Add scripts, model config and vocabulary

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+language: nl
+widget:
+- text: "In het jaar 2030 zullen we"
+- text: "Toen ik gisteren volledig in de ban was van"
+- text: "Studenten en leraren van de Bogazici Universiteit in de Turkse stad Istanbul"
+- text: "In Israël was een strenge lockdown"
+tags:
+- gpt2-medium
+- gpt2
+pipeline_tag: text-generation
+datasets:
+- yhavinga/mc4_nl_cleaned
+---
+# GPT2-Medium pre-trained on cleaned Dutch mC4 🇳🇱
+
+Dataset:
+
+* [mC4 NL Cleaned](https://huggingface.co/datasets/yhavinga/mc4_nl_cleaned)
+* dataset config: full (33B tokens)
+
+Tokenizer:
+
+* Tokenizer trained on mC4 with scripts from the Huggingface
+  Transformers [Flax examples](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/flax/language-modeling)
+
+Training details:
+
+* Trained for 280k steps (30 dec 2021)
+* Block size: 512
+* Optimizer: adam, lr 8e-4, beta1 0.9, beta2 0.98
+* Warmup steps: 5000
+* Weight decay: 0.01
+
+Work in progress. Dec 2021-Jan2022
+
+* Many thanks to the [Google TPU Research Cloud](https://sites.research.google/trc/about/) for providing access to a TPU cluster!
+* Thanks to @gsarti for creating the [t5-flax-gcp
+  repository](https://github.com/gsarti/t5-flax-gcp).
+* Also thanks to the creators of [gpt2-medium-persian](https://huggingface.co/flax-community/gpt2-medium-persian) and
+  [gpt2-medium-indonesian](https://huggingface.co/flax-community/gpt2-medium-persian)
+  for sharing their training scripts!

added_tokens.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"<|endoftext|>": 50256}

commit.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+source ~/venv/bin/activate
+
+while true
+do
+  echo -n "Checking at .. "
+  date
+  UPDATED=`git status | grep flax_model | grep modified`
+
+  if [ ! -z "$UPDATED" ]
+  then
+    sleep 120
+    FILE=$(find . -name `ls -tR runs | grep events | head -n 1` | tail -n 1)
+    STEP=`tensorboard --load_fast=true --inspect --event_file=$FILE | grep last_step | awk '{print $2}'`
+    git add runs
+    git add flax_model.msgpack
+    git commit -m "Saving weights and logs step $STEP"
+  fi
+
+  sleep 60
+done

config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+  "_name_or_path": "/home/yeb/data/gpt2-medium-dutch",
+  "activation_function": "gelu_new",
+  "architectures": [
+    "GPT2LMHeadModel"
+  ],
+  "attn_pdrop": 0.0,
+  "bos_token_id": 50256,
+  "embd_pdrop": 0.0,
+  "eos_token_id": 50256,
+  "initializer_range": 0.02,
+  "layer_norm_epsilon": 1e-05,
+  "model_type": "gpt2",
+  "torch_dtype": "float32",
+  "n_ctx": 1024,
+  "n_embd": 1024,
+  "n_head": 16,
+  "n_inner": null,
+  "n_layer": 24,
+  "n_positions": 1024,
+  "n_special": 0,
+  "predict_special_tokens": true,
+  "reorder_and_upcast_attn": false,
+  "resid_pdrop": 0.0,
+  "scale_attn_by_inverse_layer_idx": false,
+  "scale_attn_weights": true,
+  "summary_activation": null,
+  "summary_first_dropout": 0.1,
+  "summary_proj_to_labels": true,
+  "summary_type": "cls_index",
+  "summary_use_proj": true,
+  "task_specific_params": {
+    "text-generation": {
+      "do_sample": true,
+      "max_length": 50
+    }
+  },
+  "transformers_version": "4.13.0",
+  "use_cache": true,
+  "vocab_size": 50257
+}

flax_to_pytorch.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import torch
+import numpy as np
+import jax
+import jax.numpy as jnp
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer
+from transformers import FlaxGPT2LMHeadModel
+from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(".")
+tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
+model_fx = FlaxGPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(".")
+# def to_f32(t):
+#     return jax.tree_map(lambda x: x.astype(jnp.float32) if x.dtype == jnp.bfloat16 else x, t)
+# model_fx.params = to_f32(model_fx.params)
+# model_fx.save_pretrained("./fx")
+model_pt = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(".", from_flax=True)
+model_pt.save_pretrained(".")
+input_ids = np.asarray(2 * [128 * [0]], dtype=np.int32)
+input_ids_pt = torch.tensor(input_ids)
+logits_pt = model_pt(input_ids_pt).logits
+print(logits_pt)
+logits_fx = model_fx(input_ids).logits
+print(logits_fx)

push.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+source ~/venv/bin/activate
+
+while true
+do
+  echo -n "Checking at .. "
+  date
+  BEHIND=`git rev-list origin..HEAD`
+
+  if [ ! -z "$BEHIND" ]
+  then
+    git push origin
+  fi
+
+  sleep 180
+done

replace_token_script.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+''''This script was used to replace the final index of tokenizer.json and vocab.json
+     with "<|endoftext|>" token. Also reassociate the corresponding merges'''
+
+import json
+
+tokenizer_path = 'tokenizer.json'
+model_config_path = 'config.json'
+vocab_path = 'vocab.json'
+
+with open(vocab_path, "r") as f:
+    vocab_data = json.load(f)
+
+with open(tokenizer_path, "r") as f:
+    tokenizer_data = json.load(f)
+
+with open(model_config_path, "r") as f:
+    model_config = json.load(f)
+
+model_vocab_size = model_config['vocab_size']
+tokenizer_vocab = tokenizer_data['model']['vocab']
+
+mergeslength = len(tokenizer_data['model']['merges'])
+
+#readjust added_tokens 'id' to model_vocab_size - 1
+tokenizer_data['added_tokens'][-1]['id'] = model_vocab_size - 1
+
+final_index = model_vocab_size - 1
+eos = '<|endoftext|>'
+
+#retrieve the key of final index
+old_key_final_index_tokenizer = list(tokenizer_data['model']['vocab'].keys())[final_index]
+old_key_final_index_vocab = list(vocab_data.keys())[final_index]
+old_key_final_index_vocab_min2 = list(vocab_data.keys())[final_index - 1]
+old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges = tokenizer_data['model']['merges'][mergeslength - 1]
+
+print(f"old_key_final_index_tokenizer = {old_key_final_index_tokenizer}")
+print(f"old_key_final_index_vocab = {old_key_final_index_vocab}")
+print(f"old_key_final_index_vocab_min2 = {old_key_final_index_vocab_min2}")
+print(f"old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges = {old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges}")
+
+#replace old key with new key
+tokenizer_data['model']['vocab']['<|endoftext|>'] = tokenizer_data['model']['vocab'][old_key_final_index_tokenizer]
+vocab_data[eos] = vocab_data[old_key_final_index_vocab]
+
+#replace the final merges idx with vocab_data - 1
+tokenizer_data['model']['merges'] = tokenizer_data['model']['merges'][: mergeslength - 1]
+
+
+#delete old key
+del tokenizer_data['model']['vocab'][old_key_final_index_tokenizer]
+del vocab_data[old_key_final_index_vocab]
+
+#check updated key
+old_key_final_index_tokenizer = list(tokenizer_data['model']['vocab'].keys())[final_index]
+old_key_final_index_vocab = list(vocab_data.keys())[final_index]
+old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges = tokenizer_data['model']['merges'][mergeslength - 2]
+
+print(len(tokenizer_data['model']['merges']))
+print()
+print(f"updated old_key_final_index_tokenizer = {old_key_final_index_tokenizer}")
+print(f"updated old_key_final_index_vocab = {old_key_final_index_vocab}")
+print(f"updated old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges = {old_key_final_index_tokenizer_merges}")
+
+with open(tokenizer_path, "w")as f:
+    json.dump(tokenizer_data, f)
+
+with open(vocab_path, "w")as f:
+    json.dump(vocab_data, f)
+
+with open('merges.txt') as f:
+    lines = f.readlines()
+
+with open("merges.txt", "w") as f:
+    for i in range(len(lines) - 1):
+        f.write(lines[i])
+
+with open('merges.txt') as f:
+    newlines = f.readlines()
+
+print(f"newlines[len(newlines) - 1] = {newlines[len(newlines) - 1]}")

run_clm_flax.py

@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding=utf-8
+# Copyright 2021 The HuggingFace Team All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""
+Pre-training/Fine-tuning the library models for causal language modeling (GPT, GPT-2, CTRL, ...) on a text file or a dataset.
+
+Here is the full list of checkpoints on the hub that can be fine-tuned by this script:
+https://huggingface.co/models?filter=text-generation
+"""
+# You can also adapt this script on your own causal language modeling task. Pointers for this are left as comments.
+
+import json
+import logging
+import math
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
+from itertools import chain
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+import json
+import shutil
+
+import datasets
+import numpy as np
+from datasets import Dataset, load_dataset
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+import jax
+import jax.numpy as jnp
+import optax
+import transformers
+from flax import jax_utils, traverse_util
+from flax.jax_utils import unreplicate
+from flax.training import train_state
+from flax.training.checkpoints import save_checkpoint, restore_checkpoint
+from flax.training.common_utils import get_metrics, onehot, shard, shard_prng_key
+from flax.serialization import to_bytes, from_bytes
+from transformers import (
+    CONFIG_MAPPING,
+    FLAX_MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING,
+    AutoConfig,
+    AutoTokenizer,
+    FlaxAutoModelForCausalLM,
+    HfArgumentParser,
+    is_tensorboard_available,
+    set_seed,
+)
+from transformers.file_utils import get_full_repo_name
+from transformers.testing_utils import CaptureLogger
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+MODEL_CONFIG_CLASSES = list(FLAX_MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING.keys())
+MODEL_TYPES = tuple(conf.model_type for conf in MODEL_CONFIG_CLASSES)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class TrainingArguments:
+    output_dir: str = field(
+        metadata={"help": "The output directory where the model predictions and checkpoints will be written."},
+    )
+    overwrite_output_dir: bool = field(
+        default=False,
+        metadata={
+            "help": (
+                "Overwrite the content of the output directory. "
+                "Use this to continue training if output_dir points to a checkpoint directory."
+            )
+        },
+    )
+    do_train: bool = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "Whether to run training."})
+    do_eval: bool = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "Whether to run eval on the dev set."})
+    per_device_train_batch_size: int = field(
+        default=8, metadata={"help": "Batch size per GPU/TPU core/CPU for training."}
+    )
+    per_device_eval_batch_size: int = field(
+        default=8, metadata={"help": "Batch size per GPU/TPU core/CPU for evaluation."}
+    )
+    learning_rate: float = field(default=5e-5, metadata={"help": "The initial learning rate for AdamW."})
+    weight_decay: float = field(default=0.0, metadata={"help": "Weight decay for AdamW if we apply some."})
+    adam_beta1: float = field(default=0.9, metadata={"help": "Beta1 for AdamW optimizer"})
+    adam_beta2: float = field(default=0.999, metadata={"help": "Beta2 for AdamW optimizer"})
+    adam_epsilon: float = field(default=1e-8, metadata={"help": "Epsilon for AdamW optimizer."})
+    adafactor: bool = field(default=False, metadata={"help": "Whether or not to replace AdamW by Adafactor."})
+    num_train_epochs: float = field(default=3.0, metadata={"help": "Total number of training epochs to perform."})
+    warmup_steps: int = field(default=0, metadata={"help": "Linear warmup over warmup_steps."})
+    logging_steps: int = field(default=500, metadata={"help": "Log every X updates steps."})
+    save_steps: int = field(default=500, metadata={"help": "Save checkpoint every X updates steps."})
+    eval_steps: int = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "Run an evaluation every X steps."})
+    seed: int = field(default=42, metadata={"help": "Random seed that will be set at the beginning of training."})
+    push_to_hub: bool = field(
+        default=False, metadata={"help": "Whether or not to upload the trained model to the model hub after training."}
+    )
+    hub_model_id: str = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "The name of the repository to keep in sync with the local `output_dir`."}
+    )
+    hub_token: str = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "The token to use to push to the Model Hub."})
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if self.output_dir is not None:
+            self.output_dir = os.path.expanduser(self.output_dir)
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        """
+        Serializes this instance while replace `Enum` by their values (for JSON serialization support). It obfuscates
+        the token values by removing their value.
+        """
+        d = asdict(self)
+        for k, v in d.items():
+            if isinstance(v, Enum):
+                d[k] = v.value
+            if isinstance(v, list) and len(v) > 0 and isinstance(v[0], Enum):
+                d[k] = [x.value for x in v]
+            if k.endswith("_token"):
+                d[k] = f"<{k.upper()}>"
+        return d
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ModelArguments:
+    """
+    Arguments pertaining to which model/config/tokenizer we are going to fine-tune, or train from scratch.
+    """
+
+    model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={
+            "help": "The model checkpoint for weights initialization."
+            "Don't set if you want to train a model from scratch."
+        },
+    )
+    model_type: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={"help": "If training from scratch, pass a model type from the list: " + ", ".join(MODEL_TYPES)},
+    )
+    config_name: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name"}
+    )
+    tokenizer_name: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name"}
+    )
+    cache_dir: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "Where do you want to store the pretrained models downloaded from s3"}
+    )
+    use_fast_tokenizer: bool = field(
+        default=True,
+        metadata={"help": "Whether to use one of the fast tokenizer (backed by the tokenizers library) or not."},
+    )
+    dtype: Optional[str] = field(
+        default="float32",
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Floating-point format in which the model weights should be initialized and trained. Choose one of `[float32, float16, bfloat16]`."
+        },
+    )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DataTrainingArguments:
+    """
+    Arguments pertaining to what data we are going to input our model for training and eval.
+    """
+
+    dataset_name: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "The name of the dataset to use (via the datasets library)."}
+    )
+    dataset_config_name: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None, metadata={"help": "The configuration name of the dataset to use (via the datasets library)."}
+    )
+    train_file: Optional[str] = field(default=None, metadata={"help": "The input training data file (a text file)."})
+    validation_file: Optional[str] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={"help": "An optional input evaluation data file to evaluate the perplexity on (a text file)."},
+    )
+    max_train_samples: Optional[int] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={
+            "help": "For debugging purposes or quicker training, truncate the number of training examples to this "
+            "value if set."
+        },
+    )
+    max_eval_samples: Optional[int] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={
+            "help": "For debugging purposes or quicker training, truncate the number of evaluation examples to this "
+            "value if set."
+        },
+    )
+    overwrite_cache: bool = field(
+        default=False, metadata={"help": "Overwrite the cached training and evaluation sets"}
+    )
+    validation_split_percentage: Optional[int] = field(
+        default=5,
+        metadata={
+            "help": "The percentage of the train set used as validation set in case there's no validation split"
+        },
+    )
+    block_size: Optional[int] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={
+            "help": "Optional input sequence length after tokenization. "
+            "The training dataset will be truncated in block of this size for training. "
+            "Default to the model max input length for single sentence inputs (take into account special tokens)."
+        },
+    )
+    overwrite_cache: bool = field(
+        default=False, metadata={"help": "Overwrite the cached training and evaluation sets"}
+    )
+    preprocessing_num_workers: Optional[int] = field(
+        default=None,
+        metadata={"help": "The number of processes to use for the preprocessing."},
+    )
+    keep_linebreaks: bool = field(
+        default=True, metadata={"help": "Whether to keep line breaks when using TXT files or not."}
+    )
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if self.dataset_name is None and self.train_file is None and self.validation_file is None:
+            raise ValueError("Need either a dataset name or a training/validation file.")
+        else:
+            if self.train_file is not None:
+                extension = self.train_file.split(".")[-1]
+                assert extension in ["csv", "json", "txt"], "`train_file` should be a csv, a json or a txt file."
+            if self.validation_file is not None:
+                extension = self.validation_file.split(".")[-1]
+                assert extension in ["csv", "json", "txt"], "`validation_file` should be a csv, a json or a txt file."
+
+
+class TrainState(train_state.TrainState):
+    dropout_rng: jnp.ndarray
+
+    def replicate(self):
+        return jax_utils.replicate(self).replace(dropout_rng=shard_prng_key(self.dropout_rng))
+
+
+def data_loader(rng: jax.random.PRNGKey, dataset: Dataset, batch_size: int, shuffle: bool = False):
+    """
+    Returns batches of size `batch_size` from truncated `dataset`, sharded over all local devices.
+    Shuffle batches if `shuffle` is `True`.
+    """
+    steps_per_epoch = len(dataset) // batch_size
+
+    if shuffle:
+        batch_idx = jax.random.permutation(rng, len(dataset))
+    else:
+        batch_idx = jnp.arange(len(dataset))
+
+    batch_idx = batch_idx[: steps_per_epoch * batch_size]  # Skip incomplete batch.
+    batch_idx = batch_idx.reshape((steps_per_epoch, batch_size))
+
+    for idx in batch_idx:
+        batch = dataset[idx]
+        batch = {k: np.array(v) for k, v in batch.items()}
+
+        yield batch
+
+
+def write_train_metric(summary_writer, train_metrics, train_time, step):
+    summary_writer.scalar("train_time", train_time, step)
+
+    train_metrics = get_metrics(train_metrics)
+    for key, vals in train_metrics.items():
+        tag = f"train_{key}"
+        for i, val in enumerate(vals):
+            summary_writer.scalar(tag, val, step - len(vals) + i + 1)
+
+
+def write_eval_metric(summary_writer, eval_metrics, step):
+    for metric_name, value in eval_metrics.items():
+        summary_writer.scalar(f"eval_{metric_name}", value, step)
+
+
+def create_learning_rate_fn(
+    train_ds_size: int, train_batch_size: int, num_train_epochs: int, num_warmup_steps: int, learning_rate: float
+) -> Callable[[int], jnp.array]:
+    """Returns a linear warmup, linear_decay learning rate function."""
+    steps_per_epoch = train_ds_size // train_batch_size
+    num_train_steps = steps_per_epoch * num_train_epochs
+    warmup_fn = optax.linear_schedule(init_value=0.0, end_value=learning_rate, transition_steps=num_warmup_steps)
+    decay_fn = optax.linear_schedule(
+        init_value=learning_rate, end_value=0, transition_steps=num_train_steps - num_warmup_steps
+    )
+    schedule_fn = optax.join_schedules(schedules=[warmup_fn, decay_fn], boundaries=[num_warmup_steps])
+    return schedule_fn
+
+
+# utils
+def mb_item(x):
+    return x.item() if hasattr(x, "item") else x
+
+
+# checkpoint functions
+def save_model_checkpoint(model, save_dir, state, with_opt: bool = True, push_to_hub: bool = False):
+    """
+    If `push_to_hub` is True, will save to `save_dir`. Otherwise will save to `save_dir/ckpt-{step}`.
+    """
+    state = jax_utils.unreplicate(state)
+    logger.info(f"SAVING CHECKPOINT IN {save_dir}...")
+    if not push_to_hub:
+        save_dir = f"{save_dir}/ckpt-{mb_item(state.step) - 1}"
+    model.save_pretrained(
+        save_dir,
+        params=state.params,
+        push_to_hub=push_to_hub,
+        commit_message=f"Saving weights and logs at step {mb_item(state.step) - 1}",
+    )
+    if with_opt:
+        with open(os.path.join(save_dir, "opt_state.msgpack"), "wb") as f:
+            f.write(to_bytes(state.opt_state))
+        with open(os.path.join(save_dir, "training_state.json"), "w") as f:
+            json.dump({"step": state.step.item()}, f)
+    logger.info("checkpoint saved")
+
+
+# this is added to make resuming from checkpoint to work with adafactor
+# to be removed when issue is fixed
+# notice that adafactor state is perturbed by fake_update
+def _zeros_tree_like(inp_tree):
+    return jax.tree_map(jnp.zeros_like, inp_tree)
+
+
+def fake_update(state):
+    fake_updates = _zeros_tree_like(state.params)
+    _, new_inner_opt_state = state.tx.inner_opt.update(fake_updates, state.opt_state.inner_opt_state, state.params)
+    opt_state = state.opt_state
+    new_opt_state = optax.MultiStepsState(mini_step=opt_state.mini_step,
+                                          gradient_step=opt_state.gradient_step,
+                                          inner_opt_state=new_inner_opt_state,
+                                          acc_grads=opt_state.acc_grads)
+    return state.replace(opt_state=new_opt_state)
+
+
+def reinstantiate_states(opt_state):
+    new_state = []
+    for state in opt_state:
+        if isinstance(state, list):
+            new_state.append(reinstantiate_states(state))
+        else:
+            cls = getattr(optax, type(state).__name__)
+            new_state.append(cls(**{k: getattr(state, k) for k in state._fields}))
+    return new_state
+
+
+def restore_model_checkpoint(save_dir, state):
+    logger.info(f"RESTORING CHECKPOINT FROM {save_dir}...")
+    with open(os.path.join(save_dir, "flax_model.msgpack"), "rb") as f:
+        params = from_bytes(state.params, f.read())
+
+    with open(os.path.join(save_dir, "opt_state.msgpack"), "rb") as f:
+        opt_state = from_bytes(state.opt_state, f.read())
+
+    with open(os.path.join(save_dir, "training_state.json"), "r") as f:
+        training_state = json.load(f)
+    step = training_state["step"]
+
+    logger.info("checkpoint restored")
+    # reinstantiate inner opt state to avoid type conflict
+    if hasattr(opt_state, "inner_opt_state"):
+        print("restoring state of multisteps optimizer")
+        inner_opt_state = reinstantiate_states(opt_state.inner_opt_state)
+        ms_state_dict = {k: getattr(state.opt_state, k) for k in state.opt_state._fields}
+        ms_state_dict["inner_opt_state"] = inner_opt_state
+        opt_state = optax.MultiStepsState(**ms_state_dict)
+
+    return state.replace(step=step, params=params, opt_state=opt_state)
+
+
+def rotate_checkpoints(ckpt_dir: str, save_total_limit: int):
+    "Removes older checkpoints so that `save_total_limit` checkpoints are kept"
+    # TODO: what to remove is decided using step number only, we might want to improve that
+    ckpts = [str(x) for x in Path(ckpt_dir).glob("ckpt-*")]
+    # sort checkpoints by step
+    ckpts_sorted = sorted(ckpts, key=lambda x: int(x.split('-')[-1]))
+    ckpts_to_delete = ckpts_sorted[:-save_total_limit]
+    for ckpt in ckpts_to_delete:
+        logger.info(f"Deleting older checkpoint [{ckpt}] due to save_total_limit ({save_total_limit})")
+        shutil.rmtree(ckpt)
+
+
+def main():
+    # See all possible arguments in src/transformers/training_args.py
+    # or by passing the --help flag to this script.
+    # We now keep distinct sets of args, for a cleaner separation of concerns.
+
+    parser = HfArgumentParser((ModelArguments, DataTrainingArguments, TrainingArguments))
+    if len(sys.argv) == 2 and sys.argv[1].endswith(".json"):
+        # If we pass only one argument to the script and it's the path to a json file,
+        # let's parse it to get our arguments.
+        model_args, data_args, training_args = parser.parse_json_file(json_file=os.path.abspath(sys.argv[1]))
+    else:
+        model_args, data_args, training_args = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()
+
+    if (
+        os.path.exists(training_args.output_dir)
+        and os.listdir(training_args.output_dir)
+        and training_args.do_train
+        and not training_args.overwrite_output_dir
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Output directory ({training_args.output_dir}) already exists and is not empty."
+            "Use --overwrite_output_dir to overcome."
+        )
+
+    # Make one log on every process with the configuration for debugging.
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
+        datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+        level=logging.INFO,
+    )
+    # Setup logging, we only want one process per machine to log things on the screen.
+    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO if jax.process_index() == 0 else logging.ERROR)
+    if jax.process_index() == 0:
+        datasets.utils.logging.set_verbosity_warning()
+        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_info()
+    else:
+        datasets.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
+        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
+
+    # Set the verbosity to info of the Transformers logger (on main process only):
+    logger.info(f"Training/evaluation parameters {training_args}")
+
+    # Set seed before initializing model.
+    set_seed(training_args.seed)
+
+    # # Handle the repository creation
+    # if training_args.push_to_hub:
+    #     if training_args.hub_model_id is None:
+    #         repo_name = get_full_repo_name(
+    #             Path(training_args.output_dir).absolute().name, token=training_args.hub_token
+    #         )
+    #     else:
+    #         repo_name = training_args.hub_model_id
+    #     repo = Repository(training_args.output_dir, clone_from=repo_name)
+
+    #  Get the datasets: you can either provide your own CSV/JSON/TXT training and evaluation files (see below)
+    # or just provide the name of one of the public datasets available on the hub at https://huggingface.co/datasets/
+    # (the dataset will be downloaded automatically from the datasets Hub).
+    #
+    # For CSV/JSON files, this script will use the column called 'text' or the first column if no column called
+    # 'text' is found. You can easily tweak this behavior (see below).
+    #
+    # In distributed training, the load_dataset function guarantees that only one local process can concurrently
+    # download the dataset.
+    if data_args.dataset_name is not None:
+        # Downloading and loading a dataset from the hub.
+        dataset = load_dataset(
+            data_args.dataset_name, data_args.dataset_config_name, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir, keep_in_memory=False
+        )
+
+        if "validation" not in dataset.keys():
+            dataset["validation"] = load_dataset(
+                data_args.dataset_name,
+                data_args.dataset_config_name,
+                split=f"train[:{data_args.validation_split_percentage}%]",
+                cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir,
+            )
+            dataset["train"] = load_dataset(
+                data_args.dataset_name,
+                data_args.dataset_config_name,
+                split=f"train[{data_args.validation_split_percentage}%:]",
+                cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir,
+            )
+    else:
+        data_files = {}
+        dataset_args = {}
+        if data_args.train_file is not None:
+            data_files["train"] = data_args.train_file
+        if data_args.validation_file is not None:
+            data_files["validation"] = data_args.validation_file
+        extension = data_args.train_file.split(".")[-1]
+        if extension == "txt":
+            extension = "text"
+            dataset_args["keep_linebreaks"] = data_args.keep_linebreaks
+        dataset = load_dataset(extension, data_files=data_files, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir, **dataset_args)
+
+        if "validation" not in dataset.keys():
+            dataset["validation"] = load_dataset(
+                extension,
+                data_files=data_files,
+                split=f"train[:{data_args.validation_split_percentage}%]",
+                cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir,
+                **dataset_args,
+            )
+            dataset["train"] = load_dataset(
+                extension,
+                data_files=data_files,
+                split=f"train[{data_args.validation_split_percentage}%:]",
+                cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir,
+                **dataset_args,
+            )
+    # See more about loading any type of standard or custom dataset (from files, python dict, pandas DataFrame, etc) at
+    # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/loading_datasets.html.
+
+    # Load pretrained model and tokenizer
+
+    # Distributed training:
+    # The .from_pretrained methods guarantee that only one local process can concurrently
+    # download model & vocab.
+    if model_args.config_name:
+        config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(model_args.config_name, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir)
+    elif model_args.model_name_or_path:
+        config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(model_args.model_name_or_path, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir)
+    else:
+        config = CONFIG_MAPPING[model_args.model_type]()
+        logger.warning("You are instantiating a new config instance from scratch.")
+
+    if model_args.tokenizer_name:
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
+            model_args.tokenizer_name, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir, use_fast=model_args.use_fast_tokenizer
+        )
+    elif model_args.model_name_or_path:
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
+            model_args.model_name_or_path, cache_dir=model_args.cache_dir, use_fast=model_args.use_fast_tokenizer
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "You are instantiating a new tokenizer from scratch. This is not supported by this script."
+            "You can do it from another script, save it, and load it from here, using --tokenizer_name."
+        )
+
+    if model_args.model_name_or_path:
+        model = FlaxAutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+            model_args.model_name_or_path, config=config, seed=training_args.seed, dtype=getattr(jnp, model_args.dtype)
+        )
+    else:
+        model = FlaxAutoModelForCausalLM.from_config(
+            config, seed=training_args.seed, dtype=getattr(jnp, model_args.dtype)
+        )
+
+    # Preprocessing the datasets.
+    # First we tokenize all the texts.
+    if training_args.do_train:
+        column_names = dataset["train"].column_names
+    else:
+        column_names = dataset["validation"].column_names
+    text_column_name = "text" if "text" in column_names else column_names[0]
+
+    # since this will be pickled to avoid _LazyModule error in Hasher force logger loading before tokenize_function
+    tok_logger = transformers.utils.logging.get_logger("transformers.tokenization_utils_base")
+
+    def tokenize_function(examples):
+        with CaptureLogger(tok_logger) as cl:
+            output = tokenizer(examples[text_column_name])
+        # clm input could be much much longer than block_size
+        if "Token indices sequence length is longer than the" in cl.out:
+            tok_logger.warning(
+                "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Please ignore the warning above - this long input will be chunked into smaller bits before being passed to the model."
+            )
+        return output
+
+    tokenized_datasets = dataset.map(
+        tokenize_function,
+        batched=True,
+        num_proc=data_args.preprocessing_num_workers,
+        remove_columns=column_names,
+        load_from_cache_file=not data_args.overwrite_cache,
+    )
+
+    if data_args.block_size is None:
+        block_size = tokenizer.model_max_length
+        if block_size > config.max_position_embeddings:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"The tokenizer picked seems to have a very large `model_max_length` ({tokenizer.model_max_length}). "
+                "Picking 1024 instead. You can change that default value by passing --block_size xxx."
+            )
+            block_size = 1024
+    else:
+        if data_args.block_size > tokenizer.model_max_length:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"The block_size passed ({data_args.block_size}) is larger than the maximum length for the model"
+                f"({tokenizer.model_max_length}). Using block_size={tokenizer.model_max_length}."
+            )
+        block_size = min(data_args.block_size, tokenizer.model_max_length)
+
+    # Main data processing function that will concatenate all texts from our dataset and generate chunks of block_size.
+    def group_texts(examples):
+        # Concatenate all texts.
+        concatenated_examples = {k: list(chain(*examples[k])) for k in examples.keys()}
+        total_length = len(concatenated_examples[list(examples.keys())[0]])
+        # We drop the small remainder, we could add padding if the model supported it instead of this drop, you can
+        # customize this part to your needs.
+        if total_length >= block_size:
+            total_length = (total_length // block_size) * block_size
+        # Split by chunks of max_len.
+        result = {
+            k: [t[i : i + block_size] for i in range(0, total_length, block_size)]
+            for k, t in concatenated_examples.items()
+        }
+        result["labels"] = result["input_ids"].copy()
+        return result
+
+    # Note that with `batched=True`, this map processes 1,000 texts together, so group_texts throws away a remainder
+    # for each of those groups of 1,000 texts. You can adjust that batch_size here but a higher value might be slower
+    # to preprocess.
+    #
+    # To speed up this part, we use multiprocessing. See the documentation of the map method for more information:
+    # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map
+
+    lm_datasets = tokenized_datasets.map(
+        group_texts,
+        batched=True,
+        num_proc=data_args.preprocessing_num_workers,
+        load_from_cache_file=not data_args.overwrite_cache,
+    )
+
+    if training_args.do_train:
+        if "train" not in tokenized_datasets:
+            raise ValueError("--do_train requires a train dataset")
+        train_dataset = lm_datasets["train"]
+        if data_args.max_train_samples is not None:
+            train_dataset = train_dataset.select(range(data_args.max_train_samples))
+
+    if training_args.do_eval:
+        if "validation" not in tokenized_datasets:
+            raise ValueError("--do_eval requires a validation dataset")
+        eval_dataset = lm_datasets["validation"]
+        if data_args.max_eval_samples is not None:
+            eval_dataset = eval_dataset.select(range(data_args.max_eval_samples))
+
+    # Enable tensorboard only on the master node
+    has_tensorboard = is_tensorboard_available()
+    if has_tensorboard and jax.process_index() == 0:
+        try:
+            from flax.metrics.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
+
+            summary_writer = SummaryWriter(log_dir=Path(training_args.output_dir + "/runs"))
+        except ImportError as ie:
+            has_tensorboard = False
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Unable to display metrics through TensorBoard because some package are not installed: {ie}"
+            )
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Unable to display metrics through TensorBoard because the package is not installed: "
+            "Please run pip install tensorboard to enable."
+        )
+
+    # Initialize our training
+    rng = jax.random.PRNGKey(training_args.seed)
+    rng, dropout_rng = jax.random.split(rng)
+
+    # Store some constant
+    num_epochs = int(training_args.num_train_epochs)
+    train_batch_size = int(training_args.per_device_train_batch_size) * jax.device_count()
+    eval_batch_size = int(training_args.per_device_eval_batch_size) * jax.device_count()
+    steps_per_epoch = len(train_dataset) // train_batch_size
+    total_train_steps = steps_per_epoch * num_epochs
+
+    # Create learning rate schedule
+    linear_decay_lr_schedule_fn = create_learning_rate_fn(
+        len(train_dataset),
+        train_batch_size,
+        training_args.num_train_epochs,
+        training_args.warmup_steps,
+        training_args.learning_rate,
+    )
+
+    # We use Optax's "masking" functionality to not apply weight decay
+    # to bias and LayerNorm scale parameters. decay_mask_fn returns a
+    # mask boolean with the same structure as the parameters.
+    # The mask is True for parameters that should be decayed.
+    # Note that this mask is specifically adapted for FlaxGPT2.
+    # For other models, one should correct the layer norm parameter naming
+    # accordingly.
+    def decay_mask_fn(params):
+        flat_params = traverse_util.flatten_dict(params)
+        flat_mask = {
+            path: (path[-1] != "bias" and path[-2:] not in [("ln_1", "scale"), ("ln_2", "scale"), ("ln_f", "scale")])
+            for path in flat_params
+        }
+        return traverse_util.unflatten_dict(flat_mask)
+
+    # create adam optimizer
+    if training_args.adafactor:
+        # We use the default parameters here to initialize adafactor,
+        # For more details about the parameters please check https://github.com/deepmind/optax/blob/ed02befef9bf81cbbf236be3d2b0e032e9ed4a40/optax/_src/alias.py#L74
+        optimizer = optax.adafactor(
+            learning_rate=linear_decay_lr_schedule_fn,
+        )
+    else:
+        optimizer = optax.adamw(
+            learning_rate=linear_decay_lr_schedule_fn,
+            b1=training_args.adam_beta1,
+            b2=training_args.adam_beta2,
+            eps=training_args.adam_epsilon,
+            weight_decay=training_args.weight_decay,
+            mask=decay_mask_fn,
+        )
+
+    # Setup train state
+    state = TrainState.create(apply_fn=model.__call__, params=model.params, tx=optimizer, dropout_rng=dropout_rng)
+
+    # if training_args.resume_from_checkpoint:
+    #     state = restore_model_checkpoint(training_args.resume_from_checkpoint, state)
+    #     resume_step = mb_item(state.step)
+    #     if training_args.adafactor:
+    #         state = fake_update(state)
+    # else:
+    resume_step = 0
+
+    def loss_fn(logits, labels):
+        shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :]
+        shift_labels = labels[..., 1:]
+        loss = optax.softmax_cross_entropy(shift_logits, onehot(shift_labels, shift_logits.shape[-1]))
+        return loss.mean()
+
+    # Define gradient update step fn
+    def train_step(state, batch):
+        dropout_rng, new_dropout_rng = jax.random.split(state.dropout_rng)
+
+        def compute_loss(params):
+            labels = batch.pop("labels")
+            logits = state.apply_fn(**batch, params=params, dropout_rng=dropout_rng, train=True)[0]
+            loss = loss_fn(logits, labels)
+            return loss
+
+        grad_fn = jax.value_and_grad(compute_loss)
+        loss, grad = grad_fn(state.params)
+        grad = jax.lax.pmean(grad, "batch")
+
+        new_state = state.apply_gradients(grads=grad, dropout_rng=new_dropout_rng)
+
+        metrics = {"loss": loss, "learning_rate": linear_decay_lr_schedule_fn(state.step)}
+        metrics = jax.lax.pmean(metrics, axis_name="batch")
+
+        return new_state, metrics
+
+    # Define eval fn
+    def eval_step(params, batch):
+        labels = batch.pop("labels")
+        logits = model(**batch, params=params, train=False)[0]
+        loss = loss_fn(logits, labels)
+
+        # summarize metrics
+        metrics = {"loss": loss}
+        metrics = jax.lax.pmean(metrics, axis_name="batch")
+        return metrics
+
+    # Create parallel version of the train and eval step
+    p_train_step = jax.pmap(train_step, "batch", donate_argnums=(0,))
+    p_eval_step = jax.pmap(eval_step, "batch")
+
+    # Replicate the train state on each device
+    state = state.replicate()
+
+    logger.info("***** Running training *****")
+    logger.info(f"  Num examples = {len(train_dataset)}")
+    logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {num_epochs}")
+    logger.info(f"  Num tokenized group examples {len(tokenized_datasets['train'])}")
+    logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {training_args.per_device_train_batch_size}")
+    logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel & distributed) = {train_batch_size}")
+    logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {total_train_steps}")
+
+    train_time = 0
+    train_metrics = []
+    resume_epoch = resume_step // (steps_per_epoch)
+    epochs = tqdm(range(num_epochs), desc=f"Epoch ... ({resume_epoch + 1}/{num_epochs})", position=0)
+    if resume_step != 0:
+        logger.info(f"Skipping to epoch {resume_epoch} step {resume_step}")
+    for epoch in epochs:
+        # ======================== Training ================================
+        if epoch < resume_epoch:
+            continue
+
+        train_start = time.time()
+
+        # Create sampling rng
+        rng, input_rng = jax.random.split(rng)
+
+        # Generate an epoch by shuffling sampling indices from the train dataset
+        train_loader = data_loader(input_rng, train_dataset, train_batch_size, shuffle=True)
+        steps_per_epoch = len(train_dataset) // train_batch_size
+        # train
+        for step in tqdm(range(steps_per_epoch), desc="Training...", position=1, leave=False):
+            cur_step = epoch * (len(train_dataset) // train_batch_size) + step
+            # skip to the step from which we are resuming
+            if cur_step < resume_step:
+                continue
+
+            batch = next(train_loader)
+            batch = shard(batch)
+            state, train_metric = p_train_step(state, batch)
+            train_metrics.append(train_metric)
+
+
+            if cur_step % training_args.logging_steps == 0 and cur_step > 0:
+                # Save metrics
+                train_metric = unreplicate(train_metric)
+                train_time += time.time() - train_start
+                if has_tensorboard and jax.process_index() == 0:
+                    write_train_metric(summary_writer, train_metrics, train_time, cur_step)
+
+                epochs.write(
+                    f"Step... ({cur_step} | Loss: {train_metric['loss'].mean()}, Learning Rate: {train_metric['learning_rate'].mean()})"
+                )
+
+                train_metrics = []
+
+            if cur_step % training_args.eval_steps == 0 and cur_step > 0:
+                # ======================== Evaluating ==============================
+                eval_metrics = []
+                eval_loader = data_loader(input_rng, eval_dataset, eval_batch_size)
+                eval_steps = len(eval_dataset) // eval_batch_size
+                for _ in tqdm(range(eval_steps), desc="Evaluating...", position=2, leave=False):
+                    # Model forward
+                    batch = next(eval_loader)
+                    batch = shard(batch)
+                    metrics = p_eval_step(state.params, batch)
+                    eval_metrics.append(metrics)
+
+                # normalize eval metrics
+                eval_metrics = get_metrics(eval_metrics)
+                eval_metrics = jax.tree_map(jnp.mean, eval_metrics)
+
+                try:
+                    eval_metrics["perplexity"] = math.exp(eval_metrics["loss"])
+                except OverflowError:
+                    eval_metrics["perplexity"] = float("inf")
+
+                # Print metrics and update progress bar
+                desc = f"Step... ({cur_step} | Eval Loss: {eval_metrics['loss']} | Eval Perplexity: {eval_metrics['perplexity']})"
+                epochs.write(desc)
+                epochs.desc = desc
+
+                # Save metrics
+                if has_tensorboard and jax.process_index() == 0:
+                    write_eval_metric(summary_writer, eval_metrics, cur_step)
+
+            if cur_step % training_args.save_steps == 0 and cur_step > 0:
+                # save checkpoint after each epoch and push checkpoint to the hub
+                if jax.process_index() == 0:
+                    save_model_checkpoint(model, training_args.output_dir, state, with_opt=False,
+                                          push_to_hub=training_args.push_to_hub)
+                    # params = jax.device_get(unreplicate(state.params))
+                    # model.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir, params=params)
+                    # tokenizer.save_pretrained(training_args.output_dir)
+                    # if training_args.push_to_hub:
+                    #     repo.push_to_hub(commit_message=f"Saving weights and logs of step {cur_step}", blocking=False)
+
+    # Eval after training
+    if training_args.do_eval:
+        eval_metrics = []
+        eval_loader = data_loader(input_rng, eval_dataset, eval_batch_size)
+        eval_steps = len(eval_dataset) // eval_batch_size
+        for _ in tqdm(range(eval_steps), desc="Evaluating...", position=2, leave=False):
+            # Model forward
+            batch = shard(next(eval_loader))
+            metrics = p_eval_step(state.params, batch)
+            eval_metrics.append(metrics)
+
+        # normalize eval metrics
+        eval_metrics = get_metrics(eval_metrics)
+        eval_metrics = jax.tree_map(lambda x: jnp.mean(x).item(), eval_metrics)
+
+        try:
+            eval_metrics["perplexity"] = math.exp(eval_metrics["loss"])
+        except OverflowError:
+            eval_metrics["perplexity"] = float("inf")
+
+        if jax.process_index() == 0:
+            eval_metrics = {f"eval_{metric_name}": value for metric_name, value in eval_metrics.items()}
+            path = os.path.join(training_args.output_dir, "eval_results.json")
+            with open(path, "w") as f:
+                json.dump(eval_metrics, f, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
+
+    # save model after training is over
+    if jax.process_index() == 0:
+        save_model_checkpoint(model, training_args.output_dir, state, with_opt=False,
+                              push_to_hub=training_args.push_to_hub)
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

run_gpt.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+export HF_PROJECT="gpt2-medium-dutch-nedd-2"
+
+# Variables for training the tokenizer and creating the config
+export VOCAB_SIZE="50257"
+export DATASET="${HOME}/data/nedd_wiki_news/nedd_wiki_news.py" # Name of the dataset in the Huggingface Hub
+export DATASET_CONFIG="ddwn500_nl" # Config of the dataset in the Huggingface Hub
+export DATASET_SPLIT="train" # Split to use for training tokenizer and model
+export TEXT_FIELD="text" # Field containing the text to be used for training
+export CONFIG_TYPE="gpt2-medium" # Config that our model will use
+export MODEL_PATH="${HOME}/data/${HF_PROJECT}" # Path to the model, e.g. here inside the mount
+
+python run_clm_flax.py \
+    --output_dir="${MODEL_PATH}" \
+    --model_type="gpt2" \
+    --config_name="${MODEL_PATH}" \
+    --tokenizer_name="${MODEL_PATH}" \
+    --preprocessing_num_workers="96" \
+    --do_train --do_eval \
+    --dataset_name="${DATASET}" \
+    --dataset_config_name="${DATASET_CONFIG}" \
+    --block_size="512" \
+    --per_device_train_batch_size="16" \
+    --per_device_eval_batch_size="16" \
+    --learning_rate="0.0024" --warmup_steps="5000" \
+    --adam_beta1="0.9" --adam_beta2="0.98" --weight_decay="0.01" \
+    --overwrite_output_dir \
+    --num_train_epochs="1" \
+    --logging_steps="500" \
+    --save_steps="40000" \
+    --eval_steps="2500"
+    
+#     \
+#    --push_to_hub

special_tokens_map.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"bos_token": "<|endoftext|>", "eos_token": "<|endoftext|>", "unk_token": "<|endoftext|>"}

tokenizer_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"unk_token": "<|endoftext|>", "bos_token": "<|endoftext|>", "eos_token": "<|endoftext|>", "add_prefix_space": false, "special_tokens_map_file": null, "name_or_path": ".", "tokenizer_class": "GPT2Tokenizer"}