A Clear and Compendious TORY A- O r T H E Gods and Goddeffes^ ✓A NJ? E4 1C ONTEM WHETHER >* FA'^N^k-S,' PfiJS'Sft CIANS W I f Hf THEIR A* V- Altaxs, DraclES j Sacrifices, and -Temples.. * * Taken Frbitt the Fathers of the Church,, and the Greek and 'Latin Poets and Hiftorians, ancient and modeirh; • For the Ufe of.SCHOOLS. V, By, DApiD WATSON, A. M. Of St. Leonard’s College , St. Andrew s. Fruftra fit per plura , quod, pot eft fieri per pandora. It is Foolifhnefe to multiply Gods, when there is but one $ and that Goctati-fufficient, omnifcient, and omnipotent. O N D O N: Printed for the Author; and Sold by John Ward, at his China-fhop, the -Golden Tea-Kettle, and Four Coffins, near Surrey ftreet, in the Strand; and by all the Bookfeilers in Town and Country. 1752. ti / . 9 * * . * 1 * ' 3 Have permed the Boole ihtituled si compendious Hijlory of the Gods and GoddeJfes 3 taken from. Jhe Fathers of the Church , - and the Greek and Latin Poets , by Da vidWats on, M. A. of St. Leonard's College, St. Andrew s, Scotland 5 and I think it, as far as I am capable of judg¬ ing, well executed, and proper to be introduced to theUfe of Schools- Jpril 13 , J752. William Reyner • ^ Subdean of St. Paid's* < 9 > n r-x r-. — - ratio bum, Ttl ay “ j J - 1 *- r . - I i syi 0 v 1 IM'lih’X f! • ’ ’ : I To the Right Honourable ord Shelford $ arl of CHESTERFIELD * 3 > One of His Majefty’s Moft Honourable PRIVY COUNCIL. •* < Mv Lord, ' . . . * • - '■ ’ 3 E W Families in Great Britain can, ' ^ ♦ .M i for four hundred Years part:, produce • fuel! a Number of Worthies, ds your Lordfliip’s. Philip Earl of. Gkcjlcrjlcldy your - Lord- fhip's Grandfather, endeavoured all he could, by gentle Means, to heal the Breaches between King Charles L and his People, and prevent the Irruption of a Civil War : And when that could not be done, his Houfc at Shelford was a Garrifon for die King, under the Government of his Son Phitipfxr ho loft his Life in Defence there¬ of, on the 27th of October 1645, when the Rebels took it by Storm : which afterwards they burned to the Ground. The Earl himlelf, with one of his Sons, three hundred Gentlemen and Dependant;;, lei zed on the City of LiicbjL'U for tl ie Kino,: >. our Lord "hip’s Grand-ather died during lie Uluipwioii on the ir.th of Scpl. j\ ; £ I Vi i ♦ 1 V. D E DIG A TIOM . ■r- / 1 My, Lord, * * ^ .. r t w r jiL s « 4 i •» rV - As it is the Iritereft and Advantage of Writing to tranfmit Virtue to. Poffcerity^ fo is it the Policy of the Pen to make & Party for its Productions; by engaging in: their Caufe, fome worthy Perfon univer- fally honoured and beloved; whofe ad¬ mired Character may add Value to the Work, and take off all Imputation of Flattery from the Author. Your Lordlhip’s : particular Attachment, to-Learning and Letters, and the promoting of any Thing that may conduce to dje In- flruCtion of Youth, in theprefent and fuc-: ceeding Generations, encourages me tofeek 1 the Honour of your Lor dihip’s Patrociny;- to this Hi ftory of the Gods, &c. hoping that* your Lordfhip will accept of the Author’s Sincerity, and regard that more (on which he lays more Strefs) than the Merit of hi^- Work, being, with the utmofh RefpeCt, * t ) My Lord, .> I four Lordfhip's mojl obliged\ iind moft 'obedient Se1rvdnf a i > * f ^ # * I » » t>. WAT.S0K7 4 ♦ * ♦ k ft - * % w 1 ' The PREFACE <*,»* > , . »- •« V • « ' . 4 • * t (' ^ > • 1 « % f I' *• **. . 7 i «_« » * • . nate' Idea-‘'of-'Mah,- aii indelible Character damped Upon his Nature^ -that 1 -KE iSfjipt tjby? Au|hpr ojfGaufoof .lais<.own.Betiigf ,•%*$ l?i?*^tep-_ .But-UheldjjrJcv Wfl W(^ or the Fifhes 5 and fo of others'." AEneas, - furnamed Jupiter Indigites . (as you . will fee in the Hiftory)' had a Chapel erefted to his Honour upon the Banks of the^ River Niimicus 3 Janus , Fatinus> Picus > 'Evander> Futua or Carimcnta> Acca Iaurentia> or Flora , Flatuta Foriunmus> Mania> Anna Perefna> Vertumnus> Romulus, and after them the twelve Ciefars 3 all of them had-Temples or Chapels, and were worfhipped as Gods and“Goddef!es! Since I was oblig’d by my Plan, to follow the Order of the Alphabet 3 1 would advife my Read¬ ers, after they have peruled the Preface, to read Fables, and thefever al Kinds of them (which is the firft Article in the Letter F) before they read . The Hiftory of the Gods and Goddeffes . The Mctcmfyjhofis of thz/Egyptians, that is, the Belief of the Tranfmigratiori of Souls, was .the Reafon of their worfhipping Oxen, Dog?, Cats, Serpents, Fowls,-&V. becaufe they be, - lieved that the Souls of the Dead poffeffed thofe Animals 3 but the Greeks and Romans did not imitate them in this ftupid kind o’f Idolatry. My chief Defign in writing this HTftpry, is for the Young; and being fully convinced, that nothing; oupht to be - laid before YoiitK, but what incites to Morality and Virtue, there¬ fore I have not faid any Thing of the'Cnmes, Faults, or Vices of the Gods and GodddlTeS. When they come to Maturity of Age'and judg¬ ment, it is then Time enough to read of them in the Fliflorians, Poets, and other Claffick Au¬ thors, which they may do with lefs Hazard of depraving them in their Morals. It The PREFACE. v It is fit I fhould fay fomething here of the, Theogony of Men and Women, their being made Gods and Goddefles. Firft, the Ambition of Emperors and Emperefles, of Kings, and Queens, of Princes andPrincefles, to be revered and refpcfted on the one Side •, and the Flattery of their Subjects to worfhip and honour them both while living and dead on the other hand. Secondly, at the Beginning they worshipped Wood and Stone without any human Shape ; but Painters, Potters, and Statuaries, after thefe Arts were brought to Perfection, and that they painted, formed, and hewed them,, with all the Parts of a “human Body to the Life j this was another Reafon that gave Suc- cefs to Superftition and Idolatry. The Hea¬ thens laid they adored them, becaufe they be¬ lieved the God refided in them. In a Word, every Emperor, King or Prince’s Palace was called Heaven 5 jheir Meat and Drink were Nedlar and Ambrofia-, every Strangeror Friend they entertained at their Table, Vas laid to feaffc with the Gods. Two learned Clergymen have written a Hiftory of the Gods and Goddefles- for the Ufeof Schools ; when I read them both, to my great Surprize, I found both filent, as to the Oracles of the Gods and Goddefles, Whatever Advantages the Heathens propofed to Mankind, by deifying their Kings, Queens, Princes and Princefles j we fee they expedted more Advantages from them when they were in Heaven, than when they were upon Earth, This was done by the Relponfes of the Ora¬ cles. Nothing was more famous than thefe* Oracles , they were conlultcd not only for im- A 5 portanc vi The PREFACE. portant Enterprizes, but even merely in Af¬ fairs of private Life. Were they to make Peace or War, to enadt Laws, to reform States, to change the Conftitution * in all thefe Cafes, they -had Recourfe to the Oracle by publick Authority ; again, in private Life, if a Man had a defign to marry, if he was to enter upon a Journey, or, in fhort, whatever Bufinefs he was to undertake, was he fick and out of Or¬ der, he went diredlly to confult the Oracle. Mens Defire of knowing of Futurity, of fe- curing the Succefs of their Defigns ; that Cu- riofity that is fo deeply rooted in human Na¬ ture ; all thefe led,them to confult the Gods, who were reputed prophetick : for all the Gods had not that Character. Hence the Inftitu- tion of Oracles, thatEagernefs to confult them, and thole immenfe Donations wherewith their Temples v/ere filled ; for an anxious Mind fubdued with Curiofity fticks at nothing. The Silence of thofe -worthy Clergymen, with re- fpedt to the Oracles, was the chief Motive which moved me to write the following Htftory of the Gods , Goddejjes , &c. for the Ul'e of Schools j hoping that it will anfwer the Defign the better, as that Defedl is fupplied, and thereby will be more ufeful to the Pub- lick. The various Preparations that die jSiip- pliants behoofed to undergo, before.- they.got their Refponfes, and the different W a y 9 Ly which the Oracles gave them, are very well worth the Enquiry and Knowledge. both of old and young. -By this fmall Hiflory the young Readers will fee the Claflicks, both Hiftorians and Poets, The PREFACE. vn m A A Poets,, Gfreek and Latin; * .frequently quoted ; which' will excite in them' a jDefire to know them, Tinee they : learn but Parcels of them at School y it Will alfb make th'em itrore d'efirotis, by theirownDiligence, to read the v whole, from the Beginning td : theEnd of the Book. Schooltriafrers are very • neoefiary Mihifters to the Church'and State j they lay the 1 Foun¬ dation,* and'-the Uriiverfities build fche’Super- ftruffeure upon that which- theWhaye bdgiln and founded;' For the J moft part,'generally . fjpeakihg, the literal Interpretation is * better for the 1 Learner than the figurative-y and fofnc- times they both muft be given* to the 'Bo^s for Example, Cicero , in his Book * df- Offices, fays. Cedent Arrna Log ** Mr. Richard Dafwell Mr. John Da\Vley Mr. ThomasTDarfner" Mr. Richard' Diydeii Mr. George'Drajighton. Mr. Henty Dailey Mr. John. Driftley Mr. Thdmis’Dueby Mr. Charles' Dickton Mr. John Dillen Mr. Charles Dunnings John Dickton, Efq; Charles Dry foot, ’Efq; Mr. Thdfflas’'Ddbiiigton. 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A DON IS* Page i _ Adrammelel^Aiiaiu-, melek 3 * geronia, Angeronia, Plea- fure and Silence .naces or Anattes ntenor. See-gneas .polio acus iolus : s , iEfculanus, JEres fculapius .mphiaraus .nna Pcrenna . res, Areopagus. Mars iftarte. See Adonis w .urora tuguftus. SeeCaefat; :1 or Baalfemen lacphus a ieel-zebub . - . 4 ■5* 68 6 , ii ibid. % Bellona. See Mars Berginus Brachma . Briarius and Argos. C * * Cabiri Calf Golden, • # «, + % # - • Camcena Cailor and Pollux Ceres Ceres, her Fellivals *3 ibid. IS *9*t . i. 16 3 7 \ - i8r *9 The Eleulinian Myfleries Gefars The City Founder. Cham Chamos Ciirce Cloacina Cybele B Dagon Death. See PJaenia Demogorgon Daphne " y 25 • • 26 • • *8- *W-; ,29; 32 3.7 L 3 ^: , t M ibid. 42 ) 401' 47V 4 «> 5°’ Amazon^ Amazons Dsedalus Deucalion Diana Dido and Eliza Druids DruideiTes Eacus Elyfian Fields T artarus Eneas Ephefus Equity and JulHce Erichthonius Efus Evander Europa F Fables of all Sorts Fabulinus Fame Faith Faunus and Fauna Felicity Feronia Fire Fleece Golden Flora Fortune Frudtuofeia Furies G Ganges Genii or Demons Giants Gorgons Graces Great Britain Great Mother-go ddi Barpocrates of the Page 50 ibid, I* 57 ' 12 62 67 69 7* .,? 2 ibid, 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 St 82 ibid, 83 84 88 ibid, 89 90 92 93 94 99 101 102 103 / ' 105 Harpies | A j Hercules l 0 5 Gods and GoddefTes of Marriage Homer Honour and JulHce Hope I 0 Jagur or Jang Janus Jaiion Idomeneua Inachus Ifis Juba Juno Jupiter JulHce L < >'■ 107 109 110 Lao-kium Lares Latona Liberty Lucina M Mannus Mana or Mania Mercury Mercy Minerva Mars Bellona Minos Modelly Mules Narnia Naids Nereus Nereide# Nymphs N eptune N hi % ,uz ibid . 1x4 ll i 116 11$ *J 9 . 1*9 125 *30 ibid1 *3* 132 *33 ibid * ♦ * ’ *34 ibid, . ibid, : *37 .133 * ""4.2 146 148 . ” *?9 os3* 1 1 '3 C 4 Gods, Goddeflcs, £?V. i * 3 4 ** 1 ^ V - ^ ► /* mJ +m ~ ^ *w ' * ^ O ..... Rifiis M ^ .>i . 4 .#. y *©gyges .*6r '^ acl meL5?^j?.4. 'i|6 —--oFJupitej Haramon , ",i68 { — ; -. pf-Apolla atHel}a- oi * _v u./iirnf v.rrr “■ - y pons - . j *P9 ~-of Delphi ' 170 rr~~— of Tmphomus, j 74 Oifacles of lefs'note ..,177 Various Manners in jyhich \ * they were delivered .18 3 Jfjrpheus t 220 Rhus -,..227 -Ridiculus Hid. Rome 4 ,228 S Saron 228 Saturn - 229 Satyrs , z$z Serapis 224 Sibyls ’ 22 c Sibylline Verfes 23 7 Their Oracles and Wor- v & *P - 240 Silenus 242 Sirens .... , ibid. Sun, his different Names Sylvanus T 24 S 240 Tartarus. See Elyfian Fields 67 Tempeft 249 Temples to the Gods ibid. Temple of Belus 2 54 . Temple of Vulcan. ^57 Temples of Egypt 258 Temple of Diana of.Efdie^ fus 259 Temples of Greece ji6 1 Temple of Delphi 265 Of the Pantheon, and others . at Rome 266 . Of Altars 268 Of the Sacred. Groves 270 Of San&uaries or Afyla Terminus • 273 Themis 275 Titaea .276 Tranquillity zMd. Tyber V: 278 The Ocean and* theJSek 280 Venua % A Lift of the Gods, Goddeffes, i3c. V • Games of Ceres 3 °? Venus 283 The Attiac Games ibid* Vefta 286 The Agonal Gaines 3 ° 5 ' Vi&ory 289 Camp Games . 3°7 Vulcan * 290 Thofe of Caitor and Pul- Uranus 293 lux ibid w The Megalefian Games Water 294 308 X 9 Floral Games ibid . Xixutrus 298 Circeniian Games 310 Y Crofs-vvay Games 311 Yncas of Peru 300 The Secular Games 312 Youth, their Gods and Z Games 301 Zamolxis 3 X S The Gaines of Auguitus Zogonoi , 3 x 7 304 Zeumichius ibid. •The Capitoline Games ib*. Zoara # • HISTORY HISTORY OF THE GODS, GODDESSES,^. For the Ufe of Schools, by Queftibn and Anfwer. 4 J. V "jr THO was Adonis, and how came he to be made a God ? ▼ A. Adonis was the Son of Cynaras, King of Cyprus , by his own Daughter Myrrba; that Princefs conftrained to fly from her Father’s Anger (who had lam with her without knowing who £he was, at a Time when the Queen had gone from her Hulband to celebrate a Feftival) retired into Arabia ; where the Gods, touched with her Misfortunes and Repentance, transformed her into the Tree which bears the precious Perfume called after her Name. It was in that State Ihe brought forth young Adonis , whom the neighbouring Nymphs took into their Care at his Birth, and nurfed in the Caves of Arabia , Adonis growing up repaired to the Court' of Byblos , in Pbenicia, where he became the brighteft Ornament. Here the Poets have given themfelves an unbounded Freedom. Venus , fay they, became defperately in love with the Youth, preferred the Conqueft of him to that of the Gods themfelves, and abandoned the Manfions Cj'“ thcra , Amatbus and Paphos, to follow Adonis in the Fore ft of Lebanus , where he ufed to go a-hunting. Mars , jealous of the Preference given by the Goddefs to that young Prince, in Revenge had recourfe to the Afiiitance of bianr 9 who raifed a Boar that deflroyed Adonis. Venus coming B to 2 Hijlory of theG ods, Goddefles, to the Knowledge of this fad Accident, exprefled all De¬ mo nitrations of die deepeK Sorrow. Vide Ovidii Morpba~ ft arum, lib rum x. ■— Pariterque Jinus , pariterque Capillos Rupit, ut indigins ferczjfit pedlar a palm is. In the mean Time the young Prince defeended into Pluto's Kingdom, and inflamed ProJ'crpine with the foft Pafiion: Venus afeends to Heaven to procure his Return from her F ather ^Jupiter ; but the Goddefs of Hell refufed to give him back. The Father of the Gods, puzzled with fo n*ice an Affair, referred the Decifion thereof to the Mufe Calliope, who hoped to fatisfy the two God- deffes by delivering him up to them alternately: The Hours were fent to Pluto to bring back Adonis ; and from that Time he continued every Year fix Months upon Earth with his beloved Venus, and fix Months in Hell. M. le Cl ere, after S’ el den and Mar/bam , having been more inclined to take this Fable fr.om Pburnulus, and other My¬ thologies, than from Ovid, relates and explains it thus. Bib. 'font. 3. Cinnyrus or Cinyras, the Grandfather of adonis, having drunken one Day to excefs, fell afleep in an indecent Poflure, Mor or Myrrba, his Daughter-in- law, Ammons Wife, accompanied with her Son Adonis, having feen him in this Poflure, apprifed her Hulband of it: He, after Cinyras was become fober, informed him of what had happened, which fo provoked him, that he poured out Imprecations on his Daughter-in-law, and his Grandfon. Here, without going any further, fays M. ie Clerc , is the Foundation of the pretended Incefl; which Ovid fpeaks of; the Poet having reprefented the indi- fereet Curiofity of that Princefs, as a real Incefl. Myrrba loaded with her Father’s Curfes, retired into Arabia ; where flic abode for fouie time; and this again is what gave the fame Poet Gccafion to fay, that this was- the Country where file was delivered of Adonis, becaufe that young Prince happened to be educated there. Some .time after, continues M. le. Clerc , Adonis , with Ammon his Fa¬ ther, and Myrrba his Mother, went into Egypt, where, upon Ammon's Death, that young Prince applied him- •felf wholly to the Improvement of that People, taught them Agriculture, and enafted many excellent Laws con¬ cerning 9 ► Hiftory of the Gods, GoddefTes, &c. 3 cerning the Property of Lands. Aft arte or 1 fts his Wife, was paffionately fond of him ; and they lived like a Lover and a Miftrefs. Adonis having gone into Syria, was wounded in the ‘Groin by a Boar, in the Forefl of Mount, Lcbanus , where he had been hunting. Aftarte appre¬ hending his Wound to be mortal, was fo deeply affedled with Grief, that People believed he was attualjy dead, and Egypt and Phenicia bewailed his Death : However he • recovered, and their Mourning was turned into Extacy of Joy. To perpetuate the Memory of this Event, an an¬ nual Feftival was inftituted, during which, they firft mourned for the Death of Adonis , and then rejoiced as for his being again returned to Life. Adonis , according to the fame Author, was killed in Battle, and Ins Wife pro¬ cured his Deification. After the Death of Adonis, Aftarte governed Egypt with peaceful Sway, and acquired divine Honours. The Egyptians, whofe Theology was all fym- bolical, reprefented them both afterwards under the Fi- - . gure of an Ox, and of a Cow, to inform Pofterity that they had taught Agriculture. Adonis lived in the Year of the World 2530, 1470 before Chrifl, to which add 1750, makes it 3220 Years fince his Time. • i?. Who were Contemporaries with Adonis ? A. Ebud a Benjamite, Eumopolus King of Thrace, A- crifeus King of Argos. Jupiter King of Crete was Father to Adonis. Pros at this Time builds Troy , and wars with Tantalus . Ronius King of Spain. Cocylus the Phyfician, who cured Adonis of the Wound he received in his Groin from the Boar, Cocylus was the Difciple to the great Chiron the Phyfician. No Poets and Hiflorians at this Time. How came Adrainmelcktsndi Anammchk to be Gods ?■ A„ The’ infpired Writers freqaendy reproached the J/raelites for worlhiping the Gods of their heathen Neigh¬ bours, and from their Writings we have the Knowledge of many of thofe Gods, and can give the Names of fe- veral Idols that were adored in Syria and the adjacent Countries. Thus from the Book of Gcnefts, chap. xxxi. v/e learn that the Tcrap hi ms were worihipped by the Chaldeans. Ifaiab, chap. xlvi. gives Bel a Place among the God? of the Babylonians: Jeremiah adds Ne'- :- and * v j the fecond Book of Kings, chap. xvii. takes in Nef- B 2 rock * 4 Hiftory of theG ods, GoddefTes, &V. reek and Sue cot h Bc.-.otb. The fame Book informs us, that yfbima was the God of the Hematbians ; Adrujnjnelek and Anammelek the Gods of Sephar^uaim; Negrol the Idol of the Cut hi an s ; Ntbba% and Bart ak, thofe of the Hivcatts. The Syria?:s in general worfliipped Rf?n?non. z Kings v. 18. Baal, Gad, Jojhua ii. and the Gods .of the Mountains. We read in the Book of Numbers that Baa l-Peg or was the great Divinity’ of the Midi unites and Moabites ; that the latter worfhipped alfo Pea or Chamos. The Ammonites' acknowledged for their Sovereign the God Molok $ and the SidoJtians Aftarcth , or Aft arte. . The Idolatry of the Philifines was not uniform, and tho’ Aft Gratis was their great Diyinity, yet they had others peculiar to each. City. Thus thofe of Afoth worshipped Dagon ; thofe of Afcal on, Dorcete. or site?'gat is, fee Diodo¬ rus Siculus; thofe of At car on, Beelzebub, 2 Kings i. 2. thofe of Gaza, Marnack, as we learn from. Bochart* Ta fine, thofe of Byblos and their Neighbours, Adonis or ffbasntnus , of whom the Prophet Edzekiel, chap. viii. 5.14. makes mention. We read in Scripture of fcveral other Gods of the Na¬ tions bordering upon Judea ; fach as Kiutn, Amos Vi Baal- Xephon, Exodus xiv. Baal-Bcrith , Judges viii. 33. The Gods of the Inhabitants of Mount Seir, z Cbron . xxv. and in general of all the Abominations that brought on the Ruin of the d/norites, * Q How came Agera?iia, or Angeronia y and Pleafure to be made the G od dels of Silence P A. Silence, or the Art of governing the Tongue, is- a Virtue perhaps greater, and more rare than is commonly thought, of which the Ancients were fo fcniible as to make a Divinity of it; This is what the Orientals worfhipped under the Name of Harpocrates \ The Romans made her a Goddcfs, called her ygeronia or stngeronia ; The Feaft inflituted in Honour of her was celebrated every Year on the 21 it of Decembc?\ in the Temple of die Goddefs Vo- luptia or Pleafure, where this Goddefs had her Statue, fee Macrohius Sat. B. i. ch. io. For, to mention it here by the Way, Pleafure was alfo promoted to a Divinity what could be the Meaning oF diat AfTociation of Silence with PInjure? Was k to fet forth that he who knows how to conceal his Griefs, and far more to fubdue them,, ar¬ rived Ififtory of the Gads, Goddefles, &c. g rived at laft to that calm and fedate State wherein the Soul feems pofleffed of its higheft Willies, a State where¬ in the wifeft PhilofOphcrs made true Plcafure to confift ? This is what I am not able to determine. We learn from JuliusModeji us, that the Romans, afflicted with the Squinfy, had recourle to this Goddcls of Silence, and foon found Relief from her, which gave rife to the Sacrifices that- were fegulary oiFered to her from that Time. Monuments reprefent her under the Figure of a Woman, who, Harpzcrates like, holds a Finger to his Mouth. Some¬ times her Statues are charged with Symbols, as thofe of that God, which Figures we call Pantheos . Thus, is that publifhed by M. Majfci, fne carries upon her Head the Calatbus of Seraphis, and holds in her Hand Hercules* s Club, while at her two Sides (he has the Capes of Caftor and Pollux , furmounted with the two Stars of thefeGods. Numa Pompitins regulated the Worihip of this Goddefe under the Name of facita. \ ^ Who were the Gods called Ana&es ? A. Cicero , of the Nature of the Gods, Book iii. fpeaks of three Sorts of Anadics-, the firft were the Sons of an an¬ cient fu/iter , King of Athens, and of Prefer pine ; their Names Pritopatreus, Euhuleus , and Dionyfus; the fecond were the Sons of the third Jupiter and he da ; thefe were Caftor and Pollux 3 the laft were Aloe and Melampus, E7.n0- lus the Son, of jltrous; fome Ancients reckon a much greater Number of them, fince they confound them with the twelve great Gods. Accordingly Paufanias tells us, that Hercules , after having pillaged Elis to be avenged of Augias , fet up fix Altars to the twelve great Gods or AnaSes, fo that there were two of thefe Gods for each Altar. Authors are not agreed about the Etymology of the Name given thefe Gods ; Plutarch thinks it was given to the Tyndarides , either upon the Account of their having procured Peace, or becaufe they had been placed among the Stars, which makes Horace , Lib. i. Od. 3, fay. Sic Fratres Helenas lucidaJicUra. Take the PafTage from Plutarch, according to M. Da - tier's Tranflation, “ Caftor and Pollux being Mafters in. “ Athens , demanded only to be initiated : They were “ therefore admitted into the Fraternity of the great B 3 ts Myfteries, 6 Hijlory of the Gods, Goddefles, tSc. * , “ My Series, after having been before adopted by Aphid- or Hcbi'on , as we fee JoJhuah xv. 13.) who were famous, as we fhall obferve in'the Hiftory of the Giants, Further, I am perfuaded that Anafles was not a Name given to all Kings in general (alcho’ in the Greek Lan¬ guage that Word properly imports King ; Anafies Rfgcs y Homer gives this Name to moft of his Gods and Kings, to denote the Care which they took of their People ; and we find it upon Medals ; it comes from the Word *r«ercr t ops ; for we muft not confound her, who is the SubjeCl of this Fable, with another Niche, who was the Daughter of Phoroncus, and whom Homer makes the iiril Mortal whom Jupiter was in love with. Pi kps having left Phrygia , to remove into that Part of Greece , which fines took his Name, carried his Sifter Niohe with him. Being delirous to fecure his own Dominions by fome Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, &c. 9 fomc Alliances that might fupport him againft the Affaults of his Enemies, he gave her in Marriage to Ampbion , a Prince equally powerful and eloquent; the Match was very happy by the Fruitfulnefs of Niobe , who had a nu¬ merous Progeny. Homer gives her twelve Children, fix. Sons, and as many Daughters; Heredotus only two Sons and three Daughters; Diodorus Siculus fourteen, feven of cither Sex : Apollodorus , upon the Authority of Hefeod, alledges fhe had ten Sons and as many Daughters. How¬ ever that Author names only fourteen of them, as follows, Sipylus, Minylus, If menus, Damachthon, Agency, Phedinus and Tantalus, and as many Daughters, Etbodea , or ac¬ cording to others, Thera, Chodoxa , AJlyoche, Plcthig » Aftycratia and Ogygia. Niobe elated upon Account of her Fruitfulnefs, difpifed Lot on a , who in Revenge engaged Apollo and Diana to put... all her Children to death, in tne manner that Ovid relates from the ancient Poets, and as may he feen in Plutarch's Book of Superflition. This Epifode ineenioufly invented, contains a Hiftory as real as it is tragical. The Peftilence ■ which defolated the City of Thebes , deftroyed all Niobe* s > Children ; and becaufe contagious Diftempers ufed to be attributed to the immoderate Heat/ of the Sun 5 hence . they gave out that Apollo had (lain them with his Dart$. - But if the Arrows of Apollo were upon' any Occafion fer- viceable to him, they were upon the following one ex¬ tremely fatal; Jupiter incenfed that Efculapius had reftored Hippo lit us to Life, alledging that the Right of railing the - Dead ought to be referved to himfelf alone, thunderftruck the unhappy Phylician ; and Apollo to revenge the Death of* his Son, having with his Dart flair, the Cyclops , who had forged Jupiter's Thunder, was expelled Heaven. Thus * being obliged to Ihift for his Living, he entred into« Ad- - met bus's Service, and kept his Flocks. , Boccace A?itiq % Expl. Tom . i. Upon, the Authority of * Tkcodotian, fays,, this Adventure relates to^that Apollo whom Cicero makes to have been the Law-giver-of the A.f cadi a ns 9 and who was' dethroned for having governed his Subjects with too much Severity: He retired- to the . Court of Admetus, who received him favourably, and gave him in Sovereignty that Part of his Dominions which lay along the Banks of the River Amphrifin . Hence arofe . this Fable of his havingbeen expelled Heaveim, becaufe he B 5.’ had- io HiftGryoftheG ods, Goddefles, &c. 4 had actually been baniflied from his Throne. The Mean¬ ing of his being reduced to keep Admetus *s Flocks, is, that Admetus had put Tome of his Subjects under his Dominion, and made him a King of Part of Phejfaly. King and Shep¬ herd are frequently fynonimous Names, efpecially in Ho - vKcr ; and indeed every King ought to' be the Shepherd of his People, who are his true Flock. Itremains that I fpake of the different Names of Apollo; as the whole World adored this God, or .at leak the Sun, whofe,Symbol he was, he had almoft as. many Names as there were .different Countries that worlhipped him ; but befides thefe Names .the Greeks and Romans gave him feveral others. That of Vuhurtus was given him from a pretty lingular 'Adventure related by Canon. ‘Two Shepherds that were feeding their Flocks upon Mount Liffus near Epbcfus , fee¬ ing fome Bees come out of a Cavern, one of them let himfelf down thither with a Bafket and there found a • 9 Treafure : Fie who had remained above, having pulled up the Treafure by means of the fame Balket, left his Companion to Ihift for himfelf, not doubting but he would foon perifh, While the deferted Shepherd was thus abandoned to cruel Defpair, he funk down to lleep, and -Apollo appeared to him in a Dream, bidding him bruife his Body with a Flint-Hone, which accordingly he did $ fome Vultures allured by the Scent of his Blood, entered into the Cavern, and having lodged their Bills in his Wounds and Cloaths, and at the fame time railing themfelves upon their Wings, thus drew the poor Wretch out of the Cave. So foon as he was cured,- he tabled his Complaint before the Epbefian Magiftrates, who put the other Shepherd to Death ; and giving him the half of the Gold that was found in the Cave, he built with it upon the Mountain a Temple in Honour of his Deliverer, under the Name of Apollo over Vultures . He was called Hyperborfan, for his being worlhipped by the Northern Nations. Phoebus in Allulion to the'Light and Heat of the Sun, which gives Life to all Things, or from the Name of Phoebe Latoya's Mother : Delius , either from the Ifland Delos where he was born, or becaufe he enlightens all the World: Cynthius , from a Mountain of that Name, as we learn from Servius and Fejlus: Epide- Hus, from a Temple which he had near the Promontory of Mi lea. Menophanesy who" commanded Mithridates's Flee.t, having Hifiory of the Gods, Gaddefles, £sV. i t having plundered the Ifland of Delos, ordered the Statue of Apollo to be thrown into the Sea ; the 'Lacedemonians hav¬ ing found it, built a Temple to this God, which they named Epiddius, as it were to fignify that he came from Delos. dp olio lived in the Year of the World 2630, 1370 Years before Gbrifl, to which add 1750, makes 3120 Years fince his Time. 4 J. Who were Contemporaries with Apollo P A . Gideon the Commander. and Ruler of the Jews. Oehalus King of Laccdcmon. Capis King of Troy. Cocylus the Phyfician, Difciple to Chiron the great Physician, the fifth Son of Saturn and Phillyra ; he taught AEfculapius Phyfic, • Apollo Mufic, and Hercules Aftronomy, and was Tutor to Achilles. No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. £>. What was AEacus, and how came he to be made a God ? / A. • AEacus was the Son of Jupiter and AEginqt, King of Ocnopia, which from his Mother’s Name he called AEgir.a, .fee Ovid Met. l.vii. /j.74. His Countiy being difpeopled by a Plague, Jupiter at hisRequeft recruited him with Subj efts, by turning Ants into Men, whom he therefore, called Myr¬ midons. He had by Chiron's Daughter, called Endeis , tw o Sons, Teta?nen and Peleus, and a third by a Daughter of Ncreusy called Pj'amathe. The Reputation of Juftice was fo great, that after his Death, they made him, by Pinto's Commiifion, Judge of the infernal Bench, with his two AiTelfors, Minos and Radavianthos. Who were Contemporaries with AEacus ? A. AEacus lived in the Year of the World 25 ro, who places her in the fame Rank with Pa/ss, Ceres, &c. Who was Aurora , and how came fhe to he made a Goddefs ? A . The Daughter of Pi tan and Terra, or, as Hyjiod, of Hyperion and Phia y Mother of Memnon by Pithanus, Brother of Lao?ncdoiu She is feign’d to be the ruddy God¬ defs of the Morning, the Meffenger of the approaching Sun. Virgil giveth her a Chariot with four fine Horfes j JE n. v.£35. but^>/. vii. 26. only two. Aurora fell in love with Cephalus, who was married to Pracris , Dangh- ter to Hyphiius King of Athens, and, not obtaining her Defire, fent him home to his Wife in the Habit of a Mer¬ chant to try her Cbaftity. He offering her Gifts in. cafe of Compliance, fhe was at laft overcome, and con- fented to his Embraces ; whereupon taking his own Shape again, he obraided her with Difloyalty. Prods fbr Shame fled into the Woods ; but being reconcil’d, fhe gave her Hufband a Dart, which would never mifs, and a Hound called Leelups ; with thefe Cephalus went' into the Woods a hunting. She being jealous, went to watch him, and hid herfelf in a Thicket. Cephalus be¬ ing weary and hot, fat down near her, and call’d upon. Aura to refrefh him. She, thinking he call’d upon Aurora, roused up herfelf and ftirr'd the Bufh.es •, whereupon Cc- phalus, thinking it to be a Wild Beall, threw the Javelin and kill’d her. Who were Aurora's Contemporaries ? A. Aurora lived in the Year of the World 2800, 1110 Years before Chriji , to which add 175P, makes 2860 Years fince her Time. Her Contemporaries were David King of Judah* Agis King of Lacedemon, JPlneas Sylr wilts % Hijiory of the Gods, Goddefies, &?<:. 17 tvhs King of Italy. No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. Q. Who were the Gods who went under the Names ©f Baal-, Bely Or Baalfemen ? A. The Ammonites worfhipp’d him Under the Name of Moloch , to whom they facrrficed their Children; the Chaldceans, under the name of Bclus, Baal, or Baal - ft men, which imports the Lord of Heaven 5 the Arabians their Neigbours, who as Strabo (l) and Stephanas rela¬ tes (2) made a daily Offering to him of Incenfe andr other Perfumes, called him Adoneus ; the Moabites, Baal - Phegor ; the Per fans, Mithras . He was named Afabitint by the Ethiopians, Liber, or Bionyfius, by the Indians y Apollo, or Pha:bus, by the Greeks and Romans (3) : In fine, others called him Hercules, Belenus, Sec, In a Wordy there was no Nation but paid a fuperflitious Worfhip tc r this Luminary. Cafar tells us in particular, it was fo with- the Germans, who y according to this Author,, owned no other Gods, but thofe from whom they received fome Benefit, as the S*m, the Moon, and the Fire. Dear urn r.umero eos folurz ducu?it r quoruj/z epihris aperto ju Cccrops ; King of Athens Tant ulus. King of Phrygia ; Argalus, King oiLacedemon; Phocus, King of Corinth ; Jlus, King of Troy ; Lemarnevs King of GuitL No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. ■ Who was Bcel-zebub ? And how came he to be made a God ? . A. Bctl-zebrib, the God of the Accronitcs, is one of thofe whom the Holy Scripture frequently mentions. This Name ftgnifies either, or as St. Augufinc, de Idolatria Lib. 2. cap. 8. the Prince of the Flics : But we know not Selden arid Grctius' 5 Remarks, if this was the Name of which £o Hiftcry of the Gods, Gocfdefles, GV. which the People of Accaron gave to that Idol, or if the Jt- j.s called him fo by way of Derifion, ni-ucK after the fame Way as the Prophets changed the name of Bethel, which fignifies the Houfe of the Lord, into Bcth- aveu, which imports the Houfe of Iniquity, becaufe. “Jeroboam had fet up one of his Golden Calves. It is probable however, that that People called their falfe God by this Name, either becaufe his Temples were exempt from Flies, or becaufe he had Power to. drive them away from the Place they frequented. Accord¬ ingly we learn from Pliny, that the Cyrenians offered- Vidfims to the God Acher, for their Deliverance from thofe Infe&s, which fometimes occafioned contagious Diftempers in their Country. This Author remarks that they died after offering Sacrifices to that Idol : Qua? prothius h:tereunt , poflquam Ubatutn eft illi Deo . Thefe two were not only the People who acknowledge a Fly de¬ fraying God, fince the Greeks , the moft fuperftitious of all Men, hadlikewife their Jupiter and their Hercules, Myadcs, or Myagron, or Fly-Hunter. If we believe Paufanias, the- .Origin of the Worfhip they paid to that Divinity was .this ; Hercules , being molefted by thofe Infedts while he was about to offer Sacrifices to Olypian Jupiter in the Temple, offered a Vifiim to that God under the Name of My-agron, upon which all the Flies flew away beyond the River Alphsus . Pliny even afferts, that it was the conftant Pra&ice as often as they celebrated the Olympic Games, to facrifice to the God My odes, left the Flies fhould difturh the Solemnity. Bcel-ztbztb is called in Holy Scripture, the Prince of the Devils, which fhews us that he was one of uhe principal Divinities of the Syrians . When- Achaftas fent to confult him, the Prophet Elias thus ex- poftulated with his Servants : Is there not a God in Ifrael? H'hy then go you to confult Beel-xebub, the God of the Acca- ronites f 2 Kings iii. How came Beilona to be made aGoddefs ? A. She was fometimes confounded with Pallas ; how¬ ever in the better Authors of Mythology, they are often diffinguifhed from one another. Accordingly Heftod calls Be/lor, a the Daughter of Phorcys and Cetc, which was never faid of Minerva,- Varro adds, that fhe was the Sifter Hiftory of the Gods, Goddeflefs, &c« 2t Siller of Mart, and that fhe was anciently named Duel- lion a, the two Names, originally Latin, differ not from one another, both of them fignifyingthe Goddefs of War ; there are even others who make her Mars's Wife. The Poets vied with one another in painting her as a war-like Diyinity who prepared the Chariot and Horfes of Mars, when, he fet out for War, as may be feen in. Satins. Thob. lib. 2. v- 1718. according to Virgil JEnied, lib. 8. v. 703. this Goddefs armed with a Whip animated* Warriora to me. Battle. Et fcvffa. gaudens ns adit difeordia pal la 9 Lhcam cum fanguineo fequztur Bel Iona flagella ; Or in Lucian, s Stile. I!barf. lib. 3. ver. 568. Sattguineum ueluti-qu aliens Bellonaflagellum. She was reprefented, further, with her Hair dif- jhevelled,. Holding a Torch in her Hand. 8 Hi us Italic 4 Panic, lib. 5. v. 221. Ipfa facem qualiens, ac fbvvam fangnine mult a Spar fa comam , media* aciens Bellona perendt . Bellona had a Temple at Rome in the ninth Region. near the Porta Carmentalis , and in that Temple the Senate .gave Audience to the Ambaffadors, who were not allowed to enter the .City., as alfo to Generals who returned from. War. At the.Gate was a fmall Column called the War~ like Column , againft* which they threw a Spear whenever they declared War. Serajius fays, this Goddefs had her Rank among the Gods who were called common , and was reckoned equal, in Power to Mars the God of War. 'The Prielts of Bellona called Bcllonarii , received their Prieft- hood by Incifions that were made upon their Thighs, the Blood whereof they received in the Palms of their Hands, as we learn from T ertullian ; but Eleanus Lampridus , in the Life of Commodus, cap. 9. tells us this Incifion was made in the Arm, Be lion ce feruientes Enemies, and boded nothing but Blood and Havock; Which makes Juvenal, Sat. iv. ver. i24. fay, --»■ ■ ■ ■ ■ S'ed et Franaticus erflro - Percuffus, Bellona, dominat , &C. ’’The Worlhip of Bellona, tho’ celebrated at Rome, was yet more fo at Comana ; there were two principal Cities Of that Name, where Ihe was honoured with a peculiar Worlhip. Bellona is reprefented upon fome Monuments, and upon the Medals of the Bruttians, together with Mars, armed with a Pike .'and Buckler ; but it is very difficult to diftinguifh her from Pallas . The Goddefs Bellona was alfo highly worlliipped at Capadocia, efpecially at Comona . There were two prin¬ cipal Cities of that Name ; the one in Capadocia, and the other in the Kingdom of Pontus; they were both con- fecratcd to that Goddefs, and obferved much the fame Ceremonies in the Worlhip they paid her. The Temple which Ihe had at Cctnona of Cappadocia endued with a -great deal of Ground, was ferved by a vail many Mi- nifters, under the Authority of a Pontiff, a Man of great Efteem, and of fuch Dignity, that he Hooped to none but the King himfelf, and was commonly taken from the royal Family ; his Office was for Life. Strabo , who mentions the Worlhip paid by the Capadociavs to that Goddefs, lib. 12. c. 13s- v. 137. tells us, that at the Time of his travelling into that Country, there were more than fix thoufand Perfons, Men and Women together, confecrated to the Service of the Temple of Comona. 4 >. Who was Berginusy and how came he'to be made a God ? si. There is among the Inhabitants of Brefcia in Italy a Figure found, which reprefented a young Man wrapped up in a Drapery, which covered his whole Body, with this Infcription, Bergino M. Nonius , M. F. Senccianus , V. S. Marcus Nonius Senccianus, Jam dimes the Son of Mar¬ cus , of the Flavian Tribe, has accompli fed the Vo*w which be hud made to Bergir.vs. The Family of this Nonius Sc - nccianus , was one of the mo ft considerable in Brefcia ; and there was found in that fame City a Statue of another Nonius, with this flattering Infcription, M. Nonius, a Youth , the great Hope of the Brejcians. We know no tiling of this Bcrgiuus, Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, £s?r. 2 3 .Berginus , who undoubtedly was worfhipped as a God by the Brefciar.s, fince he had an Altar, of which the Hif- torian of the Antiquities of Brefcia has given a Print, and a Prieftefs who had the Charge of his Worfhip ; Bergi- nm, no doubt, was the fame Hero of the Country. ' ' Q. Who is Brachma , and how came he to be .made a ,GoiT? A. The TheogOny of thofe Indian Priefts we call Bra¬ wl m, or Brachmans . They got this Name from Brachma * v/ho, according to the Indian Dottrine, is the firft of the three Beings whom God created, and by whofe Means he afterwards formed the World. This Brachma, fay their Brachmans compofed and left to the Indians?-the four Books which they call Beth , or Bed, in which all the Ceremonies of Religion are comprifed ; and that is the Reafbn why the Indians reprefent this God with four Heads. The Word Brachsna , in the Indian Language, Jignifies, He who penetrates into all Things . Father Kir- cher (fee Herb. Bibl. Orient . pag. 212.) has given a Print of the God Brachnta , and enlarged a good deal upon the Mythology-of the Indians in Relation to him. The Gods of the Brachmans , fays this learned Jefuit, are Brachma? Vefne, or Vichnou , and But seen, and they are the Chiefs of all the other Gods, whofe Number amounts to thirty three Mahons; but all Mankind are fprung from Brachma , and this God has produced as many Worlds as there are farts in his Body. The firft of thefe Worlds, which is I ovc the Heavens, fprung from his Brain; the fecond )m his Eyes j the third from his Mouth; the fourth 5 m his left Ear; the fifth from the Palate, and from the ongue ; the fixth from the Heart; the feventh from the illy ; the eighth from the Parts that Modefty forbids to Lme; the ninth from the Thigh; the tenth from the nees; the eleventh from -the Heel; the twelfth from the oc of the right Foot; the thirteenth from the Sole of e left Foot; the fourteenth from the Air which encom- ifTed him at the Time of thefe .Produttions, If the rachmans be a (Iced the Reafon of a Theology fo ridi- ilous, they aofwer, That the different Qualities of Men u r c rife to it. The Wife and "Learned are meant by •2 World fprung from Brachma $ Brain ; the Gluttonous toe from Ins Belly; and fo of the reft. Hence thefe Priefts 4 24 Tr&ftory of the Gods, Goddeffes, &c\ arc fo- curious in obferving Physiognomy and per fond! "Qualities, pretending to divine to what World every one belongs. Thefe lame Bracbmans have imagined feven Seas ; one -of Water, one of Milk,, one of Curds, a fourth of Butter, -a fifth of Salt, -a fixth of Sugar; and in fine, a feventh of Wine j and each of thefe Seas has its particular Paradifes, Tome of them for the Wifer and more Refined, and the reft Tor theSenfual and Voluptuous ; with this Difference, that *he firft of thefe Paradifesi which unites us intimately with, 'the Divinity, has no need of any other Sort of Delights, whereas the reft are ft ore d with all imaginary Pleafures. I {hall only mention another wild Notion of the Indians about the Formation of the World, which they believe to Be a WorlcTpun by a Spider, and which lhall be deftroyed when the Work returns into the Bowels of that Infeft. Which were the different Names that Bacchus went under ? A. It is very probable that the Name of Bacchus , was given him upon Account of the Lamentations and How- | lings of the Bacchanalia. He was called Bimater, to de- ! note that he had, in a manner, two Mothers. Dionyjius , in Allufion to the God who was his Father, and to Mount Nyfa, where he was educated. Libor, becaufe Wine en¬ larges and exhilarates the Heart. Bromius, from the Noife of the Bacchicmals . Liceus , becaufe he drives away all Care. Evan, from the Ivy that was confecrated to him. Levnrus or Porcularius , becaufe he invented the Ufe of the Wine-prefs, and it is for the fame Reafbn that he was termed Sabajivs . Biformis, becaufe he was fomedmes reprefented like an Infant, fometimes like a bearded Man. c Iriatnbes, becaufe he had triumphed three times. Euge Fill, becaufe having transformed himfelf into a Lion, to defend his Father againft ,the Giants, that God had animated him by thefe Words, Euge F/li , Evohe Bacche, Well done tny Son Bacchus. Dithgrambus , comes from the Fable which imports that when the Giants had cut Bacchus in Pieces, his Mother Ceres had collefted his diflipated Mem¬ bers, and reilored him to Life. Mcliajks, from a Fountain of tills Name, near which the Orgies were v celebrated. Pfila was given him by the Amy cleans, from the Word P/ila, which in the Dcrick Dialect, fignifies the Tip of the Whig of a Fowl to intimate that Man is carried away Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, &c. 25 and born up by Wine, filch as a Bird in the Air by its Wings; Cicorniger , from the Horns which he fo me times wears, the Symbols of the Beams of the Sun, which this God reprefented. Carimbifer, in Allufion to the Ivy Branches named Corymhi, wherewith his Crown was fome- times garnilhed. Several Names were given to the Wo¬ men who celebrated his Feftivals ; they were called Bac¬ chanals* from the Howlings and other Noife which they made. Bimallonidcs, becaufe they pratled with an un¬ bounded Freedom. Thyades* becaufe heated with Wine, they roamed about like mad. I have heard of Argus and Briareus , who were they ? J. Argus was the watchful Keeper of Jove's Miftrefs, fet Centinel over her by Juno. The Poets feign that he had an hundred Eyes, fome of which were placed before, and fome behind, to watch Io, the Daughter of the River Jnaehus, whom Jupiter turned into a Cow upon Juno's furprizing him with her ; the Meaning is, (he was put into a Ship who had a Cow upon its Forecaflle. Mercury , at the Command of Jupiter, with his delightful Mulics* locked up all his Eyes in Slumber, and killed him. June placed his Eyes in her Peacock’s Tail, in Remembrance of him. Macrobius makethhis Eyes the Stars, and Mercury the Sun, which by their Appearance kiileth them, that is, extinguilheth their Light. Sat. i, 19. To clear up this Fable, Io, the Prieftefs of Juno* wa» .beloved of Jupiter Apis , King of Argos, Niobe his Wife, who was likewife called Juno, having- conceived a Jcaloufy of her, put her under the Guard of her Uncle Argus , a Man extreamly vigilant, vvhich inade the Poets give him fo many Eyes. ^ Briarcus was the Son of Titan and Terra, an huge Gi¬ ant, whom Men call AEgaon (Hour. Iliad i. 403,) The Poets feign him to have had ah hundred Arms, and fifty Pleads. At the Defire of Thetis, the Daughter of Neptune , he went into Heaven to afiiii Jupiter againft the rebellious Gods, and put an End to the Mutiny; but he afterwards rebelled with his Brethren, infomuch, that Jupiter (truck him with his Bolt, and laid him ujider Mount jEtna. See yi*gil 9 «d£n. x. 565, (fc. Q ^ How 2 6 Htfiory of the Gods, Goddefles, &c* i£. Who were the Gods called Cabiri ? A. If we may believe Sanchoniathon , the Cabiri wen* Natives of Phenizia : That Author fpeaks of them in two Places of the Fragment ; he makes them to be defcended from Sydik, and confounds them with the Diofcuri, likewife called Cabiri, Ccrybantes , Samot braces. In the fecond Place, where he mentions the fame Gods, he tells us, that Chronos gave two of his Cities, namely Byblos to the Goddefs Baaltis. and Bcryla to Neptune and the Cabiri , &c. It appears therefore from that ancient Author, that the Cabiri were the Sons of Sydik, and that they dwelt at Beryla of Pbenicia ; and as the Defendants ot this Sydik, whoever he was, were deified, it is highly probable the Cabiri were fo too, and that it was in the City now named they firfi received religious Worfhip. It is therefore cer¬ tain, that the Cabiri were Pbenician Gods ; their very Name is a Proof of it. Daznejius in Photius , {peaking of Efculapius, one of the Sons of the fame Sydik, exprefsly fays : Bfculapius , who was at Beryla 9 is not an Egyptian, but a Pbenician by Birth ; for among the Sons of Sydik, who hr ere filed Diofcuri or Cabiri, the eighth was called Efmu- nus or Efculapius. If we would know, in the next Place, how many Ca T liri there were, and what their Names, we fhall find great Diverfity of Opinions among the Ancients. As the Sons of Sydik, according to Sanchoniathon , were denomi¬ nated Cabiri , we muft admit eight of them, if we follow his Opinion, fince Efculapius was his eighth Son. Strabo reckons only three Cabiri, and tho’ he fubjoins three Nymphs Cabaridal, that does not encreafe the.Number of thefe Gods, fince they had either Sex indifferently given them. TertulUan likewife reftritts their Number to three: » ■ • Trcs ara trim's Dzis parent magis potentibus ; eofdern Samo - tbraces exifimant . Some Authors admit only two Cabiri . to whom they alfo give different Names; for fome call them Jupiter and Bacchus , and others Catlus .and Terra* The old Scholia.fi upon Apollonius , affiirs us, that Mnafeas reckoned three, which he called A.' How 28 Iliffiory of the QodS} Goddefies s Q- How came the Golden Calf to be worfhipped by the Ifraelites as God ? A . Apis, the Son of Jupiter by Niobe the Daughter of Pharonausp .called alfo Serapis and Ofir is. fie was King of .the Arrives, and married Ifis the Daughter of Inacbus y He left,his Kingdom to his Brother AEgialeus, and palTed’ over into Egypt , where he civilized the Inhabitants, taught them to fow Corn and plant Vine3, and fo obliged them that they made him their King, and worfhipped him after his Death in the Form of an Ox, a Symbol of Hufbandry, in Indication of whom, the Ifraelites that came from thence made fame Golden pajfi. as the. Egyptians had that of, the Ox Apis. The Prophet Amos, ch. v. ver. 26. upbraids them for having led about in the Wildernefs the T aber- nacle of the God -Moloch, the Image of their Idol, and the Star of the God Rempbam. By this it appears that the Hebrews, who. derived from the Egyptians'that fatal Propencicy which they >ad towards Idolatry, imitated theux but top. often, not only, in ( the Solemnity of the Golden Calf*. 'bpt alfa in' jhe Ceremonies of their Proceffion, lodged in a 'Tabernacle the Figures of a Star, ;and a Divinity adcnowledgcd to... be the King of thofe who adored’ him; that is th,e God, of Egypt, the .Suni or Ojtris, ' ‘ le believed to have t . w . o faid Exod, %z. Behold the Gods,.yjbo have brought thee out Egypt,', \ s 0 « • - 5 ^Who was the poddefs Catrtasna ? irs * *. A * ! t ‘ _ • * : • iis wno preuaes.over pongs; put as % 1 * » > ^ z w « * a '/■ ■,* 1 ij * 1 1 t*. 1 this. is. an Epithet given t to the Mufcs ,, it js prpbablethat fhe was not diftinctfrom them; I. ihall therefore, fpeak of her ’when we come to the Mufcs. . # * « ^ # « j l « « • # 1 f ▼ # j / I * m \ 1 * ^; What was CifijiJ y Sl,..\lefipd,yX& Jb ning '^reft6^;u^ortal G°ds. Gfewengebdered Erabus, and ; Nigl>t, from; whole Mixture was bom AZther and die iXay : ifrra Tformed afterwards Ccclus, or Hea¬ ven, 'and ^therStars, the. Manfion of the immortal Gcde: She Uk&vifiYqfmed the 'Mountains, and by her Mar- * * A » - 4 • • - 9 * m riage Jr ^Tteogonv, fays,, that % in the .Bigin- iRW^xWrCbaesi after tbi s Terra, the .Earth ; then ^ ’ ‘/t > r *■** - " % I yy m - — m ' StftorycffheO ods, Goddefles, 29 riage with Ccelus , lhe brought forth Oceanu.t, the, Ocean, and with him Cesus, Crieus, Hyperion , jdpetds 9 'TheJa\ Rhea, Themis, Mncma/yne , Poehc, Tit by s and Saturn. She ^n- gene! red like wife the Cyclops, Bronte, Sterbpe arid who forged, the Thunder Jupiter yrzs armed With.* Thefe Cyclops refembled the Other GoHs in ‘ every Thing except that they' had but one Eye in the Middle of th^Forelfeads. They were the Sons of Neptune and Amp hi trite} were Afliftants to Vulcan in making Jupiter's ThUnder-bblts. Polyphemus , Brontes and Stcropes are of mofTNote among the Poets. They were an ancient People inhabiting the Ifland of Sicily, which were mighty great Men, whence the Poets gave them the Name of Giants ;' from the Chacs to the Year 1748 inclufive, it is : 5^9^ Years. 1 •' ' • • • * • w # Who we.re Cajhr and Pollux , and how came they to be made Gods ? / ’ A. Ca ft or and Pollux were two of the principal Argo¬ nauts, who diftinguiflied themfelves in the Expedition to Colchis , no lefs by their Piety to the Gods, than by their Courage and Valour. There is fome thing lingular in the Fable, of their Birth. We are told, that LedietJ-xhe Wife of Tyndarus, King of Sparta, was beloved by Jupiter ; that he, having found Her upon the Banks of Eurotas , a River in Laconia , had Venus transformed into an' Eagle, and he himfclf a (Fumed the Figure of a Swan, who; being purfued by the Eagle, flew for Shelter into the Arms or Leda, who was with Child, and at the End of nine Months file brought forth two Eggs, whereof 1 the one produced Pollux and Helen, and the other Caflor and Clytemriejlra j the two firft were reckoned the Children of Jupiter} and the other two claimed Tyndarus for their Father. Apollo - dor us relates the Story otherwife, and fays, Jupiter, being in love with Nemefis , transformed himfelf into a Swan, and metamorphofed his Miftrefs into a Duck, adding it was fhe that gave Leda the Egg which lhe- had hatched, and that confequently lhe. was the real Mother of the Twin-brothers. Some Authors, in order to explain this Fable, fay, it has no other Foundation but the Beauty of Helen , and efpecially the Length and Whitenefs of her Neck refembling that of a Swan. Be that as it will, the Conjecture of thofe who will have it, that Leda had in¬ troduced her Gallant into the highelt Apartment of her C 3 Palace, * $o Hijioryof the Gods, Goddefles, f£c* Palace, which was ufually of an oval Figure, and called among the Lacedemonians «»«* the Egg, which gave rife to the Fiction of the Egg. Be that as it will, Caflor and Pollux fignalized themfelves by fo many illuftrous Actions, that they had a juft Claim to be reputed Sons of Jupiter % which is the Import of Dio/curl, the Name given them, and which they bore ever afterwards. It was in the Expe¬ dition to Colchis efpecially, that thofe two Heroes dilfin- guifhed themfelves, and rendered themfelves worthy of the Name they bore. Pollux flew the famous Aychus , who challenged all the World at the Gauntlet-fight; this Vic¬ tory,. and that which he gained afterwards at the.OIym- pic Games, which HercuUs celebrated in Elis4 made him be reckoned the Heroe and Patron ofWreftlers, while • ' • § • ^ « fl • # his Brother Cajlor difting'uifhed himfelf in the Race, and in/the Art of breaking Horfes, as Horace Carm, lib. i. fays after Homer , who calls himfelf a Breaker of Horfes. Thefe two Heroes, after the Expedition to Colchis y figna¬ lized themfelves by Sea, and cleared the Archipelago of the Pirates.who infelted it, which ferved, .not a little after their Death, to make them pafs for twoDivinhJeafriexxdJy .to .Sailors. We.are told, .that during a;Storm at Sea two Fires were feen to play around the Heads - of the Tyn~ darida?,, and very foon after, the Storm ceafed. Thefe Fires, wliich often appear ,‘at Sea in Time of a Storm, were afterwards reckoned the Fires,of Cajlor ,and Pollux „ When two of them were feen at a time, it was a,Prog- nollicof. fair Weather 5 when only one of them appeared, it was an infallible Sign of an approaching Storm, and then they invoked the Aid of thefe two Herpes. As Pol¬ lux was reputed immortal, being the Son of Jupiter wo are told he^fiipplicated his Father to. put him to Death, or to ftiare his Immortality with his Brother. Jupiter heard his Prayer, fo that when Cajlor recovered Life, Pollux loft it; and when Pollux returned into the World,' Cajlor. r£-entred the Kingdom of the Dead. This by the way, is that alternative Life and Death of which the Poets have faid fo much after Homer , Odyflf. lib. ii. and Pindar , and which Virgil^ -Eneid, lib. vi.. The Founda¬ tion of which Fiction is* that the two Princes I am. fpeak- ing of being dead, and advanced to the Rank of the Gods, they, formed in the Heavens the Sign of the Twins ; and becaufe one of die two Stars, of which it is compofed 3 tliftory of the Gods, GriddeflcS, £f?c. 3 r compofed, fets when the other rifes, hence the Fable now mentioned took its Birth. Caftor and Pollux lived in the Year of the World 2711: — To the Incarnation, makes 1289 Years;' to which add 1750, makes in all 3039 Years fmce their Time. Who were Contemporaries with Caftor and Pollux ? ft. Abimelcch ufurps the Kindorn of Ifrtiel. Be/us was King of Baby lot;* Jafon's Expedition with the Argonauts - Pliftbenes King of Argos. Adraftus Kingof Sicy on. Prla- mus King of Troyf Brenner King of Germany . Chiron the firft and great Phyfician; he was the fifth Son of Sa¬ turn and Phillyra ; he taught AEfculapius Phyfic, Apollo Mufic, and Hercules Agronomy, and was Tutor to Achil¬ les* No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. i£. Who was Certs, and how came fhe to be made a Goddefs ? A, Ceres was the Daughter of Saturn and Ops, the God • defs of Corn and Tillage. She had by ; 'Jupiter one Daughter; named' Pro/erfina> whom Pluto privately en¬ ticed aw£y, and took witn him into his infernal Kingdom. Ceres milling Her, and not : knowing what was become of her, lighted Torches on Mount JStna (where they haVe burnt ever fince) and fought for her all the World, ovej*; in her Travels fhe came xoYJvwgEUufius, and undertook the Tuition of his Son Trlptolemus. When he was come to Age, fhe provided him a Chariot drawn with winged Dragons, that he might travel through' the World; and teach People Hufbandry, who lived befbre 1 on : Acorns, and other’ iiatural-ProdiidHons of the Earth. ' : After ward's, hearing that her Daughter was carried atviy by Pluto, fhe went to Jupiter , and complained to him of the Inj ury done her. Jupiter granted that fhe fhould return back, upon Condition fhe had tailed nothing in Hell wliilft fhe was there ; but it being proved by the Witnefs of Afcalaphus, that flie had eaten fome of a Pomegninatej' : as fhe walk¬ ed in Pluto's O.chard, all Hopes* of Return vanffhed; wherefore, in Revenge fhetuntecT Afcalaphhr ’ into an Owl. At length, Jupiter, to ‘ Catfe his v SlflCrV- Grief, granted that her Daughter fhould Kve'- Half tlie Y£arbe - low with her Hufband, and tR£ other half with the Gods above. Certs lived in the Year oTthe World 2706, C . .. \ - • \ t * 4* : '—- - - at 32 Hijiory of. the Gods, GoddefTes, ISc. at die Birth of Cbriji 1300 Years, to which add 1750, .makes 3050 Years fince Cere j’s Time. Who were Contemporaries with Ceres ? A. An ah os King of Babylon. Laomedon King of Troy* PhaJIus King of Sicyon, Anchifes the Father of AEneas. feiunus King of the Abcrigetics. Galateus King of Gaul. Linus the Son of Apollo and Tttpfchoje , a Theban , who taught Mufic and Letters ; he was Mailer to Orpheus and Hereul 1 s. No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. A % What were ■ the Elcujtnian Myfteries, and othtf Feafts of CcYcs.? A. The Sicilians ,. in Gratitude for the Obligations they lay under to Ceres , founded Feafts and Myiteries to per¬ petuate the Memory of her good Services. The Time of the Year marked out the Reafon of their Inftitution, fmee they were celebrated a little before the Harveft in Honour of Profcrpine , and in Seed-time in Honour of J)io. Both their Feafts were celebrated with a great deal of Solemnity 5 and Diodorus Siculus informs us, that in the latter, which lafted fix Days, they reprefented Men’s ancient manner of living before the Invention of Agri* culture. The Inhabitants of Attica , gratefully affetted with the Services of Cert s, as well as the Sicilians, diftinguifhed tliemfeives alfo by Feafts inftituted to her Honour. The former was called Proerofia, becaiife it was celebrated before fowing and tilling ; and the Goddefs was termed Proerojl t, according to the Cuftom of the Ancients, who gave their Gods as many Names as they had Feafts and Temples. • The fecond celebrated at Athens fometime after, namely, about the Middle of Ottober , was named Thr/mopharia, that is, The Fcaji of the Lcgijlatrcfs ; it was inftituted by Tr it oleines ; but fome Egyptian Ceremonies, afterwards added, that had a Reference to Orpheus and the Dana ids, made fome Ancients fay., that it was the Feaft of If s and Ofris , propogated from Egypt to Greece . This Feaft lafted five Days at Athens , and two Women, born of lawful Wedlock, werechofen every Day to pre- fide therein ; and took Care to have Sacrifices offered ac¬ cording to their Means, by the Hands of a Prieft, named Stephanophorus , or crowned. They fet out from Athens to Eleufs, when they performed Sacrifices on the fecond of * Hijiory of the Gods, Goddeffes, &c. 3 3 the Month Pyattepfon , which anfwcrs in Part to our Oc¬ tober j and that Day was called Anodes, that is, the jSJccnt becaufe they went up to Eleujis . The fame Women bore upon their Heads the Books of the Laws of Dio, and fung Hymns to her Honour; When they arrived, they lived very refervedly, remote from the Company of Men, and appeared in a modeft Habit, and without Crowns upon their Heads 5 abllaining, efpecially, from eating of Pomegranates, whofe Fruit had been fo fatal to the God- defs : They even failed the third Day, which they pafled in the Temple of Ceres, fitting at the Feet of her Altars. Then they rallied one another to promote mutual Laugh¬ ter, as Bavbo had done to Ceres, when ihe came into her Hut. Laft of all, they performed Sacrifices in fecret, the Ceremonies whereof were not allowed to be divulged. The Feaft ended with a Sacrifice named Zemina , that is, of Atonement, being defigned to expiate the Faults they had committed during the Solemnity. The third Feaft: was celebra in the Month of De¬ cember, and was called Aloa, from the W orcLAlos, which fignifies a Barn-floor,, becaufe that was the^Time, when they ufed to threih the Corn, and to be in the Barns. But the moft folemn was, that which was celebrated at EleuJU, in the Month of Augujl, it was named by way of Excellency, the Myfteries. By whom this Feftival was inftituted is not agreed. Some Authors will have- it to have been by Erechtbeus , others by Mufeus, or Eumolpus , or Orpheus 5 it was the Month Botdrontion , which anfwcrs in Part to our Month of Augujl. Thcfe Things had given rife to* its Inftitution ; the Invention of Agriculture, the Laws of Ceres, and the other Adventures wnich befel her at Eleujis ; and the Memory of all thefe was kept np by particular Ceremonies.- See, Menjius , in his Treatife of the EUufian Myfteris, and M. le Chrc, Bibl. Univ. Tom. vi. Thus this Solemnity comprehended the Myfteries of all the reft.-. - ' 1 The Eleufinian Myfteries were of two Sorts, the greater and the lefler; one Qualification requifite to both was, to be able to keep a great Secreti Though Triptolemus had appointed that no Stranger fhould be capable: of being; initiated into the great Myfteries, yet Hercules , to-whom they durft refute nothing, demanded to be admitted, tp- C 5 them,- 34 ,Hiftory of theG ods, Goddefles, &c. them, and upon his Account other Ceremonies were in- ftituted, which they called the lefier Myfteries, and thefe were celebrated afterwards at Agra near Athens . Thofe who wereambitious of being admited to them, repaired to this Place in the Month of November, facrificed to Ju~ .piter, and kept the Victims to lay under his Feet, when they were purified upon the Banks of the River HoJJus. We know not exactly what Sorts of Ceremonies were made ufe of in thofe Purifications; only that Salt was there employed. Leaves of the Laurel-tree, Barley and Crowns of Flowers, Sea-water and River-water: He who performed the Ceremonies was called Udranus , becaufe he poured Water npon the Candidates for the Myfteries. It was alfo necefiary, during the whole Time, to keep chafte ; and, laft' of all, to facrifice a Sow with young. . Thefe lefier Myfteries ferved as' a Preparation for the greater, which ivere celebrated at Eleufis ; and by their Means Perfons were initiated into the fecret Cere¬ monies of Ceres, After having pafled thro' a great many Trials, the Perfon was Myftes , that is, qualified for being very foon initiated into the Myfteries, and to become . Epoples , or the Witnefs to the moft fecret Myfteries, which was not procured till after five Years Probation ; during which he might enter into the Veftible of the Temple, but not into the San&uary ; and even when he was Epolts, and enjoyed that Privilege, there were ftill.many Things, .the Knowledge whereof was referved to the Priefts alone. When one was initiated, he was introduced by Night into the Temple, after having his Hands wafhed, at the Entry, and a Crown of Myrtle put upon him. Then was opened a little Box wherein were the Laws of Certs , and the Ceremonies of her Myfteries ; and after having given him thofe to read, he was to transcribe them. A flight Repaft, in the Memory of that which the Goddefs had got from Baulo , fucceeded this Ceremony; after which, th zMyJies entered into the San&uary, over which the Prieft drew the Veil, and then all was in Darknefs in the Twinkling of an Eye. A bright Light fucceeded, and ex¬ hibited to View the Statue of Ceres magnificently adorned; . and while they were attentive in confidering it, the Light again, difappeared, and all was once more wrapped up in profound Darknefs. The Peals of Thunder that were heard,.the Lightnings that flaflted from all Hands, the Thunder Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefies, 35 Thunder that broke in the midft of the Sanctuary, and a thoufand monftrous Figures that appeared on all : Sides, filled the Initiated with Horror and Confirmation ; but the next Moment a Calm Succeeded, and there appeared in broach Day-light a charming Meadow, where all came to dance and make merry together. It is probable, that this Meadow was in a Place inclofed with Walls behind the San&uary of the Temple, which they opened all of a fudden, when the Day-light was let in ; and this Scene ap¬ peared the more agreeable, that it fucceeded a Night when nothing but doleful and hideous Obje£ts were to be feen. There it was that amidft Jollity and Mirth all the Secrets and Myfteries were revealed; according to fome Authors, the moft unbounded Licentioufnefs reigned; the Mylofs (the Figure of a Vulva) was there exhibited, which the Sicilians bore about in the Feafts of Ceres, arid c Tertu Ilian adds the Phallus (the Figure of a Penis) of the Egyptians. But after all we know not well what palled there, thefe Myfteries having been long kept an impenetrable Secret ; and had it not been for fome Libertines, who got thenifelves initiated in order to divulge them, they had never been, brought to light. This much is true, that the greatefl Modefty, and even a pretty fevere Chaftity was exacted from the My flee and Women who preftded over the Feafts of this Goddefs. The Purifications aud Oblations that were there pra&ifed, would make one imagine they were not fo diffolute as fome Authors have alledged ; unlefs we will fay, that the Abufes, which the Fathers of the Church fpeak of, were not .of the primadve Inftitution, but had only crept into them afterwards'. The Night being fpent in thefe Ceremonies, the Prieft difmifled the ^ftembly with fome barbarous Words, which fhews that they had been inftituted by a People who fpoke another Language. (Thefe Words were cotix and onx pax, which M. le Clerc takes to lignify to vas hardly of the Age of eight and twenty when he was acknowledged a tutelar God in all the Cities of the Empire. . The deifying Spirit raged afterwards to fuch a Degree, *hat they gave a Place among the Gods, not only to the moll wicked Emperors, as, *1 ikerius, but alio to the mo ft ftupid of them, as, Claudius, Several Empreffes had the • fame Honours. I refer my Reader to Suetonius, who is the only Biographer that has written the lives of the Twelve Ccefars. - Who were Contemporaries with^ 'Romulus , Julius and Augujlus Cszfav ? " ' • A. Romulus lived in the Year of the World 3098, which was 902 Years before Chriil, to which add 1750, makes 2652 Years fince his Time. His Contemporaries were Micab the Prophet fArtycas King of Media, Julius Go?far lived in the Year of the World 3894, ic6 Years before Chrift, to which add 1750, makes 1856 Years lince his •Time. His Contemporaries, Ptolomy Dtonyfius , the fecond -King of Egypt, marries Cleopatra and expels her, fhe flies •to Cesfar , who received her, and had a Son by her. Learned Men. Marcus 'Tullius Cicero , Cornelius Nepos, Crifpus Salujiius , Craitppus the Philofopher. Octavius Ccefar Augufius , being Julius Carfar's Sifter’s Son, was adopted and fucceeded him; he lived in the Year of die World 391c, before Chrift 90 Years, to which add 1750, makes it 1840 Years fince his Time. Tiridates King of the Perjians , Artains Mufa cures Au- g u j tu h Hifiory of the Gods, Goddelles, & 5 V. 3^. vujius , brings great Honour to the Profeffors of Phyfic- Poets, Virgilius , Horatius Flaccus , Mecarnas, Nicolas, Hasnafcenus, Polamon of Alexandria the Philofopher. How came Cham to be made aGod? ( A. OJiris is the fame as Mixram, the Son of Cham, who. peopled Egypt fome Time after the Deluge, and who,, after his Death, was taken into the Number of the Gods^. according to the Cuftom of railing to that Dignity thofe \vho founded Empires ; and the Reafon. why the Ancients call him the Son of Jupiter , is, that he was the Son of Ham or Hammon , whom he himfelf had acknowledged as a God. Marjham takes O^r/r to b^Ham himfeLf, knpwa under the Name of Menis at the Head of the. Dynajiies^ who fucceeded to the Gods and Demi-gods; he con¬ firms his Opinion, by the Remark which Africanus had drawn from Manetho , concerning the firfl King of Egypt,, whom a Crocodile had devoured ; which agrees perfectly to OJiris, flam by Typbott, who was reprefented under- the Figure of that cruel Animal. The Learned are obliged, to allow that OJiris was one of the firfl of Noah's Defen¬ dants by Ham, and that he governed Egypt a few Years after the Difperfion which happened in the Time of Peleg. It was unqueftionably from this Branch of Noah's Sons that Egypt got its firfl: Inhabitants. This Country is fre¬ quently ililed in the facred Books, the Land of Mixraim, or Mejiraim , and there Mention is made of the City of Ammon, Now there is no doubt but that Ammon is the fame with Ham , whofe Name has been foftned by fup- prefling the firfl Confonant. Ham lived in the Year of the World 1140, 2860 before Chrift, to which add 1750, makes it 4610 Years fince his Time. j£. Who were Contemporaries with Cham or Ham ? A . Noah his Father, Sbem and Japhet his Brothers. Ham poffefled, and his Eofterity reigned in Syria, Arabia and Africa ; Sbem in the Eaft and South of AJia; Japhet (or Japotus ) in the North or Weft of A/ia , and in Europe, No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. Q, Who was Chamos, and how came he to be made a God ? A. Chamos, whole Name comes from an Arabick Root, that fignifies, to hajlen, to go quickly, was the fame as '40 Hiflory of the Gods, Goddefles, tSc. Becl-phegor, and the Moabites worfhipped him under that Name, as may be feen in the Book of Kings, i Kings xi. 7. where this Idol; whofe Worfhip Solomon filled the Abo¬ mination of $he Moabites, whom the Scripture calls the People of Chamos, Num. xxi. 29. Woe to thee Moab, thou art undone, O People of Chamos ; he hath put his Sons to flight, faith the Lord by the Mouth of Mofes . *“ Solomon efta- blifhed the Worfhip of this God, 1 Kings xi. 7. Then Solo - tnon built a Temple to Chamos, the Idol of Moab', in thb Mount over againft Jerufalem. This Temple, which'that Prince built to pleafe one of his Wifes, was aftewardsde- ■ftroyed. : • - v The Ammonites worfhipped this Divinity, as appears from the Words of Jeptha to the King of that People, Judges xi. 24. What your God Chemofh, fays that'Judge of Jfrael, has given you, belongs to you ; why will ye have us not to pojfefs what our God hath given us . As Chamos , according to Macrobius, was the Sun, Chemos muft alfo have reprefented the fame Luminary, fince his Worfhip was propagated from Egypt and Lybia to Arabia, where the Moabites lived. To be fure the Name Chemojh, im¬ porting, to make faft, to go faft, perfeffty well agrees to the Sun, to whom the Scripture fays. He rtjoiceth as a Giant to run his Courfe . How came Cloadna to be made a Goddefs i A . The Occafion of her being made a Goddefs, was a Statue, found accidentally in a common Sewer at Pome, gave Titus Tacitus a Handle to confecrate'it under the Name of Gloacina ; Ladiantius, St. Cyprian 'aild St.- vfff- guftine makes mention of this Goddefs, ■ upon whofe Ac¬ count they have not failed to ridicule the Romans . They had full as good a Handle for Ridicule from their God Crop:lies, as to whom you may read a Difler- tation in the Continuation of the MHcellanies of Literature by Father Defmclcts. Time has preferved us a Figure of this ridiculous Divinity, which reprefents a young Ghild r m the Poflure of that indecent Attion, whence this Gdd : has his Name, The God of a Faft or Fafting . The Goddefs Mephitis, or of ill Savour, naturally comes in here. Servius, upon that Paffage in Virgil, JEn. vii, Savumque exhalat opaca Mephitite, fays, that this Goddefs ffiftory of the Gods, Goddefies, 42 xna y pofiibly be Juno* taken for the Air, becaufe it is by Means of the Air that bad Smells are communicated. We know little more about the Goddefs Hares, who received Thanks of thofe who entered upon any Inhe¬ ritance. Accordingly her Name imports, that file was the Divinity of Hiers. Stata Mater, or Goddefs Stata, was worfiiipped at Rome in the publick Market-place; but as this obliged themjto kindle great Fires in the Night-time, which might have occafioned fome Burning, every private Perfon contented himfelf with paying his Devotion to her in his own Houfe. The God Ridiculous derived his Original from a panick Fear with which Hannibal was {buck when he was ad¬ vancing to befiege Rome, a Terror, with which, faid they, the Gods, Protestors of Rome had {mote him; and to eternize die Memory of this Event, which obliged the Cartbagenian General to return back, they eredted a Temple to the God Ridiculus, without the Porta Capena . The Goddefs Feronia, whofe Name comes from the Verb fero, to bring Relief, or from the Town Feronia neat Mount Soracle, was, according to Senvius, the Patroneft of enfranchifed Slaves, who had a great many Offerings prefented to her; this Goddefs being in high Veneration thro’ all Italy. Servius will have her to be the fame with Virgin Juno. The Romans appropriated to this Goddefs the Care of the Woods and Orchards. She had a Temple at the Foot of Mount Soracle, where an annual Sacrifice was offered to her, and they tell us, it was fuch as were filled with the Spirit of this Goddefs; that walked bare¬ footed upon Coals without being burnt or fuffering any Harm; Horace , lib. i. fat. 5. jnentions the Homages that were paid to this Divinity, in walking the Face and Hands, acording to Cuftom, in the facred Fountain'that flowed near her Temple, Ora manufque tria leruimus, Feronia, lympba. We are altogether Strangers to the Foundation of the Goddefs Farina, tho\ if we may rely upon Cicero, file was the fame with the Fanes . St. Auguftine places alfo among the Roman Divinities Camarna, tiie Goddefs who prefided over Songs ; but as this is an Epithet given to the Mufes, it is probable that ihe was not difiindl from them. The 42 Hijiory of the Gods, Goddeffes, The Goddefs Carnet was thought to prefide over the vital Parts, and therefore they invoked her to preferve the Entrails found. She had a Temple upon Mount Cdi- us, where a Sacrifice was offered to her, confining of boiled Beans and Lard* Collajiria and Vallonia , the fir ft according to St. AuguJHne de Civ. Dei, was the Guardian of the Mountains, and Vallonia of Vallies, For nothing was left upon the Earth without fome titular Divinity. Thus Educa and Edulia took care of the Meat and Drink ; Fruciulia of the Fruits ; Intercidona of thofe who wrought with the Hatchet, that they might not be wounded thereby. Ptta, from the Word petcre, to demand, was the Goddefs over Demands. Puta y from put are, to lop, was the Goddefs over thofe who pruned Trees. Rutina, from Rus, the Fields , was Goddefs over the Fields. Sentia, the Goddefs over good Thoughts and Defires. The Romans had alfo among their Gods Anculics and Ancula, whom Fejlus makes to have been the tuteler Deities .of the Servant-maids, whence n is thefecondSon;' and ’the thr CfothpLachefis ,, and Atr&pqs ; nCxtHda- ■ ven, Pttho a^d,the Earth . ivhd.was his- eighth Child, ^ The , forth thereafter had feveral other Children, whofe • Father was pot : known; namely:, the >Nigbt,' Tartarus, ' Pharea, Tages and Ant ft us ; the ninth of'-Demogorgan's Children was Erebus, who had a numerous Offspring ; but I am afhnmcd to relate fuch.wild Dreams. ■ It is.eafyrtq conceive ,.that this is only a.phyfidal Fable,, a particular.Theogony under Malk.cWhereof the ’ Ancients have wrapped up in a very grofs Manner the of the Creation of the .World; which they had learned^ from fome lame Tradition. . The* Arcddiam 9 feeing.the Earth of itfelf bring forth.Flowers and Fruits, form Fountains, Streams and Rivers, j and fend forfefre- quenely jjire.. and^ Flames, , and n liable to Convolfioris, * imagined that fee was animated, and gave-the Nafme of Demogorgan to the Divinity that prefided over her: $o great was their Veneration for this temble. Name, that it was not allowable to mention it; and -we may reckon „ what Lucan an d. Statius fay ’of the God wkoih it is not - lawful to naine,7 is to fee. explained-of Dctnogorgan. It.is', probable fee P^lpfopher meant no morefeyfeisDivinity,- than that vegetable Principle which gives/Life to 1 r t^e ; Plants, as appears from. Virgil, Georg. 1. 2 . Sfirititfiaftr, totamque infujfa p(r Artits . . Mens a git at molem. ■ Bit - 'fee'' Vulgar fancied it was a real God, who refided in fee D Bowels 50 Tlifiory of .the Gods, Go^dt‘0es, ,.C7,f. v - Fdwels of the Earth, to whom they offered Sacrifices,, especially- in ; Arcadia . We nUlff not ' fa rge t \hovvpvex, what Was-the Opinion of foifre 1 Authors,* Wat 'Y>jmogor^an hrcd been a Magician, fo fkilful in his Art, that jie ha^, Ofaofts and Aerial Spirits under his Command, jh.ac^them abfblutely ftibjctt to his Will, and feverely punified thofe, of them who did not execute his Orders. From D'cmo-- ?oi*fffff , s Time to the Year of our Lord* 1740 rncluflvc' it is 5698 Years. * ' ‘ r , Who was Daphne ? * : She was the Daughter of Pcneus^ King of Thhjfefy'i ’ Apollo falling in love with her, and being one Day in' pvufuit of her, that young Princefs died upon the Banks of a River, in Sight of her Lover. Some Laurels fpring- ing up in that Spot gave Rife to her Metamorphofis; or rather the Etymology of DnpbnAs Name, which in Grab imports a Laurel; was the Foundation of the Fable. If we may credit Lylio-Gyraldi , Daphne was fo called from Actp * :,L Who was Da-AAtts, that famous Artif.cer ? A. D 1 heft: two /Kit-., Circat-{uandfon of Eu* 1 bet.s, Kim* of , without Controverfy, the molt fkilful ever produced, an able ArcJiitcil, an iu- , who invented feveral Iiiilntineui 1 . in Inch a-, tlu: i 1 ateli« r. the La vel, the liMiihl- \‘.r learn /non Pl:n, To him ulh ah: 1 ileal Hiftory z bf\ a:a-\ t^Ods, Go delete's, '0?6- * ex ^ ^ • r ^ * «• ♦ | * 1 / afcTibe'd Ke'^lofy .of'paving .been ‘ the Arft that ; 3nadr* ‘ 1 / < i were the’'Star ifris of the. ’ prisks were extremely, rude, without Eyes, Arms and Legs, they were nothing but fhapedefs Blocfc'ofStOne, as ‘are dill to be feen in. the Cabmetaof tKe Curious. Daedal us, as we learn from Suidxs, 'ThcmiJUus^ and Pnlcpkalus , made' them Faces . according 'tb.Life, formed Arms to them, and fepetated their Legs, which made “him He univerfally admired: But his Misfortune, as 15 remarked by Pauj'an'uu and Diodorus, made him. i. farrtous afterwards as hi^ fine Works. lie .had. taken <;,reat“Ciirc 'of the Education_of one of his Nephewsy murh'cd VU.V/A hjsr Siller Pi'/dix's Son, had the ycrang.Maii made fuch Proficiency in a Ihort Time; under fo able a Mailer, that he likcwife invented Tevcral very trfefulIni , ^ » * % ^ . | * % ^ # unVmcnts.' The firll, which was his ,Kfihy-piece, was a \\ heel, iuch as Potters make ufe of. Next, having found - Serpent's Bone, and made ufe of it to cut a Email Piece ■\ Wood, he tried to imitate .in iron the Kuggednefs of ant Animal’s Teeth, and thus he communicated to Pco- u: of his Profeliion the Saw, which U one of the 'molt * • • liMiij of .their lnllrumcnt:;. Inline, from him h= derived ;k: Turning-wheel, and a Number of other Invetioits, idcix are in vail Ufe in Mechanics. 'Two Inventions k> •iifful, raifed Dx'Jalusb, jealoufy, and, left hb. Reputation v.mld one Day be eclipfed by that of his Nephew, he pm. him fecretly to death ; and, having told one of his 1 iiends that he had been burying :l Serpent, his Crime :e; thereby detciled,* as wc learn from, is t odor us SicriJus y oho obferves, that the fame Animal uhich had given that .•uun;* Man the Occalion to invent tlu* Saw, the Object of in • Uncle - '. Jealoufy, ferved alfo to detect the Author Death ; but Scrvius fay:, it was only to perpetual inmrfhmcnt. Be thut m.'it will, for,this Murder V : ij tin- City 9 ( . * i 9 ' jz _ Ilftory of theG ods, Goddefies, &c. * G no/Jits the-famous Labyrinth ?hat„has been much talked of.'.• ~ ■; . ;* ■ By the Word Labyrinth' we are to und&rfta'nd, ,g Kind of Edihce fuii of Chambers and A v'ehues,,'difpoled,in fuck a Manner that you enter from one into Another,' hvithmu'C being able to trace your Way out again, .which / 7 fy; 7 ,,’ 2 En 1 ’ I. 5. ' Catk/hh^ Qzrh\, 4. and OwiV, jVlet. _I. * 3 . exp refs, ycry happily. Daedalus had .eraverfed' into Egypt's. and that he had there taken the .Model,of'that famous. La¬ byrinth, which has been reckoned one of the Wonder's of'the World, Pfirry, I. 36'. -ch. 1 3. calls it > Potentij/I- TTisiTti hum cun iugenti opus. But Dtiulalus had imitated only that Pari: of it which veprefents the Cells and winding Alleys, chat :s but. the hundredth Part of it. The 'Labyrinth of Crete was only a Prifon in whiclyCriminals were confined., and whereof Daedalus had given the Plan. 1 am of Opinion, ihau there was once in Crete an Edi¬ fice built bv DnrAa/us named the Labyrinth, which Time 4 + m 4 has de&royed, though it was neither fo iumptuous nor fo durable as that of PHgypr, wherein fo many Kings had hefrowed their Labours. DarJuius, being forced to depart fro ! ii Crete, retired into Sis:ly. where probably he (pent the ref: of his Days, though neither the Time, nor Manner a: his Death X known. He lived in the Age 0; die V/crld zyzzx to hie Birth of Chrih :2c ; 0 'Pears, ' j *.vhich add :750, makes 303.i Yea-s iince his Time, a.h Who were Coniemporarws with. i\:\!:Aus b W. Ah:>:,L\ h.. Xing of the 5 B.:b:os, King of 3<’hyicr, 3 Sit Jr': a. Queer. OL LaceJeain;: ; Em as, the 'j’ro- : ar. Fnnce : ?>l:::os , the hard Kin a; of Gv:V ; Hercules, living with Le;;L‘, King of ItaJ, kills CHwj the Robber, at this Time. Ho Facts. no Hiftorians yet exifting in ti\e 1 s ey. mow came Ueucahon to pc made a •_tOg r _f. D'UcaL'on \vas the Son of Prura tbchs. King rf Tb.f- and HufDand of Pyrra, Daughter to Epiuu ileus his Uncle j his Far her had boon baniihec into Scythia, to the Confines of C a: ay is • Eveary of that melancholy Retreat, nr.d having found probabl) forne favourable Opportunity, time and fettled in 'Thcffdlyi, (ice AfoP.cir.ui , Book i.) in the Confines .of p.bthici , or rather, according to the- ‘Parr.:: Marbles, ii\ Lycoria near Par 12 a Jus. No- * ’ f * 1 s tun" —fc- »f •» " rj HijioYy of tbc'ijods, vjtjadeues,' caw* 53 siting is m^re celebrated in the Greek Hjildry. than : Dqtca- iion, who .has been reckoned the Repairer oTMankind* ixnce under his Reign the Deluge happened,; y/hich bears Ins Name. , - L.tfydl begin with- th- tables relating tQ.thi?.Event. 'J:ip:hr 7 they tell us, feeing the.'V^ickedii'efs of Man grow from day to ,day 3 refolved k to exterpata thy whole hu-- man Race, fee Glut's Book.• i. Bor that End he poured down fuch a Quantity of Rain as to drewn die- whole Earth ; even the hierheifc Mountains v/ere covered- ~ ^ . < ■ with. Water, and frufhated the Hopes of thofe who'flod t nit her for Refuge.; only Mount Pu r?:s;jj:is 3 whole '•Tor-* was not laid, under Water,, fayed the pious D cut alio?; and: l -is Wife Prrrla, After the-Waters were- withdrawal . he.*/’ went to chr.fult the G c ride is 7 h , v v, s . who delivered * C >. ucies at the Foot of the Mountain, ( 0 A % • ~ the better Tradition; for the Learned agree, that the- . • * * * 'Oracle of Dch'h: was r ot vet citablifhad in that Place, but that 7 b:v:.; n at that Time, delivered Oracles chore. .The * «< , - % -•* - k Mvrholoyhts ayreo, that there aivvav;. avaa -an Oracle i:; - , < 0.0 1 * - * - fhat Place : Pint, ; L crm„ or .die -T give PredifLons ' ' a ^ . r k * -O • - - - ohero ; then her .Daughter Themis, dien TWA.) And there they learned, chat, in order to re-people .the World. rhey vvere to dig ire the Bones of their .great Mother * then Piety was alarmed at ib cru~;l an Oracle, but De~ca;:cu i i * - i them .behind their Back;, hnvjny their Evesilmt: thofe , 1 . . . « , '. O / ' i - which Di:ica!io;: threw formed Men, and thofe of p-vr^ha ■ •’fomcn. Let ip- ice what this .Allegory ir.ean-. tr is oh To”: cbm thi; Narration contains many Fables ; b a:, the Sub (hrr.ee thereof is true,, it iniifl be eg plained „ Pi the ninth Year of the Reign of (.Vi:•<■/«, Deucalion came b:c> Grct a . and.took pc ffeuion of T near PamoCur. 1 . - ^ J r zsj, r S' df/Y/v. near the River P. ; the Name of the * 4 v' « f _ ^ C :cv:nce at that T : ns c was Pbtbidis, • irom Phi hies of P'euhih, who .had feiaed upon it 16 e Years before, as we learn from 7\: R j- in his ^tcmliu. A; the Country before fY/fT.;nc‘ was denominated HdL :; ? Dmcu- 5 4 ttyft 0 ?# pf. tty. G ods,., G od defies,' (s?c. Hon thought At, in order to .gain die Goofi-wiJJ .of hi> Subjects, to call one of his Sons Hdltr. ; and he, having afeended the Throne after the Death, of his,Father,. .and made fcvcral Conquers would needs have,hi?'Sub- .jc&s, take the .Name of litl. /, that happened during the War of Prey ; this i:, that win. h was * termed Pburonian, and that oversowed a- Part ot Bgypt, Diodorus Siculus, Book v; mentions alfo :t fixth Deluge that happened in Satnotbrace.' Dcuca/icPs .Arrival into f*Vn««v, in the ninth Year ot €i‘crdp/:s's l Reign at Athtnt, that is) about the 'Year 2 f or 2 zb, Dcfqre the' Y'rcjun s W v urV and ‘ Aboil t' 140a Years before tire Chrittian Aw a; to which add 4 17 50, nhakes it Years fince D,ucali:n's Tuno ;”he waS deified after his Death, anti divine HonOuts paid him by Ids Subjects. L\ui.d:ots had Altars in Grace, ami was honoured there a:, a Divinity, D 4 ' The g6': Hijlory of the. Gods,•: G oddeffc sy * £?*v. The Tradition of the univerfal Deluge, which waj carried even*x» the-inoft difiant Nations,; iadJaecifVcry conducive to-the EmbeUiihmeHt- of the Htikipy. ©Ttliat of Dciicnlimr^ -and this m anifeil^-what Ovid^MetA B9pk i. fa/s, in giving the Description of .it, that it had laid all the Earth under Water, and that the Waters overstepped the higheft Mountains : 4*1 * * % a ^ Jarnque mare et icilus nullum diferimen bale bant? Omnia pontus crant , deer ant quoque littera /onto.. That of all the Inhabitants of the Earth there remained but one Man and one Woman. • # * Et fuptrcjfe uidet Je tot mo do mi lib us 'unarn, is'e- The Poet Lucan, lib. 3 . fays much the fame Thing, and Diodorus afterts, that the Deluge had deftroyed all the living Creatures that were upon the Face of the Earth. But -it is not: only in this Idea that the Poets and Htfto- rians feem f» conformable t Q.Mojh in the Hiftqry of Dcu~ cation's Deluge. " : We difeern fo many in their. Works* -especially thofe of Ovid, that it would feem he had either read the Gcne/is, or learned what he fays of it from Tra¬ dition,-'flili very lively. -Fir'll he gives us. a Defcription of the Dlforders which abounded in the World ; he men- . • ' * * # 9 tions the Avarice, the paricnles, tjie Impurity aother Crimes'that-reigned amongft Men, adding, that Piety waa Sacrificed to the vileft of Paificms. _ * f + * ViSta jacct pittas, £>V. - “ '* - • • • 9 • • x - He mentions the War o£theCiantsarched againft IIca : veil; he irtflkc 3 ''/upitrrh old a Council to declare to th » was the Daughter cf Ly»/r and Glance. Strabo, Beck::, and Pa:;/r::irs mention another Diana, named Brilomartis. a tie was Eubuht's -Daughter, and a Great Lover of Hunt- mg. As fhe was hying from. LlLnos, who was enamoured her, fhe threw herftrlf into- tke-Sea, and was taker, in {osncFiihermen's Nets j unlcd you chafe rather to fay, that this Name was given--her from Mount Dibit; or, ilS oc Sr- Unite pretends, became it iignines a foft and gentle Virgin. Grid, Met. Boole v. makes us acquainted with a Diana. yet more.ancient. This was file o i Egypt who metamsr- phe fed herfelf into a Cat, in the-Time that Txpbtn waged vv ar with-the. Gogs : iv/s for or Pba-bi- 1a i nit ; /fv Sf/iVr £j r A'poilo. HY h erf elf in the form cf .a Cat. She-is the fame with her whom Herodotus mentions under the Name' vitff two Heifers, <hen fhe was accounted an infernal Divinity; When Diana was invoked by Women in Child-bed, fhe was called Luciiia, as al fo Jnno Vranjaba, the Goddrfs of .Mar¬ riage. 'She had feveral other Names, fuch as that of 'Tr:*v:a, importing that file was wor/hipppd in the Crofs- ways, Streets'and publick Roads, where her Statues were publickly erefled. The'Names-of Miliha , a!Hat and Anaiiis were given her by th e.Phenia'ans, Arabians and Cappadocians. The other Names that are given to the fame Go’ddefs' are moftly derived from the Places where /he was ‘worfhlpped; thus Hcfycbins calls her Aorta, from a Mountain of that Name in Algol is ; and Paufauias, Corypbca, from another Mountain near Jipidaunu ; the F.lcans named her Epcculutrix ; the .Cijieans, Difiynua ; the EghirfSc, Jtrgbea ; thofe of Sicily, Lya; bccaufe they be¬ lieved /he had cured them of the Spleen, If Diana is' taken for the Moon, jQic £, is as old as the Creation, that i*T, 569S Years. If for the Daughter of Jupiic/ and hat on a, in the' 2 c; 121b Year of the World, rptfS Years before'Chri/fj to "which add 175°* makes 3238 Years fllice Diazr.Cs Time. : Who were Contemporaries wklr/)/«w oct i :> no I ' t ■ ] • .' i ' Jlijlornfihe Gtfdsi ~ Goddefifesj fifth i: 12& -r;,/,.,! -e 7 r~ «Hvf ov- vf^;-..^* m-,•» i • *.i -irun:'»*r *■& •■ r -. ' ^Xrh rv d>bx py,**/r~ Or TYT/J.-l P '-■. . r _ . i 'Who was EIlsur, 6 rD 7 J*?S\ , 7 . „.,., t ;\> ; 'AT ceiebratfed ^^iider' fhq Namto£;^i/fl th*e"Dau^Kr ^di** Si A//,’ 7 the irrnr* t ,.»•/>4 i «*->**** t^m * . .i * fi*'. was .of Tyre ia Rh&^ir era Death ( )' the Prieif abf tier- j-/wuvu v/i uu y V 1 (not "Sich'reZS't as Vj* jrll Would have if crips', ' Ker lVT^ther’s Brother, who-was p poflel&d of inamenfe Riditfs ^ r tnir which tic’Fear of the covetous Pygmalion obilge's hifri to keep f> /v fs T re a lures, would put them all to death, which obliged them to go and leek a Sanctuary from the Profeciuion of that Prince. They firft landed in Cyprus , /whurjCt;; />/./* carried off fifty \ohng Virgins," whom Ihe .gubc in. Marriage to 'the 'Coinphnjc:: in the .Expedition, ,'.pic Wind drove them, afrerivaids upon the Cojt + where that Princefr vaifctl a Cittadel, near which the City, of C • > /7 'gs was afterwards- built, lb gi cat was the Cor. - courle of People and Aiei rluints. We are told tjvit /}/>/<> bought from the Inhabitant, uf the Country jn^clt < Ground as a Bull’*' Hide could caver ; upon whichJW cuj;: down a Hide into many Thong. , which OTiconVpaflha ' . L) (> , mi Tiki an Langy^ge imports a CtftagUL- A (hex. $he JPhad* - vyMdra DiJa led into this Part of Africa, had xhadc I this "Settlement there,, they w^uld,. need? | cpiripcl the C^ueeh to' many Jar has, 'King of RXauriiariai. .who; Jksd declared War iiport, them , STiu ibe fought,.three Months to ^oniider ©fit. D airing that, *1 *im^,,. haying efe ft e d > &\ funeral PHe£ as if by feme Sacrifice uie had betsn.tDiap-'? peafe the 'Manes, of her Conner Hy(bacd > .'..fl)^'fhabbcd' heifelf with a Poniard, whereof fhe died..- ..Thi^ Aftitot made her get the Name of Dido,, which-import 'fvatiaht iVuman ; and, by a Grange Courfe of Hiftpry^/YYY’A in-, ftead of reprefenting her as a Woman who killed heffelf^. rather than marry a fecond Huibaad^ make? hef.-fd much in love with Eneas, that his Depaj^ure .drove-hfn ta ? !Defpair*‘ He makes alfo an Anathronifm of near, 300- Years,-for there is no lefs an Interval between Eneas ,and Dido. Troy having been taken in the Time of the Judges,, and Pygmalion, 'Did? s Brother, not having come.into the World till' the Reign of for am. King of Judah. ■ Ac¬ cordingly Bochart makes Dido to have been A.unt.to the famous Jezebel $ whom Ahaz married, and who brought lb many Calamities upon the.Kingdom of IfraeL Dido, left the Kingdom of Tyre the feventh Year of Pygmalion's-. Rcign 247 Years after die taking o(T/:j\ and 933 Year7. before Jefus Chri/K to which add 1 750, makes 7.703. Yrai s Ihxcc Vida's Time. SJ. Who were the /)/ aids ? A. The Druids were, the principal Mmiflers of die Re- bghjfl of‘the Gau/s, yet they were not the only ones, there wer£ dzifereQt Degrees in their; Hierarchy. , The. Ancients reckon among thofe feveral JVIinillers the BdrJJ, the Aubag/j, the Aah s, and the Druids. The latter were the. chief, and the other only Subalterns, v;ho a (Tilled them in their Min:.(tradon, and in every Tiling were much in¬ ferior to diem. The Burdi, whole Name in ihe Cviuc Language import?, according to Fiji us, a Eoneti < ;vcle- brated in Vcrlh tile immortal Deeds of neat Men, yom « • . « • y * Jionly prajfed them trjiou, muftcal Vuitiumant:.. Tin ir # h tin h.*'h hivm iireem, ti-.it tin y ■>, •/>: tu'ii-amr *• ^ * .1: _*\« j ':YrY :Vi.nn .'»:v «-l .b. h- \ ho.. • n.id * -I) -.'.i. 1 :j': I-’.: h tJlfi.d •!■>• • a- '■ •!I • i 1 . \ u : if . . u .1 Hipry »f-tM GodsV'€Soeru 9 lignifying an^Oalc, which the Gre/sfa- call %*h ,‘ were therefore among our kid’entC<7«/x.tK^^ chief Minifter3 of Religion; fo great was^Heir Authbi^tj^ that nb -Affair of Importance was undertideeb'til|l Jtpey^ were coafalted. They prefided irr the Eftatesirdctefinp^^- cd Peace or War as they pleafed,. punifhed'&elinqiients^ and their Power fometimes went the Length* or dcpbiiyigf the Magiftrates, and even the Kings, when they did-Jacsr obferve the Laws of the Country. They were the j&ft.'of the Nobility, of whom the Common-wealth was ;coin r pofed, and all bowed before'them. To thembelonged’i the Right-of creating an annual M 2 gi£lr'are tb 'gpyej^i in- every City. Sometimes even with the Name ancJ.Au-. thcrity of King, or Vcrgobrct ; who could do nothing without them, not fo much as affemble his Council: ,So : that ftrittly fpeaking, it was they that aflually reigned; and the Kings were but their Mmiltcrs, or rather gac-cv**. The Dm: Is had the Charge of the whole Religion, which alfcr gave them an unlimited Power. Thus' Sacrifices, Offerings, Prayers publick and private; the Frivjlqge of. predicting foture Events, of coniulting the ‘ Gods, ' of tne j smuts tormea icverat v_oneges m u uur t yet that ot die Country of Chartres was always accounted the mbit, eouiicicubic, arid the Head of that College lygs the. High-prielt of the Cauls, if was hi the' VV'oods’o^ this* Country that ihv great Sacrifices' Were 'bf fared,, and, :ij \ h, rami C Vrutnonies of RcdifdoA p'orforrliedi” -Tltcrc -.1 : * i c lil rmosHcri vt Ac:(ir(K;n ivnorrinru. • l Here . 'i j ( • „ .. j h..t hr. li.undees i '■.1 : €% Hzftory tf ihe Gods, GoddeiTes, &c. * • •* ' * ' . * ^ . ■ — their Druids'aSTcmpled:. This, au^ene Life theirs 4frucfc Julius Carfar with* Admiratioa; even, Ca3/ar r _ who fiarui.h wei«*, there were no !h n;dt //G y ami thebj again policficd the oilier.. All thole lil.nnk M or 0, tff:9 ods » % were confecfaced to fome particular, J}vt^nity r owhofe th'^l^re.' The Miniflers 0ifa* WW^nfti^s; C»^f tfright too/ ?« at they Jpjftred thli^fve^ rripr^.paitieu- l&tly Vftere thdn eTfd where, to magical Operations ;.-and it was an Opinion fpread through au the Gauls , that they, as Mailers of the Wind ?< _ rai/e cf, Spoxm s,., 9 ad • Tempeits when they had a mind. Alexander ^xy/fusihe Emperor, /* . ^ .'f i -t, 1 '** ri _‘ 1 *. •. a.--* % w ' u .1 1 A /*«• was “ to 1 be Emperor.” Hbllefs, hailily, •again ft* y Ouro#h 'Soldiers‘/C^ccprdingly,. that Prince is aftaffitiated’ 'in that fa mV Campaign/. The Emperor: AhVelidn, intending td dohfulfc'fome of theni, .to know if % \ Ml/ % ^ ^ ^ the Empire would' be l'ongin his Family, they anfwered. him: limply, that the Family of Claudius was to be one Day the moll illilftrious ; ‘and indeed that of Aurelian. did not fiibfift long. Dijclffu,?7, when he was but an Officer of the Gaufs 9 . was amnfing hiiiifelf one Day in calling up his Accompts, when his Hoftefs, who w’ks a famous Druide/j, thus ad- drafted him, 46 In truth," Sirs, you- are too covetous.” “ • Well, replied Diocljian, I ffiall he liberal when I come . " You ffiall be fo,” anfwered the “ when you have flain a Boar, cum “ A brum oecideris." Dicclcda ilruck with this Anfwer, 1 ►' , T applied himfelf from that time a great deal to the kill¬ ing of thefe Animals, without arriving, however, at the Empire ; but at lad, bethinking himlelf, that the Latin Word Apcr y which fignifies a Roar, might refer to Apes . Ktimer inn's Father-in-law, he put him to death, and fo became Emperor. There were of the Druids y and Drui- dtffsy at lead in the Country of Chartres, to the middle of the fifth Century ; and it is probable, that their Order was not quite abolilhed till ChriJH unity had triumphed fully in the Gnuls over the Superllition of the Pagan World, which happened but late in fome Provinces. « i'V Who w:ii f./ia, and how came lie to be made a Cod ? J. I'.ucu f and Rrad. .///. tnirtis were two Sons of and appointed by him two Judge, of Hell, the lirll for the Asiatics, the Other for tile F.;t uptu.m, and over them it/;/. :t>' &4-- '' Hijfcry si' Ooddfeiles^ zsc. Cafes, 'their VVibtoid was erected in' a 'Place calked * she Field of Truth, ‘becdufer there Falfhcca and'CaldmaV" had no Aczeis. TJiefe a Prince, io Jibon as he has expirees fcood forth ' io vie«/' itrippe-A of nil fhowy Grandeur, hi his'cvvh Colours. Without Guards or Attendance/ Quite fpcecrilefs, and trembling for himfelf, after he had ’made tlvd whole Earth, zo tremble.-. If he y/as found, guilty, cf Vices capable* of-being expiated, he was confined” to • Tartarus on.lv for a Time, with A durance to oc fet’ at ** 4 n liberty fa -bon as hoe was fii/Rciently purified. Minot* * ./ «T 3 ecus and ’Rkudarr.ar.thus were therefore the three Per- fen ages, who for their Itrick Probity were choiVn to bp rii e j u age s o f He 11. * 7 'arraruj is a hideous Prifon of a t3rribbeLepi.il, farrour.d- :-d with the miry Bogs of Cacytus, and of the itivsr iTV- •jL'i’c/T., which robs Torrents of Pinnies all around 3 three AS ' 9 _ flews of vValls with brazen-Gates render the Place in- accefhble. T-jii^horc, the inch he i Ufa of the three Puriem v'tubes rr: the Gate, acid hinders air* from going out,- — 1 nf ^ ^ ^ * \ /s l + Lit • 4 4 s( l 4 * t (* % » .# V« ^ WV# ^ '~%.l A 1 W.. — — i i w S % ANr .2, ^ ^ ♦-> - A • J -# J \J - i ^ v* ,cf >“*t — -*ifv •‘•'vt ‘Ti^r **'*‘1 Tv, '■ ’ - 1 • v/ ~ •> J L W 1 w w » w •* % 1 % ^4 s- 4«f Ai W&L • %* 1 * » ; *. ** » - - — * ^ -g , 1 - :•>• • • ,* ■) ' * /w - ' 7 * '» > | ' * *» '• 1 t' ,*A - ** c*V I n* -»n "* • «/- f • . i L G • £.• 1 - v* l - v— — \ u G C j*. 11« a AI c* <■ % - - - ± - •-* ' r'*/j->s -s-v-t . y •"*" ~ ;Nr; nrr* "N tm:' g T* *- — 1 « V--** *-* -* W 7 w- —- ^ ~ t-i g -- • o • vk,-*- Vh'lf* *-yv-* »—rj |* * i '!"*'■ Tl « / **T 'T « 7 ' ' t - > w . v — v^i I U ju f L; O ^ J ^ • 4 ^ - #- ""• 1 « % < * * 1 r ^ ^ ^ « •• - «p • v ’ > v- n 7 * " 17 , /* n * 7 »ir w* n r r *» >t — —i * j - --i c r ,• - r i»- f * t -■* * l * * ^ '.vitii which they la!h them In this hideous Vianficr:- are tonhned thofc of di:t:n- guiilied Wi ched no is, whofe very Crimes have made them famous. The proud Tlratzs, whom 'Juvitcr fiiuiiderllrudc, when they attempted to Leiiege the Gods of C7v;ar; ^ 1 • n v\ • r r , 1—11 . * j * * 7f , t r '71 r f * M ' *• J P ^ ? r x mrm •;r / s;+ 4 '~ 7 ?*'^? .• il r* 7 * * r. - 7 r , • ana Uiu : 7 r/:\cin fi^ptune nati oy d;pat:,z P tile ‘-vi. e 0. ;.he Gian: Www fdfer there a Puniihrncnt uroocrthmec >r - their Ciim.es, Li this dreadful Man don is aife lodyen > -j " /*• ’ f m r> “ » >«- • ^ , ' V *V‘ - 1 ' '■ me mad Tv.Vv^.u;^. tvlio attempted Thunders : The daring T:ty:r u who pro fumed to an axe Love co Laioua, and. whom sspolfo transfixed with hie wrrov/3, is there condemned cc horrible Torments : w <.- - cruel Vultur e is r? Kr 1 lv •nrAuinrr 1 T> r -" ^ T *0 * ^ ^ T rj< which grows again as fall as it is devoured. The pirn- O <2> ...-*- mmuuious .fvLr;f v/Iic-hcaltcd th a:; ho had lain vvhh Jure, ' ^ * V A J Hificrj oftTiks-- .Gads —' - 4.- ■ J O K_ • fcr : £is Peer it.bans Jits forever us an 2. Stone, wheii£i.-? he .cannot pofiibly.lHr.t Tantalus, foiCkavisig 'defined to , put z Cheat uberf the.G.cds, ?.vi To farvs* *ip tn tr-em. at Table the Members .of his own Sen £c?sps> there pines ' aw-ryhvitb the. mod outrageous Hunger amitlh Plenty‘of nail/ to pc-ur Water into n. Calk full of Holes*:- There ^•vp.^r.Vv for repealing the Secret:, of the Gods, rolls w liuire..Stone to the Too cf a Mountain, whence it cch- ^»»/ hi i t’.anally tumbles down .again : Oedipus? v,he flew his rather L-iius, and married his Mothbr JacaJia; his wretch¬ ed Sons BdCvvc/w and Prj'wulcc r, who ’.vaged ’'Tar upon one another, ar.d were da in by each other's Hands in the heal Ten’.bat: : Air-. us , Pi'j-.jEAjlu:, and all the other dgn.nl Offenders, fufthr uheir Torments pro - portioned to their ('rimes. r ** ■« 1 T 1 ^ . 1 p /—» 7 • * • V p ,» i .n " O r , ;• '»*"'*• '** •• ^ -*« ■< * -» - - w e-«. J — .1 v -> — A.. j * X L >. * j - - —* v * <• I» y »v«.» » — ' *» n •--» • • • ^ r **. *m P h" C *f* • m i ^ o lO’TlM "V np* } • - »r. * # *-> ' '*nTO : ‘p 'In, ' j* -*t ■*-* of ~ i vi • i t* -% ♦ * ^ I’ 1 ^ V - ^ ^ • .w/ , w. ^ ^ • r •« I ^ V to » # l// -* * * *• ’** J ■* 1 J 1 V i • ^ ^ # - i % L« H m - ^ * ^ ^ -r ’Hour., cite doer, makes the Name of a. Ckfmr-\ :o • - 'thorn they hr*- - c Hrer. the Name of Corfu or ting So'tir H A {+">'-.** '■*Vi jm T in *- f .> — . v^ In f -'-r .v^Tih **» • % \ /. >/"• * ! " N " M ' • ! nnd r / *.rr, , 'v 'vff o T '* P * 7 '“t-* r r-n>a V4*^Ai r*'^i i * r;r.- H’T'' rrni rt '* ^ prr, yi +■ p *p T ",7' ^T n ^ ^ ^ ^ rLi 4 A-»{t 4 rIw 4 I 1 W % r I ^ A i a i 'a# Ua# 1 I * , A V i# A ♦» to A- u> «1 •* • J ** • O V^> ✓ A «J 4* ^ ^ -4 L /J ( ^ I # hi % K-J * l % 4 iJ 4 ± ^ kr ^*4 v 7/Vmnnv ; c;-:aa:n^. tar: ions cf Ivinas. Accordingly, Lucir.n ai- dint the Cuflcnt onttinc- an Ob:ahi$~ into tn.e Alouth of trie Dead, to pay their hare, was univeriai ap.nro the (f.-’rAu and Ro^u%tis ; and tve know none that _ 4_/ ^ifpented vvith it but thciYL7h7:?::r^;;,^ o^caufe the^ ihon^bt. ^ . > { r if* Hr"Tn ( A "■ ^ i / 1 * U - W V- v— - > k i 7^ r'? f ' A •»' V —*• N • n G:;*;rcilcc a netty even .fron b •* t die So J n — ,r T *'• : - ^ 1 — -V * hint the 66 Hifiorp nf the Gbdsy Goddefiea**' Es?r, 6 . ihemfelves fo near Hell*- that they reckoned there’was no Nece/fity for their ^paying any-Thing far their P 3 flag e- The Athenians were fo fuperftitious as to believe, that they were obliged to give fomething mone'fdr their Kings, in order for to diitinguiih them from the'Herd of , vulgar Souls ; accordingly, they put into thetr Mouths no jefs than three Pieces of Gold. We are further to knotv, that they were not contented with this Piece of Money ; and, in order to make their PaiTage the more lure, they put into the Coffin of the Defundt an Atteliation of hrs Life and Morals.. This was a kind of Pafs, the Form whereof is preferved by an Author, ‘ f J under-defigned, “ Anicius Sextus, the Pontiff, atteft, that fuch a one was a Perfon of good Life and Converfation ; let his. Manes * 4 reft in Peace.” Whereby it appears, that, to make thrs Atteflation the better received in the other World, the Pontiff himfelf ufed to write it. The Dog Cerberus was the famous Keeper of the in¬ fernal .Regions,.,the Idea whereof was jikewife derived from E&yft, where Burial-places were kept by maftive Dogs. The Serpent of 'Jeuarus ferves to embelifh this Story. The profound Cave o f Tenants was once inhabited, by a frightful Serpent, or a kind of Dragon, whicli ravag¬ ed the Confines of that Promontory ; and this Cave was reckoned the Gate of Hell ; hence they took occafion to fay, that the Dragon was the Porter of thefc dreary Man- fions : And this is the Original oi (Cerberus, who was call¬ ed the. Dog of Hell, though it was nothing but a Serpent. Hosier i$ fhe flrfl who gave him that Appellation. 1 Jt is true, ip. after Times Cerberus was reckoned, a Dog with $hr$e Heads, but they never got rid altogether of the Idea of the Serpent of 'Tc varus ; thus, inftead Of Hair, his Neck was faid to be encompaffed with Snakes ; and the three Tongues were given him only becaufe the voluble Mo¬ tion of Serpents Tongues Teems to make three of them ; or becaufe ( che Tongue is fomewhat like-a barded Javelin. When did Hue us and Rhiuiami ml bus live, and who were flieir Contemporaries ? A. Emus and Rhuni .<■ nu:uthus lived in the Year of tho World ^^51, lyyo, makes Their' Cont I/J49 Years before Chrift, to it > nj9 Years fince their Time, c inn ora vies, were 'hut.sue. King which add of Babylon r <>t j hunt (['it . Gods; Goddeffi9,‘ ^^. Eumipas, Kmg-of Thrace j Romus , Kipg of Gaul ; Aielger ruled,in GerjnasyyRomu^ King erf Spain .' ; J *.i ; • .-• ’ ' > What aye tbefeyou call the Elyjian Finds ? A. On the right of Tartarus is the Way that leads'to tho Elyfian Eields, thofe happy Xfles^-here the Sauk of fuch;, as-haf'e-lived :virtuouily in this World Enjoyed profound Peace and Tranquility, accompanied with the mOft innocent refined Pleasures. Let us imagine to our- felves inchanted Places abounding with every Thing con¬ ducive to HappineL ; Bowers for ever green, charming IV^eadows, with Fountains and Streams gliding gently tlirough them ; the Air healthful, temperate and ferene ; Iiirds eternally warbling in delightful-Groves ; a perpe¬ tual Spring, with other Suns, and other Stars. Thefe and the like are the Images under which the Poets pa'nit the Regions of Blifs ; thofe happy Ifles, the Kingdom of Adrajlus, as they fometimes call it ; in a Word, the Ely - ft an F'n Us. But as the Defcriptions which they give of them were only the Fruit of-their own Imaginations, every one of them represents the Pleafures and Employ¬ ments of the Place conformable to his own Inclinations. 4 Tibullus , voluptuous and prone to the Charms of Love, makes .it to abound with Mirth and all fenfual Pleafures. Virgily more challe, admits nothing there but innocent Sports and Jmploymeats worthy the Heroes who are the Inhabitants ; -and herein he has copied Homer. Jn the Greek Poet the Ghoft of Achilles wages War with the wild Bcafts; and in die Latin Poet the Trojav Heroes ex : breife .thumfelves in managing Horfes, or in handling Arms-. . Some Poets have added the Pleafures' of good Cheer,- deferibe Elyjium as a Place of contiual Feafhng ; while nothing, they fay, is fo forry and mean as the Entertainments Hccutc gives herGuefts'in Hell. This proves that die Part of Man who inhabit thofe Re¬ gions is corporeal, llnce it could not fubfift without Nourishment.- ' From fucli Fables and Fi&ions as thofe the Poets m uuai >, which lmiiiuucM, lii.il liicil. iv l i ^ nautiip covered with ficrnal jDaikncls, others dint lived under r ^ ■ \ , - t V-*’ s - > " “ 88 tliftory of- ^cX^is^ QodSeffeBi^S^-^ - (Sronnd; others ffcarhad but-^nfcljye j: J 8r&hdWerc jpf,af gigantic-likeForm^*thaK* f t$ie; 3 Sto 1 ’£ifl Sties’ V,eriV'every Evening tor-bed in the Ore an*, ahd Numbers 1 of' luciv like Fi&ions, builfc «pon> forite ^aggeratcti'^^fatibiis. See Siiwfa $Qtik xr. £. JC35 v aiid >038. ’ r t ’ * *' *' 4 ' .'* ',\7' ,.. . * . - i v * 0 % ^ ♦ ^ 14 » # a * * > . ✓ Of * * /U' - ,.^,'rWho was'Enmr, atld'how carnet h^tdTje^niaUe^a. Gof? ;-*•• * ' •■• - ;: * V s "" V' ' A. Pros , - the. King- of 7 *rcy had* CwcrBbfts 'Has' and - raeux ; die latter : had a Sort who .was Jr a- ther to Ancbifcs* and Grand^fath^r td-xV/wj 'thtis'he .\yas of the, Btood-royal by the Father's Side/' ahd, f in^rTie • Opinion of moft of the Ancients,^ the* ‘Oo'ddefs V'rV^j-'* wan his.Mother- " Nothing is f® famous- ttiritiiig tftdTPdetSj "as the Commerce o £ Anchifcs * * / \l\. ' ifl. 1 o! i * 4 ~ * 1 \ ■ 1 ;!. V < > ♦ 4 Hijlory of the Gods* Godde/Tefs, Z$c. 69 ■Ilium, tfcelaft; that; when he faw itwz* impoffibk tg dg%fld itvah^ l^au*,. Wornra* cld-Moi dnd Ch4Wgn % * Badc^oo^and.their.caizic ©tothrsU ^gating !u*W>iy. thro til the caqjs jzp IfiQUutJda, whi$h jwats .the de¥vous i that he the re-formed ,a little Army ©fthofewfi© were able to bear Arms; and the Greeks, not daring to venture a .Battle* n^4e a Treaty with them, by which they were permitted to march off. Eneas fitted out sc Fleet of twenty ShijH near the C\tyu4fandrtt, at the Foot of Mount Ijq, in. which, having embarked, he foil'ar¬ rived in ‘Ibr&ct', where he .founded the City sEnia, and peopled it with thole whom he could molt eaiily fpaie. Setting put from thence, he made the Ifiand Delos, where y/nius, the Highrprieft of Apollo, gave him a favourable Re¬ ception, After, this, having coafted along the Ifiand of Cytier he arrived at a Cape ©f the Pelopcnnefus, which he called Cynetium, from the Name of one of bis Com¬ panions, who was buried there; and having entered Greece, he quitted the Fleet ro go and confult the Oracle of Jx- pi ter at Dodona ;,it was there he found his Rcother-in-law; Helenas, who was reputed in that Country a great Pro¬ phet, arrived,in the Country .of Salen tines, Idomeneus come from Crete, ^fiablilhed his new Colony ; hs would have continued his Cqurfe Jby -the Fare of Mtjjina, but he was obliged .to put into Suily, where he afiilled Eiimus and E'JcjtheS', who alio came from Phrygia, in building two Xpwns of their own Flame. In fine, having departed fi om that Ifiand, he happily arrived at Laurcntum upcaa the Cpaft o f Tyrrbtnisr, near the Mouth of the Eyber, in the Country .of the Aborigines. Their Kiofr-Latinus having raffed an Army againll ljiat of Eneas and his Army, he him (elf made up to. if lens, gave him his Hand, in token of Frien-dflup, and the. two Armies united. The Re¬ membrance of .an Oracle, .which had foretold Latinus the Arrival of lbmc Strangers, whole Leader wan to be his Sou-in-law, was the prinripal Caufe of the Advances Iite made to Em.is. He conducted him. to bis Palace, and in older to confirm, by the it ruffe it Tie-;, die Alliance which he had made with him, and to unite the two Nations for' ' vm, he gave him in Maniac,’:, in a ihc:r Time alter.. n r N * % A >( 4 hn '.ml'.' L/aiiuhtri and r : feirrf* of id/: CL. ' * * ' \ \* » j t - f!■ t:ic t * Ml.. '/m’h .T-’ii la 7 MH 1 :hr. 4 1 70- Hi ft ory of' : the • Ge d sc' Go dd e fie s, Latins built at- that *Time'a. City, 1 * which he eaRed A?- - , a it Nobleman, who was thought to have nrliayed hi*, Comitiy, bccaule he entertained the (ini ], .ij. i baiiadois, who were leul lo demand i/cA//, and did Hijlvry 4 f : tk$.Gods^ .GockJeffes, &cl. yi*. not difcoiter* U-iyffa ,: wh en :he knew kiiri in. his Difgtnfb; he and Eneas only advifed to reftore Helen, and make: Peace. He made his Way through the midft of the Greeks and. gpt fafe«into the Termor res of Venice, and built a City -called Antcrcnea, after-his own Name, after¬ wards ;from the River Padus, and now Padua. Diomifes mid Uhffes there privately hole into the Temple, furp^^^nd ,flew the Keepers, and carried off the Pal- * ladit+p**\ a wooden Image of Pallas, whofe Eyes feemed ■ to moye... The Trojans furmifed that it fell from Heaven • into .an uncovered Temple, and were told by the Oracle, that Tray could not be taken whilft that Image remained rhere.. 'Tacitus, lib. iii. c. 13. informs us, that it was be¬ lieved in his Time, that the Games celebrated at Padua, • had beet*, indituted by this Trojan \ and forae Authors - mention and maintain that the Bonnet of the Doges, of ; V nice is made after the Model of thofc of the ancient F :/ygj a fis. Antcnor , to eftablifh himfelf in that'Part* of }: "b» entered diredly into an Alliance with the Henries, . wc preipat Venetians', and with their Aifillance expelled the Etonians f and built that City which we have now fpoke of If .any of my Readers would fee the Siege of ; . >cy at large, let him read Diilus Cretenjis and Daret-us Phrygius. it was found in Nero's Time in a Tomb in the Phrygian Language. Nero caufcd it to be tranflated into Iran. Eneas and Anterior came from Ttoy in the Year of the World 2769, 1231 Years before Chrirt, to which a.hi 17^0, makes 2981 Years fince their Time. j h Who were Contemporaries with Eneas and Anterior? A. Jeptbab conquers the Ammonites; Thisterus, King of Baby,'on 5 Franc us. King of Germany, from him the / s in (laid, A'LsnAaus, King of Lace Avion ; Ayywu :n- •7.;'. King id Argos ; Diomede, r, King of Si yon ; PropoJas, h big of Corinth i Frit! mus. King of Troy ; Gar gen is AJel/i- . . King of dp.iin; Chiron, the fifth Son of Saturn, an r .udlciit Phyiician, he taught Aihulapius f’hyfc, Apollo Mulic. and llercnls Allronoinv, and was'I ntor to A.hilUs. ,\> Poets, no Jliitoriam, at this 'l ime. i J What was tlie City of Eplnf* < V A. I'.pi.':jus - was the capital City , om; of the h under* el 72 HSjlory of the Gods, Goddcffes, be World .Letter T. s- sf .-which I fh&Il fpeak when I come to-the £>'. How cams Equity and JuJUce to .be a. GcdddV? AL. Though in general the Greeks and Roman* looked upon Themis ns the Goddefs of ‘Juftice yes tas lattes' had their Jujlice and Equity befidcs, whom they rsprsfcnMd 32pQn their Medals, and-on the Monuments tiiatvvefs can- fecrated.to them, the cae under *the Figure of a Wo man fitting with a Cup in one Hand, and her Sceptre’in the vether, as may-be feen on the Medals -of Hadrian and .Alexander Mammeus : Equity again, with a ovverd in one Hand, and a Pair of Scales in the other. This Goddefs was confounded with Aftr era, and Dice, . To whom we have an Hymn under the Name of Orpheus, wherein she Author, who ever he was, deftines Incenfe to her. v* Who was Erickthvnius , and how came he to be .snsde a God ? • • He was the fourth King of Athens, the Son of Vul¬ can and &Unerva&' not uniform, contenting themfelvcs fometimes with ^offering up the Choice of them, that, is, the young* and ; the molt handfome, and killing the reft with their Arrows,. while upoh other Occafions they facrihced them all, without Diftin&ion of Age or Birth. ^ Who was EvanJer, and how came he to be made a'God-?. A, Evandfr was the Son of Mercury and Nfco/fra, .who, for'her prophetiq Verfes, was by the Latins called. C«r- mnita ;fhe was an Orcadian by Birth, had \e ft Greece fome- tiine before, and planted a Colony in that Part of Italy which was afterwards called the Latin Territories. That Prince, who had introduced the Ufe of Letters thither, which was then unknown there, had gained the Affec¬ tion of the Aborigi7ies> who, without confidering him as their King, obeyed him as a Man of uncommon Wifdom. But nothing procured him more the Veneration of that People, than the Reputation of his Mother Carmtnta % Whom the Greeks named Themis t and who was looked upon as a Divinity ; during her Life-time fhe was the Oracle of that whole Nation, and after Death had divine Ho¬ nours paid her. Erjo.ndcr y who had learned not long ago from Carmen ter , that a Heroe, a Son of Jupiter , was - one Day to arrive in the Country, and that his'heroijq. Atchievements would raife him to divine Honours, had; no fborier heard the Name of him who had flain Eacus, than he was determined to be the firft who fhould dp Honour to him, even in his Life-time, as a Divinity. . Thus he erected .an Altar to him in kafte, and after having let him know his Mother's Prediftions, .facrifi<;ed to him at Hercules's Pe.fire, and with the Cdnfent of the , whole Nation, that (iich a Solemnity fhould be perpe¬ tuated from Year to Year, according to the Qrcciax . which he himfelf took care to teach them H and for that Office two of the moft noble Families >yere fet apart, that of the Pticiant*. and that of the Pcriarzars ; the *- former. Hiftory of the Gods, 'Goddefies, *•£ ?r. 75 former, according to the Roman Hiftbnans, was after¬ wards entirely deitroyed, for having offered to perform that Ceremony upon public Slaves, while tha^t of thie Periarians , faithful to their Engagements, was ftilt/uB- filling in die Time of Cicero. EvandeY, f*or ,his' Probity and Wifdom, and being the Son of a God, anc£ of tlie.frq- phetefs Garment a, was worfhipped ' and prayed lived in the Year of the World 2707, before Jcjuf Chyijl 124j Years, to which add 1750 makes 304j Years finpe Evandei's Time. i?. Who were Contemporaries with Evander ? A. Abimelecb governed the Ifraelites ; Be/us, Xing of Babylon; Jafon' s Expedition with the Argonauts ; Caftor and Pollux govern Lacedtmon; Plijibenes , King ofArgos-z AdrdfiuSy King of Sicyon ; Priainus, King of ‘Troy • Eri-r ebus, a Tyrian, King of Spain, No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. * » i£. Who was Europa , and how came file to be made a Goddefs ?• * At Jupiter, as we read in Ovid's Met. lib. ii. and in Hyginus's Tab. 178. falling in love with Europa, Daugh¬ ter to Agcnor, King of Phoenicia, ordered Mercury to carry her to the Sea-fhore, where that God, having transformed hinlfelf into a Bull, took her upon his Back, and tranf- ported her into Crete. Palepbatus, lib. de Meredibil. takes the Foundation of this Fable to have been, that a Cap¬ tain of Caridra, named Taurus, carried off* drat Princels, after that he had taken the pity Tyre from Age nor ;• But Ecbimenides, whohad wrote the Hiftory of Crete, fayy», with more 1 Probability, that fome Merchants of thatlfiand having arrived' upon, the Cdafts Of Phoenicia, and feen.tjie young Europa, whofe Beauty {truck them, carried her off for their King AJlerius ; and as their Ship bore upon the Fore-cafHe a white Bull, and ‘that Ifing of Crete had rr- v.i «r ■ * * t ‘ • J . ’ *. T• \ V ’ ‘ % Prihcefi. -Herodotus, 'in the .'Begijanidg of Ips fdiftory, agrees' I with " Ecbemcnidcs, that" it' was!. fey (ire tans : the Daughter of Age nor was carried off* 5 butthenhe adds, it was done by Way of 'Reprizals, the Phoenicians having before bore away Io, the Daughter of Inachus. 'Be that as it will, it is-certain, from the Teftimony of all Antiquity, E z y6 Tlijlory of the Gods* GoddefTes^ £s?V. that Europa was conveyed from Pbasnicia into Crete where fhe arrived by the Mouth of the River Lttbe, which • ran by Gortina, as we learn from Solinus. Diodorus al¬ ledges, that Aftcrius being too young, when Europa arrived in the Ifland of Crete , fhe had firft by Taurus, Minos , Sarpcdine and Radamantbus, and that AJierim , having mar¬ ried her afterwards, and not being able to get Children, Itad adopted them j whereas, others contend they were his own Off-fpring. Europe, having brought forth the three Princes now named, gained the Efteem and Regard of all the Cretans , who worshipped her after her Death as a Divinity. They even inftituted a Fcall to her Honour, which Hefychius, after fome Authors, names Hellotia. Europa lived in the Year of the World 25 11» before our blefled Lord Chrift 1489 Years, to which add 1750 ■ mak.es 3239 Years fince her Time. 4 ^ Who were Contemporaries with Europa ? A. Otbniel , Caleb's Son-in-law, ruled the T/m elites ; Amenophis , King of Egypt ; P any as, Kin^ of Babylon ; Euretas. King of Laccdemon ; Lynceus, King of Argos ; Epopcus, King of S icy on ; Ericbtbonius, King of Troy 5 - yupiter. King of Crete ; Chiron the fifth Son of Saturn, an excellent Phyfidan; he taught AEfculap.us Phyfic, Apollo Mufic, Hercules Allronomy, and was Tutor to Achilles . No Poets, no Hiilorians at this Time. You often fpeak of Fables in the Lives of the Gods and Goddcjjcs, how many Sorts of Fables are there ? A. 1 hnd among the Poets fix Kinds of Fables Hijhri- cal, Pbilo/opbical, siilegorical. Moral , Telixed, or invented merely for the Sake of the Fable. The fir ft ' are ancient Hiftories, mixed with feveral Fictions ; fueh- are thofe which fpeak of Hercules , Jafon 3 &c. Inftead of telling us the fimple Way, that the latter went to recover the Treafures which Pbrixus had carried to Colchis, they gave us the Fable of the Goldai Fleece . The philofophical Fable6 are thofe which the Ancients invented,. .as apt Parables to wrap up rite Myfteries of their Philofophy as when the Ocean is faid to be the Father of the Rivers ; the Moon to have married the Air, and became the Mother of the Dew. * The Allegorical were likewife Parables, where fome in y ft i cal Sen.iv lay concealed, as that pf Plato about Fetus llifeory of the Gods, GodddTes, &c. yy ■ ^ Perus and Penia, or Riches and Poverty, whole OfF- fpring v/as Pleafiire. The moral- Fables are thofc they have contrived for the Conveyance of fame Precepts of Morality, as that which tells Jupiter fends the Stars upon, this Earth in the Day-time, to take Notice of the Actions of Men : So the Fables of AEfop, and in general all Apologues. There are mixed Fables, which are made up of Alls* gory and Morality, but have nothing hiftorical, fuch is the Fable of Ati , related by Homer , Iliad 19. Ati, ac¬ cording to this Poet, was Jupiter's Daughter 5 her Name marks her Chara&er and her Inclinations • accordingly jfhe thought of nothing but doing Mifehief. Odious as fne was. to Gods and Men, Jupiter feized her by .the Hair of tire Head, and threw her down headlong from the Height of Heaven, whither he made an Oath fhe Ihould never enter more. -It is eafy to fee the Poet under this Fable defigned to reprefent the Pronenefs we have to Evil, or Evil itfelf, under an allegorical Figure ; for, having deferibed this mifehievous Imp, who, according to him, traverfes the whole Earth with an incredible Ce¬ lerity, doing all the Mifchief in her Power, he adds, that her Sifters, likewife Jupiter s Daughters, whom he calls *»rai. Prayers^ come always after her to repair, as far as lies in their Power, the Evil done by her ; but, being lame, they move far flower than their Sifter; as much as to fay. Men are always more forward to fin, and more in earneft than they exercife Repentance, and make Re¬ paration. The Fables, invented merely for the Sake of Fable, have no other End, but to divert, as that o t Pfycke Plant. Pro/, di Rue!, and what we call the M Ujuin Tales, and thofe of the Sybarites. Fables of the hiftorical Kind are eafily dilUnguiftied, becaufe Mention is made in them of Peo¬ ple we knew elfewhere ; fuch as are compofed for Amufe- meht:are likewife eafily to be difeoverea, by the ridicu¬ lous Stories they tell of unknown Perfons. The Senfe of the moral and allegorical Fables Is obvious : as for the philofophical ones, they are full of Profopopceias that animate Nature ; there Earth ’and Air are hid under'the borrowed Names, of Jupiter and June. Generally fpcaking,.there are very few Fables in the ancient Poets,* but contain fome Paffages oFHiftory; it is E 3 only ,78 Hiftory of the Gods, GoddelTes, &x. only they that came after that have added to them Clr- cumfiances of pure Invention. When Homer4 for Ex¬ ample, fays, Odyf. lib. x. JEoivs gave Ulyffcs the Winds fhut up in a Bag, whence hi3 Companions let them out; this is a covered Piece of H-iftory• which informs us that this Prince foretold UlyJJtSj what Wind was' to blow for feme Days, and that the Shipwreck that he {uttered* was owing entirely to his negle&ing to follow his Counfel. But when Virgil JEn. lib. 1. adds, that the fame AEdus, at 7 ^o’s Requefl, raifed a terrible Storm, which drove ^Eneas 's .Fleet upon the Coaft of Africa , it is a- mere -Fable founded upon the Opinion of jEoIus* being God of the Winds. Thofe Fables too, which we have called philo fop hi cal, were at firft hiftorical, and it was after their Invention they were joined with the Idea of natural Things : Hence thofe mixed Fables, if we may fo call them, comprehending like that of Myrrha arid Lucothei , changed into the Tree that bears Frankincenfe, and that of Clythia into the Heliotrope. Ati fignifies hurt¬ ful , for which Caufe fhe was made the Goddefs of Re- •vt Kge.. . • • ' ' • • ij. Who was Tabullnus , .and how came he to be madra ,God ? ’ '* ‘y A. Fub-ulinui was the God who taught Children to fpeak ; I told you, that when a Woman was in Labour of Child-bearing, they invoked Lucina and Juno Pronvbatkz Goddefs of Marriage. * When‘a Child was laid down on the Ground, they recommended him to.the’Gods Pehwti- nus and Pit ut.t.us for fear too that the God • Sifoands fhould do him Harm, there were three : other Deities who watched at the Gates, Intcrcidc, Pilumnus and De^erra. For we mull know, that at the Nativity of a Child, they knocked at the Gate fir ft with an Ax, then with a* Wal¬ let, and Iaft of all they fwept the Porch, beIieVing ; that Silnjanusy feeing thofe three Signs, durft not attempt to harm the Children, whom he : thus judges to be under the Protection of thefe three Divinities. ' 'Sfatilimtsfrz- iided ovef Children’s Education ;' : kept T dway from them frightful terrifying Objects 7 Non din a prdtded over the Names given them ; Macrobius Saf. ISbi 1 . c - 16 . fays, the Males were purified, and got a ! 'Name the ninth Day after their Birth, and the Females oit the eighth tftfiory of the Gods* Goddefies, yCu- tiituij’ Lev aha 9 Pa-vcntia,. Ccunea, Edufa , Off la go, Strtti- liuus, Va git an us, Fabulinus, Juventa, Nondina, Qebcna j this lafl: Goddefs was for Orphans, or to comfort Fathers and Mothers for the Lofs ot their Children. There was no Crime but had a Patron God. The Adulterers owned yupiter i the Ladies of Gallantry, Venus ; Jealous Wives, Juno and the Pick-pockets, Mercury , and the Goddefs La*vet‘na. Thefewere not all, there wercDeftinies to over¬ rule every Action in Life. Over Marriage prefided June, Hymeneus, Fhalaffius, Luc in a, Jugatinus, Ootnidueous , and feverai others, whofe infamous Occupations are enough to put every virtuous Perfon to die Blulh. ♦ 1 Q. How came Fame to be made a Goddefs ? A. Among the Divinities Fame had alfo her Place t FUf\o.d % \ who . gives a Dcfcription .of her, has however omitted her Genealogy. But is is certain, that fhe wis reckoned a Divinity,. and that flic had an eftabliflied Wprfhip, cfpecially at Athens, as wc learn from Paufi i- niaSj in his Attics, and a Temple, as Plutarch tell '.us, . in the Life of Cam ill us. .No Figures can have a ftrOnger Imprefiion,*or greater Likenefs to this Goddefs, than, is exhibited in that fine Pi&ure of her drawn by Virgil, JEneid iv. 259. The Tranflarion of which by .Pitt'si l fhall. give my Readers. . ,;.w 4 1 . • - . • 1 ■ Now Fame, , tremendous Feind ! without Delay , Thro’ Lybian Cities took her rapid Way. a Fame y the fwift Plague, tliat ev’ry Moment growj* ..And, gains new Strength and Vigour as ; £hegQes.. i.\rl firft, fmall with Fear,, fhe fwells.to wondrous-Sk** i J .s / ; . And; f&lk$ on Earth, and towers above .the Skies,. .-;. ^ - i Whpm, in, her Wrath to Heav’n the* teemicgrEanh i; . ; -- Produc’d the laft of her gigantic Birth,. V•.: -V • ; : ) • •. A Moufler jiuge and dreadful in the Eye, : . - With rapid. Feet to run, or ings.to fly^ . ». E 4 Beneath '• • * 8o Hiftcry of the Gods, God defies, &c. Beneath her Plumes the various Fury bears A thouTand piercing Eyes and Iift’ning Ears, l And with a thoufand Mouths and babbling Tongues t appears. , .- J Thundering by Night thro' Heav’n and Earth fhe flys, No golden Slumbers feal her watchful Eyes : * . *. On Tow’rs or Battlements fhe fits by Day, And fhakes whole Towns with Teijor and Difmay, • Alarms the World around, and perch’d on high. Reports a Truth, or pubiifhes a Lie, &V. Or.-id gives alfo a very finePidlure of the fame Goddefs, and feme other Poets have likewife exercifcd their poeti¬ cal Genius upon the fame Subject. What we may infer from all thefe is, that.rl.jB7r, like all the Giants, was.the Daughter of the Earth, who, to be avenged of the Gods, and of Jupiter in particular, who had thunderftruck her Children, brought forth this Monitor to blaze abroad t’n-ir C. irr.es, and make them known to all the World : For Fuat. .’pares neither Gods nor Men. ¥ How came Faith to be made a Goddefs. ? A. Faith , that is. Fidelity, (for thus we are to under-' Hand die Word Files, the Pag cits not having the fame Idea of it with us) was alfo a Divinity among the Raman; confequently it is obvious, that fhe prufided over Since¬ rity in Commerce, and Truth in Promifcs. It was by her, in fhort, that Security was given again!! Deceit and Falfhood, fince fhe was taken to witnefs their Engage¬ ments, and the Oath made in her Name, or that of Jupiter Fidius, who was the fame, was of all Oaths the moft inviolable. Nothing in Nature was more facred than this Fidelity, as having for its Foundation Religion itfelf; take away, fays Cicero.'(in his Offices y Book‘jii.) the Reverence that is due to the Gods, and Faith is at an End, pietate a dot erf us Decs fublata fidem to/li. The Temple of Faith erected by Galatius, was in the Capitol, near that of Jupiter. Feftus, upon the Authority of Azat hocks, fays, that AFneas, upon his Arrival in Italy, alfo confe- crated one to the fame Goddefs; but, I am of Opinion, that we ought to adhere to Diony/tus Haltcarnajjuts and Plutarch , who make the fir ft of all to have beenbuif^ by -Kama Pomfi lists . That fame Prince had likewife ordered the ► * Hijiory cf the G ods, Goddeffes, £i # tlie Priefts, whom he fet over the Worfhip of this Goddefs, to wear white Veftments when they offered Sacrifices to her. The Antiquaries are of Opinion, that a Figure, where two Women are joining Hands, reprefents this Goddefs, which is • not improbable, fince in this manner mutual Faith is ufually plighted. What induced Nun a. PompHius to make Faith one of the Roman Divinitifes is thus related by Vionyjius HaliearnaJJus , Book ii. In or¬ der, fays he, to engage his People to mutual Fidility and Truth in their Contrails with one another, he had Re- courfe to another Method which the moft celebrated Le- giflators had contrived. He remarked, that the public Contra&s, and thofe made before WitnefTes, were pretty regulary obferved, and that few who contrafted in that manner were found to violate their Promifes, becaufe Men naturally have a Regard to thofe in whofe Prefence they have come under Engagements. He obferved on the other Side, that thefe Sorts of Contra&s and Treaties « 9 * that were made without WitnefTes, and depended merely upon the Honefly of the Parties contra&ing, were ftill more inviolable than the former ; whence he concluded, that by deifying Faith he would make thofe Sorts of Contracts ftill more binding. Befides, it appeared to him unreafonable, that while divine Honours were paid to JuJiice , to Fhemis and Ncmef.s , and fuch like Divinities, Faith alone, the moft facred Thing in the World, and, at the fame time the moft worthy of Veneration among Men, fhould be honoured neither in public nor private. Big with fo laudable a Defign, he was the firll who built a Temple to public Faith , and inftituted Sacrifices, where¬ of he would have the Charges to be defrayed, by t hp Public, as was done with refpe& to feveral other Gods>, in hopes, that the Veneration of fo fundamental a Virtue, which, he propagated through die City in general, would, infenfibly communicate itfelFto each Individual. ^ r * * . # • * P.- How tame Faunas and Fauna to be made, a God and ‘Goddefs v ? : \ '' ; ,A \I Wifddm,'' which probably made it fo be given out thaf he waff the Sbn o f Mari, ‘ Lq&aniius. informs us, tha$ he vyas Vfyy religious'. 'jSufilius is’of the fame Mind, when "he E 5 places. §2 fflftory of tbs Gods, Goddefies, £?V. was reprefented with the Equipage of the Satyrs.' It was even aliened, that he delivered Oracles; but this. Fable is founded upon the Etymology of his^Name for uetn in Creek, and Far: in Latin % where it is compound¬ ed, fignify to /peak ; and it was,, perhaps^, fpr t^e ^mp Reafbn, that they called his Wife Fauna , as'you jyduld fay Fan die a, Propbetefs . She was a Perfon of great Cha¬ ff ity, as we learn from Varro, and La&anii'us , who copied him, fays, fhe carried Modefty ahdReferve fo far, .that ihe never would fee another Man but her ownHufeanq. She was wont to make Precisions to the Womerij' as Faunas did to the Men. So many good.Qualities or Qua¬ lifications railed her after Death to divine Honours, and fhe was called the good Goddefs. The Women offered Sa¬ crifices to her in Places where no Accefs was permitted to the Men. Faunas lived while Pandion reigned at Athens* about 1300 Years before the Chriftian. JEra, or about 1 20 Years before the Trojan War, to which add 1750 make 2050 Years fince Faunus's Time. All that we know of the Goddefs Favour is, that Apelles had drawn an excellent Picture of her. Ff How came Felicity to be made a Goddefs ? A. It was very late before the Romans raifed Felicity to the Rank of their Divinities. It was actually about fix hundred Years after the Building of Rome, that Luce i/us, upon his Return from the War with Methridates and T.granes, built a Temple to her. Pliny , Book xxxy. th. ’12. adds, that this General enjoined the Statuary Archsjilanus to make the Statue of that Goddefs, and. this is' almofl all that we know about her. Both the General and'Statuary died before the Work was finilhed. Hqw came Feronia to be made a Goddefs l , . . , A. Feronia, which Name comes from the. Verfyj'^, .to bring forthj or/: romthe Tow } n Feronia, near.^qunt * Sorjcle, 'was,''according * to Serwius, thePatranefg.jOf* } £u- francKifed Slaves,- who had a great many .Offerings pre- fen ted to" her,' this Goddefs being in high yerme ration through. all Italy/ . The Grammarian now 3 quoted will ' : ‘ • '** ’ ; ' have >r i - - - Irettii ' a^cp^ed .'l*. S apfaropnated, lo this Goddefs. tfe; "(&& V F. .'.jhc WoQds.ahcf brcharJs j fte had a Temple.at tha.Foat of n ° w mentioned, where .an.;. aaaujoTfc^ offered, to her, and they tell qs, £ was, iuchyas were^ Filed .with tho Spirit of this Goddefi,. that walked ^^fJx°£A. ?P°? Coats without being burnt, .QcOjfFering 3*9 i “ h is Book ?• Satyr v,.n;endons. the.Hoxnkge Which flowed near the Temple. 3 Y$fhing the Face qnd i die facred Fountain _ * - Ora manafque tud la'vimus > .Feronia > lymph a./* , . • < j * /How came Fire to be worlhipped ?. .. v . £ A. It is agreed that the Worfhip of the Goddefe Vejla, or of Fire, was brought into Italy .by Uncos and the other Trojans who landed there ; but the Phrygians themfelvca had received it from the Eaftern Nations. The Chaldeans had a high Veneration for the Fire, which they, accounted a Divinity. There was in the Province of Babylon, . a City confecrated to this Wage, which was called the City of Ur 9 or of Fire. The Per/s arts were yet more fuperftkious in this refpedt than the Chaldeans : They had ..Temples which they called Pyr. had been affaflinafed at Colchis ; and that his Ghoft had appeared to him, charging him to revenge his Death, and to fave his Children, wKo wtre every Day expofed to the infatiable Avarice of the Tyrant AEtes , who detained them at his Court.' He added, that he was very ready to refign to him a Crown to which he had a legal Title; but that as a. Duty of Religion bound him to the Expedition to Colchis , which he was not in a Condition to undertake himfelf, he hoped he would not refufe to difeharge it for him, and give Satif- fa&ion to the injured Manes of a Relation, who called a- loud for Revenge. This Propofal was highly grateful h> Jafon, who,having withdrawn to confer with his Father and ' Uncles, they refolved unanimoufly to publilh thcir Defign through all Greece , to' invite the Youth to join with Tiiin in fo glorious' and advantageous an Expedition. While the Choice of the Grecian Youth- were• afemblir.g in TEcf- fih '> 85 Hijlory of the Gods, Goddefles, &ci i - ‘ ' m m r faly ; all who were moft diftinguifhcd in Creech at that Time,-both for their Valour and their Birth* and whereof the molt Part were Jafon* s Relations ; becaufe, at that Time, almoft all Greece , except a Part of the Peloponne - fus, was peopled by Deucalion ‘a Defendants, from whom he derived bis Original. • The Ship built for this Expedition, called Argo or Ary gos, was long, and near the Figure of Galleys, ’ wh£rea$ thofe which the Greeks ufed before were round.' Pithy, B. iii. Ch. 56. fays, Longa na*vo Jafonem primum navi- gaffe, Philo Stepbanus ciutor eft. Apollonius lays, this’ Gal¬ ley confifted of fifty Oars, and calls it irmTVKovrtgtiv vavv. Thus, continues our learned Author, we may conjecture that it had twenty-five Oars on each Side, and fifty Cu¬ bits in Length. Theocritus fays it had thirty Oars oh’ oach Side, and fixty Cubits in Length. Cicero quotes two Verfes, intimating, that this Ship was named Argo^ merely becaufe it earned the Greeks Argivos. Argo, quia Achiv 't in ea delefti are tbofe who wrote upon it at the greateft Length. & W &9 88* Hijlory of the Gods,, Goddefles, : * ^ / * ♦ * • Who was i%r*, and how came fhe to be made a Goddefs? A, Ladantius fays. Flora >vas a ProfUtute, who, have- ing gained much Subftance, made the Roman People her Heirs, and left a confiderable Sum for celebrating every Year the Day of her Nativity, by a folemn Feftivai>. and Games, called from. her Name Floralia. But, continues that learned Father, the Shame both of the Inheritance, and of fuch a FefUval, inclined the Senate to put that Courtezan into the Number of the Gods, and to feign that fhe was the Goddefs of Flowers. Ovid, in his Book of Fafisy to give an Air of Truth to this Fable, fays Flora was a Nymph called Cbloris, who, being married to the Zephyr, received from her Spoufe the Dominion over all the Flowers. Acca Laurentir , having married Tartu- tins, a Man of Wealth, he left her his immenfe Riches. She encreafed them Hill more by the infamous Trade fhe carried on for feveral Years ; and, when fhe faw herfeif at the Point of Death, fhe named the Roman Senate her Heir. Her Name was inrolled in the Calendar, and Feafts jvere inftituted to her Honour. As the Name ,of Laurentia ilill kept up the Remembrance of her infamous Trade, it was changed to that of Flora ; But this Change however did not abolifh the Memory of her Debauche¬ ries ; great Care was even taken to renew the Floral Games, where were committed a Thoufand Ads of Ob- feenity, fuitable to the Goddefs in whofe Honour they were inflituted. «*« ♦ • • * • • ♦ • * What fay you of Fortune , and how came fhe to be made a Goddefs ?. • * _ ' A. As Men have always highly valued earthly Goods, it is no Wonder that they adore &■ Fortune : Fools!. who .thus inftead of acknowledging an intelligent Proridence, that diftributes Riches, and other Goods, from Views always wife, 1 though dark, and placed beyond the Reach of hu¬ man Difcovery, addrefTed their Vows to" an' imaginary Being, that aded without Defign, and from the Impulie of unavoidable Neceffity: For it is ‘‘ beyond (Jiieftjon, '• that, * in the Pagan Syftem, Fortune was nothing elfe but Deftihy. Accordingly fhe was confounded*, as I fhalt •/hew afterwards, with the Pa/u 7, who were themfelves that Hi ft my of the Gods, Goddefies, S§- that fatal Necefiity which the Poets have reafoned fo. much about. It is true, ChrilHans fometiines fpeak. oF fortune after the Manner of the Pagans themfelves, to facrifce to. Fortune, to expert ail from Fortune, to be demo¬ ted to Fortune, £ 3 V._ But.when the/ reflect and confider the Meaning of thefe vulgar Expreflions, they refer it to a Divine Providence. It is certaip drat file was in¬ voked from the earlieft Times, iince the firft Time that the .Holy Scriptures mentions ,the Gods of the Pagans, it fpeaks of Gad, invoked by Leah; and this God St. Au- gujtine takes to have been Fortune . The Greeks ere£ted unto her, in After-times, feveral Temples; and thofe of Corinth gave her the Surname 'of Acofa, becaufe fhe had one in their Cittadels. This Goddefs had aifo a Chapel at Egira, with a Statue, having belide it a winged Cupid.\ probably .to fignify that in Love Fortune has a greater In¬ fluence- than Beauty. In that of Elis fhe had in her Hand the Cornucopia; but the moll fuitable Symbol was that which the Bcetians had given her, having reprefented her in a Temple of theirs, holding P/situs in her Arms under the Form of an Infant; and this, fays Paufanias, is an ingenious enough. Notion, to put the God of Riches in the Hands of Fortune, as if fhe had been his Nurfe and his Mother. In general, almoft all Men are Votaries to Fortune; and although they do not always offer Victims to her, yet they but too often facrifice to her their Ho¬ nour and Probity. The Romans had much the fame Sen¬ timents of her that die Greeks had, fince their moft an. r cient Fortune being that which was worfhipped at Antir urn , and which was confounded with the Lots and Aftro r logical Predictions, the Ufe whereof was fo famous in that City, it is evident that they did not difbnguifh her from DcjUny, or diat Fate which the Greeks called Eimarmene. As the Inhabitants of Antium, now Nettano , adored at the fame Time two Fortunes , called Fortune Geminer, the Twits Fortunes , it is probable that thefe were goad and bad Fortune . Suetonius calls the two Fortunes the Lots of An- • « ♦ 4 tjtfTTii becaufe it was by the Lots, . * * . « : ■ « « 6 Hifiory #f : the Gods, God defies, iSc, the wild' AfTertion. of one of thofe Do£bors,_ who gravely alledges, that the Bone of that Giant’s -Thigh Was ; felong, that a'Stag would take a whole Day to run over its -Di- menlions,- as you may fee in Toft at. in Debt. after Lyranus . The fame Rabbins makenoScruple to tell US, that Giant was i ze Cubits, that is, 180 Feet high ft and that they may not feem to contrndift Mofes', Who affig^Ls the Dimenfions of that Prince’s 1 Bed, they tell us; Sat Bed .was only his Cradle. See Tbeodorvs ' RycRtus 'Oratio de Gigantibiu. But to go on methodically, I {hall firft begin with the PalTages in Scripture where the Giants are mentioned. That which molt favours thofe, who .nor only hold their Exigence, but alfo believe there was a Race of Giants, is where Mofes fays, Gen. vi. 4; There were Giants in the Earth in thofe Days ; a Verfe which ftands between two others, where we read of the Mar¬ riages of the Sons of God, with the Daughters of Men, of whom Sons were born, who are faid in the Hebrew * Text to have been powerful, mighty-Men. The Septua- gint has tranflated this Expreflion by that of Gi'arrcs. , The Defcendants of Anak, who, in the facred Writings, is called the Father of the Giants , were really of an ex¬ traordinary Stature. We have feen what was the Height of Og, King of Ba/han, whom Mofes calls the Iaft of the Giants. All the Country inhabited by the Pofterity of Anak, to whom the Ifraclites looked upon themfelves but as Grafhoppers, was peopled by Men of a monftruous Stature i Deut. xiii. 33, 34. And there we Jaw the Giants, the Sons of Anaky which came of the Giants : and we, were in our own Sight as Gra/hoppers, and fo we were in their Sight. Their Land ‘was called, the Land of Giants, and the City of Hebron , the City of Giants, where dwelt Achi- 77 ia 77 j Sifai, and Tbalmai , of the Race of An ah. To thefe PafTages of Scripture, ‘may be added the Tef- timonies of profane Authors, and it is fit we begin with the Poets, who are of greater Antiquity, than the Hifto- rians. Nothing is more celebrated in their Works than the Attempts of the Giant? againft Heaven, which they would needs fcale by piling the high Mountains of The /- faly above one another. It is needlefs to quote them all, fince they only copy one another: I fhall only obferve, that they give very odd Defcriptions of the Giants. See Hejiod Theogony, Ovids Met. Virgil, &C. Befides the Enormity Hiftory of the Gods, God defies*' &c. 97 Enormity of their Size, : which made them capable of plucking, up Mountains by the Roots j they give fome of them an hundred Arms and fifty Heads, and make them roar fo loud as. to make Heaven, and Earth, and Sea to tremble. Accordingly, they fo terrified, the Gods, ,as to force them to"fly into Egypt, and there lie concealed, fome under the .Fignre of one Animal, and fome of another.’ In fine,, to complete the Portrait of thefe Mongers, they g ive them Feet of Serpents. Hefiod, who appears not ^o ave always had a very warm .V cm, in a kind of Poem which did not require much Enthufiafm, yet, where He {peaks of the Enterprises of the Giants .againft the Gods, nfes into the Sublime, and gives a Defcription of thofe enormous Beings, which one cannot read.without a cer¬ tain Horror, what Hamer relates of Abides and Poly¬ phemus is not much lefs extraordinary, for what Sort of Monftcr mull he have been, whofe Staff was like the Mali of a Ship, and who, at a fingle Meal, eat up two of TJlyJfes's Companions x ? The fame Poet tells us, OdyjJ'es , ver. 576. that Tityus, when lie lay upon the Ground, covered no lefs than nine Acres. Had it been only in the Poets we found Defcriptious of thofe Prodigies of Men, we fhould have Realon to look upon what, they fay of them as the Prodiift of ppe- tical Enthufiafm, that was’not always guided by Reafon ; but the: Hi Adrians themfelves tell us very extraordinary Things of them* Abydtnus and Eupolemus^ according to Eufcbius , Pr*ep. lib. ix. c. 14. fpeaking of the Conffruc- tion of the Tower of Babel, tells us, it was the Work of. a Race of Giants, who attempted, by Means of this Tower, to get up to Heaven. The ten Kings of Chaldea , men¬ tioned hy BcrpTus , whomlie makes to have lived before ■ the Deluge, Were, according to the. Chronicle of Alex¬ andria, real Giants. ’The Greek and Kcffan Authors often fpeak of Mdns' Bones and' Teeth of an extraordinary Bignefs. PMegan of Tralios, de Aliraculis, c. 14. tells i,us, from the. Authority of Apollonius die Grammarian, that, in the Time of Tiberius, an Earthquake difclofed ..the Coffins of feveral Giants, wherein vvas found a Tooth jdo lefs than'a Foo't in Length, which was fent to that Em¬ peror. How large then, cries out Rye hi us, Oratio dc Gi - ganiibus, muff the Mouth have been which contained tliirty two of thefe Teeth ? and what muff have been the F * Size $8 Hijlory of the G ods, GedcTeilcsy'&V. Size.'of that Giant's Body, whafe Moath wai fo wide,? The fame Pbin*on afierts, fchaf in a Gaverpt bf Dalmatia were found dead Bodies, whofe Ribs were more than fixtcenElls^n Length, and a Tomb near Athens *hat \va* ' a hundred Cubits long, wherein the Body of Macrofidds had been lodged, as the Epitaph of that-Giant feta forth. The fame Author {peaks of fome other Difcoveriesi of Giants Bones and Teeth, but none of them more extra¬ ordinary than thofe now mentioned. We learn from P/iny, lib. vii. c. 16. that a Mountain of Crete, being burft' afunder by an Earthquake, difeovered a human Body {landing upright, which was forty fix Cubits high. Soliuus relates fome what as extraordinary, but attefted hy feemingly unqueftionable Authority; it is with refpeft to a dead Body of a gigantick Make, being thirty three Cubits or forty-eight Feet in Length, which was fhewn to Lucius F/accus, and to the Proconful Metcllus , who had looked upon the Report they had heard of it as a Fable. Fa^cilus, the beft modern Hiftorian for Sicily , relates furprifmg Stories upon this Subjedl. He tells us one par¬ ticular Fa& wherein Boccace, in his Genealogy of die Gods, agrees with him, that about 200 Yearsbefore his Time, there was difeovered in Mount Eryx a Cave, wherein was found the dead Body of a Giant fitting, with a StaiF in his Hand like die Mall of a Ship, and that the whole mouldered into A/hes as foon as it was touched, fave three Teeth, which were kept by the Magiilrate of the City Eryx, who had been called forth to the Spcttacle, with a Part of the Scull which contained four Bufhels of SidiiuK Meafure. Fiiz.cUus reckons it was the Body of that Eryx who was (lain by Hercules. We are told, that the Body of Pallas the Son of Er another in one."of thulel-Handa : They had but one Minitier*, who ipailed from the, one (Hand to the ocher ; ami this h :what gave rife to the Fable of their having but one Kyc, winch they lend one to an*>lhcr bv tinn%. Fit fun >v.r; then n uvivaiing upon iliclc Sea:., he ^ V 1 4 I * loo Hijiory of the Gods, Goddefles, &c. prifed the Miniiter while rhe was paflipg frorn one I/land into the other.; which explains that Circujxiftarxce of. hi having ftole their Eye, while one. of them., was. givjng ft to her Sifter, They were inconfolable for die Lofs ol fo neceffary a Minifler ; but Per ft us gave them to know, that he ihouid be returned to ri*em, provided , they would .de,- liver to him the Gw-gon MeduJ'a, and, in cafe of aRefufal, threatned them with Deaths . Mcdufa would never hearken to this Demand, but her two Sifters confcn*e 4 , to it wherefore Pcrfeus put Meduf.i to Death, carried, off Statue, and reftored to S the no and E ary ah their Minifter. Glaus Rudbeck , one of thole who have wrote the. moft learnedly upon the Fable of the Gorgans, reckons they were Princeffes of great Wifdom arid. Valour, who go¬ verned their Dominions with excellent Order, and that they were pofteftod of thofe Talents in the higheft Degree, which are condufive to the good Management of a King¬ dom : Talents which he reduces to three. Prudence, Strength, and Forefight. Thefe are the excellent Qualities pofleiied by the Gorgon s, which the Poets had in their Eye, when they faid, in their figurative Stile, they had but one Eye. one Tooth, and one Horn ; fince by their Eye they marked out their Prudence ; by the Tooth their Strength and Courage ; and by the Horn the Care they had to procure Plenty in their Dominions by Commerce; and one of their Ships was cal'od the lUr?:^ becaufe it carried upon its Prow this Symbol of Plenty, and another the Dragon. From this Conjecture the Author draws the,Ex¬ planation of two myfteiious Circumitanccs that enter into the Fable of Mcd:p> and which have not been hitherto mentioned. The ihft, that M\dujWs Horn was faid $o have grown out ofa Dragon, all covered with Gold and Ciems, becaufe the Ship, called the Drug,in, had once returned laden with Gold and precious Stone*. The fecund bore, that Mtdufas Horn was full of Fciifpn, and that it poifqij- cd thofe who approached it; whereby wo are given, to underftand the Strength of Fleet, which no body durlt attack. 'Phis Explanation i.s fortified in the S+vrdi/h Author, by the Etymologies of the Nomc^ of the three e. C.r/lir had tire fame Opinion With l /aAtu.\, anu the** brh'er 1 IiRorian: differ from them but little’. 1 have /aid before, time the Uruid* were equally refpetfed ut * Hiftory-of the Gods, Godd^ffes, to ^ in Britain as. with the Gauls-,. that amon^ both, they were Ministers of Religion, and. that thole ot. the. former were even accounted more knowing and intelligent than, thole of the Gauls-, who fent their Students to be in- {trn< 5 ted by them in tlie more profound Myfteries. The BugLs as well, as the Gauls had other fubaltem Mini¬ fies, the Bards and Eubagts, who had the fame Functions among, both. I have alio faid, that the fame B»d tains*. as well as the Gauls , paid a particular Wonkip to tlie Mother-goddcffes. According to Cr.mbdtn and StiJon, their God Bulat ucc.dua was the fame with the Bihvns or Apollo of the Gauls, and that both Nations paid him '.h? fame Worihip i that they both worfhipped Ols, or FA.j, and. Samotheus. In fine, to complete the Parallel, Tacitua an - IO4 Hificry rif:tfe'G ods, Goddcfies;'&V. Jatrou^^Nawons That did not pay her ' religious Woiihip ; whacjs‘riiore'fmgolar in this Gai e is, rhePhilofophers were,. or f at IJt. ■, be- caufe fi.e is do.ithcd with Herbs and TmIF; thus it is they reduce feveral Goddcffes to this one, and not with- out Foundation : She is alfo culled, fays the lame Au¬ thor, the Mother of the Gods ; tire Drum, which is given her. figures the Globe of the Earth, rhe Turret:., die wears upon her Head, reprefent her Cities ; the Meats, with which* die-is frtrroumicd, denote, that fhc-alone, while all 'Filings arc in Motion about her, remains fixed and immoveable. M hr Eunuch Fidelia, who ferved her, point •ouv^rhst no moio n. needful for obtaining, Chains .md beeds Lut-u) cuiiivatc the Earth, becaufe all be {omul 1 Hjfioiyt ds,; • GoddeBe v 1 .05 found in her: W anafrr. Their' tofEn^ and ; tumbling. one anothec;'-he^orBiiii6r»tis to. ftte w thole whoicwlUYa^^e Earth'jnotto 'bv. idle, jfinde^isey have always. ibjne> thing to dd.. ThcSoumf of Cymbals denote the Noilja that;. Utenfily, of Agriculture make; and they are of j&rafs, be- caufe thfrfe Utenfils- of-old'were made of. that Metai ber ftxre Iron was found tnit- The Lion- unchained and tame repellents,- that there ., is no Ground io wild and barren,, butr may be fubdued and cultivated * . _ . * * r • s .. , . t Who was Harpocratcs, and how came he-to be made a God } . >, A. Har p aerates .was. the Son of Ifis, that is, of the Moons iby .the Statue of Hipocrates, it is eafy. -to judge that he was the God of ;Silence, becaufe he .is reprefeac- eri. in an Attitude holding a Finger upon his Lips, ■. the Egyptians intending thereby to denote; :that-the Gods were: to be adored with refpe&fui Silence ; of, as Plu~ tartb: has it, that they who knew thofe Qods,were not to {peak of them rafhly. In the Tempi© of -Ifts there was an Idol, that is,, an Harpocratcs putting his Finger to his Mouth. * Vurra fays, that he was there to recom¬ mend Silence. He lived in the year of the World 190° 5 before Chrift zioo,-‘to' which, add -1750, makes 3S50 Years fince his Time. His Contemporaries were Ninas, King of Babylon ; Apts, King of S icy on ; Cranus, King of Italy ; Tkerns , King of Spain* No Poets, no Hidonans at this Time. Who were the Harpies, and how came they to be worlhipped ? • • Am Phineas, King of Salmyihjfa ill Three in, married Clcobulc, or Cleopatra, the Daughter of Qjythia and A- polio f or rather of Boreas, King of a Pan of I brace, and had by her two Sons, Plexippus and Basil ion ; but, having afterwards divorced 'this Princeis, and married, Idea, the Daughter of Dardanus , this cruel Step-dame, to get rid of tbefc two Princes, accufed them of having offered to diihononr her, and the too credulous Pbinsas put out their Kye.-i. The Gods, we are told, made life of the N<>rth Wind, and (truck Vbimas blind ; which, no doubt* xitcaiUh* dut Ilonas, his Father-in-law, retaliates it pun lum the fame Punilhnient he had infilled upexa his two io6 Hijtcry the Gods,, GoddefFes ? , ^ \ ^ ^ 1 _ — ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ v # i ^ $bns. Palepbatus is. of Opinion, that, the Harpies were on..;-'Aik„ „X,k tislk* tv, oua,:.. tia who" fhcefiUritf J'Teproached ! him for his.Cruelty towards HTChildren. • The Haipies were;thC-Offspriiig'of "Thau- niaidndPkBra. “ Thefe Monfters were three'Sifters, \CA Jvttt, Ocipefct-C and ' Aello', who, with, a Wortiap’s Face,.had a fill! and‘Crooked Claws, and" a - prodigious big. Bell y ± they raifcd Famine wherever'they cartie r ’ carried' off. .the Provifions from Pbineas' s Table, poifoned whatever they touched, -and preditted future Events ; uport which-'Ac¬ count they were worihipped as Goddefies. M. le'Vlerc 9 an his 'Urtinj&faJ Libra)y', Tofft. ii. takes the Harpies to be a Swarm of Loctffts, "which, afrer the^ h&d laid walfe Pitbynia and Paphtcgbnia,' produced a Famine, there. Tlie Word Arbi, fays he, ofwhich: that df Harpy is formed, flgnijies a Loeujl', rmd:as BtYcas^X he North Wind, jtd the Country df them / having’ driven' them 'as far .as the Ionian Sea, where they periihed; hence it was fa¬ bled, that the Sons of Boreas had pat them to flight; Therr eatihg up all the Meat, drinking the Air,- their be¬ ing invulnerable, &- c . or Whatever the Poets, continues he, fa id-of the Harpies, agrees "to rhe LftcnRi; ' To raife Fa- anine, is'not this to • carry' off the 'Food even from the •Table of Kings r That they were Jupiter or ''fioAs Dags, that'they' had the Gift of Predkflion, and that ’ Tartarus bad-thrown them out, in fine, that they had returned as fad; as they were purfued, what does all this, figmfy, but that this Plague was confidcred as an P fleet of Divine Vengeance ? My intended’ Brevity will' not allow trie to repeatall that M. Is CL re fays ; I therefore rcdonuneiid my Renders to the faid’ learned Author. J£\ W 7 ho was Hercules^ and how ennie he to be deified among the Heroine Gods t * A.- That there were fevcral Hsrcul.jts is a Idling not to be doubted. Diodoius Si chins reckons three of them : The fjiil an jfjypcia/r, who travelled into Attica, and mi fed thefe fhmOuS Pillars near TV/.-/A , to yive Notice to Vovauer. that they were not to Htruipt to • ‘o farther. The h-Coml w:r: bom in Cr«S:. :mion-; the /./.A P,.\/v/. : • K ^ a fie it v/a.t, .Kvomsny to tin- l/inu: Author. who iuiiitoie. Hzfiory of the Gods, CTodcfefles, &c. 107 and Alcfrietta : He was borrt at Thebes , aud.iignalizcd himfelf by a tKoufand LaboursHe might have added a fourth, more ancient than the others, namely,- theP£r~ 7uctan. • Cicero,, hv his Book of the A future of. The Gods , reckons there' were fix of them. The firft, according to that Author, was - the Son of Jupiter and Ly ft dice The fecotfd is the Egyptian Hercules, who fprung from the Nile : The third was one of the Da&ylt of Mount Ida : The fourth was the Son of Jupiter and Aferia, the Sifter of La ton a ; and this is he whom the Tyrians worshipped ; The fifth is the Indian, firnamed Belus : In fine, the iixth. is the Son of Alctnena. There are Greek Authors who reckon to the Number of forty-three of them ; either be- ca'ufe feveral Perfony did themfelves the Honour to af- • ^ - r fume fo illuflrious a Name, or rather becaufe Hercules was. not'a proper Name, but an Appellative, derived per¬ haps from the Phentcian Word Hor ok el, which ftgnifies Merchant, as has been proved fome Years ago, by the learned M. le Ckrc; who alledges, that this Name was formerly given to the. famous Traders who went to dif- coyer new Countries, and to' plant Colonies there, fre¬ quently fignali?.ing themfelves no lefs by purging them, from the wild Beaits that infefted them, than by the Com¬ merce they eflablifhed there, which, no do^ibt, was the Source of ancient Heroifm. and War. Thus it appears, that the Word Hercules was only the Sirnamc of the Her- at left's wc have mentioned : For the Tyrian was Tbafus-i the Phentcian, Oefanus or Age nor ; th c Grid an, Aleevs or Alddcs ; the Egyptian, who was Contemporary with O/;- frTy and General of his Troops, Ofochor , or Chon $ the Indian, Dofanes ; and the Gaul, Opinion. As to the La¬ bours, Battles, and Exploits of Hercules, my intended Brevity will not permit me tc write of them ; I recom¬ mend my Readers to t-hofc Hiilovians and Poets who have written at large of the Adventures of Hercuhs, who was svorihipped ns one of the Heroine God:. H Who were the G01L and Goddcilcs who prefulcd over Marriage ? el. i lur \ it <'< kt and ITtn.ns having nlw.iy , reckoned V ei tin: G< nhlel’i ol iVi.11 v’ruve. wUcutc- llie not the Name: ■i Vi am 1 'a ; l In.til tpe.ik o: 'die ori-ei > J whom (hoir • < 1 l.ui.'li heli.;v\ tO • M’riie - -e.e M .m( flat'*. A* the • . t i v 1 io 8 Hiftcrj£ t cf;jfce:G ods 5 . Go&kffes, «£sV. Orecfo had their .God Hytxfnsvts, fo. thei Romans had .their 'thalfjjiusy and feme other Gpds whom. they, invoked in Marriages. The former alfo gave the Name of Hymcn^o the Union of the two Spouies,: and that of Hymenasusr to |he i ? eftival i that was celebrated in Honour of the God who presided over Marriages J . and it is in- this. Senfe that we are to underfkmd the Exprefhon in OajiJ f :Jiy/M- 72 i '. : .K i 1 'V!.i * P H • ^ c * / # * i (h • lhiIi ! 4 ■ ffljlory'tof-zbe • G o ds $ i G6&deflfes 5 ! v £&r. 0 to 9 would.::have* '= alfo ’• 'a' God for Mhrriagfe^ oftheit own making s and-,-‘having found in' their/Hiftdry‘dn'» ‘Event in feme meafure covrefpandent to that Which' we * hive now related^ they' fought no more. At a Time * when the Rowans committed a Rape upon the Sabina WoiiiHi, (fee Plutarch on Romulus ) a Troop of Soldiers were carry¬ ing off a Virgin of Make and Beauty far Turpaffih retb : Some Officers attempting to forcedier from them, they Tell a crying, -that - fhe was deftined to Thaiajfius , .who thus received her to Wife, ,and proved the happieft of Hufhands : From that Time they fung Thdlajius at Nuptials, - as the Greeks did Hymenteus. • 'Jugatihur- was another God who prefided over Wedlock, as his Nathe-, purely : Lathy.. fufficiently implies, :Wher» the yohng Spoufes had.- plighted their Faith in the Prefence ‘ of their Relations, they again invoked another God;-whom they .called Do 7 nidzicus, whofe ‘ Function was' to conduct them to the Houfe -where they were to dwell ; and then in the Evening they put up a Prayer to the Goddef3 Pre-may who prefided over the Confummation of Marriage j as Vir- ^•/>2^fff/^j,:another Divinity invoked on this Occafion, loofed . the Bride’s Girdle, which Function the -Greeks gave to-their LyficcoTia. ■ I fay nothing of PerficaPer tun da, and * Sub :- gas, mentioned by Amobius , left I fhould be led to tranf- grefs the Bounds of Modcfty* How came, the Poet Home?- to- be worfhipped as a .God? A. The A pot heaps of Homer reprefented upon an ancient Monument, explained by Cuptr, leaves no Room to doubt of that Poet's been worfhipped, at leaft, as a Dcmi-god. pK Who were Contemporaries with Hauer ? J . Heartr , the fir ft genuine Heathen Writer extant, he lived in the Year of the World 3208 ; before Chriil to which add 1750 makes 2542 Years fince his Tim.:. HovuC s Contemporaries were Nabotujfu , King of Bah\ ■ Ln ; RiHuy King of Ajjyriti ; iTAA/.t, King of Lydia ; Pc? - dicaSy King of 1 \lacedon ; Curium , King of Spain ; Rival ^ Kang of England. No Poets, but himiclf, no Hilioriatv, a: this Time, c;u;l- -lestv tr : > t f * i no Hijfcry of the Godsy Godcle/Tes ,' &c. A. The Philofophers, the Orators, and the Poets had made fo many,' arid-fo eloquent Encomiums‘upon Virtue, the- only Thing that made them happy, that Tt would have- been difficult to hinder the Admiration 1 which they Infpired, for fo glorious an Objedfc, front paging very foon. into Adoration : Accordingly fhe was deified, arid Antib quity- has left us feveral Traces of the religious Worfliip that-was paid to her, as may be feen in the fourth Book of St-Augujiine y de CFuztate Dei ; Plutarch, de Para Pcma* no,- and-others inform us, that Sciph, he who raifed 2$te~ mantta , wa9 the firft who confecrated a Temple' to this Divinity. Marcellas , as we are told by the fame Author, being de&gned to build a Temple of the 1 Spoils of the Sicilians- fo the fahie Go'ddeis, and to Honour, confuted the* Pontiffs, who kindred him from it under pretext, that one and the fame Temple could not contain thefb two"Divinities ; thus he built two-* adjoining to one ano¬ ther, as Cicero , lib. i. in Verrem , remarks, that there was no arriving at that of Honour, but by puffing through that of Virtue j fo- teach' Men time true Honour was only to be acquired by the Pra&ice of Virtue . It was even to fup- port this wife Maxim, that Virtue was fomcrimes painted with Wings, becaufe. fho procured Honour and Vi&ory to tbofe who fludied her. Plutarch furnifhes- us with another Remark to this Purppfe ; namely, that they fa- crificed to Honour with their Heads uncovered, it being ufual to uncover at meeting thofe who, by their Virtues, have acquired Honour in the World; and we learn from Pliny , that Fc thins Rutilianus was the fir ft who made a Law, that on the Ides of July the Roman Knights fhould march on Horfc-back from the Temple of Honour to tllC Capitol. v Virtue was ufually re prefen ted under the Figure of a venerable Matron-, leaning againfl a Pillar. • We firid her, however, upon fome Medals 1 of Gordian 'and l\ T U7tit- riau, under the Figure of a Man with a Beard. Marius, after the Defeat of the Citnbri, alfo- confecrated one to thefe two Goddelies-. Plautus, in the Prologue to his An:phit/yvy names Virtue among the other "Gods whom ilA-rr.v^v fj'eaks of at that Place; and Lucian Fo, tube ufed her fo very ill, the.! flic duril not longer appear be¬ fore yupita'ii Throne. Ai. iugeniuu^ Aheguiy, appli¬ cable to virtuous People'., who are too often peril:* need. ‘b Uov Hiftory- of the.QgdSf Goddeffes, &c. i r i - \ ■ l T - T ' .,v - 1 - — Hq vv. cacae Hope,to madea.Goddels ? ., . . . ^ Had.H^e efpapjed.when the imprudent Epimetheus opened Pandora's J3 q », no. Refource had been- leftsta Manr agamfLtHe C alam i ties rh e-lab ours underBut: as Ihe alone remained, iim .the Bottom of the fatal Box., I think at no Wqiide)-- they, made a.Divinity of her. Cicero , .in his- c £tifqfj(ian ^uejliotn,. Book r i. defines Hope? the Expectation of 'Qood, Spes eft futuroritm "honorum ; good Things to come,, whether, in'this.Life or the next, .are. its Qbjeft, and it is prQbable,„the Pagans themfelves extended it thus far. ft,was in,, the Hope-of-immortality, fays Cicero, that the Heroes fb chearfully. reiigned themfelves to. Death. The \vife^ among, the Hedthens havefhewed us what-Influ¬ ent e.Hopc.. and Feat * are capable of producing; uporf the Minds .of the Cu. who take a*near View of ai future Life„ What Plato? Book v. of the Republic, fays tO’diisPnrpofe is admirably:,good.; “ Throw,. Socrates-? that when any iC one is at the Point of Death, anxious Doubts and Rears “ arile: in. his Mind .from a Reflcftion on the Errors of “his Life... Then it is- that the Pains and Torments, re- the God of Peace, au'l.-hi.'i,Temple v.v > tuswr fhr.l but when the whole Roman Einiiire o jjoy :d *• O.-Tuion tt'orn \V\ir, as happened; • ~ ’ efpeciahy U 4 r Htfiory. : of, the. Gods, Goddd 3 es, ©V- efpecially in .the Time of Mugujlus. . This Tempje was . iliut only thrice, under Niuna. the. Founder, of it, after the fecond'Punic-war, and after the Battle of ABium, .It. 1^4 ♦ / #* ^ 4 - ^ “ is certain, that Janus received'divine j^onour-s-j byt he^.. no morethan Saturn, never was ranked among.the. great. Gods, or .the Gods of Council, whofe Names. ; are . pre-- ferved to.it b y Ennius in two Verfes : Thus we. £ re to look upon him as a home-made God, or as one of their Ikdigites? juft as sEncas, who after him. received the fame Honours in the Latin Country. Some undertake to. prove J'aims to be the Sun, and that he is reprefented double, as being Maker of both the Gates-of Heaven, foecaufe he opens the Day when he rifes, and Ihutsit. when he fets; he was invoked' as Janus Ge minus* - or double-faced j Father Janus, Janus Junouius 9 Janus.Gm- d-uius, Janus Ehiirbiusy Janus Pat nidus and Clufi*vii when they were overtaken with a Storm, by which they were like to have pevifliedk- While the Fleet was in this prefling Dariger, Idomtnem made a Vow to Neptune, that* if he returned to : his own Kingdom, he would facrifice to f hiiiv the- fir ft TI ling- that 1 met him. The Tempeil-ceafed,. and he arrived happily at the Port of Crete , where his Son, hearing of .his'FatheV’u Arrival, was the full Objetl that, p re Tented to his View. It is eafy to imagine what Surarinc end OUlreij idorr:..:\.s mult have Lee a in ne the • f biunc t i'6 Hiftory of the 1 Gods, f'&c. Sight of him. In vain did the Sentiments of paternal Affection plead in his Behalf, Religibii, or rather Super- ltition prevailed '; and he refolvcd to facrificb his Sbn’.tb the'God of .the Sea. Some Ancients will have it, that this Sacrifice was accomplifhed, others affirm" and believe with'more Reafon, that the People, undertaking'the,De¬ fence of that Prince, carried him oft from the Altar'. ~ Be that as it will, a general Confpiracy was formed- again!! l-lonu kcus, ‘ who, finding himfelf not fafe in his own Do¬ minions, fet fail for Italy, where he built, foon afterJiis Ar¬ rival, the Town of Sale//turn. Liomeneus and Merton both died in their own Country, where a magnificent Tomb was erefled to them, at which they received divine. Ho¬ nours. This Tomb was flill to be feen in the Time'of Diodorus, in the City GnoJjtts, with this Infcription.' * .... ' V . ' Here lies Merton, by the Side of Ido mem us,- ■ The Crcttdm (acrifiCed Co them as to Heroes, and in their Wars invoked them ‘as their Protc«flors. From' this it cafily appears,’'that 'Idotocneus'% Vow of facrlficing his' Son, his JExpUlfibh and Voyage to Italy, and tlie : Building- of Salentum, were, at' lea ft; Fatts very much controverted; Idameneus lived in the'Year of the World 2772, that is, 222S Years before Chrift, to which add t'750, makes 2978 Years fince his Time. His* Contemporaries were Blots, a Zebolonitc, who ruled over the Ifraelites ; Phinaos, King of Baby lot: ; Diowcdes, King of S icy on) Priam:ts,Kmg of 'Troy* Tarter, King of Spain ; Fr Arcus, King of Germany . No Pbets, no Hiftorians at this Time. * Who was Inachus, and how came he to ; be made a God ? //. As the large’ and "beautiful Country of C,ne 'er had not been fulftciemly peopled by yfavatFs'. Pbfterily, and by the ancient PJa/jn, fevcral Colonies came thither at different Times Aihong thefe Leaders of Colonies the ^ J « ^ g ^ moll noted are Inachus, Geer ops, Deucalion,' Cadmus,' De¬ tains, Pclops, :ind fome others: Of thole fever a 1 Colonies 1 ' -4 . 4 Y** 4 wei Th sl'Tt.s are fomewiiat confufcd. i,airbus, who came from * % arrived in (.ireeee about the Year’ t tioO before ' - l j — /ere formed the Kingdoms of Fioeyn, JJrgos, "Albeits, /jebis, and the reft. '1’he Beginning of the Kingdom of . . • .» I .* ■ T 1 * I » • x rent eat. Cbrill, which v:u in die Year of the World 1 so, 10 which. ' T *■■4 HiJiory.ofjbe^Q ods ? . Goddeflefs, &c, ny •which add, makes Jn aH irnce that Time 3630 5 whence' iie, founded‘/that TCingdoiti, and* fettled in the ~ ThV%ochataf- , . ..... . v ...._ 'capiaffhis, who had hirhfelf followed that of Eraioflbenes . Mofcs was Con- . temporary - .with Inacbus,. and not with Cesrops,. as Eufebius wodlH’haye it,Having for tha t Purpofe abridged the Times* ahd..,departed r froiji Africanjis* Jofephus, Philo and Poly- bfjlor,, Ptclahy .of Tfaenda, and .many other. Authors, as Fa~ fhpr V'tdron has, fully, proved j.ii his Book. of. The. Antiquity of the 7 1 melrcflpred .. . B.odi Ancipnts and Moderns ar.e equally agreed, that tlie’Heroic,or fabulous Age reaches down from Ogygcs to .tlie Re-cfbdblifhmcnt of the Olympiad >, when the Hiftorical Age begins. .NbW Pc.rpLyry 9 as Evfbius underdands him* fuppofed, that Mofcs lived in the Time otSemireimis* whom the fame Euftbius makes to have reigned 860 Tears be- fore.the Trojan War ; lnachus, Contemporary with -Mofcs', lived therefore Soo Years before that Epoc/ba, and confe.- quently 4.00 Years before Cccrops, 'who, according- to Cciir fori n us, the Chronicle of Paros, and,all the Chronologies, reigned 400 Year’s before the Taking of that City.. As to the.400 Years from Anacbus to Ogyges, they are.clearly made out from Ccnforipus : Here then is. the Duration of the heroic Age determined to 1600 Years. But how can jfo great Antiquity be afligned to ? The Taking of Trey, which is the belt eitablifhed Epacha of all the fabu¬ lous Times, falls, according to the bed Chronologifts, m the Year 1183, or 1*84 before the ‘ Chridlan y£ra .. df Ogygcs was in the World 1200 Years before that Epoch a, he mult then have lived 23S3 Years before, Chriil ; and confequently in the Syllcm of Chronology abridged‘.al- mod in the very Time, of Noah's Deluge, .which is not tumble; : I therefore cut off from the Duration of the Age now in Quellion thel'c 400 Yearn that make Opygcs to have lived even in the Tune of lnachus, or of Pboroncus, his Son. THc Kingdom of Argos, founded by (naebus, en¬ joyed a long Succelllon of King'. ; the nine fird were call- c\[‘ JuachuSj Pbonuu'its, Apis, Argus, Cbryafus , fburb/n. Trio pits, $t< lines and Go la nor. h.uubus^ after Iris Death, '.•/as .wori dipped as a God. bmebus lived in, the Year of the World 2003!. bef.ro Child vuoy, to which add iy makes : 70'YcViVi iinco hh* Time. A fftbimJA, .thru- A * - * ' ' ‘ » /1 • * ► * * j ri8 Hr ft cry* vf ^’Gods, Goddefies fl&c. hfztn AriitSy King of 'Babylon ; fEgyptus, King of S icy on ; Tagus, King of Spain ; Bruys, • King of Gaul \ '-'and another .of that Name, King of Britain and from, him the Dtuids. •No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time- 9 Who was Jfis, and how came lhe to be ..made z -Goddeis f r ,, , A. Diodorus Siculus, Book i. fays, JVXen in earlier 'Times, ftnnR with the. Beauty of the.tJinverfe, with the Splendor .and ‘.Regularity which every where fhined forsb, made. no X)oubt but there was fome .Divinity, .who, •.therein prefided j and they adored the Sun and Moon un~ is. after) the Departure out of Egypt,, and when , the m J<.fuss' wefc in, the Defert, that God. indited to them this Precept . of : the Law, there is tjic.higcft. Ground to-jbcHevc, that it, \vi?s to make them forget the Egyptian Superftitions of, this Nature, and to guard them againil being drawn into, thofe of the other Nations, they were , very foon. to he amflug; for this Worfhip. was at that Time fppiad over, allAn.d, -his is the Reafon why Job, ;ra~i. ,2.6, 7-7>-*;feV** te.Uifp;d his Innocence ; If J btheid the Sun whin hcfhinid, 0/ she Moon 'walking in her JJynfiotr.cfs ; f :.:y Heart has (u ejt tickled with a certain Jo'}, and l/ball put .::•} ILtuds tn ;:.y d'/cuth Ju \ij\ A r, * width Ji the jLiyft of SnJy.iity,, cue/i a R< nun- tTiftoyy of the. Gods,- Goddefies, '"&v. rig 'Renunciation of the mo ft' high God. Upon this Paflage' we have four Remarks to make. Firft, diis• was*therefore the 'Idolatry of fob's Age, and the only.^one too; -for to be fore, if their had been -other Kinds of it, he would have equally cleared himfelf of them. Secondly, that to adore l the • Sim implied an abfolute acknowledging him the fupreme Deity, and no other. Thirdly, that we : learn from/this Paffage not only the Antiquity of the ’Worlhip •■of the Sun, fince fob lived before Mofes ; ‘ but alio ‘that they acknowledged the Divinity -of this Luminaiy* by putting the Hand to the Mouth ; and this Codom was likewife ufed towards other Gods, as we learn from fever a! Authors. Mi nut ha Felix ridicules Cecilias, who killed his’* Hand as he palled by the Statue or Seraph: Crsczlha Stnulachtts Serapidis denotata, ut Valgus fuperftitiofiis folet man urn on admo'vcns, Ofculum Labi is tznpreJJjt. Tn. the lad Place we obferve, it was with a View to acknow¬ ledge the Divinity of the Sun, that the-Pagans in Prayer turned towards the Eaft, and had all their Temples di¬ rected to that Quarter ;■ whereas th tjaua, .thatfhcy might not imitate them, had always their SanCluaty towards the Well.' The primitive Chriflians likewife ufed'to turn their Chu?thes towards the* Ridng'Sun. not to adore that Luminary, but to pay their Devotion to the Son of Righte- .oufnefs, who diffufes Light over the Mind,. and warms the Hearts of thofe who w.orlhip him, by the Influences .of his Grace. Who was Juba, and how came he to be made a God? 1 # : ■ ' ^ • si. TheJWtfciv,if Credit'nihy be given toshc Ancients, had no other Gods but cheir Kings ; this is what we learn from La lIo n tiu s+T cr.tu /// if arts', die People of PI or i arm their .Oar leans ; the Africans their (%'lcjli s fund the il hors their Kir.'/:;. Ainoiiw thefe deified Klims’ w;u die famous ''fuba, * y O L*) ' •’.is IV e icai’Il ho III Murat ms Felix. 'Juba made the Runar: Senate 120 Hijtory of the Gods* Goddeffes* Senate his Heir j as we learn from Salujl, Jugurtba was natural Son of Juba, Who was worshipped as a God. + m » 4>. How came Juno to be made a Goddefs ? A. Juno was the Daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and Sifter to Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto y Vejia and Ceres ; tlie Greeks called her limply Hera, the Lady or Miftrefs, or 'Megale , the Great: Whereas, among the Romans , the Name of Juno came from Junjans , helpful, and confe¬ ct Uently had the fame Derivation with that of Jupiter, Junjans Pater. Some' Countries contended for the Honour of her Birth, efpedally Samos and Argcs , where ihe was indeed honoured with a peculiar Worftnp. If we rely up¬ on Homer, Ihe was nurfed by Oceanus and by Tcthys his Wife ; but as there always is a vaft Variety as to thofe ancient Traditions, fo there was one which imported that Ihe had been brought up by Eubea Portymna, and Acrala, the Daughter of the River After ion . Others again main¬ tained,, that the Hours were entrufted with the Care of her Education. In the Time of the Titan Princes, it was a common Cuftom for Men to marry their own Sifters ; and Jupiter , by wedding Juno, only imitated the Practice of his Father and Grand-father. His Marriage too was the Effett of the warmeft Affe&ion : He had loved this young Princefs from her Infancy, and had employed his Confident to a£t for him*- who performed his Duty fo well as to gain her to a Compliance. The Ancients are not agreed as to Juno's Children, Heftod in his Tbcogoy, after having told us that lhe was the laft of Jupiter's Wives, for he had actually been married before to Metis, Tbcnis , &c. that Author, I fay, gives her four Children, Hebe, Venus, Luc in a , and Vulcan ; thefe fame four Children, according to the Mytfiojpgifl’s, had not all Jupiter for their Father. Apollo dor usgft? cs this Goddefs only three Children, Hebe, IIlit hi a, and Arge. Others add to thofe Mars and Typhon , It further ap¬ pears, that the Mythologifts have alloerized thefe Genera¬ tions ; lince they tell us,that this Goddefs conceived Hebe, by eating Letrices j Mars by .touching a Flower ; and Ty- pbojiby Means,of Vapours, which fhe made to arife from the Earth* which Yapours lhe received into her Womb ; My fteries Hifiory of the-Go&s? GoddefTes., &c. lit Myfteries- of Nature, whereof it would be equally ufelefs and unpra&icabietfc attempt an Explanation. Of all the Divinities of the Pagan World, there was none whofe Worfhip was fo folemn, and more uhiverfal than that- of •Juno . The ; Hiftory of the Prodigies fhe had Wrought* and-of the Vengeance fhe had taken upon Perfons who-had flighted her, or who had in any fort com¬ pared themfelves toher, had fo ftruck People, and infpired them with fo much Awe and Dread, that no Means were omitted to- appeafe-and mitigate her, when fhe was thought to be offended; fo that Authorities are not wanting to prove, that her Worfhip was ftill more folemn and more expenfive than that of Jupiter himfelf. It was not con¬ fined to Europe alone, but found its way into A ft a, efpeci- ally into Syria, and into Egypt and other Parts of Africa. . As fame particular Attribute was given to every God, Juno- had for -her Share Kingdoms, Empires, and Riches ; accordingly this is what fhe offered to Paris, if he would adj udge to her the Prize of- Beauty. She was alfo believed to have a particular Care of the Drefs and Ornaments of Females; and*for this Reafon you feeher reprefented in her Statues with her‘Hair elegantly adj ufled. Hence it came to be a proverbial 1 Phrafc,- that the Attire-women prefented. the Mirror Juno. • • To this Goddef9 were given other Names and Surnames, feme of them taken from-the Places where fhe was wor- fnipped, and .others from fome Attributes that were pecu¬ liar to her. In the firft Clafs we reckon that of Sarnia, be- caufe the City Samos was diftinguifhed for the Worfhip ie paid her; as may be feen in 'Virgil, EnciH, Book i. of Imbrafia, from the River Imbrafus, which is in the famo Ifland ; of Loxtnfc; from a Promontory in Itaiy, wher® fhe had a Temple; Strabo, and Titus Linjius, Book v. giv® the Defcription of this Temple, venerable - for its Sandli- ty, and celebrated for the rich Prefents wherewith it wan adorned . .Inctytuaauc Templnm di&itus etiatr., no?: tuntum fun ft it ate fua, fays' the lad or thofe Authors. She had like- wife the Names of Candarena, from a Town m Papblagc- nia ; of'Citbetortia from the Mount Citbere^v ; of Reft in- this, frorn-'a Mountain irr Tbran of that Name ; of Am- tnetdarr, from an Altar that was erected to her Honour in the 1 Sands of Lybia, in like manner as to Ju, iter Ammo?: ; of Acriait, becaufc fhe was worlhipped at Aslope lit, ois G in 122 Hiftory of the G ods, Goddeffes, &c\ in the Fortrefsof Corinth ; of Albanus, becaufe fhe was worihipped at Alba ; of Cypra , .a Name .'which, ilie had upon the Coalts of Italy ; Dirphya, from the Mountain of Dirphy ; of Gabia , from Galium, a Town in Italy ; of Laccdetnonia, from Lacedaemon ; Qlympica from Olympia ; Pelejgia , from the Pelafgi ; Pharygea , from Pharygis ; Pro- Jymina, from an Angelic City 5 Telcbixia, from Pel- chin is ; Tejlila, from a Town in Pletea. Thofe of the fecond Sort are AEgipkage , becaufe they ufed to facrifice to her Goats ; Adrian, becaufe ihe was taken for the Air; Boopis, a Name given her upon ac^ count of her large Eyes ; Capronia, which had the fame Original with Sofpita, upon the account of the Skin and Horns of the Goat which Ihe wore on her Head ; Equejlris in Elis ; Itenochia , as you would fay, q.vho holds the Reins ; Opigenea , becaufe Ihe was the Daughter of Ops or Rhea ; Parthenos , or Virgin : They had a Notion that this God¬ defs, by bathing herfelf every Year in the Fountain called Canathes , which was at Nauplia, recovered her Virginity. The Epithet of Telcfa , referred to the Time when me be¬ came marriageable ; fhe was likewife denominated Chera , the Widow, upon account of her Differences with Jupiter . Paufanias calls her Prodromia , as much as to fay, Juno over the Veftibles. She was called Egeria and Natalis, becaufe fhe prefided over the Day of the Nativity, as we learn from Tibullus, Natalis J uno ! Sandies cape thurts accrros. When fhe was taken for the Goddefs who prefides over Marriage, fhe had the Name Juga and Pronuba , as it is in Virgil, Eneid, Book iv. and under this Name fhe had an Altar in the Street called Jugaria t The Epithet of Pronuba had the fame Original, and all who entered into Wedlock offered to her a ViCtim, from which they took away the Gall and threw it behind the Altar. According¬ ly fhe was the Goddefs whom they invoked in Marriage, whence again fhe gpt the Surname of Damiduca , becaufe fhe had the Care of conducting theSpoufes Home; of Unxia 9 Cinxia , and among the Greeks, of Gamelia and Zygia . She was denominated Calendaris , becaufe the Calemis of each Month were confecrated to her, and at that Time Sacrifices were offered to her. Novella or Fehruata, be¬ caufe the Pontif's paid her a peculiar Worfhip on the, firft Htjiory of the Gods, Goddefies, £sV. 123 firfi; Day of February. Quirt ta, under'which Name Dions - Jius of Halicarnajfus informs us, Book ii. that a publick Banquet was prepared for her in each Curza. Pliny fays, that ftiehad a Temple adorned with fine Paintings under the Name of Juno Ardia , and an Altar under that of Lu~ cinia, where the Afhes that remained from the Sacrifice continued immoveable, whatever Wind blew. Women.- in Child-bed invoked her under the Names of Ophigenia , and of Pepulcnia , which laft was given her on account of the publick Prayers that were put up to her by the People. That of Matuta , under which Hie had a Temple at Rome m is well enough known from the Antiquaries : That Junv Coi:ferr, orfVi<3pri- ous , was given him^ either becaufe de had - conqtfefed.the Giants ^ittshsp or becaufe nbthjrtg’ ; thought; able to refifb him ; As oft as they believed. they had received any Benefit from r this God they deferred feme Cet^msfy to him/ arid 'gaVe him ; ^-new'Name: Thusheyvks called $ talar, becaufe - he Had flopped Army in idiot G 4 Flight: 228 Hifiory of the Gods, GpddefTes, &c. Flight. Mafcan'us, or in the Greek Language Jpomyjius, * ■which is of the fame Import, was his Name given him by the Ei. ■ ns, in Memory of his having driven away the ■Files that molcftcd lit/ during a Sacrifice. He was called FlvJh ius,quaji c< /rend-, becaufe he had-.brought ‘ Aid to die Romans i_. How came Jujlice to be made a Goddefs ? * A, Tho’ in general the Greeks ZXid. Romans looked upon *Tbcmis as the Goddefs of J^Jlice, as wc have faid in fpeak- 5 ng of that Goddefs, yet the latter had their Jufiice and Equity befides, whom they represented in their Medal's and on the Monuments that were confecrated to them ; the one under the Figure of a Woman fitting with a Cup Tn ■one HNarae, if we may believe Fefius, came from a Worddignifying Merchand, or rather Merchandize, Mcrcuriiis y a Mercibus^ Interpreter, as he was, and faithful Minifter of the Gods, and of his Father Jupiter; in particular he fervedthe'm with inde¬ fatigable Zeal,cven in Employments not very honourable. It was he that had the Charge of condu&ing the Souls of the Dead into infernal Regions, and of bringing them back. He was, befides this, the God of Eloquence, and of the Art of fpeaking w ell ; the God of Travellers, Mer- Hi (lory of the Gods, Goddefies, &c. 135 Merchants, and even of Thieves and Pick-pockets. He adted as Ambaflador and Plenipotentiary of die Gods, and was concerned in all Treaties of Peace and Alliance. Some¬ times he was feen accompanying Juno, either as her Guard, or to watch over her Conduft. Sometimes Ju - fiter fends him to condudl an Intrigue with fome new Mi ft refs. Here you have him tranfporting Caflor and Pollux to Palcne : There accompanying Pluto's Chariot, when he carries off Proferpina: The Gods non-plufled with the Differences arifen between the three Goddefles about Beauty, fend him along with them to the Shepherd Paris. Mythologiffs reckon more Mercuries than one. La 3 antius, the Grammarian, enumerates four of them; one the Son of Jupiter and Mata ; the fecond of Ccelus and the Day ; the third of Liber or Bacchus, and Proferpina ; the fourth of Jupiter and Cyllene , who flew Argcs, and fled for it, fay the Greeks , into Egypt, where he communicated to the Egyptians the Knowledge of Letters. He whom moft of the Ancients acknowledge, and to whom the Poets at¬ tribute all the Actions that pafs under the Name of Mer¬ cury, is the Son of Jupiter and Mai a ; it is to him chiefly that Temples were built, Altars and Statues fet up. Cicero reckons five of them, e- caufe the Judges employed in his Procefs, were in Num¬ ber twelve, chofen from the fir ft Families in Athens. Ar- nobius, when he is proving to the Pagans, that Mars of the Greeks was only a deified Man, acquaints us with fei veral Particulars of his Hifiory. He reproaches them in the firft Place, with knowing he was born, at Sparta , or, according to others, in the Extremities of Thrace 5 that he had lived thirteen Months in Arcadia in a Prifon, where the Alcidcs kept him in Confinement 5 that in Curia Dogs were facrificed to him, and among the Scythians Afles. It only remains now, that we explain the Names which, the Ancients gave to this God : The Greeks call him Arcs', Mifihief, becaufe of the Ills which flow from War .; but it is probable, that this Name comes from the’if^ov 'Arifs; which imports Jlrong r terrible. The Latins derived their Name of A iavs from. Marcs, Males, becaufe Men are- em¬ ployed in War: They called him likewife Grttudt*vus and Quirinus, between which-Names they put thisDiiiinCtion, that the former exprefles Mars in Time of War, and the other in Time of Peace: They had two Templds dedicated to this Divinity under thefe two Titles, the one in the City, and the other without the Gates. ’ The Romans, in Rnmuins* s Apotheofls, gave the firft-.King of Rome the Name of Quid hus, to fupport the Fable of his Birth, which made him pafs for the Son of Mars. We learn from V Uijtory of the Gods, Goddefies, 14'g from .Dionyjtns of Halicarnajfus, Book ii. that the. Sabines cave the fame Name to their God Enya/ias, and though he Is doubtful whether it was Mars himfelf,yet, as that Author adds, as the fame People called a Spear Gyres. , whence the* Latins formed the .Name Quirinus, it is yery.probable that thefe two Divinities were the fame, and that the Spear among them was his Symbol, as the Sword among the Scythians. The fame Sabines , according to the TeiHmony wards given to the Family Emilia. The Name of Eny- alius was derived to him from Bel/on a, and fee ms to con¬ firm the Opinion of thofe who will have her tp be. his Mou¬ ther : That of Thurius, denotes his Impetuofity in Battle. Tho’ Mars was worlhipped in feveral Places, yet no where was' he in fo high Veneration as at Rome , where he had feveral Temples, among which that dedicated to Ivim by Augujlus after the Battle of Philippi, under the Name of Mars the Avenger, was one of the molt celebrated. Among the ■ facerdowl Colleges, that of the Salii, the Priefts of Mars, who were fet apart for keeping die Ancilia, or fa- cred Bucklers, owed its InfHtution to Numa Pompilius, who founded it upon an Occafion related by Dionyfius of Har- licarnajfus. A Shield having fallen from Heaven, the Harufpices were confulted about this Prodigy, and they anfwered, that the Empire of die World was deflined to that City, where this Shield was preferved Numa Pom¬ pilius, for fear of its being ftolen away, ordered feveral to be made quite fimilar, that the true one might not be known, and put them all in die Temple of Mars. Plu¬ tarch adds, w That King Numa foretold Wonders as to that ** Buckler, which he faid he had learned from Egcria and * ( the Mufts. This sJncilium , laid he, was fent for tho “ Prefervation of the City, and defigned to be kept with* eleven others of the fame Figure, and of the fame Size; *< that the Difficulty of knowing it might prevent its being ** ftolen away. Manarius was he who forged the Shields, King of Egypt ; P any as. King of Babylon ; Eurotas, King of Lacedanon ; Jupiter , King of Crete 5 and Chiron his younger brother, an excellent Phyfician. No Poets, no JHiftoriuns at this Time. Tf Who was Bcllona , and how came fhe to be made a Goddefs ? A. As Mars was the God, fo Bcllona was the Goddefs of War, which is the Reafonthat I did not put her in the Letter B, but in this Place. I have already faid, that Bcllona, whom the Greeks named Enyo , was fometimes confounded with Pallas*, however, in the better Authors of Mythology, they were often diftinguifhed from one another : Accordingly Hefted calls Bcllona the Daughter of Cbocys and Cctc, which was never faid of Minerva. Varro adds, that fhe was the Sifter of Mars , and that fhe was antiently named Duelliona ; fome Authors make her his Wife. The Poets vied with one another in painting ber as a warlike Divinity, who prepared the Chariot and Horfes * Hifiory of the Gods, GoddefTes, CsV. 14% Korfes of Mars, when he fet out for War, as may be feen in Statius; according to Virgi't, this Goddefs armed with a Whip, animated Warners to the Battle. 1 • Et fcijja gaudens rjadit Difrordia pall a, Quam cum fanguinco fequitur Bellona flagella* . . . Or, in Lucans Stile, Sanguineum veluti quartern Bellona flagellum* She was represented further by Silius Italian in his Bufl- ris, Lib. v. V. 221. with her Hair difhevclled, holding a Torch in her Hand. ljtfa facem quatiens, ac fiarjam /anguine multo , Spat fj. comam, mediae acia Bellona per err at. Bellona had a Temple at Roms, in the ninth Region, near the Porta Garment alls ; and in that Temple the Senate gave Audience to the Embaffadors, who were not allowed to enter the City, as alfo to Generals who returned from. War. At the Gate was a fmall Column called the War-' like Column, again ft which, they threw a Spear whenever they declared War. Servius fays, this Goddefs had her Rank among the Gods who were called Common, and was- reckoned equal in Power to Mars the God of War. The Priefts of Bellona called Be Hon aril, received their Prieft- hood by Incifions, that were made upon their Thighs ; the Blood whereof, they received in the Palms of their Hands, as we learn from Tcrtullian: But E lean us Lamp 77- d/us, in the Life of Commodus , ch. 9. tells us this Inciiloit was made in the Arm : Bellona Jhvientes as ere exfccare braebium preecepit , jludio crudclitatis. Thefe poor Wretch~ : es, after having thus drawn the Blood from therafelve* by thefe cruel Incifions, made a Sacrifice of it to the God-: defs. This Cruelty in latter Times, however, was only counterfeited : Thefe Priefts were Fanaticks, who in their Fits of Enthufiafm, predicted the Taking of Towns, the Defeat of Enemies, and boded nothing but Blood and Havock ; which makes Juvenal fay, « Sed ut Fanaticus ceefira Percujfus, Bellona, tua divinitatc , &c. The Worfhip of Bellona, tho’ confecrated at Rome, was H z yet *48 HiJ}ory #f rthe Gods, Coddeffes, < yer more fb at Ccmana : There were two principal Cities*' of that-Name;- where fhe was: honoured with a peculiar Worfhip. 'BeiliHa is reprefented upon fome Monuments, and upon tlie Medals of the• Brutzars, together with Man, armed 1 with a Pike and Buckler; hut it is very dif¬ ficult to* dilhhguilh her from. Pa Ha iti, . ■ • - • • - « - 4 t : ' Who : was Minas, and how* came he to be made a God ? . A. Jupiter, or rather AJlerius , having raviihed Europe AgenoA s* Daughter, and conveyed her to the Hland of Crete, where he reigned, ihe had by him three Sons, Mia nos, Sarpcdon and Radamanthus: After the Death of Aft rius, Minos- afeended the Throne, and having the peaceful Pofleflion of the Kingdom, married It bone the Daughter of Li Situs, by whom he had two Children, Jycaftut, whtf fucceeded him, and Acacailide, who, according to Dioa dor us 3 Books iv. and v. was married to Apdia , that, is, probably, either to one of his Priefts, or to a Prince* Who, on Account of his Talle for the Sciences, or dor* Miifick, had acquired the Name of that God. The Id and -Kfi''/ 1 ' .. is.- _ u~r—^ _.. vt A tice, and having built feveral Cities, among which' reckoned that of ApolIonia, which Cidor, his Graridfon, af¬ terwards embellilhed, and gave it . the Name of 1 adopted But nothing fo much diftinguiihes Minos, as the.Lawfche' gave' the 1 Cretans, fince they have always made him T bc£ Reckoned one of the greateft Legiflato^s o£ Anriqfcky? To give the greater-Author it^to his Laws; he£re tiffed ftf jf to a^Cave in Crete, where hexfeigned fchat > Jupiter hid ther dictated them to him-and every Time Ke returh^ifi from hence, as We learn from NieoUs of Datnasj he delip- veredforrie new Law.: This is what makes' Hcni&G j*tV$ hfhi the Tide of ^ajliV^r's-Difcipk, o •l*pw"S7.decided, the Difference? that arofe ; bet%epn> .the ntwosudges. hjAJI the Po.ejs are agreed, in; tMsj Superiority ->yo£jMbicss-jm^V:, his /Collogues o/Jt/is not;...gafy to,§^ E tjie 7 Dateiof •Mini*A~J &we confult th& Afiintiel whqre ■j ! hia- Em , is : Avlifctle -defaced,. we /hall there -.find* that, this ■ Trine eureigned in .the Time of. Eandion, the. firft .King.gf . uttlnns. fliftoiy of 'the GodsV Goddeflesy 6Tr. 151 « Athens., which is faid to fall in the Year before Ghriit, 14C2. And what ferves. for a.Confirmation of this Date; the--Marbles join the Reign of. M/Vw-with-, the-Inven¬ tion of Iron by.the LUi Daclylij when upon. the. burning •of the Woods of Mount Id:, they obferved the- Flowing of that Metal by the Fire j an ■ Event which; according to an antierxt Chronologift,; cited by--St: Clement of Alex- • andria, Strom. Book w falls in the Year of the World *2743-, t0 which add 1750, makes 4493 Years fince Mims' s Time. Mints, after having governed his Subjects with a gentle Sway, died iti'Crete ; and, being interred there, had this Epitaph upon his Tomb, MINOS tot aide T:A< frO£: Minos F. Jo~jis Scpidcbrum. Minas the • Firib, lived in the Year of the World 25 ^0. before ChriA 1450, to-which add 1750, -makes 3200 Years. 1 • Who were Contemporaries with Minos? si. Since his Time,’ Eouei the Benjamice ruled the Ifrfir- lit es ;■ Atnencphthcs,- King of Egypt ; Adtigcr, King- o Germany ; Polydorus , King of c Ibeb(s ; Prestus, King of Argos ; LaotHedon , King of Si cyan ; Bellcrcghon,- King'of ■CoriniE-'y Pros, King of- Proy ; Jupiter, King of Crete ; ,.ahd Gbiroh, his younger Brother, an excellent Phyfician, who taught. JEjcutnpius Phyfie, Apollo Mufie, '.Hercules* Af- tromy,' and was Tutor to Athillts . No Poets, - no Hifto* rians at this-Time.- ' *: *K ’• How came Mode Ay to be made a Go'ddefs ?; v.- *i»- Ay ‘Modejiyx* *. Virtue x,ooi eflential to the Fair Sexyuiot •to haveibeenrordered-into a Divinity; Hiftory- therefibre rnfermsp that the 1 w'worfhipp^dher under thie Naihe ef Pudicitia 5 - "and thia-- Goddefs had Temples 1 inoheiroCi-. n?,'-and-Altars; whereort'^Sacrifices Were ofierett:ttynher* But^asiffche Greats were to have, other G ads^than ,thed?o- palace,; there wast a DifBn&ioa at Rome betweenr the fihaT fityrjf the Patrieian Eadiesf'and-that of the .Ptebfiiatjsw Ait"; her5iii« , ,”4ooking i upoh ^hi^Match--to hb hhwoithy Iter Name; '^having 1 }oi hedwith the bth&r ^Ma tt o Bs^wMUd no longer-.fufFer her |o-»par take Myfterihscof r th.e H 4 Goddelg /*r -v“ * 252 Hifiody^bf L&l G ode*^tGodddiesp .fcsfi til:x 9 or the l tvlic invented - v/ ' Comedy, holds rJfo a jyjask in her Right-hand, - th.e Cdcdals reprefer.t her leaning eg?, ink a pillar. • 'j}Alcipo:.:e;:c 0 * 1 m m • 1 • * ”> t - . ff ^ - - / < C-Mc v/.iicT: I-lovcicc gives her. Urania 9 cr is the *"-72r 9 '*' m 2rz ‘*“"r —: -r 7- > •"* ] **'' G T'* “ j ' *% /T ** •* ^ ^ ~ y r f IV. . f"* -7, U-11G -cr-Cbv -:anC3 UpD^ L fn/c:/. ^ciucpc. :.D called liijlory : of ,th$ Coefe-c GoScicile^ V Si 3 called 'fresh the Sweesnefs, c£ her Voice, .'holds. c, Vo'. smn3, been. al Condu&or. of the Ivlufes : And no tiling is liner than their Dsfcripidcns.o£ the Con forts of Paril&ffust over, which that Gcd n redded, and where they fdne: in Strain? tVt l ' / - C • * •• charmed both Gods and Men. Bucxiiey are net content with giving them Apollo for their" Cond infer: Hercules too had the fame Title; and hence the Name Given him of Mufageies. The Name of CaiTzesnts was given them P according to Fejlus? J/lacrobius , and Ser^vius^ from die Word Cano, bccaufe their principal Work was to celebrate the AcVicns of the Gods and Heroes. They were called Hcltcor.iades? from a Mountain in Boctia, named Helicon? which Otxn and Epbialtes , die Sons of Alaevs t con Te crap ted to the Mufes ; and not from a Kill of the fame Name., adjoining to Mount Pamajfus, as moft Grammarians ha we •thought. Some Authors, however, are of Opinion, that this Marne came neither from one nor other of tsrefe Mountains, but from a mufical Inftrument, alfo called Helicon 5 whercoj Ptolemy makes mention. The Nam3 of ParuoJ/bdes, given them like wife by the Poets, cornea from Mount Pamajfus in Phocis , which they were faid ccnmonly to frequent. That of AcuiHs, is derived frdm die Mountains ir_ Bociia, called the rknian Moun¬ tains, whence the Province itfelf was often called Bonier ^ prom Fbcjtia, a Town in Boctia 7 they were denominated FbefgcrJi s And. Caf: elide:? from the Name of the Four:- Win 0 5 Crfir.lia, which was at die Foot of Mount Par- urjjjiis .. Though the Llu/t'j received divine Honours, and. fjwrr Thrlhio -was celebrated in moil Places-in Greece ' ’ -* and where Sacrifices were offered to them,-, 0 Bodv fo highly adored them, as the Poets, who., ■/ k w « in Imitation, of Hcjioel? Hcmcr and VirgiL foldoir fail y:> Invoke them, at the Beginning of their Pc eras as God- /defies ; capaNc cf inferring them with that Bnthuiiafc y: hi of h fo ofbntial to their. Art. : T hey •y/cro named G- : ibr.rin:!:”. from Mount Ci thereon : ■ PieriPs- . or from 'fount Pier ns, according to- Feflus, or-; according to Step bums^ from the Name of a City, or f rom to at Part ^ t % ~ ^ ’ ^ - /T" 1 i r* > i ^—jp. T* rr-f+f'Jr r ' m • • ♦ 4 % V ^ * v «^ V - 4 . rnd Hiptcrrauu* ■ vrsre- giver. -fiery from* --by--Fountain. * *» * - ' ’ ‘ • »-«■*• - y/hich H 5 « IW Ulctl HUUrtUC KJX 7 *. worlhipped the Shadow for the ; Scibftance, ’ Alhe for the Creator, *u;ho is God \lejjid' for etf'er : 154 jfJlfvory .qf t'ke Gods, Gjoddefle^ which Pf'gdfus made fpring out of the Earth with a Blow? ;of Jus-Foot: I-t-is alfo, from the Name of die fame foun¬ tain,. that tliey were frequently tiaWc^i Hgantpptdes, becaufe that Fountain, was called • sJftuippic and liippucrtner t ; t . Who were Contemporaries with the Mufesf - t " fee that froiri the Beginning of Idolatry, Man* Jcinddhave * 4 ‘ * 1 w • » Creature -for X am. therefore of the Opinion, that the Mtijts were -ho real Perfons; a3 we have feveral Paflions, arid our /Thoughts are employed upon many Subjects ; T he Hea¬ thens worfhipped the Gilts inftead of the Giver, which reduced them to the Number of nine Mufcs. That this was very.»aittient. we learn from Hamer, the frit of all, 1 the Toets-who-lived in the Year of the World 3203, I have fallowed, in my Calculations of the Gods and GoddefTes, Jo ’&n>~;s. 'laUnit's View of the Uni^verfal Hijiory of the Wtrldy 3 iis clironological Tables, which are thefulleft, and done upon the bell: Plan that I ever faw of that Kind. He makes no Mention of any of the lUufrs ; I therefore think that they never had any other Exiftence iti the Worl 4 > i>ut indie Brains and Imaginations of Men and Women. • • • « - ..^fHow c&meNafn/t to be made a Goddefs ? the Goddefs of Funerals, had a Worlfiip eftablifhed,- and Hiflory makes Mention of a Chapel xivhich fhe had at Rome, without the Walls of the City. .It was eipecially at the Funerals of old Men, if we an ay believe Va rr , whofe Teitimony is quoted by ht, jPupufiin , / in his .Book v. of .his City of God, he fays* that double Honours were paid to this Goddefs; and from ,*he: fame- Divinity were derived the Names of thole mournful Ditties that were fung at Funerals. This God- ,cefs,~in ibort, who is little known but from /lrnohius the--only -Ancient of thofe whofe Writings are extant" .that ipeaks of her, was never employed but in the Ago- anes of tie Patient; then it was they began to invoke jncr« 1 ^ * • / i^- Why wfcs Death made a God ? 1 ' A \ As we have observed from Horace* that Sleep was the 9 9 » v ■r \: Hiftory of the Gods, G otfd eiles, - ' G? c. f:$5 the. Brother p.f Death,, wjbj^h, Js k itfej[f.,tbJe deep ^eternal Sfefr.. j vr& (hall., aM-h&p A WfirA M W>,upfltt that Diwit ty, for the reckoned, D&tb among...their Gndst Their Poets, “ as, .well .as the g -M*Jw% ,ir\d , Virgit' among otkej-s, .'fipeifcfifr ok ih t gixesJhun.that-Title. '. W* know P- 9 .thing al?out; the Worihip.that, was, paid him weaanly learn, that the Lacedemonians honoured hipias ;a Divinity, and had, as . Paufanias , in. his Uftconics\ teUs .us*-». one, df his Statues near that of his Brother Sleep t < \ • *.« > - * • • •• • - * ^ * VO - • * * V j • • ' • • • 9 • s . . : who >vere the Nymphs ana how came they.to.be Womipped as Gods and Goddeflefs ?, • r . »v. 'jf .The Nymphs in general were among ih.e>.Pctgan^ th® Gods of the Mountains, \Voods, Fountainshnd JUrerst; for which Rqafon they got feveral Names.. Thofe whole Abode was on the dry Land had the N ame of Nymphs in general. The Guardians of the Rivers and Fountains were called Naiads. Thofe who inhabited the Pools a rot Marfhes were called Limniades . *’ Thofe who a^rxHlded over .the Groves, Napea? % . Thofe who* delighted jst rh» "Woods, Dryads, or Hamadryads , if. they were attached, to fome particular Tree; and thofe laft lived and died, with the Tree. Such as were over the,Mountains w er © mqd Oreades : And thofe, in Ihort, who dwelt in. the Sea, Nerieds. A Kind of Sacrifice was wont toJ?e offer¬ ed them of Milk, Oil, and Honey, and fometimes. the Sacrifice was a Goat. ., • I * It jy! not eaiy to fay, what was the Qriginal of thefe Fables that have been delivered ahoutrNympbs; for thdre is rip Po'flibility of making all that the Poets fay. of them mef'e Allegory, f can never perfnade.myfelf, that.they meant no riiore by thefe Symbols,, than to. give \isj itte Idea of the Properties of Waterand..ftuidBodies*,which, are the Principals of the Qeneration of T rees an ^ Plants, and all becaufe ‘the ; Word Nymph < comes : perhaps; fto~ foam like Venus ; atfd of their being called the Mothers of the Rivers, the Daughters j;;; i: ’. ■. arc. named twf*, 0 according tp thedifterent Mmaer^ij* which the Poets, from JtrJert ** SB* % Lft, nounced their, Names; and of cithers, we may obferve* are.t^fame.witkfomeof the Mufo. .. -c^s'.-Whp.; were. Contemporaries with the Nereids; and. Vjtmph ? r; Thefirib were: the Daughter nd Doris . and he names fiftv of them. -. i.* i q: . 5 G** r/»/ ana Doris, ana ne names htty ot tnem. turner reck¬ ons thirty two only; but, allowing it to be true, they lived in. the Time with their Father, and of Conference had the fame Contemporaries. As to the Nymphs, Ifaid, that it was an antfenCOf 5 ^ ©n, that the Souls of the Dead wandered ab out theTo where the Bodies were interred. Or in Pfaces where freqdehted during their Abode in this World. Irr latltfr Ages, Wotnen of all Sorts, from the Lady of Diftrn&i&a to the Ample Shepherdefs, who were handfome, beauti¬ ful, and had been in any Adventure, were denorpinated Nymphs x whofe Names with thefe of, the Naiads, f have given an. alphabetical Lift, which is all that can be.dope for the Benefit of my Readers. V - , ! Since* by Berger's Lift, fome of them- have the Tamfe Names with fome of the Mufesi T may freely fay, v iiu£t forffe bf them never had any real Exiftehce, but iirtne Brains and Imaginations of 9 9 ■widen eve Beauty and Wit, got the Name Nympfi,^ tney Perfons, ,'sind lived in the World. It is therefore irnnofE- ble foe,me "to give an At^ount of their v P agents, a they, livedo v• . t • » )* • * ,.i:‘* * 1 P. Who was Nertus, -and how cajheJie to be made a. p<*r? - i J. Ntrcv;, whokaU the Antienta reckon among■ th* ' .- —• - *$•58 HiJlojy'of the Gods, GoddefTes., Sea Gods, was, according to H.JioJ, the Son of Oceamts and T^tbys. - Appcllodol-us gives him Oceauus for his Father, and Terra for his Mother ; and other Mythologies jnak'e him the Son of Neptune. Hrjlod highly, celebrates ,thrs Ncreus, who was, according to him, a mild and peaceful old Man, a Lover'of juftice, and Moderation. The Antients • have inquired, as well as the Author of the .Hymn, which is a cribed to Orpheus , have run out upon the Praife of this Sea God. John the Deacon gives a Reafon for it, as ridiculous as falfe ; it is, fays he, becaufe Seamen, wh’o have always prefeiit’ Death before tfieir Eyes, are commonly good People ; but unluckily, it is quite the contrary. The good Deacon,' as M. A Clerk remarks, had never feen either Seamen or Sailors^ and fpeaks of them juft as we'do of the Inhabitants of the Moon. That learned Critic therefore has Recourfe to the Phoenician Language, in which the Words, Nab at. None, whence the Names of Ntrcus was derived, fignify to jkincy to give Light, which, as it relates to Man, im¬ ports to know, to ha^ve. Unde rft anting, to he Be that as it will, all agree with H,f.od, that he married his’ Sifter Doris. All Antiquity agrees, that Nereus excelled in tlie Art of Prediction : He foretold Paris the War, which the Rape of Helm would bring upon his Country, and he in¬ formed Hercubs where to find the Golden Apples, that Buryjibeus ordered Him to go in Queft of. lie attempted, it is faid, to transform himfelf into various Shapes, that he might not be obliged to make that Difcovery. to thb Grecian Prince ; but he held him fafFtill he returned to his prifline Form. We learn from /.Jpollodorus, that Nereus commonly refided in the Egean Sea, where he was incir- cled with Nereids, who diverted him with their Songs and Dances Accordingly, Paufunias takes the old Man who was worfhipped by the Gythcatcs, and who, according to them, had his Palace in the Sea;'to have been no other but Nereus, and’ cites in Proof of it thefe Verfes of Homer* . • * * v I • • Te Sifters Nereids! to your Deeps defeend - Halle, and our Father’s facred Seat attend. . — Popn, Iliad, xviii. v. x yj. , .It is evident* that there is a great deal of Phyfiology ‘intermixed with this Fable, the Poets having frequently taken. Hi (lory of the Gods,. GcddefTe v £?V- taken Ncreus for the Water itfelf, as his Name , imports* Hifytkiu ., accordingly derives it fropi aAg, which fignifies pledging ; I am, however, of Opinion, that^die Cxrouud of this Fable exhibits to us fome antient Prince of this Name, who became famou by,Sea, and improved Navi¬ gation fo much, that People came from, all Parts. to ;cqq- fult him in. dangerous .Voyages } .thefe pretended Meta- morphofes, and the various bhapes which he ailumed tb get rid of thefe who came to fonfult him, , are but fa ma¬ ny Symbols, fignifying, that he was crafty ,and artful, wife and prudent, ilk c.Protius \ . . y ^ Who were Contemporaries yjy&isNereus ? _ - • A. Since Nereus foretold Paris, King o fTroy, the War which the Rape of Helen would bring upon his Country, he was of Confequence Cpntempprary. wfith.him> ; ,who lived in the Year of the World zy\\, before- C'hrift 1289, to which add 1750, makes 3059 Years,fmee his Tim^. Thofe who lived at that Time, were AbimcUqh, . *who ruled over the Ifraelitcs ; Btltu, King of Babylon Ja/on, tl\e Athenian ; Plijlhenes , King of Argosy Ca/lor] and Pollux, of Lacc A mo n ; Evander, came from jfreadia tq Italy.! Erithrus , a Tyrian, King of Spain Brenner , King qf Germany . No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time. . . • . . 9 Sg. Who are the Nereides, and whatts faid pf them A . All agree with Hejiod, that Nu-eusi married his Sif¬ ter Doris, and that he had by her the fifty Nereids, whofe Names were thefe. Proto, Pcrate,Sao, nmpbitrite, Eudorc ., Thetis, Galcnc, Glauco , Cymothoe, Spco, ThaliaMelite, Eur lemenc , Agave, Pafithea , Erato , Eunice, Doto , Pberufa, Dynamcne, Ncjfa, Acteta , Prototnedca, Doris, Pahqpe,.Ga¬ latea, Hippothoe , Hipponoe, Cymodoce^ Cymatotoge+. Atnphi- trite , Cymo, Etone, Halimede, GlaucQnQme,Pqntppqrja^ Ljago~ r t , Evagorc, Laomcdea, Poly no me, Antonome x - LyjynaJfaj war nr, Pfamathc, Menippe, Nyfo, Eupepsfa TfomJfo,f]Pr 9 - hoe, NjmcJis „ In this Lift, taken froip.f^^ occurs twice, there being two Nerieds of .that. Name, which differ, only in Quantity. Hcmtr gives -their; .Names with fome .Variation* and. reckons ; only thirty 1 two of them ; the reft, fays he, having remained in the Bottom of the Sea, Glance, Thalia, Cymodace, Nij^a x ,Sy 4 fi, Tipoa-% lia, Cy mot ho a, Aftea, Limnoria, Melita , IerapAmy hithoe. A* gave, • i So Hifiory of- the Gods 3 : -■ GcHdefiesy "&c« - - * • ^ game, Do to, Prottfj ; Pberufa', Dyhainene, Dexameftr, ijCm* phinome, Caliani ra, Doris , Pot: ope, Gala tar,' ■ Netrzzrfisy Mpfades, Cal liaiseffe, Clymcne , lavra, laneffa, Mcerc, Ori- 2byta, 'Amathial Thefe Names, in fhort, almoft all deriv* ed J front the ; Greek, -agree perfcdlly to Divinities of the Sed, fince they expre& ; the Waves, the BiI!owv'thcvTei»~ pefb, cheCalma, the Rocks, the Forts, &c. ■ £?, How came Neptune to be made a God ? A. He was, according to Hcfiod in his 7 hecgony, the Son of Saturn and Rhea, and Brother of Jupiter and Pluto . Rhea, having hid him in order to evade Saturn's Cruelty, gave out, that fhe'was delivered of a Colt, which the God fvvallowed, as he had done her other Children. Ao he was the firfl, according to Diodorus, Book v. who em¬ barked upon the Sea with a naval Army, he was intitlcd CO the Empire thereof; and Saturn, his Father, having given him all Power over that Element, he was confider- ed afterwards as the God of it ; and this is a:fo what, makes the Mariners, according to the fame Author, ad-* drefsto him their Vows and Sacrifices; or, which amounts to the fame Thing; in the Divifion which the three Bro¬ thers made of the Empire of the Pi tarns, Netiunr had' for* his Lot the Sea, the Iflands, and all the Places that are • adjoining to them. Lattantius, who had read Eitbt mirus's Hiltory, by his Divine lnjii tut ions , Book i. chap. a. ex- prefly . fays fo. Jupiter iviperiurn Neptuno Maris,’ ut infulis omnibus, & quae feanuhan Mare loca fait, omnibus rrgnaret. ' Which however, asM. !e Clerc remarks,”is-~On-- Jy to be underflood of the Mrditerrdnean 6\Y// : the; Ocearl- then being fo little known, that they durft^hardlyvenltj^o- upori it; Neptune fingnalized himfclf very much by Sea,' even in his Father Saturn's Life-time ; who, ns we have :.t in Diodorus Siculus , Book v. had given him trie Com¬ mand q/ his Fleet; he was always careful to check thd- jEutevpfixes of the• V ”item Princes, hindered them from, settling’ in fonle Iflands as they defignod ; ' and whcrx» 5 f;/~ yvVYv* his Brother, whom lid icfvcd always with W cry ;g real; /ideiity,'and forced iiis jEendiiics ro.miive ttV thoA'/LterrJ “o-nuries, ue hmt theni up therein fo clofeiy, 1 that they W * M ♦ * / W- 'jA / 1 . onld y eC wUt y v/hh;h yr t ^ L. A «** Ol Li:. havin' Tlifimy. of £#£Gotls 3 iGoddeffefs, • 2 ^b. * , having kept. the'Titans imprifoned in Hell, .and hindered . them Train getting but I doubt not But Neptune alfo diftinguiOied lumfelf Ijj? Sea, no lefs by the Eilablilhment of Commerce, than by* hi? Vittories. . It is probable that, there were Merchant Ships that had. traded in his Time, upon the Coaft of JfrN ca, to which he was a good ProteSion* In a Word, this Prince, according to Laclantius, Book i. ch. z. was fitcr s Admiral, and the Superintendant of the Seas^ fuch as Metre Shitcny was by Order of the Senate ; Cujus Reg- T.iun talc futjfe iliccftius, quale Plarci Ante 73: i fiiit in fini tun's ill ml imperium, ad toil us orac niciritimac potcjlatcm Sena til# dca'erjerat. This is.what gives the Antients a Handle to look upon diis Prince as God of the Sea, to fpeak.os him. only under this Idea, to confecrate Temples and AU tars to him, to fuppiicate his Favour by Prayers and> Sacrifices. It is not to be doubted, that the Name of Neptune wao ‘given to moil of the unknown Princes, who came by Sea 0 and fettled in fome new Country, or who reigned ove? Jflands, or who fignalized themielves by their maritime) Victories, or by the Eftabli foment of Commerce, Thio Name was even extended, if we may believe Aulus GeU l:us 9 to ghofe’who had as much Sternncfs and Ferocity ao Valour. Pracjia /; tijjir.i os V’rlutc, Sic. Joins Pi lies poctaO appt.il .'■vcrant: firscrjlmos IS imniav.es tannuanx c JMciri gem? tfaj, Neptuni FjHis dixerc Cyclop as IS Syrcsia, iS LeftrigoJU'Sn Lib. xv. cap. 21. or like G-rcyon, the Cyclops , &c, Hcncc> fo many Ntptun: ’s, the many Wives and Miftreffes, and the numerous OiT-Jpring they gave to this God ; the Me- tatnorphofes laid to*his Charge. Vojfius dc Idolatrui* has taken the Trouble to unmask fome of thofc Neptune'^ and to determine the Time when they lived. He who had by Lilya., Bilus and Agncv^ was fome Egyptian Prince, who lived Years before Chrift 3483, to which add 3750., makes 3.133 Years frnce his Time. He had probably dif- tinguifned lumfelf by Sea, and at the fame Time, hy his Application to the Method of Breaking of Horfes* lie who by Amymtr::\ the Daughter of D.inaus* had Min-* pliujy da: Father of PAcmed, s, lived about flic Time c : fn'*r ■’ % ^ ~ ?>v ;*!>(- V'j\r * : r* /• 7> J•; Af].* * *36 2 Hiftory of the Gods, Gcdcuelles, £dV- venture.. They tell us that Danaus, having lent his DauglV ter to draw Water for offering a Sacrifice, a Satyr attempt¬ ed Violence upon her, (fee Pbihjtratus' s Fable of Neptune and Amy move), the frighted Princefs implored Neptune'S Aid ; the God relieved her, and put the Satyr to Flight: Sat he himfelf offered the fame Infult to her, * which iho had juft efcaped by his Means. It is probable, that this Adventure, which happened near one of Neptune* s Tem¬ ples, in the Neighbourhood of Argos, where Deinaus * who came from Egypt , was going to offer Sacrifice, refers to fome Prieft of that God. He who was the Father of the famous Cercyon , whom Tbefcus flew, lived a little before the Con quell of the Argonauts. He who by Tyro, the Daughter of Salmomus, had Pt tins, lived about the fame Tifrie. He who paffed for die Father of 7foefeus t was Egcus, King of Athens, who had a Mind to conceal his Marriage with Ethra, the Daughter of Pit hr?us. Pie*, in fine, who is the Subject of this Article, and whofe Hif¬ tory is full of the Adventures of all the reft, lived the Time of Ifaac, a little before the Death of Abraham. The Scythian.-, according to Herodotus, had a Iti thqir Neptune, and called him 7h ami nmfades ;«in fine, the firft Neptune is ifndbubtedly Japhet, or fome of his Sons, fince this' is he to whom the Scripture tells us, the Ifles of the Gentiles fell by Lot, Ger.efs x. It is perhaps he of whom Sanchoninthon fpeaks, when he fays, Chryfar invent¬ ed Floats of Timber, and was. the firft. who failed,, and* that for this.Ke&fon he vvas deified after Ills Death y unlefs- we-wiH underftaiid it of Noah himfelf who' in. this.Senle-. ' • Antiquity gives feveral Names- to N piunv , ‘ and as many* efthem contribute greatly to'let us into the Knowledge this God;’‘hri9 -nkceifary to iniifl u£oh thein a little.- Thei Name of’ "Atphahon r . or tfffpbaledn.foi, Itls found. yvnt-T ten*ih this 1 iafir Manner, uptitr the Medal-; of the Rhodians t: which ■ firm; Jftab 1 ej Jmmbrekfeley and' "ahfvyerstoj the Stab As or of- the Reman -) Wds given- him, according tp^ Boole upon ■ OcCafion of. an unltnowfi IffindT thariapptearqd ifl'theS^aF The Rhodians, then very.pow- erfut, having landed tbetdj built a TeiripleTiv Honour’ of* NtpjUttg Hzjlory of the Gods, Goddefles, t5g fa. plane.Afphahon^ and he had'very Toon-feveral others* If we.may credit the antient Scholiail upon ytrift 0 phattes 9 there was one of them upon the Cape of ‘Tenants in. La- ccn:a ; and, according to Paufantes^ in,his Achaicis, ana* ther. near the Port-of Patras:. This Sirname, in fhort, B^fcdUy agreeable to this God; becaufe, as he was- thought to have- the Power of fhaking the Earth, foh© had, ukewife that of eiiablithing it. &cr*vius y upon that railage, where Virgil fays of Neptune , Ncptuvus 7nuros > tnagnoque emota tridenti Fu nda mtJit a q uati t . WKcli makes Kacrob:u$, Satyr i. Book i. fay, that the . Games y particularly thofe of the Tjhmzis of Corinth^ and thole of the Circus at Rome, v/ere efpecially confecra- 4ed to him under die Name of Hippias, one of the Ex- crcifes there being Horfe-races. The Romans too had fo great Veneration for this God, fifra* befides the Fellivals, which they celebrated in Honour of him on die firil of July, and which was appointed to that Day in their Calendar by die Word D. Ntptuni Ludi, the whole Month of E< hr u ary was confecrated to him ; either becaufe the half of it was defiined among- Client to Purifications, whence its Name Vthrumy, to ex¬ piate, or purify, was derived ; thole Purifications being chiefly performed by Water, die Element over which this God preiided ; or perhaps, to fupplicare him to he pro¬ pitious to tile Sailors, previoufly to their fetLingont to Sea at the Beginning of Spring 5 the Singularity inthem was, that as Heptane believed to have formed the ;f. dlctlf ..ho Gorf;t- a.id Lfylcs., covered with .Flower 1 , i Hifioty of' the'^Sods? ’ Godcteftes, &c. 16& ce afed from all Labour during the Feftivals of the God^ and enjoyed Reft, which- none durft difturb. Bejfidcs ordinary Vidtims, namely, the Horfes and th<3 Bull, facrificed to tins God, and the Libations that were in Honour of him, as we are told by Herodotus , Book vii*. the Arufpiccs offered to him particularly, the Gall the - Victim, the Bit tern efs of tliat Entrail having an Af«* fixiity with, the Sea-water. 4 J. Who were Contemporaries with Neptune ? A. Neptune lived in the Year of the World 2543? be¬ fore Chrift 1457, to which add 1750, makes 3207 Years fince his Time. His Contemporaries were, Otbuiel , Ca¬ leb's Son-in-law, ruled over the IJraclitcs; Amenophis , King* of. -Egypt ; Tt tuantos, King of Babylon ; Erecbtbcus , King of Athens Eurotas, King of Laccdcsnon ; Lynceus, King of Aegos', EpopniS , King of S icy on ; Sifyphus, King of- Corinth $ Erichtbonius , King of Troy j Saturn, King of Crete 5 Tefta, a Libyan, King of Spain 5 Ingram, King of Gt r ninny; Manet ho. King of Gaul-, Chiron , Neptune's younger Brother, an excellent Phyfician, taught yEfcula - ^i.Thyfic, Apollo Mufic, Her ail. s Aftronomy, and was Tutor to Achilles. No Poets, no Hiftorians at this Time*. ♦ « f # . Q You fpoke of .Deucalion's Deluge, What do you fay to that* of Ogygcs ? 'A. Ogyges was not a Native of Greece, his very Name alone fufRcientiy proves him to be aScrangerj but whe¬ ther he came irom Egypt or Bbanicic, or from the Coun¬ try-of A)noleh, is more than I am able to determine. lie wiSiifaiid (baled at Thebes' in Boctia, named frequently - by’-tlvi" ’Ailtients Ogygi^n Thebes ,. and he alio reigned over Attica. It is uhdev his Reign the Inundation happened,, which j occafioncd great Dcfolation in the Country, and went by the Name of the Deluge. Ogyges married The- •• be, the Daughter of 'Jupiter and IoJamia (fee Pimfanias's kitties ) by whom he had two Sons, Cubans and Ehufw.us^ who built the City V.leujli , and three Daughters, rJl.’h oryu- whoT. faid to ha ve mirled yh/r, > who at that Time appeared upon the Borders or the Lake Tri/tAs; whence; .. Ii has given to that Goddols t!ie \\ pithet. of .-*//.■A vim \ tin; iecomi of tbefe Daughter. \yv. called -i.iL'r , who C'.;nmuuucaied her Name 10 a Town iu Ih.tai : *>nd -I 66 Hijiory of the Gods, GoddefTes, &c. the third. Thclfinia . Thefe three Princeffes, after their Death, were worfhipped as Divinities, under the Name' tyf the Praxidican GoddcJJes. See Puufanius in his A:tics, Thefe two Sons of Ogyges reigned, the one in Boetia, the other in Eleufis: For no Credit is to be given to thofe, who fay, that Attica was laid fo much under Water by that Delude, as to continue along Time uninhabited. Eufe • bius fays, it remained defolate 190 Years. Whether Ogy¬ ges perilhed or not in the Inundation, is what we cannot pofitively fay. . Among the three Daughters of Ogyges, Alcilcomenc was the moft celebrated, from the Office ffie had given her, of being Nurfe to Minerva, and from the Worfhip that was paid to her after her Death. She was reckoned tlie Goddefs who brought Defigns to a happy IiTue, as is im¬ plied in the Word Praxidicc. To her were offered in Sa¬ crifice the Heads of Animals, as we are told by Suidas, on the Word Praxidice. Paufanins , in his Laconis, adds, that Mu:elai:s t upon his Return Home from the Siege of Troy, erefled to her a Statue, as having, by her Affiftance, put an End to the War, which he had undertaken for the Recovery of Helen his Wife. Whatever Diverfity of Opinions we find as to the Epo- eba of the Deluge of Ogyg, s, I reckon it may be placed towards the Year 1796 before Chrift, to which add 1750 makes 3540 Years fince Ogyges' s Time and the Deluge. < 0 . Who were Contemporaies with Ogyges? f Ehud, the Bcnjamite, ruled the Ijraclites ; Tutaus. King of Babylon ; Eumolpus , King of Thrace ; Amyclas, . King of Lace demon ; yjcrijtus, King of Argos ; Laon.cdo", King of S icy on 1 Bclleropbon, King of Corinth ; Tros, King of C 1 roy ; Remus , King-if Sp. in ; Addgar, King of Ger¬ many. The great Flood in his Time was the fame with Dntcclion's, and both of them are difguifed by the Greeks . No Poets, no Hiilorions at this Time. How came the Oracle of Dcdona to be founded ? yj. Wc learn from Herodotus, that the Oracle cf Dedo¬ va, the moll antient of Greece, and that of Jupiter Ham- mon in Lilya, had the fame Original, and both owed their Inftitiitio.n to the Egyptians, as all the other Antiquities of Greece. Here is the Allegory, under which this Piece of Hillory Hijiory of the Gods, GoddefTes* i Gy is wrapped up. Two Pigeons, fay they, taking plight from r hebes in Egypt, one of them came to Li by a , ana the other having flown as far as the Foreft of Dodona 9 in Cl a a Province of Epirus, alighted there, and let the Inhabitants of the Country know, that it was the Will of 'Juziu, to have an Oracle in that Place. This Prodigy aflonifhed thofe who were WitnefTes to it, and the Oracle being founded, there was very foon a great Concourfe of Confulters. Sergius on the third JEncad, v. 466. adds, that Juptt r had given to his Daughter Thebe thefe two Pigeons, and communicated to them the Gift of Speech. Herodotus, who, Book i. judged rightly the Fa& which gave Rife to thelnftitution of the Oracle, was couched under the Fable, has examined into its hiftorical Foundation. Phenician Merchants, fays this Author, fome Time ago carried off two PrieftelTes of Thebes ; fhe who was fold in Greece , took up her Refidence in the For reft of Dodona , where the Greeks came to gather Acorns, their antient Food ; there fhe ere&ed a fmali Chapel at the Foot of an Oak, in Ho¬ nour of 'jupitrr, whofe Prieftefs fhe had been at 7 hehes 5 and chis was the Foundation of the antient Oracle, fo fa¬ mous in fucceeding Ages. The fame Author fubjoins,' that the Woman was called the Pigeon, becaufe they un- derftood not her Language, but, foon coming to be ac¬ quainted with it, they reported, that the Pigeon fpoke. Abbe Sai/ii , who takes this Fable to have been built upon the double Meaning of the Word •BriT^uu, which figni- fed Pigeons, in Attn.--, and fev.exal other Provinces of Grceci , whne, in the Dialed of Epirus, it imported old Women. St/*vius 9 who fully comprehended the Senfe of this Fable, is only miftaken in his Explanation of it, by changing the Appellative PAeios into a proper Name. s , was the worft of Poets. Sometimes the Prieftefs herfelf pronounced her Oracles in Verfe, at leaftwe are told fo of one of them, called Pbt- yr.omenoe : In latter Times they contented themfelves with delivering them in Profe 5 and this Plutarch reckons to have been one Caufe of the Declenfion of the Oracle. What do you fay of the Oracle of ‘Trcpbonius ? A. Tho' Prophonius was only a Heroe, nay, according to fome Authors, an execrable Robber; yet he had an Oracle in Bceotia, which became exceeding famous, and where grand Ceremonies were ufed before obtain¬ ing the Refponfe. As no Body has deferibed it more fully and Hijlory of the Gods, Goddeffes, &vr. 175 and. more accurately than Paufanias who had confulted ic, and fubmitted to all its irkfome Formalities, we cannot do better than tranfcribe what he fays of this Parfonage and his Oracle in his Btrotia , p. 599. Erginns , fays he, tlie Son of Clymenus, King of Ore,j^vicr,us, being far ad¬ vanced in Years, and inclined to marry, came to coniult the Oracle of Apollo , Whether he ftiould have Children ? The Prieftefs, puzzled with this Queftion, anfwered him in enigmatical Terms, that tho’ he was rather too late in coming to a Refolution, yet he might entertain good Hopei if he married a young Wife. Conformable to this Re- fponfe, he married a young Woman, by whom he had two Sons, Trophonius and Agamades, who both of them became afterwards great Architects. By them was built the Temple of A folio at Delpbos, and Hyrieus's Treafure- houfe. In the Conltru&ion of this Edifice they had re- courfe to a fecret Stratagem, known to none but them- fielves; By Means of a Stone in the Wall, which they had the Art of taking out and butting in again, fo as no Body could difeover, they had Accefs every Night to this Treafury, and robbed Hyrieus of his Money. He obferv- ing his Money diminilhed, and yet no Appearance of the Boors being opened, fet a Trap about the Veflels which contained his Treafure, and there Agamides was catched. 'Trophonius not knowing how to extricate him, and fearing left-, if he was the next Day put to the Rack, he Ihould difeover the Secret, cut off his Head. Paufanias gives us no Account of the Life of * Trophonius ; only, as to the ’Manner of his Death, he tells us that the Earth opened and fwallowed him alive, and that the Place where it hap¬ pened is Hill called at this Day Agamidcs'% Pit, which is to be feen in a facred Grove of Lehadea, with a Pillar fet o- ver it. The Death of thofe two Brothers is told otherwise by Plutarch, who cites Pindar. After the Building of the Temple of Delpbos , whofe Foundation was laid by Apollo himfelf, as it is in Homer , they asked their Reward of that God, who ordered them to wait eight Days, and in the mean Time to make merry ; but at the End of that Term they were found dead, hibadea , continues Paufa - nias, is a City as much adorned as any throughout Greece: The facred Grove of Trophonius , with his Statue, which is the Work of Praxiteles . They who come to confult this Oracle, mull perform certain Ceremonies; before they I 4 s° xy6 Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, go down into the Cave where the Refponfes are given they muft pafs fome Days in a Chapel dedicated to Csvd- Genius, and to Fortun ; that Time is fpent in Self-purifi¬ cation, by bflinence from all Things unlawful, and in making Ufs of the Cold-bath, for the Warm-baths are prohibited ; thus the Suppliant is not allowed to wafh himfelf, unlefs in the Water of the River Hcrcyna. He muft facrifice to : Trfphomus and all his Family, to Jupiter fur named King, to Saturn, to Ceres furnamed Europe, who was believed to have been Erepbomus 's Nurfe; thus the God had plentiful Provifion of Flefh offered to him in Sacrifice. There were Diviners alfo to confult the En¬ trails of every Viflim, to know if it was agreeable to *ircpbcnius, that the Pcrfon fhould come down into his Cave ; but he efpecially revealed his Mind by the Entrails of a Ram which was offered to him in the laft Place. If the Omens were favourable, the Suppliant was led that T\ight to the River Hercyndj where two Boys about twelve or thirteen Years old, ( Vaufanias fays they were called Mr.-curbs) anointed his whole Body with Oil. Then he was conducted as far as the Source of the River, and was made to drink two Sorts of Water ; that of Lctbc> which effaced from his Mind all profane Thoughts ; and that of Mne7jwfync , which had the Quality of enabling him to re¬ tain whatever lie was to fee in the facred Cave. After all this Apparatus, the Priefts prefented to him the Statue of 'Trof ho?:ii!s, to which he was to addrefs a Prayer : Then he got a Linnen Tunic to put on, which was adorned with fa¬ cred Fillets ; and after all, was folemnly conducted to the Oracle. This Oracle was upon a Mountain, within anlnclo- fure made of white Stones, upon which were eredled Obe- lifks of Brafs. In this Inclofure was a Cave, of the Fi¬ gure of an Oven, cut out by Art, the Mouth cf it was narrow, and the Defcent to it was not by Steps, but by a fmall Ladder. When they were got down, they found another fmall Cave, the Entrance to which was very ftrait: The Suppliant preftrated himfelf on the Ground, carrying a certain Comp'ofirion of Honey in either Hand, without which he is not admitted; he firft puts down his Feet into the Mouth of the Cave, and inftantly his whole Body is forcibly drawn in. They, who are admitted were favour¬ ed with Revelations, but not all in the fame Manner: Some had the Knowledge of Futurity by Yifion, others ft * ^ Hijlory of the Gods, Goddefles, G?, d- oraculoruF'bnicomm duration# €it( r ,e mil} itu : There was one, ai d that a very famous* one too, in the Suburbs of Orpiiu at Antin'! . According to A." a, one in the Ifland of Deles , which was thought to be r he Birth-place of that God. According to Hcrodo- tu., he had one at D.uytn.. among the Brancbidez* One at Arg as we learn from Paujcniusy in Troas, and in. JEolis, according to Stephanus . At Bai iijtht n ?.±, entered alone into tire Sanctuary of Hammony and that of ViJp..Ju>n y who, according to Tacitus, was in¬ troduced into that of Serapts. I cannot pafs in. Silence that of V*nui A, ha cite, mentioned by Zoximtis, which, was confulted by the Parm‘.n:u 7 ,s, who revolted, under the Reign of urj u about the Year of Jefus Chrijl 27Z- Aphuc » (It is a Syr in Word, and fignifies an Embrace) was aPace between Hcliyr.iis and byblus, where Venus had a. Temple, hard by which was a Lake refembling a Ciftern. They who came to confult the Oracle of that Goddefs, threw Prefents into the Lake ; and it was no Matter what Kind they were of.. If they were acceptable to Venus, they ■went to the Bottom, if fhe reje&ed them, they fwam on the Surface, even tho’ of Gold or Silver. The Hiflori- an I have quoted, fubjoins, that in the Year, which pre¬ ceded the Ruin of the Pahnartnians, their Prefents lunk. to the Bottom, but that in the following Year all floated, above. Ammicanus Marccllinus tells of a God called Be - tza, who had an Oracle at Abydos, in the Extremity of Thebaic, which was delivered by Letters under a Seal. Zozimus reports that fome of thofe Letters which had been- left in the Temple of that God, were fent to ConJla?itius . Upon which the Emperor caufed veiy ftrick Enquiry to be made, and imprifoned, or banifhed a confidcrable. Number of Perfons : Probably the Oracle had been con¬ fulted about the Fate of the Empire, or the Succefs of fome.- Plot, they were forming againft the Emperor. It is hard¬ ly credible that Gcryon, the Three-headed Monfier, who was (lain by Hercules , jfhould have had an Oracle. He .had one however, as well as his Conqueror: This Oracle* was in Italy, near Padua ; and Suetonius tells us in the Life of Tiberius, that Tiberius went to confult that God. There was a Fountain of Aponus, which, if we may believe Clrudian , reflored Speech to the Dumb, and cured all Sorts of Difeafes. That of Hercules was in Triarchy and was given by Lots, as Statius tells us, much after the Manner of thofe of Fortune at Prenejle, and at. Aatium , Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, tSc. . iSr. » / • Antium . I have fpoke of Fountains .whofe Raters._had a- prophetic . Virtue. The Rivers did pot enjoy the fame Prerogative ; we find one however that was privileged,, and which, according to Pliny the Youngerj had an Ora¬ cle. It was Clitumntts, a River in U?nbria. The Tempi**, of that God, fays this Author, is antient, and much re¬ vered : Ciitiannus is there dreffed in a Roman Garb. The Lots denote the Prefence and Power of the Divinity*. There was likewife in the fame ?lace, feveral Chapels*, fome of which have Fountains and Springs ; for Clitum- nus is as it were the Father of feveral other {mail Rivers*, which unite their Streams with his- Nor was it only th* Gods had Oracles : The Demi-gods and Heroes had. theirs too. Lufutius {peaks of that of Cajlor and Pollux, which was at Lacedemon . Bartbius makes Mention of that of Ampbiarafis at Cropus, in Macedonia, and Mop/us had likewife one in Cilicia y as we learn from the Antients. The. Head of Orpheus, according to Ovid,, delivered Refporn* fe3 at Lcjbos', Aznpbilochus , at Maltese Sarpcden, in Proas $ Hermionc , in Macedonia ; Phafaphae, in Laconia ; as we learn from T ertullian who, in his Book Upon the Soul,. cites the Work of Hermippus; Calc as, in Italy; Arijl^eus in Bceotia 5 Autolycus, at Sinape ; Pryxus , among the Co/- chi; that of Rbefus, was at PangeaUlyjfcs if we may believe the old Commentator on Lycophron, had likewife an Oracle; and fo had Zemolxzs , among the Gctes, as Strabo allures us. Not to mention a great many more. Even Epbcjiion too, Alexander's Minion, and Anrinaus, had Oracles. After the Death of the former, nothing, would fatisfy Alexander, but to have Epbcjiion to be made a God ; and all the Courtiers of that Prince confented 16 it without the lead Hefitation, immediately Temples were built to him in feveral Towns; Feftivals inftituted to his Honour; Sacrifices ofFered; Cures aferibed to him ; and that nothing may be wanting. Oracles are given out in. his Name. Hadrian pra&ifed the fame Fooleries towards Antinousi He caufcd the City of Antinopolis to be built to his Memo¬ ry, gave him Temples and Prophets, fays St. Jerorn j now Prophets only belonged to the oracular Temples* We have {till a Greek Jnfcription to this Purpofe, T © x 8 2 Hijiory of the Gods, GoddefTes, TO ANTINOUS, THE COMPANION OF THE GODS OF EGYPT; M. ULPIUS APOLLONIUS HIS PROPHET. After this we fhall not be furprifed at Augujlus's having delivered Oracles at Rome, as we learn from Pi ud, ntius . Thefe modern Oracles however were never in fo much Repute as the antient ones, and they made thefe new created Gods deliver only fo many Refponfes as were thought convenient, in Order to make their Court to the Princes who deified them. And to be fhort, they did not confult them very fcrioufly ; and in Affairs of Importance, they ftill had Recourfe to Delphos, Claras, or the Cave of Y rophonius . But there would be no End of it, was I to enumerate all the Png, n Oracles. Van Dale, after having difeourfed of the chief of them, contents himfelf with naming thofe at the End of his Work ; a Lift of whom he had colle&ed from the Antients : And in this Lift, which may be confulted, he reckons up near three hundred, the moft of them belonging to Greece. But to be fure he has not named them all j for there were few Temples where there was not an Oracle, or fome other Sort of Divination. Of all the Parts of Greece, Pceotia was that which had moft of them, upon Account of the Mountains and Ca¬ verns it was full of : For it is proper to remark with M. Fonttn,lie, that nothing fuited better with Oracles than Caverns and Mountains. Plutarch remarks, that there were more than five and twenty in Baeotia alone, which was a very fmall Province. As many were reckoned in the Ptlcpone/us , and fifteen about Delphi, either at the fame Time or fuccefiively. It was in thefe Caves, whofc View infpired a Sort of religious Horror, that the Priefts could artfully contrive Palfages, whereby to go in and come out, without being perceived; Machines, hollow Statues, within which they hid themfelves, and feveral other Conveniencies to give more Reputation to their O- xacles. For, in fine, although I am perfuaded, with the ►moft learned Fathers of the Church, that the Devil prefided over Oracles, and that it was either he himfelf perfonally prefent, or the Priefts atted by him, who de¬ livered Refponfes concerning future Events; fince, let Men Htflory of the Gods, Goddeffes, £s?c. igg Men fay what they will, there is no other poffible Way of explaining all that we learn from Antiquity relating to thefe Reponfes : Yet I am fully convinced, that the Cheats of the Priefts had often, nay, for the moll Part, if you will, a very great Hand in them; and confequently we may believe, that they neglefted no Methods for fupport- ing their Impoftures. The Difcovery which Darnel made of the Tricks of Belus' s Priefts, who came in by Night thro 1 fubterraneous Paffages, and carried off the Meat, which they faid was eat up by the God himfelf; this, I fay, is a convincing Proof of the. Cheats that were prac- tifed in the Pagan Temples; a Proof which leaves no Room to doubt but the like Tricks were ufed in the Ora- cles. Accordingly, when the Chriftian Religion had once triumphed over Idolatry, and when the Oracles were a- bolifhed with it, there were Difcoveries made in the Caves and Dens where there had been Oracles, and feveral Marks of the Fraud and Impofture of the Minifters who had the Charge of them. To conclude, we muft not think, that all the Oracles we have been fpeaking of, and others, of which we know but the bare Names, did fub- fift at one. and the fame Time. There were fome of them, older, fome of them later, and of all Dates, from that of Dodona, which was looked upon as the moft antient, down to that of Ant hums , which may be reckoned the laft. Sometimes even the antient ones came to be laid a- lide. Their Credit was loft, either by difcovering the Impoftures of their Minifters, or by Wars which laid wafte the Places where they were, or by other Accidents unknown. One Thing we know, that the immenfe Riches which were at Delphi , had frequently been a Temptation to rifle that Temple, as was done more than once; tho? at the fame Time thofe Pillagers did not make the Oracle to ceafe. The Oracle of Delphi was pillaged by a Rob¬ ber, of the Race of the Pklegrteam .. By the Pho dans, by Pyrrus , by Nero, and laftly by the Chrifiians . Upon the Ruin of thofe, they took Care to find: new ones in their Room;, and thefe in their Turn gave Place to others; But the precife Time of the Declenfion of many of thofe Oracles, and of the Inftitudon of the new, is not known* What were the various Manners in which the O- racks were delivered ? J- Wt 184 Hiftory of the Gods, Goddefles, &ci . A. We have feen in. what Manner feveral Oracles were given ; that at Delphi , they interpreted and put into Verfe what the Prieftefs pronounced in the Time of her Fury 3. that at the Oracle of Hammett 9 it was the Priefts who pro¬ nounced the Refponfe of their God; that at Doaon -, 9 the Refponfe was given from the Hollow of an Oak; that at the Cave of \Crophonius , the Oracle was gathered from what the Suppliant faid before he recovered his Senfes 5 that at Memphis , they drew a good or bad Omen, accord¬ ing as the Ox Apis received or rejected what was prefented to him; and that it was thus likewife with the Fifties of the Fountain of Limyra. We mull now add, that die Refponfe of the God was oft^n given from the Bottom of hi6 Statue, whether it was the Devil delivered his Oracles there, or the Priefts, who had hollowed thofe Statues and found a Way to convey themfelves thither, by fome fub- terraneous Paffage; for to fay it over again, the Suppli¬ ants were not allowed to enter the Sanduaries where the Oracles were given, far lefs to appear too curious in that Point. Accordingly they took Care, that neither the Epi- cur eons nor Cbrijiians ftiould come near them 3 and the Reafon is very obvious. In feveral Places the Oracles were given by Letters fealed up ; as in that of Mopfus , and at Mattes in Cilicia, They who came to confult thefe Ora¬ cles were obliged to give his Letters into the Priefts Hands, or to leave them upon the Altar, and to lie in the Temple 3. and it was in the Time of his Sleep that he received the Anfwer to his Letter 5 whether it was that the Prieft had the Secret of opening the Letters, as Luci.-n allures us of his falfe Prophet Alexander, who had founded his Oracle in Plutus ; or whether there was Something fuper- natural in the Cafe, I lhall not determine. The Marnier of delivering the Oracle at Cl ? • s had fomewhat ftill ex¬ traordinary, fince no more was required but that the Per- fon fhould communicate his Name to the Prieft of that God. T acitus is my Author, “ Germanics 9 fays he, went “ to confult the Oracle of Clares, The Refponfes of iC that God are not delivered by a Woman, as at Vtlphcs, ** but by a Man, chofen out of a particular Family, and IC who is fpr the moft Part of Miletus. All he requires * e is to be told the Number and the Names of the Sup- “ pliants. Then he retires into a Grove, and having ** taken Water from a fccret Spring, he gives a Refponfe Tlifiory of the Gods, Goddel&fs, &C-. 18$ « s in Verfe, fuitable to what every one has been thinking « upon ; tho’ for the moft Part he is extremely ignorant 1 ': Among the Oracles which were delivered in a Dream, there were fome for which Preparations were nccefiary by Fallings, as that in Amphiaraus \vi Attica , as Philcjiratu's informs us of him, and fome others, where they were ob¬ liged to fleep upon the Skins of the Vi&ims. One of th£ moft fmgular Oracles was that of Mercury;, in A chat a, which Potipintas treats of after a great many Ceremonies, which we need not here enumerate; they whifpered in the Ear of the God, and asked him, What they were defirous to know ? Then they Hopped their Ears with their Hands, went out of the Temple, and the firft Words they heard upon their coming out, was the Refponfe of the God. Oracles were frequently given .by Lot f and this is whafc we muft explain. The Lots were a Kind of Dice, on which were engraven certain Characters or Words, Wucfe Explication they were to look for in Tables made for the Purpofe. The Way of ufing thofe Dice for knowing Fulurity was different, according to the Places where they were ufed. In feme Temples, the Perfon threw himfelfj in others, they were dropped from a Box; whence came the proverbial Exprcfhon, The Lot is fallen. This Playing with Dice was always preceded by Sacrifices, and other ufual Ceremonies. There were of thofe Lots in feveral Oracles, even at Poclana, as appears in the Cafe of th« L .7 oedema a ims, when they came . thither for a Confuta¬ tion, as we have it in Cicero ; but the moft famous Lots were at Antium and Pr.rtiejle, two Towns in Italy* * At Pr.rnejlc it was the Goddefs; and at Antium , the Goddeffes of Fortune $ that is, her Divinity - -was reprefented by Statues. Thofe of Auzimn had this Singularity, that they moved themfelves, according to Mocrorizc 's Teftimonys and their various Movements ferved, either for the Re¬ fponfe, or fignified if the Lots could be confuited.. From, a Paffage in Cicero, Where he fays, the Lots of Prteneft’e were confuited by Confent of Fotruaty it would, fee mi, that the Fortune which was in that City was a Sort of Automaton , like thofe at Antium , which gave-fome Sign with its Head, much like that of Jupiteli-.mimn ; who*, as has been faid, thus fignified to the Priefts, who carried him in Proceffion, what Routs they were to take. An. Event, which Suetonius relates, undoubtedly raifed the Lots of' *8 6 Hijlory of the Gods, GoddeiTes, (Sc. of Prteiiefie to great Reputation, contrary to the Inten¬ tion of ‘ Tiberius , who was going to deftroy them ; fincehe tells us, that they were not to be found in a Coffer fecurely fealed, when the Coffer was opened at Rome , but when brought back to Pr favourable Interpretation, whether he routed and cut the j: Partbiam in Pieces, or if his Army met with the fame ( Fate. But among all the Refponfes of the Gods given by the 1 Oracles, fome were of a lingular Nature. Crecfus not ] being fatisfied with that of Helfbos, altho’he had been j exceflively liberal to it, as Herodotus , Book firft, inform* \ us, fent with a View to furprife the Oracle, to enquire of j the Prieftefs, What he was a doing at the very Time when j his Deputy was coufulting her? She anfwered. He was | then boiling a Lamb with a Tortoife, as he really was, 'Crajus, who had contrived this odd Ragou, in Hopes that the Oracle would never hit upon the Secret, which he had communicated to no Mortal, and which at the fame Time was in the Nature of the Thing fo unlikely to be thought ?>f, was amazed at this Refponfe : It heightens his Cre¬ dulity, and new Prefents muft be fent to die God. But this Fa£t being very fingular, I lliall relate it as it is in Herodotus , “ Crarfus feeing the Power of the Perjlam grow “ greater and greater every Day, by the Valour of Cyrus, * c thought it high Time to be making ready to beat it “ down. Before he took any Steps, he fent to confuit ** the Oracles of Greece and Arris:. Accordingly he t( named Deputies for Dtlpbos, fome for Dodot:a, others for die Oracles of Amphiaraus , for that of Tropbotiius, iC and for that of Brancbidtr , which was upon the Fron- 4t tiers of the Milefiens. Fie difpatched fome into Afric to confuit the Oracle of Jupiter Hamn&n . This firft “ Step was only to found the Oracles ; and provided they st gave a true Anftver, he propofed to fena thither a fe- ** condTime, to learn from them Whether he fhould car- “ ry on his defigned Enterprize againft the Per ft mis ? He * c commanded the Deputies to obferve exactly what Time. intervened between their fetting out from Sardis, and. . ~ of PK A^raFSohrhf Games were thofe o££Wj £“ i. ■ " ;' * A. : T¥o tigh - the- Grceh celebrated' the 1 ; greater dird; Iefier ^ My Series jri dTo-nobr-to Ct-rrs; yet 5 a Barnes weV^'therein’ reprelefited^ thofe ‘ffpea&of herd ^pvre their Ongipaf tb ‘ t Yi&Jl^r&hs,' arid, according to Tati tics; &inais' r y!&d ofc'xvc;' it was C. Marumi us, while he was EJi/e , gave' tlie : iiVil Reprefen ration of them in the Circus. But he was not their Founder, fince wc learn from ‘Titus Li • xi . ■» • ' * m • ' or . • - • Ad in thefc Games the Mourning of Ceres for the Rape, her Daughter was commemorated, as well as in the, £/Wy//Fe7f Myileries, the Rcmr.u Ladies appeared tire re in* white Robes, with lighted Torches in their Hands, to* reprefent- that Goddefs leaking for her dear Pro/crpine,. The Merf too-joined in them came thither fading; fot The driclelb AbiHuence was enjoined before Night, cfpo- cially From. ‘Wine' and" Women, and moft punctually ob- fcrvbd too; the fmallcft Blemifh excluding the Spectators-- from them, and the public Herald took care to warn all who might profane them to quit the Aflembly. If any, one was convicted of having Rained his Purity, he was punifhed with- no lets than Death. This is confirmed, by the unanimous Teibimony of all tlic Hiftariins, who have fpoke of the Celebration of thefc Games,. and it would be an cafy matter to quote them. As to what re¬ mains, ' the fame Shows were exhibited there as in the: other Games, especially that of the Horfc-race. I be-" Ueve they were celebrated every fifth Year ; at leafy it was after fuclx Jin Interval, that the Hi by line Oracles or¬ dained a Day of Falling, by way of Preparation for them, to which was added the Ufe of the- warm Bath, as very conducive to Continency and purity, with which they, were obliged to come up to the Solemnity. • ‘ i i i? Of what Sort were the ditinc Games ? ul. Atnmjius, accordin'-; to Scutuuius^ after the Fiery. ho go 6 Hifiory bfithb Go 3 s, 'GodcJeflesy he-gm^ed aver Mar £ Antony, -built the City iNicopblis, and there in/lituted Gaines In Honour of Apollo, to be renewed 1 every fifth Year. Dion Chry/oftom , Book li. adds, that sn their .Celebration tlisGynmic 'Trials of Skiff vvere ad¬ mitted, with thofe of Mufick, and the Ho rfe-races-; that jfugu/iits gave them the Name- of /lSiac r frorrV'fthe 1 Pro¬ montory, of that Name,- where -Apollo, to- whom''he be- Heved-femfelf indebted for the Advantage he had gained ©ver the Enemy, was efpecially honoured ;'that Ke com-' Blitted the Care of them to four Colleges of Prieife 5 namely, the Pontiffs, Augurs, Septetnmirs, and Guindicim- rjirs; and that they were celebrated afterwards at Romr r in the Stadium made for that Purpofe in the Campus Martins* From thefe two Authors it appears, that- Au~ gufttts was the Founder of the Games; but Strobe , more ex a£l, informs us, that they were celebrated at the Pro- montory of A 3 item long before him, and that he -Only renewed them, added to their Solemnity, and ordered them to be repeated every fifth Year; whereas before they were reprefented every third Year; and there the Con¬ querors were crowned, as in the other Games. 4 J. Of what Sort were the Agonal and AJlic Games ? ’■ A. Thefe Games, which were celebrated at Rome with a great deal of Magnificence, were fo called from the Vidtim that was offered there, which went by the Name of Sgtmia. As the ibtr fometimes overflowed the Plain where the Circus flood, they were re prefer! ted near one of the Gates of Rome, which from thence was called Agonal, as well as the little Hills adjoining. The Ajr.c Games were originally Greek, and' arc the fame of the Scenic Kind : The Remans borrowed them from the Athenians,, and the Emperor Caligula appointed them to be celebrated firfl at Syracu/'c; but the Neapolitans, who were a Race of a Gr,ch Colony, had represented them before. • Authors are divided as to the Signification of-the Name of thofe Games, fo me are of Opinion, that it'an fivers to Ur bran in Latin, bccaufc they were cele¬ brated in.die Cityv-dn-Oppofition to thofe-that wire' ex¬ hibited in, the - Country, and were therefore’termed' RjiJlici. Aij'onius, in his tenth Milium, fays, the Ren:..us had adopted them, and fee ins to confound them with the ARiac Games; blit perliap- the true PionUiHd.Uioii £ 'theManuscripts^' otlSxvtaviuSicS ru ,Y. to “:: , e •' r -n w L; -Y-". :•* - "'A‘ ,' bn f. » 1 ' - v '> . r * i ♦ M \Vhat.$orfc of Games were thofe that were celebrate* 1 ed irtjthe jGamps ? j . \ fTjiefef Games did hot require.' for much Geremonjr as the others. ?' .they were, celebrated by the Soldiers diem- * felve.9: in their Gamps, either for; their Exercife or Recre- ? ation.. And,'indeed* nothing was more proper to keep - diem in: Breath than thofe Sorts of Combats, among ; which,, befides Wreftling, Running and other Trials of Skill, it feems they*, fought with the iierceft Animals'; this is. what we. learn from a Paflhge in Suetonius, who fays,. Tifaruts -,:'to „{hew •.he- enjoyed' a perfect State of Health, foj?r$her.e .was a Surmife. to the contrary,, not only was- ., pre&rit atxhcfe Gantes, but himfeif -attacked a Boar with • hid Arrows.?,- 5 . ••• 9 | Qv .Of what Kind were the Games of Gaft or and Pollux ? H. The Ramans, who conferred upon thofe two Heroes a particular Worfliip, inllituted thefe Games in the War they had with the Latins, who had abandoned the Romans^ and joined the Tnr quins* It was the JDi&ator siulus Pojl- humiu: who made a folemn Vow to exhibit thefe Games in Honour of thefe two Heroes, if he was fuccefsful in that Expedition ; and the Senate, in Confirmation of /lulus poll bum ins" s Vow, pafled an A€k for the Continuation of thefe Games, every Year ; (fee Dicnyftus Ha lie a ; na [us. Book vii.)> Nothing exceeded die magnificent Pomp with which they were ulkered in and accompanied, as we learn from the fame Author. After the ordinary Sacrifices,.fays ho.Yuch as prefided over thefe Games let out from the Capitol to march in order through the Forum to the Circus, (fee. Puji'-vinits Ac Lu lis-Circm[hus) where this Show was' exhibited; they were preceded by their Children on 1 lorfe-back, when they thcmfelves were of the Equrjirian Order, .while the PL he:ans marched a foot. The-former eompofed fo many Troops, and the latter Companies of Foot -foldijjrs, that Strangers, ■ who came in Crowds to- 1 tliis Spectacle, aud who were received on the Occafiond with alb polliblo Regard, might fee the Refource which' R•!//:/ had in that illuflriou:; Body of .Youth, who 1 were.' ready to appear loon in the miilil of tluir Artniew Thk Pii> ♦ * ,g€) 8 Hi-fi.cry]\ofii the .G ods^ G oddefle s, tfic* P^pceffipn, followed with Chariots, feme drawn by" two,‘ fame by .-iaur Horfes, and with the other Knights who- were to run in the Circus , was clofed'by the vhbletes, drat ia K , .the. Maffeipwrcfflers, who were alio to light'there. _ m r‘ - * . in * * , ,OfVwhat TCirid. were, the yMcgaUJlasi ,Garneteelebrab ed in Honour o CCybil, ^.-and die othei^Great GodtH’^ • „ si. .Thefe Games in hit ured by the Greek's.] andpndopted' by thb Romans, ,wcnt by- the-Narhe oEGrbdt Games,V.p- galenfes, from die Goddefs irtwhofe Honour'they:were* celebrated, and who was called the Great-mother.- Cicero,- who informs us, that a :great ■ Concourfe of People’ and Strangers frequented thefe Games, adds, -that- they -were exhibited upon the Palatine Mount, near tho^Temple,-in orderto.be represented in- the-very:Prefenco of the God- Jeff.. Their Celebration fell on the. Daym-beforu 'dhe Ids, that is, die eleventh of slprii. oniviich tl\Q> Roman: - had revived lier Worship. “ Pertulere Deam pridie ti ‘ Idus Ap.rilis : ifqu-e Dies felHs fadtus fait pop ulus fre- quenter dona Des? in pallatium tulic, ledtifferniumque *\ &. ludi fuere, Megalefia appellata-V Titus■ Linsius -xzix , r Some Authors have confounded thefe Games with th'ofe of the other Great Gods, - who had the fame-Name'; but Cicero {in Vcrruni. Book v.) plainly diffinguifhes them. The laft had been- inffituted by. Tar pun the Elder, the others not till the Rctnaus brought from .PcJJinus the Wor-' fhip aCCybclc, in the Ystar of Romr 543, under, the Con- fullhip of Cornelius Cctbrgus, and. Cornelius Tuditnmis. The Day of- their .Celebration was- likewife. different, lince thefe of Cybele fell on the Day before the Ides of si 'byl-y. as 1 has, been now, fa id iionv.Ticis'ti'Oi us^ aivd’thdfc of the Crcat Gods, on die Day before die Calcnds ’of St/:- ' tanker, as wc learn frouu Cicero , in the Paflage already qyoted, .. ... - ■’ a • * FT . Of what Sort wore - the Floral Games ?■ - si* In order to underhand what 1 have today upon thofc Gtune:q we, muff, calf to mind what hair been obferved clfe;where;of the Goddefs Flora ,■ woiihippcd at' Rome from- the foundation.of that .City,- ; or .from- the Time oWHv/.v* lus and Nunn;. She had Prieffs and Eelli/ah, ’and! was different front the Court,fan of the lame flame, who inadc die.Senate and People of Home Heir:, to an Eilate, which Jlijloryfi of.the-Go ds/. GddJefiL$ v r £fc. §09 which -fric had‘madcby Proftitution.-' -Further, if waVrlot upon the Eilate fhe-hnd lefr,- that the F/crrAf Cxiimcs were instituted,.-nor upon the Money raifed by their Representa¬ tion, - : aq fome Authors will have itbut upon--the-Fines to which thole were condemned who had been convitted of Peculation*.-that is, the Crime-of Healing* 5 'detaining, or embezzling pub lick? Money-or Goods, as - we-Teafti from-- Fcjh,' Book vii.-ver: 279and more parti¬ cularly from-Medals, on 'which' were 1 represented‘ the Genius of the .Raman People, with the Figure of a Ram, or of a Sheep, theSymbols of Peculation:' Thcfe Medals, which are. of Silver, were ilruelc during the Edilefhip 6f j 'nhlins Malcolm, and thelnflitutiori of the Games falls under the Confulihip of- Claudius' Centho, and Marat's Sctn- Cranii #*. in the Year of Rowe '513 ; but it was not till the Yoar 580, that thefe Games became annual, on occafiori of a Famine which lulled three Years; and which had been ufhered in by cold and rainy Springs ; the Senate, to, appeafe FJjm, and obtain better Crops, having palled an At\ -that Year, appointing the annual Celebration'of thefe Games the fourth of the Calends of Mf, which' is the twenty-eighth of Aprils in Honour of-that-Goddtis, which was regularly executed for the future. 1 •** . Cvivcnire patr.es, & fi bene - ficreat annus^ • ■N; '.minibus nejiris annuafjla vovent. jlrnv :.imus volts ; earful cum confute Lecnus Pylhutnis ludos perjolvere ?7iibi. ‘ Ovid. 'Faff. Lib. v. ^2 < . : • ;T { s .-»!■ l • - 1 1 * ■ .Though the Expence of thefe Games was not defrayed from the Eilate.. of: the CourtiSan F.Wj-, they iVuifl- needs however have been inftituted upon the Occafion of ’ her Teilament, chough afterwards they were dedicated to the antient /', , Since therein the Mem01 y of the Gallan¬ tries oi' the former was kept up, by the c::colHve-Liberty, or. rather the. .unbounded Licentiomnelh-and l'rdpCklence Opt prevailed there, as-has been; laid in it.vproper Place, wheiOr i,,mentioned, a- Circimi dance - of»rj’s Lifekwho* left them, ihiip he might not En r ?thu'Teo^Io‘Under 'a‘Rc- llrainl bv his PrdOuOc.' 'i < g j o tSJl(/ay i k/L ikeXj ocl s ^ G 'odd effe s. 'Ii U f - a » «/ A . A < t -* ' *" f r ^ ♦ i i ► | 1 • - * * *. J - !>• W 4 ft Tell me.of feme other G'antes. -- v - -' 1 - I.ifhould never have done, were I- to-ipeak -at any > length. of all rhe. Other Games,' fincc there wer£-ho coiift- derable Cities in die Roman Empire, but valued ihem- felves upon the Celebration offomc Games or other, either v upon the Arrival of; the Magiftrates who were to' govern them, or upon Occafion of Victories - and- other/Advan¬ tages- gained' by the Commonwealth.- The- Magirtrates alfo took xare to exhibit Games at their own Expense, when they entered on dieir Offices ; and although of-all -Offices die Edileffiip was the leak confiderable, it was however during it, that the greatert Expence whs laid out upon thefe Games, becaufe the People judged from tlknce, . how thofe. who were inverted with it were likely --to bc- ..have-when they came to be advanced to more corifidei^Mc ones. Rartly,- others were exhibited at the Birch of gride JVJen, which were called Nata/itii , and on a 'thouland other Occafions. However, as among thofe Games fome were very noted though commonly l.ot annual, as molt •of thofe I have difeourfed of hitherto, it will not be amifs to give a fummary Account of them. ♦ £>. What Kind of Games were thofe of the Circenjian? j 4 . Though by the Circenjinn Games we are to under¬ hand only the Combats, the Races, and other Exercifes that were performed in the Places known by the Name of the Circus , which had been railed for the Reprefentadon of all Sorts of Games, yet the Antiquaries comprehend under that Name the Race which was inrtitlUed. in the Jjlhtnus of Corinth? by Oijwmaus Ring of Pi fa ; to rid liimfclf of thofe tv ho were courting his Daughter PJippuh- min? and herein Pclups was Conqueror; of that other Race which Hercules inltituted in El,s , wherein he-, having gained the Vidlory, received a Ciown of Olive from die Hand of the i:\mcPclops; “ Primus ]Lt\u!is hunc honorem t( Jiabuit, manibus Pc lapis as we have-it in ■ f,a.H,!Ut;ur. Romulus, after die Rape of the Suottic Women, ap¬ pointed the fame Games to be celebrated in- the open fields, for there was no Place then dellincd : for that Wir- pofe. Thefe fir!!: Game;, of the llonuui.i went by tin’ Name of Circ,u/iu.i ; and if l”n vil rives the Name ai (H/\njuiu Game:, to thole which Romulus exhibited t,n t i*e lliji,°ry yfi £ha Gods* CGddtfefFes j \\fs%c. v § x i die Occaiioti now mentioned, it was by way of Antici¬ pation ; for it was only,in- the*.Time : -ofo fLoi-qjunius the Elder, .that.the dirft Circus was built. ;Tiiefe : Games were alfo called by the Name of the Great Games, Ludi lifogni* * » J . • ^ Of what Kind were the Games of th or Cvmph$les,'and others J - , ; : - •. j A. The Equejirici?}. Games were thofe. whofe Celebra¬ tion confided in Horfe-races, and of them the Romans diltinguifhed two Sorts. The Decumam were fucli. as they reprefented every tendi Year, and which the Senate .had inftituted in Honour of Augujius, who every • fifth Year, and fomedmes every, tenth Year, propofed:to-quit the Reins of Government, which he kept however his . whole Life-time. The Games , of the Leaves were fo • 4 • * called either from the Leaves that the Crowns were made 4 % 0 9 or, becaufe the People threw of them upon the Con¬ querors, they were called Ludi Folzacti. Thofe of the Gladiators took their Names from the defperate Engage¬ ment of that fort of Combatants, who fought therein with inconceiveable Fury and Obftinacy, and for which the Re¬ nan.; had an inhuman Curioftty. The Gymnic Games borrowed theirs from the Nakednefs of the Wreftlers, and from the five Sorts of Combats that were exhibited there¬ in, which made up what the Antients called Gymnajlic . The Iujlt,urati*ve Games were thofe that were reprefented a fecond Time. The Lujlral , Lujl rales , or Rubier all a, had been inftituted in Honour of Mars, and it was during ■their Celebration that the Arms, Trumpets,.csfr. were ■purified. The Games of Mars, which were celebrated on the firfl of. Augujl, had been- inftituted in- Honour - of that God, to perpetuate the Memory of die Temple built to his Honour, in the Time of the Emperor Claudius. (Seu Dior. Poole lx.) The Games named Ncvcndihs were the fame with thofe funeral Games which were ex¬ hibited at die Death of great Men, or of the Emperors. ’Hie Palatine Games, Palatini, .were inftituted by Auintjlus in Honour of Julius (Ajar, and got that Name' from the Temple upon tit e Palatine Mount, where they were cele¬ brated every Year for eivlit Days, berinnimr with the I’^th of bciemlu r. Thofe of the Ei files. Phi at //•/, went Jciiuwai every Year in die Mouth o* 'June, by die Pnvtor 3 3-2 Hfftory s&fy the- Gods,- Goddclles/- '£ 3 c, -of the -City, m 'Honour of fueh - of the -Filbers -upoiv the Tibej\ whofe Gam was aaried'in tot he-Temple.of: Vulcar^ as a Tribute paid to the. Bead* The Phbeian Games were exhibited in .Honour of the-People, who .hadcontrii bated fo much to the ExrimSion of the regal Power. The Pontificals were thofe cxhibked-by the Priefis at entering ^on their Office, mlrimatioadf theQbseftors, whofeGhmes went by the Name of, LudifiuteftctU.. Pbinaiii, or > the Reman Gaines had been inftituted by Tarawa thfc Elder, (fee Titus Livens) in Honour of yupiter^ juno , and-M- ■?ierva, as we learn from Cicero, in Verritm 5. • The Sa¬ cerdotal Games were thofe which the People in the Pro- winces .obliged the Prieds to prefent them with. The i ‘Triumpbtkti.s, thofe that were tieprefented upon occa&m of fome Triumph. The Votive were exhibited in confe- •quence of fome Vow ; and thofe we{£ either public, when it was a public Vow, as was the Cafe either in pub¬ lic Calamities, or in the Heat of Battle, or on other mo- ! mentous Cccalions ,* or private, when fome private Per- fon gave a Reprefentation of them : The former were /given by the Magiilrates in confequence of an Aik of the Senate. We have an Infcription that makes mention of one of thefe Motive and; public Gaines, for the happy Re¬ turn of Augufius . T'i Claud: Sc c t€ Ludos votivos pro “ reditu Imp. Caef. Divi F. Augufti.” Lead Sig:Hares were fo called upon account of the little Figures, either of Silver or fome other Metal, which they fent to one another in Token of Friendfhip, and that commonly during the Saturnalia. Ludi Taurus were inllit.uted to the .Honour of theinfecnal Gods, on Occafion of a Plague, under the Reign of Tarqtdtt the Proud, which Plague arofe from the.expofing of Bull’s Flelh to fale. 0 LalUy, the Secular Games were fo .called from their being repeated only once in an hundred Years, as is com¬ monly believedbut this Name was given to certain Gaines that were renewed but feldom,.or -that werere- prefen ted -.but once during the fame Perfon’s Life-tone. This is the Idea of them given hy Ovid t fufferat Phcebo diet \ quo tempore ludos Fecit 7 quos cel as ajpicit una femeL Trist. Lib. ii. Ac- Wflory of the Gods,- Goddeffes,' &c. 313 . Accordingly their Original, as it is related-at ..very r?reat Length by -Valerius Maximus, Book ii. an AZofimus, Sook ii.«had tto Relation to the Name which they went by afterwards. -Voluftus Valerius, fays the former of thefe two Authors, having three Children, two Sons and a Daughter, who were feized by the Plague that waited the Province- where- they lived, and finding the Remedies applied by Phyfidans ineffe&ual, having addrefTed him- felf to the^Genius of his Gods Lares , heard a Voice en¬ joining him to carry them to the Banks of the Tyler, and to make them drink of the Water of the River. He at firlfc fcrupled to obey, confidering the Diftance he was from that River ; but at laft the Malady and- Danger encrea- fmg, he was determined to fet out; and having arrived near the Tyler ,-at a Place named Tarentuw, he gave them Drink, and they were cured, Tn Gratitude to the Gods for ‘ fo fingular a Kindnefs, he offered Sacrifices of black Vi£lims to Pluto, Pro/erpine, and the other infernal Divinities, for three Nights fucceflively.- Valerius Pulli- aifo, continues the fame Author, who was made Conful when Tarqutn was banifhed, believing the Romms had more need than ever of the Prote&ion of the Gods, re¬ newed the Sacrifices of Vohljius in the Year of Rome 245. “ Primos ludos feculares, exaftis Regibus poll Roman* " conditam 245. Valerius Publicnla mftituit. antias apud “ cenfor. de die natali, cap. 17.” appointed them to be offered upon the fame Altar, and to the fame Gods, and added Games to them. Inline, we learn from Parra, where Teftimony is cited by “ Cenforinus cum ihulta por- r jtq make the..Gods propitious to the .Emperor, the Senate'‘|ani^ the koviai: People, .LafUy, during the three Days and three Nights that the Solemnity of thefe Games continued, all the Theatres in Rome,, the Cirques, and other public Places, deilined for thofe Feftivab, were em¬ ployed in Shows that were therein exhibited. Among other Things*-there were alfo Hunting-matches, Com¬ bats with wild Bealls, Sea-fights, CSV. The People divided the whole Time between Mirth and Devotion. * % * • Thus it is, that the Games ot the Greeks and Ramans were intermixed with Religion, and there are two Rea- fons which induced me to give the Hiflory of them z Place in this fin all Treadfe ; firll, becaufe they have the Worlhip of the Gods and Goddefies joined with them. Secondly, bccaufe my chief Defign in this Hiftory is for the Youdi, to make them to underhand the CLaiScs., both Poets and Hillorians, who make mention of thefe Games. ivh How came Tphti?nc to be worlhipped ? w. Bccaufe Yphtime was the Wife of Mercury, and the Mother of the Satyrs. See Satyrs. fh Who was ZsiMo/xis, and how came he to be made 2 God ? jL The Thracians and the Gctcs } as we learn from Hc- rOiiotusy Book iv. ch. 94, 95, had alfo a God who was •peculiar to themfelves, and ferved them inilead of all others. This was Zr/njalx:s their great Legiflator. Thofe who inhabit along the Coails of die lIdle (font informed lira,lot us , that K//.v.v/.vv.i pad been a Slave to Pythagoras* Son of j\ft;i'ft:«r(hos ; ami, that after having obtained hia Liberty, he acquired great Riches, and returned into his own Country, i.li * piincipal View was to polilh a rude People, and make them live alter the Manner of the /, is. In order to hi :ng ilii i about, he built a (lately ikd.u.i r-licje lie ieaalcd ,J1 the i nlubii.uiLi ol die City s' 3 x 6 Hiftory of the. Gods* G.oddeffes,. ifc. • ' ' ' ' ' * * by turns, infmuaring to them .during;the Rep ^ ft,r that they who lived as he did were to he immortal .and- that after having'paid the Tribute w-hich all i\den.owe fo Na¬ ture, they \ve/*e to be received intp a Region of Relight, where they fhould eternally enjoy a happy Life ; All the while he had People employed in building a JUhamber under Ground, and having fuddenly difappeared, he lliut himfelf up there,‘and lived'concealed for .three Years, His People mourned'Yor him as dead, but, in the begin¬ ning of the fourth Year he {hewed himfelf again, and this - pretended Miracle {truck his Countrymen fo, that they were difpofed to believe all that he had faid to them. He was at lad deified, and every one perfuaded, that after Death he was going to dwell with his God. They laid before him their E.vigencies, and fent. to confiilt him every £vc Years, 'idle Manner, in fliort, how they did it, no Iefs cruel than odd, proves that Z(wjctx?s at lib Death had not civilized them a great deal. When they had fingled out the Man who was to go and lay their Wants before the God, one was employed in holding three Javelings upright, while others held the Deputy by the Feet, and threw him up in the Air, that he might fail down upon the Point of thefe Weapons. If he was pierced by them, the God w r as thought propitious to them ; and if he did not die, he was cruelly reproached, and treated as a Miicreanr. Then, chufmg out another Deputy, they chi patched him to Z.v//vtAv/j. Hut. dot us fays, that he was at leaf! perfuaded that Zurnolxis lived long before S. WT V> Jo frpbns , of all the Antients, as far as I know, is the only one who fays 'Mines had received his Luws from sl- /&//;, and that he had travelled to Delphi to learn them from that God. AH other Legiflators have taken the fame Way to gain Aurnoiity to their Laws. /I/wwj, Miii'v of £vyp / 9 attributed his to Ml n ;.v y or Tmititts. Cave’in the Jlhui/L of i'ytie ; and undoubtedly ,all ()f them, after M ; {J> who hlaf received the Tables of the Law m * ** i » I • • ' , * , « * • . * j 1 Hiftory of the Gods, Goddeffes, f fc. -? i 't cm'Mount .£/«*/, with much Pomp. and.Solemnity,, that die Tradition thereof had fpread amonq; alL Nations. SA Who were thefe Gods called Zcgonoi ? A'. The Grech had a kind of Gods/ whom they, cal fed 7 .o«u:oU us much' 1 as to fay, Animal-coni. L’ractm is he who inakes mention of tnem, • They were believed to have Power to prolong Life : The Rivers and the running Waters were'efpecially confecvated to them.. I know not whether Jufitdr was of the Number of thefe Gods, fitice, ll 'j chins gives him the Epithet of Z IIow came Ztv.m: chins to be made a God? A. Agnus and Halitns, Inventors of Fiihing and Hunt¬ ing, as their Name' import. Thefe had Offspring two brothers,' who invented the Art of making Inftruments of 3 :on. He of the two, whole Name was Cbry/or, the Irene with lit f ha tus or f r uLu?i , gave himfelf to the abomi¬ nable Study of Incantations and Sorceries ; invented the Hook, the Bait, and Filhing-line, the Ufe of Barks fit for that Purpofe, and Sails too. So many Inventions procured him after his Death divine Honours, under the Name of Zcumicbius, or Jupiter the Engineer. fh How came the Pillars called Zsc.ra to be wo: flipped r //. The Scythians, according to CL mens AhxeinJt , Ids Oratio ad Gcntcs , in antient Times adored a Scyrhitar, he An hi an, a rough unhewn Stone; and among other iVations "they .contented thcxnfclves with the oredtjng a Trunk 'of a Tree, 'of fome P illar without Ornament. 'Chore Pillars they called Zoura, bccaufc they were peeled v.hen of Timber, and a little fmoothed when of Stone, fn the Orkneys, the Image of Diana was a Log of Wood Iiuurought; and at (ytheron, the Juno The/pia was no¬ thing but the Trunk of a Tree cutoff ; that at Samos, but n timple Plank'; and io gf others. What began to’en¬ large the Sphere of Idolatry, and confequently is to be reckoned one of the main Cables of its Propagation, was die Invention of Arts, cfpecially of Painting and Sculp¬ ture, Fine Statues commanded higher Veneration, and People were more cafily induced to believe, that the Gods whom they rep re fen ted relided in them. P * An An Alphabetical INDEX Of the Contents of the HISTORY. A. A DON IS, the Son of Cynarrs, his Birth and Edu¬ cation, p. i. His Travels into Egypt, p. 2. When he was hunting in Mount Lebanns, he was wounded in the Groin by a Boar, p. 3. He lived in the Year of the World 2530, 1470 Years before Chriil, to which add 1750, makes it 3220 Years fincc hi., Time Page 4 Adramelek and Anamelck , the Gods of Sepharvcim Age r 07 ila, or Anger cilia, and Pleafure, the Goddefs o: Silence 4 Anafies * 5 ' Apollo , the God and Prote&or of the Poets, Mulftijuns, and Orators - 7 The different Names he went under to The Year of the World he lived in,. 2630, 1770 before Chrift, to which add 7756, makes 3126 Years fince his Time 11 Macus , his Birth and Parentage; he married Endlh, Chiron's Daughter; and lived in the Year of the World 2530, 1450 before Chrift, to which add 1750, makes 3200 Years fince his Time 11 jALgIus, King of the AEolian Iflands, which lie . between Italy and Sicily, faid to be God of the Winds, becaufe ©f his Skill in Aftronomy ; he lived in the Year of the P 4 World I J N ‘ D'-E ' X. World 2460, 1540 before Chrifl, to which add 17rc x 'makes 326oYehrs ; flfrce''his’ TPime ' r '^ • ;/IG J > a^‘e l r2^ JEsy jEfculanus? tend Gods of-t fr e difRrre ut s that Coins'were'made of' : ; * 7 *- : ■ s -• 1 “ Efculcfiusy the Son of /Ipolio and the Nymph-'GcW^f ^ iChiron taught him the Art of Phyficpwlferfem -lb flciifuli that 1 it was faad- he" raifed * fefceral^rbnx - tftii j •r> t l t • 1 • 1 ** ... a. \ -ti t- O I « - ,-V A/np.hiaraus, . his Birth, Parentage and Education ; lie lived in the Year of -the World 267 6 , 1530 Years before Chrifl:, - to which add 1750, make? 3080 -Years lincc Ins Time- * AvKrz.Berf. 7 in 8 , a God dels .-* :; * »^ Aurora, a Goddefs ; /he lived-in the-Year of the‘^orld i 2590, 1110 Years before Chrifl, to which add makes 2860 Years fince her Time * * ; t6 B* 1- y. ' X : BaaBe?, or Baal/cm en, - ■ The ^Ammonites ^ ,>vpr/hjpped him,, under the Name of Moloch.. .The,diifereiitN^m^3 he. went tender .... . . ): ..... •/: Axi .o*i *7 Bay bus, his Parentage and Education ; Inventor g£ Wipe and other Liquors; he lived in the Year,of the Wotld 2610, 1390 Years before Chrifl, tq.whiftfc add makes 3140 Years fincchis Time >n) > ip- BeJ^tbub, the God of the Acrunites. The Woi& < £gm- £es the.Prince of the-Fiihes 5 the him. the Prinpe of the JJtvils ;> .^)iich 3 Aey#5 I vft^bat.lie •was.one of the, principal; Divinities of-the S^fians^^o BA Iona, the Godde fs. of Vfav _ ... go, 2,1 ? T qndrc BergivuSy jL God ... , , J • . i'js.cA&S Bracbwa, a God, the faipe was Bacchus, andthe different Names he went under _..$4 Argus and Brimiy,: A^yiat^M Keef er of Jon. As Miflrefs, and by the Poets, feigned to have an hundred Eyes ; the Meaning of the Fable. Bric-.rius his Parentage j the Poet 5 fgJgn $Uoatf.ha^n^undred< •Anns: an£, Kfy ,%«#.• • §ee, th^ .<$ ■Fab.e j; i ?S w ^ 4 C. Cabins I N D .E . X. “ t « • G « * * t • ; - * ' *•►-/ f . '« * * / ' •*»» Gjfir/: Some Authors^iipMjnLy two*ibtn^ thfee i they were of the Number- of $he great Gads.,.v u.Page 27 The Golden Calf, How it was worfhipped by the Ifraelites as.God,i.->-r-- t»*!.«• *• *■» • •_•*■» > - ■ \ -v.28 Catena, fiTpddefs:, , - : .< 28 Chaos^ G*i 44 $fe herProgeny.; from the * Chaos to the .Year *74.8 * it•-. •< ••• -:•> -•■ *. . . 29 Co/&r f and Bollu& ‘,< they diftihguifhed themfelves both by Sea and Land, and lived iin the Year, of the World • 2711,-^289 .Years before Chrift, to. which. add i 750, •makes-3039 Years fince their Time? . ' ... 31 C/rtSy 1 the Daughter of Saleron and Ops \ {he lived in the •Year of "the World 2700, before Chiift 1300, to -which add 1750, makes 3.* .4 ' ?. 33 Romplus* Julius? and \Augujlus Carfar made Gods. ,Ro- zfnulus lived in the Year of the World 3098, before •Chrift 903, to which add 1750, makes it 265z Years fince his Time. Augujlus Ceefar lived in -.the Year of the World 3916, before Chrift 90 Years, .to which add 17coi'makes it 1840'Years fince his Time 38 Charity -th&Sbri of Noah, lived'in-the Year of the World 1140, before Chrift 2860, to which add'-*750, makes it 46 lift'Years fince his Time *• ’■ 39 ChamoSy the Idol of the Moabites and Ammonites, the i fame with the'Sun >. .* : • • 40 Clbactna, *heX 5 oddefs -of the - Sewer, sthd Nephritis of ill tS&tfoar' ’ f : | a !;•», *'*- f • ' ? • y *;-*• : ' 40 St/tta -Ma&t -, 1 the Gbd Ridictihtss the Goddefs Feronia • CYrr^Siftcrt^^/^ King of . GolcfitsV fhV lived\itfd Year hfthe. Worid '■27^3, befoi^ Chjift . toSvhich sacTd rysbfj makes it 3047 Year's fince*her TiiAe .42 Cjkr?h y Mother of the jGods, Daughter of tUtvoeh .arid • Betftkp .teidrWifie io&dlurni fhe'dived: hr the Year; of » 759> ; 1 MM P • - I ke&it 3119 YearsifinceL his Tkne : < • 48 -Jt . P-5 1 v; 0 Dmogorgan^ 'i - IN I Dj.E '/X- DemGgQrgnfj, a Magician, Jie Jived 5,698 Years ago jP. 48 Daphne, - lighter pf Peneiis, King .offTheffdly^ .., ,50 j 4 mazos;s i ,.oi Republick ofAYomen .. k ', * .50 j Desdtdip* great Gx^ndfonof Bureheus, King of Athens r the jmoft ikilful.Artift that Greece.^ ever produced, an able a 1 * ri - '■ " ‘ ' r\\ t • ' - f * n V- - J * • • * . Architect of the 1 - -< i > * i 1 • ; it ^ i - , - 7 ^ ;/».«* j f ^ r ; - n/j , r J j ** ’ * * * ” which add. 1750, makes 3038 Years, lines his Time^o Deucalion was the Son of Prometheus, King, of Thc/pily ; he was, reckoned the Repairer of Mankind, iince under .his Reign.,the.. Deluge happened,; which bears his Name. His Arrival into Greece was 220 Years befpre -the Trojan Vfar, about 14.00 Years before the Chriftian AEra, to which- add 1 750, .makes it 2150 Years knee • his Time . .- . 52 Diana. If ihe is taken for the Moon, {he is as old as the Creation, that, is, 5603 Years ; if for the Daughter of- Jupiter and Latova, in the 2512th Year' of the World, before Chrifl 1488, tc which add 17 50, makes 3238 Years knee her Time . . . \ . 57 Bliec.a, or Dido, was the Daughter of Belies, fecond King of Lyre in Phemcia ; fhe fettled in Africa, and built a Citadel, which with die City, was called Carthage. She left the Kingdom Byre 247 Years before Chrift, ■ to which add 1750, makes 2703. Years knee her Time . . t . 59 The Dr nils were the principal Miniilersof die Religion of the Gauls, the Bard:, die Paibages, the.Bales, and the Druids; fo great was their Authority, tliat no Affair of Importance. :was undertaken till they were confulted ... • . . : 60 Druidtfjes ; they /hared their 1 Authority with their Huf- bands; they were di/lingui/hed into thrccSortS; the firft lived in Celibacy, as thofe of the.IflancLof Sain ; others, though married, dwelt regularly in die Tem¬ ples i die tliird lived conilantly with dieii* Hu/bands . ; . 62 # E. Mar ut and Rada ns an thin were two Sons of -/api ter, and appointed by him two Judges of Hell, the /irit for the d/i.:tics, the other for the.Europeans ,-and over them iMi.iJSj who were three feribiKiges, for their iirkk Trubhy. 1 y -IV • D ‘ E fr ’ X. ; Probity the Y ea to whi' rtu'Qbfly in tnis; wonavenjoy* TrSnaUility^ .'dbcbtapanfed’ witR-unOl?: innocent 'and refilled Plenfiitesv" ' ‘ : • * -67 Eneas. ‘TroYi 'KSxi'g of TEofy had tv£o Sbhs,' Ifas znd facartts ; the latter'had a • S o nf ftathed ( Gapjs, 1 % 1 i o y/as Father to Anebifes, and Gfarid-father to *Eneas ; thus he 'was of tire mobdToyal ; by' the Father’s Side, and, in Opinion of rtroft of r the Afttierits," the- Goddefs Venus was his Mother, p. 68. It is thought by feme, that JPriam, King, of Trbj, having called a Council’^ Enea'i and Anterior were' for-delivering up HtU:i to the Grecians ; Agamemnon being acquainted with it at the talcing of the City, let thietti, their Friends and Ef- fefls pafs, and gave them twenty Ships to go and feek a Settlement: Eneas arrived at Thrace j he made the Ifland'.Drjfcr ; in fine, he happily arrived at Laura:- turn, upon the Coaft of Tyrrhenian near the Mouth of “ the Tyler, in the Country of the Aborigines , p. 69. Antcnor got fafe into the Territories of Venice , built a City, and called it Antenora , now called Padua. Euros anti Anterior came from Trey in the Year of the World 2769, 1231 Years before Chrift, to which add 1750, makes'2981 Years fince their Time, p. 71. You fee above that it is 2703 Yeats lince 'Dido's Time ; To that Eneas lived 278 Years before Dido . This fhews how’ far lEiYgil is mi ft alter* ‘ by iVialiing them- Contempora- nes ' r - • 71 Ejht/ns was • the Capital of Ionia, built by the Amazons The Greils a ! nd Romans look’ed iipob Themis as the God- dofis of 'JuJticc, yet the latter had their Equity and Jullicc befides 1 1 72 I'.t ichthonius, the fourth iting of Athens , the Son of Vulcan and’ Minerva ; H6liv6d *iri the Year of the Y/oild 2.163, 1337' Ydafn before CVirift, ‘to‘which add ’1750, makes 3287 Year d fince his Time 72 I j. N DtE/X. / Ffcs was the Divinity - of the G#ujs.j his JTamp is alio , written with an Afpiratlon . 1 , ■ P&ge ~- **-*--- ~~«g the'Sdtv of Mercury a, , ,who *w* hetic Verfes wa£bV the ^Latins cal^ed.C^- -- be- fcjr^. ObrifF * 24J, td ■ Y*ari'iince his Time **' n. ?/- '/ sv. Xn^jfvthor 3 }Kirior or rbesmcta Sp.Sft — /« - * T f ; hei*: -74 jfVr ; «w v ; 3^30. Years iiate lifef Tmie ■r. :-ur<.y‘ «.;i ..vri*: V/ i ?6 > -jn r . # m * ^ ^ ^ ^<"5 , t | ^ ( ^ The feveral Sorts of Tables ' iif tjie Lives, ofthe >God 6 ajid Godde/Tes, ’ to be ’found' among. .the- Poets, > ^re .of ftx.K.mdJ Hiflorical, PhifofophicalfAllegorical, Moral, Mixed, or Invented, merely for the Sake of Fable . * • ‘ , VV. »3'f;r 7& 77 Fabuliws - V as the. God ^Hp J^ugiit Children tofpeak . * ' • , ^ • * * t • . 1 M Q M «v • * w »| i** 3 \ V V* i'W* had alfo her Placets a Godfle^ 5 #o ^vgnrpfifian harfe 'a ftrOiiger fin dreflioii, .or greater,Likene^jtOj this Goddefs tliah is exhibited* in that imePi&ureof her ,, . # N • , . . *. I* *• “* 4 ' Q drawn by riineiaiv. 259* Vv . u; v.’rd o: Faith, that is, Fidelity* jvas a Godde fi> ; ;anjpn&. F^nmns . Nothing was mbrefacred Aan^ thi^J^ri/^yo as j^ayfog for its Foundarihh'&digibii r V^vL *rni>dT- 1 Faunur.: was ‘ tlie ’Son ptPfcu/j ,Ka$g-ftf JtgJy i he w a^ v a ■Princef ^f ^rygreat $s doin'; which'fe'/dbisbly made Jt^fo txrgiven^out tfet-he : was .the Son offers. .>Tlir“- you 'wodlh fay* ‘Paaeficir, Pro liemowQ Httlbafi& ,n Sh$ i4 yfas made^'Getf lived.about:• 12O6'Yeara'be^* : ^ ears mice qunus **U<> ime 82 F^V/Vj,was made a Goddefs 6po Years after the Building . r ri ' • » » • Q - mar* - * of *..< a j» :/ 4 ’ ^ '* “ •’ :7 - (j ' . -. *82 Fire, ri f A N - D u e 4 x :,. r '** who laiided 'therei p v 8^.. ; They, worffiipped Itronia was a Goddefs. .and .Patro^f&^pf .ciift'anchired siafe v> a**j r • i,,g 2 n/LOiL- -:.ii v 2 - itifi "cri.'L r»_ 7 ki rv - j Golds. Flkltir; : "’Athamub; tfih.JSon, of JLolu^ , the Grartd- • fon ^d’^e^^d'roix pf Deucalion, ^as King dF* Tartar in ‘.Baeplidy of Nephele he had PbryXus and -Heitej : 'P-.hryiuf, 'carried off Part of his Father’s * Trteafrire," eirlbarkdd witli liis-'Siiter #?//* .to.the Conrt . of JEtes, his Kinfman, wKo reigned in Colchis. By the Golden Fleece we muft -undemand the Treafure of Athamas , his Father, that is, • all-the Silver- and Gold, • ooibed ; or : ahcoined', in Bars and Jngpts, ;with r the . Crown,' Sword and Scepter^ Jewels and. prdcioiis Stonec *• • . ,86;* $7 Flora.' L all anti us fays, fliewas a Proilitute, who, having, gained much Subftance, made the Raman People heir - Heirs'/ and-iHcy irtadh her a'Goddefs 8£ For time. It, is certain, that file was, invoked from the eariieft^Fime^, the firft 'Tirne that thie Hedy Scriptures } mentfbniitheGodsof the Pagans, it speaks of Gad, invoked by Leah j and this God St. Axgufibic takes to have been Fortune . - 89 Fruitupfa waa^ the T Gqddefs whom the Romans invoked to obtain a gbod^HarVeftV. a God Spinofus, to. pluck dp the the ov£r the 1 Budding of the C0rn ; a God- Nodafus-, for the Knots of the “Stalk 3 the Gpddds Volutitia, fot die Coat Furies Defri& ftftd bu nt ed "to belthe Tonnpnto'^-of r the Guilty v >n!i * ’- i - i ' - r,.., . j'.nr'vQsf -,^r- Gauges, the Divinity of that great River of the Fajl-Indies * we may fuppofe the Wonders that have been obferved in that Element, did like wife contribute not a little to promote I >N D E X. promote S up e rftitio n,' God is 'ujondeifui'ht thetVaiers y \ fays the Holy Scripture Page 92' Genii or Demons ; thofe Spirits, ahum e all Sorts of Forms, ' transform themfelves into various Shapes, and imitate., the Gods themfelves, ^the'' Demons and - Sotflfc departed . ,§3y •with refpeft to the Difference pf. Mens Stature’fftrcie t the Creation of the WdPftl, to the Birth of ChH& ’ In . this Table he affigned Adam 123 Feet 9 Inches 1 in Height, and to Enter* r8 Feet 9 Inches three fpiirihs; whence he fixed the Proportion “between the Stature^Of Men and Women, to beat to 29 :: ” ^ Gorgans. Palephatus and Fulgentius will hSve JSorgotoi'XO have been young Women of opulent Forttmesyriifey were three Sifters, Stheno 9 Euryate, and Medufa loo Graces . Of all the GoddefTes, none had-a .greater Num¬ ber of Adorers than they ; they were three in Number, Egley Thalia , and Euphrofott * 1 101 Gods of Great Britain . Balatucadua was the fame with Belennsy or Abollo of the Gauls ~ • ' 103 Great Mother Goddefs, the Earthy was one of the chief and moft ancient Divinities of the Pagan World ir^nd there were few idolatrous Nations that did hot pay Her Religious Worfhip • - W4 H. Harpa crates was the Son of Ijis, that is*ofthe ,; Mbbri; by his Statue it is eafy to judge that^hp Was j&feGbd Silence, becaufe lie is reprefenced'itt an"Attitude hbH- ing'hfs Fing'er^On his Lips / ' * ^ ; - z i* ’ Jl { jiurpics. Thefe Moniierswere -three Siffer^’ Ce/^/^r;- pefo and Aelloy who with a Womans F^ce had.a Bill and crooked Claws, and a ' prodigious big Bellyr;they raifed Famine wherever-they c&ni6' v. >•* •< -' 'too Jiereules ; there hre feveralof thar-Nam^ ;*. £yrddd?k‘i : Si¬ culus reckons three: oTtbfeitfjV Cici'irc'y irtdds -BVi d&tPf the Mature of the Gods, reiekofife there werirfix of them The Gods and GoddefTes who prefldedb.Ver 'Marrifige * .-'•* - ” 1 ' '"TOS Homer was worfhipped as a God 109 Honour “to6 I N D E X. T • • * Honour and Virtue was made a Goddefs • Page ird Hope made a Goddefs : t : W * « » 1 I ~ 1 4 Ja&w-M . j*?&* amp^i&* c . Arabians II 2 ^ that this Saturn, was :II3 4 - I. » : 1 I aBiV f • ' » - P • ' k • J k < J - . /.*;•:i'*: j! was r the. Son QtJupiUr and EUfira^ the Daughter . °f 4*1** ' ^ . ."‘t .!. 0 ;*v..'.. ..a d. :- t 114 Uotfleneuty .. King, of, £)?*<, ;was .SOU: of Deucalion* and Granflfonjpf bfjxa^tbp fey ond . . .r : . Inackus came from Pae*ida UJ rile Year 18 8.0. before Chrift^'.which was.in v the.Year <0£ the^WftrlA 2120* to .wHch v f8^o\add.>^750,. makes 3630^*0?* fine© his . 1 . '. 'j >« » ; ; p ;• < *. . " , ' . ., X’I>7 Jfis the Sun and Moon were adored under the Names of OJsrJs and .Ifis . s: r * . .119 Juba made the Roman Senate his Heir, as we learn from Salufi ... , *. ... . . I-20 Juno was the Daughter of Saturn and Rhea; fhe was the • laft of, Jupiter's Wives:. She dived in the^Yeatvpfihe ; World.^tt, hefoc£. CJirifk. 1489,10 which add 17.50, makes 3249 Ydarlfec^ hcr.Titne .. . ' :.I25 Jupiter s true Name was Jou 9 that is tp fay Toung* .to denote not only that he was the youngeft of Saturn's . Sqns;» but alfo that he had diftingoiftied himfelf aC r cotdingiy,by.his Exploits ip.hh. Yoiith.. The AppeUa- non oF Father Patfr was, added afterwatdsj r. whence/ he was C&J^d 1 with; & > Uttle .fpfrening^^- Piter . He 1 was feven Times married, and wed men¬ ded Juc- of the^^Ji-dW'arldte wg$. 5 wor&ipped/ift .Egyptftxs. the Center.of Sfiainf.. had.^*. great,Numberoa£Narae3iA|id . Sumames, Which were^giyen >him by.thej various Nati¬ ons v that had, received hi^ Worfhip>3ir5 r ^t«f7?lived.Mo Years, whereof .he. reiga^d^z s ^he^died 4\78o/Years before-Chrift, to which add 1750, makes 35 30 Years fince his Time, , .. : ;T 1,25, S2&,niz& ta8> Romans ». ..... .. . 130 • .. ..i jr> t fas/i Lu-*: U.i L. Lao-kium , JuJUcey a Goddefs, by the I ' K "D through t tbe 1ifcfcflde* and was- the* Death, of his-,Mother^ ‘The .Mp^ajk of tliis Philofopher come very near to thofe of Epicurus • ' ‘ ' Page 131! "Lares , the Word Lar comes from the TuJcan Word - Lars, or Larfiy which ii guides Leader , or Gonduftor* .-The. Lares and Penates were Guardians and Protestors.of families, and of the. Goods of the Country^,-; There was one for every Houfe,' for every-City, and'in- ge¬ neral for the whole; Country. .Thofe of -Houfe*. were called Lares, thofe of Cities and particular'Places Penates . .- i$z. La ton a was the Daughter of Casts 9 the Son of Titan and 2 erra by Jupiter 9 bom at Delos at. the fame ‘Time wit \iApollo ; ihe was the Mother of Diana . .132 Liberty. The Romans who idolized Liberty , could not ' chufe but make a Divinity of her . . * . 133 Lttcina was the Daughter of Jupiter and •Juno 9 -One:^)£ the Divinities of Marriage, • and of - Women a wkh Child • • 4 * • • - 1 34 - “ ~ •• * J\d».-• - r *— ‘ IkTamms was the Son of the God TnviJlon 9 - who derived Jib Original from the Earth, of whom thciGermatrs are defeended • . . •>.<*'* -46 Mava». or Mania » prefided over the Maladies of Women • - ■ • r.- '•’>»•> .. '.'*34 Mercury , the Son of Jupiter and Maia y 1 the!God' ofElo- .^.uence, and of the Art of {peaking well3 'thsMSodtof * Travellers, Merchants r and even of Thieves J atfd Pick- - pockets. He a&ed as Ambal&doE«and>PliBnipP*ontiafy oft he ■Gods, -and was concerned in all Tftfati Wvof Peace and Alliance. He lived in the YeaavnfrHe iWorld-2 ! 53J:, -before. Chtbfcri 369, -to^wbicHaddl i jj$o\ \ makes/3111.9,Yea*$.iiftce his -Time1 ,134*035/1236 JMercyj f. Pastfani&sfj imbb-c^/Vj fays, .alkiNeti^ns. of. the .World jhould offer Sacriffc^s vto ibecaufcsall fton4dn,IfecdvO£hec, ^ , x .- - , v-.././ >uz ■: .ty? ■' * ’ ■ - Minerva* ■ ^ I N D *E X. ! Minerva* This Daughter of Jupiter and Meis, who was 2 €dcfahted-eKe wi 1 eft- of ; her * Sex r f bhtf : wh£n fhe J wa* ready to ^6% d eli vered ,* - li&vin^ 1 r I<^fned - frorir ~ Garins? thit? (ti&'&sh* to 'bring-'forth a Datirf%ter r bf-ConfUirtniate *«#Ss a* ©tty _ _ _ r^^o^th &G&htoebP t 1 t &3 A» fcteftf-hS Braito r afunder*' whence Tprurig 'Mmef^Ja' it* comply at Armour, and already full grown. She lived in the Yeat of the World 2220, before Cfirift ; *k7S0•' Years, to'which add 1750, makes 3550 Years fince her Time •= • • - ‘ Page 138 Mdrr / 1 balled Ares by' the Greeks^ was, according'tO Wb* z^-’s Iliad, Book i. and the other - Greek' Poets; the Son 'of' 1 Jdfiter arid Juno. The Name of Mars ,' the God^of .War, was given to molt warlike Princes'- and every Country valued itfelf on having one, as well as a Hercules . Mars , the Son of Jupiter, ‘ lived m the Year of the World 2551, before Chrift 1449* to which add 1750, makes 3199 Years iince hi?Time 146 R.Ilona was the Goddefs of War* 5 Varro'S\ ays, that fhe was tlie Sifter of Mars, and that fhe was anciently Duel liana, fome Authors make her his Wife : 1*47 Minos . Jupiter , or rather AJlerius , having ravilhed Eu¬ rope, Agenors Daughter, conveyed her to the 111 and of Crete,' wherehe reigned; Ihe had by him three Sons, Minos, Safpedon, and Radamantbiis ; -Minos, how King of Crete, was reckoned one of the ^greatteft fLe- giflotbrsbf Antiquityjr Rytkagfirds gave out; that'he* went down to the Kingdom of Pluto ; Epimenidts agaiiv that he^ had flept fifty Years in a Cave in the Illand of Crete. He lived in the Year of the -Wor^ 2^50, before Chrift 14-50, to which : add-1750^ makes 3200-Years fince his Time' • • •' '• *'•' : ,J 5 Modtjiy .1 The Ramans worlhipped her uhder the -Nable tof Pudl&ttA'si 1' :• ->orn;:llA bnn Mufsy, fEhey Were- very (famous^ and Ye^faiufch?hohbGred inthe Country of tilled they d*©/initial a 10 I N - D ' E * X. CHo, the frit of the Mufes , who derives .* her. Namd from Glory, or Renown. Euterpe, fo> called \\ bechufe fhe generally imports joy. • 'Thalia; - or the Flodri/hi^ Maid, who invented Comedy. Melpomene * 1 or.the Charming Pair. Terpficbore^ • that is, thfe Jovial, Erdie, or the Lovely .; Polyhymnia, lo called fr6m a'Multi¬ plicity, of Songs. Urania, or Gezrlejiis, is th© 'inven¬ tre (s of Aftronomy. Calliope, . fa ’ calletL-ixOm the Sweetnefs of her -Voice* The' Name Canunrue #as given them, according to Fejlus, Macrobius, .and Ser- to Hefiadpnwds a mild afid peacefulolalVSan y a- Lover ,>of vj'nfSc&nnd Moderations :> n All; ^Antiquities agrees that iNerguert fex- celled in die Artfu(/£w*c, a little: before the Death of Abraham? which was in ?the Year of the.World 2545, before Chrift ji 4 57v which add 1750, makes 3207 Yearrf lince his Time 165 V/ *»}■/’ •* •-> ' \ } ’• 1 -- Ogyges fettled iZhT&efrs m>Bastia, named frequently'by the . Ancients Ogygian fhebes; he alfo reignedover Attica j' he married Pbefje± the Daughter of.Japiier&n& Jadamtd* • (fee ■Pad/ahias's-Attics.) Jt was under- his j Reign.: the • Inundadonrhappenfid, which occa&med i great Defo- - lation in? thh.Country, j and went by the Name of the • Deluge. • Ogygsr had/two- Sons, Cadmus and Elcufinus, .Who built the City EieufayAxAL three Daughters, Afol- ,... • ' cornens IV N D E"' Xi corner^ • Acutis, 'and B'helJiUin . 1 ' TheTe three Princefles, after their Death, were worfhipped as Divinities; Vn- der the 'Name' of the P rap? die aw GoddeJJes. ’ Thtj De- luge of Ogy^.r- ntay be placed towards the J Yoar‘ r yh6 before,Chriit,: to*Which add 1750, rhakds;354b 1 Years fince : Ogygas's. Time and ; the Deluge '• * '■*' Page i’66 The. Oracle of .Dodona^ -the'moffc'antierit oCG recce) and that of Jupiter- Hatnthon in' LybiaC had the* fa'me Origi¬ nal, and both owed their : Inilitution to xhe Egyptians. At the Oracle of Dodona, they fufpended in the An¬ tonie brazen Kettles, near a Statue of the fame Metal, which was like wife fufpended, and held : a Lalh inks Hand. This Figure, being-'agitated by^ fhe 'Wi'nd, hruck again!! the Kettle that was next iff which coin- municating the Motion to the reft, railed a Hiafcdkfeg Din, which continued pretty long,-'and up'Un the Ndiie they formed Predictions.' Hence th'e Torreft of doi:a had even taken its Name, for Do no' in Hi tier. : _ figniJies a Kettle. • •' " • ife fhc Oracle of Jupiter in Libya , wad asrariti&t as that of Dodo tut, Diodorus Siculus tells thedrlannerin which the God delivered his Oracles, when one Witte to confult-him ; twenty-four of Priefls bore-iipon'dr^h* Shoulders, in a gilded Barge, 'the Statue 6f tliiiif fparkling with precious Stones ; and thus wirhptit. keeping a confkint Courfe, they moved oh, : v/!mhei ; - ioever they tliought die Impulfe of thtf God^carri&l them. A Troop of Matrons and Virgii'13 accompa¬ nied this Proccliion, fmging Idymns- -in UdOnoUt of Jupiter. Probably it was from tome-Sign 1 'OTMdtiOn of the Statue, that die Pricks- pronounced! t)h'e Ditch fions of their God ; for Horner tlie^Poetfa^, Jilpitcr Ugnijbd ris Co>ifv.'it />v bending bis BroavS' ' >'■ 1 1 6q lie Oracle of Apolb, in the Ciry of Heliopolis in ’Egypt, accord in(»- to Mae robins. Satire, Tib. i. elk 2r. that God gave his Refponfes in die lame Way with Jttpi- ter Han: mots - • ' ’ lpQ 11 the Oracle of Delphi war; not the mofl* antidrit-of tliofe' in Greece , it w;i't a'c leak cite molt celebrated; arid eftht which cominued longed At What Tifrie-’thiiJ Oracle 1, ? was founded i-, not known, which in die firft Place prove:, it to be of great Amhpiiiy, nor was Apollo the toll who was confulied there, M\/lbylus 3 in the Begin- ning n J- i. N-j Dr Eu-x; ning.ofHs .Tragedy of thjel&we/ijdej, &.y% Tt?ra-\VZi the firjt .who gave., Oracle^ there jdaftctf her: 1 bahis 0 then ,P.k*bc,\ another*,Daughter, of T'emeu w . Phabe s : ac¬ cording to My tliologifts, . .was Mother to Latoiia r and Grandmother,to Apollo ; and he ialhort was the'fourth. Divdprus 'Siculus reports> Book-xvi. t a[Tradition which . he had taken from. Monuments of. the grektefl Anti¬ quity. ..Goats, fays he, that,were.feeding- in the Val- lies of gave; Rife to the. Difcodevy of this Oracle... There, was in the Place,- fince called the Sanftuary, an Hole,. the Mouth .of which was very ftrait.; Theie .Goats, having come near it with their Heads, began to leap and frilk about fo flrangely, that the Shepherd, whom- Plutcircb. calls CcretTs, bciner ftruck yeith it,, came up to the Place, and leaning over the Hole,..w4S feized with a Fit of Enthuiiafm, where¬ by he was prompted to utter fome: extravagant Ex- prdhons,.which pafled for Prophecies. Here they af¬ terwards built the Temple and City of DA phis, which were filled with vaft Donations, and immenfe Riches, fo as to .be compared to- thofe of the Ptrjian Rings! Oracles, were, not delivered every Day,-it was only once a Year, in the Month Bi v 9 Cl CCLC c*. 1 XJktllj. | \ \ this lnclofure was a Cave, of the Figure of an Oven, cut out, by ; -i\rt; -the Mouth of it was narrow; and the Defcent to it was not by Steps, but by a fmall Ladder ; when .they .were got, down they found another final! Gave, the Entrance to which was very limit' w P fcF \ 1! th# r GQ d a Avoir heavhohad. the j*>eriteli Num- .Pffl ftfnpb'Wloid-jb.ecaufcihelwica called he'God of />,•- 7^(^^M0nd,rbelievc(btoihavefthcrgifebtttlVGfFt of lb R. i! befidesr- that d of ionic others, .ahe Honour vwhoreof. he fhared’ with ApAl^ Inifl one \n kl Iit£utia> -'under ■the-NahiC' of Jit'Air /h- 1 bit ‘n/ii * » iU * : I iN D E X. j Thunderer-, and-anoth£f-in Elis ¥ onc-'z.tEbe&es, and it -,. M'ero(r% ^nenear AdtioHrfo .nd feveral others 1 .' x JEfc u . - lapius -was confuted in Cilicid, ‘at 1 'Apo/iomn ; ih the Ifland ofCoi ; at Pergamus,''EprdaarusjEG7hr,^n^.t\{^ where.’ Mercury at Patras* upon H&tjoti, [ and other Places;; - Mars in' Thrace, Egypt, and^cifeWheffe. Flier- - cules, at Cadiz., Athens, in Egypt',' ‘at Yyrvtilt, ih’jfo/S. •potamid', '■ • where; actordiftg fi to : L'dc/ftisy he gave' 'lb Oracles by > Dreams, andgbt the Name of Sotmtfalis, JJis, OJiri'r, and- SeFapis, delivered alfo their Oracles by Dreams; that at Delphi they interpreted,* : and put into Verfe. At the Oracle of Hammonyt Was the Prieft gave the Refpbnfe ; that ACBodonathe: Refponfe was given from the Hollow of the Oak ; that at the Gave of Ardphonius, the Oracle was gathered frottl wh^t the Supplicant faid before he recovered 1 his Settfe$.- Thefe at Antium and P-rrtnejie in Italyi the ' Rbfponfe 1 • was given by Lots, which were a kind of Dicei irr which were engraved certain Characters of Weirds, tyhofe Explication they were to look for in Tables made for ‘ the Purpofe. This Playing with Dice was always pro- ceeded:by Sacrifices and other ufuaPCeremonies. 1 Ovr. Jus fent with a View to furprrze the Oracle 1 , to enquire of the Prieftefs what he was doing at the very Time when his Deputy was corifulting her ? She anfwbred, he was then boiling a Lamb with a Tortoife, as he really was J Page 188 Orpheus, the Son of AEgarus, King oF Thrace, arid of the - VI ufe Calliope, the F ather of Mufceus, and Difdple of Linus ; it was only to add a greater Luftre to his Bin'll and Talents, particularly as to Mufic and'Pdejtry,. that he was laid afterwards to be the Son of Apollo ; by his applying himfelf to Matters of Religion; he very ioon united in his own Perfon the Dignity of Pontiff with that of King. This is the Reafon which makes Horace, in his Art of Poetry , give him the Titles of Minijler and Interpreter of the Cods. The FiClion of Orpheus hte defeending’ into -Hell, 1 and bringing, back Eu/jdice hls Wife,- is founded :upon this; that Magic was highly in Vogue in J thofe Times," efpeciall y in Egypt ; one of the j mbit common Ceremonies in that deteftable Art was the calling up the Souls of the Dead; and fo far was it from being reckoned criminal, that 1 ;N ;D 'E X. . it;was praft ifedeven by : \the:Mifijfi$f;s of- facred Tilings, • in Tei»ples,defl^neid for .that Burpofey becaufe. through that he had brought her with him; r-when; he faw her difappear he. killed himfelf. ‘ * Orpheus lived:.in - the Year 11 S t before- the ChrilHan iEra, to which;, add . .44 (befof^the^talcing of Tr(y) zn<&:tj$o, makes'2975 Yeprs fince. his .Time A _; a. * f Page.ig; Orbom .wa? a Goddefs invoked, by the leathers and Mo¬ thers, for-the PrefervatjQn of their Children' •* *100 OJjiUgo. . was invoked,when they were about to reftify broken Bones.-. * ' •<" *r. , •» 200 There were Gods who -prefided oyer every Part of the Body ;; the. 5 a« prefided oyer the Heart, Jupiter over .. the Head apd Liver, Mars over the Entrails, Minerva ' Tciv^.t^Eyes Mid, Fingers, ^Juno fiver the Eyebrows, \/ Pluto. oyer,the B&clc, Venus, over the Reins, Saturn over tha.,Sple«n, il/^a^y over the Tongue, Fbetys over the • . Feet, th& Moon oyer/he Stomach,* the Genius and Modejiy . over the. Forehead,. Memory over the Ears, Faith or j Bona, Fidcs over the Right-hand, Companion over the . Knees > : 200 Pallas was properly the Divinity of, .the Shepherds, the tutelar Deity, anjd Prote&refs of the Flocks • • 200 \ Pa/ici y jance. the, Worfhip of thefe-Gods'-came from .Thetnicial, \t improbable it-comes from the Hebrew Wordjft^yto,..; which l\g > mho,$ ; * 1 , : - • 201 Pan. .There wa^ no Place in all, Greece , where the Divinity of. Pan was more honoured than in Arcadia . This is even thought to havy been the Place where he delivered his Oracles... If w.e take Pan /or the Son of Jiji rcury, and Penelope, y /he, liyed in , the Year of the World 26 71, .1 729- before, Chrift,. to which add 1750, makes. 3470 Years frnce his Time 207 Panacoa was the Goddefs whom they invoked, when they were upon the mending Hand 207 Panda. This GoddeTs was fo called, becaufe fhe opened the Way to the Capitol to TitiusTatius 208 Pandora. I N D :E X. * » pandora. Prometheus, with the A Alliance of Minerva, in forming the Body of Man of tempered.Clay, got up to Heaven, and ftole from thence the faered Fire, Jupiter, incenfed at this, ordered Vulcan to forma Woman, endued with all Perfe&ions, whence flie got the Name of Pandora ; Epimetbeus married her, and had by her Pyrrba , the Wife oCDeucalicn. He opened the fatal Box full; of .all kinds of Miferies which have ever fmee befallen Mankind ; there remained nothing in it but Hope ... ; . . Page 208 Parcat. Varro upon Aulus Gellius , Book iii. ch. 16. Of the Origin of the Latin Tqngue, fays, that as thofe- Goddefles prefided over die Birth of Men, they took their Name from Partus , Birth. Scrvius, on the fourth Eclogue of Virgil, aflerts, that they .were fo called, becaufe they Ip are no-body. Clot bo, the ;youngeft of the three Sillers prelided over the Moment when we came into tlpe World, and held the DiftafF; Lachejis fpun allthe^ {Events, of our Life; and Atropos, theeldeii, cut the Thce^d with Sciffars. „ 209 Petunia, as t6e moll antient Symbol which has been fouml uporf Money, was fome. Animal, Pecus, whence it had the isTame among .the Latins oiPecunia ; fo they , made a Goddefs of the v . fame Word. 209 Penates. If we would ut often. The firfl and mail antient ' on '€vfak : 2pPcrjtan by Birth 5 the fecond, was born.in £y- f bin ; the third Was o ( Dtlphos; the fqurlh had her Birth, among the Cimmerians in Italyj. the fifth, was. of Ery- tb. nea ‘ K the. fixth was of Samos 5 the Seventh was barn .at 'Cuma‘% the eighth vy 33 the HcberpQnjhic,bovn at Marpe/tts; near the Town of Gorgts in Traas i T the ninth was alfo.a Phrygian ; the t£nth wr\s of Tibur, Or fifvsli - A Woman-cama to Tarqiiin^ the. |koud> .offering! him a Collodion of the.- Verfes of\jhpi>/^/j.ift f »ine. Books ; (lie demanded for them three hundred Pieces of .Gold ; he refufing,. ffie threv/ three of them into. tho -Tire, and infilled on the fame .Sum. for the remaining fix > which being.refufed her, file burnt three more of them, and fUll per filled in asking the three hundred Pieces for tho fe that were left: At length the King,, fearing that file would burn the other three, gave her the Sura fiio demanded. The Remans carefully kept this Col¬ lodion from the Time of Tarquin, to the Burning of the Capitol, when it was consumed with that Edifice. They to repair this Lofs, fent, as Tacitus, Jrsnals, Book iv. ch. 12. has it, into different Places, tp Santo:, to Trey, into dfric, Sicily , and among the Colonies fettled' in ,ltdlyi to colled all the Si byline Verfes that could be found j and the Deputies brought back a great Quantity of them. As .no doubt there were many of tjiem dubious Priefis were cojniuiflioned tO make a judicious Choice of them. There was a College of fifteen Perfons founded to be the Guardians of this Colledion, whom they called Quindecenrviri of the Sibyls j to them this Depofition was committed; by them it was to be confuted, and I N D E X. ♦ ^ ' • fo great was the faith that was put in the Predictions 5t contained, that, whenever they were to enter upon War, where Plague and Famine, or any epidemical ^ ^-^ -- _____ ^ ^ - * M* r ^ # ^ of Delphi was by the Greeks and other Nations,,, \ This Collection of Sibylline Verfes which we have at prefent confift of eight Books, upon which Gallons has made a learned Commentary, though it may pof. fibly contain fome of the antient Predictions, yet all the Critics look upon it as a very dubious C9mpo.f1. tion, and likely to have been the Product of the pious Fraud of fome more zealous than judicious CirlJflajjs, i who thought by compofmg it, to flrengtheri tHd Au¬ thority of the Chrijlian Religion, and enable its pe- fcnders to combat Paganifm with more Advantage,/ as if Truth flood in need of Forgery and Lies, in order to its triumphing over Error. What puts the Mat- . ter quite out of Doubt is, that'we find, 'iii . this/in- . digefted' ColIe&jon, Predictions relating to the Mylte- . ries of Chriilianity, cleared than ^heyark l&'ljaiab, and the other Prophets. There the very Name o f Jefts Chrifty and that 'of the Virgin -Maty, Occur in every Page. It fpeaks of the Myfteries of Redemption', of our Saviour’s Miracles, his Paffion, Death and Refur- reClion, the Creation of the World, the texreflrial Pa- radife, the Longevity of the Patriarchs, and the De¬ luge ; as- to the Verfes, I refer my Readers to the Hi- ftory Page 235, jo; 249 Si/enus, though in general the old Satyrs Were called 1 o? 7 m, there was one however, to whom this Name ^as^ap- . propriated by way of Eminence. He was Fofter- . father and inseparable Companion to Bacchus Accord¬ ing to antient Authors he was a profound Philbfopher, . whofe Wifdom was equal to his Knowledge; his Drunkennefs, fo much talked 0$ was-nothing but .a myftical Drunkennefs, which fignified that he was pro¬ foundly immerced fn Speculation. Si levies was ;wor- fhipped after his Feath as a Demi-god, andYeceived the Honours due to Heroes, independently even of Bac:hus. SUnites lived in the Year of the World 2590,, before Chrift 1410, to which add 1750, makes 3160 Y tars fince his Time, Sirem I N D E X. J Sirens., It is- very well known that- the Poets reprefent the Sirens as beautiful Women, who inhabited the deep Jlocks ; u^bn the Sea-Chore 5 whither having allured * paftcngers .by the Swcetnefs of their Mufic, they put: them to Death. Holder reckons only two of* them. Others afibw five namely ,. Lcucojia, Ligia, Partbenope , yjglapbon r t Onjid “Met. Book vi. fays, they accompanied Proferpin'e when fhe was carried off*, and that the Gods granted thiem Wings to go in queft of that Prirfeefs. \ We are to confider the Sirens in three Periods of Time. Firft they were'beautiful Virgins, Nymphs who- had nothing'niohftrous 5 thus they were when they ac¬ companied P'rpfirptne, and gathered Flowers.with her in the Meadows of Etna . The fecorid was when they got Wings from the Gods 5 from that Tirnevwe are tot confider them as Fowls with Virgins -Faces., Daftly, from the Moment that they, threw themfelves ihfeo thb Sea, in Defpaijr for- UlyJ/es's having got the better of them,, we are to confider them, as Fifties’ and Divinities of the Sea **■ . . Page Sun. Nothing was more capable of fedycing 'Men than the heavenly - Bodies, and the Su)i -efpecialJy; Hi® Beauty, the bright Splendor of his Beams, the Rapi- dity of hjs Gourfe ; He rejoiceth as a Giant to run bis Race , Pfal. xix^5- his Regularity in enlightening the \vhole Earth by Turn*, and in diffiifing Light and Fertility all around, effentiai Chaia&ers of the Divi¬ nity, who Is himfelf ( the Light, and Source of every Thing that. exifts ; all thefe were too capable of im- preiling the grofs Minds of Men with a Belief, that there, was' no-other God but the Sun. Nothing fo much proves the Antiquity of this kind of Idolatry, as - the Care Mcfes took: to prohibit it, Dcut. , iv. 19 ... , •. 24.6 Sjhatinsy 'according,to fome Authors, was-the Son of FaunuR,. Qr,,according to .Plutarch? of Valerius and Valeria.' , ,'jTEe. Author, of die Original of the .Ramans * V> ‘ f' 1 ** * * . 1 -l’ ^ 1 ’ .* y D /• • • • v . • iays, Syl-uanus-, m iteaq o k being theiSqn.of Fa turns, was .die fame. God* with, him : others confound him with .Ran px JSgjpan r “- : . 249 - } T; . Tartarus^ See Eeyjian -Fitlds, - 0^5 • , Tetnpejl. I --N D E 'X. T&ipefi:* • All.‘that we know of this 7 Goddefs; who* wag ; deified ; by the ■ Ramans,. is> - that : Mar. cellus,\2&\ aiioAfc- . knowledgment for) having efcaped a:£tonhf\mh which he was overtaken atSeaj between-itolflands'.of^r- /tea and- Sardinia, built a Temple to her without; the Berta Captma ;. •_ v v "•:': v, :oBagork£g Temples. The Tabernacle* that Mofes made' in the i>efirt, which way a portable Temple, is; the:> firffc of; the kind that is known,, and perhapsAHeModeLofo thetreft. The .Tabernacle had a Place more facred-thanthe reft,' the Sanfta Smftorztm'i. which ianfwexa (psi theihhly and more facred Places dh the. Ragan Tem’ples^cwhich they called Adyta *.. This Temple,- exp ofcdAo tfteoYiew of Nations bordering upon the >PIac& j which :sthe Jfraelitas' pafiedch rough for- forty. Y.efcrs,:.might.*give Occahom to thofe Idolaters to build;Others Jike to it, though, not. portable. • They had of Jhem before idle Building bfTtheiTemple of Jentfalctk. sThe fiift made inendon. of ini-Scripture; is thatof-Dagon: among the Fbili/iincs. •: The Cuftomof buildingiTemples :in:Ho- nour of the .Gods whs derived from Egypt to-the fither Nations. *«.Liican da Dia Syria fays, it:was propagated Irom that Country to. the JJfyricms,: under syhkh he comprehends-the; adjacent Countries,. Bbamcia^Syria, and others. From Egypt and Pbattdciar it :paffedto Greece with the Colonies, and from Greece i to iRomc. Deucalion has the Glory aferibed to him of. having built the fir ft Temple in Greece^ and Janzs in Italy. We .may fee by Herodotus and other < Authors* \what was the Magnificence of that Temple- of ;YulcdE in - Egypt, which fo many Kings had much ado: torfihifh. A Prince gained no finall Honour, if, iix : the -Coarfe of a whole Reign, he was able to build one-Portico of it. In Paufanius 's Eliacs yon have the. Defcription of Jupittr Olympius ; that of Delphos.i thatO fDtasa at Epbefus t the Pantheon $ a Specimen ofthe Magmfiicence . of Agrifpa, Augt or the Ex>*voto> that is to- fay/ Prbws of Ships, dedicated' upon- theirbeing faVed from; Shipwreck; by the Affiftance, as thfey-thought, of fome! . Gods ; Tablets, T abellot , for the Gore of a' Difeafe j Aratt won from the Enemy, Colours;Tripods, and votive Bucklers. Of aE the Temples in • Greece^ there' were fbfcr which . Vitruvius :. efpecialiy • 1 admired ? they ■ were * built - of Marble; and’ enriched wjdi fuch ’ fine Ornaments,- that they drew the Admiration of the fcblefl Judges, and were become-the Standard and)Model’of ’Buddings; in the; three Orders of Aruiateftur^!. the Dor/e;^the^7*'«/V, and th e Corinthians • The firft of thefe fine > Works was the Temple of Diana at Egbsjks ;. the fefcond^ that of Apollo, in the City of Milcthus ; both, thofe of the Ionic Order. ■. Of the third Order was ithe Temple of Eltujts* built in Honour of - Ceres and Prvferf ina, which ISrius made i of the Doric Order, of fo wide Extent, that it was capable of containing'' thirty - thoufand Souls; for there were at leaft fo many, ana oftentimes more, at the Celebration of the My fteri es of the fe t wo GoddefTes. The Temple p€ Jupiter Olympius at Athens -'Was' of the Corinthian Order, ,z6zv See the Biftory of the JW* theon 'SX.'Rama . *»• i - ■ s : • * * ■ ' • 3 ’Pipgf K z(yf : Attars AThe. Ancients made fome DKU nation between. Mare, aodi Ara, the firft was for the great Gods; the Ia&’fonche foperior add inferior Gods.x This is Sergius's DiftinfHbh-upon Virgil* Edaguev. v The Antiquity of Altars hotto-be called in: Queftion 5 no dqubt it was prior'to. the. Building: of Temple»/-n6t ortl^ainong the Patriarchs;, but ? among theu Pagans - too.) : The ■ firft Altars zuferifc; nothing but I fira pie)’Heaps ’ of Earth or Turf,:: which were.* called^r*? Ccfpdtitia-, or Graminit?, or rough Stones, £sV. and Idolators at firft imitated that fun pie manner of ralfing Altars, which was ufed by I N t> *E X. by Noah, and the. other primitive Patriarchs ; but iti letter Times'A Itara capxe tx> be quite changed B&thTd Master and Form.;.- ~ lopg-iquare^ound, i of[ Stone, Marble, B^afe, .and of Gold itfelf..That of Jupiter Oiympius was npthing but an Heap of AJhes.;. others were a mere Collection of Horns of different Animals. Mofts fpeaks often of the Homs of the AJtar, but in another Senfe, meaning nothing thereby;, hut • their Corners, The great Veneration for Altars introduced, .thp Cuftom. of having recourfe to them Uppn every Occafion. There they tfruck up Alliances, 'freattes qf.Peac£ and Recpilplianons, Marriages, &c« ■ Page 269 Befides the Temples, Chapels, Lararies and Altars, Pagatiifm had alio other Places devoted to the Service of the, Gods. Thefe were th^oafecrated Groves, the Jnftitution of which is fo antierit, that it is even thought to have been antecedent to that of Temples and Altars, As the JRampivs called thefe Groves Lvti, Serhiius thinks they g0t that. Name,' bpcaufe they kindled Fires to let the Myfieries be feen that were there celebrated, Luci a luccndo 270 ( . The Ufe of the facred Groves for the Celebration of Mylteries, i? of very great .Antiquity, and p'erhips of all otlujrs the moft univerfel. At hrll there were in thefe Groves, neither Temples nor Altars ; they were fhnple Retreats, to winch .there was no Accefs,for .the profane ;, that i§, fuch as 'were not devoted to the .Ser¬ vice of the Gods. . , ” “ . ..T^mpJe?,. Altars, ^nd .facred^ Qrqves^, having Been among the Pagans Places of Refuge for Criminals^ The People taught, that they might not feeih. inexora¬ bly towards others, while they were fupplicating the Gods to be propitious tp themfelyes, it is . highly cre^ dible*that they look’d upon thefe facred t Places^*.jvhh thef the Guilty had repaired as Sanctuaries,,inviolable for. involuntary Delinquencies, for thbfe^ who wereppr ptejTed; bv an unjuil Power, for Slaves ill. iifed by cruel Matters,', hhd for “‘Debtors who- were irijuriduify. dealt with, ; The Statues of the Gods, thofe of thn Ehijper rors, and the Tombs .of Heroes, had the fame - Privi¬ lege; and it ;was enough for a Criminal tohe within ; 1 the I N D E X. \ + *1 trie Compafs of thefe Groves,. or to have embraced® Altar, or the Statueo f fom e GqH/ to be m perfeft Safety. Being'once 1 within the P‘rdte£tlon. ofTan Alyle r the Criminal remained at the Feet of the Altar'or §fa- \ ■*“ ^ 1 f * • “T* * - |< —'«. . •/ ' •" * . « y , — T * * 1 ** ^ the offended Party T cr minus % If the Boundaries which Separate theTfefSi had always‘been facred, Eaws arid .Religion 'needed not to have.Tent* their AJIiftancc. againit thofe who en¬ croached upon them. As the Laws y eftablilhedw^nre not a Curb.fufRcierit; to,.Avarice;^ Num s - perfuaaed tfie People/ tkat“there' was a God the Pr otedlor of the Land-marks, and an Avenger ,of Incroacfyments. Numa built' a‘Temple tv Terminus won the v foSeTait Mount . . .. 27$ Themis. Hejiod in his' Theogony fays, ffip y/as the !D augji- • ter o fCcelus and Terra , or of Uranus genet Titaral. whence we > - J ' -**.'**" deft W&l Sr# 2493, before' CErilf ’1V07.’ to which add* i 750/ rhafifcs 3257 Years fince her Time _ Tit era was one of the Wives of Uranus , and had eigh¬ teen Children by him, who went by the Name of 27 - tansi after their Mother’s ‘Nam^. , This Ppncefs after her Death received divine Honours, and’ the EEfth was called Tei ra after' her Name, .'and'the 1 HeaVehs called Cactus after that of Urahushtv Huiband* “ ’* £76 iquillity, or Quies, the happy EfFe&s qF Coif cord/k hd eace i ‘hz.d alfo her Temple at Rome, without the Tranquillity, Peace. Poria Colina Thphonius. See OfacJe. Truth. The Pagans was ignorant that the" Saltation of Truth of the Pagans' was reckoned* ; the Daughter/of Saturn taken f6r Time; fo {he was the Mother qfVsr- tar, which Genealogy fheiws, that Men, though ftmkin the gredteH Idolatry, followed foihe times the Lights of refined Rfcafbn ; , 2 fjj Tyber and other Rivers. Maxims us Tyrtus fays, the Egyp¬ tians worfhip the Nile, becaufe of its Ufefulnefs ; the Thejfa - I- N D E X. - Jfheffaliam die Peneus, for its Beauty , tlie §cjthia>u%\\$ : ; Danube, for the vaft Extent of'its Watersj v the-£< 5 . Jiam the Acklous, becanfe of the Fable of his Combat ■with Hercules ; the Lacedemonians the Eurotus j.the Afljc* ^raans the llejjus . /The Greeks and floptans ^javejre^t q p.fp - , pcrftitious, not to adoptthe Worlhip of the watery Gods* Their Temples contained Statues of.thej Ri¬ vers and Fountains,-as well as thofe of the other .CJpds, If the great Ulefulnefs of the Water to die Earth'm- duced the firft Idolaters to make a Divinity;of it,. \ve may fuppofe the Wonders that have beeh. ©Bfcrved In that Element, did likewife qon tribute _jaot yC jipjg to promote the Superftition.. The ebbing 1 ahcj,flowing \o( the-Sea, that periodical Motion which fwelb and links . the Waters by Turns every fix Hours, an 4 " peipethates ; their •Motion,' whereby they are preferved from Cpr- rupcion. The Saltnefs of the Sea,* a fccond Source pf . its Incorruptability; the prodigious Number . and Va¬ riety of Monfiers which, it engenders, and t}ie enor- ’ mous- Bulk of fome of its Inhabitants, .fuch as the ?Whale y 'and forneothers, that far' furpafs the. greatplt ;of the Land; Animals j all thefe made 'Pagans pay divine Honours to the Sea, Rivers and Fountains p*. 279 • # • . . * V, Venus.. According; to Cicero there were four Vaiufn ; the firft was the Daughter of Ceplus and the Day; the fe* - .cond was (he that fprung from the Sea-foajn, the Mo- • ther of iCujdd; *he third was the Daughter of'jMpiter ;-^n A.Qionc; this is the Wife of Vulcan, and Mars'S MU' flrefs,. by whom he-had Ant eras, or the Counter-cupid j 1 the fourth was Aft arte, bom at Tyrus in Pbcnicia-, W-ho wedded Adonis. The Poets confidered Lo : ots of. Juno .alone,: r ac¬ cording tet Rcficd j theTOUrth was the Son 'of McnaUzas , who inhabited the l r ulcauum Iflands. We may find another INDEX. another Vulcan more antient than all thcfe, that is, the Tubal-cain of the Scripture, who, having applied him- felf to the forging of Iron, became the Model and Ori¬ ginal of all the reft. Vulcan, the Son of Juno , lived in the Year of the World 2551, before Chrill 1449, to which add 1750, makes 3199 Years fincehis Time Page 293 Uranus . One Elton, a Name that may be rendered in Greek, Hypjijiis , the mod High, who had to his Wife Berutb . They had a Son named Epigeus , who was afterwards called Uranus, and a Daughter who went by the Name of Go ; and the Names of thofe two Children the Greeks have given to Heaven and Earth. - Uranus had by his Sifter Go four Sons, Cbronus, Bety- Jus , Atlas, and Dago/s, or Silon, whofe Surname was "Ztus Arotrius, or Jupiter the Tillar. Uranus had by fever al Wives forty five Children ; Tit at a alone brought him eighteen, called Titan Princes. Uranus lived in the Year of the World 2413, before Chrift 1587, to which add 1750, makes 3337 Years fincc his Time _ 294 W. Water. If the Exigencies of Life made a Number of Gods to be invented, and led the firft Pagans to deify almoft all the Parts of the World, efpecially the four Elements, the Water had a Title to be one of their £rft Divinities, fince the antient Philofophy, the Princi¬ ples whereof Tbaits fetched from Egypt, and propa^ gated them afterwards into Greece , taught that it was the firft Principle of all Things, and mat it had the , greatelt Share in the Production of Bodies ; that it made Nature fruitful, nouriftied the Plants and Trees; and •that were it not for this the Earth, quite withered, parched and burnt up, would be a fterile Mats, and exhibit only a frightful Defart. That the Water , as an Element, received divine Honours is a FaCt that can¬ not be controverted. What Herodotus fays of the Ve¬ neration which the antient Perjians had for it, the Sa*- crifices they offered to it, and that they carried Su- erftition fo far, as not to dare to fpit, or blow their Jofcs, or wafh their Hands in it, let fall, or throw any Ordure into it, nor even make ufe of it for quench¬ ing their Fire. 5 I will E 3 N D E X. ~ * # • * * I .will here Ihew my Readers the ten firfl Genera-' dons, according to the Opinion of the Chaldeans, with the Duration of each Reign in Sares. The Antients divided Time into Sares, Neres , and Sofes.' The Sare 9 (Saras) according to Syncellus, denoted three thoufand .* fix hundred Years ; the Nere (Neros) fix hundred - 9 and \ die Safe (Soffos) fixty ; which makes the Duration of - the firll Reigns, an infinite Number of Years, every King having reigned feveral Sares; but when one' can- fiders .the Sares’ only* as Years of Days, the Computa¬ tion of thefe anrient Authors agrees well enough with the Years afligned by Mo/es to the firfi: Patriarchs. According: ta A- fricarius^ Akrus reigned Sares IO Akfparus * '3 Amelon 1 3 Amc 7 ion % 2 Metalarus 18 Dooms. * 29 EvedordcSus 18 Amphi's ip, Otiartes ... &l Xixutrus . ; j According to A- ‘ bydenus, it} the fame Author , - \ r•• Alcrus Alaparus Amillarus Amenon Megalarus * Daos Evedorefeus Anedaphus Sifuthrus IQ 3 13 12 18 id 18 9 According to A- pollodorus in the fame Author . A hr us 1 o Alaparus Amelon Ajnenon Megalarus. . I 8 Da onus . 10 Evedortfcus . 1 'S Amenpjinus .1 o Otiartes 8 Xixutrus 18 Since, in this Syftem of the Chaldeans , it is taken for granted^ .t hz%Alorus. is -Adam> there is no dcflibt but } • Page 298 Xixutrus mull be Noah * M XI JGxutries, Chronus, or Saturn, having .appeared to Xixu¬ trus in a Dream, forewarned him, that on. the fifteenth of the Month Dafus Mankind were to be deftroyed by •a Deluge, and enjoined him to write down the Origin, the Hinory, and the End of all Things ; and to con¬ ceal his .Memoirs, under Ground, in the City of the -Sun, named [Sippara^. After this he was to build a -Ship, to lay. in their neceflary Provifions, .and ihut in with himfelf the Birds and four-footed Bealls, Xixu- R trus INDEX. utrus put liis Orders punctually in Execution, and made a Ship, which-was two Furlongs in Breadth, (that is, two hundred and fifty Paces, a Quarter of a Mile) and five in Length, (about three Quarters of a Mile) and no fooner had he entered into it than the Earth was drowned. Sometime after, feeing the Waters abated, he let go fome Fowls, which, finding neither Nourifh- ment nor Refting-place, returned into the Veflfel. A few Days after he fent out others, that returned with Bits of Mud on their Claws. The third time he let them go they appeared no more; whence he^ con¬ cluded, that the Earth was beginning to be fufficientlv difcovered. Then he made a Window in the VeffeJ, and, finding it had refled upon a Mountain, he came forth with his Wife, his Daughter, and the Pilot; and, having paid Adoration to the Earth, raifed an Altar, • E X, peel ally From Wine and Women, and mofl: punctually obferved too ; the fmalleft Blemifh excluding the Spec¬ tators from them, and the publick Herald took Care to warn all who might profane them to quit the Aflem- bly. If any one was convicted of having flamed his Purity, he was punifhed with no lefs than death P. 305 The Aciiac Games. Augttjlus, according to Suetonius, after the Victory he had gained over Mark Antony, built the City Nicopolis, and there inflituted Games in Honour of Apollo , to be renewed every fifth Year. Dion Chryfojlom, Book ii. adds, that in their Celebration the Gymnic Trials of Skill were admitted, with thofe of Mulick, and the Horfe-races ; that Augttjlus gave them the Name of Aciiac, from the Promontory of that Name, ■where Apollo, to whom he believed himfelf indebted for the Advantage he had gained over the Enemy, was efpecially honoured 306 The Agonal and A flic Games were celebrated at Rome with a great deal of Magnificence, and were fo called from the Victim that was offered there, which went by the Name of Agonia. As the Tiber fometimes overflowed the Plain where the Circus flood, they were reprefent- ed near one of the Gates of Rome, which from thence was called Agonal, as well as the little Hills adjoining 306 Thefc Camp Games did not require fo much Ceremony as the others ; they were celebrated by the Soldiers them {elves in their Camps, either for their Exercife or Recreation. Nothing was more proper to keep them in Breath than thofe Sorts of Combats, among which, befidcs Wreftlingr, Running and other Trials of Skill, it feems they fought with the fierce!! Animals 307 The Games of Cajlor and Pollux were by the Romans con¬ ferred upon thofe two Heroes by a particular Worfhipj they were aCled every Year; (fee Dionyjius Halicar- va^us. Book vii.) Nothing exceeded the magnificent Pomp with which they were ufhered in and accompa¬ nied, as we learn from the fame Author. After the or¬ dinary Sacrifices, fays he, fuch as prefided over thefe Games, fet out from the Capitol to march in order through the Forum to the Circus , (fee Pan^jinus de Lud'n Circcn/ibus) where this Show was exhibited j they were preceded by their Children on Horfe-back, when they themfelves INDEX. themfeives were of the Equejlrian Order, while the Plebeians marched on foot. The former compofed fo many Troops, and the latter Companies of l'oot-fol- diers Page 307 The Megalejian Games celebrated in Honour of Cybcle , and the other great Gods, were inftituted by the Greeks, and adopted by the Romans, went by the Name of Great Games. Megahnfes and Cicero informs us, that they were exhibited upon the Palatinate Mount 308 The Floral Games became annual, on the Occafion of a Famine which lafted three Years, and which had been ufhered in by cold and rainy fprings ; the Senate, to appeafe Flora , and obtain better Crops, having paiied an A£t that Year, appointing the annual Celebration of thefe Games, the fourth of the Calends of May, which is the twenty eighth of April, in Honour of that Goddefs, and was regularly executed for the future 3 C 9 By the Cireenjian Games we are to underhand only .the Combats, the Races, and other Exercifes that, were performed in the Places known by the Name of s the Circus . Thefe Games were alfo called by the. Name of the Great Games, Ludi Magr.i 310 The Equejlrian Games were thofe whofe Celebration confifted in Horfe-races. The Dectunani were fuch. as they reprefented every tenth Year. The Games of the Leaves were fo called, either from the .Leaves that the Crowns were made of, or becaufe the People threw them xipon the Conquerors ; they were called Ludi Foliacei . Thofe of the Gladiators took their Names from the defperate Engagement of that fort of Combatants, who fought therein with inconceiveabla Fury and Obftinacy, and for which the Remans had an inhuman Cruelty. The Gymnic Games borrowed theirs from the Nakednefsor the Wreftlers, and from the five Sorts of Combats that were exhibited therein, which made up what the Antients called Gymnajiic . The Injlnurati'ue Games were thofe that were repre¬ fented a fecond Time. The Lufirul , Lujl rales, or Ru- bigalia , had been inftituted in Honour of Mars, which were celebrated on the hrft of Auguft * The Gaines named Ncvendilcs were the fame with thofe funeral Games, which were exhibited at the Death of great R 3 Men, I N D E X; Men, or of the Emperors. The Palatine Games, Pa- lat ini, were inftituted by Augnflus in Honour of Julius C where they vied with one another in finging Hymns and Songs, to make the Gods pro¬ pitious to the Emperor, the Senate, and the Ro 7 nan Peo¬ ple. Laftly, during three Nights that the Solemnity of thefe Games continued, all the Theatres in Rome , the Cirques, and other public Places, deilined for thofe Fe- ftivals, were employed in Shows that were therein ex¬ hibited. Among other Things, there were alfo Hunt¬ ing-matches, Combats with wild Beafts, Sea-fights, The People divided the whole Time between Mirth and Devotion. Thus it is, that the Games of the Greeks and Ro?nans were intermixed with Religion; and there are two Reafons which induced me to give the HiXlory of them a Place in this fmall Treatife ; firlt, becaufe they have the Worfliip of the Gods and God- defles joined with them. Secondly, becaufe my chief Defign in this Hiilory is for the Youth, to make them underftand the Clalfics, both Poets and Hiftorians, who make mention of thefe Games. P. 312 to 3x5 Yphtime was the Wife of Mercury, and the Mother of the Satyrs ; fhe was worshipped as a Goddefs 315 Z. Xamolxis. The Thracians and the Getes y as we learn from Herodotus , Book iv. ch. 94, 95. had alfo a God who was peculiar to themfelves, and ferved them inftead of all others. This was Zamelxis their great Legiflator; he built a Chamber under Ground, and Ihuthimfelf up in it for three Years, but in the beginning of the fourth Year he fhewed himfelf again, and this pretended Mi¬ racle ftruck his Countrymen fo, that they deified him, laid before him their Exigencies, and fent to confult him every five Years. All other Legiflators have taken the fame Way to gain Authority to their LaVs. Mne King of Egypt , attributed his to ' creury , or Tcutath Xasnolxis 5 the 7 hr act an Legiflator, to the Goddefs V?Jla > Z-croaJirisi to his Genius; Numa Pompiiius ,to the Nymph Egeria, Pythagoras gave out that he went down to the Kingdom of Pluto ; Epimenidcs , that he had llept fifty Years in a Cave in the Ifland of Crete ; all of them, after Mj?s, who had received the Tables of the Law upon M cunt ■I N D .E X, a Mount Sinai, with much Pomp and Solemnity, that the Tradition thereof had fpread among all Nations P.317 The Greeks had a kind of Gods, whom they called Zogo- 72 oi 9 as much as to fay. Animal born. 317 Zeumicbius . Agreus and Halieus had two Brothers ; he of the two, whofe Name was Chryfor, the fame with He- phatu sox Vulcan , invented the Hook, the Bait, and Fifh- ing-line. Thefe Inventions procured him after his Death divine Honours, under the Name of Zeumichius * or Jupiter the Engineer 317 The Scythians , according to Clemens Alexandrinus's Ora - tio ad Gentes , in antient Times adored a Scymitar, the Arabians , a rough Stone, the Trunk of a Tree, or fome Pillar without Ornament. Thofe Pillars they called Zoara 317 FINIS.