metadata
license: apache-2.0
base_model: allenai/led-base-16384
tags:
- generated_from_trainer
datasets:
- big_patent
metrics:
- rouge
model-index:
- name: led-base-big-patent
results:
- task:
name: Sequence-to-sequence Language Modeling
type: text2text-generation
dataset:
name: big_patent
type: big_patent
config: g
split: validation
args: g
metrics:
- name: Rouge1
type: rouge
value: 0.2972
- name: Rouge2
type: rouge
value: 0.1193
- name: RougeLsum
type: rouge
value: 0.243
language:
- en
pipeline_tag: summarization
widget:
- text: >-
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims
benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/481,847, filed Dec. 31, 2003, and of
Application Ser. No. 60/561,754, filed Apr. 13, 2004. [0002] The
entire contents of the aforementioned applications are herein incorporated
by reference. The entire contents of all United States Patents and
published and copending Applications mentioned below are also herein
incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] This
invention relates to electro-optic displays and to methods for driving
such displays. More specifically, in one aspect this invention relates to
electro-optic displays with simplified backplanes, and methods for driving
such displays. In another aspect, this invention relates to electro-optic
displays in which multiple types of electro-optic units are used to
improve the colors available from the displays. The present invention is
especially, though not exclusively, intended for use in electrophoretic
displays. [0004] Electro-optic displays comprise a layer of
electro-optic material, a term which is used herein in its conventional
meaning in the imaging art to refer to a material having first and second
display states differing in at least one optical property, the material
being changed from its first to its second display state by application of
an electric field to the material. Although the optical property is
typically color perceptible to the human eye, it may be another optical
property, such as optical transmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in
the case of displays intended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the
sense of a change in reflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside
the visible range. [0005] In the displays of the present invention,
the electro-optic medium will typically be a solid (such displays may
hereinafter for convenience be referred to as “solid electro-optic
displays”), in the sense that the electro-optic medium has solid external
surfaces, although the medium may, and often does, have internal liquid-
or gas-filled spaces. Thus, the term “solid electro-optic displays”
includes encapsulated electrophoretic displays, encapsulated liquid
crystal displays, and other types of displays discussed below. [0006]
The term “gray state” is used herein in its conventional meaning in the
imaging art to refer to a state intermediate two extreme optical states of
a pixel, and does not necessarily imply a black-white transition between
these two extreme states. For example, several of the patents and
published applications referred to below describe electrophoretic displays
in which the extreme states are white and deep blue, so that an
intermediate “gray state” would actually be pale blue. Indeed, as already
mentioned the transition between the two extreme states may not be a color
change at all. [0007] The terms “bistable” and “bistability” are used
herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays
comprising display elements having first and second display states
differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given
element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite
duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the
addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least
several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of
the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element.
It is shown in published U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0180687 that
some particle-based electrophoretic displays capable of gray scale are
stable not only in their extreme black and white states but also in their
intermediate gray states, and the same is true of some other types of
electro-optic displays. This type of display is properly called
“multi-stable” rather than bistable, although for convenience the term
“bistable” may be used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable
displays. [0008] Several types of electro-optic displays are known.
One type of electro-optic display is a rotating bichromal member type as
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761;
6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791
(although this type of display is often referred to as a “rotating
bichromal ball” display, the term “rotating bichromal member” is preferred
as more accurate since in some of the patents mentioned above the rotating
members are not spherical). Such a display uses a large number of small
bodies (typically spherical or cylindrical) which have two or more
sections with differing optical characteristics, and an internal dipole.
These bodies are suspended within liquid-filled vacuoles within a matrix,
the vacuoles being filled with liquid so that the bodies are free to
rotate. The appearance of the display is changed by applying an electric
field thereto, thus rotating the bodies to various positions and varying
which of the sections of the bodies is seen through a viewing surface.
This type of electro-optic medium is typically bistable. [0009]
Another type of electro-optic display uses an electrochromic medium, for
example an electrochromic medium in the form of a nanochromic film
comprising an electrode formed at least in part from a semi-conducting
metal oxide and a plurality of dye molecules capable of reversible color
change attached to the electrode; see, for example O'Regan, B., et
al., Nature 1991, 353, 737; and Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24
(March 2002). See also Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845.
Nanochromic films of this type are also described, for example, in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,301,038, International Application Publication No. WO 01/27690,
and in U.S. Patent Application 2003/0214695. This type of medium is also
typically bistable. [0010] Another type of electro-optic display,
which has been the subject of intense research and development for a
number of years, is the particle-based electrophoretic display, in which a
plurality of charged particles move through a suspending fluid under the
influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic displays can have
attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state
bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal
displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these
displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles
that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in
inadequate service-life for these displays. [0011] As noted above,
electrophoretic media require the presence of a suspending fluid. In most
prior art electrophoretic media, this suspending fluid is a liquid, but
electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous suspending fluids;
see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., “Electrical toner movement for
electronic paper-like display”, Asia Display/IDW '01 (Proceedings of
the 21st International Display Research Conference in conjunction with The
8th International Display Workshops, Oct. 16-19, 2001, Nagoya, Japan),
page 1517, Paper HCS1-1, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., “Toner display using
insulative particles charged triboelectrically”, Asia Display/IDW '01,
page 1729, Paper AMD4-4. See also European Patent Applications 1,429,178;
1,462,847; 1,482,354; and 1,484,625; and International Applications WO
2004/090626; WO 2004/079442; WO 2004/077140; WO 2004/059379; WO
2004/055586; WO 2004/008239; WO 2004/006006; WO 2004/001498; WO 03/091
799; and WO 03/088495. Such gas-based electrophoretic media appear to be
susceptible to the same types of problems due to particle settling as
liquid-based electrophoretic media, when the media are used in an
orientation which permits such settling, for example in a sign where the
medium is disposed in a vertical plane. Indeed, particle settling appears
to be a more serious problem in gas-based electrophoretic media than in
liquid-based ones, since the lower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids
as compared with liquid ones allows more rapid settling of the
electrophoretic particles. [0012] Numerous patents and applications
assigned to or in the names of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) and E Ink Corporation have recently been published describing
encapsulated electrophoretic media. Such encapsulated media comprise
numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase
containing electrophoretically-mobile particles suspended in a liquid
suspending medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase.
Typically, the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to
form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes. Encapsulated
media of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,01 7,584; 6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588;
6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773; 6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921;
6,232,950; 6,249,721; 6,252,564; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932;
6,312,304; 6,312,971; 6,323,989; 6,327,072; 6,376,828; 6,377,387;
6,392,785; 6,392,786; 6,413,790; 6,422,687; 6,445,374; 6,445,489;
6,459,418; 6,473,072; 6,480,182; 6,498,114; 6,504,524; 6,506,438;
6,512,354; 6,515,649; 6,518,949; 6,521,489; 6,531,997; 6,535,197;
6,538,801; 6,545,291; 6,580,545; 6,639,578; 6,652,075; 6,657,772;
6,664,944; 6,680,725; 6,683,333; 6,704,133; 6,710,540; 6,721,083;
6,727,881; 6,738,050; 6,750,473; 6,753,999; 6,816,147; 6,819,471;
6,822,782; 6,825,068; 6,825,829; 6,825,970; and 6,831,769; and U.S. Patent
Applications Publication Nos. 2002/0060321; 2002/0060321; 2002/0063661;
2002/0090980; 2002/0113770; 2002/0130832; 2002/0131147; 2002/0171910;
2002/0180687; 2002/0180688; 2003/0011560; 2003/0020844; 2003/0025855;
2003/0102858; 2003/0132908; 2003/0137521; 2003/0137717; 2003/0151702;
2003/0214695; 2003/0214697; 2003/0222315; 2004/0008398; 2004/0012839;
2004/0014265; 2004/0027327; 2004/0075634; 2004/0094422; 2004/0105036;
2004/0112750; 2004/0119681; and 2004/0196215; and International
Applications Publication Nos. WO 99/67678; WO 00/05704; WO 00/38000; WO
00/38001; WO00/36560; WO 00/67110; WO 00/67327; WO 01/07961; WO 01/08241;
WO 03/107,315; WO 2004/023195; WO 2004/049045; WO 2004/059378; WO
2004/088002; WO 2004/088395; and WO 2004/090857. [0013] Known
electrophoretic media, both encapsulated and unencapsulated, can be
divided into two main types, referred to hereinafter for convenience as
“single particle” and “dual particle” respectively. A single particle
medium has only a single type of electrophoretic particle suspended in a
suspending medium, at least one optical characteristic of which differs
from that of the particles. (In referring to a single type of particle, we
do not imply that all particles of the type are absolutely identical. For
example, provided that all particles of the type possess substantially the
same optical characteristic and a charge of the same polarity,
considerable variation in parameters such as particle size and
electrophoretic mobility can be tolerated without affecting the utility of
the medium.) When such a medium is placed between a pair of electrodes, at
least one of which is transparent, depending upon the relative potentials
of the two electrodes, the medium can display the optical characteristic
of the particles (when the particles are adjacent the electrode closer to
the observer, hereinafter called the “front” electrode) or the optical
characteristic of the suspending medium (when the particles are adjacent
the electrode remote from the observer, hereinafter called the “rear”
electrode (so that the particles are hidden by the suspending medium).
[0014] A dual particle medium has two different types of particles
differing in at least one optical characteristic and a suspending fluid
which may be uncolored or colored, but which is typically uncolored. The
two types of particles differ in electrophoretic mobility; this difference
in mobility may be in polarity (this type may hereinafter be referred to
as an “opposite charge dual particle” medium) and/or magnitude. When such
a dual particle medium is placed between the aforementioned pair of
electrodes, depending upon the relative potentials of the two electrodes,
the medium can display the optical characteristic of either set of
particles, although the exact manner in which this is achieved differs
depending upon whether the difference in mobility is in polarity or only
in magnitude. For ease of illustration, consider an electrophoretic medium
in which one type of particles is black and the other type white. If the
two types of particles differ in polarity (if, for example, the black
particles are positively charged and the white particles negatively
charged), the particles will be attracted to the two different electrodes,
so that if, for example, the front electrode is negative relative to the
rear electrode, the black particles will be attracted to the front
electrode and the white particles to the rear electrode, so that the
medium will appear black to the observer. Conversely, if the front
electrode is positive relative to the rear electrode, the white particles
will be attracted to the front electrode and the black particles to the
rear electrode, so that the medium will appear white to the observer.
[0015] If the two types of particles have charges of the same
polarity, but differ in electrophoretic mobility (this type of medium may
hereinafter to referred to as a “same polarity dual particle” medium),
both types of particles will be attracted to the same electrode, but one
type will reach the electrode before the other, so that the type facing
the observer differs depending upon the electrode to which the particles
are attracted. For example suppose the previous illustration is modified
so that both the black and white particles are positively charged, but the
black particles have the higher electrophoretic mobility. If now the front
electrode is negative relative to the rear electrode, both the black and
white particles will be attracted to the front electrode, but the black
particles, because of their higher mobility will reach it first, so that a
layer of black particles will coat the front electrode and the medium will
appear black to the observer. Conversely, if the front electrode is
positive relative to the rear electrode, both the black and white
particles will be attracted to the rear electrode, but the black
particles, because of their higher mobility will reach it first, so that a
layer of black particles will coat the rear electrode, leaving a layer of
white particles remote from the rear electrode and facing the observer, so
that the medium will appear white to the observer: note that this type of
dual particle medium requires that the suspending fluid be sufficiently
transparent to allow the layer of white particles remote from the rear
electrode to be readily visible to the observer. Typically, the suspending
fluid in such a display is not colored at all, but some color may be
incorporated for the purpose of correcting any undesirable tint in the
white particles seen therethrough. [0016] Both single and dual
particle electrophoretic displays may be capable of intermediate gray
states having optical characteristics intermediate the two extreme optical
states already described. [0017] Some of the aforementioned patents
and published applications disclose encapsulated electrophoretic media
having three or more different types of particles within each capsule. For
purposes of the present application, such multi-particle media are
regarded as sub-species of dual particle media. [0018] Many of the
aforementioned patents and applications recognize that the walls
surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulated electrophoretic
medium could be replaced by a continuous phase, thus producing a so-called
polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, in which the electrophoretic
medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of an electrophoretic
fluid and a continuous phase of a polymeric material, and that the
discrete droplets of electrophoretic fluid within such a polymer-dispersed
electrophoretic display may be regarded as capsules or microcapsules even
though no discrete capsule membrane is associated with each individual
droplet; see for example, the aforementioned 2002/0131147. Accordingly,
for purposes of the present application, such polymer-dispersed
electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated
electrophoretic media. [0019] A related type of electrophoretic
display is a so-called “microcell electrophoretic display”. In a microcell
electrophoretic display, the charged particles and the suspending fluid
are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within
a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a
polymeric film. See, for example, International Application Publication
No. WO 02/01 281, and published US Application No. 2002/0075556, both
assigned to Sipix Imaging, Inc. [0020] Many of the aforementioned E
Ink and MIT patents and applications also contemplate microcell
electrophoretic displays and polymer-dispersed electrophoretic displays.
The term “encapsulated electrophoretic displays” can refer to all such
display types, which may also be described collectively as “microcavity
electrophoretic displays” to generalize across the morphology of the
walls. [0021] Another type of electro-optic display is an
electro-wetting display developed by Philips and described in an article
in the September 25, 2003 issue of the journal “Nature” and entitled
“Performing Pixels: Moving Images on Electronic Paper”. It is shown in
copending application Ser. No. 10/711,802, filed Oct. 6, 2004, that such
electro-wetting displays can be made bistable [0022] Other types of
electro-optic materials may also be used in the present invention. Of
particular interest, bistable ferroelectric liquid crystal displays
(FLC's) are known in the art. [0023] Although electrophoretic
media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media,
the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through
the display) and operate in a reflective mode, many electrophoretic
displays can be made to operate in a so-called “shutter mode” in which one
display state is substantially opaque and one is light-transmissive. See,
for example, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798,
and 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856.
Dielectrophoretic displays, which are similar to electrophoretic displays
but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a
similar mode; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,41 8,346. Other types of electro-optic
displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode. [0024] An
encapsulated or microcell electrophoretic display typically does not
suffer from the-clustering and settling failure mode of traditional
electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the
ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and
rigid substrates. (Use of the word “printing” is intended to include all
forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation:
pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating,
slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over
roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip
coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air
knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing
processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes;
electrophoretic deposition; and other similar techniques.) Thus, the
resulting display can be flexible. Further, because the display medium can
be printed (using a variety of methods), the display itself can be made
inexpensively. [0025] However, the cost reductions provided by the use
of encapsulated electrophoretic media have hitherto not been accompanied
by corresponding cost reductions in the components used for driving the
display. High resolution prior art electrophoretic and other electro-optic
displays have typically used active matrix backplanes similar to the those
used in liquid crystal displays and comprising a matrix of non-linear
elements, typically thin film transistors, each associated with one pixel
electrode, the pixel electrodes each defining one pixel of the display. A
single common electrode which extends across the entire display (or at
least across a large number of pixel electrodes) is disposed on the
opposed side of the electro-optic medium from the pixel electrodes. The
voltages applied to the pixel electrodes are controlled in a well-known
manner so that each of the pixels of the display can be brought to any
desired optical state. Although such active matrix backplanes can write
any desired image on the electro-optic medium, they are expensive, the
cost of the backplane amounting to about 80 per cent of the total cost of
the display. Furthermore, since such backplanes are typically produced
using semiconductor fabrication techniques developed for use in the
computer industry, the maximum size of the individual backplanes is
limited, and large displays, for example those used to display data in
airports, or railroad stations, or as billboards, may require the use of
the multiple backplanes “tiled” to cover the desired area; such tiling
produces additional complications, such as providing robust leads to
ensure that the necessary data are supplied to each individual display.
[0026] Other electro-optic displays, especially text-based displays
which do not require the ability to display any arbitrary image, have used
so-called “direct drive” backplanes; see, for example, the aforementioned
WO 00/05704 (see also the corresponding European Patent No. 1,099,207). In
such direct drive backplanes, a plurality of electrodes are provided; for
example, the aforementioned WO 00/05704 describes a direct drive backplane
in which any alphanumeric character (of the Roman alphabet) can be
displayed by applying voltage to selected ones of 63 electrodes. It will
readily be apparent that displays intended to display large numbers of
characters will require very large numbers of electrodes, and that the
cost of fabricating such large numbers of electrodes, together with the
voltage supply lines and control circuits necessary to drive the
electrodes, results in substantial costs for the direct drive backplane.
- text: >-
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002]
The present invention generally relates to a method for intermediating
images that provides a service providing images via a network. [0003]
2. Description of the Related Art [0004] Recently, a net album service
is provided to allow users to register images (including static images and
dynamic images) on a service site of the Internet. In such a conventional
image providing service, a user uploads a digital image through the
network or brings image data or a film to a DPE shop and asks the DPE shop
to upload through the network, so as to register images to the service
site of the Internet. The service site protects the images registered by
the user by a password and then opens the images on the network. After
that, the user and visitors permitted by the user can browse, select, and
download an image. Also, the user and the visitors can make a request of
the service site for an extra development of a silver film of the images.
[0005] The conventional technique described above is effective in a
case in which the user personally registers the image data. However, in a
case in which a plurality of users as a group individually attempt to
register images to the same album, several problems occur. [0006] For
example, the group travels together and several people take some pictures.
And each of the photographers separately registers images in the
conventional technique. And, each of the photographers is required to
provide his or her password to all members of the group and the members of
the group are required to input a different password for each of the
photographers to access his or her album registered by each of the
photographers SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] It is a general object of
the present invention to provide a method for intermediating images in
which the above-mentioned problems are eliminated. [0008] A more
specific object of the present invention is to provide a method for
intermediating images at the service site in that an album is provided to
be shared by a group on the network, and users belonging to the group can
freely refer to the same album and register the images to the service
site. [0009] The above objects of the present invention are achieved by
a method for intermediating images, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving
authentication information of a user; (b) extracting user group
information concerning at least one user group to which the user belongs,
from a user group table recording a relationship between the user and the
user group based on the authentication information; (c) sending the user
group information extracted in the step (b) to the user and obtaining
information of a selected user group selected by the user; (d) extracting
an image corresponding to the selected user group selected by the user;
and (e) sending the image corresponding to the selected user group to the
user. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] Other objects, features
and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the
following detailed description when read in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, in which: [0011] [0011]FIG. 1 is an overview
diagram showing a system according to an embodiment of the present
invention; [0012] [0012]FIG. 2 is a flowchart for explaining a process
overview according to the embodiment of the present invention; [0013]
[0013]FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining a user authentication process;
[0014] [0014]FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining a group selecting
process; [0015] [0015]FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining an image
displaying process; [0016] [0016]FIG. 6 is a flowchart for explaining
an image registering process; [0017] [0017]FIG. 7 is a flowchart for
explaining an image purchasing process; [0018] [0018]FIG. 8 is a
diagram showing examples of a user file, user group file, and an image
managing file; [0019] [0019]FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a
storage structure of the image file; [0020] [0020]FIG. 10 is a diagram
showing examples of a user group selecting window and an image list
window; and [0021] [0021]FIG. 11 is a diagram showing examples of an
image registering window and an image displaying window. DESCRIPTION OF
THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0022] An overview of a system according to
the present invention will be described. An image intermediating site
101 may be managed by a company providing a DPE service on a network.
[0023] In the image intermediating site 101 , an image intermediating
system 102 is employed as a main computer system in an embodiment of the
present invention. [0024] The image intermediating system 102
includes a communication controlling part and for example, a user
terminal 112 is connected to the image intermediating system 102
through the Internet 111 as a network. Also, a plurality of the user
terminals 112 can be connected to the image intermediating system 102
through the Internet 111 . [0025] The image intermediating system
102 includes an installer 11 , a receiving program 103 for receiving
information from the user terminal 112 , a sending program 104 for
sending information to the user terminal 112 , a data registering
program 105 for registering image information of the user by accessing
each file in the information intermediating system 102 based on the
information received by the receiving program 103 , a data extracting
program 106 for extracting information to be provided to the user
terminal 112 , and an order receiving program 107 for accepting order
information from the user terminal 112 . [0026] These programs 103
through 107 are stored in an external storage unit of the image
intermediating system 102 by the installer 11 installing from a CD-ROM
(Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 2 , and read and temporarily stored in an
internal storage unit when each of the programs 103 through 107 is
being executed. [0027] Moreover, the external storage unit of the image
intermediating system 102 includes a user group file 108 for storing
user group information, a user file 109 for storing user information,
and an image managing file 110 for managing images of the user group.
These files 108 through 110 are referred to and updated by the
receiving program 103 , the sending program 104 , the data registering
program 105 , and the data extracting program 106 if necessary.
[0028] An overview of a main process will be described according to the
embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIG. 2. [0029] In
step S 201 , a user verifying process is conducted. When the user is
provided with service from the image intermediating system 102 , the user
connects the user terminal 112 to the image intermediating system 101
through the Internet 111 . [0030] In this case, a user ID and a
password are registered with user information of the user to the image
intermediating system 102 beforehand. Thus, the user sends the user ID
and the password from the user terminal 112 to the image intermediating
system 102 , and then the receiving program 103 receives the user ID
and the password. In addition, the receiving program 103 conducts user
verification. [0031] In step S 202 , a group selecting process is
conducted. Based on the user ID received by the receiving program 103 ,
the data extracting program 106 extracts the user group information
showing a group to which the user belongs and then the sending program
104 provides the user group information to the user terminal 112 . The
user selects the user group, which the user wants to see images of, from
the information. [0032] In step S 203 , the image displaying process is
conducted. When the receiving program 103 received user group selection
information, which is information of the user group selected by the user
in the step S 202 , the data extracting program 106 extracts an image
set as images of the user group selected by the user from images
registered in the image intermediating site 102 based on the user group
selection information. The sending program 104 provides information
concerning the image set to the user. Three alternatives are provided to
the user. [0033] In step S 204 , an image registering process is
conducted. In the image registering process, the data registering program
105 adds and registers an image to the information concerning the image
set provided in the step S 203 . When the image registering process is
completed, the main process goes to step S 206 . [0034] In step S 205 ,
an image purchasing process is conducted. The user selects a desired image
from the information concerning the image set. The receiving program 107
performs a service of the extra development (hard copy) of the desired
image. When the main process is completed, the main process goes to the
step S 206 . [0035] In the step S 206 , it is determined whether or not
the main process is completed. When the user makes an instruction for
completing a request of the service, the image intermediating system is
terminated. Otherwise, the main process goes back to the step S 203 .
[0036] Each process in FIG. 2 will be described in detail. [0037]
The user verifying process in the step S 201 in FIG. 2 will be described
in detail with reference to FIG. 3. [0038] In step S 301 , the user
terminal 112 sends login information input by the user to the image
intermediating system 102 . That is, the user inputs the user ID and the
password and information indicating the user ID and the password is sent
to the image intermediating system 102 . [0039] In step S 302 , the
receiving program 103 receives the login information sent in the step S
301 . [0040] In step S 303 , the user file 109 is retrieved by the
receiving program 103 . [0041] A user file 801 in FIG. 8 is an
example of the user file 109 . The user file 801 includes the user ID
identifying the user, a user name, the password for verification, an
address, and credit card information. [0042] The data extracting
program 106 searches for the user file 801 by the user ID of the login
information received in the step S 302 , as a search key. [0043] In
step S 304 , based on a search result in the step S 303 , it is determined
to which step the user verifying process branches. As for the search
result when it is determined that the user information matches with the
search key and further a password indicated in the user information
matches with the password indicated in the login information received from
the user terminal 112 , the user is successfully verified. Then, the user
verifying process in the step S 201 is completed. [0044] However, as
for the search result in the step S 303 when it is determined that there
is no user information matching with the search key or when the password
indicated in the user information does not match with the password
indicated in the login information received from the user terminal 112
even if the user information matches with the search key, the user is not
verified. Thus, the user verification abnormally ends and the process goes
to step S 305 . [0045] In step S 305 , the sending program 104 sends
to the user terminal 112 information showing a request of re-sending the
login information. In this case, the user is required to send the login
information again to the image intermediating system 102 . [0046] The
group selecting process in the step S 202 in FIG. 2 will be described
with reference to FIG. 4. [0047] When the user verifying process in the
step S 201 is completed normally, the data extracting program 106
extracts the user group information showing a group to which the user
belongs, by using the user group file 108 (step S 401 ). [0048] An
example of the user group file 108 is shown as a user group file 802
in FIG. 8. The user file 802 stores a user group ID for identifying the
user group, a user group name, and registered members of which the user ID
of the user registered in the user group is registered. [0049] In the
user group file 802 , the registered members where user group ID includes
group G 001 are users having the user Ids 123 , 456 , 789 , . . . .
The registered members where user group ID includes group G 002 are users
having the user Ids 456 , 234 , . . . . The registered members where
user group ID includes group G 003 are users having the user Ids 567 ,
890 , 345 , 678 , 901 , . . . . The registered members where user group
ID includes group G 004 are users having the user Ids 123 , 456 , 789
, . . . . The registered members where user group ID includes group G 005
are users having the user Ids 123 , 456 , 789 , . . . . [0050] The
data extracting program 106 searches for the registered members of the
user group file 802 by the user ID as a search key and extracts record
information including the user ID. [0051] Based on the record
information extracted by the data extracting program 106 , a user group
selecting window is edited. A user group selecting window 1001 in FIG.
10 shows an example of the user group selecting window.
- text: >-
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION The present application is the US
national phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2013/068970,
filed Sep. 13, 2013, which application claims priority to German
Application No. 102012217573.3, filed Sep. 27, 2012. The priority
application, DE 102012217573.3, is hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD
OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention relates to an operator system for a
machine, in particular for a beverage processing machine, to a mobile
operator device, a signal generator and safety glasses. BACKGROUND
Typically, a user of beverage processing systems operates the individual
machines by an operator system. The operator system can be used, for
instance, to initiate single processes in the machine, adjust parameters
and/or receive alarm or warning signals. To this end, stationary operator
devices, and increasingly also mobile operator devices are used. The
mobile operator devices are compatible with the entire system,
respectively, can be used for different machines. The user can carry a
mobile operator device with him to the respective machine and carry out,
or monitor, functions of other machines at the same time. For instance,
the user places the mobile operator device down in the area of a certain
machine, and can keep an eye on the display of the mobile operator device
during operating processes or also repairs for reading information
therefrom. Also, he is able to control individual machine components with
the operator device so as to carry out operating processes or repairs. In
addition, alarm or warning signals from this and/or other machines are
signaled to the user, and he can thus decide whether an urgent operating
process or the repair of another machine should be given preference.
Operator systems including mobile operator devices of this type often
prove to be non-ergonomic in practice since they are attached to the body
or received in pockets or holding devices and are, thus, not constantly
visible. If the user then takes the operator device into one of his hands,
this hand is no longer available to carry out operating processes,
repairs, maintenance works and/or setting up processes on the machine. At
the same time, the user always has to avert his gaze from the machine
component to be operated/repaired, to read the display of the operator
device. Also known are access authorization systems for which the user
carries along a so-called “token”. These are electronic keys which can be
read out by the machine using a reading device and, upon the successful
identification, the user is given corresponding access rights. Systems of
this type have the disadvantage that, on the one hand, the user has to
carry the “token” with him. Also this “token” could be misused in case of
loss. Moreover, each machine requires a cost-intensive reader to read the
token. An augmented reality system is known from DE 100 63 089. The user
of this system is displayed information on a head-mounted display of his
goggles when servicing the machine. On the one hand, the user sees the
area of the machine to be repaired, and superimposed virtual information,
on the other hand. Accordingly, he need not avert his gaze to the display
whilst working. Another augmented reality system is known from DE 10 2005
045 855, by means of which the position of the user's head is located.
The user is then displayed information on his head-mounted display so as
to exactly position a sensor in the machine. Augmented reality systems of
this type have the disadvantage that an activation of the user is merely
accomplished by visual signals which can be easily overlooked. This may be
the case, for instance, if the user is concentrated on a specific
activity/task. In addition, systems of this type do not provide enough
work protection. The present invention is based on the object to provide
an operator system for a machine, which is ergonomic with regard to the
handling thereof and offers sufficient work protection. The object is
achieved by an operator system according to claim 1 , according to which
the operator system for a machine, in particular for a beverage processing
machine, comprises a mobile operator device for the machine, a signal
generator for reporting alarm and/or warning signals, and safety glasses
for protecting the eyes of a user, wherein the safety glasses comprise a
display system that is configured in particular as a head-mounted display,
or a virtual retina display, or a projector, and wherein the operator
device and/or the signal generator and/or the safety glasses each comprise
a data transmitter for exchanging machine information and/or alarm and/or
warning signals. Due to the fact that the safety glasses comprise a
display system, the eyes of the user are, on one hand, protected from
dangerous foreign objects. On the other hand, work-supporting information
are directly loaded into his safety glasses. For instance, the tightening
torque for a screw can thus be displayed to him as he tightens the screw
with a torque wrench. Also, he may be displayed information about the
system status, such as temperatures or flow rates. At the same time, the
user has both hands free in order to carry out repairs. In addition, it
may be indicated to the user both in the display system and by means of
the signal generator whether alarms or warnings from the machine or other
machines exist. The signal generator allows the alarm and/or warning
signals to be displayed by the display system independently of the optical
stimulus, so that these signals cannot be overlooked by the user. Due to
the fact that the operator device and/or the signal generator and/or the
safety glasses each comprise a data transmitter both data for the display
of information and alarm and/or warning signals can be exchanged between
these units in an easy manner. The operator system may be configured for
operating and/or maintaining the machine, several machines, an entire
plant and/or several plants. The operator system according to the
invention thus supports the user during the operation and/or maintenance
from an ergonomic point of view and, at the same time, protects the eyes
of the user from dangerous foreign objects. The machine may be arranged in
a beverage processing plant. The machine may comprise a computer-based
machine controller. The machine may be a beverage processing machine
and/or a container treatment machine which, in particular, is a stretch a
blow molding machine, a rinser, a filler, a closer, a labeler and/or a
packaging machine, or another beverage processing machine and/or another
container treatment machine. The mobile operator device may comprise a
microprocessor, a keyboard and/or a display which is, in particular,
touch-sensitive. Also, the mobile operator device may comprise individual
control knobs. The mobile operator device may be a tablet computer or a
smart phone. The signal generator may comprise a wristband, a chain to be
hung around one's neck, a clip and/or a fastener to be fastened to an
article of clothing and/or part of the user's body. The signal
generator may also be integrated in the safety glasses or be fixed to
headgear. Thus, the user can be activated by a vibration signal on the
head, or by a visual signal at/in front of the eyes. The signal generator
may comprise a microprocessor and/or a battery for the power supply. The
safety glasses may be configured for protection from mechanical, thermal,
chemical, biological, electrical and/or optical risks. The safety glasses
may be constructed in accordance with legal work protection standards. The
display system may be configured as a head-mounted display (HMD). In the
head-mounted display an imaging optics may be arranged in front of the eye
to generate a virtual image of a display in front of the eye of the user.
The imaging optics of the head-mounted display may be configured
semipermeable, in particular, wherein the user can see a superposition of
the environment with the information of the display. Alternatively, the
display system may be configured as a virtual retina display, in which
case an image is directly projected onto the retina of the eye. The
virtual retina display may comprise a laser. Also, the display system may
be designed as a projector by means of which the information is projected
onto a surface outside the safety glasses. The projector may comprise a
laser and a scanning unit. Thus, by the deflection of the laser, an image
can be directly projected onto the environment. Also, the projector may be
designed as a miniature projector, wherein in particular a display is
illuminated by an LED and imaged by an optics. The display of the
head-mounted display, respectively, projector may be an LCD, DLP or LcoS.
The data transmitter may be configured to transmit data between the
respective units by cable, glass fiber, or wirelessly via radio. In
particular, the data transmitter may comprise a WLAN or Bluetooth
interface. The data transmitter may comprise a receiver unit and/or a
transmit unit. In the operator system, the safety glasses may comprise a
talk-listen unit which, in particular, is connected to the data
transmitter of the safety glasses for transmitting speech information.
Thus, the user is able to talk to colleagues while working, for instance,
to obtain advice or pass on information about the progress of the work.
Due to the fact that the talk-listen unit is connected to the data
transmitter of the safety glasses for transmitting speech information same
does not require an own transmission interface. The system furthermore
allows that the user can view documents about the display system submitted
by colleagues and, at the same time, discuss them with the colleagues. The
talk-listen unit may comprise a loudspeaker or earphone, and a microphone.
The earphone may be designed as an in-ear earphone. The operator system
can comprise safety glasses provided with a hearing protector for
suppressing disturbing ambient noise which, in particular, works with an
active sound suppression. Thus, the user does not need a separate hearing
protector, which could cause a sensation of pressure on the head if the
safety glasses are worn simultaneously. The hearing protector is able to
suppress ambient noise which is too loud. The active sound suppression
allows the generation of an acoustic counter-signal, so that disturbing
ambient noise is extinguished in the ear by interference. This allow a
particularly good suppression of disturbing ambient noise. In the operator
system, the talk-listen unit may be integrated in the hearing protector.
This allows the use of existing systems of the talk unit for the hearing
protector. The earphone of the talk-listen unit may be sealed to suppress
disturbing ambient noise. Also, the microphone and the earphone from the
talk-listen unit may be used for the active sound suppression. Thus, the
user can use the talk unit for communicating with other colleagues and, at
the same time, is protected from disturbing ambient noise. In the operator
system, the safety glasses may comprise a first camera for detecting
objects in the field of vision of the user. The images detected by the
first camera can be transmitted by the data transmitter for being stored
and/or for the communication with colleagues. Thus, colleagues of the user
are able to directly see the field of vision of the user, and support him
in servicing the system. Moreover, the image of the surroundings of the
first camera can be displayed to the user by the display system, in
particular if the safety glasses are not transparent. The first camera may
be designed as a CCD or CMOS camera with a lens. The operator system may
comprise an image evaluation unit which, in particular, is configured to
automatically identify objects in the image data. Thus, information
concerning the objects present in the field of vision can be automatically
displayed to the user in the display system of the safety glasses. The
operator system may comprise a gesture identification unit for processing
gestures of the user to machine commands. Thus, the user is able to issue,
with his hands, commands to the operator system by means of gestures in a
contactless manner. This further facilitates the operation. The gesture
identification unit may be configured to evaluate the image data of the
first camera. The first camera may include an image detection zone which
also detects the user's hands. Thus, gestures of the user made with
his hands can be filmed by the first camera and processed to machine
commands by the gesture identification unit. This allows a particularly
easy operation of the operator system. The operator system may comprise a
locating system for detecting the position and/or orientation of the
safety glasses which, in particular, is at least partially arranged on the
safety glasses. The locating system may comprise acceleration sensors
and/or position sensors. Also, the locating system can comprise a tracking
system, and markers which are recognizable in particular by the tracking
system. The tracking system can be in a fixed relationship with the
machine, and the markers may be provided on the safety glasses. It is also
possible that the tracking system is provided on the safety glasses, and
the markers on the machine, whereby in particular the first camera records
the markers as image data. Thus, it is possible to detect the position of
the safety glasses and, thus, the field of vision of the user relative to
the machine and, accordingly, only information relating to objects in the
field of vision can be displayed to the user. Moreover, it is possible
that the locating system determines the location of the user in the entire
plant. Thus, the user can be located by his colleagues particularly
easily. The detection of the position and/or the orientation of the safety
glasses can be accomplished relative to the machine.
inference:
parameters:
min_length: 30
max_length: 128
led-base-big-patent
This model is a fine-tuned version of allenai/led-base-16384 on the big_patent dataset. It achieves the following results on the evaluation set:
- Loss: 0.2412
- Rouge1: 0.2972
- Rouge2: 0.1193
- Rougel: 0.2431
- Rougelsum: 0.243
- Gen Len: 46.326
Model description
This model is a long-form text generation model based on the Longformer Encoder-Decoder (LED) architecture. The LED architecture extends the Transformer model to handle long documents by incorporating sparse attention mechanisms. This makes it suitable for tasks such as summarization of lengthy patent documents, where traditional models might struggle with context length limitations. The model has been fine-tuned on the BigPatent dataset, a large collection of patent documents, to enhance its performance in generating concise and informative summaries.
Intended uses & limitations
Intended uses
- Patent summarization: Generate concise summaries of patent documents.
- Long document summarization: Useful for summarizing other types of long-form documents beyond patents.
Limitations
- Context length: Although LED handles long documents better than standard Transformers, extremely lengthy documents might still present challenges.
Training procedure
Training hyperparameters
The following hyperparameters were used during training:
- learning_rate: 4.892476e-05
- train_batch_size: 2
- eval_batch_size: 8
- seed: 42
- gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
- total_train_batch_size: 4
- optimizer: Adam with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08
- lr_scheduler_type: linear
- num_epochs: 3
- mixed_precision_training: Native AMP
Training results
| Training Loss | Epoch | Step | Validation Loss | Rouge1 | Rouge2 | Rougel | Rougelsum | Gen Len |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2195 | 1.0 | 9595 | 0.2350 | 0.2858 | 0.1157 | 0.2372 | 0.237 | 50.5544 |
| 0.1754 | 2.0 | 19191 | 0.2363 | 0.2895 | 0.1172 | 0.2392 | 0.2389 | 49.5847 |
| 0.1428 | 3.0 | 28785 | 0.2412 | 0.2972 | 0.1193 | 0.2431 | 0.243 | 46.326 |
Framework versions
- Transformers 4.38.2
- Pytorch 2.2.1+cu121
- Datasets 2.18.0
- Tokenizers 0.15.2