough_score": -8.101161003112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several departments (such as the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command) and agencies, all acting under the command of the Prime Minister of Turkey or mostly the Minister of Internal Affairs. According to figures released by the Justice Ministry, there are 100,000 people in Turkish prisons as of November 2008, a doubling since 2000. ", "precise_score": -9.205791473388672, "rough_score": -8.170876502990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus, though their presence is controversial, and assists Iraqi Kurdistan with security. Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups. ", "precise_score": -7.879797458648682, "rough_score": -5.9834089279174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO. ", "precise_score": -8.882206916809082, "rough_score": -8.435738563537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country. Asian Turkey, which includes 97 percent of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. European Turkey comprises 3 percent of the country.", "precise_score": -7.8689141273498535, "rough_score": -7.2916436195373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The territory of Turkey is more than long and 800 km wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's land area, including lakes, occupies , of which are in Southwest Asia and in Europe. Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.", "precise_score": -8.7963228225708, "rough_score": -8.850234031677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has a sizeable automotive industry, which produced over a million motor vehicles in 2012, ranking as the 17th largest producer in the world. Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011. The major export markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and the United Kingdom. Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock. Tuzla, Yalova, and İzmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres. In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56 being built. Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt and also for their mega yachts. ", "precise_score": -5.555283546447754, "rough_score": -7.364667892456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey, including 22 international airports. , Istanbul Atatürk Airport is the 11th busiest airport in the world, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to Airports Council International. The new (third) international airport of Istanbul is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum. Turkish Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, was selected by Skytrax as Europe's best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. With 435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the largest carrier in the world by number of countries served . ", "precise_score": -7.703122615814209, "rough_score": -5.638611793518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkish government companies for research and development in military technologies include Turkish Aerospace Industries, Aselsan, Havelsan, Roketsan, MKE, among others. Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center (UMET) is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI). The Turkish Space Launch System (UFS) is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey. It consists of the construction of a spaceport, the development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote earth stations. ", "precise_score": -5.6997294425964355, "rough_score": -7.571412563323975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The traditional Turkish national sport has been yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times. Edirne has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361. International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team. ", "precise_score": -9.08458423614502, "rough_score": -8.058485984802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "precise_score": 2.5189056396484375, "rough_score": 4.8111371994018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of international vehicle registration codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "This is different from the way vehicles belonging to the diplomats of foreign countries with license plate from the host country are marked. That standard is host country specific and varies largely from country to country. For example TR on a diplomatic car in US indicates Italian, not Turkish. Such markings in Norway are indicated with numbers only, again different from international standards (90 means Slovakian -not Turkish as international telephone codes would mean-).", "precise_score": 1.21279776096344, "rough_score": -0.7088716626167297, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of international vehicle registration codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The allocation of codes is maintained by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as the Distinguishing Signs Used on Vehicles in International Traffic (sometimes abbreviated to DSIT), authorised by the UN's Geneva Convention on Road Traffic of 1949 and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968. Many vehicle codes created since the adoption of ISO 3166 coincide with ISO two- or three-letter codes.", "precise_score": -2.7309255599975586, "rough_score": -7.230527877807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of international vehicle registration codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In the European Economic Area, vehicles from one member state do not need to display the oval while within another state, provided the number plate is in the common EU standard format introduced in the 1990s, which includes the international vehicle registration code on the plate. ", "precise_score": -2.89227557182312, "rough_score": -3.4476537704467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of international vehicle registration codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ.", "precise_score": 2.4900567531585693, "rough_score": -6.194437503814697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The blue stripe was introduced after the entry of Turkey to the European Customs Union in 1995, in accordance to compliance to EU laws. Since then, the blue stripe area is often modified by car owners (even by some parliament members like Devlet Bahçeli). The predominant modification of this sorts is to replace the blue color with red and put up the crescent and the star of the Turkish flag. This type of modification is in the grey area of the law, for it does not clearly specify which color is to be used in the stripe.", "precise_score": -6.523062229156494, "rough_score": -8.853275299072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In some provinces, numbering is categorized in groups for tax collecting offices of different districts, for example Dolmuş in Ankara have plates of the form \"06 J 9999\" and a(ny) vehicle from Polatlı, Ankara has plates of the form '06 Pxx 99', \"06 ET XXXX\" from Etimesgut district. On the other hand, a Dolmuş in Eskişehir has a plate of the form \"26 M 9999\".", "precise_score": -1.4449577331542969, "rough_score": -7.582921981811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The usage of these white oval decals originated in Europe in the early 20th century. European countries are relatively small and drivers have always frequently crossed from country to country. Moreover, in those days European licence plates all looked confusingly similar, so Europe needed to find an easy way to identify each vehicle’s country of registration. They came up with the idea of making it mandatory to put a white oval-shaped sticker with black country initials on the back of all vehicles.", "precise_score": -6.767788410186768, "rough_score": -5.924186706542969, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "This European custom became an international requirement in many countries after the U.N.’s Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (1949) and Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). It was agreed upon that a distinguishing sign of the country of registration had to be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. It also stipulated that the sign could either be placed separately from the registration plate or could be incorporated into the vehicle’s number plate and if the international registration letter was incorporated into the licence plate, it also had to appear on the front number plate.", "precise_score": -0.2332421988248825, "rough_score": -2.202833652496338, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Vehicle registration documents", "precise_score": -4.311487197875977, "rough_score": -2.8597683906555176, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "All vehicles registered in the UK must display the international registration letters GB on the rear of the vehicle when taken temporarily abroad.", "precise_score": 0.6059412360191345, "rough_score": 4.4633469581604, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "UK registered vehicles displaying Euro-plates (a circle of 12 stars above the national identifier on a blue background) don’t need to fix a GB sticker to the rear of their vehicle when driving in EU countries. In non-EU countries, a GB sticker must still be displayed on the rear of UK-registered motor vehicles, caravans or trailers.", "precise_score": -6.13114070892334, "rough_score": -8.051868438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "On the international level, the designation of origin for a motor vehicle is distinguished by a supplementary international licence plate country code. This country designator is displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle when driving outside the country in which the vehicle registration plate is issued.", "precise_score": -1.2645667791366577, "rough_score": -0.10009889304637909, "source": "search", "title": "International License Plate Codes - IBWiki - ib.frath.net" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The history of these oval plates began somewhere at the start of the twentieth century in Europe. Registration of motor vehicles had started already by the end of the nineteenth century; in most places this was a simple local registration within cities or districts, but near the beginning of the twentieth century a form of registration on a national level had emerged in many European countries. With the increase of international traffic it was deemed necessary to provide vehicles with nationality marks as well. For this purpose, white oval plates with black marks on them were placed at the rear end of a vehicle, near the license plate. By 1910, this system was introduced in 14 European countries: Aragon, Austria, the Batavian Kingdom, Castile and Leon, England, France, Helvetia, Hungary, Italy, Jervaine, Kemr, Monaco, the Scandinavian Realm, and Xliponia. In 1911 followed the Holy Roman Empire, Luxemburg, the Republic of Both Nations, and Scotland. Before the beginning of the First Great War it was also introduced in Nassland and Portugal (1912), in Bohemia, Bulgaria, Greece, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and Muntenia (1913), as well as the first non-European country (the NAL-SLC in 1913). Shortly after the war many other nations followed: newly emerged European states, the remaining old ones. From the 1920s onward, the white oval plate also spread outside Europe: North Africa (1920s), North America and the Middle East (1930s). By the start of the Second Great War nearly all European countries supported the plates, and even those that did not have them officially had distinctive plates anyhow. In 1959, with the paving of the nation's roads, the Monastic Republic chose \"AO\" as its license code. In 1964, with the promulgation of the constitution, Tawantinsuyu chose \"TNS\" as its license code. At present, almost every country in the world have them implemented.", "precise_score": -5.36108922958374, "rough_score": -6.055389881134033, "source": "search", "title": "International License Plate Codes - IBWiki - ib.frath.net" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes", "precise_score": -5.550159454345703, "rough_score": -1.406813144683838, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "International Aircraft Registration Prefixes", "precise_score": -4.987342357635498, "rough_score": 0.14458653330802917, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies a civilian aircraft. Because airplanes typically display their registration numbers on the aft fuselage just forward of the tail, in earlier times more often on the tail itself, the registration is often referred to as the “tail number”. In the United States, the registration number is also referred to as an “N-number”, as it starts with the letter N.", "precise_score": -7.043865203857422, "rough_score": -8.18972396850586, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) maintains the standards for aircraft registration. Article 20 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation requires that all signatory countries register aircraft over a certain weight with a national aviation authority. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique “registration” which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft.", "precise_score": -7.344351768493652, "rough_score": -4.612247467041016, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Annex 7 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation describes the definitions, location, and measurement of nationality and registration marks. The aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the country's call-sign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), making the registration a quick way of determining the country of origin, and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code and consists of one to five digits or characters respectively. The ICAO provides a supplement to Annex 7 which provides an updated list of approved Nationality and Common Marks used by various countries.", "precise_score": -4.834549427032471, "rough_score": -3.3356757164001465, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Syria and Iraq to the south; Iran, Armenia, and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east; Georgia to the northeast; Bulgaria to the northwest; and Greece to the west. The Black Sea is to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location between Europe and Asia makes it strategically important. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.23779296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has been inhabited since the paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilizations: Aeolian, Dorian and Ionian Greeks, Thracians, Armenians, and Assyrians. After Alexander the Great's conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of Turkification, which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47763442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "In the mid 14th century the Ottomans started uniting Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period. The empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign (1520–1566) of Suleiman the Magnificent. After the second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 and the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of decline. The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century, which aimed to modernize the Ottoman state, proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921849250793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Effectively controlled by the Three Pashas after the 1913 coup d'état, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I (1914–1918) on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the Ottoman government committed ethnic cleansing or genocide against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens.Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). \"Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction\". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820 Following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021880149841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "Turkey's official language is Turkish, a Turkic language, spoken by 85% of the population. 72.5% of the population are ethnic Turks; and 27.5% are legally recognized (Armenians, Greeks, Jews) and unrecognized (Kurds, Circassians, Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Georgians, etc.) ethnic minorities. Kurds are the largest minority group. The vast majority of the population is Sunni Muslim, with Alevis making up the largest religious minority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.909228324890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia () was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio, though in his use, \"Turks\" always referred to Magyars. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources. The Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861320495605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388375282287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC. Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful northern rival of Assyria. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751363754272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC, when it was conquered by the Medes. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133035659790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (now İzmir) and Byzantium (now Istanbul), the latter founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC. The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615684509277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. The process of Hellenization that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture. From the 1st century BC up to the 3rd century AD, large parts of modern-day Turkey were contested between the Romans and neighboring Parthians through the frequent Roman-Parthian Wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806449890136719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century. In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821229934692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into medieval Armenia and the eastern regions of Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway. Alongside the Turkification of the territory, the culturally Persianized Seljuks set the basis for a Turko-Persian principal culture in Anatolia, which their eventual successors, the Ottomans would take over. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751481056213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road). This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of a sea route around Africa by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298128128051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues, such as those in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717 (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Ottoman wars with Persia continued as the Zand, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties succeeded the Safavids in Iran, until the first half of the 19th century. From the 16th to the early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire also fought many wars with the Russian Tsardom and Empire. These were initially about the Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe; but starting from the latter half of the 18th century, they became more about the survival of the Ottoman state, which began to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians. Between the 18th and the early 20th centuries, the Ottoman, Persian and Russian empires were neighbouring rivals of each other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199214935302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenians were deported to Syria as part of the Armenian Genocide. As a result, an estimated 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians were killed. The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Assyrians and Greeks. Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05380630493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486236572265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "By 18 September 1922 the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 23 April 1920, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed \"Republic of Turkey\" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital. The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.673111915588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old religion-based and multi-communal Ottoman state system (constitutional monarchy) into an essentially Turkish nation state (parliamentary republic) with a secular constitution. With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname \"Atatürk\" (Father of the Turks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699440956115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48762035369873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960, 1971, and 1980, as well as a military memorandum in 1997. In 1984, the PKK, a Kurdish separatist group, began an insurgency campaign against the Turkish government. The Kurdish-Turkish conflict to date has claimed over 40,000 lives. Over 3,000 Kurdish villages were burned by Turkish security forces and hundreds of thousands of Kurds displaced, and Kurdish political parties were banned. Peace talks were launched in 2012, but hostilities restarted in 2015 following the Suruc bombing. Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but growing into general anti-government dissent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758459091186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "On 15–16 July 2016, an unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575139045715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Administrative divisions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509085655212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.284049034118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections and Tayyip Erdoğan is the first president elected by direct voting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.907666206359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.828311920166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231651306152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. The electoral threshold is 10 percent of the votes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534781455993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Supporters of Atatürk's reforms are called Kemalists, as distinguished from Islamists, representing two extremes on a continuum of beliefs about the proper role of religion in public life. The Kemalist position generally combines a kind of democracy with a laicist constitution and westernised secular lifestyle, while supporting state intervention in the economy, education, and other public services. Since the 1980s, a rise in income inequality and class distinction has given rise to Islamic populism, a movement that in theory supports obligation to authority, communal solidarity and social justice, though what that entails in practice is often contested.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354817390441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of some controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture. Other issues, such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, LGBT rights, and press freedom, have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on press freedoms. A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of \"terrorism\" and \"anti-state activities\" such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as \"denigrating Turkishness\" or \"insulting Islam\" in an effort to sow self-censorship. In 2012, the CPJ identified 76 jailed journalists in Turkey, including 61 directly held for their published work, ranking 1st in the world, more than in Iran, Eritrea or China while Freemuse identified 9 musicians imprisoned for their work, ranking 3rd after Russia and China. A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had \"broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey.\" Turkey has a 'Not Free' rating by Freedom House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.871293067932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "According to Article 142 of the Turkish Constitution, the organization, duties and jurisdiction of the courts, their functions and the trial procedures are regulated by law. In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish Constitution and related laws, the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories; which are the Judicial Courts, Administrative Courts and Military Courts. Each category includes first instance courts and high courts. In addition, the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes rules on cases that cannot be classified readily as falling within the purview of one court system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.924858093261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In the years of government by the AKP and Tayyip Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been considered in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey; due to political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors, and in their pursuit of public duty. The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that \"the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.733551025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey. Turkey's support for Northern Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey's relations with the EU and remains a major stumbling block to the country's EU accession bid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.959362983703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy was the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States. The common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey's membership of NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington. Subsequently Turkey benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.965557098388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia, thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, was closed by Turkey in support of Azerbaijan during the Nagorno-Karabakh War and remains closed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.006155967712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Under the AKP government, Turkey's influence has grown in the formerly Ottoman territories of the Middle East and the Balkans, based on the \"strategic depth\" doctrine (a terminology that was coined by Ahmet Davutoğlu for defining Turkey's increased engagement in regional foreign policy issues), also called Neo-Ottomanism. Following the Arab Spring in December 2010, the choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war, and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi. , Turkey doesn't have an ambassador in Syria and Egypt. Diplomatic relations with Israel were also severed after the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010, but were normalized following a deal in June 2016. These political rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the East Mediterranean, where rich natural gas fields have recently been discovered; in sharp contrast with the original goals that were set by the former Foreign Minister (later Prime Minister) Ahmet Davutoğlu in his \"zero problems with neighbours\" foreign policy doctrine. In 2015, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar formed a \"strategic alliance\" against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.244987487792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.501806259155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.25008773803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697662353515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The European section of Turkey, East Thrace (the easternmost region of the Balkan peninsula), forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country is comprised mostly by the peninsula of Anatolia, which consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey, located within the western plateau of the Armenian Highlands, has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at , and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country. Southeastern Turkey is located within the northern plains of Upper Mesopotamia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.684200286865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.328370094299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. The North Anatolian Fault Line runs across the north of the country from west to east, along which major earthquakes took place in history. The latest of those big earthquakes was the 1999 İzmit earthquake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.391982078552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity. Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture, and the wild ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for humankind still grow in Turkey. The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora. The number of animal species in the whole of Europe is around 60,000, while in Turkey there are over 80,000 (over 100,000 counting the subspecies).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246832847595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests. The Turkish pine is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Several wild species of tulip are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first introduced to Western Europe with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.280147552490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "There are 40 national parks, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park, Mount Nemrut National Park, Ancient Troya National Park, Ölüdeniz Nature Park and Polonezköy Nature Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519737243652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The last confirmed death of an Anatolian leopard, closely related to the Persian (Caucasian) leopard and native to the western regions of Anatolia, took place in the Bağözü village of the Beypazarı district in Ankara Province on 17 January 1974. The Persian (Caucasian) leopard is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey.Can, O. E. (2004). Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 24th meeting, 29 November-3 December 2004, Strasbourg. The Caspian tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies (closely related to the Siberian tiger) which lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century, with the last confirmed death in Uludere, February 1970. The Eurasian lynx and the European wildcat are other felid species which are currently found in the forests of Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.998717308044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2200 mm annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724807739257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but usually melts in no more than a few days. However snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497931480407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652997970581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of can occur in eastern Anatolia. Snow may remain at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures often above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall is often less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34471321105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has the world's 17th largest GDP by PPP and 18th largest nominal GDP. The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.161788940429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The EU – Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalization of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey's foreign trade policy. Turkey's exports were $143.5 billion in 2011 and reached $163 billion in 2012 (main export partners in 2012: Germany 8.6%, Iraq 7.1%, Iran 6.5%, UK 5.7%, UAE 5.4%). However, larger imports which amounted to $229 billion in 2012 threatened the balance of trade (main import partners in 2012: Russia 11.3%, Germany 9%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5.6%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468435287475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2022066116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry. In 2010, the agricultural sector accounted for 9 percent of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 26 percent and the services sector for 65 percent. However, agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment. In 2004, it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income was received by the top 20 percent of income earners, while the lowest 20 percent received only 6 percent. The rate of female employment in Turkey was 30 percent in 2012, the lowest among all OECD countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857258796691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "Foreign direct investment (FDI) was $8.3 billion in 2012, a figure expected to rise to $15 billion in 2013. In 2012, Fitch Group upgraded Turkey's credit rating to investment grade after an 18-year gap; this was followed by a ratings upgrade by Moody's in May 2013, as the service lifted Turkey's government bond ratings to the lowest investment grade Baa3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74736213684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In the early decades of the Turkish Republic, the government (or banks established and owned by the government, such as Türkiye İş Bankası (1924), Sanayi ve Maadin Bankası (1925), Emlak ve Eytam Bankası (1926), Central Bank of Turkey (1930), Sümerbank (1933), İller Bankası (1933), Etibank (1935), Denizbank (1937), Halk Bankası (1938), etc.) had to subsidize most of the industrial projects, due to the lack of a strong private sector. However, in the period between the 1920s and 1950s, a new generation of Turkish entrepreneurs such as Nuri Demirağ, Vehbi Koç, Hacı Ömer Sabancı and Nejat Eczacıbaşı began to establish privately owned factories, some of which evolved into the largest industrial conglomerates that dominate the Turkish economy today, such as Koç Holding, Sabancı Holding and Eczacıbaşı Holding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.071826934814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey generally adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, foreign direct investment and private sector participation in certain fields (such as broadcasting, telecommunications, energy, mining, etc.). However, in 1983, Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.666169166564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatization of publicly owned industries, and the liberalization of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. The public debt-to-GDP ratio peaked at 75.9 percent during the recession of 2001, falling to an estimated 26.9 percent by 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999076843261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In the early years of the 21st century, the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. In 2009, after only four years in circulation, the Turkish new lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins (and the withdrawal of the Turkish new lira banknotes and coins that were introduced in 2005), but the ISO 4217 code of the Turkish new lira (TRY) remains in use for the current Turkish lira in the foreign exchange market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497431755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2013, 37.8 million foreign visitors arrived in Turkey, which ranked as the 6th most popular tourism destination in the world; they contributed $27.9 billion to Turkey's revenues. In 2012, 15 percent of the tourists were from Germany, 11 percent from Russia, 8 percent from the United Kingdom, 5 percent from Bulgaria, 4 percent each from Georgia, the Netherlands and Iran, 3 percent from France, 2 percent each from the United States and Syria, and 40 percent from other countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26408863067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the \"Historic Areas of Istanbul\", the \"Rock Sites of Cappadocia\", the \"Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük\", \"Hattusa: the Hittite Capital\", the \"Archaeological Site of Troy\", \"Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape\", \"Hierapolis – Pamukkale\", and \"Mount Nemrut\"; and 51 World Heritage Sites in tentative list, such as the archaeological sites or historic urban centers of Göbekli Tepe, Gordion, Ephesus, Aphrodisias, Perga, Lycia, Sagalassos, Aizanoi, Zeugma, Ani, Harran, Mardin, Konya and Alanya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.118200302124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Infrastructure", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411541938781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": ", the country has a roadway network of . The total length of the rail network was 10,991 km in 2008, including of electrified and 457 km of high-speed track. The Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The Ankara-Konya line became operational in 2011 while the Ankara-Istanbul line entered service in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.107361793518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In 2008, 7555 km of natural gas pipelines and 3636 km of petroleum pipelines spanned the country's territory. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the second longest oil pipeline in the world, was inaugurated on 10 May 2005. The Blue Stream, a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline, delivers natural gas from Russia to Turkey. New undersea pipeline, with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (bcm), will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84725570678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In 2013, the energy consumption was 240 billion kilowatt hours. As Turkey imported 72 percent of its energy in 2013, the government decided to invest in nuclear power to reduce imports. Three nuclear power stations are to be built by 2023. Turkey has the fifth highest direct utilization and capacity of geothermal power in the world. Turkey is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40127182006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey's first nuclear power plants are planned to be built in Mersin's Akkuyu district on the Mediterranean coast; in Sinop's İnceburun district on the Black Sea coast; and in Kırklareli's İğneada district on the Black Sea coast. Turkey has the fifth highest direct utilization and capacity of geothermal power in the world. Turkey is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931719779968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Autonomous utilities have been created in the 16 metropolitan cities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.544811248779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "of Turkey and cost recovery has been increased, thus providing the ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458391189575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "of the wastewater collected through sewers was being treated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575215339660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Remaining challenges include the need to further increase wastewater treatment, to reduce the high level of non-revenue water", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.589432716369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "T R", "passage": "rural areas. The investment required to comply with EU standards in the ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508011817932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "sector, especially in wastewater treatment, is estimated to be in the ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494600296020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In 2015, Aziz Sancar, a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina, won the Nobel Chemistry Prize along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich, for their work on how cells repair damaged DNA. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174798965454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011, nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2011 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.35 percent each year. Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km². People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent. In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of Turkey, the population was 13.6 million. The largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, is also the largest city in Europe in population, and the third-largest city in Europe in terms of size. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383121490478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a \"Turk\" as \"anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship\"; therefore, the legal use of the term \"Turkish\" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. They are estimated at 70–75 percent. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity. The three \"Non-Muslim\" minority groups claimed to be officially recognized in the Treaty of Lausanne are Armenians, Greeks and Jews. Officially unrecognized (mostly Muslim) ethnic groups include Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Azeris, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Lazs, Persians, Pomaks (Bulgarians), Yazidis and Roma. The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, around 18–25 percent of the population. Kurds are concentrated in the east and southeast of the country, in what is also known as Turkish Kurdistan. Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of Tunceli, Bingöl, Muş, Ağrı, Iğdır, Elâzığ, Diyarbakır, Batman, Şırnak, Bitlis, Van, Mardin, Siirt and Hakkari, a near majority in Şanlıurfa province (47%), and a large minority in Kars province (20%). In addition, due to internal migration, Kurdish communities exist in all major cities in central and western Turkey, particularly in Istanbul, where there are an estimated 3 million Kurds, making Istanbul the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world. Minorities besides the Kurds are thought to make up an estimated 7–12 percent of the population. Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any minority rights. The term \"minority\" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, while the Turkish government is frequently criticized for its treatment of minorities. Although minorities are not recognised, state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) broadcasts television and radio programs in minority languages. Also, some minority language classes can be chosen in elementary schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064502716064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The country's official language is Turkish, which is spoken by 85.54 percent of the population as mother tongue. 11.97 percent of the population speaks the Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish as mother tongue. Arabic and Zaza are the mother tongues of 2.39 percent of the population, and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population. Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyge, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, Ladino (Judesmo), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, and Western Armenian. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.277360916137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. The role of religion has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties. For many decades, the wearing of the hijab was banned in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam. However, the ban was lifted from universities in 2011, from government buildings in 2013, and from schools in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6912260055542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey with 99.8 percent of the population being registered as Muslim (although some sources give a slightly lower estimate of 96.4 percent) with the most popular sect being the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam. The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (); it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams. Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million while the Alevi-Bektaşi Federation claims that there are around 25 million and according to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2 percent). There are also some Sufi Muslims. Roughly 2 percent are non-denominational Muslims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.776363372802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19 percent in 1914 to 2.5 percent in 1927, due to events which had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the Armenian Genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, and the emigration of non-Muslims (such as Levantines, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, etc.) to foreign countries (mostly in Europe and the Americas) that actually began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century, especially during World War I and after the Turkish War of Independence. The Wealth Tax on non-Muslims in 1942, the emigration of a portion of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the ongoing Cyprus dispute which damaged the relations between Turks and Greeks (culminating in the Istanbul pogrom of 6–7 September 1955) were other important events that contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627631187438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education. This is compulsory and lasts twelve years: four years each of primary school, middle school and high school. Less than half of 25- to 34-year-old Turks have completed at least high school, compared with an OECD average of over 80 percent. Basic education in Turkey is considered to lag behind other OECD countries, with significant differences between high and low performers. Turkey is ranked 32nd out of 34 in the OECD's PISA study. Access to high-quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school entrance exams, to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring classes when they are 10 years old. The overall adult literacy rate in 2011 was 94.1 percent; 97.9 percent for males and 90.3 percent for females.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.449300765991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "By 2011, there were 166 universities in Turkey. Entry to higher education depends on the Student Selection Examination (ÖSS). In 2008, the quota of admitted students was 600,000, compared to 1,700,000 who took the ÖSS exam in 2007. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by the national ÖSS examination, after which high school graduates are assigned to universities according to their performance. According to the 2012–2013 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University (in the 201–225 rank range), followed by Bilkent University and Koç University (both in the 226–250 range), Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University (in the 276–300 bracket).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94336223602295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Health care in Turkey used to be dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry of Health. In 2003, the government introduced a sweeping health reform programme aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population. Turkish Statistical Institute announced that 76.3 billion TL was spent for healthcare in 2012; 79.6 percent of which was covered by the Social Security Institution and 15.4 percent of which was paid directly by the patients. In 2012, there were 29,960 medical institutions in Turkey, and on average one doctor per 583 people and 2.65 beds per 1000 people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.909290313720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Oğuz Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which started with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a \"modern\" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.045659065246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. The very first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. In the late 19th century, human figure in the western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with Halil Paşa. The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe. The later \"Group D\" of artists led by Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for more than three decades. Other important movements in Turkish painting were the \"Yeniler Grubu\" (The Newcomers Group) of the late 1930s; the \"On'lar Grubu\" (Group of Ten) of the 1940s; the \"Yeni Dal Grubu\" (New Branch Group) of the 1950s; and the \"Siyah Kalem Grubu\" (Black Pen Group) of the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722622871398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkish music and literature are examples of a mix of cultural influences. Interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe contributed to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts. Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era. The Tanzimat reforms introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy \"Şair Evlenmesi\" (The Poet's Marriage). Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyyât (National Literature) movement. The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry was taken by Nâzım Hikmet, who introduced the free verse style. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip Movement. The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is dramatized, for example, in the form of the \"new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures\" enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605451583862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkey has a diverse folkloric dance culture. Hora is performed in East Thrace; Zeybek in the Aegean Region, Southern Marmara and East-Central Anatolia Region; Teke in the Western Mediterranean Region; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West-Central Anatolia, Western Black Sea Region, Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern Anatolia Region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914759635925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The architecture of the Seljuk Turks combined the elements and characteristics of the Turkic architecture of Central Asia with those of Persian, Arab, Armenian and Byzantine architecture. The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman architecture is most visible in Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine architecture. Topkapı Palace in Istanbul is one of the most famous examples of classical Ottoman architecture and was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years. Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. He was the chief architect of at least 374 buildings which were constructed in various provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77897834777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The Turkish men's national basketball team finished 2nd and won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and at EuroBasket 2001, which were both hosted by Turkey. They also won two gold medals (1987 and 2013), one silver medal (1971) and three bronze medals (1967, 1983 and 2009) at the Mediterranean Games. Turkish basketball club Anadolu Efes S.K. won the 1995–96 FIBA Korać Cup, finished 2nd at the 1992–93 FIBA Saporta Cup, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001, finishing 3rd on both occasions. Another Turkish basketball club, Beşiktaş, won the 2011–12 FIBA EuroChallenge. Galatasaray won the 2015–16 Eurocup, while in the same season, Fenerbahçe finished second in the 2015–16 Euroleague. The Final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75422191619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Turkish cuisine is regarded as one of the most prominent in the world, its popularity is largely owed to the cultural influences of the Ottoman Empire and partly because of its major tourism industry. It is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28322696685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The country's position between the East and the Mediterranean Sea helped the Turks gain complete control of major trade routes, and an ideal environment allowed plants and animals to flourish. Turkish cuisine was well established by the mid-1400s, the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's six hundred-year reign. Yogurt salads, fish in olive oil, and stuffed and wrapped vegetables became Turkish staples. The empire, eventually spanning from Austria to northern Africa, used its land and water routes to import exotic ingredients from all over the world. By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman court housed over 1,400 live-in cooks and passed laws regulating the freshness of food. Since the fall of the empire in World War I (1914–1918) and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, foreign food such as French hollandaise sauce and western fast food have made their way into the modern Turkish diet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28550910949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable national cinema and a rapid growth of broadband internet use all make up a very vibrant media industry in Turkey. In 2003 a total of 257 television stations and 1,100 radio stations were licensed to operate, and others operated without licenses. Of those licensed, 16 television and 36 radio stations reached national audiences.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkey.pdf Turkey country profile]. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. The majority of the audiences are shared among public broadcaster TRT and the network-style channels such as Kanal D, Show TV, ATV and Star TV. The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) is the government body overseeing the broadcast media. By circulation, the most popular daily newspapers are Zaman, Posta, Hürriyet, Sözcü, Sabah and Habertürk. Turkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations. Freedom House lists Turkey's media as \"partly free\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.019645690917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The 2004 South-East Asian Agreement ... for the Facilitation of Cross-Border Transport of Goods and People uses a mixture of ISO and DSIT codes: Myanmar uses MYA, China CHN, and Cambodia KH (ISO codes), Thailand uses T (DSIT code), Laos LAO, and Vietnam VN (coincident ISO and DSIT codes). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3863525390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of international vehicle registration codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The blue stripe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513526916503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "*15×24 cm in rear only for motorbikes, motorcycles and tractors with rubber wheels,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324817657470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "*11×52 cm in front and rear for cars, 21×32 cm rear available for off-roadss, vans, trucks and busses. The size is 15×30 cm for imported vehicles if the regular plate does not fit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229442596435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Turkey" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "These days, oval stickers with an international circulation mark are not as common anymore in Europe, since standard E.U. number plates have integrated the country code into a blue strip on the left side of the plate. This blue section is actually the flag of Europe (a circle of 12 yellow stars on a blue background), with the country code of the member state underneath it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.616944313049316, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Since only two countries border the United States and the vast majority of Americans, Canadians and Mexicans hire a car instead of bringing their own when they go abroad, there was no need for car ovals at all. This explains why these oval-shaped country stickers have never been subject to any kind of regulation by the American Government. At some point in the early 80s, however, it became trendy for Americans to look European: with the yuppie bimmer craze, it was not uncommon to see BMWs with the German “D” oval sticker (Deutschland) driving on American highways (see picture on the left).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132415771484375, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Below is an extensive listing of all independent countries of the world and their international car code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.357413291931152, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Country", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339370727539062, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "When you drive a goods vehicle from one country to another, you must make sure that you have certain documents on board.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519783020019531, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "If you take a UK-registered vehicle out of the country for less than 12 months, you must take documentation to show that you are authorised to possess the vehicle. This means you must carry the original Vehicle Registration Certificate (V5C) with you.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.213425636291504, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "If you have not received the V5C certificate, or the original has been lost, stolen or defaced, you can download the application for a vehicle registration certificate (V62) .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.696134567260742, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "If you take your vehicle out of the UK for more than 12 months (permanent export), you must notify the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) by completing the purple section, part 11 (V5C/4) of the VC5. It’s important that you take your registration certificate with you as you may have to hand it to the relevant authority when the vehicle is registered abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.170392036437988, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Every motor insurance policy issued in the EU must provide the minimum insurance cover required by law in any other EU country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41707706451416, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In many countries, even those within the EU where a UK insurance certificate is acceptable, you may be asked to produce a Green Card. The Green Card is not an insurance cover. It simply provides proof, in those countries where the Green Card is valid, that the minimum third party liability cover required by law in the visited country is in force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276683807373047, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Insurance for goods in transit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466102600097656, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "In some countries, you may need to produce a certificate of insurance for the goods carried to avoid paying a premium. See the guide on moving goods by road .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38286304473877, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "It’s also important to ensure that the risk of goods being damaged, delayed, perished, lost or stolen in transit is properly managed. See the guide on transport insurance .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470841407775879, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "To transport goods abroad in an HGV for hire or reward you must have a standard international operators licence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.748311996459961, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "A valid Community Licence is required for all hire or reward operations in or through EU countries. They have replaced the need for community permits, bilateral permits between member states and permits for transit traffic through the EU. They do not replace permits for travel to or through non-EU countries, where these are still required. Only operators and hauliers who hold standard international licences can request Community Licences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.858460426330566, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "You can find contact details for Traffic Area Offices in England, Scotland and Wales on the Department for Transport ( DfT ) website .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48826789855957, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "If you use a vehicle to transport goods abroad you may have to pay a vehicle tax in the countries you drive through. Some countries have an agreement with the UK that means that registered goods vehicles are exempt from this tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.367635726928711, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "At the moment the following countries charge visiting foreign goods vehicles to use their roads:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108786582946777, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Jordan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208508491516113, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The Health & Safety Executive ( HSE ) - provides information and advice on controlling risks in the workplace to ensure the protection of people’s health and safety. View details of the requirements of the carriage of dangerous goods on the HSE website .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423291206359863, "source": "search", "title": "Vehicle documents required for international road haulage ..." }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Customs services and international tracking provided", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695394515991211, "source": "search", "title": "number plate letters | eBay" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "We work out the trending price by crunching the data on the product’s sale price over the last 90 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.600608825683594, "source": "search", "title": "number plate letters | eBay" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "We work out the trending price by crunching the data on the product’s sale price over the last 90 days. New refers to a brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item, while Used refers to an item that has been used previously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531726837158203, "source": "search", "title": "number plate letters | eBay" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Country code", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313718795776367, "source": "search", "title": "International License Plate Codes - IBWiki - ib.frath.net" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "The de Havilland DH-88 “Comet” shown above displays the registration “G-ACSS”. The “G-” prefix denotes that it is registered in the United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822189331054688, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are separated by a dash … for example 4X-ECC, however when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted (for example 4XECC). In the United States, the prefix and suffix are painted without a dash. Private aircraft usually use their registration as their radio call-sign, but most commercial aircraft use the ICAO airline designator or a company call-sign. In some instances, it may be sufficient to simply display the suffix letters, with the country prefix omitted. For example, gliders registered in Australia would omit the VH prefix and simply display the suffix. Obviously this is only suitable where the aircraft does not fly in the airspace of another country. Even if the suffix consists solely of alphabetical characters in a certain country, gliders and ultralights may sometimes use digits instead. For example, in Germany, D-ABCD can be an aircraft while D-1234 is a glider. In Australia, early glider registration suffixes began with the letter &ldwquo;G”, and it is not uncommon to find such gliders only displaying the last two letters of the suffix, as they lacked the range to travel internationally. For example, VH-GIQ would simply be displayed as IQ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553572654724121, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "Different countries have different registration schemes: Canadian registrations start with C, British with G, German with D, and so forth. A comprehensive list is tabulated below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.810188293457031, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "An “N-number” is an aircraft registration number used in the United States. All aircraft registered there have a number starting with N. Due to the large numbers of aircraft registered in the United States an alpha-numeric system is used. N-numbers may only consist of 1 to 5 characters and must start with a number other than zero and can not end in more than two letters. In addition, N-numbers may not contain the letters I or O, due to their close similarity with the numbers 1 and 0. Each alphabetic character in the suffix can have one of 24 discrete values, while each numeric digit can be one of 10, except the first, which can take on only nine values. This yields a total of 915,399 possible registration numbers in the name-space, though certain combinations are reserved either for government use or for other special purposes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.193132400512695, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "(Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38214111328125, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" }, { "answer": "TR", "passage": "(Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38214111328125, "source": "search", "title": "International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "The Turn of the Screw, originally published in 1898, is a gothic ghost story novella written by Henry James.", "precise_score": 5.648830890655518, "rough_score": 4.045029163360596, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Turn of the Screw" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "The Turn of the Screw has been the subject of numerous adaptations and reworkings in a variety of media, and these reworkings and adaptations have, themselves, been analysed in the academic literature on Henry James and neo-Victorian culture. It was adapted to an opera by Benjamin Britten, which premiered in 1954, and the opera has been filmed on numerous occasions. The novella was adapted as a ballet score (1980) by Luigi Zaninelli, and separately as a ballet (1999) by Will Tucket for the Royal Ballet. Harold Pinter directed The Innocents (1950), a Broadway play which was an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw, and a subsequent eponymous stage play, adapted by Rebecca Lenkiewicz was presented in a co-production with Hammer at the Almeida Theatre, London, in January 2013. A new musical theater adaptation of the story had its world premiere in the Washington DC area in February 2015. ", "precise_score": 3.9630448818206787, "rough_score": -4.990769863128662, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Turn of the Screw" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "The Turn of the Screw - Henry James - Author Biography", "precise_score": 4.431647777557373, "rough_score": 3.6074233055114746, "source": "search", "title": "Turn of the Screw (James) - LitLovers" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James was an American-born writer, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.", "precise_score": -2.8150529861450195, "rough_score": -7.646141529083252, "source": "search", "title": "Turn of the Screw (James) - LitLovers" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "The most internationally accepted post–World War II composer of operas was the Englishman Benjamin Britten . His first operatic success was Peter Grimes (1945), followed by The Rape of Lucretia (1946). Britten's other works include Billy Budd (after Melville's story, 1951), The Turn of the Screw (after Henry James's story, 1954), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960), and Death in Venice (after the novella by Thomas Mann, 1973). Britten's operas are cast in traditional musical and dramatic form.", "precise_score": 1.228887677192688, "rough_score": -6.954184055328369, "source": "search", "title": "Twentieth Century Opera - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James (1843-1916), noted American-born English essayist, critic, and author of the realism movement wrote The Ambassadors (1903), The Turn of the Screw (1898), and The Portrait of a Lady (1881);", "precise_score": 7.581036567687988, "rough_score": 8.546759605407715, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Until the outbreak of World War I, prose fiction also continued to dominated by a group of writers who had already achieved distinction during the nineteenth century, among them Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells and Henry James, who became a British citizen shortly before his death. Except for Hardy, who abandoned the novel in disgust after the critical reception of Jude the Obscure, all remained extremely active in fiction. H. G. Wells's most famous science fiction novels, for example, among them The Time Machine (1895), The Invisible Man (1897) and The War of the World (1898), all appeared in the last years of the nineteenth century. Although Wells later wrote a number of serious novels in the naturalist tradition, all but forgotten now, his early science fiction continues to be enjoyed by a wide audience.", "precise_score": -3.613579273223877, "rough_score": -7.337796688079834, "source": "search", "title": "Literature at the Turn of the Century - Ruth Nestvold" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "By contrast, the Anglo-American Henry James was a writers' writer, psychologically penetrating and technically innovative. His recurring theme was the innocent American abroad, but he made of this seemingly simple story numerous personality studies of psychological complexity. In the words of Joseph Conrad, he was \"the historian of fine consciences,\" especially those of women--wealthy young Americans seduced by the culture and duplicity of Europe and European men, like Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a Lady (1881). In these studies, he develops the restricted point of view consistently, characterizing his figures through effective dramatic scenes. His use of ambiguity through layers of narrative perspective is unmatched, especially in his classic tale of the uncanny, The Turn of the Screw (1898). Three novels of the last phase of his career alone would probably have assured James' lasting fame: The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903) and The Golden Bowl (1904). His impressionistic examination of consciousness in these late novels laid the groundwork for the narrative technique of 'stream of consciousness,' a term coined by his brother, the philosopher William James. As a result, the experiments of modernism are deeply indebted to the work of James.", "precise_score": 3.00003719329834, "rough_score": -6.499078750610352, "source": "search", "title": "Literature at the Turn of the Century - Ruth Nestvold" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Joseph Conrad greatly admired Henry James, as did most of the important writers of the generation who followed him. Conrad's first novel, Almayer's Folly, appeared in 1895, but his most famous works did not appear until the turn of the century. In Lord Jim (1900), Heart of Darkness (1902), Nostromo (1904) and The Secret Agent (1907), Conrad proved himself a master of intricate structure, sustained irony and the sophisticated manipulation of point of view. Conrad often employed a narrator who filtered all the action for the reader, but in Nostromo, considered by many to be his finest novel, he dispensed with this technique. He was particularly adept at delineating the suffering consciousness, and besides the clash between native cultures and European civilization, his subjects were the effects of isolation and moral deterioration on the individual.", "precise_score": -4.7561798095703125, "rough_score": -8.109068870544434, "source": "search", "title": "Literature at the Turn of the Century - Ruth Nestvold" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "In 1898, Henry James wrote a novella that would become one of the most famous and critically discussed ghost stories ever written, The Turn of the Screw. Three other examples of James’s tales of the supernatural, “The Altar of the Dead,” “The Beast in the Jungle,” and “The Jolly Corner,” are included in this edition. These texts reveal on both the thematic and narrative levels James’s deepest concerns as a writer.", "precise_score": 4.276768684387207, "rough_score": -0.0008269727695733309, "source": "search", "title": "The Turn of the Screw and Other Stories - Broadview Press" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065439224243164, "source": "search", "title": "American Literature from 1830 to the Turn of the Century ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "James was born in New York City into a wealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr., was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-19th-century America. In his youth James traveled back and forth between Europe and America. At the age of 19 he briefly attended Harvard Law School, but preferred reading literature to studying law. James published his first short story, A Tragedy of Error, at age 21, and devoted himself to literature. In 1866–69 and 1871–72 he was a contributor to The Nation and Atlantic Monthly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.448478698730469, "source": "search", "title": "Turn of the Screw (James) - LitLovers" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "The published criticism of James's work has reached enormous proportions. The volume of criticism of The Turn of the Screw alone has become extremely large for such a brief work. The Henry James Review, published three times a year, offers criticism of James's entire range of writings, and many other articles and book-length studies appear regularly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.519662857055664, "source": "search", "title": "Turn of the Screw (James) - LitLovers" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "In 1954, when the shades of depression were thickening fast, Ernest Hemingway wrote an emotional letter in which he tried to steady himself as he thought James would: \"Pretty soon I will have to throw this away so I better try to be calm like Henry James. Did you ever read Henry James? He was a great writer who came to Venice and looked out the window and smoked his cigar and thought.\" The odd, perhaps subconscious or accidental allusion to \"The Aspern Papers\" is striking. More recently, James' writing was even used to promote Rolls-Royce automobiles: the tagline \"Live all you can, it's a mistake not to\", originally spoken by The Ambassadors' Lambert Strether, was used in one advertisement. This is somewhat ironic, considering the novel's sardonic treatment of the \"great new force\" of mass marketing. (Adapted from Wikipedia.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.434661865234375, "source": "search", "title": "Turn of the Screw (James) - LitLovers" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065439224243164, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Turn of the Screw: Context" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James (1843–1916), whose mastery of the psychological novel markedly influenced twentieth-century literature, was born in New York City. His father, Henry James, Sr., was an unconventional thinker who had inherited considerable wealth. James, Sr., became a follower of Swedenborgian mysticism, a belief system devoted to the study of philosophy, theology, and spiritualism, and socialized with such eminent writers as Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Washington Irving, and William Makepeace Thackeray. James’s older brother, William James, profoundly influenced the emerging science of psychology through his Principles of Psychology (1890) and The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902). He also distinguished himself as an exponent of a brand of philosophical pragmatism he named “radical empiricism,” the idea that beliefs do not work because they are true but are true because they work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.319708824157715, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Turn of the Screw: Context" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Like many writers and intellectuals of the time, James was fascinated by “spiritual phenomena,” a field that was taken very seriously and was the subject of much “scientific” inquiry. The field remained popular even after the unmasking of the Fox sisters, whose claims of being able to communicate with the spirit world had started the craze for spiritualism in the 1840s. Henry James, Sr., and William James were both members of the Society for Psychical Research, and William served as its president from 1894 to 1896.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.648780822753906, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Turn of the Screw: Context" }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220479011535645, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065439224243164, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Biography of Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789216041564941, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James was born on 15 April 1843 in New York City, New York State, United States, the second of five children born to theologian Henry James Sr. (1811-1882) and Mary Robertson nee Walsh. Henry James Sr. was one of the most wealthy intellectuals of the time, connected with noted philosophers and transcendentalists as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau , as well as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Thomas Carlyle , and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ; fellow friends and influential thinkers of the time who would have a profound effect on his son's life. Education was of the utmost importance to Henry Sr. and the family spent many years in Europe and the major cities of England, Italy, Switzerland, France, and Germany, his children being tutored in languages and literature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448003768920898, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "After several years of decline and a stroke a few months earlier, Henry James died of pneumonia on 28 February 1916. His ashes were interred at the Cambridge Cemetery in Massachusetts, United States, his stone inscribed \"Novelist, Citizen of Two Countries, Interpreter of His Generation On Both Sides Of The Sea\". A memorial stone was placed for him in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey, London, England in 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.447369575500488, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Forum Discussions on Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315664291381836, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Recent Forum Posts on Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35313606262207, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Jackson Richardson in James, Henry || 0 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185224533081055, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Gladys in James, Henry || 0 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216079711914062, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James major phase: what do you think?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390813827514648, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "So I'm writing on James' relationship to tradition, focusing on The Ambassadors and Wings of the Dove. Basically, I'd be very interested to find out where you think James' late novels are in relation to modernism, impressionism, realism etc. Any feedback on these two novels or Henry James in general would be appreciated! My argument is that the late novels are not increasingly anti-mimetic but rather undermine the dichotomy of impressions/actuality. I'm using Lacan's work on the Real as a framework, so it would be fantastic if you have any thoughts on that too. :) Thanks in advance!!...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.57926082611084, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By tasnim in James, Henry || 4 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231385231018066, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Why I love reading Henry James: an analysis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384685516357422, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "In these days of fast paced entertainment reading a book can be the equivalent of a walk in a spring forest. The story is handed out at a measured tempo and you can digest it at your leisure. Having read a particularly difficult part you can stare outside for a moment and mull over the words you just read. The story will be waiting there for you to commence reading whenever you are ready. This way of enjoying a book does also allow for appreciating the language used by the author. This is especially important when reading Henry James, I feel. His writing is often intricate and ingenious. It takes time to read a Henry James novel as story, that which makes you turn pages, is of lesser impo...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15037727355957, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By tdaonp in James, Henry || 5 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289680480957031, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Have others read Henry James' 1896 suspense thriller, \"The Other House\"? With blatant and imponderable ambiguity on every page, the novel is so different from his understated earlier novel, \"Washington Square\" (1880). I intend to read \"The Awkward Age\" (1899) next. While I found \"The Other House\" enticing reading, I had immense difficulty in seeing malignity in Rose Armiger until she was exposed as the murderer. On re-reading the first chapter, I see her family background was noxious, she hates children, harmless Mrs Beever dislikes her, and Rose speaks with cryptic irony. Still, murdering Effie on the day she returns from a four year absence seems a bit much. Did she kill to win...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838047981262207, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Gladys in James, Henry || 1 Reply", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286162376403809, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Hi all, This is a more materialistic (not literary of cerebral) post. Does anyone now a good website to find rare and collectible books besides Amazon? I was at a library sale two days ago and came across the original Charles Scribners Sons New York Edition of Novels & Tales of Henry James for $12. However, the collection is missing volumes IV & XVIII. So, as you can probably imagine, I am on a quest for the two missing volumes. The set that I have is an old college library set and is in rough condition. I am collecting for myself and not as a financial investment; however, I would like to get originals and not reprints. I've checked Amazon and right now they don't have the vo...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21568775177002, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By epi_lon in James, Henry || 0 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294340133666992, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Help - Henry James christening present", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33082103729248, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "My son, Henry James, is to be christened (baptised) and his great-grandmother wants to get him something to remember her by. I thought she could give a H.J book (namesake) and inscribe a few words to him in the front cover. Which title would you recommend? Many thanks : yawnb::thumbs_up...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277292251586914, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Hazel from UK in James, Henry || 2 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250101089477539, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "In this year we study The Portrait Of A Lady for Henry James... I have a question and I want you to answer me please this question is \" The international situation plays an important in nearly all James's novels.....Discuss \" we're asked to discuss the above sentence.... please give me your opinions about the international situation in The Portrait Of A Lady as fast as you can ... I am very thankful for you ,who answer me...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276878356933594, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Saudi in James, Henry || 0 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214743614196777, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Jozanny in James, Henry || 7 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226165771484375, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By philkime in James, Henry || 0 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202872276306152, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Dark Muse in James, Henry || 10 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242647171020508, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "Posted By Dark Muse in James, Henry || 2 Replies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22922420501709, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays | GradeSaver", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2950439453125, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides ..." }, { "answer": "James, Henry", "passage": "James, Henry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779132843017578, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Biography of Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789216041564941, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Henry James (1843-1916) was born on April 15, 1843 to Henry James, Sr., and his wife, Mary Walsh Robertson. His older brother William was born in 1842, and younger siblings Garth Wilkinson, Robertson, and Alice were born in 1845, 1846, and 1848, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433696746826172, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides ..." }, { "answer": "Henry James", "passage": "Study Guides on Works by Henry James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230384826660156, "source": "search", "title": "Henry James Biography | List of Works, Study Guides ..." } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Nautilus", "Nautilid", "Nautili", "Nautilidae", "Eutrephoceratidae", "Nautilus (zoology)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nautilus zoology", "nautili", "nautilus", "eutrephoceratidae", "nautilidae", "nautilid" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "nautilus", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Nautilus" }

[ { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so. ", "precise_score": 8.112969398498535, "rough_score": 5.873478889465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Pole" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "On August 3, 1958, the U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus accomplishes the first undersea voyage to the geographic North Pole. The world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus dived at Point Barrow, Alaska, and traveled nearly 1,000 miles under the Arctic ice cap to reach the top of the world. It then steamed on to Iceland, pioneering a new and shorter route from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe.", "precise_score": 9.534028053283691, "rough_score": 9.137959480285645, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The USS Nautilus was constructed under the direction of U.S. Navy Captain Hyman G. Rickover, a brilliant Russian-born engineer who joined the U.S. atomic program in 1946. In 1947, he was put in charge of the navy’s nuclear-propulsion program and began work on an atomic submarine. Regarded as a fanatic by his detractors, Rickover succeeded in developing and delivering the world’s first nuclear submarine years ahead of schedule. In 1952, the Nautilus’ keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman, and on January 21, 1954, first lady Mamie Eisenhower broke a bottle of champagne across its bow as it was launched into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut. Commissioned on September 30, 1954, it first ran under nuclear power on the morning of January 17, 1955.", "precise_score": 0.6503474116325378, "rough_score": -2.5797476768493652, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "In its early years of service, the USS Nautilus broke numerous submarine travel records and on July 23, 1958, departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on “Operation Northwest Passage”–the first crossing of the North Pole by submarine. There were 116 men aboard for this historic voyage, including Commander William R. Anderson, 111 officers and crew, and four civilian scientists. The Nautilus steamed north through the Bering Strait and did not surface until it reached Point Barrow, Alaska, in the Beaufort Sea, though it did send its periscope up once off the Diomedes Islands, between Alaska and Siberia, to check for radar bearings. On August 1, the submarine left the north coast of Alaska and dove under the Arctic ice cap.", "precise_score": 7.800285339355469, "rough_score": 6.703342914581299, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The submarine traveled at a depth of about 500 feet, and the ice cap above varied in thickness from 10 to 50 feet, with the midnight sun of the Arctic shining in varying degrees through the blue ice. At 11:15 p.m. EDT on August 3, 1958, Commander Anderson announced to his crew: “For the world, our country, and the Navy–the North Pole.” The Nautilus passed under the geographic North Pole without pausing. The submarine next surfaced in the Greenland Sea between Spitzbergen and Greenland on August 5. Two days later, it ended its historic journey at Iceland. For the command during the historic journey, President Dwight D. Eisenhower decorated Anderson with the Legion of Merit.", "precise_score": 3.7104432582855225, "rough_score": 5.029241561889648, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "After a career spanning 25 years and almost 500,000 miles steamed, the Nautilus was decommissioned on March 3, 1980. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982, the world’s first nuclear submarine went on exhibit in 1986 as the Historic Ship Nautilus at the Submarine Force Museum in Groton, Connecticut.", "precise_score": -0.5662305951118469, "rough_score": -4.067897319793701, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic Icecap in Pacific-to-Atlantic Passage", "precise_score": 2.0584354400634766, "rough_score": -3.4925730228424072, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic Icecap in Pacific-to-Atlantic Passage", "precise_score": 2.0584354400634766, "rough_score": -3.4925730228424072, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) is the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine . She was the first vessel to complete a submerged transit to the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with the submarine in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and named after another USS Nautilus (SS-168) that served with distinction in World War II, Nautilus was authorized in 1951 and launched in 1954. Because her nuclear propulsion allowed her to remain submerged far longer than diesel-electric submarines, she broke many records in her first years of operation, and traveled to locations previously beyond the limits of submarines. In operation, she revealed a number of limitations in her design and construction. This information was used to improve subsequent submarines.", "precise_score": 5.889967918395996, "rough_score": 4.145552635192871, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "In response to the nuclear ICBM threat posed by Sputnik , President Eisenhower ordered the US Navy to attempt a submarine transit of the North Pole to gain credibility for the soon-to-come SLBM weapons system. [9] On 25 April 1958, Nautilus was underway again for the West Coast, now commanded by Commander William R. Anderson , USN. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle, she began her history-making polar transit, operation \"Sunshine\", as she departed the latter port on 9 June. On 19 June she entered the Chukchi Sea , but was turned back by deep drift ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions. By 23 July her wait was over, and she set a course northward. She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 (EDT) she became the first watercraft to reach the geographic North Pole. [10] The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes and without surfacing was enabled by the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System , a naval modification of the N6A used in the Navaho cruise missile. (The N6A-1 had been installed on Nautilus and Skate after initial sea trials on the USS Compass Island in 1957.) [11] From the North Pole, she continued on and after 96 hours and 1,590 nmi (2,940 km; 1,830 mi) under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied Nautilus as chief scientist and ice pilot.", "precise_score": 4.7269086837768555, "rough_score": 3.4146790504455566, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole. This voyage opens the possibility of a new commercial seaway, a Northwest Passage, between the major oceans of the world. Nuclear-powered cargo submarines may, in the future, use this route to the advantage of world trade.", "precise_score": 5.998283386230469, "rough_score": 2.5764591693878174, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Though she saw no combat during the cold war, she did engage in secret missions. Besides being the first nuclear-powered sub, she was also the first ship to sail across the North Pole under its ice. It was a Top Secret mission. According to the sub's Web site (http://www.ussnautilus.org/), on August 3, 1958, her Commanding Officer, William R. Anderson, let the crew know about the historic moment they and their ship were creating. He read a short, famous announcement: \"For the world, our country, and the Navy; the North Pole.\"", "precise_score": 7.141782283782959, "rough_score": 6.45327615737915, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "For its success, the NAUTILUS won a Presidential Unit Citation, which reads in part, \"For outstanding achievement in completing the first voyage in history across the top of the world, by cruising under the Arctic ice cap from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea.\"", "precise_score": 3.5788607597351074, "rough_score": -4.863461017608643, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Skate heads north on another epic cruise into the strange underseas realm first opened up by our nuclear submarines. Last year, the Skate and her sister-sub Nautilus both cruised under the Arctic ice to the Pole. Then, conditions were most favorable. The Skate’s job is to see if it can be done when the Arctic winter is at its worst, with high winds pushing the floes into motion and the ice as thick as twenty-five feet.", "precise_score": 5.249513149261475, "rough_score": 5.508351802825928, "source": "search", "title": "Ice at the North Pole in 1958 and 1959 – not so thick ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The first submarine to reach the Pole was the nuclear powered submarine USS Nautilus . The sub left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on July 28, 1958, travelled through the Bering Strait and under the Arctic ice pack and reached the geographic North Pole on August 3. It then completed the trans-polar voyage by continuing to Portland, England.", "precise_score": 9.455552101135254, "rough_score": 8.00204849243164, "source": "search", "title": "Submarines reach North Pole - ATHROPOLIS" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "1958: On August 3, the USS Nautilus becomes the first submarine to reach the North Pole. After 96 hours and 1830 miles submerged under the Arctic ice cap, it surfaces in the Greenland Sea. (info from the University of Arizona)", "precise_score": 8.532027244567871, "rough_score": 7.606203556060791, "source": "search", "title": "1958: first submarine reaches North Pole - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "* 3 August 1958 – Nautilus used an inertial navigation system to reach the North Pole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.500932693481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Submarine" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4261 m by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m (13,410 ft) by USS Nautilus in 1958. The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km away, though some perhaps non-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada,which is located 817 km from the Pole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.729171752929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Pole" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - Aug 03, 1958 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.469996452331543, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "This Day in History: 08/03/1958 - Nautilus Reaches North Pole", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.552557945251465, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus nuclear sub travels under the North Pole, the space shuttle Columbia launches, Jesse Owens wins his 4th gold medal at the Berlin Olympics, and the Statue of Liberty reopens after 9-11 in This Day in History video. The date is August 3rd. The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island and was designed by sculptor, Frederic Bartholdi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517901420593262, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus travels under North Pole", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.911867141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus travels under North Pole", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.911867141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus travels under North Pole", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.911867141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Much larger than the diesel-electric submarines that preceded it, the Nautilus stretched 319 feet and displaced 3,180 tons. It could remain submerged for almost unlimited periods because its atomic engine needed no air and only a very small quantity of nuclear fuel. The uranium-powered nuclear reactor produced steam that drove propulsion turbines, allowing the Nautilus to travel underwater at speeds in excess of 20 knots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.578304290771484, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus travels under North Pole - American & World History" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Skate did indeed surface at the North Pole but not until 17 March 1959. Ice conditions in August 1958 were too heavy at the Pole for the Skate to surface, as they were for the Nautilus some days earlier. The Skate did surface in several other leads and polynya that August, including one near Ice-station Alfa. The above picture may have been from one of those.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9752092361450195, "source": "search", "title": "USS Skate (SSN-578) Becomes the First Submarine to Surface ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus' Skipper Helps to Mitigate a Snub to Rickover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4537992477417, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The trip was made in four days by the Nautilus, the world's first atomic submarine. The voyage pioneered a new and shorter route from Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe -- a route that might be used by cargo submarines. It also added to man's knowledge of the subsurface of the Arctic basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.515268802642822, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The voyage took the Nautilus under the North Pole. The overall trip began at Pearl Harbor July 23 and ended at Iceland Aug. 7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.297788143157959, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus went under the icecap at Point Barrow, Alaska, and surfaced four days later at a point in the Atlantic between Spitzbergen and Greenland. She is now on her way to Western Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.779936790466309, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The feat of the Nautilus, with 116 crewmen and scientific observers aboard, was revealed as President Eisenhower decorated the submarine's skipper, Comdr. W. R. Anderson, with the Legion of Merit. A Presidential Unit Citation- the first ever conferred in peacetime- went to the submarine, with a ribbon and special clasp in the form of a golden \"N\" to all who participated in the cruise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.561627388000488, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Presidential citation to Commander Anderson said that the Nautilus under his leadership had pioneered a submerged sea lane between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. It added:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83194351196289, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "President Eisenhower had already extended the Nautilus skipper his own \"very, very best congratulations\" after pinning the decoration on the commander's tunic. He also asked for him in conveying his personal \"well done\" to the submarine's officers and crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560966491699219, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The group having withdrawn, Commander Anderson began the story of Operation Northwest Passage as it got under way from Pearl Harbor in the predawn hours of July 23 under highest secrecy. He recounted briefly how the Nautilus had cruised submerged on a northerly course past the Aleutian Islands and through the Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia toward the brittle fringe of the ice pack and then beneath it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.498488426208496, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "From Pearl Harbor to the Bering Strait, some 2,900 miles, the Nautilus maintained an average speed of \"almost 20 knots.\" Commander Anderson said it was his original plan to make \"a straight shot\" for the polar crossing from the Bering Sea. However, observations showed a stiff northerly wind had pushed the ice pack farther south than anticipated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.407655715942383, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Looking back, Commander Anderson said that the Nautilus probably could have gotten through on that route, but that he wanted to find the best possible \"highway\" and the search for it took him from the vicinity north of the Bering Strait over to the coast of Northern Alaska and Point Barrow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882536888122559, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus surfaced only in the Point Barrow area to photograph the area and to track the ocean floor for the sea valley. It periscoped off the Diomedes Islands between Alaska and Siberia and for about thirty seconds sent up its radar for checking bearings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022404670715332, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Above the Nautilus the covering icecap was plainly visible over the vessel's closed-circuit television, the sixth months period of Arctic daylight making visibility no problem. Now and then great holes appeared in the icecap but the Nautilus sped on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304993629455566, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "\"I am able to tell you,\" the skipper said at one point, \"that the Nautilus cruises at lower than 400 feet. I am able to tell you that we made better than 20 knots. The speed is somewhat faster in cold water.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959912300109863, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus skipper was interrupted repeatedly with questions. His answers disclosed among other things that the Arctic Sea at the North Pole was considerably deeper than had been supposed. Precision measurements placed the true depth at 13,410 or 1,927 feet greater than earlier estimates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.783609390258789, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "It was exactly at 11:!5 P.M. Eastern standard time last Sunday that the atomic-driven submarine passed directly beneath the North Pole with a larger company than ever had been on the spot before. It neither paused nor notified Washington until the Nautilus surfaced some thirty-six hours later in the Greenland Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.101407051086426, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus skipper said that no contacts of a hostile nature had been made throughout the nineteen days and 8,146 miles covered from Pearl Harbor. Contacts not of a hostile nature were made, but Commander Anderson did not explain what these might have been.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22957706451416, "source": "search", "title": "Nautilus Sails Under the Pole and 1,830 Miles of Arctic ..." }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153610229492188, "source": "search", "title": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497783660888672, "source": "search", "title": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "www.submarinemuseum.org/nautilus/index.shtml", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.226524353027344, "source": "search", "title": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Nautilus may refer to: USS Nautilus, a 12-gun schooner (1799–1812) USS Nautilus, a 76-foot coast survey schooner (1838–1859) USS Nautilus, a Narwhal-class ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799127578735352, "source": "search", "title": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284183502197266, "source": "search", "title": "uss nautilus_ssn-571 - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22947883605957, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus was decommissioned in 1980 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. She has been preserved as a museum of submarine history in Groton, Connecticut, where she receives some 250,000 visitors a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.965954780578613, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Following her commissioning, Nautilus remained dockside for further construction and testing. At 11 am on 17 January 1955 she put to sea for the first time and signaled her historic message: \"Underway on nuclear power.\" [7] On 10 May, she headed south for shakedown. Submerged throughout, she traveled 2,100 kilometres (1,100 nmi; 1,300 mi) from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico and covered 2,223 km (1,200 nmi; 1,381 mi) in less than ninety hours. At the time, this was the longest submerged cruise by a submarine and at the highest sustained speed (for at least one hour) ever recorded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.641208648681641, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "USS Nautilus during her initial sea trials, 20 January 1955.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953831672668457, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "From 1955 to 1957, Nautilus continued to be used to investigate the effects of increased submerged speeds and endurance. The improvements rendered the progress made in anti-submarine warfare during the Second World War virtually obsolete. Radar and anti-submarine aircraft, which had proved crucial in defeating submarines during the War, proved ineffective against a vessel able to quickly move out of an area, change depth quickly and stay submerged for very long periods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904391288757324, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "On 4 February 1957, Nautilus logged her 60,000th nautical mile (110,000 km; 69,000 mi), matching the endurance of her namesake, the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea. [8] In May, she departed for the Pacific Coast to participate in coastal exercises and the fleet exercise, operation \"Home Run,\" which acquainted units of the Pacific Fleet with the capabilities of nuclear submarines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.089367866516113, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus passes under the George Washington Bridge during a visit to New York Harbor in 1956", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028676986694336, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus returned to New London, Connecticut, on 21 July and departed again on 19 August for her first voyage of 2,226 kilometres (1,202 nmi; 1,383 mi) under polar pack ice. Thereafter, she headed for the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London on 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.960007667541504, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Navigator's report: Nautilus, 90°N, 19:15U, 3 August 1958, zero to North Pole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.930834770202637, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Proceeding from Greenland to the Isle of Portland, England, she received the Presidential Unit Citation , the first ever issued in peace time, from American Ambassador J.H. Whitney, and then crossed the Atlantic reaching New London, Connecticut, USA on 29 October. Captain Anderson would also be awarded the Legion of Merit by Eisenhower. [9] For the remainder of the year Nautilus operated from her home port of New London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11355972290039, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:USS Nautilus SSN-571 - 0857101.jpg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34732723236084, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Following fleet exercises in early 1959, Nautilus entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for her first complete overhaul (28 May 1959 – 15 August 1960). Overhaul was followed by refresher training and on 24 October she departed New London for her first deployment with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to her home-port 16 December.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.876107215881348, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus operated in the Atlantic, conducting evaluation tests for ASW improvements, participating in NATO exercises and, during October 1962, in the naval quarantine of Cuba, until she headed east again for a two-month Mediterranean tour in August 1963. On her return she joined in fleet exercises until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for her second overhaul 17 January 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593812942504883, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "On 2 May 1966, Nautilus returned to her homeport to resume operations with the Atlantic Fleet, and at some point around that month, logged her 300,000th nautical mile (560,000 km; 350,000 mi) underway. For the next year and a quarter she conducted special operations for ComSubLant and then in August 1967, returned to Portsmouth, for another year's stay. During an exercise in 1966 she collided with the aircraft carrier USS Essex on 10 November, while diving shallow. Following repairs in Portsmouth she conducted exercises off the southeastern seaboard. She returned to New London in December 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976984977722168, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "In the spring[ when? ] of 1979, Nautilus set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage under the command of Richard A. Riddell. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard of Vallejo, California on 26 May 1979, her last day underway. She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 3 March 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.286532402038574, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The hull and superstructure of Nautilus vibrated sufficiently that sonar became ineffective at more than 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) speed. [13] Also, noise generation is extremely undesirable in submarines as this makes the vessel vulnerable to detection. Lessons learned from this problem were applied to later nuclear submarines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636835098266602, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The skill, professional competency and courage of the officers and crew of NAUTILUS were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Armed Forces of the United States and the pioneering spirit which has always characterized our country. [14]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267422676086426, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole, all Nautilus crewmembers who made the voyage may wear a Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a gold block letter N (image above). [15]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.892548561096191, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior on 20 May 1982. [16] [17]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268980026245117, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "She was named as the official state ship of Connecticut in 1983. [18] Following an extensive conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard , Nautilus was towed back to Groton, Connecticut arriving on 6 July 1985. On 11 April 1986, Nautilus opened to the public as part of the Submarine Force Library and Museum . [10]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.537202835083008, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus now serves as a museum of submarine history, after undergoing a five-month preservation in 2002 at the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics, at a cost of approximately $4.7 million ($6.16 million in present-day terms [19] ). Nautilus attracts some 250,000 visitors annually to her present berth near Naval Submarine Base New London .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20999526977539, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus celebrated the 50th anniversary of her commissioning on 30 September 2004 with a ceremony that included a speech from Vice Admiral Eugene P Wilkinson, the first Commanding Officer of Nautilus, and a designation of the ship as an American Nuclear Society National Nuclear Landmark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.098136901855469, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nautilus is the subject of an episode of the syndicated television anthology series , The Silent Service, which aired during the 1957–1958 season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433624267578125, "source": "search", "title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.58644962310791, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The particular submarine about which I write is the NAUTILUS, now permanently docked in a special berth in Groton, CT.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.826451301574707, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Once theory was engineered into fact, Congress authorized the NAUTILUS’s construction in July of 1951.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320552825927734, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "While he was thrilled to be the first to make such an improbable trip, the feat would remain unknown until after the NAUTILUS completed her mission and returned to base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103752136230469, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "\"During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic-powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.289089679718018, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The NAUTILUS logged over 300,000 miles underway, another record at the time, and served her country until March 3, 1980 when she was decommissioned. On May 20, 1982, the Secretary of the Interior granted the NAUTILUS National Historic Landmark status. She was towed from the Mare Island Shipyard back to Groton, where she is berthed now.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64060115814209, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "If you’re going to be visiting or going through the southeastern corner of Connecticut on a New England vacation, getaway or long weekend, I strongly advise making the stop in Groton to go aboard the NAUTILUS. It is a real treat, even for claustrophobics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345551490783691, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Aft of the planesmen are the controls for the main ballast tanks, which, when filled with water, cause the sub to submerge. On the right-hand side of the Control Room is where the ship’s radio sits. Specially designed antennae were used when NAUTILUS was submerged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608285903930664, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "All of the exhibits, inside, outside and the NAUTILUS herself provide an amazing panoply of information that is not to be missed. This is one museum complex that gives you not only the full story, but also the experience of actually being aboard a submarine with a very distinguished service record of important \"firsts.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294740676879883, "source": "search", "title": "THE NAUTILUS, FIRST NUCLEAR SUB" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mercury 6", "Mercury Atlas 6", "Mercury-Atlas 6", "Friendship VII", "Friendship vii", "Mercury-Atlas (MA) 6", "Mercury Friendship 7", "Friendship Seven", "Friendship 7" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "friendship seven", "mercury 6", "mercury atlas ma 6", "friendship vii", "mercury friendship 7", "mercury atlas 6", "friendship 7" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "friendship 7", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Friendship 7" }

[ { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (born July 18, 1921), (Col, USMC, Ret.), is a former aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States senator. He was selected as one of the \"Mercury Seven\" group of military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA to become America's first astronauts and fly the Project Mercury spacecraft. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission and became the first American to orbit the Earth and the fifth person in space, after cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov and the sub-orbital flights of Mercury astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom. Glenn is the earliest-born American to go to orbit, and the second earliest-born man overall after Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy. Glenn received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990. With the death of Scott Carpenter on October 10, 2013, Glenn became the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven.", "precise_score": 6.562678337097168, "rough_score": 7.435199737548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "February 20, 1962. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on this date. He made three turns around the planet before returning safely in his space capsule, which was called Friendship 7. He followed two Russian cosmonauts in making this early orbit of our planet: Yuri Gagarin ( April 1961) and Gherman Titov (August 1961).", "precise_score": 7.617935657501221, "rough_score": 8.054607391357422, "source": "search", "title": "This date in science: John Glenn first American to orbit ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "John Glenn climbs into the Friendship 7 spacecraft just before making his first trip into space on February 20, 1962. Photo via NASA", "precise_score": 6.718860626220703, "rough_score": 7.167057991027832, "source": "search", "title": "This date in science: John Glenn first American to orbit ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Bottom line: John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962. His space capsule was called Friendship 7.", "precise_score": 8.162742614746094, "rough_score": 7.756340980529785, "source": "search", "title": "This date in science: John Glenn first American to orbit ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn rode the Friendship 7 capsule into space, the first time an American orbited the Earth. In this image, Glenn enters the capsule with assistance from technicians.", "precise_score": 6.505775451660156, "rough_score": 3.7575767040252686, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On 20 February 1962, John Glenn (1921-2016) became the fifth human to enter space. For his spaceflight Glenn, a US Marine Corps aviator was strapped into a tiny Mercury capsule (named Friendship 7) just as Alan Shepard and “Gus” Grissom, the two earlier US astronauts had been. There was a big difference for Glenn’s flight; Friendship 7 sat atop an Atlas rocket rather than the rather smaller Redstone used to launch the first two Mercury missions. They had been simple ballistic lobs, but Glenn was going all the way into orbit.", "precise_score": 5.858767032623291, "rough_score": 6.183572292327881, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's First Spaceflight | Astronotes" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On February 20, 1962, John H. Glenn became the third American in space and the first to orbit the Earth when he successfully completed three orbits aboard the space capsule “Friendship 7.” In the midst of Cold War tensions and amid the very real fear that the Soviet Union was winning the space race, Glenn’s accomplishment brought a sense of pride and relief to Americans and instantly made the 31-year-old Glenn a national hero. Glenn resigned from NASA in 1964, and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974, representing Ohio for 25 years. In October 1998, Senator Glenn returned to space at the age of 77 as a payload specialist aboard the space shuttle Discovery, making him the oldest person to fly in space. Glenn died on December 8, 2016, at the age of 95, following several years of declining health.", "precise_score": 4.803711891174316, "rough_score": 5.794275283813477, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Squeezed into the cockpit of a Mercury spacecraft called Friendship 7, launched by an Atlas rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., Mr. Glenn circled the Earth three times, becoming the first American to orbit the planet. Perhaps no other spaceflight — all 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds of it — has been followed by so many with such paralyzing apprehension.", "precise_score": 7.206327438354492, "rough_score": 5.75775671005249, "source": "search", "title": "At 90, John Glenn Looks Back - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn rode the Friendship 7 capsule into space, the first time an American orbited the Earth. In this image, Glenn enters the capsule with assistance from technicians.", "precise_score": 6.505775451660156, "rough_score": 3.7575767040252686, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "This image shows the launch of Friendship 7, the first American manned orbital space flight. With astronaut John Glenn aboard, the Mercury-Atlas rocket is launched from Pad 14, February 20, 1962.", "precise_score": 5.482148170471191, "rough_score": 6.593722343444824, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962, on the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission, circling the globe three times during a flight lasting 4 hours, 55 minutes, and 23 seconds. This made Glenn the third American in space and the fifth human being in space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3368489742279053, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On February 20, 2012, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Friendship 7 flight, Glenn was surprised with the opportunity to speak with the orbiting crew of the International Space Station while Glenn was on-stage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State, where the public affairs school is named for him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.636042594909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "File:19620220-JohnGlennMedical.jpg|Medical debriefing of Major John H. Glenn, Jr., USMC after orbital flight of Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962 aboard the aircraft carrier . The debriefing team for Lt. Colonel Glenn (center) was led by Commander Seldon C. \"Smokey\" Dunn, MC, USN (FS) (RAM-qualified) (far right w/EKG in hands).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9380584955215454, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "John Glenn and Friendship 7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.243074417114258, "source": "search", "title": "This date in science: John Glenn first American to orbit ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Here’s what John Glenn saw on February 20, 1962. Just 5 minutes and 44 seconds after launch, Glenn offered his first words about the view from his porthole: “This is Friendship 7. Can see clear back; a big cloud pattern way back across towards the Cape. Beautiful sight.” Three hours later, at the beginning of his third orbit, Glenn photographed this panoramic view of Florida from the Georgia border (right, under clouds) to just north of Cape Canaveral. His American homeland was 162 miles (260 kilometers) below. “I have the Cape in sight down there,” he noted to mission controllers. “It looks real fine from up here. I can see the whole state of Florida just laid out like on a map. Beautiful.” Image via NASA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.494922399520874, "source": "search", "title": "This date in science: John Glenn first American to orbit ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIENCE: On February 20, 1962, Glenn piloted the Mercury-Atlas 6 \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft on the first manned orbital mission of the United States. Launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, he completed a successful three-orbit mission around the earth, reaching a maximum altitude (apogee) of approximately 162 statute miles and an orbital velocity of approximately 17,500 miles per hour. Glenn's \"Friendship 7\" Mercury spacecraft landed approximately 800 miles southeast of KSC in the vicinity of Grand Turk Island. Mission duration from launch to impact was 4 hours, 55 minutes, and 23 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6477839946746826, "source": "search", "title": "Astronaut Bio: John Glenn, Jr. 1/99 - Johnson Space Center" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Astronaut John Glenn photographed in space by an automatic sequence motion picture camera during his historic orbital flight on \"Friendship 7\" on Feb. 20, 1962.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6196728348731995, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "\"They were enough concerned about it, we actually put a little miniaturized eye chart at the top of the instrument panel,\" he added. \"And that's still in Friendship 7, up in the Smithsonian [National Air and Space Museum].\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309516906738281, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Glenn's flight plan called for Friendship 7 to splash down in the Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles southeast of Florida. But NASA wasn't entirely sure that would work out, so Glenn prepared for the possibility of landing among \"primitive\" aboriginal peoples in backcountry Australia, Papua New Guinea or southern Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.515017986297607, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Friendship 7 eventually did re-enter roughly where it was supposed to, dropping into the Atlantic just 40 miles (67 kilometers) short of the planned landing zone. But the capsule's return to Earth was a bumpy and somewhat harrowing one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444353103637695, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "As Glenn prepared to re-enter the atmosphere, mission managers told him that Friendship 7's protective heat shield may have come loose. This was bad news; if the heat shield came off, the capsule would almost certainly burn up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412836074829102, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Strapped to the outside of Friendship 7 was a package of small retro-rockets, which were designed to help slow the capsule's re-entry. Glenn was told not to jettison the rockets after firing them, in the hopes that the straps would help hold the heat shield on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289206504821777, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's Historic Spaceflight Was No Sure Thing" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Watched by a TV audience of 100 million, the Atlas functioned beautifully and Glenn became the first American (and third human; Gagarin and Titov preceded him) in orbit. Glenn enjoyed both the view and the novel sensation of microgravity.  At one point he noticed through his tiny window that his craft was surrounded by a swarm of tiny glowing motes which he called “fireflies”, he reported them to Mission Control and was surprised by how interested the men on the ground were by this phenomenon.  There was a reason for this;  a warning light at Mission Control suggested that Friendship 7’s heat shield had come loose, possibly the fireflies were debris released by this failure. If the heatshield was indeed faulty, Glenn’s mission would end with his horrific death as his craft disintegrated around him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4481768012046814, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn's First Spaceflight | Astronotes" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Glenn inspecting the artwork design for “Friendship 7.” (Credit: NASA)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.788725852966309, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Mercury-Atlas 6", "passage": "The official name for Glenn’s mission was Mercury-Atlas 6. “Mercury” for the mission program itself (named after the Roman god of speed), and “Atlas 6” to indicate that this was the 6th mission to use the newer, faster Atlas rocket as a launch vehicle. As was common practice among most pilots, the astronauts selected for the Mercury program often gave their capsules personal nicknames—Glenn asked his children for suggestions on what he should name the vessel before finally deciding on the word “Friendship” and adding the number “7” to honor his fellow Mercury members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.200783729553223, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Originally scheduled for December 1961 and then pushed to January 13, problems with the new Atlas rocket that would serve as the space capsule’s launching pad caused a two-week delay. On January 27, with television crews already set up to broadcast from both the launch site and Glenn’s home, where his wife, Annie, and his children were anxiously watching, poor weather conditions forced another postponement. When the mission was scrapped, the reporters, accompanied by none other than Vice President Lyndon Johnson, tried to gain access to Glenn’s home in hopes of interviewing his wife. Annie refused to speak to them, and when John heard about the pressure put on his wife, he backed her up, leading to a clash with government officials. The launch was delayed yet again on January 30 after a fuel leak was discovered, followed by yet another weather delay. Finally, with all mechanical issues solved and fair weather forecasted, Glenn was once again strapped into Friendship 7 early on the morning of February 20, 1962.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.307592391967773, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "There were several scary moments aboard Friendship 7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502674102783203, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Glenn aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.309881210327148, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "The launch of Friendship 7 went flawlessly, and Glenn encountered few issues in the early stages of the flight. During his second orbit, mission control noticed a sensor was issuing a warning that Friendship 7’s heat shield and landing bag were not secure, putting the mission, and Glenn in danger. Officials did not immediately inform Glenn of the potential problem, instead asking him to run a series of small tests on the system to see if that resolved the issue, which eventually clued Glenn in to their concerns. After a series of discussions, it was decided that rather than following standard procedures to discard the retrorocket (an engine designed to slow down the capsule upon reentry), Glenn would keep the rocket in place to help secure the heat shield. He successfully reentered the Earth’s atmosphere and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean after a flight of 4 hours and 55 minutes. When officials inspected the recovered capsule, they determined that the heat shield had never been in danger and a faulty sensor had caused the problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.831789493560791, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Glenn returned to space, 36 years after Friendship 7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69318675994873, "source": "search", "title": "7 Things You May Not Know About John Glenn and Friendship ..." }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "As Mr. Glenn settled into recollections of that February day in 1962, the interview glided into easy conversation over shared memories. Ten times over almost a month the launching was scheduled, only to be scrubbed because of poor weather or mechanical glitches. “On again, off again,” Mr. Glenn said. “I actually suited up four times, and two times was up on top of the Atlas, strapped into Friendship 7, ready to go.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.423855781555176, "source": "search", "title": "At 90, John Glenn Looks Back - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "At last, on the 11th attempt, with his backup, Mr. Carpenter, bidding “Godspeed, John Glenn,” Friendship 7 lifted off for its three orbits of Earth. Christopher C. Kraft Jr., the flight director, remembers, “Nothing about John Glenn’s flight was easy.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.766225814819336, "source": "search", "title": "At 90, John Glenn Looks Back - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "“Glancing out the window during re-entry,” Mr. Glenn recalled, “I was seeing big chunks of something coming off. It was the retro-pack, not the heat shield, thank goodness. It had been a false alarm. If you go to the Air and Space Museum in Washington, you can see the burn patterns on Friendship 7.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.291780471801758, "source": "search", "title": "At 90, John Glenn Looks Back - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Astronaut John Glenn photographed in space by an automatic sequence motion picture camera during his historic orbital flight on \"Friendship 7\" on Feb. 20, 1962.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6196728348731995, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On Feb. 20, 1962, Glenn piloted NASA's Mercury capsule , known as Friendship 7, three times around Earth, reaching a maximum altitude of about 162 miles (261 kilometers). Glenn's orbital milestone matched the groundbreaking achievement of the rival Soviet Union, which launched cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into orbit 10 months earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.09909388422966003, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On Monday (Feb. 20), NASA will salute 50 years of Americans in orbit by honoring Glenn and his Friendship 7 flight. Since that fateful journey, the agency landed astronauts on the moon, flew 135 space shuttle flights and constructed a $100 billion laboratory in space, among many other accomplishments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.568995475769043, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Following the Friendship 7 flight, Glenn was heralded as an American hero , and five decades later, his orbital journey still resonates with the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3733906745910645, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Part of this fascination is because the success of Glenn's Friendship 7 flight altered the tide in the fierce Cold War competition between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. The Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, in October 1957, four years later, Gagarin became the first person to reach space (and the first to orbit Earth) on April 12, 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6594032049179077, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On that February day in 1962, Glenn circled the Earth three times in the Friendship 7 capsule before splashing down in the Atlantic Ocean. He became a pioneer for orbital spaceflight, and NASA would continue to push the boundaries of exploration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.257062703371048, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Shortly before his return to space, Glenn announced the creation of the John Glenn Institute (now the John Glenn School of Public Affairs) at Ohio State University in Columbus. The school featured a special exhibit about the Friendship 7 flight on campus and will lead a series of spaceflight forums and panels to mark the 50th anniversary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.412596702575684, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Today (Feb. 17) at 10 a.m. EST, NASA chief Charles Bolden and Kennedy Space Center director Bob Cabana will host a special program on NASA Television with Glenn and fellow Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter. Three months after Glenn's Friendship 7 flight, Carpenter became the second American in orbit on May 24, 1962.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.997795104980469, "source": "search", "title": "Godspeed, John Glenn: 1st American in Orbit ... - Space.com" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "On the morning of February 20, 1962, millions of Americans collectively held their breath as the world’s newest pioneer swept across the threshold of one of man’s last frontiers. Roughly a hundred miles above their heads, astronaut John Glenn sat comfortably in the weightless environment of a 9 1/2-by-6-foot space capsule he called Friendship 7. Within these close quarters he worked through his flight plan and completed an array of technical and medical tests as he cruised through the heavens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7167985439300537, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "‘Oh, that view is tremendous,’ Glenn remarked over the radio to capsule communicator (Capcom) Alan Shepard, his fellow Mercury astronaut stationed back at mission control. As Friendship 7 passed over the Indian Ocean, Glenn witnessed his first sunset from space, a panorama of beautiful, brilliant colors. Before the conclusion of that historic day, he would witness a total of four sunsets–three while in earth orbit, and the fourth from the deck of his recovery ship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.296557426452637, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "For Glenn, the historic voyage of Friendship 7 remains as vivid today as if it had happened yesterday. People still ask him what it felt like to be the first American to orbit the earth. And often he thinks of his capsule’s breathtaking liftoff and those subtle, emotionally empowering sunrises and sunsets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.476710081100464, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "By the time Glenn and Friendship 7 burst through the earth’s atmosphere, the United States was already a distant second in space technology, behind the Soviet Union. The race to begin to explore the universe had unofficially begun on October 4, 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the world’s first artificial satellite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.773265361785889, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Two hours before his scheduled liftoff, Glenn squeezed into the cramped cabin of Friendship 7, perched atop the Atlas rocket. The sky was clearing, and just before 8:00 a.m. technicians began the laborious task of bolting on the entry hatch of the craft. Sealed inside the capsule, Glenn felt truly alone. The minutes ticked by slowly as he calmly and methodically worked through his preflight checklist. Finally, Glenn heard the flight team give his mission an ‘A-OK’ over the radio. With all systems functioning normally, Glenn acknowledged his preparedness with a firm ‘ready.’ As the final countdown to liftoff began, backup pilot Scott Carpenter’s voice crackled over Glenn’s radio: ‘Godspeed, John Glenn.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.223033905029297, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "At 9:47 a.m. the rocket’s three engines ignited. Friendship 7 began to vibrate as the mighty Atlas built up 350,000 pounds of thrust, the force needed to lift Glenn and his craft into orbit. For a few interminable seconds, the massive rocket held steady. Finally, its hold-down clamps released, and the Atlas slowly, agonizingly clutched and pulled at the bright blue sky. ‘We are under way,’ Glenn reported to Mercury Control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.559880256652832, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Friendship 7", "passage": "Unwilling to burden Glenn with concern over the possible heat-shield malfunction, Control offered no explanation for their decision until he was safely home. Glenn was suspicious, but all parts of Friendship 7 seemed to him to be working properly so he concerned himself only with what was within his control. Before long, the capsule splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.331886291503906, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: First American to Orbit the Earth | HistoryNet" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Automated hematology", "Haematological", "Haematology", "Bone Marrow Disease", "Haematologist", "Heamatology", "Blood disorder", "Blood disease", "Hemotoligists", "Hematology", "Hematologic", "Blood disorders", "Heamatologic diseases", "Hematologic agents", "Blood Disease", "Pediatric hematologist", "Hematologist", "Hematologists", "Cytohematology" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "heamatologic diseases", "bone marrow disease", "blood disorder", "hemotoligists", "haematologist", "haematological", "heamatology", "haematology", "hematology", "blood disorders", "pediatric hematologist", "hematologist", "hematologic", "cytohematology", "automated hematology", "hematologic agents", "hematologists", "blood disease" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "haematology", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Haematology" }

[ { "answer": "Blood disorder", "passage": "** Insufficient red cell mass (anemia) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies; and may require blood transfusion. Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.", "precise_score": -7.8996100425720215, "rough_score": -6.302553176879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood" }, { "answer": "Blood disease", "passage": "Hematology is the study of blood diseases, including leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.", "precise_score": 1.3252816200256348, "rough_score": -6.832614898681641, "source": "search", "title": "Branches of medicine - Medical schools | Medical careers" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "*Hematology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502739906311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Medicine" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "* Clinical laboratory sciences are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States, these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform the tests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include transfusion medicine, cellular pathology, clinical chemistry, hematology, clinical microbiology and clinical immunology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.372530937194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Medicine" }, { "answer": "Hematologic", "passage": "Hematological disorders", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336400032043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "Hematology:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47443675994873, "source": "search", "title": "Find a provider - Keystone First" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "Hematology/Oncology:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407612800598145, "source": "search", "title": "Find a provider - Keystone First" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "Pediatric Hematology-Oncology:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44470500946045, "source": "search", "title": "Find a provider - Keystone First" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "Hematology/Oncology (Hem/Onc) - Hematology - The study of the morphology of the blood and blood forming tissues. Oncology - The study of diseases that cause cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.363194465637207, "source": "search", "title": "Physicians - Speciality Guide - Navicent Health" }, { "answer": "Hematology", "passage": "Hematology/Oncology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432343482971191, "source": "search", "title": "Physician Directory ‹ Lakeland Regional Medical Center" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Độc lập - tự do - hạnh phúc", "Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam", "越南社會主義共和國", "ISO 3166-1:VN", "SRVN", "VIETNAM", "CHXHCN Vietnam", "Viet Nam Socialist Repub", "SRoV", "S.R. Vietnam", "Languages of Viet Nam", "Communist Vietnam", "Red Vietnam (modern)", "Doc lap, tu do, hanh phuc", "People's Republic of Vietnam", "VietNam", "Việtnam", "Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "Yue Nan", "Viêtnam", "Độc lập, tự do, hạnh phúc", "SR Vietnam", "Yuenan", "Vietman", "Vietnarm", "Viet nam", "Veitnam", "Languages of Vietnam", "Viêt Nam", "Vietnam", "The Socialist Republic of Vietnam", "Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam", "Etymology of Vietnam", "Socialist Republic of Vietnam", "Doc lap - tu do - hanh phuc", "Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam", "Viet-Nam", "Viet Nam", "Vjet-Namo", "Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam", "Vietnamese Republic", "Việt Nam" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia viet nam", "doc lap tu do hanh phuc", "chxhcn vietnam", "越南社會主義共和國", "iso 3166 1 vn", "vietnarm", "yuenan", "srvn", "vjet namo", "độc lập tự do hạnh phúc", "viêtnam", "languages of viet nam", "socialist republic of viet nam", "veitnam", "cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa việt nam", "languages of vietnam", "sr vietnam", "việt nam", "communist vietnam", "socialist republic of vietnam", "etymology of vietnam", "people s republic of vietnam", "srov", "yue nan", "viet nam", "red vietnam modern", "s r vietnam", "vietnam", "viêt nam", "vietnamese republic", "viet nam socialist repub", "việtnam", "vietman" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "vietnam", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Vietnam" }

[ { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The Iron Triangle (Vietnamese:Tam Giác Sắt) was a 120 sqmi area in the Bình Dương Province of Vietnam, so named due to it being a stronghold of Viet Minh activity during the war. The region was under control of the Viet Minh throughout the French war in Vietnam and continued to be so throughout the phase of American involvement in the Vietnam War, despite concerted efforts on the part of US and South Vietnamese forces to destabilize the region as a power base for their enemy, the communist North Vietnamese–sponsored and–directed South Vietnamese insurgent movement, the National Liberation Front or Viet Cong (NLF).", "precise_score": 8.67240047454834, "rough_score": 6.994328498840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The Location of the Iron Triangle was between the Saigon River on the west and the Tinh River on the east and bordering Route 13 about 25 miles (40 km) north of Saigon. The southern apex of the \"triangle\" was seven miles (11 km) from Phu Cong, the capital of Bình Dương Province. Its proximity to Saigon was both a reason for American and South Vietnamese efforts to eradicate it, as well as why it remained a crucial area for Communist forces to control.", "precise_score": 8.556683540344238, "rough_score": 7.273334503173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The tunnels were expanded further after the war with the French as a base for underground operations against the Ngo Dinh Diem government and later US-backed South Vietnamese governments. The tunnel system at its height was said to have over 30000 mi of tunnels throughout North and South Vietnam, with hundreds of miles of these located in the Iron Triangle, especially concentrated in the area around the town of Cu Chi. Due to the threat that the Củ Chi tunnels posed to the Saigon government, the United States stepped up its military offensive in the region in the fall of 1966 and 1967. They launched three operations during this time: Operation Attleboro, Operation Cedar Falls, and Operation Junction City. Operation Cedar Falls was an especially intensive attack involving nearly 16,000 American troops and 14,000 soldiers of the South Vietnamese Army. The operation took nineteen days, and 72 Americans and 720 Viet Cong were killed. Despite their massive attack with B-52 bombers and Rome plows and efforts to destroy the tunnel system with explosives, flooding, and \"tunnel rats\" (specially trained soldiers who would infiltrate the tunnels armed only with a flashlight and a handgun), the Americans failed to totally destroy the Viet Cong support system that had been built for over two decades.", "precise_score": -0.3134079575538635, "rough_score": -4.340086460113525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The Iron Triangle at the end of the Vietnam War ", "precise_score": 6.376138687133789, "rough_score": 1.876816987991333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "During the French war in Indochina, from 1946 to 1954, the Viet Minh elaborated on a network of hidden fortifications and tunnels throughout the region to defend themselves against the superior military power of the French. These tunnel networks had begun as early as the 1880s to resist French occupation. The network afforded communist fighters the ability to \"disappear\" into the countryside. This became especially important during the Vichy Regime, when Vietnam was dually occupied by French and Japanese forces, so as to remain undetected by not one but two occupying enemies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31874942779541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The final movie in Oliver Stone's Vietnam trilogy follows the true story of a Vietnamese village girl who survives a life of suffering and hardship during and after the Vietnam war. As a ... See full summary  »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47227668762207, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1989) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "The memories of a US private in Vietnam who slowly gets disillusioned as the war progresses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56039810180664, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1989) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "During the early 1960s, U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam discover the same challenges that plagued the French army in Indochina ten years prior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453086853027344, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1989) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "Follows a group of men as they prepare for the Vietnam war and their eventual tour of Vietnam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551267623901367, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1989) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "This was really a good movie, should have got more traction or promotion. Only Vietnam War movie I've ever seen that gives both a Vietnamese and an American point of view. I would have never seen it had I not been visiting a friend who insisted I had to watch it. I wish more people had seen it because I've never met anyone else who has, and Its very hard to find now that video stores have gone the way of the dinosaurs. If you ever get the chance to see this movie I promise it wont be a waste of two hours of your time. The acting was spot on, the special effects were great, no CGI, they used real explosives in this. Good luck finding it if you can because it seems nobody has ever heard of it. If the Vietnam War is your genre you have to see it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50775146484375, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1989) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "To date, there have been few American cinematic attempts devoted completely to including the nationalist Vietnamese perspective during the American involvement in Vietnam. This film attempts to provide a more inclusive perspective. An American soldier, Captain Keene (Beau Bridges) is captured by Ho (Liem Whatley, an idealistic young Vietcong soldier. At first highly distrustful of the young man, a bond develops between them when it becomes clear that the young man is protecting the American from mistreatment by his superiors. A crucial moment comes when the boy chooses to flee with his American captive in order to protect the man's life. Haing S. Ngor, who won an Academy Award for his performance in Killing Fields, makes a brief appearance as a North Vietnamese military man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41305923461914, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle (1988) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "While obviously not a high budget film, this one delivers with great battle scenes and an awesome story. Definitely needs to be on DVD and i'm very surprised it's not. The film artfully cuts through scenes from both the VC and American points of view and although cheesy and a bit stereotypical in it's representation of the Viet Cong, I have yet to see a Vietnam film that does justice to them and attempts to protray them as honestly this one does. I loved this movie, the final battle scene is so wicked. It's not one of those gung ho, totally unbelivable movies where the hero kill 100 enemy and still lives. This film is gripping and you will be glued to your seat as events slowly unfold. I only wish it was 3 hours long! Things like this really happened in the war and the writers and directors should be commended at doing such a wonderfull job of protraying it. Get it for the sweet battle scenes if nothing else. This film is a true gem in the rough for those really interested in the history of this war, and are tired of the same old unrealistic war movies that have been produced in Hollywood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479119300842285, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "This story is set in 1960s Vietnam. It is unusual to present the viewpoints of the Viet Cong. One Viet Cong reminds the others how they defeated the Chinese centuries ago, and will do the same to the Americans today. There interpersonal conflict [as part of human nature everywhere]. The “Iron Triangle” referred to that part of Vietnam where the “National Liberation Army” was strongest. Can you get to killing men in combat? Two soldiers tell of their past and family history. Will land be distributed to the people who work the fields? Yes, in the future. Ho has been ordered to kill a woman, this troubles him. She does propaganda work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985313415527344, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "I think this is a must see film for Vietnam War movie buffs as well as anyone who wants to see a somewhat atypical Vietnam movie. It actually manages to be more balanced than your typical vietnam movies like Platoon or Full Metal Jacket etc. all hardcore American macho vs. the Vietnamese pyama wearers. This movie makes the effort to show both sides of the war. The story includes an American POW, a young Viet-Cong recruit with a conscience!?, and even a left over mercenary from the French colonial forces who stayed on after Bien-Phu. The movie has a lot more realistic and historically accurate feel to it and definately worth watching. I highly recommend it. Enjoy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499616622924805, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "I give this uber low-budget Vietnam movie a salute for showing the Enemy side of the conflict through an objective lens. I've watched alot of Vietnam movies, most of which suffer from low-budget historical inaccuracies in weapons, uniforms, vehicles: mainly because its no longer possible to acquire all US-Vietnam era gear from renting third world armories, like in the Philipines. This movie has those flaws but most war movies w/out big budgets from the 80's did, so bear that in mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50802230834961, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "Vietnam", "passage": "Despite some melodramitic moments, this movie definetly made me think about the opposing force's view of the Vietnam War and read the Sorrow of War, by Dith Pran: the most sobering book I have ever read, about Vietnam or any other conflict.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52631950378418, "source": "search", "title": "The Iron Triangle - amazon.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Happy gas", "Hippie crack", "Nitros", "Nitrous oxide", "ATCvet code QN01AX13", "Inhaling Nitrous Oxide", "Nitrous oxide system", "Laughy gas", "Nitrouse oxide", "Laugh-making gas", "N₂O", "Hippy crack", "N2O", "Nitrous Oxide", "Laughing gas", "Dinitrogen monoxide", "Phlogisticated nitrous air", "ATC code N01AX13", "Effects of nitrous oxide on the body", "Recreational use of nitrous oxide", "Nitrogen(I) oxide", "N2O-N", "N2o", "N 2 O", "Laughing Gas", "Nitroux oxide", "Dinitrogen Monoxide", "E942", "Nitrus oxide", "Factitious airs" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nitrous oxide system", "laugh making gas", "factitious airs", "n 2 o", "atcvet code qn01ax13", "phlogisticated nitrous air", "happy gas", "dinitrogen monoxide", "n₂o", "inhaling nitrous oxide", "nitrouse oxide", "nitrous oxide", "e942", "n2o", "nitrogen i oxide", "nitros", "laughy gas", "hippy crack", "nitrus oxide", "hippie crack", "recreational use of nitrous oxide", "atc code n01ax13", "laughing gas", "effects of nitrous oxide on body", "n2o n", "nitroux oxide" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "nitrous oxide", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Nitrous oxide" }

[ { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or NOS is a chemical compound with the formula . It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless, non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as \"laughing gas\" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic. It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.", "precise_score": 6.202664375305176, "rough_score": 5.251588821411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "What is laughing gas?", "precise_score": 1.9090193510055542, "rough_score": 6.260666847229004, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing gas is nitrous oxide, N2O (more properly called dinitrogen oxide). It is a colorless gas with a sweet odor and taste. Inhalation leads to disorientation, euphoria, numbness, loss of motor coordination, dizziness, and ultimately a loss of consciousness. The gas is used as an anaesthetic, as a propellant in whipped cream cans, and as an oxidizing agent in racing cars.", "precise_score": 7.029934406280518, "rough_score": 6.351658821105957, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Over 20 years later, Humphry Davy wrote about the intoxicating effects of nitrous oxide , comparing them to the effects of alcohol. Breathing air after inhaling high concentrations of the gas sometimes lead to hysterical laughter. It also lead to a cessation of pain and \"laughing gas\" became the first artifical anaesthetic. It was in common use by surgeons in the late 19th century, and is still widely used in dentistry today.", "precise_score": 3.0702950954437256, "rough_score": 4.272210121154785, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com", "precise_score": 1.9981780052185059, "rough_score": 5.6704325675964355, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "laughing gas", "precise_score": 1.9018962383270264, "rough_score": 7.526541709899902, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Examples from the Web for laughing gas", "precise_score": -0.1724369078874588, "rough_score": 4.424940586090088, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "He experimented with nitrous oxide (laughing gas) for ten months until he had thoroughly learned its intoxicating effects.", "precise_score": 2.112093925476074, "rough_score": 4.398448944091797, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "The most familiar example of this occurs at the beginning of the inhalation of laughing gas.", "precise_score": -0.4818645119667053, "rough_score": 4.594179630279541, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "He is always as bad as you and I were for a short time, M'Nicholl, under the laughing gas!", "precise_score": -0.7310464382171631, "rough_score": 5.194159984588623, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia - Inhalation Sedation", "precise_score": 3.6348652839660645, "rough_score": 5.740673065185547, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Inhalation Sedation (Laughing Gas)", "precise_score": 3.6233415603637695, "rough_score": 6.275653839111328, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Inhalation sedation, laughing gas, relative analgesia, RA, happy gas, gas and air, nitrous, nitrous oxide, N2O-O2… this one has more names than any other sedation technique! And deservedly so. Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen (O2) has been described as “representing the most nearly ‘ideal’ clinical sedative circumstance”…", "precise_score": 3.343714475631714, "rough_score": 5.267204761505127, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Sounds like fun!! The extract above pretty much summarizes the effects of nitrous oxide: it kills pain – and it induces a pleasurable feeling. After 5 minutes or so of breathing in the gas, you should feel a euphoric feeling spread throughout your body. It really kind of feels like a ‘happy drunk’ feeling. Some people find that there are auditory or visual effects as well. You will feel a bit light headed and often people get ‘the giggles’ (hence the name laughing gas!). As an interesting aside, nitrous oxide was one of the drugs of choice for young people in the late 1700s and early 1800s, when laughing gas demonstrations were a popular source of entertainment and enjoyment.", "precise_score": 2.897869825363159, "rough_score": 4.545524597167969, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Definition of Laughing gas", "precise_score": 1.8234052658081055, "rough_score": 5.503170490264893, "source": "search", "title": "Definition of Laughing gas - MedicineNet" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Definition of Laughing gas", "precise_score": 1.8234052658081055, "rough_score": 5.503170490264893, "source": "search", "title": "Definition of Laughing gas - MedicineNet" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing gas is party drug of choice for young people - Telegraph", "precise_score": 2.673663377761841, "rough_score": 6.156658172607422, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing gas is party drug of choice for young people", "precise_score": 2.5515997409820557, "rough_score": 6.279539585113525, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Potentially deadly “laughing gas” has become one of the most popular recreational drugs among teenagers and young adults, official government figures have revealed.", "precise_score": 3.6221351623535156, "rough_score": 4.0813775062561035, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Huge numbers of young people are inhaling nitrous oxide - better known as laughing gas - as a party drug to experience the hallucinations and feelings of euphoria which it can generate.", "precise_score": 4.3220014572143555, "rough_score": 4.184630870819092, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "What Laughing Gas Does in the Body", "precise_score": -1.258013129234314, "rough_score": 5.233865737915039, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing gas reduces pain and anxiety by binding to a host of receptors in the brain.  Andersen Ross, Getty Images", "precise_score": 0.5142452120780945, "rough_score": 5.381669044494629, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "What Is Laughing Gas?", "precise_score": 1.9090193510055542, "rough_score": 6.260666847229004, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N2O. It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS. It's a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor. In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications. It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844, when dentist Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction. Since that time, its used has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect from inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug.", "precise_score": 7.889428615570068, "rough_score": 7.876197338104248, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "How Laughing Gas Works", "precise_score": -0.9792040586471558, "rough_score": 4.8811421394348145, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing gas reduces the perception of pain by facilitating an interaction between the descending noradrenergic system and the endogenous opioid system. Nitrous oxide causes the release of endogenous opioids, but how this happens is unknown.", "precise_score": 2.032924175262451, "rough_score": 5.252503871917725, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The primary risks from laughing gas is from inhaling a compressed gas directly from its canister, which could cause severe lung damage or death. Without supplemental oxygen, inhaling nitrous oxide can cause hypoxia or oxygen deprivation effects, including lightheadedness, fainting, low blood pressure, and potentially a heart attack. These risks are comparable to those of inhaling helium gas .", "precise_score": 1.9111641645431519, "rough_score": 5.063048839569092, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Prolonged or repeated exposure to laughing gas can lead to a vitamin B12 deficiency, reproductive problems in pregnant women, and numbness. Because very little nitrous oxide is absorbed by the body, a person inhaling laughing gas breathes out most of it. This can lead to risks to medical personnel who routinely use the gas in their practice.", "precise_score": 0.34233924746513367, "rough_score": 4.6352925300598145, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com", "precise_score": 0.3809927999973297, "rough_score": 6.0679121017456055, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing Gas", "precise_score": 1.9018962383270264, "rough_score": 7.526541709899902, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Laughing Gas may be available in the countries listed below.", "precise_score": 0.21272243559360504, "rough_score": 4.545101642608643, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Ingredient matches for Laughing Gas", "precise_score": 0.02393452823162079, "rough_score": 5.121497631072998, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide gives rise to nitric oxide (NO) on reaction with oxygen atoms, and this NO in turn reacts with ozone. As a result, it is the main naturally occurring regulator of stratospheric ozone. It is also a major greenhouse gas and air pollutant. Considered over a 100-year period, it is calculated to have between 265 and 310 times more impact per unit mass (global-warming potential) than carbon dioxide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.167488098144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide can be used as an oxidizer in a rocket motor. This has the advantages over other oxidisers in that it is not only non-toxic, but also, due to its stability at room temperature, easy to store and relatively safe to carry on a flight. As a secondary benefit it can be readily decomposed to form breathing air. Its high density and low storage pressure (when maintained at low temperature) enable it to be highly competitive with stored high-pressure gas systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623213768005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In a 1914 patent, American rocket pioneer Robert Goddard suggested nitrous oxide and gasoline as possible propellants for a liquid-fuelled rocket. Nitrous oxide has been the oxidiser of choice in several hybrid rocket designs (using solid fuel with a liquid or gaseous oxidizer). The combination of nitrous oxide with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene fuel has been used by SpaceShipOne and others. It is also notably used in amateur and high power rocketry with various plastics as the fuel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588560104370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide can also be used in a monopropellant rocket. In the presence of a heated catalyst, will decompose exothermically into nitrogen and oxygen, at a temperature of approximately 1070 F. Because of the large heat release, the catalytic action rapidly becomes secondary as thermal autodecomposition becomes dominant. In a vacuum thruster, this can provide a monopropellant specific impulse (Isp) of as much as 180 s. While noticeably less than the Isp available from hydrazine thrusters (monopropellant or bipropellant with dinitrogen tetroxide), the decreased toxicity makes nitrous oxide an option worth investigating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899049758911133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is said to deflagrate somewhere around 600 C at a pressure of 21 atmospheres.Munke, Konrad (2 July 2001) [http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/SpecialTopics/Misc/eindhoven.pdf Nitrous Oxide Trailer Rupture], Report at CGA Seminar \"Safety and Reliability of Industrial Gases, Equipment and Facilities\", 15–17 October 2001, St. Louis, Missouri At 600  for example, the required ignition energy is only 6 joules, whereas at 130 psi a 2500-joule ignition energy input is insufficient. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615233421325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In vehicle racing, nitrous oxide (often referred to as just \"nitrous\") allows the engine to burn more fuel by providing more oxygen than air alone, resulting in a more powerful combustion. The gas itself is not flammable at a low pressure/temperature, but it delivers more oxygen than atmospheric air by breaking down at elevated temperatures. Therefore, it is often mixed with another fuel that is easier to deflagrate. Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidant roughly equivalent to hydrogen peroxide and much stronger than oxygen gas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375955581665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is stored as a compressed liquid; the evaporation and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the intake manifold causes a large drop in intake charge temperature, resulting in a denser charge, further allowing more air/fuel mixture to enter the cylinder. Nitrous oxide is sometimes injected into (or prior to) the intake manifold, whereas other systems directly inject right before the cylinder (direct port injection) to increase power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739635467529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "One of the major problems of using nitrous oxide in a reciprocating engine is that it can produce enough power to damage or destroy the engine. Very large power increases are possible, and if the mechanical structure of the engine is not properly reinforced, the engine may be severely damaged or destroyed during this kind of operation. It is very important with nitrous oxide augmentation of petrol engines to maintain proper operating temperatures and fuel levels to prevent \"pre-ignition\", or \"detonation\" (sometimes referred to as \"knock\"). Most problems that are associated with nitrous do not come from mechanical failure due to the power increases. Since nitrous allows a much denser charge into the cylinder it dramatically increases cylinder pressures. The increased pressure and temperature can cause problems such as melting the piston or valves. It may also crack or warp the piston or head and cause pre-ignition due to uneven heating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516580581665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Automotive-grade liquid nitrous oxide differs slightly from medical-grade nitrous oxide. A small amount of sulfur dioxide () is added to prevent substance abuse. Multiple washes through a base (such as sodium hydroxide) can remove this, decreasing the corrosive properties observed when is further oxidised during combustion into sulfuric acid, making emissions cleaner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657103538513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "E942", "passage": "The gas is approved for use as a food additive (also known as E942), specifically as an aerosol spray propellant. Its most common uses in this context are in aerosol whipped cream canisters, cooking sprays, and as an inert gas used to displace oxygen, to inhibit bacterial growth, when filling packages of potato chips and other similar snack foods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.708369255065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The gas is extremely soluble in fatty compounds. In aerosol whipped cream, it is dissolved in the fatty cream until it leaves the can, when it becomes gaseous and thus creates foam. Used in this way, it produces whipped cream four times the volume of the liquid, whereas whipping air into cream only produces twice the volume. If air were used as a propellant, oxygen would accelerate rancidification of the butterfat; nitrous oxide inhibits such degradation. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for whipped cream because it is acidic in water, which would curdle the cream and give it a seltzer-like \"sparkling\" sensation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.996326446533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "However, the whipped cream produced with nitrous oxide is unstable and will return to a more liquid state within half an hour to one hour. Thus, the method is not suitable for decorating food that will not be immediately served.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310730934143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Similarly, cooking spray, which is made from various types of oils combined with lecithin (an emulsifier), may use nitrous oxide as a propellant; other propellants used in cooking spray include food-grade alcohol and propane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245540618896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Users of nitrous oxide often obtain it from whipped cream dispensers that use nitrous oxide as a propellant (see above section), for recreational use as a euphoria-inducing inhalant drug. It is not harmful in small doses, but risks due to lack of oxygen do exist (see Recreational use below).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286247253417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide has been used for anaesthesia in dentistry since December 1844, where Horace Wells made the first 12–15 dental operations with the gas in Hartford. Its debut as a generally accepted method, however, came in 1863, when Gardner Quincy Colton introduced it more broadly at all the Colton Dental Association clinics, that he founded in New Haven and New York City. The first devices used in dentistry to administer the gas, known as Nitrous Oxide inhalers, were designed in a very simple way with the gas stored and breathed through a breathing bag made of rubber cloth, without a scavenger system and flowmeter, and with no addition of oxygen/air. Today these simple and somewhat unreliable inhalers have been replaced by the more modern relative analgesia machine, which is an automated machine designed to deliver a precisely dosed and breath-actuated flow of nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen, for the patient to inhale safely. The machine used in dentistry is designed as a simplified version of the larger anaesthetic machine used by hospitals, as it doesn't feature the additional anaesthetic vaporiser and medical ventilator. The purpose of the machine allows for a simpler design, as it only delivers a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen for the patient to inhale, in order to depress the feeling of pain while keeping the patient in a conscious state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.275426864624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Relative analgesia machines typically feature a constant-supply flowmeter, which allow the proportion of nitrous oxide and the combined gas flow rate to be individually adjusted. The gas is administered by dentists through a demand-valve inhaler over the nose, which will only release gas when the patient inhales through the nose. Because nitrous oxide is minimally metabolised in humans (with a rate of 0.004%), it retains its potency when exhaled into the room by the patient, and can pose an intoxicating and prolonged exposure hazard to the clinic staff if the room is poorly ventilated. Where nitrous oxide is administered, a continuous-flow fresh-air ventilation system or nitrous scavenger system is used to prevent a waste-gas buildup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30735969543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Hospitals administer nitrous oxide as one of the anaesthetic drugs delivered by anaesthetic machines. Nitrous oxide is a weak general anaesthetic, and so is generally not used alone in general anaesthesia. In general anaesthesia it is used as a carrier gas in a 2:1 ratio with oxygen for more powerful general anaesthetic drugs such as sevoflurane or desflurane. It has a minimum alveolar concentration of 105% and a blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.46.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99272632598877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The medical grade gas tanks, with the tradename Entonox and Nitronox contain a mixture with 50%, but this will normally be diluted to a lower percentage upon the operational delivery to the patient. Inhalation of nitrous oxide is frequently used to relieve pain associated with childbirth, trauma, oral surgery, and acute coronary syndrome (includes heart attacks). Its use during labour has been shown to be a safe and effective aid for women wanting to give birth without an epidural. Its use for acute coronary syndrome is of unknown benefit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.603955268859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide has been shown to be effective in treating a number of addictions, including alcohol withdrawal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459595680236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is also gaining interest as a substitute gas for carbon dioxide in laparoscopic surgery. It has been found to be as safe as carbon dioxide with better pain relief. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326254844665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide can cause analgesia, depersonalisation, derealisation, dizziness, euphoria, and some sound distortion. Research has also found that it increases suggestibility and imagination. Inhalation of nitrous oxide for recreational use, with the purpose of causing euphoria and/or slight hallucinations, began as a phenomenon for the British upper class in 1799, known as \"laughing gas parties\". Until at least 1863, a low availability of equipment to produce the gas, combined with a low usage of the gas for medical purposes, meant it was a relatively rare phenomenon that mainly happened among students at medical universities. When equipment became more widely available for dentistry and hospitals, most countries also restricted the legal access to buy pure nitrous oxide gas cylinders to those sectors. Despite only medical staff and dentists today being legally allowed to buy the pure gas, a Consumers Union report from 1972 found that the use of the gas for recreational purpose was [then] still taking place, based upon reports of its use in Maryland 1971, Vancouver 1972, and a survey made by Dr. Edward J. Lynn of its non-medical use in Michigan 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8184975981712341, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In Australia, nitrous oxide bulbs are known as nangs, possibly derived from the sound distortion perceived by consumers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13074016571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, nitrous oxide is used by almost half a million young people at nightspots, festivals and parties. In August 2015, the London Borough of Lambeth Council banned the use of the drug for recreational purposes, making offenders liable to an on-the-spot fine of up to £1,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256625175476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Like other NMDA antagonists, was suggested to produce neurotoxicity in the form of Olney's lesions in rodents upon prolonged (several hour) exposure. However, new research has arisen suggesting that Olney's lesions do not occur in humans, and similar drugs like ketamine are now believed not to be acutely neurotoxic. It has been argued that, because has a very short duration under normal circumstances, it is less likely to be neurotoxic than other NMDA antagonists. Indeed, in rodents, short-term exposure results in only mild injury that is rapidly reversible, and permanent neuronal death only occurs after constant and sustained exposure. Nitrous oxide may also cause neurotoxicity after extended exposure because of hypoxia. This is especially true of non-medical formulations such as whipped-cream chargers (also known as \"whippets\" or \"nangs\"), which are not necessarily mixed with oxygen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024064064025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Additionally, nitrous oxide depletes vitamin B12 levels. This can cause serious neurotoxicity with even acute use if the user has preexisting vitamin B12 deficiency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492453575134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is also neuroprotective, inhibiting glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284072875976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The major safety hazards of nitrous oxide come from the fact that it is a compressed liquefied gas, an asphyxiation risk, and a dissociative anaesthetic. Exposure to nitrous oxide causes short-term decreases in mental performance, audiovisual ability, and manual dexterity. Abusing nitrous oxide can lead to oxygen deprivation resulting in loss of blood pressure, fainting and even heart attacks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.022825241088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Long-term exposure can cause vitamin B deficiency, numbness, reproductive side effects (in pregnant females), and other problems (see Biological). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that workers' exposure to nitrous oxide should be controlled during the administration of anaesthetic gas in medical, dental, and veterinary operators. People can be exposed to nitrous oxide in the workplace by breathing it in or getting the liquid on their skin or in their eyes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 25 ppm (46 mg/m3) exposure to waste anaesthetic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568629264831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "At room temperature (20 °C (68 °F)) the saturated vapour pressure is 58.5 bar, rising up to 72.45 bar at —the critical temperature. The pressure curve is thus unusually sensitive to temperature. Liquid nitrous oxide acts as a good solvent for many organic compounds; liquid mixtures may form shock sensitive explosives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228031158447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "As with many strong oxidisers, contamination of parts with fuels have been implicated in rocketry accidents, where small quantities of nitrous/fuel mixtures explode due to \"water hammer\"-like effects (sometimes called \"dieseling\"—heating due to adiabatic compression of gases can reach decomposition temperatures). Some common building materials such as stainless steel and aluminium can act as fuels with strong oxidisers such as nitrous oxide, as can contaminants, which can ignite due to adiabatic compression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56284236907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "There have also been accidents where nitrous oxide decomposition in plumbing has led to the explosion of large tanks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38955020904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide inactivates the cobalamin form of vitamin B12 by oxidation. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, including sensory neuropathy, myelopathy, and encephalopathy, can occur within days or weeks of exposure to nitrous oxide anaesthesia in people with subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency. Symptoms are treated with high doses of vitamin B12, but recovery can be slow and incomplete. People with normal vitamin B12 levels have stores to make the effects of nitrous oxide insignificant, unless exposure is repeated and prolonged (nitrous oxide abuse). Vitamin B12 levels should be checked in people with risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency prior to using nitrous oxide anaesthesia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244441986083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "and several experimental animal studies indicate that adverse reproductive effects for pregnant females may also result from chronic exposure to nitrous oxide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479000091552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide reductase is an important enzyme which limits the emission of the gas to the atmosphere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098977088928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The United States of America signed and ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ([http://unfccc.int/2860.php UNFCCC]) in 1992, agreeing to inventory and assess the various sources of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. The agreement requires parties to \"develop, periodically update, publish and make available... national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies...\". In response to this agreement, the U.S. is obligated to inventory anthropogenic emissions by sources and sinks, of which agriculture is a key contributor. In 2008, agriculture contributed 6.1% of the total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and cropland contributed nearly 69% of total direct nitrous oxide () emissions. Additionally, estimated emissions from agricultural soils were 6% higher in 2008 than 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640615463256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "According to 2006 data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, industrial sources make up only about 20% of all anthropogenic sources, and include the production of nylon, and the burning of fossil fuel in internal combustion engines. Human activity is thought to account for 30%; tropical soils and oceanic release account for 70%. However, a 2008 study by Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen suggests that the amount of nitrous oxide release attributable to agricultural nitrate fertilizers has been seriously underestimated, most of which would presumably come under soil and oceanic release in the Environmental Protection Agency data. Atmospheric levels have risen by more than 15% since 1750. Nitrous oxide also causes ozone depletion. A new study suggests that NO emission currently is the single most important ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emission and is expected to remain the largest throughout the 21st century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887642860412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is most commonly prepared by careful heating of ammonium nitrate, which decomposes into nitrous oxide and water vapour. The addition of various phosphates favours formation of a purer gas at slightly lower temperatures. One of the earliest commercial producers was George Poe in Trenton, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231290817260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "Hyponitrous acid decomposes to N2O and water with a half-life of 16 days at 25 °C at pH 1–3.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368775367736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "H2N2O2→ H2O + N2O", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431065559387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Of the entire anthropogenic emission (5.7 teragrams -N per year), agricultural soils provide 3.5 teragrams –N per year. Nitrous oxide is produced naturally in the soil during the microbial processes of nitrification, denitrification, nitrifier denitrification and others:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284540176391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is a colourless, non-toxic gas with a faint, sweet odour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465459823608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide supports combustion by releasing the dipolar bonded oxygen radical, thus it can relight a glowing splint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91225528717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": " is inert at room temperature and has few reactions. At elevated temperatures, its reactivity increases. For example, nitrous oxide reacts with at 460 K to give :", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231815338134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is emitted by bacteria in soils and oceans, and is thus a part of Earth's atmosphere. Agriculture is the main source of human-produced nitrous oxide: cultivating soil, the use of nitrogen fertilisers, and animal waste handling can all stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to produce more nitrous oxide. The livestock sector (primarily cows, chickens, and pigs) produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide. Industrial sources make up only about 20% of all anthropogenic sources, and include the production of nylon, and the burning of fossil fuel in internal combustion engines. Human activity is thought to account for 40%; tropical soils and oceanic release account for the rest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820771217346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide reacts with ozone in the stratosphere. Nitrous oxide is the main naturally occurring regulator of stratospheric ozone. Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas. Considered over a 100-year period, it has 298 times more impact per unit weight than carbon dioxide. Thus, despite its low concentration, nitrous oxide is the fourth largest contributor to these greenhouse gases. It ranks behind water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane. Control of nitrous oxide is part of efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.737911224365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Phlogisticated nitrous air", "passage": "The gas was first synthesised by English natural philosopher and chemist Joseph Priestley in 1772, who called it phlogisticated nitrous air (see phlogiston). Priestley published his discovery in the book Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1775), where he described how to produce the preparation of \"nitrous air diminished\", by heating iron filings dampened with nitric acid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.076847076416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The first important use of nitrous oxide was made possible by Thomas Beddoes and James Watt, who worked together to publish the book Considerations on the Medical Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs (1794). This book was important for two reasons. First, James Watt had invented a novel machine to produce \"Factitious Airs\" (i.e. nitrous oxide) and a novel \"breathing apparatus\" to inhale the gas. Second, the book also presented the new medical theories by Thomas Beddoes, that tuberculosis and other lung diseases could be treated by inhalation of \"Factitious Airs\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781518936157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The machine to produce \"Factitious Airs\" had three parts: A furnace to burn the needed material, a vessel with water where the produced gas passed through in a spiral pipe (for impurities to be \"washed off\"), and finally the gas cylinder with a gasometer where the gas produced, \"air\", could be tapped into portable air bags (made of airtight oily silk). The breathing apparatus consisted of one of the portable air bags connected with a tube to a mouthpiece. With this new equipment being engineered and produced by 1794, the way was paved for clinical trials, which began when Thomas Beddoes in 1798 established the \"Pneumatic Institution for Relieving Diseases by Medical Airs\" in Hotwells (Bristol). In the basement of the building, a large-scale machine was producing the gases under the supervision of a young Humphry Davy, who was encouraged to experiment with new gases for patients to inhale. The first important work of Davy was examination of the nitrous oxide, and the publication of his results in the book: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1800). In that publication, Davy notes the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide at page 465 and its potential to be used for surgical operations at page 556. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.883852005004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Despite Davy's discovery that inhalation of nitrous oxide could relieve a conscious person from pain, another 44 years elapsed before doctors attempted to use it for anaesthesia. The use of nitrous oxide as a recreational drug at \"laughing gas parties\", primarily arranged for the British upper class, became an immediate success beginning in 1799. While the effects of the gas generally make the user appear stuporous, dreamy and sedated, some people also \"get the giggles\" in a state of euphoria, and frequently erupt in laughter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8253345489501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The first time nitrous oxide was used as an anaesthetic drug in the treatment of a patient was when dentist Horace Wells, with assistance by Gardner Quincy Colton and John Mankey Riggs, demonstrated insensitivity to pain from a dental extraction on 11 December 1844. In the following weeks, Wells treated the first 12–15 patients with nitrous oxide in Hartford, and according to his own record only failed in two cases. In spite of these convincing results being reported by Wells to the medical society in Boston already in December 1844, this new method was not immediately adopted by other dentists. The reason for this was most likely that Wells, in January 1845 at his first public demonstration to the medical faculty in Boston, had been partly unsuccessful, leaving his colleagues doubtful regarding its efficacy and safety. The method did not come into general use until 1863, when Gardner Quincy Colton successfully started to use it in all his \"Colton Dental Association\" clinics, that he had just established in New Haven and New York City. Over the following three years, Colton and his associates successfully administered nitrous oxide to more than 25,000 patients. Today, nitrous oxide is used in dentistry as an anxiolytic, as an adjunct to local anaesthetic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114465713500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "However, nitrous oxide was not found to be a strong enough anaesthetic for use in major surgery in hospital settings. Being a stronger and more potent anaesthetic, sulfuric ether was instead demonstrated and accepted for use in October 1846, along with chloroform in 1847. When Joseph Thomas Clover invented the \"gas-ether inhaler\" in 1876, it however became a common practice at hospitals to initiate all anaesthetic treatments with a mild flow of nitrous oxide, and then gradually increase the anaesthesia with the stronger ether/chloroform. Clover's gas-ether inhaler was designed to supply the patient with nitrous oxide and ether at the same time, with the exact mixture being controlled by the operator of the device. It remained in use by many hospitals until the 1930s. Although hospitals today are using a more advanced anaesthetic machine, these machines still use the same principle launched with Clover's gas-ether inhaler, to initiate the anaesthesia with nitrous oxide, before the administration of a more powerful anaesthetic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.70395565032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Colton's popularization of nitrous oxide led to its adoption by a number of less than reputable quacksalvers, who touted it as a cure for consumption, scrofula, catarrh, and other diseases of the blood, throat, and lungs. Nitrous oxide treatment was administered and licensed as a patent medicine by the likes of C. L. Blood and Jerome Harris in Boston and Charles E. Barney of Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245925903320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its \"misbranding\" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270692825317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without special license. For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471283912658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In New Zealand, the Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offence under the Medicines Act. This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of the chemical, though it is implied that only recreational use will be legally targeted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34216022491455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In India, for general anaesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) permit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. This law benefits remote hospitals, which would otherwise suffer as a result of India's geographic immensity. Nitrous Oxide IP is transferred from bulk cylinders ( capacity gas) to smaller pin-indexed valve cylinders ( of gas), which are then connected to the yoke assembly of Boyle's machines. Because India's Food & Drug Authority (FDA-India) rules state that transferring a drug from one container to another (refilling) is equivalent to manufacturing, anyone found doing so must possess a drug manufacturing license.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923117637634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nitrous oxide" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Introduction to inorganic chemistry: What is laughing gas?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3461110591888428, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "What is the structure of nitrous oxide?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380521774291992, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "Linear structure of N2O. Click on the picture for a 3D Chime model.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465486526489258, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "A third structure involving a triple bond between the nitrogen and oxygen is unlikely because that would result in high formal charges. These resonance structures can be used to explain experimental bond lengths. The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is 1.126 Angstroms long which is slightly longer than the triple bond length in N2 (1.098 Angstroms). The nitrogen-oxygen bond is 1.186 Angstroms long. This is longer than the typical N=O bond (about 1.14 Angstroms), which agrees with the prediction of partial single-bond character for the NO bond in N2O.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989510536193848, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The low polarity of the gas makes it both fat and water soluble. This allows it to travel through the bloodstream and into the fatty membranes of nerve cells where it produces its characteristic effects. Nitrous oxide's fat solubility and low toxicity make it an ideal propellant for whipped cream. It dissolves easily in cream under pressure and bubbles out of solution when the pressure is released, creating a fine creamy foam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111186027526855, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How was nitrous oxide discovered?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49609088897705, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Joseph Priestley (the discover of oxygen, soda pop , and carbon dioxide) described the preparation of \"nitrous air diminished\" in his classic 1772 paper Observations on Different Kinds of Air. The gas he collected over mercury supported combustion, but did not itself burn. He described the bizarre enlarged double-cone of a candle flame in nitrous oxide with great excitement: \"I have now discovered an air five or six times as good as common air... nothing I ever did has surprised me more, or is more satisfactory.\" But Priestley seems to have overlooked the powerful psychoactive effects of breathing nitrous oxide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819957733154297, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Why is nitrous oxide used in rocket fuels and racing cars?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378615379333496, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide supports combustion better than air does. The N2O molecule dissociates at temperatures well below what is required for combustion, delivering an atom of oxygen and freeing molecular nitrogen:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70456600189209, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "N2O(g)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16976547241211, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "If there is a large excess of nitrous oxide in the engine, the fuel will detonate. At the extremely high temperature produced by the explosion, oxygen atoms freed by decomposing N2O will attack the engine metal, severely damaging it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947614669799805, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How is nitrous oxide prepared?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453938484191895, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "2 H2O(g) + N2O(g)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27391242980957, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The preparation is dangerous because of N2O's tendency to explosively decompose into nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. (The World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombings involved detonation of nitrous oxide produced by rapid high temperature decomposition.) N2O manufactured this way should NOT be inhaled, because it is contaminated with NO2 (a corrosive, irritating gas that can cause permanent lung and genetic damage!)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.436922073364258, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Is breathing nitrous oxide dangerous?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396401405334473, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "While anaesthetists mix nitrous oxide with oxygen, recreational users sometimes do not. Breathing gas rushing from a cylinder can quickly flush all air out of the lungs and cause suffocation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785815238952637, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Another hazard of nitrous oxide stems from the fact that it is NOT an ideal gas. N2O molecules attract each other. The attractions require energy to break, so the expansion absorbs heat and the temperature of the gas plummets. A rapid expansion of nitrous oxide can cool it enough to cause frostbite. People doing whippets have actually frozen their lips, tongues, or vocal cords- and under the anaesthetic influence of nitrous oxide, the damage is done before any pain is felt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.533367156982422, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide has also been linked to birth defects, nerve damage, and permanent organ damage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405036926269531, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Engravings showing the apparatus Priestley used to isolate nitrous oxide can be found in Partington's book, along with much interesting biographical information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425959587097168, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Preparation of nitrous oxide by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364766120910645, "source": "search", "title": "What is laughing gas? - Frostburg State University" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "On one occasion a company of young men went to Dr. Long's office and asked him to make them a supply of \"laughing gas.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6510965824127197, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The oxide of nitrogen so formed is called nitrous oxide or laughing gas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8299479484558105, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas | Define Laughing gas at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.041665077209473, "source": "search", "title": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous Oxide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374764442443848, "source": "search", "title": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective sedative agent that is mixed with oxygen and inhaled through a small mask that fits over your nose to help you relax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143941879272461, "source": "search", "title": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide, sometimes called “laughing gas,” is one option your dentist may offer to help make you more comfortable during certain procedures. It is not intended to put you to sleep. You will be able to hear and respond to any requests or directions the dentist may have. Your dentist will ask you to breathe normally through your nose, and within a few short minutes you should start to feel the effects of the nitrous oxide. You may feel light-headed or a tingling in your arms and legs. Some people say their arms and legs feel heavy. Ultimately, you should feel calm and comfortable. The effects of nitrous oxide wear off soon after the mask is removed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9362235069274902, "source": "search", "title": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Talk to your dentist about whether nitrous oxide would be a good option for you.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515029907226562, "source": "search", "title": "Dental Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas - American Dental ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is simply a gas which you can breathe in. It has no color, smell, and doesn’t irritate. It was discovered in 1772. Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), one of the pioneers of N2O experimentation, described the effects of N2O on himself following self-administration for a toothache and gum infection as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.930925369262695, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "“On the day when the inflammation was the most troublesome, I breathed three large doses of nitrous oxide. The pain always diminished after the first four or five inspirations; the thrilling came on as usual, and uneasiness was for a few minutes swallowed up in pleasure.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312152862548828, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How does nitrous oxide work?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521622657775879, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Today, we know that nitrous oxide (N2O) on its own can only safely be used for short periods of time (because the lack of oxygen in pure N2O can lead to unconsciousness and even death) – but that it’s safe to use for longer periods of time if you mix it with oxygen (O2). Hence, the “laughing gas” used now is called N2O-O2, and contains at least 30% oxygen (that’s all the machines used nowadays will permit). Usually, the mix is about 70% oxygen to 30% nitrous oxide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8461415767669678, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In medicine, sometimes a mix of 50% oxygen to 50% nitrous oxide is used. This is known as entonox or, more commonly, “gas and air”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.337632179260254, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Depending on the concentration and length of administration of laughing gas, four levels of sedation can be experienced (after an initial feeling of light-headedness):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.509077548980713, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "If you experience any unpleasant symptoms, let your dentist know so that they can adjust the percentage of N2O. Alternatively, just take the mask off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371514320373535, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "During relative analgesia, you should stay within the first three stages. The “dream” stage means that the N2O concentration is too high, or that the gas has been administered for too long. This stage can be associated with side effects such as nausea and other potentially unpleasant sensations, including flashbacks. N2O concentration should always be gradually increased (“titrated”) at each visit, because people’s tolerance can vary from day to day. If you’ve had bad experiences with laughing gas in the past, it is highly likely that these were due to improper administration and too high a concentration of N2O.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1616668701171875, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "Interestingly, the actual mechanism of action of N2O is still unknown (it appears that there are quite a few different mechanisms at work)! However, it’s been observed that N2O depresses almost all forms of sensation – especially hearing, touch and pain, and that it seems to disinhibit some emotional centers in the brain. The ability to concentrate or perform intelligent acts is only minimally affected, as is memory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192876815795898, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How is nitrous oxide administered?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457386016845703, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Happy gas", "passage": "The equipment used for delivering “happy gas” is quite simple. It consists of a supply of compressed gases and an apparatus which delivers the gases to the client. By turning some knobs and flipping on/off switches, the administrator can produce the desired mix of N2O-O2 in the desired quantities. Flowmeters and pressure gauges allow the administrator to keep an eye on the flow of gases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.445419311523438, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "The desired N2O-O2 mix is fed through a tube to which a nasal hood or cannula is attached. This hood is put over your nose. All you have to do now is breathe normally through your nose – bingo!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231477737426758, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "In modern machines there is a sort of double mask (see photo) where the outside mask is connected to a vacuum machine to suck away the waste gas – you wouldn’t want your dentist to get a face full of N2O… The white inside mask, which is placed over your nose, comes in lots of yummy scents – such as vanilla, strawberry, and mint! The one pictured to the left is scented with vanilla (that’s the one I’d go for), but Gordon likes the minty one best…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92154312133789, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "What are the advantages of nitrous oxide?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47309684753418, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide works very rapidly – it reaches the brain within 20 seconds, and relaxation and pain-killing properties develop after 2 or 3 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393057823181152, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "The depth of sedation can be altered from moment to moment, allowing the person who administers the gas to increase or decrease the depth of sedation. Other sedation techniques don’t allow for this. For example, with IV sedation, it’s easy to deepen the level of sedation, but difficult to lessen it. Whereas with laughing gas, the effects are almost instant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7174111604690552, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "With nitrous oxide, it’s easy to give incremental doses until the desired action is obtained (this is called “titration”). So the administrator has virtually absolute control over the action of the drug, preventing the possibility of accidental overdoses. While giving incremental doses is possible with IV sedation, it’s not possible with oral sedation (as a result, oral sedation can be a bit of a hit-and-miss affair).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173094749450684, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "For certain procedures – those involving gums rather than teeth (e. g. deep cleaning) – it may be possible to use nitrous instead of local anaesthesia. N2O acts as a painkiller on soft tissues such as gums. However, its pain-relieving effects vary a lot from person to person and can’t be relied upon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282761573791504, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "No injection is required. In cases of very severe needle phobia, getting laughing gas first can help you feel relaxed enough to allow the needle required for IV sedation to be inserted in your arm or hand. The very deep state of sedation achievable through IV sedation will then allow you to accept local anaesthetic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2781766355037689, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Some people are not comfortable with the effects of laughing gas (either because they’re afraid they might lose control or because it makes them feel nauseous – this is quite rare, though, and usually due to oversedation). If you’re prone to nausea, it’s a good idea to have a meal (not a huge one) about 4 hours before your appointment. If that’s not possible (e. g. an early morning appointment), make sure your stomach isn’t completely empty – but don’t stuff yourself straight beforehand either. According to Gordon, who’s a bit of an expert in the field, the normal working concentration of gases is about 70% oxygen to 30% nitrous oxide: “It’s rare to go beyond that because that’s what brings on the nausea, more than 45% N2O and you’re going to have the patient puke on you :grin:”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.128483772277832, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Depending on where you live, a dentist who offers nitrous oxide may be hard to come by.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435832977294922, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "What about bad experiences with laughing gas?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.019620418548584, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "On rare occasions, people have reported a bad experience with nitrous oxide. Usually this is due to oversedation – getting too much N2O in the mix. This is easily reversible by reducing the amount of N2O. For example, a few people have reported auditory and “physical” hallucinations, dizziness, or vertigo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258941650390625, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "Don’t panic if you should experience this. While these symptoms are usually due to the N2O concentration being too high for you, the machines used nowadays have built-in safety features preventing an accidental overdose. Nonetheless, these sensations can be unpleasant – let your dentist know asap about any unpleasant sensations or symptoms so that they can adjust the percentage of N2O. Laughing, becoming giddy, crying, or uncoordinated movements are other signs that the NO2 concentration is too high, but these will easily be spotted by your dentist. Alternatively, just rip the mask off your nose! Don’t confuse “dizziness” with the normal feeling of lightheadedness which many people who’ve never had N2O before experience after maybe 60 or 90 seconds. The feeling of lightheadedness will pass as the concentration of N2O is increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.471338272094727, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Some experts in this field (e. g. Stanley Malamed) argue that nitrous oxide should always be “titrated”. This means gradually increasing the percentage of nitrous oxide in the N2O – O2 mix until a comfortable level is reached. The reason why titration should ideally be used every single time is because of potential adverse effects in the event of oversedation (including flashbacks of traumatic past events, as well as physical ill-effects).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231380462646484, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "The problem with this approach is that tolerance can vary from visit to visit, depending on both psychological and physiological factors. What is experienced as pleasant varies from person to person and from day to day. And once a person has been oversedated, they may come to dislike nitrous oxide so much that they don’t want to try it again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327546119689941, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "N2O", "passage": "You can’t be allergic to N2O. It’s also safe to use if you suffer from epilepsy, liver disease, heart disease, diabetes, or cerebrovascular disease. It is also used quite successfully in many people with respiratory disease – but it depends on the exact nature of the disease, so check with your dentist!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299107551574707, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing gas: Nitrous oxide , a gas that can cause general anesthesia . Nitrous oxide is sometimes given in the company of other anesthetic agents but it is never used today as the only anesthetic agent because the concentration of nitrous oxide needed to produce anesthesia is close to the concentration that seriously lowers the blood oxygen level and creates a hazardous state of hypoxia .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3322513103485107, "source": "search", "title": "Definition of Laughing gas - MedicineNet" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide figured in the history of anesthesiology . In 1840 a dentist named Horace Wells had the idea that, with the recently discovered \"exhilarating or laughing gas\", teeth might be extracted without pain. Under its influence he had one of his own teeth pulled in 1844 and afterwards frequently used nitrous oxide in his practice. At the Massachusetts General Hospital, Wells gave a demonstration with a patient. Things did not go too well. The patient suffered great pain. Wells became depressed, addicted (to chloroform , another anesthetic agent) and in 1848 committed suicide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7141618728637695, "source": "search", "title": "Definition of Laughing gas - MedicineNet" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous oxide - often inhaled from party balloons - has potentially fatal side-effects Photo: Christopher Pledger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436100006103516, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Canisters providing several doses can be bought for as little as £2. Also known as “hippy crack” and “sweet air”, nitrous oxide can lead to strokes, seizures and even death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308914184570312, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Last August Joe Benett, a 17 year-old public schoolboy, suffered a heart attack and brain damage after taking what he thought was laughing gas while at a party with friends. Joe, from Golders Green, north London, died after being in a coma for a month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.07291316986084, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "There have been documented deaths involving recreational use of nitrous oxide in other countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49332332611084, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "A Home Office spokesman said: \"Nitrous oxide is a legal substance which has a number of legitimate medical and industrial uses but any suggestion of abuse, particularly by young people, is of concern.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286733627319336, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "“Home Office minister Jeremy Browne wrote to summer festival organisers earlier this year highlighting the government’s concerns about the availability of nitrous oxide and asking that they take steps to prevent its sale at events.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442203521728516, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing gas is the party drug of choice for young people ..." }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.82759428024292, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.82759428024292, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.82759428024292, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Laughing gas or nitrous oxide is used in the dentist's office to reduce patient anxiety and relieve pain. It's also a common recreational drug. Have you ever wondered how laughing gas works? Here's a look at how laughing gas reacts in the body and whether it's safe or not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4796950817108154, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "In general, nitrous oxide moderates several ligand -gated ion channels. Specifically, the mechanisms for the effects are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314769744873047, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Laughing gas", "passage": "Studies indicate the anti-anxiety effect from inhalation of laughing gas derives from increased activity of GABAA receptors. The GABAA receptor acts as the central nervous system's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7295267581939697, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Is Nitrous Oxide Safe?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404363632202148, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "When you get laughing gas at the dentist's or doctor's office, it's very safe. A mask is used to first administer pure oxygen and then a mixture of oxygen and laughing gas. The effects on vision, hearing, manual dexterity, and mental performance are temporary. Nitrous oxide has both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, but limited exposure to the chemical tends not to cause a permanent effect, one way or the other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6759867668151855, "source": "search", "title": "How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Nitrous oxide", "passage": "Nitrous Oxide is reported as an ingredient of Laughing Gas in the following countries:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4329118728637695, "source": "search", "title": "Laughing Gas - Drugs.com" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "60 distance", "60 feet", "sixty distance" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "60 distance", "60 feet", "sixty distance" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "60 feet", "type": "Numerical", "value": "60 feet" }

[ { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "The distance between the bases is 60 feet and the distance from the pitcher's mound to home plate is 46 feet. Outfield fences must be at least 165 feet from home plate, but are usually 200 feet or more (the fields at the Williamsport complex have fences 225 feet away). The bases and pitching rubber are also slightly smaller than in standard baseball. Also, unlike fields at almost all levels of competitive baseball for teenagers and adults, the distance between home plate and the outfield fence is constant throughout fair territory.", "precise_score": 6.149865627288818, "rough_score": 5.475851535797119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Little League Baseball" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Generally, the distance between base paths on fields for 12-year-olds and below in baseball and in all divisions of softball is 60 feet. A local Little League board of directors may opt to use a 50-foot diamond in the Tee Ball divisions. The distance in all divisions of baseball for 13-year-olds, is up to 90 feet, with a local league option to shorten the distance to 75 feet for Junior League Baseball and 70 feet for Intermediate (50/70) Baseball Division for regular season play.", "precise_score": 8.997400283813477, "rough_score": 8.51988410949707, "source": "search", "title": "Field Specifications - Little League Baseball and Softball" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "These three bases are square white bags that are secured to the ground. They are safe havens for offensive players trying to make the difficult journey from home and back to home. The distance between bases is 60 feet in most softball leagues and for Little League baseball. By the time players reach high school, they find the same field dimensions as Major Leaguers: 90 feet between bases.", "precise_score": 9.441865921020508, "rough_score": 7.7571611404418945, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions for Little League, Softball ..." }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "It's on top of a mound of dirt almost in the middle of the diamond, i.e., the area outlined by the four bases. The pitcher has to have one foot touching the rubber when he delivers the ball to his opponent, the batter . In Little League baseball, the distance from the rubber to home plate is 46 feet. For high school, college, youth and professional leagues, the dimension is 60 feet, 6 inches. In softball, it ranges from 35 to 53 feet, depending on the league.", "precise_score": 6.628125190734863, "rough_score": 6.031208038330078, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions for Little League, Softball ..." }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "That's about 14 feet, 6 inches shorter than standard baseball pitching distance on a regulation field; standard pitching distance is 60 feet, 6 inches.", "precise_score": 2.3095855712890625, "rough_score": 5.0510993003845215, "source": "search", "title": "What Is The Official Little League Baseball Pitching Distance?" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures 6 inches (15 cm) front-to-back and 2 feet (61 cm) across, the front of which is exactly 60 feet, 6 inches (18.4 m) from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details in History section).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.962571144104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baseball field" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18.0 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (45.7 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches, but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (50.8 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5719587802886963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baseball field" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "The pitching distance for divisions of baseball for the Major Division and below is 46 feet. Pitching distance for divisions of baseball for Junior and Senior League Divisions is 60 feet, 6 inches, with a local league option to shorten the distance to 54 feet for Junior League Baseball and 50 feet for Intermediate (50/70) Baseball Division for regular season play. The pitching distance for the different divisions of softball are as follows: Minor League: 35 feet; Little League (Majors): 40 feet; Junior and Senior League: 43 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.943647384643555, "source": "search", "title": "Field Specifications - Little League Baseball and Softball" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Babe Ruth league pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.078643321990967, "source": "search", "title": "What Is The Official Little League Baseball Pitching Distance?" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "High school pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.842328071594238, "source": "search", "title": "What Is The Official Little League Baseball Pitching Distance?" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "College pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.979758262634277, "source": "search", "title": "What Is The Official Little League Baseball Pitching Distance?" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Professional pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.43381404876709, "source": "search", "title": "What Is The Official Little League Baseball Pitching Distance?" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "• First of all, a pitcher’s mound, which is a 24 -by-6 inch pitching rubber, lies at the center of every baseball diamond. This mound, which has a diameter of 18 feet, must be 10-and-a-half inches above the height of home plate. Home plate is 60 feet, 6 inches away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.867090225219727, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions - H&K Sports Fields" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "2. Placement of home plate determines layout of the field. Be sure to plan for some type of backstop to contain stray pitches and to protect fans from tipped balls. If it is truly a backyard field and fans behind the batters box are not likely, planting shrubs about 60 feet (minimum required for high school and college fields) behind home plate may prevent errant balls from rolling too far away from the field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896448135375977, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Layout and Construction - Baseball Almanac" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "5. With the tape measure still in place, it is easiest to go ahead and mark the location of the pitching rubber at this time. The placement can be marked by measuring from the back tip of home plate along a string stretched to second base. The pitching rubber should be at 60 feet 6 inches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671441078186035, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Layout and Construction - Baseball Almanac" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Find your pitcher’s mound. After you’ve marked second base, keep your tape measure fully extended. Slowly retract your tape measure until you’re 60 feet and 6 inches away from home plate. Stake the ground here to mark where the front of your pitcher’s rubber will be. [5]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855196952819824, "source": "search", "title": "3 Ways to Set up a Baseball Diamond - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Locate first and third base. To find each base, use two tape measures. Begin one measurement from the back tip of home plate. Start the other from the center of second base. Extend each tape measure in the direction of either first or third base until they both read 60 feet. Stake the ground where the two tape measures meet. [14]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839691162109375, "source": "search", "title": "3 Ways to Set up a Baseball Diamond - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Erect a backstop. Protect spectators behind the batter’s area from missed pitches and stray balls. Install a backstop 60 feet behind home plate for adult players; for Little League, install it 25 feet behind home plate. [25] Failing that, plant hedges instead to catch stray balls. [26]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.204888343811035, "source": "search", "title": "3 Ways to Set up a Baseball Diamond - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 60 feet, 6 inches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7583327293396, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Distance from home plate to the backstop: 60 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.186089515686035, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Distance between the bases: 60 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.799386501312256, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 60 feet, 6 inches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7583327293396, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com" }, { "answer": "60 feet", "passage": "Distance between the bases: 60 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.799386501312256, "source": "search", "title": "Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com" } ]