---
language:
- en
library_name: sentence-transformers
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- loss:SoftmaxLoss
- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
base_model: google-bert/bert-base-uncased
metrics:
- pearson_cosine
- spearman_cosine
- pearson_manhattan
- spearman_manhattan
- pearson_euclidean
- spearman_euclidean
- pearson_dot
- spearman_dot
- pearson_max
- spearman_max
widget:
- source_sentence: the guy is dead
  sentences:
  - The dog is dead.
  - Men are sitting in the park.
  - People are outside.
- source_sentence: Women are running.
  sentences:
  - Two women are running.
  - A animated airplane is landing.
  - The man sang and played his guitar.
- source_sentence: The gate is yellow.
  sentences:
  - The gate is blue.
  - The cook is kneading the flour.
  - A woman puts flour on a piece of meat.
- source_sentence: A parrot is talking.
  sentences:
  - A man is singing.
  - Two men are standing in a room.
  - Three dogs playing in the snow.
- source_sentence: the guy is paid
  sentences:
  - A man is receiving a contract.
  - A man is racing on his bike.
  - a dog chases a cat
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
co2_eq_emissions:
  emissions: 6.489379533908795
  energy_consumed: 0.01669499908389665
  source: codecarbon
  training_type: fine-tuning
  on_cloud: false
  cpu_model: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
  ram_total_size: 31.777088165283203
  hours_used: 0.097
  hardware_used: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on google-bert/bert-base-uncased
  results:
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev
      type: sts-dev
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.8287682657838144
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.8350670289838767
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.796834648877542
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.8041000103101458
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.7968015917572032
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.803879972820206
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.7572392072098838
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.7696731029709327
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.8287682657838144
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.8350670289838767
      name: Spearman Max
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts test
      type: sts-test
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.8014245911006761
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.8049359058371248
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.7934883900951029
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.793480619733962
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.7940198430253176
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.7942686805824551
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.698878713916111
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.6967434595564439
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.8014245911006761
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.8049359058371248
      name: Spearman Max
---

# SentenceTransformer based on google-bert/bert-base-uncased

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [google-bert/bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/google-bert/bert-base-uncased) on the [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) and [sts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) datasets. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [google-bert/bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/google-bert/bert-base-uncased) <!-- at revision 86b5e0934494bd15c9632b12f734a8a67f723594 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Datasets:**
    - [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli)
    - [sts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb)
- **Language:** en
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/bert-base-uncased-multi-task")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'the guy is paid',
    'A man is receiving a contract.',
    'A man is racing on his bike.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-dev`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.8288     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.8351** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.7968     |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.8041     |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.7968     |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.8039     |
| pearson_dot         | 0.7572     |
| spearman_dot        | 0.7697     |
| pearson_max         | 0.8288     |
| spearman_max        | 0.8351     |

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-test`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.8014     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.8049** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.7935     |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.7935     |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.794      |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.7943     |
| pearson_dot         | 0.6989     |
| spearman_dot        | 0.6967     |
| pearson_max         | 0.8014     |
| spearman_max        | 0.8049     |

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## Training Details

### Training Datasets

#### all-nli

* Dataset: [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [cc6c526](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/cc6c526380e29912b5c6fa03682da4daf773c013)
* Size: 942,069 training samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                           | hypothesis                                                                       | label                                                              |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                           | int                                                                |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.38 tokens</li><li>max: 52 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.7 tokens</li><li>max: 31 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~33.40%</li><li>1: ~33.30%</li><li>2: ~33.30%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise                                                             | hypothesis                                                     | label          |
  |:--------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is training his horse for a competition.</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.</code>     | <code>2</code> |
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is outdoors, on a horse.</code>                 | <code>0</code> |
* Loss: [<code>SoftmaxLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#softmaxloss)

#### sts

* Dataset: [sts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [ab7a5ac](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/ab7a5ac0e35aa22088bdcf23e7fd99b220e53308)
* Size: 5,749 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                        | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                           | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.0 tokens</li><li>max: 28 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 9.95 tokens</li><li>max: 25 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.54</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                                                  | sentence2                                                             | score             |
  |:-----------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------|
  | <code>A plane is taking off.</code>                        | <code>An air plane is taking off.</code>                              | <code>1.0</code>  |
  | <code>A man is playing a large flute.</code>               | <code>A man is playing a flute.</code>                                | <code>0.76</code> |
  | <code>A man is spreading shreded cheese on a pizza.</code> | <code>A man is spreading shredded cheese on an uncooked pizza.</code> | <code>0.76</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Datasets

#### all-nli

* Dataset: [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [cc6c526](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/cc6c526380e29912b5c6fa03682da4daf773c013)
* Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                           | hypothesis                                                                        | label                                                              |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                            | int                                                                |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.44 tokens</li><li>max: 57 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.57 tokens</li><li>max: 25 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~33.10%</li><li>1: ~33.30%</li><li>2: ~33.60%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise                                                            | hypothesis                                                                                         | label          |
  |:-------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>The sisters are hugging goodbye while holding to go packages after just eating lunch.</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>Two woman are holding packages.</code>                                                       | <code>0</code> |
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>The men are fighting outside a deli.</code>                                                  | <code>2</code> |
* Loss: [<code>SoftmaxLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#softmaxloss)

#### sts

* Dataset: [sts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [ab7a5ac](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/ab7a5ac0e35aa22088bdcf23e7fd99b220e53308)
* Size: 1,500 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                         | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                            | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 15.1 tokens</li><li>max: 45 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 15.11 tokens</li><li>max: 53 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.47</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                                         | sentence2                                             | score             |
  |:--------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|:------------------|
  | <code>A man with a hard hat is dancing.</code>    | <code>A man wearing a hard hat is dancing.</code>     | <code>1.0</code>  |
  | <code>A young child is riding a horse.</code>     | <code>A child is riding a horse.</code>               | <code>0.95</code> |
  | <code>A man is feeding a mouse to a snake.</code> | <code>The man is feeding a mouse to the snake.</code> | <code>1.0</code>  |
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: False
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: None
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | sts loss | all-nli loss | sts-dev_spearman_cosine | sts-test_spearman_cosine |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:--------:|:------------:|:-----------------------:|:------------------------:|
| 0.1389 | 100  | 0.5961        | 0.0470   | 1.1005       | 0.8096                  | -                        |
| 0.2778 | 200  | 0.5408        | 0.0354   | 0.9687       | 0.8229                  | -                        |
| 0.4167 | 300  | 0.5185        | 0.0373   | 0.9398       | 0.8265                  | -                        |
| 0.5556 | 400  | 0.4978        | 0.0368   | 0.9304       | 0.8200                  | -                        |
| 0.6944 | 500  | 0.5026        | 0.0347   | 0.9044       | 0.8234                  | -                        |
| 0.8333 | 600  | 0.4702        | 0.0326   | 0.8727       | 0.8300                  | -                        |
| 0.9722 | 700  | 0.4649        | 0.0328   | 0.8723       | 0.8351                  | -                        |
| 1.0    | 720  | -             | -        | -            | -                       | 0.8049                   |


### Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions were measured using [CodeCarbon](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon).
- **Energy Consumed**: 0.017 kWh
- **Carbon Emitted**: 0.006 kg of CO2
- **Hours Used**: 0.097 hours

### Training Hardware
- **On Cloud**: No
- **GPU Model**: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
- **CPU Model**: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
- **RAM Size**: 31.78 GB

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.6
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.0.dev0
- Transformers: 4.41.0.dev0
- PyTorch: 2.3.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.26.1
- Datasets: 2.18.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers and SoftmaxLoss
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

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