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Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | Now, after that, we're gonna give this bacteria
a little time to grow and reproduce
so that we can see actually on plates
whether or not it actually took up that gene successfully
and was able to pass it on as it replicated and divided. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | A lot of times we'll do this by adding a resistance gene. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | So, for example, ampicillin is an antibiotic
that kills off bacteria, so if the bacteria
doesn't have a gene of resistance in it already,
it will not grow or it will die on the plate. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | So you might see a chart like this. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | Charts like these are very common
when we talk about experiments with transformation,
but the idea is that we'll set up several different plates,
and with one set of bacteria, our control,
we won't add the ampicillin-resistant gene. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | In another set of bacteria, we will transform
and we will add an ampicillin-resistant gene to it. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | Then we'll wait for the bacteria to grow
and see what happens. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | On some of these plates, we've added ampicillin,
the antibiotic that kills bacteria. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | On some of these plates, we haven't added any ampicillin. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | So this normal bacteria that we haven't changed
should grow on the plate with no ampicillin
because nothing's killing it,
and it shouldn't grow on the plate
that does have ampicillin. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | And so this shaded-in color here just means
there's a bacterial lawn, which just means
bacterial growth that covers the entire plate. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | Now let's look at the genes
that we did the transformation on. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | For our bacteria that we actually added
the new ampicillin-resistant gene to,
on the plate with no ampicillin,
we should still see a lot of growth. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | On the plate with ampicillin, we're gonna see growth too. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | It may not be as much as the plates without ampicillin
because not all of the bacteria successfully transformed,
but the ones that did are gonna be the ones that grow
and show up on our plates. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | So here, even though we have the bacteria-killing drug,
if the bacteria successfully took up
this ampicillin-resistant gene,
it should be able to grow here on this plate,
and that's what we see. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | So there's a lot of different versions of charts like these
whenever we're doing transformation experiments
with bacteria, but just be able to recognize
when we're adding in genes,
you should be able to hypothesize
what should show up where and justify why we have growth
on certain plates like these. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | I hope this has given you a good overview
of some of the biotechnology techniques that are used
and referred to in AP biology. |
Biotechnology Review AP® Biology Biotech Topic Overview | Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you later. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Hey everyone, in this video I'm going to go over what you need to know about photosynthesis for AP
biology by drawing my notes. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Feel free to draw along or also I'll post the final version of this
drawn page in the description of this video if you'd like to use that instead. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | I apologize in
advance for my messy handwriting, but let's get started. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Today we're focusing on photosynthesis
in eukaryotic organisms. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Remember, photosynthesis is a series of coordinated reaction pathways that
capture free energy from the sun to yield ADP and NADPH, which are going to power the production of
organic molecules, especially glucose. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Let's start with the sun because the sun is the ultimate
source of energy for all life on earth. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Now the location of photosynthesis is inside the chloroplast
and there are several specific structures within the chloroplast that we're going to highlight
today. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | So let's start by drawing our chloroplast, which is a membrane-bound organelle. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Within our chloroplast we have this area called the stroma,
and this is where the dark reactions or light independent reactions are going to take place. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | We also have the thylakoid,
which you might see drawn as stacks like this. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | These also have a membrane. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Now our light dependent reactions are going to happen within the
thylakoid. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | Our dark or our carbon fixation reactions are going to happen within the stroma. |
Photosynthesis Sketch Notes for AP Bio - Simple | So now during the light |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Hello APBio, welcome to our video lecture for Chapter 18, Genomes and Their Evolution. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | For this chapter, I've picked a picture of some chimpanzees. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | I love this picture. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Looks like that fell as reaching out to shake your hand, right? |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So this chapter is kind of a fun chapter. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | There isn't a whole lot of detailed stuff to memorize, but there are some concepts in
this chapter that are just very, very fascinating. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | And one of them is the idea that you and a chimp are about 99 or so percent the exact
same DNA. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So what is it about genomes that can make you, you, a homo sapiens and a chimp very,
very different in phenotype, but still about 99% the exact same DNA? |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | We're going to end with a couple words on evolution. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | We haven't done evolution in class yet, but we're sort of, we're going to get there in
Chapter 19. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So just an overview, so due to how quickly we can sequence DNA, we have complete genome
sequences for numerous species from a chimp to you to E. coli to a corn to a fruit fly. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | And we can use computers to compare genomes to see what similarities and what differences
they have. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | What you really need to do this is super fast DNA sequencing, which we have in very, very
powerful supercomputers that can compare sequences quickly. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So genomics, so the study of comparing genes is genomics. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | The second word bioinformatics, this is an important word. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So I'm not sure we've done this lab in class, John. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | If we've done the BLAST lab where we use the BLAST tool to search a DNA sequence, this
will sound familiar. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | If we haven't, we're going to do it. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So bioinformatics is the idea where you use a computer and you put DNA or protein sequences
into the computer and it searches a massive database to see what kind of matches that
come up. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | In the late 20th century, so the 90s and I guess early 21st century, the Human Genome
Project was a worldwide aim to basically sequence the 3 billion DNA base pairs for humans. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | It took over a decade to do it and the way that you did it, and this isn't important
that you know this, but basically you would take a chromosome and break it into pieces
and sequence the pieces and then find overlaps using a computer and the overlaps, like pair
them up like a big puzzle to get the entire chromosome. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You don't sequence the entire chromosome at once. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You sequence pieces of it and then put them together like a puzzle. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Again, it took over a decade to do this. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Now you can sequence a genome in a couple days, if not faster. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | The word metagenomics, this is just the idea. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So say that I want to study all the types of bacteria and the hot springs of Old Faithful,
identifying all the bacteria with a microscope. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | I don't want to do that. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is the idea that you take a sample from the environment and you sequence all the DNA
in that sample and use that to identify what species are there and what's interacting. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Obviously, this only works if you can sequence DNA fast and you have a big database to compare
DNA sequences to. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | I keep mentioning these databases. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | So there's a bunch throughout the world. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | The NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology, information is one that we use in the United
States. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Europe has one. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Japan has one. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | China has one. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | These are databases where you can... |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | It's almost like a big Google search, but it's a DNA sequences. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Not only can you search for a specific sequence, but you can also upload new data to it. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | GenBank, which is the NCBI sequence, when this slide was written, which is this is outdated
as of now, but every 18 months, it doubled the number of sequences in its database. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | To say that I'm a scientist working with a certain kind of gene, I can type in the A's,
T's, G's, and C's of that gene and search it and it will tell me where that matches
in humans and frogs and mice and in numerous different organisms. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is a very powerful tool, obviously. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This just shows... |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Excuse me. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Here they put in a query, a sequence. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Now, this obviously is not a DNA sequence because look at the letters. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is a protein sequence. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Each letter represents an amino acid. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You can do this with proteins. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | I put in this sequence and it gives me all the matches. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | There's a match in cows, a match in mustard plants, in corn, in humans, in nematodes,
in yeast. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | It highlights the sections of the gene that are the same. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is giving a 3D picture of the protein. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This highlighted area is the area of overlap. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This protein is found in way different organisms and the protein might do different things
in different organisms, but it has this domain right here that's the same. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | That gives you some evolutionary hints as to where this protein came from. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Notice the sequences are pretty far apart where they overlap, but because proteins can
fold back on themselves, this shouldn't be that surprising. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Systems biology is the idea... |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | I'm going to just give you an example. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Many different types of cancers and ways that a cell can become cancerous, but trying to
identify the most common mutations that lead to cancer. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | Proteomics is the same thing, but instead of using DNA, you use proteins. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You use the amino acid sequence instead of the DNA sequence. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You can use these silicon and glass chips. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is what one looks like. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | What we discussed in a previous chapter where you can see what genes are present in a whole
system by using a computer chip like this. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | You don't really need to know much about that. |
AP Biology Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution | This is a fascinating slide. |