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doc-0	The 8th (Belfast) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (Supplementary Reserve), was founded in the wake of the Munich crisis, and recruited mainly in the spring of 1939 from young men of the City and District of Belfast. It was mobilised and at action stations, manning its guns to defend Belfast, before war was declared on 3 September 1939. World War II In October, it left for practice camp in Cornwall, and thence to France, where it joined the British Expeditionary Force before Christmas. Following the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940, all units were soon in action, but the fortunes of war resulted in evacuation from Dunkirk, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo and other ports during late May and early June. One troop successfully brought back four of its 3.7-inch Anti Aircraft guns and some vital gunnery instruments, despite having orders to blow them up. Back in England, the regiment was soon in action again during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, first in Coventry, unit then ordered to London (Clapham Common) three days before Coventry was blitzed, the units road convoy took two hours to pass Green Road Roundabout on the outskirts of Oxford, such was its size, London and then on Teesside. In the spring of 1942, the regiment embarked for the Far East in the Belfast-built liner RMS Britannic, and after a long voyage, escorted for a long way by battleships HMS Rodney, HMS Nelson & HMS Valiant at different times, reached Bombay. The guns and equipment were unloaded at Karachi and both elements assembled at Lahore before driving some 2,000 miles in convoy down the Grand Trunk Road to Calcutta. It was later transferred to East Bengal, before moving south to join XV Corps in Burma. For the next two and a half years. the regiment took part in the Arakan campaigns, firing effectively against the Japanese Air Force and ground targets. Their accuracy at long range earned them the nickname “The Twelve Mile Snipers.” Some elements took part in the famous Battle of the Admin Box at Ngakyedouk (“Okeydoke”) Pass. Several officers and men received awards for gallantry following this heroic stand, which proved to be the turning point in the Arakan. At Easter 1945, a tablet to the memory of members of the regiment who died in the Arakan was unveiled in St. Mark’s Church, Akyab. This little, battle-torn church was one of the first in all Burma to be retaken, and men of the regiment assisted in restoring the building. Postwar When the war ended, the regiment was fortunate to embark at Madras as a unit, instead of being dispersed in age groups as was the common practice, and returned home to Ulster in another Belfast-built ship, RMS Stirling Castle. In 1946 the Regiment was placed in suspended animation. Many of the officers and men came together again in 1947 when the Territorial Army was re-formed, and so helped to perpetuate the regimental spirit in a new organisation, the 245th (Belfast) (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA) with headquarters in Belfast. (245 HAA Regiment was considered the successor to 8th (Belfast) HAA Regiment, although that unit was continued by the regular 56 HAA Regt). In 1955 the Regiment was amalgamated with four other Territorial Royal Artillery Regiments and reorganised to form 245 (Ulster) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA (TA). In 1964 it was redesignated as 245 (Ulster) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA). In 1967 the Regiment was amalgamated with the 445th (Lowland) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA) to form 102nd (Ulster and Scottish) Light Air Defence Regiment RA (TA). It became the 206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (Volunteers), is one of the most efficient units of the Volunteer Reserve today. Notes Bibliography Doherty, Richard, 1992. The Sons of Ulster: Ulstermen at War from the Somme to Korea, Appletree Press, Belfast. Doherty, Richard, 2009. Ubique: The Royal Artillery in the Second World War, The History Press, Stroud. Litchfield, Norman E H, 1992. The Territorial Artillery 1908-1988, The Sherwood Press, Nottingham. External links https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/heavy-anti-aircraft-regiments/8-belfast-heavy-anti-aircraft-regiment-rasr http://www.lennonwylie.co.uk/8th_belfast_haa_regt.htm Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery Military units and formations established in 1939 Military units and formations in Belfast Military units and formations in Northern Ireland
doc-1	The Scout and Guide movement in Cambodia is served by two organizations: Girl Guides Association of Cambodia, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts National Association of Cambodian Scouts, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement History Scouting and Guiding was introduced to Cambodia in the 1930s, when several independent organizations emerged. Under the Japanese occupation during World War II all Scouting and Guiding activities were banned. Scouting and Guiding was readmitted from 1945 to 1964, when it was replaced by the Jeunesse Socialiste Royale Khmer, a socialist youth movement. An effort to reestablish Scouting in 1972 lasted only until 1975, when it was banned again by the Khmer Rouge. After 1990, several Scouting organizations were founded. They were merged in the coeducational National Association of Cambodian Scouts and the girls-only Girl Guides Association of Cambodia. Cambodian Scouting in exile Cambodian Scouting in exile existed at least into the early 1990s in Los Angeles, alongside fellow Vietnamese Scouting in exile and Laotian Scouting in exile groups. In 2008, a Cambodian troop of the Girl Scouts of the USA was started in Philadelphia. International Scout units in Cambodia The French Association des Guides et Scouts d'Europe maintains one Scout troop in Phnom Penh for francophone youth, acting as a separate association under the name Scoutisme au Cambodge (i.e., Scouting in Cambodia). References
doc-2	Anselmo Vendrechovski Júnior (September 16, 1982), known as Juninho, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. He is a Mexican naturalized citizen. A centre back, Juninho was known for his quality and leadership. The former captain of Tigres UANL, was a set-piece specialist with a powerful right shot and ability to score goals. After his retirement, he stayed attached to Tigres and worked with the youth teams and with the first team's head coach Ricardo Ferretti between 2020 and 2021. In February 9, 2023, he joined as an assistant for at the time head coach Marco Antonio Ruiz. Career His great-grandparents were from Poland. He spent his early career with Coritiba. On 2005, he was signed by Botafogo. He was transferred in 2008 to São Paulo after accepting a three-year offer on December 7, 2007. In January 2009, he was released to sign back with his former club Botafogo, but Tigres UANL from Mexico offered him a better contract, and since 2010 he has played in Mexico. In early 2010 he played for Suwon Bluewings on loan. His first goal with Tigres was against Santos Laguna on a free kick in the 8th minute. This was the only goal of the game as it ended 1 - 0 for a Tigres' win. He became a key in the defense for the Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016 and Apertura 2017 championships of Tigres. After the departure of Lucas Lobos, he became the team's captain. Juninho retired at the end of the Apertura 2018 season and began a coaching role at Tigres' youth teams. Juninho joined the Monterrey Flash of the Major Arena Soccer League in June 2022. Nowadays, he works with Tigres' head coach Marco Antonio Ruiz. Honours Club Coritiba Paraná State League (2): 2003, 2004 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro State League (1): 2006 Taça Rio (1): 2007 Taça Guanabara (1): 2009 São Paulo Brazilian Série A (1): 2008 Tigres UANL Liga MX (4): Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016, Apertura 2017 Copa MX (1): Clausura 2014 Campeón de Campeones (3): 2016, 2017, 2018 Campeones Cup (1): 2018 References External links globoesporte.globo.com 1982 births Living people Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players Suwon Samsung Bluewings players Brazilian men's footballers Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Brazilian people of Polish descent Coritiba Foot Ball Club players São Paulo FC players Tigres UANL footballers Monterrey Flash players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players K League 1 players Liga MX players Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico Brazilian emigrants to Mexico Naturalized citizens of Mexico Men's association football defenders
doc-3	GST was a group of computer companies based in Cambridge, England, founded by Jeff Fenton in June 1979. The company worked with Atari, Sinclair Research, Torch Computers, Acorn Computers, Monotype Corporation and Kwik-Fit, amongst others. The group included: GST Computer Systems: the original name of the company. GST Professional Services: a software consultancy that was sold and became OTIB A.T. GST Software Products: produced retail software, most notably Timeworks Publisher. GST Training Centre: a class based software training provider in Cambridgeshire, UK. Electric Software: a games software label, producing titles for home computers such as the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and MSX-compatible models in the early 1980s. GST Computer Systems started as a contract software development company. In 1983, it became involved with Sinclair Research, producing the 68K/OS operating system (later rejected by Sinclair) and development software for the Sinclair QL. In 1985 it was approached by Atari Corporation to port products from the QL on to the just to be launched Atari ST. The word processing package 1st Word was bundled with every Atari ST for the first two years of its life and GST became the leading software supplier for the Atari ST platform. In 1987 GST developed its first desktop publishing application, Timeworks Publisher. This was sold in the US by Timeworks, Inc. (a Chicago based software publisher) as Publish-It!. This product went on to become the world-leading budget DTP product until competition from Microsoft Publisher in 1993 caused the eventual demise of Timeworks, Inc. The product was sold under new names including NEBS PageMagic (changed after objections from Adobe), Macmillan Publisher, Canon Publisher, and many other brands, distinguished by use of the file extension. The latest version was sold as Greenstreet Publisher 4 and is downwards file compatible with earlier versions. In 2001 GST merged with eGames Europe as a new company, Greenstreet Software. It remains a developer and publisher of computer software for Windows operating systems. In July 2008 the company was reconstructed and now trades as Greenstreet Online Limited. In November 2012, Greenstreet Online Limited was declared insolvent, and went into voluntary liquidation. See also GEM/5 References External links greenstreet Softwrap product announcement Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom Software companies established in 1979 Software companies disestablished in 2001 1979 establishments in England 2001 disestablishments in England British companies disestablished in 2001 British companies established in 1979
doc-4	Uudet kymmenen käskyä is the second album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na. It was released on 10 May 2006 and reached No. 3 on the Finnish albums chart. In March 2007, the album was chosen as the Metal Album of 2006 at the Emma Awards, arranged by the Finnish recording industry. The single "Likainen parketti" went to No. 1 on the Finnish singles chart. Another song, Edessäni, was released as an Internet-only digi-single. Track listing Uudet kymmenen käskyä (4:42) "The New Ten Commandments" Merestä maalle (4:01) "From Ocean To Land" Edessäni (4:11) "In Front Of Me" Viisi laukausta päähän (3:53) "Five Shots To The Head" Vapaa maa (4:43) "Free Nation" Lapsus (3:48) "Lapse" Paperinukke (4:02) "Paper Doll" Suhdeluku (3:42) "Ratio / Affair Count" Likainen parketti (4:48) "Dirty/Messy Parquet" Ovi (4:43) "The Door" Kaksi reittiä yksi suunta (5:23) "Two Routes One Direction" Personnel Antti Hyyrynen – vocals, backing vocals, guitar Kai-Pekka Kangasmäki – bass, backing vocals Pekka Olkkonen – lead guitar Teppo Velin – drums Additional musicians Sami Kujala – backing vocals Emil Lähteenmäki – keyboards Jouni Hynynen, Kaarle Viikate, Rainer Nygård, Tuomo Saikkonen – additional vocals on track 4 Production Miitri Aaltonen – producer, engineer, mixing, vocal arrangements Mika Jussila – mastering Ville Hyyrynen – artwork References External links Official Stam1na website Uudet Kymmenen Käskyä on the Finnish album charts Stam1na albums 2006 albums
doc-5	Clatterbridge (previously Lower Bebington and Poulton, 1973 to 1979) is a Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council ward in the Wirral South Parliamentary constituency. Councillors References Wards of Merseyside Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral Wards of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
doc-6	Lionel Luthor is a fictional character portrayed by John Glover in the television series Smallville. The character was initially a special guest in season one, and became a series regular in season two and continued until being written out of the show in season seven. The character returned to the show in season ten again in a special guest role as a parallel universe (Earth-2) version of the character. In Smallville, Lionel Luthor is the father of Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum), and founder and CEO of LuthorCorp. Lex Luthor's father was first introduced in Superman comics by Jerry Siegel in 1961 and has since appeared in other Superman-related media under different names. Smallville is the first appearance in which the character has been an intricate part of a Superman adaptation. Series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar created Lionel Luthor for Smallville to provide an antithesis to the parenting style of Jonathan Kent (John Schneider) and Martha Kent (Annette O'Toole). In the DC Comics, Lex Luthor's father was originally named Jules Luthor, but later was renamed Lionel Luthor some time after Smallville. He debuted in Superman's Girlfriend, Lois Lane #23 (February 1961) and was created by Jerry Siegel and Kurt Schaffenberger. During the story of Smallville, Lionel evolves from being a nemesis of Clark Kent (Tom Welling) who develops multiple schemes to uncover Clark's secrets, to becoming an ally who eventually dies to protect Clark's secret from his own son. Lionel has a strained relationship with Lex and regularly tries to test him. He attempts to develop a romantic relationship with Martha Kent following the death of Jonathan Kent, helping her advance toward the United States Senate. A parallel universe version of the character is later introduced in the show's final season, who serves as Clark and his allies' adversary and plays a pivotal role in bringing Lex back from his presumed death. Lionel's development from a main antagonist to an ally was difficult for the writers, who felt the character's arc failed to achieve the status they wanted. Although they continued with the story arc, Lionel returned to using deception to protect Clark rather than exploit him. He is characterized as a sinister character who tried hard to further his own ambitions. Lionel's relationship with his son has been likened to that of Harry Osborn and Norman Osborn from Spider-Man comics. Role in Smallville In 1989, Lionel visits Smallville to buy the Ross Creamed Corn company immediately before a meteor shower occurs. Twelve years later during season one, Lionel exiles his son Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum) to Smallville to run LuthorCorp's local fertilizer plant as a test. When Lex makes a profit for the first time in years, Lionel closes the plant and blames Lex's poor managerial skills. Lionel later confronts his son at the Luthor mansion when Lex tries to orchestrate an employee buyout to save the fertilizer plant. When strong winds force debris to smash through the mansion, Lionel is pinned under a fallen support beam and Lex hesitates to save his father. In Season two, Lex saves Lionel but loses his sight because of Lex's judgment to rush into surgery. Lionel is initially shown as blind. Lex and Lucas Luthor (Paul Wasilewski)—Lionel's illegitimate son—devise a plan to uncover Lionel's deception; it is revealed that Lionel was blind but that his eyes healed and he intentionally neglected to tell anyone so he could watch how they acted around him. Lionel is later aware of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mysterious symbols there, to the dismay of Clark Kent (Tom Welling). Season three revealed that Lionel conspired with Morgan Edge (Rutger Hauer) to murder Lionel's parents and use the insurance money to fund LuthorCorp. Lionel has Lex committed to a mental institution, when his son discovers what Lionel did. When Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) discovers the truth, that evidence is used to assist Lex have Lionel arrested for his parents' murder. It's also revealed why Lionel is angry with Lex; he blames his son for the death of his youngest son Julian Luthor, although Lex took the blame to protect the true killer: Lillian (Alisen Down), Lionel's mentally unwell wife. Lionel also learns that he has a terminal liver disease, which he divulges to Lex while awaiting arraignment. Lionel is sentenced to prison for his parents' murder in season four. Lionel attempts to switch bodies with Lex using a stone from Clark's homeworld of Krypton but Clark intervenes and Lionel switches bodies with Clark instead. When he and Clark switch back, Lionel discovers his terminal liver disease is healed. Lionel is released from prison by Genevieve Teague (Jane Seymour), and begins searching for three stones of knowledge. During this quest, Lionel falls into a catatonic state after being uploaded with Kryptonian knowledge. Lionel recovers in season five when the Kryptonian artificial intelligence Jor-El takes over his body to speak with Clark. With Jor-El guiding him, Lionel begins helping Clark by making excuses for Clark's behavior and unexplained disappearances throughout seasons five and six. Season seven revealed that Lionel and three other wealthy families formed the secret society Veritas to protect an alien visitor known as the Traveler (Clark). When the secret is uncovered, Lex murders his father, realizing he has been covering up the Traveler's existence. Season ten reveals that Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) is Lionel's illegitimate daughter fathered with Pamela Jenkins (Donna Bullock). Clark unintentionally visits the parallel universe of Earth-2 in season ten where Lionel found and adopted Clark's doppelgänger to be a murderer, and going by the alias of Ultraman who kills anyone including that universe's Lex, escaping back to his own reality but is followed by Lionel. Posing as his own doppelgänger, the alternate Lionel tries to make amends when he attempts twice to bring "Alexander Luthor"/Conner Kent (Lucas Grabeel), a hybrid clone of Clark and Lex that develops Clark's powers, to his side but fails. Lionel also assumes control of LuthorCorp from Tess but loses the company when his doppelgänger's daughter proves he is an imposter. However, he has already embezzled a large amount of money from LuthorCorp. At his nadir, Lionel is approached by the evil alien entity Darkseid. In the series finale, it is revealed that the alternate Lionel discovers a clone of Lex, created from the pieces of others, hidden away. He then founded the genetic research company PreClox to assist Lex's scientists. A compatible heart could not be found among Lex's replicates and Lionel tries to give Tess's heart to Lex, but Tess shoots Lionel and escapes. Lionel then surrenders his soul to Darkseid, giving Lionel's heart to the clone, effectively resurrecting Lex. Afterward, Darkseid possesses Lionel's corpse to attack Clark, but Clark destroys Lionel's body, dispelling Darkseid's threat. Portrayal Lionel Luthor was created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar specifically for "Smallville" to provide a parallel to the Kents as an "experiment in extreme parenting". The character Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack) was also created for the show. Lex's father has previously been depicted in other media. Lionel Luthor is portrayed in the program by John Glover; Glover said he appreciates the "clear canvas" he had to work with when developing his portrayal of Lionel. In season one, Glover traveled from New York to Vancouver every week while filming his scenes because he was already committed to stage appearances in New York at the time. When portraying the character's struggle with terminal liver disease, Glover was inspired by a friend's battle with cancer; he said his friend was a "cheerleader to people", who supported and boosted others when they were feeling bad. When Glover's friend learned he had cancer he fought hard to get over it, but when he learned that it was terminal he went to bed and stopped eating until he died about ten days later. This helped Glover understand how someone powerful and full of life could commit suicide—which Lionel prepares to do when he learns his illness is terminal. Character development Storyline progression In season two, Lionel moves from being recurring figure to a regular character. This season features the gradual unveiling of Lionel's increasing involvement with the characters of the show. It begins with more direct involvement when Luthor hires Martha Kent as his assistant, and then indirectly when he becomes the conservator of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mystery of the symbols on the cave walls. During season three, Lionel becomes the villain of the show when he tries to discover Clark's secret and drives Lex into a psychotic breakdown. This allows Lionel to use electroshock therapy on Lex to erase his knowledge of Lionel's co-opting of Morgan Edge to kill Lionel's parents for their life insurance. The creative team experimented with Lionel's character in season four, creating a storyline in which Lionel is reformed. Executive producer Greg Beeman said the character development failed, and as a result Lionel returned to his normal self. John Glover found playing Lionel as a straight arrow was "boring". Season five explores the relationship between Martha and Lionel. Both Annette O'Toole and Al Gough said Lionel was slightly attracted to Martha, but that she would never act on that feeling. The producers had no intentions to create a romantic relationship between the two characters. Most of Lionel's motivations in season five are shrouded in mystery. Glover said he could not determine whether his character is good or bad, so when he is portraying him in season five he tried to present everything as if it was "good". Glover said he believes Lincoln Cole's (Ian Tracey) actions in "Mercy" made Lionel rethink everything his past behavior and his own character. By the end of the fifth season, Lionel has learned that people have a responsibility to each other. Smallville writer and executive producer Brian Peterson said the creative team wanted to remind the audience that Lionel was still the same Lionel Luthor they had come know, so they delayed revealing Lionel's usual antics until season six's "Promise" in which he blackmails Lana into marrying Lex. Peterson wanted to "slap [the audience] in the face" with a reminder of Lionel's former character. Although Lionel blackmails Lana into marrying Lex, John Glover said Lionel was trying to protect Clark, for which he needed Lana's help. By the time season six began airing, John Glover realized Lex was starting to become more villainous and that his time on the show would be limited. Glover hoped Lionel would still be able to influence his son as the show progressed; he believed his character would be useless on the show without such influencing abilities. Glover said the conflict between Lex and his father is very positive for the show because Lionel's attempt to bond with Lex and the distrust between them "makes drama". Characterization John Glover characterizes Lionel as a businessman who is disappointed with his son. To Glover, Lionel is this "rich and powerful businessman" who sees his son as a "wuss" and "fraidy-cat". It was important to Glover that Lionel appear as human as possible; Glover said he does not want to simply "twirl [his] mustache". Glover described Lionel as a man who will do whatever he needs to do to get what he wants. He characterizes Lionel as an intelligent man who can read people easily. Lionel uses that ability to further his goals. The character can also get past people's defenses and manipulate them. Glover thinks that type of power would be great if it could be used to help someone other than Lionel. Lionel's character is also connoted by the color scheme that surrounds him; the use of cold blue tones helps to evoke the "sinister" nature of the character. Lionel is also often portrayed in front of a white or "clinical blue" background. Lionel's signature mane of hair is used to symbolize his power—by growing it out and refusing to style it, Lionel attempts to show he is so powerful that he can do whatever he wants without any backlash. Relationships The relationship between Lionel and his son Lex is strained; it has been likened to the relationship between Norman and Harry Osborn in the Spider-Man film. Glover tried to make Lionel appear as though he is trying to "toughen [Lex] up". The character is made to "go out of his way, to give [Lex] tests, so [Lex] can prove himself". Glover sees the character as a rich and powerful businessman who is disappointed in his son. Glover's goal for season one was to show Lionel's attempts to make Lex tougher; he interprets the character's motto in his raising of Lex as "no risk, no rewards". Glover believes Lionel has two competing agendas with Lex—for Lex to become his own man and for Lex to follow in his father's steps. This becomes frustrating for Lex because Lionel wants his son to be both "loyal follower" and the "best person he can be". This all plays into Lionel's "pretty huge ego". John Glover believes if Lionel and Lex were not related Lionel would have "destroyed" Lex early on because he views his son as "weak". Lionel is also bound by the fact that Lex is his heir, although he does not trust Lex. Lionel's distrust of Lex partially arises because he believes Lex is a coward. John Glover said: "It's not that Lionel is meant to be a foe; it's just that the poor boy's weak, so Lionel must mold him. Lionel is continually trying to strengthen his son, to teach him. Lex is just a hard student". Lionel also has a key relationship with Martha Kent, Clark Kent's adoptive mother. This relationship first develops in season two when Lionel hires Martha to be his assistant; it is further developed in season five. Glover felt Lionel's attraction to Martha grows in season five when Jonathan Kent dies because he now sees Martha as a single woman and is now more attainable; Glover believes Lionel was seeking to attain Martha's "goodness" and the attraction is not based on lust. When Lionel is in Martha's company he tries to present himself as a man she could be with; he consciously attempts to change years of selfish behavior. Writer Holly Harold said his relationship with Martha parallels Lex's relationship with Lana; both men believe these two women will be their saving grace and pull them back from the dark side. Annette O'Toole said Martha's interest in Lionel is like watching a dangerous animal: "It's that attraction you have for a very beautiful, dangerous animal. You know you can't stop watching it, but at the same time you feel, 'Oh my God, he's going to kill me'". O'Toole also said she believes Martha's motivation is to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark. When Martha left the show, writer Todd Slavkin said they wanted to give the character "more of a send-off" than they achieved on screen. Slavkin said they could do nothing equivalent to what they gave John Schneider because there were so many storylines by the season six finale they could fit nothing else in. The writers realized they could not kill off the character so they sent her to the U.S. Senate, creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage. O'Toole and Al Gough said Martha has a small attraction to Lionel and that nothing serious would come from it. Glover believes Martha influenced Lionel to start believing that sacrifice is necessary to make the world a better place. When she leaves at the end of season six, Lionel no longer has that influence. He is constantly battling the dark and light sides of his personality. According to series writer Caroline Dries, the audience never really know his motivations because of this balancing act. Dries said this is embodied when he threatens Lana into marrying Lex, later revealing it was to protect Clark. Glover describes his off-screen relationship with Annette O'Toole the reason Martha and Lionel have such good chemistry. Glover said that when Martha and Lionel are talking to each other it feels as though he and O'Toole are sharing a conversation, and that trust is visualized on the camera. Reception For his portrayal of Lionel Luthor on Smallville, John Glover was nominated for two Saturn Awards in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series. The first came in 2003, following his upgrade to series regular status, and the second in 2004. By season four, one reviewer said Lionel should have left the show after succumbing to his terminal liver disease in season three. Maurice Cobbs of DVD Verdict said Lionel was taking away from the primary characters' screen time in season four, and the producers should have killed him at the end of season three. Smallville tie-ins Novels Lionel makes his first appearance outside the television series in the Aspect book Smallville: Strange Visitors. In this title, Lionel is concerned that confidence trickster Donald Jacobi will draw too much attention to the meteor rocks in Smallville and ruin his plans to use the rocks for experiments. Lionel has the life of Jacobi's partner put in jeopardy when he threatens to alert some mobsters who are looking for Lionel. He makes a brief appearance in Smallville: Dragon, in which he tells Lex he used Lex's ex-girlfriend Renata to get close to Lex to test him for unknown reasons. The Smallville version of Lionel makes a brief appearance in the second volume of the internet series Smallville: Chloe Chronicles; he threatens Chloe after she discovers he is involved with the deaths of several people. Comics In the television series' comic book continuation written by the show's writer Bryan Q. Miller, it is revealed that Lionel had tried to recruit Bruce Wayne's father Thomas Wayne into the secret society Veritas with Virgil Swann, months prior to Wayne and his wife's mugging and murder by Joe Chill. In other media Film In Richard Donner's Superman: The Movie and Bryan Singer's Superman Returns, Lex briefly mentions his father—but not his father's name—as the inspiration of Lex's real estate schemes. Lex also says that his father was a harsh man who ejected him from the family home. In Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Lex is named after his father, Alexander Luthor Sr., an oil and machinery tycoon immigrant from Germany who died in 2000. When confronting Superman, Lex mentions his father's abusive behavior in his childhood. A newspaper article in the film erroneously refers to him as Lionel Luther, like in Smallville, though it is unknown if this was a mistake or an intentional nod to Smallville. Television In the 1988–1992 television series Superboy, Lex's father appears in season four's "Know Thine Enemy" (Part 1), in which Superboy becomes Lex Luthor in a virtual reality and watches Lex grow up with an abusive father; Lex's father is unnamed and is portrayed by Edgar Allan Poe IV. Lionel Luthor appears in a flashback of the Supergirl episode "Luthors", portrayed by Ian Butcher. He is a billionaire and the founder of his family's company LuthorCorp as well as resembling the future Lex Luthor (portrayed by Jon Cryer) with his baldness. It's revealed that sometime after marrying Lillian (portrayed by Brenda Strong) and having Lex, Lionel began an extramarital affair with a woman named Elizabeth Walsh that would lead to the conception of Lena Luthor (portrayed by Katie McGrath). Once Lillian discovered the affair, he ultimately chooses to remain with his family. After the death of Lena's mother, Lionel takes in his illegitimate daughter but lies to her and the public that his second child is adopted. Lionel favors Lena over Lex due to his love for her mother, leading to tension with his wife and son, especially due to his emotional distance from Lex growing up. Lionel also became an alcoholic later in his life, contributing to his family's dysfunction. Lionel died sometime afterwards due to unknown circumstances and Lex inherited his father's fortune to lead LuthorCorp for years until his imprisonment. Lena then takes over leadership of LuthorCorp, relocates the company's headquarters from Metropolis to National City, and renames it L-Corp, attempting to redeem her family name from Lex's actions. When Lena learns her true paternity from Lillian, she becomes determined to restore the Luthor name for both her father and herself. Lionel Luthor appears in the Titans episode "Conner", portrayed by Peter MacNeill. This version is almost blind and was a former scientist. Conner and Krypto arrive at Lionel's Kansas house upon a memory drawing him to it. He told Conner everything about his son and Clark before Conner is ambushed by Mercy Graves' Cadmus team. Conner works to protect Lionel from the Cadmus team after he gets attacked by one of the soldiers. The next day, Mercy gives Lex a status report while also mentioning that his father is doing alright. In comics Before Smallville, Lex's father either made brief appearances in the Superman comics or was mentioned. Lex's father first appears in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #23 (1961), in the story "The Curse of Lena Thorul!", written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel. In this story, he is named Jules, has disowned his criminal son Lex, and changed the family name to "Thorul". Jules Thorul and his wife Arlene are later killed in a car accident. In the 2004 miniseries Superman: Birthright, Lex's father is not a billionaire but immediately puts Lex to work making millions for him after he discovers his son's astronomical IQ. Lex's father dies in a fire caused accidentally by Lex in an experiment that causes Lex's permanent hair loss. In Adventure Comics #6 (March 2010), Lex's father (not named) terrorizes Lex and his sister Lena. He dies of a heart attack, leaving Lena in the care of an aunt and causes Lex to leave Smallville. It is later revealed that Lex had caused his father's heart attack to cash in a sizable life insurance policy, which he would use as the basis for his fortune, the same plot Lionel Luthor used on his own parents in the Smallville backstory. In Blackest Night #6, Lionel Luthor is revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Lionel Luthor appears with Lex Luthor in the Flashpoint reality where they tour General Sam Lane's facility of aliens. The character was mentioned several times by Lex, though unnamed, in many titles seen in The New 52. He officially appeared as Lionel Luthor in a flashback scene during DC Rebirth, along with his wife, Leticia. References Comics characters introduced in 1961 Television characters introduced in 2001 Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional members of secret societies Fictional murderers Fictional patricides Fictional socialites Smallville characters Fictional characters from parallel universes
doc-7	Helladius of Caesarea (Greek: Έλλάδιος Καισαρείας) was a bishop of Caesarea. He was one of three named by an edict of Theodosius I (30 July 381; Cod. Theod., LXVI, tit. I., L. 3) to episcopal sees named as centres of Catholic communion in the East, along with Gregory of Nyssa and Otreius of Melitene. References Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Saint Gregory of Nyssa 4th-century Syrian bishops Year of birth missing Year of death missing
doc-8	Owzun Qeshlaq (, also Romanized as Owzūn Qeshlāq and Ūzūn Qeshlāq) is a village in Akhtachi-ye Mahali Rural District, Simmineh District, Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 323, in 61 families. References Populated places in Bukan County
doc-9	John Richard Buckland (3 August 1819 – 13 October 1874), was an Australian school teacher and first headmaster of The Hutchins School, Tasmania. Married in 1841, he and his wife had set sail a year later for New Zealand, intending to settle on the land. After disembarking at Hobart Town in February 1843 in order to visit his old school friend, Reverend J P Gell, then Headmaster of the Queen’s School, he was persuaded to accept the post of second master there. On the closure of the Queen’s School Buckland opened his own school in Fitzroy Crescent, before taking holy orders and being appointed in 1845 to the parish of St Luke’s, Richmond. He was ordained a priest in March 1846 and his appointment to Hutchins followed soon after. In commending to your especial charge the important duties of the first Head Master of the Hutchins School, I feel confident that you will justify my choice, by maintaining, in the chief city of my Diocese, that high expectation for sound and Christian learning, which an institution ought to possess, founded, as this has been, by the affectionate piety of the church, in memory of that excellent man who preceded me, the Venerable Archdeacon Hutchins. Bishop Nixon, 29 June 1846 In his 28 years as Headmaster, Buckland laid a firm foundation for the ongoing success of Hutchins. Under his leadership the pattern of an English public school was extended to include commercial and other practical subjects, as well as the introduction of evening classes. A founding member of the Tasmanian Council of Education from 1859, Buckland contributed to education in the wider sphere by maintaining high standards through a system of examinations in which boys competed for a Tasmanian scholarship and the degree of associate of arts. Described as a stern disciplinarian, Buckland had a strong sense of justice and earned the respect and affection of his charges — demonstrated by the presentation of a silver cup and 100 guineas following his first illness in 1854, the collection of a further £100 on his illness and enforced rest 20 years later, and by the overwhelming public response to his death from heart disease in 1874. No man was more universally beloved by those who had the privilege of having him for a master, when they had arrived at that time of life when the mere discipline of the school was forgotten and only its enduring benefits reflected upon and experienced. No more congenial or delightful companion could be met with than the Rev. John Richard Buckland, whose loss, at a comparatively early period of life, will be felt by the parents and the rising generation of the youths of the colony… Mr. Buckland’s duties were of a most arduous nature, but they were always performed with a degree of earnestness and self-consciousness which is almost inseparable from the true scholar…the vast benefits which his untiring and masterly efforts in the cause of education have diffused throughout the colony, will render his loss the more deplorable. The Mercury Supplement, 30 November 1874 and The Mercury, 14 October 1874 Following his death at 9.00am, 13 October 1874, the public was notified of the ‘melancholy incident’ by the lowering of flags of the ships in the harbour. Fate tied up the loose ends neatly. After a plain and simple funeral service at All Saints’ Church, Buckland was buried in Queenborough Cemetery, the future home of the School he had served with such distinction. His headstone now resides outside the Chapel of St Thomas — a reminder of his dedicated and distinguished service in the role of founding Headmaster. Buckland was the son of the Rev. John Buckland, Rector of Templeton, Devonshire, and a nephew of Dr. William Buckland, Dean of Westminster. He received his early education from his father at Laleham, and was then sent to Rugby School, of which school his uncle, Dr. Arnold, was at the time head master. At the age of seventeen he went to the University of Oxford, where he held a studentship at Christ Church. After taking his degree Buckland determined to emigrate to the colonies, and sailed for New Zealand, but in consequence of the unsettled state of affairs in that colony he removed to Tasmania, arriving in Hobart in February 1843. He was for a time second master of the Queen's School, of which the Rev. John Philip Gell was head master. On the closing of that school he opened a private school. In 1845 he was ordained. In 1846 the prospectus of a Church of England Grammar School was issued, and on 3 August in that year the school, named "The Hutchins School" in memory of Archdeacon William Hutchins, was opened at Hobart, with Buckland as head master. It soon became one of the leading schools of the colony, a position which it has ever since maintained, a large number of the most prominent men of Tasmania having received their education at the Hutchins School. Buckland held the post of headmaster for twenty-eight years, until his death, which took place at Hobart on 13 October 1874. References 1819 births 1874 deaths Australian schoolteachers Colony of Tasmania people
doc-10	Milivoje Novaković (; , ; born 18 May 1979) is a Slovenian retired footballer who played as a forward. Club career Novaković spent his youth career at Olimpija where he remained until the age of 19, when he was forced to leave and look for the opportunity to play professional football elsewhere as he was written off by the club officials who considered him unpromising and too skinny for a forward. Many years later, at the height of his playing career, Novaković revealed that people at Olimpija demanded money in order to promote him to the main squad. He then went to play football for lower tier Austrian clubs where he rose to prominence, eventually signing with professional sides SV Mattersburg and LASK. In 2005, he signed with the Bulgarian top division side Litex Lovech and immediately established himself as one of their top players scoring 16 goals in 24 appearances during the 2005–06 season, earning the title of the league's top goalscorer. In the same season, Litex qualified for the group stage of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup, where Novaković scored two of the clubs's four goals to help the Bulgarian team reach the round of 32, where they were eliminated by France's Strasbourg with 2–0 on aggregate. During the summer of 2006 he was linked with several different clubs (e.g. German team 1. FC Köln, Israeli team Beitar Jerusalem and Bulgarian champions Levski Sofia) but despite his wish to continue his career in a different club he started, with three goals on three league appearances, the 2006–07 season with Litex Lovech who faced Koper from Slovenia and AC Omonia from Cyprus in the qualifying rounds of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup. However, Novaković's wish to leave the club was granted in late August 2006 when he joined German side 1. FC Köln for around €1.5 million. In his first season in Germany Novaković quickly established himself in the first team and eventually finished the season with ten goals in 25 2. Bundesliga appearances, finishing the season second on the club's top scorers list. During his second season with Köln he scored 20 goals in 33 league appearances and became the top goalscorer of the 2. Bundesliga, helping his side reach the elite Bundesliga. During the 2008–09 season, he was again Köln's top goalscorer with 16 Bundesliga goals to his name. On 12 September 2008, coach Christoph Daum made him captain of the first team squad, however in late November 2009, he lost his captaincy due to a dispute with Köln's new manager Zvonimir Soldo. The 2010–11 season was his best season in the Bundesliga as Köln finished 10th on the league table with Novaković scoring 17 goals, finishing the season on third place in the league's top scorer's list. Novaković was Köln's top scorer in three of the club's four Bundesliga seasons, during his spell at the club, scoring 44 goals in 108 appearances. After finishing the next season on 17th place Köln was relegated and during the summer of 2012 the club officials decided to cut costs of the first team before the start of the season in the second tier. Novaković was one of the players whose contract expenses were too high and on 1 August 2012, he joined J1 League side Omiya Ardija, on loan until December 2012. After the end of the loan, Novaković returned to Cologne and stayed fit with an individual training program. On 26 January 2013, the loan was eventually renewed through 31 December 2013. In 2014 Novaković signed a two-year deal with another J League side Shimizu S Pulse. After one year, he moved to Nagoya Grampus, but he was released after only one season. On 18 February 2016, he signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with Slovenian club Maribor. International career Novaković was a member of the Slovenia national team between 2006 and 2017, scoring 32 goals in 80 appearances. He scored his first international goals on 31 May 2006 against Trinidad and Tobago, when he scored all three goals for Slovenia in a 3–1 win. He initially retired from international football on 13 February 2012, saying he wanted to focus on club football. However, in January 2013 he said that he is ready to play for the national team once again. On 11 October 2013, he scored a hat-trick against Norway in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, which Slovenia won 3–0. He retired from the national team in June 2017 after the match against Malta, where he also scored Slovenia's second goal in a 2–0 win. Career statistics International Scores and results list Slovenia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Novaković goal. Honours Maribor Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2016–17 Slovenian Football Cup: 2015–16 Individual Bulgarian A PFG top scorer: 2005–06 2. Bundesliga top scorer: 2007–08 Slovenian Footballer of the Year: 2008 References External links Milivoje Novaković at NZS 1979 births Living people Footballers from Ljubljana Slovenian people of Serbian descent Men's association football forwards Slovenian men's footballers Slovenia men's international footballers 2010 FIFA World Cup players SAK Klagenfurt players SV Mattersburg players LASK players PFC Litex Lovech players 1. FC Köln players Omiya Ardija players Shimizu S-Pulse players Nagoya Grampus players NK Maribor players Austrian Regionalliga players Austrian Football Bundesliga players 2. Liga (Austria) players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players 2. Bundesliga players Bundesliga players J1 League players Slovenian PrvaLiga players Slovenian expatriate men's footballers Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria Expatriate men's footballers in Austria Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate men's footballers in Germany Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Japan Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
doc-11	A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government), predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting. The credit rating represents an evaluation from a credit rating agency of the qualitative and quantitative information for the prospective debtor, including information provided by the prospective debtor and other non-public information obtained by the credit rating agency's analysts. Credit reporting (or credit score) – is a subset of credit rating – it is a numeric evaluation of an individual's credit worthiness, which is done by a credit bureau or consumer credit reporting agency. Sovereign credit ratings A sovereign credit rating is the credit rating of a sovereign entity, such as a national government. The sovereign credit rating indicates the risk level of the investing environment of a country and is used by investors when looking to invest in particular jurisdictions, and also takes into account political risk. The "country risk rankings" table shows the ten least-risky countries for investment . Ratings are further broken down into components including political risk, economic risk. Euromoney's bi-annual country risk index monitors the political and economic stability of 185 sovereign countries, with Singapore emerging as the least risky country since 2017 – it is also one of the only few countries in the world as well as the only in Asia to achieve a AAA sovereign credit rankings from all major credit agencies. Results focus foremost on economics, specifically sovereign default risk or payment default risk for exporters (also known as a trade credit risk). A. M. Best defines "country risk" as the risk that country-specific factors could adversely affect an insurer's ability to meet its financial obligations. Short and long-term ratings A rating expresses the likelihood that the rated party will go into default within a given time horizon. In general, a time horizon of one year or under is considered short term, and anything above that is considered long term. In the past institutional investors preferred to consider long-term ratings. Nowadays, short-term ratings are commonly used. Corporate credit ratings Credit ratings can address a corporation's financial instruments i.e. debt security such as a bond, but also the corporations itself. Ratings are assigned by credit rating agencies, the largest of which are Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings. They use letter designations such as A, B, C. Higher grades are intended to represent a lower probability of default. Agencies do not attach a hard number of probability of default to each grade, preferring descriptive definitions such as: "the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong," or "less vulnerable to non-payment than other speculative issues…" (Standard and Poors' definition of an AAA-rated and a BB-rated bond respectively). However, some studies have estimated the average risk and reward of bonds by rating. One study by Moody's claimed that over a "5-year time horizon" bonds it gave its highest rating (Aaa) to had a "cumulative default rate" of 0.18%, the next highest (Aa2) 0.28%, the next (Baa2) 2.11%, 8.82% for the next (Ba2), and 31.24% for the lowest it studied (B2). (See "Default rate" in "Estimated spreads and default rates by rating grade" table to right.) Over a longer period, it stated "the order is by and large, but not exactly, preserved". Another study in Journal of Finance calculated the additional interest rate or "spread" corporate bonds pay over that of "riskless" US Treasury bonds, according to the bonds' rating. (See "Basis point spread" in table to right.) Looking at rated bonds for 1973–89, the authors found a AAA-rated bond paid 43 "basis points" (or 43/100 of a percentage point) over a US Treasury bond (so that it would yield 3.43% if the Treasury yielded 3.00%). A CCC-rated "junk" (or speculative) bond, on the other hand, paid over 7% (724 basis points) more than a Treasury bond on average over that period. Different rating agencies may use variations of an alphabetical combination of lowercase and uppercase letters, with either plus or minus signs or numbers added to further fine-tune the rating (see colored chart). The Standard & Poor's rating scale uses uppercase letters and pluses and minuses. The Moody's rating system uses numbers and lowercase letters as well as uppercase. While Moody's, S&P and Fitch Ratings control approximately 95% of the credit ratings business, they are not the only rating agencies. DBRS's long-term ratings scale is somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are the only four ratings agencies that are recognized by the European Central Bank (ECB) for determining collateral requirements for banks to borrow from the central bank. The ECB uses a first, best rule among the four agencies that have the designated ECAI status, which means that it takes the highest rating among the four agencies – S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS – to determine haircuts and collateral requirements for borrowing. Ratings in Europe have been under close scrutiny, particularly the highest ratings given to countries like Spain, Ireland and Italy, because they affect how much banks can borrow against sovereign debt they hold. A. M. Best rates from excellent to poor in the following manner: A++, A+, A, A−, B++, B+, B, B−, C++, C+, C, C−, D, E, F, and S. The CTRISKS rating system is as follows: CT3A, CT2A, CT1A, CT3B, CT2B, CT1B, CT3C, CT2C and CT1C. All these CTRISKS grades are mapped to one-year probability of default. Under the EU Credit Rating Agency Regulation (CRAR), the European Banking Authority has developed a series of mapping tables that map ratings to the "Credit Quality Steps" (CQS) as set out in regulatory capital rules and map the CQS to short run and long run benchmark default rates. These are provided in the table below: See also List of countries by government budget List of countries by credit rating List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio List of countries by public debt Individuals: Credit history Credit score References External links Singapore Credit Score Guide Credit Rating systems
doc-12	East Preston Football Club is a football club based in East Preston, near Littlehampton, West Sussex, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Lashmar. History The original East Preston Football Club was established in 1947, but folded within a decade. A new club was formed in 1966 and joined the Worthing & District League. They moved up to the West Sussex League in 1968, going on to win the league's Premier Division in 1977–78 and then three consecutive titles between 1980–81 and 1982–83. In 1983 the club were founder members of the new Division Three of the Sussex County League. Although they won the division at the first attempt, they were not promoted due to their ground failing to meet the requirements, and remained in Division Three until finishing as runners-up in 1990–91, after which they were promoted to Division Two. However, the club were immediately relegated back to Division Three after finishing bottom of Division Two in 1991–92. East Preston were promoted to Division Two again after finishing as Division Three runners-up in 1994–95; the season also saw them win the Division Three Cup and the Sussex Intermediate Cup. They spent three seasons in Division Two before winning it in 1997–98, earning promotion to Division One. Although the club was relegated back to Division Two after finishing bottom of Division One in 2001–02, they were promoted back to Division One at the end of the following season after a third-place finish. The club remained in Division One until the end of the 2008–09 season, when they were relegated to Division Two. However, after winning Division Two and the Division Two Cup in 2011–12, they returned to Division One. They won the Sussex RUR Cup the following season, beating Broadbridge Heath 1–0 in the final. The club went on to win the Division One title in 2013–14, but were denied promotion to the Isthmian League after failing a ground grading inspection; league runners-up East Grinstead Town were promoted in their place. In 2015 the Sussex County League was renamed the Southern Combination, with Division One becoming the Premier Division. After finishing second-from-bottom of the Premier Division in 2015–16, East Preston were relegated to Division One. The following season they finished third in Division One and were promoted back to the Premier Division. In 2021–22 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division, winning one league game all season, and were relegated to Division One. Ground The club play at The Lashmar on Roundstone Drive. Floodlights were installed in the early 2000s and a 50-seat stand built during the 2002–03 season. Honours Southern Combination Division One Champions 2013–14 Division Two champions 1997–98, 2011–12 Division Three champions 1983–84 Division Two Cup winners 2011–12 Division Three Cup winners 1987–88, 1994–95 West Sussex League Premier Division champions 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83 Malcolm Simmonds memorial Cup winners 1980–81, 1982–83 Sussex RUR Cup Winners 2012–13 Sussex Intermediate Cup Winners 1994–95 Brighton Charity Cup Winners 2009–10 Records Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 2004–05 Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 2013–14 See also East Preston F.C. players References External links Official website Football clubs in England Football clubs in West Sussex Association football clubs established in 1966 1966 establishments in England Arun District Worthing and District Football League West Sussex Football League Southern Combination Football League
doc-13	ANTEX-M (, Military Experimental Unmanned Aircraft) is a family of small- and medium-sized experimental unmanned aerial vehicles developed by the Portuguese Air Force in partnership with several universities and institutes. The development program is part of the PITVANT program and is funded by the Portuguese National Defense Ministry until 2015. The objective of the ANTEX-M is not to develop a fully operational UAV system to execute PoAF missions but to demonstrate aeronautical technology and support research and development projects of the Portuguese Air Force Academy and other academic and industrial partners. History The first program for the development of the ANTEX M was created by the Portuguese Air Force in 2002. This program had the objective of jointly researching and developing an experimental military UAV with the Portuguese Air Force Academy's Investigation Center () and several national and international institutes, universities, and industry partners (EDISOFT). The program's cost was estimated to be €2 million and was canceled before starting due to lack of funding. Another program, under the same name, was established in partnership with the Technical Institute (IST) of the University of Lisbon for the development of a remotely controlled vehicle for flight testing new aeronautical composites and materials. During this program the ANTEX-M models X00, X01 and X02 were developed and participated in the European projects Active Aeroelastic Aircraft Structures (3AS) and Aircraft Reliability Through Intelligent Materials Application (ARTIMA). From 2006 to 2008, the Air Force Academy and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP) collaborated in developing an autonomous flight control system for unmanned aircraft. In 2007, the Portuguese Air Force created the PITVANT (, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Investigation and Technology Project), and presented it as a proposal to the National Defense Ministry for the allocation of €2 million in funding to be distributed during the seven years in which the project would be active. The project focus on the design, construction and testing of small and medium UAV platforms, interoperability of unmanned systems, data fusion, navigation systems. Included is also the testing of the systems in military scenarios, such as: maritime patrol, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, sea pollution control, and reconnaissance. The development of the ANTEX-M as part of PITVANT involves the FEUP (AsasF Project), IST, Institute of Geodesy and Navigation at the University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, and the University of Victoria. Specifications (ANTEX-M X03) Operators Portuguese Air Force: At least 4 units received, all built by Portuguese Air Force Academy. See also References Notes Bibliography External links Antex-M, AsasF FEUP Alfa, ANTEX-M Alfa vehicle PITVANT, Portuguese Air Force Academy Twin-boom aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Unmanned experimental aircraft Unmanned military aircraft of Portugal
doc-14	Joseph Haydn's Piano Trio No. 44 in E major, Hob. XV/28, was published in 1797 but may have been written a few years earlier while Haydn was still in England on the second of his highly successful London visits. It is the second of a set of three piano trios dedicated to the eminent pianist Therese Jansen Bartolozzi, and (like the others in the set) is noted for its especially wide expressive range as well as its virtuosity. Structure The trio is in three movements. The first movement opens with an ascending theme presented, untypically, by the violin and cello in pizzicato; the effect is reminiscent of a harp. The piano answers with an ornamented legato version of the same theme, before all three instruments burst into a lively bridge section leading toward the dominant. The opening theme is reproduced in the development section in a rich, full-bodied version in A major. Set in the tonic minor, the second movement is in essence in the form of a passacaglia, being set to an ostinato bass, which is varied through the movement, though only subtly. Its creeping bass line is first introduced by all three instruments in unison, before the piano introduces a winding, ornamental melody over the top of it. Later, the melody and bass are used in invertible counterpoint. This movement has numerous features that link it with the second movement of J. S. Bach's Italian Concerto. The lively triple-time finale introduces a theme in short phrases, with a playfulness both in its rhythms and in its irregular length. The violin takes over in the minor-mode middle section, which includes an extraordinary modulation to E minor, while the return of the opening material is accompanied by changes in register, and the action is temporarily suspended by several diminished seventh chords before the music comes to a close. See also List of piano trios by Joseph Haydn Piano Trio No. 43, first of the Bartolozzi trios Piano Trio No. 45, third of the Bartolozzi trios References Citations Sources External links , played by Trio Wanderer 44 Compositions in E major 1797 compositions Music dedicated to ensembles or performers
doc-15	Christopher Charles Lovell (born 1 June 1967) is a former English cricketer. Lovell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born at St Austell, Cornwall. Lovell made his Minor Counties Championship debut for Cornwall in 1986 against Buckinghamshire. From 1986 to 1996, he represented the county in 55 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against Devon. Lovell also represented Cornwall in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. His debut in that competition came against Wiltshire in 1988. From 1988 to 1995, he represented the county in 10 Trophy matches, the last of which came against Dorset. Lovell also represented Cornwall in 3 List A matches. These came against Derbyshire in the 1986 NatWest Trophy, Middlesex in the 1995 NatWest Trophy and Warwickshire in the 1996 NatWest Trophy. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 8 runs at a batting average of 2.66, with a high score of 7. In the field he took a single catch. With the ball he took 4 wickets at a bowling average of 66.00, with best figures of 2/107. References External links Christopher Lovell at Cricinfo Christopher Lovell at CricketArchive 1967 births Living people Sportspeople from St Austell English cricketers Cornwall cricketers Cricketers from Cornwall
doc-16	Vura is a suburb in Honiara, Solomon Islands located East of the main center. References Populated places in Guadalcanal Province Suburbs of Honiara
doc-17	Robert Margerit (25 January 1910 in Brive-la-Gaillarde – 27 June 1988 in Isle, Haute-Vienne) was a French journalist and writer. Biography He completed high school in Limoges; he was a journalist in Limoges in 1931. From 1948, he was editor of the Le Populaire du Centre (People's Center), where he remained a columnist after 1952. His writer's library is preserved as the "Robert Margerit" cultural Centre. Works Novels Nue et Nu (1936) L'Île des perroquets 1942; Phébus, 1984 Mont-Dragon, 1944, Gallimard, 1952 Phénix, La Table ronde, 1946 Le Vin des vendangeurs, Gallimard, 1946 Par un été torride, Gallimard, 1950 Le Dieu nu, Phébus, 1951, Prix Renaudot La Femme forte, Gallimard, 1953 Le Château des Bois-Noirs (1954) La Malaquaise, Gallimard, 1956 Les Amants (1957) La Terre aux loups, Gallimard, 1958 La Révolution, 3 volumes: L'Amour et le Temps, Les Autels de la Peur, Un Vent d’acier, Gallimard, 1963, Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française La Révolution, 4th volume: Les Hommes perdus, Gallimard, 1968; Phébus, 1989, *El Tesoro de Morgan, Translator Manuel Pereira, Edhasa, 1997, El reinado del terror, Planeta DeAgostini, 2008, ¡A las armas ciudadanos!, Planeta DeAgostini, 2008, Others Ambigu, nouvelles, Gallimard, 1956 Singulier, pluriel, journal intime, publié en 2008, l'Association des amis de de Robert Margerit, Plaisir de lire Screenplays Mont-Dragon by Jean Valère, with Jacques Brel, 1970 Les Bois noirs by Jacques Deray, with Béatrice Dalle, 1989 References External links Association Des Amis de Robert Margerit "Robert Margerit", French wikipedia 1910 births 1988 deaths Prix Renaudot winners People from Brive-la-Gaillarde 20th-century French novelists French male novelists 20th-century French male writers French male non-fiction writers 20th-century French journalists Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française winners
doc-18	José Gregorio Peña Trejo (born 12 January 1987) is a Venezuelan track and field athlete who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase. His personal best for the event is 8:20.87 minutes Biography Born in San Cristóbal, Táchira, he first established himself on the continental youth scene. His first international outing came at the 2002 South American Youth Championships in Athletics, where he came fourth in the boy's 2000 metres steeplechase race. At the 2004 edition of the competition, he won the steeplechase gold medal and also came fourth in the 1500 metres and fifth in the 3000 metres flat events. Moving up to the junior under-20 ranks, he ran at the 2005 South American Junior Championships in Athletics. There he won the 3000 m steeplechase silver medal behind Peru's Mario Bazán and he also placed eighth in the 1500 m final. He represented Venezuelan on the global stage at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but did not progress beyond the steeplechase heats. In November 2006, he was the runner-up at the 2006 South American Games (again to Bazán) and ran a national junior record time of 8:50.88 minutes. In Peña's first season as a senior athlete, he won the bronze medal in the steeplechase at the 2007 South American Championships in Athletics. He was also the runner-up at the 2007 ALBA Games event. He focused on longer distances in 2008, coming seventh in the South American Cross Country Championships and winning the national title over 5000 metres. At the 2008 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics he came fifth in his specialist steeplechase event. His focus returned to steeplechasing in the 2009 season. He came second at the 2009 ALBA Games, fifth at the World Military Track and Field Championships, then ran a personal best of 8:36.17 minutes at the 2009 South American Championships in Athletics in Lima – finishing just one second behind the host nation's Mario Bazán who broke the championship record. Two weeks later, he competed at the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and won the silver medal. He won the 2010 Venezuelan steeplechase title, but missed the rest of the track season that year. At the 2011 South American Championships in Athletics, Peña missed out on a steeplechase medal for the first time, coming in fifth place. A month later, he ran a personal best of 8:34.90 minutes at the 2011 Military World Games and was eighth in the event final. At the end of July he won the title at the 2011 ALBA Games. The 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara saw him achieve his best finish to date, taking the Pan American gold medal ahead of Brazil's Hudson de Souza with a tactical sprint finish. This achievement followed in the footsteps of his compatriot Néstor Nieves, who won the same event in 2003. Peña served as the flag bearer for Venezuela at the opening ceremony of the 2014 South American Games. Personal bests 1500 m: 3:44.06 min – Eagle Rock, 4 May 2013 3000 m: 7:54.42 min – Linz, 26 August 2013 5000 m: 13:47.25 min – Stanford, 29 March 2013 3000 m steeplechase: 8:20.87 min NR – Berlin, 1 September 2013 International competitions References External links Living people 1987 births Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games Sportspeople from San Cristóbal, Táchira Venezuelan male steeplechase runners Venezuelan male middle-distance runners Venezuelan male long-distance runners Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Venezuela Pan American Games gold medalists for Venezuela Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field) World Athletics Championships athletes for Venezuela Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 South American Games South American Games gold medalists for Venezuela South American Games silver medalists for Venezuela South American Games medalists in athletics Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Venezuela Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games 21st-century Venezuelan people
doc-19	Weiden is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 235. It is located in northeastern Bavaria, comprising the city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Tirschenreuth. Weiden was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2005, it has been represented by Albert Rupprecht of the Christian Social Union (CSU). Geography Weiden is located in northeastern Bavaria. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Neustadt an der Waldnaab and Tirschenreuth. History Weiden was created in 1949, then known as Tirschenreuth. It acquired its current name in the 1976 election. In the 1949 election, it was Bavaria constituency 23 in the numbering system. In the 1953 through 1961 elections, it was number 218. In the 1965 through 1998 elections, it was number 221. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 236. Since the 2009 election, it has been number 235. Originally, the constituency comprised the independent city of Weiden in der Oberpfalz and the districts of Tirschenreuth, Neustadt an der Waldnaab, and Kemnath. In the 1965 through 1972 elections, also contained the district of Eschenbach. It acquired its current borders in the 1976 election. Members The constituency has been held continuously by the Christian Social Union (CSU) since its creation. It was first represented by Hans Bodensteiner from 1949 to 1953. He was elected for the CSU, but defected to co-found the All-German People's Party (GVP) in November 1952. followed by Hugo Geiger from 1953 to 1961. Franz Weigl served from 1961 to 1972. Max Kunz was then representative from 1972 to 1990. Simon Wittmann served two terms from 1990 to 1998, followed by Georg Girisch from 1998 to 2005. Albert Rupprecht was elected in 2005, and re-elected in 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2021. Election results 2021 election 2017 election 2013 election 2009 election Notes References Federal electoral districts in Bavaria 1949 establishments in West Germany Constituencies established in 1949 Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district) Tirschenreuth (district)
doc-20	Bal Dattatreya Tilak (26 September 1918 – 25 May 1999) was an Indian chemical engineer and a director of the National Chemical Laboratory. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian honour of the Government of India, in 1972. References 1918 births 1999 deaths Marathi people Institute of Chemical Technology alumni Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering 20th-century Indian chemists People from Wardha district Scientists from Maharashtra Indian chemical engineers
doc-21	Three warships of the Polish Navy have borne the name ORP Gryf, named after the Polish word for griffon: , a large minelayer launched in 1936 and notable for her role during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. She was sunk in Hel harbour by German planes on 3 September 1939. , a school and hospital ship of the Polish Navy, launched in 1944 as the German ship Irene Oldendorff and acquired in 1950 by the Polish Navy. Rebuilt as a school and hospital ship, she was initially named ORP Zetempowiec, being renamed Gryf in 1957. She was decommissioned in 1976 but continued in use as a heating barge and accommodation ship. , a school and hospital ship of the Polish Navy. She was launched in 1976 as a replacement for the earlier Gryf and is currently in service. Polish Navy ship names
doc-22	Achille Messac is the Dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Sciences at Howard University. He has previously served as Professor of Aerospace Engineering Mississippi State University. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2019. Early life and education Messac grew up in Haiti. He lived in Port-au-Prince until he was fifteen years old. He was a member of the Hughes Aircraft Company High Achiever Student program, where he worked on the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar system. He earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He completed his doctoral studies in the Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering in 1986. After earning his PhD Messac joined the Draper Laboratory where he worked on multibody dynamics and structural optimisation. He was a pioneer in control structure integrated design and computational visualisation. He joined the faculty at Northeastern University in 1994. Research and career Messac joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2000. In 2008 Messac was made Head of the Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department at Rensselaer. He moved to Syracuse University in 2010, where he was made Distinguished Professor and Chair of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Alongside transforming diversity within the department, Messac helped to raise Syracuse twelve positions in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. In 2010 Messac returned to Haiti after the 2010 Haiti earthquake where he met Nannette Canniff, founder of the St Boniface Haiti Foundation (SBHF). In 2013 he joined Mississippi State University, where he held the Earnest W. and Mary Ann Deavenport, Jr., Chair and Dean of Engineering. He was the first African-American person to be made a Dean at Mississippi State in the university's history. In 2015 Messac was made Director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where he led nine technical committees. Messac moved to Howard University Dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Sciences at Howard University in 2016. During his time as Dean he led the re-accreditation of the architecture program and improving the national ranking of Howard University programs. In the three years since he was elected Dean, Howard University has risen 66 positions in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Rankings. He partnered with Carnegie Mellon University to create a dual-degree program for postgraduate students. Awards and honours His awards and honours include; 2008 Elected Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2010 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Award 2019 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected publications His publications include; References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) African-American engineers Howard University faculty Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Mississippi State University faculty 21st-century African-American people
doc-23	The Keowee River is created by the confluence of the Toxaway River and the Whitewater River in northern Oconee County, South Carolina. The confluence is today submerged beneath the waters of Lake Jocassee, a reservoir created by Lake Jocassee Dam. The Keowee River flows out of Lake Jocassee Dam and into Lake Keowee, a reservoir created by Keowee Dam and Little River Dam. The Keowee River flows out of Keowee Dam to join Twelvemile Creek near Clemson, South Carolina, forming the beginning of the Seneca River, a tributary of the Savannah River. The Keowee River is long. The boundary between the Seneca River and the Keowee River has changed over time. In the Revolutionary War period and early eighteenth century, the upper part of the Seneca River was often called the Keowee River, as it was part of the Cherokee homeland. They also had a town named Keowee. In current times, the section of the Keowee River between the Keowee Dam and its confluence with Twelvemile Creek is called the Seneca River on many maps, including the official county highway map. Since this area is flooded by Lake Hartwell, formed by damming the Seneca and Tugaloo rivers, it is natural to refer to this section as the Seneca instead of its proper name. By the early eighteenth century the Cherokee occupied several towns along the upper Keowee River, which were referred to as the Lower Towns. These had long been occupied by indigenous peoples, and each of the larger towns had an earthwork platform mounds built by ancestral people of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture era. The Cherokee typically constructed townhouses, which were their form of public architecture, on top of such mounds if available. Keowee was the principal town of the Lower Towns. Other Cherokee towns on the Keowee River included Etastoe (also spelled Estatoe), and Sugartown (Kulsetsiyi). External links References Rivers of South Carolina Rivers of Oconee County, South Carolina Rivers of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907) Tributaries of the Savannah River South Carolina placenames of Native American origin
doc-24	Isa TKM (Isa Te Quiero Mucho) is a telenovela-like program for teens from Nickelodeon Latin America in co-production with Sony Pictures Television, which premiered in 2008. It was made in Venezuela and was the second of three Latin American Nickelodeon programs at the time of its release (the first being Skimo from Mexico and the third La maga y el camino dorado from Argentina). The show was highly popular across Latin American countries, being compared to previous teen phenomenons like High School Musical. Plot The show revolves around Isabella "Isa" Pasquali, a 15-year-old girl. Her dream is to conquer the heart of Alejandro "Alex" Ruiz, but this proves to be a challenge, since her rival Cristina Ricalde has caught Alex's eye first. Isa's best friend is Linda Luna, who has the same dilemma that Isa has: she's in love with a boy named Reinaldo "Rey" Galán, who also has a crush on Cristina. Alex and Rey are rivals, competing against each other in a band contest. Rebeca Ricalde, Cristina's sister, is the rival of Marina Pasquali, Isa's sister. Marina is engaged to Cristóbal Silva, whom both Rebeca and Marina have fallen in love with. Rebecca has some advantage, since Cristóbal's mother, Lucrecia Portocarreros, supports her in everything she can. Cristóbal's brother Micky is Alex's best friend and plays the bass in Alex's band. His girlfriend Vanessa is a friend of Cristina. Alex's mother, Estela, is in love with her boss Julio Silva, but he is still in love with Jennifer Contreras, with whom he had a daughter when they were both teenagers. Isa's parents, Antonio and Carmina Pasqualli, are owners of a pizza shop that is located outside the building where many of the characters live. Eventually, Isa becomes Alex's girlfriend. She discovers that she is adopted and that her biological parents are Julio and Jennifer. Initially, Isa does not accept her biological parents, but eventually ends up loving them. At the end of the series, Cristina becomes friendly with everyone and tries to reconcile with them. Linda and Rey become a couple, and Marina begins a romance with one of Isa's producers, Raul Clavati. Isa and Alex have their first kiss in the last episode. Episodes See also Isa TK+ Skimo Sueña conmigo References External links Official site (in spanish) Official MySpace profile (in spanish) Isa TKM on MTV Tr3s (in spanglish) Venezuelan telenovelas 2008 telenovelas 2008 Venezuelan television series debuts 2010 Venezuelan television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas Musical telenovelas Children's telenovelas Spanish-language Nickelodeon original programming Television series by Teleset Television series about teenagers Nickelodeon telenovelas Sony Pictures Television telenovelas
doc-25	National Route 261 is a national highway of Japan connecting Naka-ku, Hiroshima and Gōtsu, Shimane in Japan, with a total length of 102.2 km (63.5 mi). References National highways in Japan Roads in Hiroshima Prefecture Roads in Shimane Prefecture
doc-26	Sir Joshua Girling Fitch (13 February 1824 – 14 July 1903) was an English educationist. Life Fitch was the second son of Thomas Fitch, of a Colchester family. He was born in Southwark, London. The eldest son, Thomas Hodges (1822–1907), became a Roman Catholic and eventually was attached to the Marist Church, Notre Dame de France, in Leicester Square, London. The third son, William John (1826–1902), was headmaster of the Boys' British School, Hitchin, from 1854 till 1899. From a private school Joshua passed to the Borough Road school, Southwark, where he became a pupil teacher in 1838 and a full assistant in 1842. About two years later he was appointed head-master of the Kingsland Road school, Dalston. Studying hard in his spare hours, he in 1850 graduated B.A. in the University of London, and in 1852 proceeded M.A. (in classics). In 1852, after trial work there in the previous year, he joined the staff of the Borough Road Training College, soon after became vice-principal, and in 1856 succeeded to the principalship on the retirement of Dr. James Cornwell. He proved himself a brilliant teacher, especially stimulating his pupils by his lectures on 'Method' and by his enthusiasm for literature. Through life, he laid stress on the importance to the teacher of literary training. After contributing to some of Cornwell's educational treatises, he entered in 1861 into the political arena with Public Education : Why is a New Code needed ? In 1862, he helped in the organisation of the education section of the International Exhibition, and in 1803 Lord Granville, lord president of the council, who on a visit to Borough Road was impressed by Fitch's power as a teacher, made him an inspector of schools. The district assigned to Fitch was the county of York, with the exception of certain portions of the north and the west. His three reports on the Yorkshire district admirably describe its educational condition then. From 1865 to 1867, as assistant commissioner for the schools inquiry commission, he inspected the endowed and proprietary schools in the West Riding of Yorkshire and in the city and ainsty of York, as well as other endowed schools in the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire and in Durham, and his reports were most thorough and suggestive. In 1869, he acted as special commissioner on elementary education in the groat towns (Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Leeds), and from 1870 to 1877 was an assistant commissioner of endowed schools. From 1877 to 1883, Fitch performed ordinary official duties as inspector of East Lambeth. In 1883, he became chief inspector of schools for the eastern division, including all the eastern counties from Lincoln to Essex. From 1885 to 1889, he was inspector of elementary training colleges for women in England and Wales. He was continued in this post till 1894, five years beyond the normal age of retirement from government service. Occasionally detached for special duties in the later period of his public service, he prepared in 1888, after a visit to America, a report on American education under the title Notes on American Schools and Training Colleges ; in 1891 a memorandum on the Free School System in the United States, Canada, France, and Belgium ; and in 1893 Instructions to H.M. Inspectors, with Appendices on Thrift and Training of Pupil Teachers. Fitch's educational activities passed far beyond his official work. His association with the University of London was always close. From 1860 to 1865 and from 1869 to 1874, he was examiner in English language and history. In 1875, he was appointed to the senate, and on his retirement in 1900 was made a life fellow. Much of his energy was always devoted to the improvement of the education of women. He was an original member of the North of England Council for the Higher Education of Women (founded in 1866) and one of those who helped to found in 1867 the College for Women at Hitchin, which in 1874 became Girton College, Cambridge. He took an active part in the establishment of the Girls' Public Day School Company in 1874, and was foremost among those who secured, in 1878, the new charter for the University of London which placed women students on equal terms with men. In 1890, he with Anthony John Mundella and Anna Swanwick selected the women's colleges and schools among which was distributed the sum of £60,000 left by Mrs. Emily Pfeiffer for the promotion of women's education. He was consulted by Thomas Holloway about the constitution of Holloway College, Egham, and by the founders of the Maria Grey Training College and the Cambridge Training College for the training of women teachers for secondary schools. In both 1877 and 1878, Fitch lectured with great success on practical teaching at the College of Preceptors, where he was examiner in the theory and practice of education (1879–81) and moderator in the same subjects (1881–1903). In 1879–80 he lectured at Cambridge for the newly appointed teachers' training syndicates and he published his course in 1881 as Lectures on Teaching (new edit. 1882). The book estabhshed Fitch's position in England and America as an expert on school management, organisation, and method. In 1897, he published Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their Influence on English Education in the Great Educators series, and in 1900 he collected his chief lectures and addresses in Educational Aims and Methods. Written with unusual charm of style, these volumes emphasised Fitch's position as that of a pioneer, especially on the practical side of education, as an earnest advocate for the better training of the elementary teacher, and for the more systematic training of secondary teachers. The National Home Reading Union established by Dr. John Brown Paton and Dr. Hill, Master of Downing College, owed much to Fitch's account of The Chautauqua Reading Circles, which he contributed to the Nineteenth Century after his return from America in 1888. After his retirement from the board of education in 1894, he was still active in public work. In 1895, he was a member of departmental committees of the board of education on industrial and naval and dockyard schools. In 1898-9, he was chairman of the council of the Charity Organisation Society. In 1902, he helped in the organisation of a nature study exhibition in London. Fitch, who was made hon. LL.D. of St. Andrews in 1888, and a chevalier of the legion of honour in 1889 by the French government in recognition of the services he rendered in England to French travelling scholars, was knighted in the 1896 Birthday Honours. He died at his residence, 13 Leinster Square, Bayswater, London, on 14 July 1903, and was buried at Kensal Green. Family In 1856, Fitch married Emma, daughter of Joseph Barber Wilks, of the East India Company. She survived him without issue, and in 1904 received a civil list pension of £100 ; she died on 1 April 1909. Works Public Education: Why is a New Code needed? (1861) The art of questioning (1879) Lectures on Teaching (1906) Footnotes References 1824 births 1903 deaths People from Southwark Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery Alumni of University College London Alumni of the University of London Knights Bachelor Heads of schools in London
doc-27	José Nelson Onuchic (born Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian and American physicist, the Harry C & Olga K Wiess Professor of Physics at Rice University. He does research in molecular biophysics, condensed matter chemistry, and genetic networks, and is known for the folding funnel hypothesis stating that the native state of a protein is a deep minimum of free energy for the protein's natural conditions among its possible configurations. He was the college master for Lovett College at Rice University from 2014 to 2019. Education Onuchic studied at the University of São Paulo, where he earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering (1980) and in physics in 1981. He subsequently earned his Master of Science degree in applied physics in 1982. He studied at the California Institute of Technology under John Hopfield, earning his doctorate in 1987. Academic career After postdoctoral studies at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and a brief faculty position returning to the University of São Paulo, he moved to the University of California, San Diego in 1990. He joined Rice University as the Harry C & Olga K Wiess Professor of Physics and Astronomy in 2011. Awards and honors Onuchic received a Beckman Young Investigators Award in 1992. He became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1995 and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. In 2012, he was named a Fellow of the Biophysical Society for "developing the widely recognized and highly regarded theory of energy landscapes and funnels that directs protein folding." He became a member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences in 2006, of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in 2009, and of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 2020. References 1958 births Living people 21st-century American physicists Brazilian physicists University of São Paulo alumni California Institute of Technology alumni Academic staff of the University of São Paulo University of California, San Diego faculty Rice University faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the American Physical Society Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Pontifical Academy of Sciences
doc-28	Bacchisa mindanaonis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1959. It is known from the Philippines. References M Beetles described in 1959
doc-29	The Connacht GAA Football Under-20 Championship, known simply as the Connacht Under-20 Championship, is an annual inter-county Gaelic football competition organised by the Connacht Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is the highest inter-county football competition for male players between the ages of 17 and 20 in the province of Connacht. The championship was contested as the Connacht Under-21 Championship between 1964 and 2016 before changing to an under-20 age category from 2018. It is sponsored by EirGrid. The final, currently held in March, serves as the culmination of a series of games played during a three-week period, and the results determine which team receives the J. J. Fahy Cup. The championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship. The Connacht Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Football Under-20 All-Ireland Championship. The winners of the Connacht final, like their counterparts in the other three provinces, advance to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games. Five teams currently participate in the Connacht Championship. Galway are the most successful Connacht county with 6 All Ireland titles at the grade. Mayo have 25 titles Connacht, followed by Galway with 21 titles. The title has been won at least once by all five teams, with four of them winning the title more than once. Sligo are the 2 time title holders, defeating Galway by 0-14 to 0-13 in the 2023 final. Current format Overview The Connacht Championship is a single elimination tournament. Each team is afforded only one defeat before being eliminated from the championship. Pairings for matches are drawn at random and there is currently no seeding. Each match is played as a single leg. If a match is drawn there is a period of extra time, however, if both sides are still level at the end of extra time a replay takes place and so on until a winner is found. Progression Qualification for subsequent competitions The Connacht Championship winners gain automatic entry to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland Championship. Managers Managers in the Connacht Championship are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and sourcing of players from the club championships. Their influence varies from county-to-county and is related to the individual county boards. The manager is assisted by a team of two or three selectors and an extensive backroom team consisting of various coaches. The under-20 team manager also works closely with the senior team manager due to an overlap of players on both teams. Prior to the development of the concept of a manager in the 1970s, teams were usually managed by a team of selectors with one member acting as chairman. Roll of honour List of finals Records and statistics Final Team Most titles: 25: Mayo (1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018) Most consecutive title wins: 4: Mayo (1973, 1974, 1975, 1976) Mayo (1983, 1984, 1985, 1986) Mayo (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) Most appearances in a final: 35: Galway (1964, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020) Most appearances in a final without winning: 9: Sligo (1979, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2017) Teams By decade The most successful team of each decade, judged by number of Connacht Championship titles, is as follows: 1960s: 2 each for Galway (1964-65), Roscommon (1966-69) and Mayo (1967-68) 1970s: 6 for Mayo (1970-71-73-74-75-76) 1980s: 5 for Mayo (1980-83-84-85-86) 1990s: 5 for Galway (1990-92-93-96-98) 2000s: 7 for Mayo (2001-03-04-06-07-08-09) 2010s: 4 each for Roscommon (2010-12-14-15) and Galway (2011-13-17-19) Gaps Top three longest gaps between successive championship titles: 17 years: Roscommon (1982-1999) 14 years: Leitrim (1977-1991) 11 years: Roscommon (1999-2010) References Sources History of Connacht GAA (2002) Roll of Honour on gaainfo.com 3 Connacht
doc-30	Daqing Radio and Television Tower () is a free standing telecommunications tower built in 1989 in Daqing, China. The tower is 260 m (853 ft) tall. See also Lattice tower List of towers References Towers completed in 1989 Buildings and structures in Daqing Towers in China Lattice towers
doc-31	This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Balmerino in Fife, Scotland. List \|} Key See also List of listed buildings in Fife Notes References All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence Balmerino
doc-32	Josephine Crawford Melville (12 April 1961 – 20 October 2022) was a British actress, director and writer who was best known for starring in the television soap opera EastEnders. Life and career Melville was born in West Ham, Essex on 12 April 1961. After first appearing on television in 1983 in Luna, Essex-born Melville portrayed Tessa Parker in eight episodes of EastEnders in 1986, and Ellie Wright in one episode in 2005. She also had roles on television in The Bill, Prime Suspect, Casualty and Pie in the Sky, among others, and in early 2022 she appeared in the music video for Ella Henderson's "Brave". In feature films, she had roles in Empire State in 1987 and in the forthcoming Slammer. In 2021 she produced and directed Assistance, a short thriller. In 2021, Melville held workshops across Essex as part of the Know Your Roots project on preserving the stories of black women's hair. In Southend-on-Sea, where she lived, she founded the South Essex African Caribbean Association and organised the East Beach Festival. On 20 October 2022, Melville collapsed backstage after performing in a production of Natasha Gordon's play Nine Night at the Nottingham Playhouse. She was treated by paramedics but died at the scene. Filmography Film Television External links Melville; Josephine; Jo at Black Plays Archive References 1961 births 2022 deaths 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Essex Black British actresses English film actresses English soap opera actresses English stage actresses English television actresses Actors from West Ham
doc-33	Jean Broc (1771–1850) was a French neoclassical painter. His most famous work, The Death of Hyacinthos, was completed and exhibited at the Salon in 1801. Hyacinthus was a young male beauty and lover of the god Apollo. One day, while playing with a discus, Hyachinthus was struck with the object and consequently died. The painting depicts Apollo's mourning for his dead lover. Some myths link a jealous Zephyr to the incident, blaming his jealousy of Hyacinthus for a gust of wind resulting in the youth's death. Broc studied under Jacques-Louis David and is well known for the cultivation of the intellectual group known as Les Primitifs (a.k.a. Barbus or "The Bearded Ones"). References External links 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters 1771 births 1850 deaths Pupils of Jacques-Louis David 18th-century French male artists
doc-34	A creditor is a party that has a claim on the services of a second party. Creditors may also refer to: Creditors (play), Swedish play Creditors (1988 film), film based on the play Creditors (2015 film), film based on the play Menachem Creditor, an American rabbi
doc-35	Montenegro participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song "Igranka" written by Đorđe Miljenović, Dejan Dedović and Mario Đorđević. The song was performed by the duo Who See, which were internally selected by the Montenegrin broadcaster Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) to represent the nation at the 2013 contest in Malmö, Sweden. Who See was announced as the Montenegrin representative on 20 December 2012, while their song, "Igranka", was presented to the public in a television special titled Who See Igranka on 14 March 2013. Montenegro was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 14 May 2013. Performing during the show in position 9, "Igranka" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Montenegro placed twelfth out of the 16 participating countries in the semi-final with 41 points. Background Prior to the 2013 contest, Montenegro had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as an independent nation four times since its first entry in its own right in . To this point, Montenegro has yet to feature in a final. The nation briefly withdrew from the competition between 2010 and 2011 citing financial difficulties as the reason for their absence. In 2012, the nation returned to the competition but again failed to qualify with the song "Euro Neuro" performed by Rambo Amadeus. The Montenegrin national broadcaster, Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG), broadcasts the event within Montenegro and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. RTCG confirmed that Montenegro would participate at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 on 14 December 2012. Montenegro has used various methods to select the Montenegrin entry in the past, such as internal selections and televised national finals to choose the performer, song or both to compete at Eurovision. Since 2009, the broadcaster has opted to internally select both the artist and song that would represent Montenegro, a procedure that continued for the selection of the 2013 entry. Before Eurovision Internal selection On 20 December 2012, RTCG announced that the duo Who See would represent Montenegro in Malmö. On 1 February 2012, it was announced that Nina Žižić would join the duo as an additional vocalist. Žižić previously attempted to represent Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 where she placed seventeenth in the Montenegrin semi-final of the national final with the song "Potraži me". The Montenegrin song, "Igranka", was presented during a television special titled Who See Igranka on 14 March 2013, which was held in Podgorica and hosted by Sabrija Vulić. The show was televised on TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT as well as broadcast online via the broadcaster's website rtcg.me and the official Eurovision Song Contest website eurovision.tv. "Igranka" was written by Đorđe Miljenović (Wikluh Sky) and Who See's members Dejan Dedović and Mario Đorđević, while production and mixing was carried out by Wikluh Sky. The Montenegrin representatives recorded the music video for the song in February 2013, which was filmed at an abandoned factory in Podgorica and directed by Zoran Marković Zonjo. At Eurovision According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 17 January 2013, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Montenegro was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 14 May 2013, and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2013 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Montenegro was set to perform in position 9, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from Lithuania. The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Montenegro on TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT with commentary by Dražen Bauković and Tamara Ivanković. The three shows were also broadcast via radio on Radio Crne Gore and Radio 98 with commentary by Sonja Savović and Sanja Pejović. The Montenegrin spokesperson, who announced the Montenegrin votes during the final, was Ivana Sebek. Semi-final Who See took part in technical rehearsals on 7 and 10 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 13 and 14 May. This included the jury show on 13 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries. The Montenegrin performance featured the members of Who See on stage dressed as astronauts with Nina Žižić, who was lifted to the stage a second before the chorus, in an outfit with cyborg elements created by designer Ana Zarubica. In regards to Who See's astronaut costumes, stage director for the performance Zoran Marković Zonjo stated: "We all dream about being astronauts when we are kids. In this case we wanted to have a party in the space." The performance also featured the use of smoke effects with the LED screens displaying green and yellow lights and laser beams. At the end of the show, Montenegro was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Montenegro placed twelfth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 41 points. Voting Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation. The jury consisted of five music industry professionals who were citizens of the country they represent. This jury was asked to judge each contestant based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Montenegro had placed fourth with the public televote and fourteenth with the jury vote in the first semi-final. In the public vote, Montenegro received an average rank of 7.33, while with the jury vote, Montenegro received an average rank of 10.16. Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Montenegro and awarded by Montenegro in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Ukraine in the semi-final and to Azerbaijan in the final of the contest. Points awarded to Montenegro Points awarded by Montenegro References 2013 Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Eurovision
doc-36	Anthony Lawrance Treadwell (27 February 1922 – 15 September 2003) was an early member of the Wellington Architectural Centre and an accomplished modernist architect, architectural educator and painter. His architectural work has been published in numerous articles in New Zealand Home and Building, the Arts Year Book, the Journal of the N.Z.I.A. and the Wellington Architectural Centre's Design Review. Early career Treadwell was born in 1922. His architectural career began as a draughtsman in the Air Force before working in the Architectural Division of the Ministry of Works, and private practice. His designwork included factories, office buildings, flats, houses and churches, with examples of his domestic architecture including the Etherton House in Miramar, the Atkins House in Upper Hutt and the Blumhardt House of 1957. In 1953 he described the Aitkens house in terms which find resonance with contemporary ambitions for domestic living: "While the family is just a young married couple the requirements remain simple. There is no need for elaborate living — no ritual of meals solemnly served or activities placed into compartments. There can be a free and easy way of life with both members of the family taking part. The easiness of the holiday bach in a permanent house was looked for, but with the finish and sophistication of a town dwelling." In the late 1950s he became a partner in Treadwell and Wild. The 1958 Hazelcourt Flats in Claremont Grove is an example of their work from this period. Another of Treadwell's successful collaborations was the Willeston Galleries in Manners St with H. H. Geddes. He chaired a SANZ committee on drawing office standards and was actively involved revising the syllabus for architecture drafting courses for the Technicians Certification Authority of New Zealand. More recently he and his daughter Sarah recreated his mural in the Takapuna "Experimental House" by Group Construction for the 1950s show at Auckland City Art Gallery in 1992. Teaching In addition to his successful architectural practice he taught at the architecture schools at the Auckland University College (as an assistant studio instructor), the Wellington Polytech, and Victoria University of Wellington (as a Senior Lecturer 1978–87), and he was actively involved in the Architectural Centre' summer schools. In an article discussing the redesign of Te Aro project, Treadwell described the Architectural Centre as: "a body of men and women, chiefly architects and students of architecture, but also comprising many interested people, artists, writers, men of science, town-planners and others who are interested in architecture.” Personal life Treadwell's daughter is architect, academic and artist Sarah Treadwell. References "Hazelcourt Flats, Wellington" [Claremont Grove] [Treadwell and Wild] The Journal of the New Zealand Institute of Architects (October 1960) v. 27, n. 9, pp. 239–244. "Living on a Cliff" Home and Building (1 August 1957) v. 20, n. 3, pp. 30?-33. Mitchell, David and Gillian Chaplin The Elegant Shed (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1984) pp. 63–64. "No Gold-fish-bowl feeling" Home and Building (1 February 1956) v. 18, n. 8, p. 28. Petry, Bruce "Auckland's 1950s show: architecture and design" Art New Zealand (Aut 1993) n. 66, pp. 50–52, 99. "Three Shops at Upper Hutt: Specialised Display for Seedsmen" Home and Building (Jan 1958) v. 20, n. 8, p. 71. Treadwell A. L. "A House in Upper Hutt" Design Review (Mar/Apr 1953) v. 5, n. 1, pp. 15–18. Treadwell, Anthony L. "Could Be: Centre Prepares for a Wellington" Home and Building (Oct-Nov 1948) v. 11, n. 2. 1922 births 2003 deaths New Zealand architects Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
doc-37	Sir John Charnley, (29 August 1911 – 5 August 1982) was an English orthopaedic surgeon. He pioneered the hip replacement operation, which is now one of the most common operations both in the UK and elsewhere in the world, and created the "Wrightington centre for hip surgery". He also demonstrated the fundamental importance of bony compression in operations to arthrodese (fuse) joints, in particular the knee, ankle and shoulder. Charnley also influenced generations of orthopaedic surgeons through his textbook on conservative fracture treatment which was first published in 1950. Early life John Charnley was born in Bury, in Lancashire, on 29 August 1911. His father, Arthur Walker Charnley, was a chemist and had a chemist's shop at 25 Princess Street; his mother, Lily, had trained as a nurse at Crumpsall Hospital. He also had a younger sister, Mary Clare. John went to the Bury Grammar Junior School in 1919, moving on to the Senior school in 1922. He had a scientific aptitude and was encouraged to study chemistry and physics. In the autumn of 1929 he gained admission to the Medical School of the Victoria University of Manchester, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery and Bachelor of Science (Anatomy and Physiology) in 1935. First surgery and war service From 15 August 1935, Charnley was appointed a House Surgeon at the Central Branch of Manchester Royal Infirmary in Roby Street, and after three months he went to the main Infirmary where he completed his year as House Surgeon. As his friend David Lloyd Griffiths remembers, Charnley considered the possibility of becoming involved with cancer research, but most of his professors thought it was a waste of time and dissuaded him. He planned to achieve the status of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons as soon as possible and, after having attended the fellowship course at Guy's Hospital in London, he passed the final examination on 10 December 1936. He obtained the post of Resident Surgical Officer at Salford Royal Hospital on 1 January 1937, and after 21 months he unsuccessfully applied for the similar post at Manchester Royal Infirmary. He then realised the career opportunities presented by research work and was appointed as a demonstrator in physiology at King's College London in October 1938. The opportunity to return to Manchester came when he was appointed a Resident Casualty Officer (RCO) in April 1939. This work put him in contact with many orthopaedic specialists, since he was responsible for cases presenting at the daily morning fracture clinics. During the afternoons and nights, he acted as the Resident Surgical Officer, operating on general emergencies. By the end of 1939, Charnley's projects had been stymied by the outbreak of World War II. He joined the troops as a volunteer in the Royal Army Medical Corps on 1 May 1940 and, after a training period, he was posted to Dover as a Regimental Medical Officer. He participated in the British evacuation of Dunkirk and, subsequently, he was sent to 31st General Hospital at Hellingly, East Sussex. He then moved to Davyhulme Park Hospital and later to the General Hospital at Garrioch. Finally, he was sent to Cairo; there he spent most of his military service under the supervision of orthopaedic surgeon Dudley Buxton. Buxton had a high opinion of Charnley and gave him more responsibilities by sending him to the 2nd Orthopaedic Centre and putting him in charge of the new orthopaedic workshop. That experience probably encouraged him to apply for the orthopaedic school in 1942, with the support of his senior colleagues. He was promoted to the rank of Acting Major on 2 December 1942. He ended his military service in May 1944, when he joined the orthopaedics staff at Shaftesbury Hospital. Back to Manchester The end of the war was also the beginning of a national scheme for the cure of crippled children, which involved the use of open-air rural orthopaedic hospitals. One of these was the Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital at Gobowen, near Oswestry in Shropshire, and Harry Platt recommended that Charnley went there in order to improve his skills as an orthopaedic surgeon. He was resident in the hospital for six months in 1946, during which he developed his interest in bone grafting. In order to satisfy his curiosity about bony union, he persuaded a junior colleague to test a surgical procedure on his leg, which resulted in a wound infection that forced the colleague to bed for some weeks. Thereafter, Charnley returned to Manchester, again with the support of Platt, who had brought to the Royal Infirmary a group of young and brilliant orthopaedic specialists, which included Lloyd Griffiths. Charnley and Griffiths became joint honorary assistant orthopaedic surgeons in 1947. They both needed more clinical independence, and Platt arranged that Charnley saw some more clinical patients in other hospitals. In May 1948, he participated in a work trip to the United States, visiting hospitals there, together with other young orthopaedic surgeons. The experience caused him to consider the possibility of basing himself in the USA, but that country's restrictions on experimental surgeries were unacceptable to him. He was interested in two basic orthopaedic problems: the effect of compression on the healing of cancellous bone, and the lubrication of joints. He was convinced that collaborations with mechanical engineers, with whom he developed strong relationships, were fundamental to expanding his knowledge and improving his work. Charnley's research was based on two different aspects: clinical, for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis, and biomechanical, with experiments to determine the fundamentals of bony union and the conditions governing the spontaneous regeneration of articular cartilage. When he returned to Manchester after the war, the facilities available did not live up to his expectations. From then on, he began to think of reducing the number of clinical sessions he was undertaking, in order to carry out his research elsewhere. He finally opted for this path in 1958, informing the Manchester Royal Infirmary surgeons' committee that he wished to hand over three of his four clinical sessions in order to set up a hip surgery centre at Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire. The committee agreed to his request for a period of three years, after taking into account his skills and reputation. The decision was to be reviewed at the end of that period. Wrightington and hip implant Wrightington had formerly been a centre for the treatment of tuberculosis. Improved living conditions and pasteurisation of milk had caused a decline in the incidence of that illness and many hospitals were seeking new medical endeavors upon which to focus. In the case of Wrightington, it was Charnley's hip surgery centre that came to the fore. Charnley's first aim at Wrightington was to build a biomechanical laboratory that could be used to test his instruments and inventions. He organised a fund raising campaign for this purpose and the laboratory opened on 23 June 1961. His first studies concerned lubrication of joints. At that time, some surgeons were supporting the hydrodynamic theory, which assumed that the two faces of a joint are not perfectly congruous, and that a film of synovial fluid is responsible for the low friction of the surfaces. Charnley disagreed with that theory; through his experiments, he was able to demonstrate that the low friction does not depend on the fluid presence. The studies led to the development of the Low Friction Arthroplasty concept, which assumed that the low friction depended mostly on the friction coefficient of the facing materials, and only marginally on the fluid presence. This discovery caused him to begin looking for a slippery substance that could be used for the socket of a total hip replacement operation. Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE, also known as Teflon) seemed to meet this requirement. After some apparently successful experiments with the material, he adopted it for his hip replacement surgeries. They were carried out as follows: discarding the head of the femur; replacing it with a metallic implant that was fixed with acrylic cement; and, using a PTFE acetabular socket, insertion of the implant into the acetabulum. At first, the result seemed to be satisfactory, however, approximately one year after the first operations (about 1960), it became clear that PTFE was not a suitable material. It showed signs of wear and, most importantly, its reaction with soft tissues caused the formation of granulomatous masses that in almost all cases required a further operation to enable their removal. This setback in Charnley's research affected him for some time. His determination pushed him to seek an alternate material. He continued to test various materials, until a salesman approached him offering Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which he rejected because of his lack of understanding of the problem; his assistant told him privately that he would endeavor to test it. It was serendipity, and he immediately grasped the potential of the HMWP; after some tests, Charnley implanted it for the first time in November 1962. Mindful of his previous failure with the PTFE socket, he waited for a year, during which time he carefully observed the status of his patients. Five years later, when he was convinced that HMWP was a safe material, he announced his discovery, making it possible for other surgeons to use it. As time went by, the number of operations increased, and Charnley designed a machine which mechanically built prostheses and sockets,as well as an apparatus for evaluating patients for their hip disorders before and after the operation. He collaborated very closely with the firm of Chas. F. Thackray Ltd in Leeds, whom he had first asked to make instruments for him in 1947. Charnley refined his hip replacement operation throughout his long association with Thackray's and was still working on improvements when he died. At first Thackray's made the stainless steel stems, while Charnley made the sockets himself, turning them on a lathe in his workshop at home. Later his technicians made instruments under close supervision and then Thackray's manufactured them. As time went on, Thackray's contributed their own design suggestions; this continual exchange of ideas was a significant factor in the advance of the hip operation. Charnley was convinced that the best way to fix the prosthesis into the femur was to use bone cement that acted as a grout rather than as a glue and that interlocked the two parts. He believed that the cement had to have some essential features: It had to be prepared without unnecessary additives; The exact constituents should be published; It had to be sterilised with formaldehyde; The package should include two measured quantities of barium sulphate to allow the surgeon the choice of different degrees of radio-opacity. The cement that reflected these features was produced by CMW Laboratories Limited and was called CMW bone cement. Charnley also realised that it was of fundamental importance to retrieve the artificial joints from patients who had died some years after the surgery, in order to study the wear of the materials and the tissue changes, thus enabling improvements in the procedure. Against infection The huge number of wound infection cases after hip replacement operations pushed Charnley to put effort also in the prevention field; he was involved in the research of a method to keep bacteria away from the wound during surgery. His first attempt consisted in introducing antibiotics such as gentamicin into the bone cement; the bacterial count decreased, but not enough. In 1961 he developed an enclosure that isolated the operating theatre from the rest of the room, into which filtered air could be passed. To improve his system, he asked F. H. Howorth, whose family firm had been building air filtration systems since 1854, for help. Howorth adapted Charnley's enclosure to provide better air handling and incorporate a diffusion system that allowed the passage of a larger flow of filtered air. Charnley understood that another source of contamination was through the surgeon's gown, and he developed a full-body gown that incorporated an exhaust system. This came into use from the 1970s, and was ventilated so that the surgeon always felt comfortable, whilst maintaining a negative pressure to avoid contamination. Both the enclosure and the body gown were redesigned and improved over time in order to make them more useful and easier to use. Personal life Although not inclined to sporting pastimes as a child, Charnley became a passionate skier as an adult. In 1957, during his annual skiing holiday in Zurs, he met Jill Heaver (1930–2016). Despite a twenty-year difference in ages - she was 26 and he was 46 - they married a few months later, on 15 June. They lived first in a house called "Naemoor" in Hale, in Cheshire, where Charnley immediately converted the attic in his workshop. The couple had two children: Tristram was born in 1959, and Henrietta in 1960. In the late 1960s, the Charnleys moved to a larger property in Mere, Cheshire. Career John Charnley is recognised as the founder of modern hip replacement. His contributions to the field are found in the hip replacement surgery method, in the optimization of the surgery flows and in the drastic infection rate decrease. Through his teaching activities, he transmitted his technique and knowledge to a wide audience of international surgeons and thus his academic and scientific work was spread worldwide. As of 2011, many of his students were still teaching hip replacement. In 1974, Charnley was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. He was awarded the 1975 Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 26 May 1976, and was titled 'The Origins of Post-Operative Sepsis in Elective Surgery'. Charnley was knighted in 1977. Books References Bibliography Further reading External links The John Charnley Research Institute The John Charnley Trust Wrightington Hospital John Charnley Collection, University of Manchester Library 1911 births 1982 deaths 20th-century English medical doctors People educated at Bury Grammar School British orthopaedic surgeons Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester People from Bury, Greater Manchester Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England Knights Bachelor Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award 20th-century surgeons British Army personnel of World War II Royal Army Medical Corps officers
doc-38	Fort Vengeance (aka Royal Mounted Police) is a 1953 American Western film directed by Lesley Selander and starring James Craig, Rita Moreno and Keith Larsen. Plot Two North Dakota brothers flee to Canada and join the Canadian Mounties during an Indian dispute. Cast James Craig as Dick Ross Rita Moreno as Bridget Fitzgibbon Keith Larsen as Carey Ross Reginald Denny as Inspector Trevett Charles Irwin as Sgt. Saxon Morris Ankrum as Chief Blackfoot Guy Kingsford as Sgt. Major MacRea Michael Granger as Sitting Bull Patrick Whyte as Sgt. Major Harmington Paul Marion as Eagle Heart Emory Parnell as Patrick Fitzgibbon References External links 1953 films 1950s English-language films 1953 Western (genre) films Films based on short fiction Films set in Canada Films about the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Cinecolor films Films directed by Lesley Selander Allied Artists films American Western (genre) films Films produced by Walter Wanger Films scored by Paul Dunlap 1950s American films
doc-39	Forrest James Ackerman (November 24, 1916 – December 4, 2008) was an American magazine editor; science fiction writer and literary agent; a founder of science fiction fandom; a leading expert on science fiction, horror, and fantasy films; a prominent advocate of the Esperanto language; and one of the world's most avid collectors of genre books and film memorabilia. He was based in Los Angeles, California. As a literary agent, he represented such science fiction authors as Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, A.E. Van Vogt, Curt Siodmak, and L. Ron Hubbard. For more than 70 years, he was one of science fiction's staunchest spokesmen and promoters. He was the founding editor and principal writer of the American magazine Famous Monsters of Filmland, published by Warren Publishing. He co-created the character Vampirella, based on the 1968 Jane Fonda film Barbarella. Ackerman also acted in films from the 1950s into the 21st century. He appears in several documentaries related to this period in popular culture, like Famous Monster: Forrest J Ackerman (directed by Michael R. MacDonald and written by Ian Johnston), which premiered at the Egyptian Theatre in March 2009, during the Forrest J Ackerman tribute; The Ackermonster Chronicles! (a 2012 documentary about Ackerman by writer and filmmaker Jason V. Brock); and Charles Beaumont: The Short Life of Twilight Zone's Magic Man, about late author Charles Beaumont, a former client of The Ackerman Agency. Also called "Forry", "Uncle Forry", "The Ackermonster", "Dr. Acula", "Forjak", "4e" and "4SJ", Ackerman was central to the formation, organization and spread of science fiction fandom and a key figure in the wider cultural perception of science fiction as a literary, art, and film genre. Famous for his word play and neologisms, he coined the genre nickname "sci-fi". In 1953, he was voted "#1 Fan Personality" by the members of the World Science Fiction Society, a unique Hugo Award never granted to anyone else. He was also among the first and most outspoken advocates of Esperanto in the science fiction community. Early years Ackerman was born Forrest James Ackerman (though he would refer to himself from the early 1930s on as "Forrest J Ackerman" with no period after the middle initial), on November 24, 1916, in Los Angeles, to Carroll Cridland (née Wyman; 1883–1977) and William Schilling Ackerman (1892–1951). His father, William, chief statistician and assistant to the vice-president in charge of transportation for the Associated Oil Company was from New York and his mother (the daughter of architect George Wyman) was from Ohio; she was nine years older than her husband. Ackerman attended the University of California, Berkeley during the 1934–1935 academic year; thereafter, he worked as a film projectionist and at odd jobs with fan friends. On August 15, 1942, he enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he rose to the rank of staff sergeant before being honorably discharged in 1945. He passed his entire time in service at Fort MacArthur in the San Pedro neighborhood of Los Angeles, ultimately serving as editor of the base newspaper. Career and fandom Ackerman saw his first "imagi-movie" in 1922 (One Glorious Day), purchased his first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, in 1926, created the Boys' Scientifiction Club in 1930 ("girl-fans were as rare as unicorn's horns in those days"). He contributed to both of the first science fiction fanzines, The Time Traveler, and the Science Fiction Magazine, published and edited by Shuster and Siegel of Superman fame, in 1932, and by 1933 had 127 correspondents around the world. His name was used for the character of the reporter in the original Superman story "The Reign of the Superman" in issue 3 of Science Fiction magazine. He was an early member of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society and remained active in it for many decades. He attended the 1st World Science Fiction Convention in 1939, where he wore the first "futuristicostume" (designed and created by his girlfriend, Myrtle R Douglas, better known as Morojo), which sparked decades of fan costuming thereafter, the latest incarnation of which is cosplay. He attended every Worldcon but two thereafter during his lifetime. In 1994, the International Costumers' Guild (ICG) presented a special award to Ackerman at Conadian, the 52nd Worldcon, recognizing him as the "Father of Convention Costuming" for wearing his "futuristicostume" at the 1st Worldcon. Ackerman invited Ray Bradbury to attend the Los Angeles Chapter of the Science Fiction League, then meeting weekly at Clifton's Cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles. The club changed its name to the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society during the period it was meeting at the restaurant. Among the writers frequenting the club were Robert A. Heinlein, Emil Petaja, Fredric Brown, Henry Kuttner, Leigh Brackett, and Jack Williamson. Bradbury often attended meetings with his friend Ray Harryhausen; the two Rays had been introduced to each other by Ackerman. With $90 from Ackerman and Morojo, Bradbury launched a fanzine, Futuria Fantasia, in 1939, which ran for four issues. Ackerman was an early member of the Los Angeles Chapter of the Science Fiction League and became so active in and important to the club that in essence he ran it, including (after the name change) the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, a prominent regional fan organization, as well as the National Fantasy Fan Federation (N3F). Together with Morojo, he edited and produced Imagination!, later renamed Voice of the Imagi-Nation (which in 1996 would be awarded the Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine of 1946, and in 2014 for 1939), which was nominally the club fanzine for the LASFS. In the decades that followed, Ackerman amassed an extremely large and complete collection of science fiction, fantasy, and horror film memorabilia, which, until 2002, he maintained in an 18-room home and museum known as the "Son of Ackermansion". (The original Ackermansion where he lived from the early 1950s until the mid-1970s was at 915 S. Sherbourne Drive in Los Angeles; the site is now an apartment building.) This second house, in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles, contained some 300,000 books and pieces of film and science-fiction memorabilia. From 1951 to 2002, Ackerman entertained some 50,000 fans at open houses – including, on one such evening, a group of 186 fans and professionals that included astronaut Buzz Aldrin. Ackerman was a board member of the Seattle Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame (now Museum of Pop Culture), where many items of his collection are now displayed. He knew many of the writers of science fiction in the first half of the twentieth century. As a literary agent, he represented some 200 writers, and he served as agent of record for many long-lost authors, thereby allowing their work to be reprinted in anthologies. He was Ed Wood's "illiterary" agent. Ackerman was credited with nurturing and even inspiring the careers of several early contemporaries like Ray Bradbury, Ray Harryhausen, Charles Beaumont, Marion Zimmer Bradley, and L. Ron Hubbard. He kept all of the stories submitted to his magazine, even the ones he rejected; Stephen King has stated that Ackerman showed up to a King book signing with a copy of a story King had submitted for publication when he was 11. Ackerman had 50 stories published, including collaborations with A. E. van Vogt, Francis Flagg, Robert A. W. Lowndes, Marion Zimmer Bradley, Donald Wollheim and Catherine Moore, and the world's shortest – one letter of the alphabet. His stories have been translated into six languages. Ackerman named the comic-book character Vampirella and wrote the origin story for the comic. He also authored several lesbian stories under the name "Laurajean Ermayne" for Vice Versa and provided publishing assistance in the early days of the Daughters of Bilitis. He was dubbed an "honorary lesbian" at a DOB party. Ackerman's involvement with lesbian fiction led to him becoming the first heterosexual guest of honor at Gaylaxicon. It also caused him to be found in violation of the Comstock laws for sending "obscene materials" to another man through the mail while both of them were pretending to be lesbians. Through his magazine, Famous Monsters of Filmland (1958–1983), Ackerman introduced the history of the science fiction, fantasy, and horror film genres to a generation of young readers. He also contributed to film magazines from all around the world, including the Spanish-language La Cosa: Cine Fantástico magazine from Argentina, where he had a monthly column for more than four years. In the 1960s, Ackerman organized the publication of an English translation in the U.S. of the German science fiction series Perry Rhodan, the longest-running science fiction series in history. These were published by Ace Books from 1969 through 1977. Ackerman's German-speaking wife Wendayne ("Wendy") did most of the translation. The American books were issued with varying frequency from one to as many as four per month. Ackerman also used the paperback series to promote science fiction short stories, including his own on occasion. These "magabooks" or "bookazines" also included a film review section, known as "Scientifilm World", and letters from readers. The American series came to an end when the management of Ace changed, and the new management decided that the series was too juvenile for their taste. The last Ace issue was #118, which corresponded to German issue #126 as some of the Ace editions contained two of the German issues, and three of the German issues had been skipped. Ackerman later published translations of German issues #127 through #145 on his own under the Master Publications imprint. (The original German series continues today and passed issue #2800 in 2015.) Appearances in film, television, and music A lifelong fan of science fiction "B-movies", Ackerman appeared in more than 210 films, including parts in many monster movies and science fiction films (Dracula vs. Frankenstein, The Howling, The Aftermath, Scalps, Return of the Living Dead Part II, Innocent Blood), more traditional "imagi-movies" (The Time Travelers, Future War), spoofs and comedies (Amazon Women on the Moon, The Wizard of Speed and Time, Curse of the Queerwolf, Transylvania Twist, Hard to Die, Nudist Colony of the Dead, Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold) and at least one major music video (Michael Jackson's Thriller). His Bacon number is 2. In 1961, Ackerman narrated the record Music for Robots created by Frank Allison Coe. The cover featured Ackerman's face superimposed on the robot from the film Tobor the Great. The record was reissued on CD in 2005. Ackerman appears as a character in The Vampire Affair by David McDaniel (a novel in the Man from U.N.C.L.E. series), and Philip José Farmer's novel Image of the Beast, first published as the short story "Blown" in Screw magazine by Al Goldstein. A character based on Ackerman and an analog to the Ackermansion appears in the collaborative novel Fallen Angels written jointly by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael F. Flynn. "Eccar the Man" is mentioned in The Flying Sorcerers, a novel jointly written by Niven and David Gerrold, which features a number of characters based on notables from the science fiction community. He appeared on the intro track of Ohio horror punk music group Manimals' 1999 album Horrorcore. In 2001, Ackerman played the part of an old wax museum caretaker in the camp comedy film The Double-D Avenger directed by William Winckler and starring Russ Meyer luminaries Kitten Natividad, Haji, and Raven De La Croix. Ackerman played a crazy old man who was in love with Kitten Natividad's character, The Double-D Avenger, and his character also talked to the Frankenstein figure and other wax monsters in the museum's chamber of horrors. Ackerman appeared extensively on-screen discussing his life and the history of science fiction fandom in the 2006 documentary film Finding the Future. In 2007, Roadhouse Films of Canada released a documentary, Famous Monster: Forrest J Ackerman. The documentary, available on DVD only in the UK, airs regularly on the BRAVO channel. In the 2012 action film Premium Rush, the character of the corrupt policeman Bobby Monday (played by Michael Shannon) repeatedly uses the alias "Forrest J Ackerman". In 2013, the science fiction author Jason V Brock released a feature-length documentary about Ackerman called The Ackermonster Chronicles!. Personal life Ackerman had one sibling, a younger brother, Alden Lorraine Ackerman, who was killed at the Battle of the Bulge. Ackerman was married to a German-born teacher and translator, Mathilda Wahrman (1912–1990), whom he met in the early 1950s while she was working in a book store he happened to visit. He eventually dubbed her "Wendayne" or, less formally, "Wendy", by which name she became most generally known within SF and film fandoms, after the character in Peter Pan, his favorite fantasy. Although they went through a period of separation during the late 1950s and early 1960s, they remained officially married until her death: she suffered serious internal injuries when she was violently mugged while visiting Italy in 1990 and irreparable damage to her kidneys led to her death. By choice, they had no children of their own, but Wahrman did have a son by an earlier marriage, Michael Porges, who did not get along with Ackerman and would not live in Ackerman's home. Ackerman was fluent in the international language Esperanto, and claimed to have walked down Hollywood Boulevard arm-in-arm with Leo G. Carroll singing La Espero, the hymn of Esperanto. Ackerman also received a diploma from Sequoia University, unaccredited higher education institution in Los Angeles, California, in April 1969, which named him a Fellow of the Sequoia Research Institute. Ackerman was an atheist at age 15, but did not emphasize that fact in his public life and welcomed people of all faiths, as well as no faith, into his home and personal circle equally. In 2018, Vincent Price biographer Lucy Chase Williams wrote that Ackerman sexually harassed her and other women over the course of decades despite "written and verbal demands to cease", alleging that he "forced wet kisses" on her, groped her, and mailed her pornography and personal fantasies in which he wanted to "hurt and abuse" her. Death In 2003, Ackerman said, "I aim at hitting 100 and becoming the George Burns of science fiction". His health, however, had been failing. He had a major heart attack in 1966 and wore a pacemaker thereafter. He was susceptible to infection in his later life and, after one final trip to the hospital in October 2008, informed his best friend and caregiver Joe Moe that he did not want to go on but hoped to live long enough to vote for Barack Obama in the November 2008 presidential election. Ackerman checked himself out of the hospital and refused further treatment, accepting only a hospice service. Honoring his wishes, his friends assisted him in holding what he delighted in calling "a living funeral". In his final days, he saw everyone he wanted to say goodbye to. Fans were encouraged to send messages of farewell by mail. While there were several premature reports of his death in the month prior, Ackerman died a minute before midnight on December 4, 2008, at the age of 92. From his "Acker-mini-mansion" in Hollywood, he had entertained and inspired fans weekly with his collection of memorabilia and his stories. Upon his death, the administration of Ackerman's estate was entrusted to his friend, television producer Kevin Burns. Burns was tasked with the sale and distribution of Mr. Ackerman's extensive collection of Science Fiction and Horror memorabilia. Included in this were Bela Lugosi's ring from Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and Lon Chaney's teeth and top hat from London After Midnight. There were eighteen beneficiaries named in Ackerman's will, including three waitresses from his favorite restaurant and hangout, "The House of Pies". His personal papers—books, correspondence, fan mail, and more—went to the Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University (he had made prior donations of material there, as well as to the University of Wyoming, Eastern New Mexico University, and the University of California). Ackerman is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) with his wife. His plaque simply reads, "Sci-Fi Was My High". Legacy A 2013 rebroadcast of the PBS program Visiting ... with Huell Howser, originally airing in 2000, which featured Ackerman and highlighted his memorabilia collection, was revised to indicate that Ackerman had since died and his collection had been auctioned. On Thursday morning, November 17, 2016, the corner of Franklin and Vermont Avenues, in the heart of the neighborhood "Uncle Forry" lived in for 30 years, was christened Forrest J Ackerman Square. Awards Hugo Awards Number 1 Fan Personality, 1953 Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine, 1939 (awarded 2014), for Imagination! Retro Hugo for Best Fanzine, 1946 (awarded 2016) for Voice of the Imagi-Nation! Horror Hall of Fame Induction Award, 1989 (Forry dubbed the Award, "The Grimmy") The Saturn Award for Special Service, 1994 at the 21st Saturn Awards The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Inducted to the Monster Kid Hall Of Fame Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement, 1996 Monster Bash Achievement Award, 2007 (Initial winner. The award is dubbed, "The Forry") Mangled Skyscraper Award at G-FEST '99 for contributions to the giant monster genre World Fantasy Award for Lifetime Achievement, 2002 Inkpot Award, 1974 Writing Non-fiction A Reference Guide to American Science Fiction Films The Frankenscience Monster, 1969, paperback, Ace Books #25130 Forrest J Ackerman's Worlds of Science Fiction, Santa Monica, CA: General Publishing Group 1997 Famous Forry Fotos: Over 70 Years of Ackermemories, 117pp, trade paperback, 2001, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Mr. Monster's Movie Gold: A Treasure-Trove Of Imagi-Movies Worlds of Tomorrow: The Amazing Universe of Science Fiction Art w/Brad Linaweaver. . 178pp. 2004 Collectors Press Lon of 1000 Faces Famous Monster of Filmland #1: An encyclopedia of the first 50 issues Famous Monster of Filmland #2: An encyclopedia of issues 50–100 Metropolis by Thea von Harbou – intro and "stillustration" by FJ Ackerman Anthologies Rainbow Fantasia: 35 Spectrumatic Tales of Wonder, 559pp., 2001, hardbound and trade paperback, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Science Fiction Worlds of Forrest J Ackerman Best Science Fiction for 1973 The Gernsback Awards Vol. 1, 1926 Gosh! Wow! (Sense of Wonder) Science Fiction Reel Futures I, Vampire: Interviews with the Undead Ackermanthology: Millennium Edition: 65 Astonishing Rediscovered Sci-Fi Shorts, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Womanthology, (w/Pam Keesey) 352pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2003, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Martianthology (ed.by Anne Hardin), 266pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2003, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Film Futures Expanded Science Fiction Worlds of Forrest J Ackerman and Friends, PLUS, 205pp, hardbound and trade paperback, 2002, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers Dr. Acula's Thrilling Tales of the Uncanny, xiv+267pp. Trade Paper, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers. Forrest J Ackerman presents Anthology Of The Living Dead 318pp, trade paperback, 2009, Black Bed Sheets Books, Publishers. Short stories "Nyusa, Nymph of Darkness" "The Shortest Story Ever Told" "A Martian Oddity" "Earth's Lucky Day" "The Record" "Micro Man" "Dhactwhu!-Remember?" "Kiki" "The Mute Question" "Atoms and Stars" "The Lady Takes a Powder" "Sabina of the White Cylinder" "What an Idea!" "Death Rides the Spaceways" "Dwellers in the Dust" "Burn Witch, Burn" "Yvala" "The Girl Who Wasn't There" "Count Down to Doom" "Time to Change" "And Then the Cover Was Bare" "The Atomic Monument" "Letter to an Angel" "The Man Who Was Thirsty" "The Radclyffe Effect" "Cosmic Report Card: Earth" "Great Gog's Grave" "The Naughty Venuzian" See also References Additional biographies 4e's Foyer: biography SFSite: Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia Article on Ackerman's persona and life External links Audio interview with Forrest J Ackerman Forrest J. Ackerman appears onstage at the 40th anniversary of "The Time Machine" Forrest J Ackerman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Forrest J Ackerman Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming Interview and shoot with Forrest J Ackerman, Bizarre Magazine Roadhouse Film's Famous Monster documentary page Scientifilm Previews by Forrest J Ackerman "The Unfortunate Selling of Treasures," L.A. Times 1916 births 2008 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers United States Army personnel of World War II American atheists American collectors American comics writers American editors American Esperantists American film historians American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American science fiction writers Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award winners Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Comics critics Cosplayers Film memorabilia Horror fiction Inkpot Award winners Literary agents Novelists from California Writers from Los Angeles United States Army non-commissioned officers World Fantasy Award-winning writers Historians from California People from Los Feliz, Los Angeles
doc-40	Bagnaia may refer to: Places Bagnaia, Anghiari, a village in the province of Arezzo, Italy Bagnaia, Livorno, a village in the province of Livorno, Italy Bagnaia, Perugia, a village in the province of Perugia, Italy Bagnaia, Murlo, a village in the province of Siena, Italy Bagnaia, Viterbo, a village in the province of Viterbo, Italy People Francesco Bagnaia (born 1997), Italian motorcycle racer
doc-41	Domjean () is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. See also Communes of the Manche department References Communes of Manche
doc-42	Louis Bisson, was a Canadian aviator. He was born in 1909 in Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec). He died on 19 September 1997. He flew for the Royal Air Force Ferry Command during World War II. Louis Bisson received the King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air on 11 June 1942. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1944. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada on 23 June 1980. He was inducted in the Québec Air and Space Hall of Fame on 21 October 2002. The Louis Bisson Bridge over the Rivière des Prairies is named after him. References External links God's co-pilot: Captain Louis Bisson logged 10,000 air miles in 138 Atlantic crossings with Ferry Command and years later became a bishop. Canadian World War II pilots 1909 births 1997 deaths Royal Air Force airmen Members of the Order of Canada Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Gatineau Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air Royal Air Force pilots of World War II French Quebecers
doc-43	David Dalton may refer to: David Dalton (writer) (1942–2022), American writer David Nigel Dalton, British National Health Service administrator David Dalton (violist) (1934–2022), American viola player and author David D. Dalton (1822–1894), Secretary of State of Alabama
doc-44	Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda is a New Testament Scholar who is re-elected as the General Secretary (Triennium 2017-2020) of the Church of South India Synod headquartered in Chennai as well as the Chairperson (triennium 2015-2018) of the Council of the United Theological College, Bangalore, the only autonomous College under the Senate of Serampore College (University). He also serves as the Vice President of National Council of Churches in India (2016-2020) as well Executive Secretary of the Communion of Churches in India comprising CNI, CSI, Marthoma Churches and now MCI. In terms of scholarship, Sadananda is an authority on Johannine theology and has also contributed the history of the Basel Evangelical Mission by initiating research into Moegling's encyclopedia, Bibliotheca Carnatica and Ferdinand Kittel's complete works. Studies Post-graduate After ministerial formation at the Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore, Sadananda was ordained as Deacon in 1986, and as Presbyter in 1989. Sadananda studied at the United Theological College, Bangalore where he enrolled for a postgraduate programme, Master of Theology, specializing in New Testament under Professor Dr. M. V. Abraham between 1988-1990. Sadananda's companions during his study years at Bangalore comprised B. D. Prasad Rao, H. R. Cabral and Jonadob Nathaniel, the present Director Translations of the Bible Society of India. Sadananda's postgraduate thesis was entitled Sacramentalism in the Fourth Gospel: An exploration into the sacramental concern of the Fourth Evangelist done under Professor M. V. Abraham for which he was awarded a Master of Theology (M. Th.) degree by the university under the Registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan. Research studies For doctoral studies, Sadananda was able to enroll at the Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld in Germany with the help of Gerhard Wehmeier of the Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck who introduced him to Professor Andreas Lindemann of the Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld where Sadananda then began researching under Professor Andreas Lindemann with the title The Johannine Exegesis of God: An Exploration Into the Johannine understanding of God, which was co-moderated by Professor François Vouga. Subsequently, Sadananda's work was published in 2004 by a publisher in Germany. Ecclesiastical ministry Teacher Since 1990, Sadananda began teaching at the Seminary established in 1847 by the Basel Evangelical Mission Society, which later became Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore, 1965 and affiliated to the nation's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University). In 1997 August on completion of his doctoral studies, he joined KTC faculty and in 2002 August he was promoted as Professor of New Testament. He was a visiting Professor and researcher at Phillip’s University, Marburg, Germany, 2007 April – 2008 May He also delivered guest lectures at Stellenbosch University, Cape town, South Africa, in August 2001; Immanuel College, Toronto, Canada, in July 2003 University of Augsburg, Germany, in October 2004 and April; Augustana Forum, Augsburg, Germany, in April 2008, Hofgeismar Predigerseminar and Evangelische Akademi, Germany (EKD), in May 2008; Kirchliche Hochschule, Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany – In honour of Prof. Andreas Lindemann on his 65th birthday, in October 2008. Administrator Sadananda was the first Kannadiga to have been elected as the General Secretary in the history of the Church of South India during the 34th Synod of the Church of South India held in Vijayawada in January 2014 which also saw the election of Govada Dyvasirvadam as the Moderator and Thomas K. Oommen as the Deputy Moderator. Sadananda has served as the director, Karnataka Theological Research Institute (KATHRI – affiliated to Kannada University for M.Phil. and Ph.D.) 2008-2014 and as the treasurer, Karnataka Christian Educational Society, Mangalore, 2010-2014. He also served as director of 'Sahodaya' - Programme Centre of the KTC Mangalore, 2003–2010; as director, Department of Theological Studies by Extension at KTC, 1999–2007 which Offers Bachelor of Christian Studies (BCS), Diploma in Christian Studies (Dip.C.S.) and Certificate in Theology (C.Th.) for laity. Honorary initiatives As an ecclesiastical figure, Sadananda was a member of the Dialogue Commission between the Vatican and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches He attended Commission meetings and presented papers at Amsterdam, Netherlands 1999, Rome, Italy 2000, Cape Town, South Africa 2001, Belfast, Northern Ireland 2002, Toronto, Canada 2003, Venice, Italy 2004. 2000 August - Audience and consultation with Pope John Paul II as part of the WARC-RC Dialogue Commission in Vatican and is also a member of the theological Network of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Sadananda is also the honorary executive secretary of the Communion of Churches in India, an ecclesial communion of the Church of North India, Church of South India and Mar Thoma Church. In August 2015, the Council of the United Theological College, Bangalore elected Sadananda as the chairperson of the College Society for the triennium 2015-2018 succeeding G. Devakadasham, the outgoing chairperson. In April 2016 Sadananda was elected vice president of National Council of Churches in India, at the Jabalpur Assembly, for the quadrennial 2016-2020. In September 2017 Sadananda was elected as vice president of Christian Institute of Religion and Society, Bangalore. In December 2017 Sadananda was elected to the Senate of Serampore College, as senator, to serve the Senate of Serampore College as it enters its centenary year and Serampore College its bicentenary year. In 2012 January, Sadananda was invited as Bible study leader at the XXXIII Session of the CSI Synod held at Kanyakumari and conducted two Bible studies on "That in God's hands they may be One" and "That they all may be One as We are One". Between 2000-2006, 2010-12 he served as the convenor, CSI Liturgy Commission (Four terms) and oversaw the process of revision, editing, printing and publishing of the CSI Book of Common Worship - first-ever revision of the CSI Liturgy after the Book of Common Worship which was adopted shortly after the formation of CSI in 1947. The revision process took six years of intense and committed hard work. The Revised Book of Common Worship was accepted and authorised for general use in the CSI during Synod Session at Bangalore 2004. Officially released at the Synod Session at Mysore 2006. Sadananda has also served as Member, Communion of Churches in India (CSI-CNI-Mar Thoma Church) Worship and Mission Commission2000-2004; and Member, CCI Lectionary Committee, involved in the revision of the CCI Common lectionary, 2012-2014. Since June 2010, he is also the Honorary Correspondent of CSI-KASDES Kittel Memorial Pre-university College, Mangalore, CSI-KASDES Kittel Memorial High School, Mangalore and CSI-KASDES UBMC Higher Primary School, Gorigudda, Mangalore of which he is an alumnus. References Christian clergy from Karnataka Kannada people 20th-century Christian clergy Indian Anglicans Indian Christian theologians Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni Living people Church of South India clergy Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University) New Testament scholars Indian biblical scholars Tulu people Year of birth missing (living people)
doc-45	R. Padmanabhan (1895–1983) was an Indian film director who worked in Tamil films. One of the pioneers of the South Indian film industry, he initially started distribution of silent films and later directed and produced his own films. Filmography Draupadi Vastrapaharanam (1934) Kumari (1952) References Indian filmmakers 1895 births 1983 deaths
doc-46	Sayyid Abdulwaḥd () is a village in the District of Jabal al Akhdar in north-eastern Libya. It's located 17 km west of Bayda. References Cyrenaica Populated places in Jabal al Akhdar
doc-47	Rio de Janeiro/Galeão–Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport , popularly known by its original name Galeão International Airport, is the main airport serving Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The airport was originally named after the neighborhood of Galeão: Praia do Galeão (Galleon Beach) is located in front of the original passenger terminal (the present passenger terminal of the Brazilian Air Force). This beach is the location where the galleon Padre Eterno was built in 1663. On January 5, 1999 the name was changed adding a tribute to the Brazilian musician Antonio Carlos Jobim. Galeão Airport is explicitly mentioned in his composition Samba do Avião. Since August 12, 2014 the airport has been operated by the concessionary Rio Galeão, a consortium formed by the Brazilian investor Odebrecht and Changi Airport Group, with a minority participation of the government owned company Infraero, the previous operator. The new concessionary has been using the brand name RIOgaleão–Aeroporto Internacional Tom Jobim. Some of its facilities are shared with the Galeão Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force. History On 10 May 1923, a School of Naval Aviation was established near Galeão beach on Governador Island. On 22 May 1941, with the creation of the Brazilian Air Force Ministry, the school became the Galeão Air Force Base; a terminal and hangars were built and the runway extended. Those buildings still exist and Galeão Air Force Base is still active. When Brazil declared war against the Axis on 22 August 1942, the aerodrome began to be used intensely by the Allies for military operations related to World War II. At the end of the war, Santos Dumont Airport was unable to handle the increased tonnage of aircraft flying on international routes and number of passengers. For this reason, international flights were gradually moved to the site of the Air Force Base. The services were however precarious and a decision was made to build a brand new passenger terminal, opposite to the Air Force Base, across the runway. On 1 February 1952, the new passenger terminal was opened and remained in use with enlargements until 1977. This terminal is used presently by passenger flights operated by the Brazilian Air Force. The cargo terminal is also located in the area and all-cargo aircraft usually park at its adjoining apron. The whole complex is now informally known as the "old Galeão". By 1970, the airport was Brazil's major international and domestic air-hub. In that year, its administration was taken over by Infraero, an agency then recently created by the Brazilian government. As proof of the airport's prestige, the Concorde made its scheduled maiden flight with Air France on 21 January 1976, flying from Paris–Charles de Gaulle to Galeão via Dakar. Those twice-weekly flights were discontinued in 1982. Furthermore, the 007 – James Bond production Moonraker (1979) shows the Concorde touching down at Galeão. On 6 June 1967, in response to the growth of air traffic in Brazil, the Brazilian government initiated studies concerning the renovation of airport infrastructure in the country. As part of the conclusions of these studies, because of their location, strategic importance, and security issues, new passenger facilities would be constructed in the Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro and the São Paulo Air Force Base in São Paulo. On 20 January 1977, when the airport was receiving all of Brazil's major international flights, this new terminal was opened and all scheduled passenger flights were transferred to the new building. This building is known today as Passenger Terminal 1. One of the features dating from this time is the sultry PA system announcements made by Iris Lettieri, which were featured on National Public Radio. In 1985, the airport lost the title of the country's major international airport to the newly-opened São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport. At that time, a new runway allowing intercontinental flights with no weight restrictions was opened in São Paulo and Brazilian and foreign airlines increasingly used São Paulo as a national and international hub. As a consequence, the number of transiting passengers dropped. Constant efforts were made by the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro to reverse the trend. As a result, after stagnating for years embittered by the loss of domestic flights to Santos Dumont Airport and international flights to São Paulo–Guarulhos Airport, Galeão has – since late 2004 – gradually recovered its importance in the national and international spheres with addition of flights and airlines. During the year 1991, Passenger Terminal 1 underwent its first major renovation in preparation for the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992. Its annual capacity was increased to 7.5 million passengers a year. On 20 July 1999, Passenger Terminal 2 was opened. The airport has those two passenger terminals in elliptical format, each with twelve jetways and capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually. On 31 August 2009, the previous operator, Infraero, unveiled a 819 million (431 million; 302 million) investment plan to upgrade Galeão International Airport focusing on the preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup which was held in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro being one of the venue cities, and the 2016 Summer Olympics, which Rio de Janeiro would host. The investment was supposed to be distributed as follows: Renovation of Passenger Terminal 1. Completed: 2012 Completion and renovation of Passenger Terminal 2. Completed: June 2012 Construction of further parking. Value 220.0 million. Completed: Late-2013 Responding to critiques to the situation of its airports, on May 18, 2011, Infraero released a list evaluating some of its most important airports according to its saturation levels. According to the list, Galeão was considered to be in good situation, operating with less than 70% of its capacity. Like most South American airports operated by government-owned operators, Galeão had high operating costs per passenger. On 26 April 2011, it was confirmed that in order to speed-up much needed renovation and upgrade works, private companies would be granted a concession to operate some Infraero airports among them, on a second phase, Galeão. The plan was confirmed on 31 May 2011, and it was added that Infraero would retain 49% of the shares of each privatized airport. On 22 November 2013, the Brazilian Government had a bidding process to determine the airport's private operator from 2014 until 2039. The Group Aeroporto Rio de Janeiro, also known as RIOgaleão, formed by Grupo Odebrecht (60%) and Singaporean operator Changi Airport Group (40%) paid 19 billion and won the competition. The contract was signed on 2 April 2014. The new concessionary, RIOgaleão, has revised, modified and upgraded those plans to include the construction of a new pier with 26 new bridges, a new apron for 97 aircraft, and 2,640 car-parking spaces have been added in 2016–17, which would sum up to 2 billion reais. One day after the closure of the 2016 Summer Olympics, Galeão handled an all-time record of passengers on a single day. It is estimated that on 22 August 2016, 85,000 passengers transited at the airport facilities. On 10 February 2022, the concessionary requested the devolution of the facility. The request was approved by the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil on 25 May 2022. A new bidding process is expected to take place in 2023. On 27 May 2022, TAP Maintenance & Engineering closed the facility at Galeão which it had operated since 2006. This maintenance center was previously owned by Varig. On 7 July 2022, United Airlines was announced as the new owner of the facility. In April 2022, the airport was used for Stock Car Pro Series automobile racing. Cacá Bueno Circuit, named after Cacá Bueno, Rio de Janeiro-born and 5 times Stock Car Brasil champion, was built within the airport partially using runways 10/28 for this purpose. However, the circuit was not included in the 2023 Stock Car Pro Series calendar due to the increase of flights after the COVID-19 pandemic. Galeão was the primary airport of Rio de Janeiro, being the much smaller Santos Dumont Airport the secondary facility until 2019. In 2020 positions inverted and in 2022 Santos Dumont was accounting for approximately 63% of the total traffic of Greater Rio de Janeiro, spread into three airports. In 2022 Santos Dumont reached 10,178,502 transported passengers whereas Galeão had only 5,895,257. In order to control and revert this abnormal trend, on August 10, 2023 the Civil Aviation National Council issued an order to restrict Santos Dumont services to airports located within 400km maximum from Rio de Janeiro and without international services. The resolution will be valid from January 1, 2024, and is considered to be provisory, until a balance is reached. Airlines will start cancelling and/or moving services to Galeão in September 2023. The facility covers a total of 1,788.2 hectares (4,419 acres), being the largest airport site in terms of area in Brazil. Airlines and destinations Passenger Since November 2016, the check-in and baggage claim areas of Terminal 1 are not in use. All passengers must use Terminal 2 to access the boarding gates of any terminal. Cargo Statistics Following is the number of passenger, aircraft and cargo movements at the airport, according to Infraero (2003-2014) and RIOgaleão (2014-2022) reports: Accidents and incidents 27 July 1952: a Pan Am Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10–26 registration N1030V operating flight 201 en route from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Buenos Aires–Ezeiza following pressurization problems during climb, a door blew open, a passenger was blown out and the cabin considerably damaged. One passenger died. 11 January 1959: a Lufthansa Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation registration D-ALAK operating flight 502 flying from Hamburg to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão via Frankfurt, Paris–Orly and Dakar crashed during approach under heavy rain at Galeão. The crew descended below minimums. Of the 39 passengers and crew aboard, 3 survived. This was the first accident of Lufthansa after it was re-established. 22 December 1959: a VASP Vickers Viscount 827 registration PP-SRG while on approach to land at Rio de Janeiro–Galeão was involved in a mid-air collision with the Brazilian Air Force Fokker S-11 (T-21) registration FAB0742 in the vicinity of Manguinhos Airport. All 32 people on board the Viscount were killed, as were a further ten on the ground. The T-21 pilot parachuted to safety. This accident eventually led to the closure of Manguinhos Airport. 20 August 1962: a Panair do Brasil Douglas DC-8-33 registration PP-PDT taking-off from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Lisbon overran the runway into the ocean during an aborted operation. Of the 120 passengers and crew aboard 14 died. 1 January 1970: a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI R en route from Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão with 33 occupants aboard was hijacked by 6 people who demanded to be flown to Cuba. The flight was diverted to Lima, Panama City and arrived in Havana two days later. There were no victims. 1 July 1970: a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI R registration PP-PDX en route from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to São Paulo with 31 occupants aboard was hijacked by 4 persons who demanded the release of political prisoners that were to be taken to Cuba. The aircraft was stormed and the hijackers arrested. There were no victims and the hijacking lasted less than a day. 9 June 1973: a Varig cargo Boeing 707-327C registration PP-VJL flying from Campinas to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão while making an instrument approach to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão had technical problems with the spoilers which eventually caused the aircraft to pitch down, descended fast, struck approach lights and ditch. All 6 occupants died. 26 July 1979: a Lufthansa cargo Boeing 707-330C registration D-ABUY operating flight 527 from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to Frankfurt via Dakar collided with a mountain 5 minutes after take-off from Galeão. The crew of 3 died. 12 December 1985: an Air France Boeing 747-228B, registration F-GCBC, arriving from Paris–Charles de Gaulle with 273 passengers and crew, veered off the right side of runway 15 on landing, crossed a ditch and collided with a concrete wall in the cargo apron. There was a fire that totally destroyed the aircraft, but all occupants had been safely evacuated before that, with no victims or serious injuries. The accident was later traced to a ruptured power control cable in engine #1, which made the engine accelerate beyond maximum takeoff power, destabilizing the plane. Access The airport is located north of downtown Rio de Janeiro. There are executive (blue) and ordinary (yellow) taxis available and bookable on company booths at arrival halls of both terminals. TransCarioca line of the BRT integrated public transportation system links Terminals 1 and 2 with Terminal Alvorada in Barra da Tijuca with an intermediate stop at the Line 2 subway Vicente de Carvalho station, where one can access the entire subway system. At Alvorada one can transfer between the TransCarioca and TransOeste lines. The system operates 24 hours a day and tickets are sold in the BRT booths on the arrivals level. There are plans to connect the airport with the RioGaleão Light Rail, proposed to run between the airport and Estácio Station where it will connect to the Line 1 subway. Viação 1001 operates the urban bus line 761-D from the airport to Niterói. Furthermore, the same company operates an executive service to Armação dos Búzios four times a day. Departure is from the arrivals level of Terminal 1. Ordinary city busses 924 and 925 operate to the neighborhood of Ilha do Governador, and 915 to Bonsucesso. From both neighborhoods there are connections to the North and South Sides of the city. Gallery See also List of airports in Brazil Galeão Air Force Base References External links Airports in Rio de Janeiro (city) Airports in Rio de Janeiro (state) Airports established in 1923 1923 establishments in Brazil Antônio Carlos Jobim
doc-48	The Burnley General Teaching Hospital is an acute District General Hospital in Burnley, Lancashire operated by the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust. History The original hospital on the site was established as an infirmary for the local workhouse in March 1876. A new infirmary was built on the site, slightly north of the old one, in 1895. It became known as Primrose Bank Hospital in the 1930s and as Burnley General Hospital on the formation of the National Health Service in 1948. A hospital extension was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2004 to create extra wards, a renal dialysis unit, an out-patients department and a dedicated rehabilitation suite. It was built by Bovis Lend Lease at a cost of £30 million and it opened in 2006. References External links Official site Buildings and structures in Burnley Hospitals in Lancashire Hospital buildings completed in 1876
doc-49	The 2022 Alderney general election was to have been held on 26 November 2022 to elect 5 members of the States of Alderney who will serve until 2026. With only 4 candidates for 5 seats, the four candidates are elected unopposed to serve until 31 December 2026. One seat remains vacant. Results 2023 By-election On 18 February 2023 a by-election was held to fill the remaining vacant seat to serve until 31 December 2026. By-election results References Elections in Alderney Alderney 2022 in Guernsey November 2022 events in Europe
doc-50	Slovan Bratislava is a name for multiple sport clubs based in Bratislava, Slovakia HC Slovan Bratislava (ice hockey) ŠK Slovan Bratislava (men’s football) ŠK Slovan Bratislava (women) (women's football) RC Slovan Bratislava (rugby union)
doc-51	The deal porters were a specialist group of workers in London's docks. They handled baulks of softwood or "deal", stacking them up to 60 feet (18 m) high in quayside warehouses. This was a demanding and dangerous job. It required physical strength, dexterity and a head for heights, to such an extent that they were nicknamed "Blondins" after the famous acrobat, Charles Blondin. Deal porters wore special leather headgear (backing hats) with long "aprons" over their shoulders in order to protect their heads and necks from wooden splinters. Their trade was a notably hazardous one. The New Survey of London Life and Labour, published in 1928, noted: "Deal portering is heavy and dangerous work which cannot safely be undertaken by any save experienced men. The shoulder of an experienced deal porter is said to develop a callosity which enables it to bear the weight and friction of a load of planks. But even with a hardened shoulder the deal porter has an unenviable task. To carry over a shaking slippery plankway a bundle of shaking slippery planks, when a fall would almost certainly mean serious injury, is work for specialists." Most of the deal porters worked at the Surrey Commercial Docks in Rotherhithe, which specialised in timber. The workers were represented by the Port of London Deal Porters' Union. They were eventually rendered obsolete by the 1940s as mechanisation provided a better and cheaper way of moving timber cargo, and less arduous jobs became available elsewhere. There are a number of commemorations of the deal porters in Rotherhithe. At Canada Water there is a sculpture in their honour, designed by Philip Bews. There is a street named "Deal Porters Way", a street named "Blondin Way", a path named "Deal Porters Walk", and a public square alongside Canada Water Library named "Deal Porters Square". The Compass pub in Rotherhithe Street was formerly named "The Deal Porter". References Many hands: Trades of the Port of London, 1850-1980 History for GCSE. The Dockers Marine occupations Obsolete occupations Port of London
doc-52	Chuqi Tanka (Aymara chuqi gold, tanka hat or biretta, "gold hat", also spelled Choquetanga) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality, near the border with the Coroico Municipality of the Nor Yungas Province. Chuqi Tanka lies east of Ch'uñawi. References Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)
doc-53	Metal Edge was a magazine covering heavy metal music published by Zenbu Media. The magazine was founded in the summer of 1985, during the height of glam metal's success. Zenbu Media acquired Metal Edge in February 2007. Both Metal Edge and its sister publication, Metal Maniacs, ceased operations in 2009. While its sister publication, Metal Maniacs focused more on extreme subgenres of heavy metal such as thrash metal and death metal, Metal Edge focused more on glam metal and traditional heavy metal In March 2019, posts and a new logo were made to the Metal Edge Facebook page, indicating that the magazine may be making a return in the near future. According to the page, the magazine is owned by To11 Media as of 2019 References Music magazines published in the United States Defunct magazines published in the United States Heavy metal publications Magazines established in 1985 Magazines disestablished in 2009 1985 establishments in the United States Project M Group brands
doc-54	{{Infobox locomotive \| name=Dayton \| powertype=Steam \| gauge= \| image= V&T18GreatWesternSteamup2022.jpg \| caption= \| whytetype=4-4-0 \| currentowner=Nevada State Railroad Museum \| driverdiameter = \| locoweight = \| fueltype = Wood \| boilerpressure = \| cylindercount = Two, outside \| cylindersize = \| tractiveeffort = \| builddate=September, 1873 \| builder=Central Pacific Railroad's Sacramento Shops \| officialname=Dayton \| serialnumber=6 \| operator=Virginia and Truckee Railroad \| fleetnumbers=18 \| firstrundate= \| disposition=On static display {{Designation list \| embed = yes \| designation1 = NRHP \| designation1_offname = Virginia and Truckee RR. Engines No. 18, The Dayton; and No. 22, The Inyo \| designation1_date = December 18, 1973 \| designation1_number = 73002245 }} }} The Virginia and Truckee 18 Dayton is a historic standard gauge steam locomotive on display in Sacramento, California. It spent its working life on the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. The locomotive was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the Inyo, because of their association with the Virginia and Truckee Railroad and transportation development in Nevada. The Dayton, a 4-4-0 "American", was built in 1873 by the Central Pacific Railroad, in Sacramento, California, and was based on the design of the CP's 173 engine. H.M Yerington, the Superintendent of the V&T at this time, ordered The Dayton after seeing the performance of another CP locomotive, #117 Gazelle, that the V&T rented from CP during a power crunch. The locomotive weighs , has driving wheels, and carried of water and 3 cords of wood. A large snow plow was fixed to the front of the locomotive in 1879, and it performed snow clearing duties on the Virginia & Truckee lines during the winters for most of its operational life, in addition to its normal passenger hauling duties. In 1906 the locomotive had the honor of opening the branch line between Carson City and Minden, Nevada, but after that it was used less frequently. In 1908 it was converted to burn oil rather than wood. In 1937, in one of its last acts on the V&T, The Dayton was plowing snow in Washoe Valley, near Franktown, when it derailed. The V&T being financially unhealthy at this time, simply got Dayton out of the way and left her until the snow melted in the spring. In 1937, the locomotive, minus the plow, was sold for $1,000 together with No. 22 Inyo to Paramount Pictures who then had the locomotive overhauled at the Southern Pacific Railroad shops in Sparks, Nevada. Paramount had the locomotive repainted and renumbered for use in motion pictures. The Dayton film history The Dayton appeared in several movies, beginning with Union Pacific. It traveled to New York City in 1939 to promote this film. Other movies featuring the Dayton include Young Tom Edison, The Harvey Girls and Duel in the Sun. Post-Retirement In 1938 the locomotive was sold to Paramount Pictures and in 1939 was double-headed with the UP GE Steam turbine locomotives as locomotive number 58 for the Cecil B. DeMille's Union Pacific film of that same year. In 1969 the locomotive participated in ceremonies for the centennial of the Golden Spike. Dayton was modified to represent Union Pacific's No. 119. It remained at the Golden Spike National Historic Site throughout most of the 1970s, along with the V&T's Inyo, which was modified to represent the Central Pacific's Jupiter. In 1974, both locomotives were sold to the State of Nevada, but remained in Utah while brand-new replicas of the Golden Spike locomotives were under construction. Both Inyo and Dayton finally arrived at the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City in late 1978. Once at the museum, the Inyo and Dayton were evaluated for possible restoration to operating condition. The boiler of the latter was found to be in poor condition and would require replacing for the engine to operate. Since the Dayton's boiler was original, it was decided to instead give the engine a cosmetic restoration. Dayton made its debut at the museum on Memorial Day weekend, 1982. In 2005, the Dayton was moved to the Comstock History Center in Virginia City, Nevada, where it was displayed until April 2018. It was then returned to the Nevada State Railroad Museum in exchange for Virginia and Truckee 4-6-0 No. 27, which took the Dayton's place on exhibit at the Comstock History Center. In July, 2022, the engine will be loaned to the California State Railroad Museum for a period of two years, during which time the Genoa and the J.W. Bowker'' will take the Dayton's place in Carson City. References 4-4-0 locomotives National Register of Historic Places in Carson City, Nevada Railway locomotives introduced in 1873 Railway locomotives on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada Virginia and Truckee Railroad Nevada State Register of Historic Places Standard gauge locomotives of the United States Preserved steam locomotives of Nevada Individual locomotives of the United States Steam locomotives of the United States
doc-55	Vico Ortiz (born October 10, 1991) is a Puerto Rican actor, drag king and activist. They are best known for their role as Jim in the HBO Max television series Our Flag Means Death. Early life and education Vico Ortiz was born on October 10, 1991, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where they were raised. Their mother tongue is Spanish, and they also speak English. Ortiz received their education at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles. Career Ortiz started their acting career in 2011 when they starred in the short film Oprah's Audience Moves On. For the following years, they had many small roles in others shorts and TV shows. Around 2017–2018, Ortiz told their agent that they wanted to go for roles of all genders, whether non-binary (like them) or not. When they were hired for non-queer roles, they started suggesting to the writers that their characters could be non-binary, and some shows accepted to make the change. In 2018, they starred in the queer web series Recon, about a group of teenagers attending a secret spy school, as Ren St. Claire, one of the main characters. Later that year, they starred in two episodes of the TV show Vida. In 2019, they starred in another queer web series titled These Thems, where they played Vero, a non-binary character befriending a 30 year old woman who just came out. Ortiz also wrote the Spanish subtitles for the show. In 2021, they had recurring roles in both The Sex Lives of College Girls and S.O.Z. Soldados o Zombies. In 2022, they had their first main role in a television show, Our Flag Means Death. Ortiz plays a non-binary pirate in this queer comedy about the romantic relationship between Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet which quickly became a hit. Ortiz says that their interactions with fans have changed their life, and that they felt allowed to get top surgery after seeing fan art of their character, Jim, getting gender-affirming surgery from the show's cook and de facto surgeon Roach (played by Samba Schutte). In 2023, they had two recurring voice acting roles in the animated television show Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake. They voiced the supporting characters Hunter, Skater Y and Fern. Personal life Ortiz is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns in English and elle/le/e in Spanish. In an episode of the podcast Gender Reveal, they identified as genderfluid as well as non-binary, comparing their gender to a waterbed, "constantly moving, but in a fun way". They are a drag king going by "Vico Suave". Their character takes inspiration from both their Hispanic/Caribbean and American culture, as well as "men who are comfortable with their femininity", such as Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony and Bad Bunny. They have another drag king persona named AJ when performing with their boy band the Backstreet Butches. Ortiz's drag king career started when a friend convinced them to participate in a show before they even knew what drag was. Ortiz is an activist in subjects such as Puerto Rican federal voting rights, anti-racism and gender neutrality in the Spanish language. Filmography Television Film Web series Accolades References External links American non-binary actors 21st-century American actors LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people Puerto Rican LGBT actors Puerto Rican non-binary people Living people 1991 births American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Genderfluid people
doc-56	Return of the Living Dead is the third studio album by American rapper E.S.G. from Houston, Texas. It was released on February 24, 1998 via Black Hearted Records and has sold about 6000 units. The album peaked at No. 67 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the US Billboard charts. Track listing Charts References External links 1998 albums E.S.G. (rapper) albums
doc-57	Ryusei Furukawa (10 June 1893 – 23 May 1968) was a Japanese painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. References 1893 births 1968 deaths 20th-century Japanese painters Japanese painters Olympic competitors in art competitions People from Tochigi Prefecture
doc-58	The 2020 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Paul Petrino, the Vandals played their home games on campus at the Kibbie Dome in Moscow, Idaho. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was delayed and started in late February 2021. Preseason Polls On July 23, 2020, during the virtual Big Sky Kickoff, the Vandals were predicted to finish ninth in the Big Sky by the coaches and eighth by the media. Schedule Idaho released their full schedule on November 7, 2019. The Vandals had games scheduled against and Washington State, which were later canceled before the start of the 2020 season. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was delayed and started in late February 2021. References Idaho Idaho Vandals football seasons Idaho Vandals football
doc-59	Jeet Jayenge Hum is an Indian television drama series airs on Sony Entertainment Television, which premiered on 14 December 2009. The series focuses on the concept of child labor, and is produced by joint venture of Aniruddh Pathak and Sanjay Kohli. Cast Sana Amin Sheikh ... Suman Naman Shaw ... Prabhakar Pawan Shankar ... Manas Thakur IPS (SP City) Ayesha Kaduskar ... Radha Stuti Rushi ... Chutki Namit Shah ... Shankar Anjali Rana ... Prabhakar's Sister Akhilendra Mishra ... Yadav Kamya Panjabi ... Devyani Nawazuddin Siddiqui ... Madhav (Dead) Nupur Alankar ... Damyanti (Dead) Mehul Kajaria ... Mannu Shweta Ghosh ... References External links Jeet Jayenge Hum Official Site on Sony TV India Sony Entertainment Television original programming Indian television soap operas 2009 Indian television series debuts 2010 Indian television series endings

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