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(ad 61?–113?). The Roman author and administrator Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, known as Pliny the Younger, left a collection of private letters of great literary charm, intimately illustrating public and private life in the heyday of the Roman Empire. Pliny’s letters introduce many of the leading figures of Roman society. They make possible the social reconstruction of an age for which there is otherwise no serious historical record. Pliny was born in ad 61 or 62, in Comum (in what is now Italy), into a wealthy family and was adopted by his uncle, Pliny the Elder. He began to practice law at 18. His reputation in the civil-law courts placed him in demand in the political court that tried provincial officials for extortion. His most notable success was securing condemnation of a governor in Africa and a group of officials from Spain. Meanwhile he had attained the highest administrative posts, becoming praetor and consul. He was sent by Emperor Trajan to investigate corruption in the municipal administration of Bithynia, Asia Minor (now in Turkey), where apparently he died in about 113. Between 100 and 109 Pliny published nine books of selected, private letters, beginning with those covering events from the death of Emperor Domitian (October 97) to the early part of 100. The tenth book contains addresses to Emperor Trajan on assorted official problems and the emperor’s replies. The private letters are carefully written, occasional letters on diverse topics. Each holds an item of recent social, literary, political, or domestic news, or sometimes an account of an earlier but contemporary historical event, or else initiates moral discussion of a problem. Each has a single subject and is written in a style that mixes, in Pliny’s terminology, the historical, the poetical, and the oratorical manner, to fit the theme. The composition of these litterae curiosius scriptae (letters written with special care) was a fashion among the wealthy, and Pliny developed it into a miniature art form. There are letters of advice to young men, notes of greeting and inquiry, and descriptions of scenes of natural beauty or of natural curiosities. Pliny also left a detailed picture of the amateur literary world with its custom of reciting works to seek critical revision from friends. One of the best modern editions of the letters and his eulogy to Trajan is by M. Schuster (2nd ed., 1952). William Melmoth’s English translation, The Letters of Pliny the Consul (1746), was revised by W.M. Hutchinson for the Loeb Classical Library in 1915.

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REWORK – To rework something is the carry out work on a product which may or may not be functioning properly, but which has an identified problem and the work corrects that problem. There may be one or multiple units, all with exactly the same defect and which require exactly the same work to correct the problem. REPAIR – when you repair something, you are fixing something that is faulty. It did work at some stage but something has happened to it to cause it to become faulty. This could be caused by an outside influence, or it may be that an internal part has stopped functioning correctly due to whatever reason. Repair is the work carried out to correct that problem(s). REFURBISHMENT – The refurbishment of a product is to carry a planned replacement of parts on a product at a particular point in time on the bathtub curve of the product, usually at around 75% into the curve to increase the life of the product by up to double. “At a general level the bathtub curve provides a graphical representation of the expected life-cycle of the product. - The process is typically product specific, but at a general level the process involves 6 stages: - Understanding and documenting the fault. - Documenting the corrective actions to correct and fix the fault(s). - Inspection of the failing unit for any non-fault related defects. - Implementation of the ‘Fix’ – whether its for rework, repair or refurbishment. - Inspection and/or test to confirm the ‘Fix’ has been successful. - Documenting and signing off the unit is now functional. How Is It Done: - How it is done is also product specific, but for electronic equipment at a general it may include the following: - Identify the faulty component on the printed circuit board. - De-soldering and removal of the component from the printed circuit board. - Cleaning of the area and pads the faulty component was removed from. - Taking the new functioning component and placing it down on the location where the faulty component was removed from. - Inspect and/or X-Ray and/test to confirm the component replacement has been successful.

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Prayer: O Lord, I seek no sign or wonder. I seek only you. Imagination: (Picture Jesus speaking to the crowds.) Jesus’ enemies ask for a sign but Jesus addresses this teaching to the crowds. He cites two Old Testament examples of foreigners having a change of heart. When Jonah preached in Nineveh (a perennial enemy of Israel) the people repented. When the Queen of Ethiopia came to see Solomon, she was totally impressed with his wisdom and the glory of the temple. Gospel Text: (Read slowly, possibly aloud) Jesus said to the crowd, “This is a wicked generation because it looks for a sign. No sign shall be given except the sign of Jonah, the prophet. As Jonah was a sign to the Ninevites, so shall the Son of Man be to this generation. The Queen of the South shall rise in judgment against the men of this generation and shall condemn them because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Behold, a greater than Solomon is here. At judgment the citizens of Nineveh will rise in judgment against this generation and shall condemn it. They did penance at the preaching of Jonah and a greater than Jonah is here. Thoughts: (Read all. Ponder the ones that attract you.) - People want signs to satisfy their intellect. Really they should be surrendering their heart. - A sign does not bring repentance, just curiosity. - Jesus gives the whole world the sign of his rising from the dead. Like Jonah, Jesus will be three days in the belly of the tomb. - Jesus cites the change of heart of the Queen of Sheba. She repented just by hearing Solomon speak. - What is Solomon’s wisdom compared with Jesus’. - The hated Ninevites repented when Jonah spoke. Who is Jonah compared to Jesus? - Jesus speaks about that important moment when every person in history will come before him in judgment. - On that day, the Queen and the Ninevites (both non-Jewish) will condemn those Jews (and us) who did not repent. Affections: (When one touches your heart, use your own words.) - O Jesus, give me no sign. Just give me yourself. - You are risen from the dead and I will rise with you. Alleluia! - Change my heart, Jesus. Turn me totally to Your way of life. - If they repented when Jonah preached, can I not repent at your word? - If the Queen believed in Solomon, should I not believe in you? - The only unchangeable moment, Jesus, is when I come before you. - I will be your friend and no one will condemn me. Resolutions: (Possibly you might want to make your own) - I will think today about this Sign of Jonah – the miracle of Jesus’ rising. - I will ponder Jesus’ greatness. Thought for the Day: (To recall your meditation) A greater than Jonah or Solomon is here.

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Getting a colonoscopy as soon as possible after an abnormal stool test could reduce your risk of colon cancer and death from the disease, researchers say. In a new study, investigators analyzed data from more than 200,000 U.S. veterans, aged 50 to 75, who had an abnormal fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Both are common stool blood screening tests. Abnormal results (blood in the stool) on the tests should be followed by a colonoscopy to check for precancerous and cancerous colon growths called polyps. Patients who had a colonoscopy more than 13 months after an abnormal stool blood test were up to 1.3 times more likely to develop colon cancer than those who had colonoscopy up to three months after the stool test, the study authors found. The risk of advanced colon cancer at diagnosis was up to 1.7 times higher among patients who had a colonoscopy more than 16 months after an abnormal stool blood test, according to the Veterans Affairs (VA) researchers. The study also found that the risk of colon cancer-related death was up to 1.5 times higher when a colonoscopy was done more than 19 months after an abnormal stool blood test. The study was published online Feb. 2 in the journal Gastroenterology. "These findings extend current knowledge about the clinical implications of time to follow-up after abnormal FIT-FOBT," according to study author Dr. Folasade May, a gastroenterologist at the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and colleagues. "Further work should include [efforts] that address barriers to [undergoing] colonoscopy after abnormal non-colonoscopic screening results and policies to encourage the routine monitoring of follow-up rates." Excluding skin cancers, colon cancer is the third-most common cancer in the United States, but also one of the most preventable types of cancer, the study authors noted. Detection and removal of precancerous polyps can significantly reduce the incidence of the cancer and deaths caused by it. "Currently, there is no national policy or standard for the clinically acceptable time interval between an abnormal FIT-FOBT result and diagnostic colonoscopy," the researchers explained in a VA news release. "Time to colonoscopic follow-up varies widely in practice and across health care settings," the team continued. "A recommended interval that is too long can contribute to polyp progression and stage migration of colorectal cancer, risking the need for more aggressive...treatment, as well as less favorable outcomes."

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Effects of bushfire smoke on health and wellbeing of the ACT and surrounding community This study will assess the effects of prolonged bushfire smoke exposure on the physical health, mental health and lifestyle factors of residents of the ACT region. It will collect a snapshot of the current mental health status of the community. It will also explore the factors that influence behaviour change in response to hazardous levels of bushfire smoke-related air pollution. This study also aims to capture a mental health snapshot of the ACT community. The findings of this study will be used to inform policy makers, health professionals, and the research community and influence how health information and resources are made available to the public in future events. In particular, it will identify parts of the community that are risk of the direct and indirect physical and psychological health effects of bushfire related air pollution, and the mechanisms which can be used to best reach them. All university staff will be working remotely until 27 July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If you would like to contact the study team please use the email address listed for the study. The survey has now closed, but you can read the participant information sheet .

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The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) is the central mapping agency of the Philippines. It is an attached agency to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as per Executive Order No. 192 (June 10, 1987) integrating the functions and powers of four government agencies - Natural Resources and Management Center (NRMC), the National Cartography Authority (NCA), the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (BCGS), and the Land Classification Teams of the then Bureau of Forest Development (transformed into a Forest Management Bureau performing staff functions) to provide the Department and the government map-making services. BCGS was under the Department of National Defense before the reorganization in 1987. It was composed of personnel in the uniformed service -Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Personnel; which is retained until these days. It is now the Hydrography Branch of NAMRIA, mandated to conduct hydrographic and coastal surveys as well as gather physical oceanographic data to produce nautical charts and other maritime publications primarily for the safety of navigation at sea and to provide the research community valuable data. It is also giving services to delineate maritime boundaries.

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Description from Flora of China Herbs, scandent, perennial or annual, glabrous. Stems thin, 1-8 m, forming a sympodium of several shoots. Leaf blade ternately or pinnately compound; leaflets once to 3 × compound; apex of leaf transformed into a branched tendril (except in basalmost leaves). Inflorescences terminal (leaf-opposed), corymbose, pendent, 2-14-flowered; bracts linear, entire to fimbriate-dentate. Flowers with 2 planes of symmetry, cordate to oblong, 12-26 × 4-10 mm. Petals pale yellow to orange (often rubescent); apices of outer petals slightly bent outward, base pouchlike. Stamens 2 (i.e., filaments of each triplet completely fused); each stamen with a basal nectary extending into pouch of corresponding outer petal. Style persistent; stigma almost square, upper corners each with 1 small stigmatic papilla, basal corners each with 1 large papilla (small in Dactylicapnos burmanica). Capsule dehiscent with 2 valves with persistent replum (in D. scandens indehiscent and berrylike). Seeds several to many, carunculate. Dactylicapnos ventii (Khánh) Lidén (Nordic J. Bot. 25: 35. 2008) is similar to D. grandifoliolata but has fruit lanceolate with thin walls and seeds evenly colliculate and slightly flattened. It is known from India (Sikkim) and might occur in Yadong, S Xizang. Twelve species: Himalayas to W China; ten species (three endemic) in China. (Authors: Zhang Mingli (张明理); Magnus Lidén)

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Last week the Iraqi government launched a new version of its official history. As students return to school from the Ramadan holiday they found new history books waiting for them that include the major changes the nation has experienced in recent years and open up topics that were once censored. This power to write history is sacred. As Oscar Wilde said, "Anybody can make history; only a great man can write it." This power comes from the fact that the narratives we live in have a powerful, hidden hand in determining how we interpret our environment. This fact, long noted by Hindu and Buddhist traditions, is supported by an ever-growing body of scientific knowledge. Innovators who significantly impact the world seem able to recognize when we are living a story with a dead ending. Then they abandon the current tale to enter a new one that empowers people to act when no one else will. I’ve been researching narratives relating to business, and I’ve found three lessons that can help us better leverage the full power of storytelling. 1. Choose a new starting point Like turning the rudder of a ship, you can change the future people anticipate by retelling the past. One key is to strategically pick the right starting point. Let’s consider Hewlett-Packard as an example of this principle. Since 2006, HP has engineered a remarkable turnaround under the leadership of CEO Mark Hurd. But I believe the groundwork for this 180-degree change was laid years prior under his predecessor Carly Fiorina. Core to her strategy was the idea of "resetting" the HP story by reaching back to HP’s original roots. The company’s internal and external messaging brought to life the story of the company’s founders, Hewlett and Packard, working in their garage, building their first products. In fact the HP "garage" was elevated into an icon that roots the company in a common starting point and grounds them in a history of invention. 2. Show the system is stuck People are willing to change only when they grow discontented with where things are. In 2007, Michael Dell took back the reins of his company. Dell, the company that had revolutionized the computer industry by introducing a direct-to-consumer model, was in serious trouble as competitors began copying that model. With its stock sinking, the company turned to its founder for help. In trying to craft a turnaround, Michael Dell has played on the story, as all narrative experts do. He repeatedly says that "this is a defining moment in our history and in our relationships with customers." The first part of his message is a wake-up call: the future that Dell employees and partners are imagining is not the right one because the old direct model is no longer unique. He then paints a future of promise: "We know our competitors drive complexity and needless cost into consumers’ environments. We intend to break this cycle." In other words, he is arguing that the competition is stuck and this presents an opportunity for his company. Embedding a new story requires far greater effort than you might think. Communicating your version of the past and future—your vision—demands repeatedly delivering it to your audience using creative methods to remind them and keep them convinced. I’ve worked with several companies to embed new stories that alter behaviors and thereby build a competitive advantage. It usually requires carefully picking the stories that illustrate the turning points you want people to remember, then telling them over and over in meetings, by email, through visual displays, in continuing education classes and through textbooks, like the Iraqi government. But the effort is worth it. Every leadership book underscores the importance of maintaining a long-term vision in the minds of your people. This vision is a product of the past, of the story people tell themselves about what has happened and therefore what to expect in the future. For your innovations to succeed you must revise, edit, and rewrite prevailing stories. Ask yourself the questions below to see how you can rediscover your past and write a new success story. 1. Where did this idea come from? 2. How did the company find its current direction? 3. Is our mission clearly stated? 4. How can I remind my employees that they are working toward something bigger than themselves? 5. How can I use my company’s stories to engage and inspire my staff and my customers?

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What Does It Mean? Your body is fitted with various types of internal organs, which help you to move and lead a healthy life. Just like a four-wheeler, every organ in your body is important. If one fails to function properly, you will face numerous problems in life. For example, if you have a heart problem, then you will have to lead a controlled lifestyle. Excess excitement may lead to a heart attack. Similarly, your kidneys are also very important. It is true that if one stops to work, then you easily lead a normal life with the other kidney. However, if both cease to work at the same time, then life comes to a complete stop. What Is Acid Ash Diet? The term acid ash diet is mainly based upon the fact that you can easily change the composition of your daily diet in order to alter the pH level of your urine. If you opt for an acid ash diet, then you actually make your diet more acidic in order to get rid of specific types of kidney stones. The primary components of an acid ash diet are grain based food items and animal proteins. There will also be limited quantities of vegetables and fruits in the diet. When the minerals from certain foods do not get oxidized during the process of metabolism, it becomes ash as a residue. Basically, acid ash is formed from various minerals such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium. Foods Allowed For Acid Ash Diet Are you planning to go for acid ash diet in order to get rid of kidney stones? There are certain types of foods, which can be a part of such a dietary plan. Usually moderate to high protein foods are included in an acid ash diet. These include shellfish, eggs, meats, cheese, fish, and various types of grains. You may also include roast beef, lamb, pork, ham, chicken, bacon, and veal in your acid ash diet. When it comes to plant based protein, the list includes walnuts, Brazil nuts, lentils, and corn. At the same time, grains to be included in an acid ash diet are whole-wheat flour, cakes, crackers, bread, and pasta. You may also include various types of cereals such as puffed wheat, oatmeal, cornflakes, and farina. Avoid Certain Foods Just like you are supposed to avoid several types of fruits during your acid ash diet, there are also several types of vegetables you should avoid. These include beets, dandelion greens, Swiss chard, mustard greens, and kale, to name a few. You are also not supposed to have milk during this diet, since milk is an alkaline product and it will neutralize acid. If you wish to start an acid ash diet, it is highly recommended that you consult with a doctor first. He will be able to guide you in this process and also give you a list of foods you should take and those which are supposed to be avoided at all costs. If you succeed in this diet, then the problem of kidney stones can be reduced considerably.

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District of St Pauls A modern urban myth has arisen about the St Paul’s area of Bristol. In the 18th century St Paul’s was a fashionable suburb of Bristol. A well-off merchant lived in one of the houses in the very smart Brunswick Square or Portland Square. The merchant quarrelled with his neighbours, and to spite them he left his house to his black servant when he died. The servant married and had children, the neighbours moved out and black friends of the servant moved in. Over time, the wealthy white residents all moved out, the houses declined and the area was no longer a fashionable place to live. Thus in the 1950s, the new migrant black families found a welcome in the St Paul’s area because it was already an area with a high proportion of black residents. The facts are slightly different. St Paul’s was indeed a very smart address in the 18th century, and by the late 19th century the area was no longer so fashionable. Small workshops had opened, making such products as boots and shoes. But, as any pre-war resident of the area will tell you, St Paul’s before the 1940s was a still a respectable residential area inhabited by white locals. It was the bombing of the Broadmead area in the Second World War that led to the departure from the area of those who could afford to move to the safer suburbs or the country. Bomb damage, planning blight and neglect meant that the housing stock declined, and so the 1950s and later migrants from the Caribbean found housing there that they could afford as they established themselves in a new country. There is no truth in the story of black residence and decline since the 18th century. This myth of the slave trade must have come into existence as a way of explaining the large black presence in the area since the 1950s. As late as 1968, 61% of St Pauls’ residents were white. There are many myths about Bristol’s slaving past, but they have all been handed down for generations: this one is a relative newcomer. We do know of some black residents living in the area of St Paul’s before the 1950s, but they are exceptions rather than the rule. Henry Parker was a slave on an American plantation . He ran away and ended up living in Callow Hill in St Paul’s in the 1850s. He married a Bristol woman, and one of their daughters married an Irishman. Another family, the St Clairs, lived in St Paul’s in the 1930s. The husband was African-Caribbean, the wife appears to have been white. Residents of St Paul’s at that time remember no ‘colour problem’, perhaps because the St Clairs were the only black family locally and fitted in with their neighbours. It was often felt that as black people moved into an area, they lowered the area and turned it into a ‘ghetto’. In fact, the early migrants ended up in areas already in decline because they could not find housing in better areas. And the landlords of the rundown properties they rented could charge as much as they wanted and do nothing to the houses as they knew that their tenants could not find housing anywhere else. As one Bristol public servant wrote in a report at the time: ‘Exploitation by undesirable landlords is the real problem in fading housing areas, not immigration per se.’ The riots in St Paul’s in 1980 brought the area to national attention. Sparked by a drugs raid on the Black and White Café in St Paul’s, the riot in Bristol was the first in a series of riots in large cities across the country. Contrary to popular belief the riots in St Paul’s were not strictly race riots. They were part of a long Bristol tradition of riotous action by the city’s poor against perceived injustice which date back to the early 1700s at least. In 1980, both white and black youths were involved in a protest against heavy-handed policing. There did seem to be a racial element as black youths felt that they were particularly singled out for unwarranted police attention. The area of St Paul’s today has a reputation as the drugs and crime centre of Bristol. The police and residents are working to reduce crime and to improve the area. Although drug abuse and drug dealing is by no means restricted to St Paul’s, criminal gangs from Jamaica ( called Yardies) and a growing gun culture have, along with the spread of crack cocaine, given the area a new and unwelcome notoriety. The summer of 2003 saw armed police patrolling the streets of St Paul’s, to reassure the residents and to give a clear message to the gangsters. A turf war between local gangsters and Yardies had developed into open warfare. The gangs were armed and so the police had to be armed as well. The main victims of the violence are themselves black. Such criminal activity makes news and is widely reported. Yet the good things about St Paul’s, the community feeling, cultural activities, the strong church presence, local action against criminal gangs, goes unrecorded.

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The Attack on Pearl Harbor It was a Sunday morning. Many sailors were still sleeping in their quarters, aboard their ships. Some were sleeping on land. At 7:02 a.m. at the Opana Radar Station on Oahu, privates Joseph Lockhard & George Elliott saw something on their screen. It looked like a lot of planes flying toward them. Opana's was the only radar turned on just then, and it was on only for training. The other radar stations had been turned off. It was standard procedure. Following standard procedure, Lockhard and Elliott reported what they saw. (Click here for an eyewitness account of the attack.) The commanding officer on duty knew that a squadron of American planes was due in from California about the same time. Reasoning that what Lockhard and Elliott saw was that squadron of American planes, the commanding officer told the two privates not to worry. What they didn't know and what nobody in America knew was that Japanese planes had taken off at 6 a.m. from aircraft carriers 230 miles away. What nobody in America thought was possible was happening: The Japanese were attacking Pearl harbor. At 7:55, the Japanese attacked with deadly force. The first wave of 183 planes dropped bombs and fired bullets at the almost defenseless American ships in Pearl Harbor and planes at three nearby airfields. A second wave of 167 planes followed about an hour later. American sailors fought back, struggling to get their planes off the ground and fire their guns at targets they couldn't quite see. A fleet of midget submarines was also part of the Japanese attack. These subs dropped deadly torpedoes, which had been modified with wooden fins to run their course in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Social Studies for Kids

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c) Children should be taught to face reality. Do you agree with this statement? Discuss with close reference to the poem “The Way things Are” by Roger McGough. It is true that children should be taught reality. The theme of reality versus illusion is brought out in “The Way Things Are” by Roger McGough through the persona’s lecture to his child. Take for instance “Bubblegum does not make the hair soft and shiny.” Bubblegum, in fact, is ruinous to our hair. The figurative meaning indicates that things that are pleasurable, such as bubblegum, are not necessarily beneficial. Hence, children should be taught this lesson so that they do not thoughtlessly indulge in disastrous pleasure. Another example is lectured as “No, the red wooly hat has not been/put on the railing to keep it warm.” This can be interpreted as certain deeds that may appear to have been done with kind intentions may have been done accidentally or selfishly. Literally, placing the hat on the railing “to keep it warm” I persiflage as railings are not living organisms and hence cannot feel. We cannot subsist on dreams. “Moonbeams, sadly, will not survive in a jar.” Dreams being abstract, unrealistic and unattainable are represented as “Moonbeams” which have similar attributes. We should not be preoccupied with dreams or illusions; the jar symbolizing life or our mind. In another perspective (moonbeams being beautiful and unattainable), the phrase advises us to face reality and not be too over-possessive. Do not cling on to the unachievable. Children should be taught to accept defeat, and that they cannot always have everything that they desire. Furthermore, “No trusting hand awaits a falling star” informs us that miracles, represented by a “star” are rarities. W cannot expect fortune to descend to us, and wait meaninglessly. Instead, children should strive to achieve their goals through dedicated efforts. Therefore, children should be taught to face reality, for childlike innocence may result in eventual disappointment and disillusion as a result of ignorance and naïveté. This message is cleverly conveyed in the woven web of symbolism.

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BATHING WATER QUALITY AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS How to improve bathing water management with focus on human health This two-day, thematic course provides an overview of the most important parts of the European Bathing Water Directive and gives an introduction to real life cases of good management of bathing water and different early warning methods. The course includes a field trip to relevant beaches/sites in Denmark. Recreational use of water can deliver important benefits to health and well-being. Yet, there may also be adverse health effects associated with recreational use if the water is polluted or unsafe. Clean water is essential to ensure the health and safety of the bathers. Good bathing water management is the key to minimise health risks while maximising the recreational value as well as the revenue of bathing waters. The European Bathing Water Directive sets the standard for the management of the bathing waters of rivers, lakes and coastal water with focus on people´s health. - Introduction to bathing water quality and human health - The European Bathing Water Directive - Management of bathing water - strategies and tools - Stakeholders and information needs - Dynamic early warning systems - Case studies of the implementation of online bathing water forecast systems in - Denmark and Sweden - A one-day field trip to relevant beaches/sites in Denmark TARGET GROUP AND PREREQUISITES Regional and local water bodies, tourism boards, professional bodies and engineering companies, city planners, urban water utilities and authorities in general that work with topics related to bathing water quality and tools for the management of safe bathing waters.

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Brain or cerebral arteriovenous malformations are abnormal connections between the arteries and veins in the brain. They usually consist of one or more “feeding” arteries, a tangle of abnormal arteries and veins, usually 1-5cm in size (the “nidus”) and one or more “draining” veins. AVMs are thought to arise in people with a genetic predisposition for them. They occur rarely in children, and most often, develop around puberty. They usually become symptomatic in patients in their 30s-50s. The most common symptoms of brain arteriovenous malformations include headaches and seizures; while in some of the patients, they can remain asymptomatic. Brain AVMs may also be associated with progressive weakness and numbness, visual disturbances and severe pain. These malformations may rupture, leading to intracranial bleeding. Treatment for brain AVMs is variable and depends on the size, symptoms, location and architecture of the lesion. In order to establish the location and architecture of an AVM, it is almost always necessary to have both an MRI of the brain and a cerebral angiogram (digital subtraction angiogram). Both should, wherever possible, be carried out by radiologists with subspecialist experience in the diagnosis and management of AVM, and in the case of cerebral angiography, it is strongly advised to have the study performed by an experienced interventional neuroradiologist. Common treatment strategies for AVMs include open neurosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, embolisation (targeted blocking of abnormal vessels under X-ray guidance), or combinations of these. The choice of strategy is usually decided by multidisciplinary discussion between specialists in neurosurgery, radiosurgery and interventional neuroradiology.

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Randolph Field was dedicated June 20, 1930, as a flying training base and continues in this mission today. The idea for Randolph began soon after the establishment of the Air Corps Act in 1926, which changed the name of the Army Air Service to the Army Air Corps. Gen. Frank P. Lahm was placed in charge of all flying training and established the Air Corps Training Center and set up its headquarters at Duncan Field, next to Kelly Field. After deciding the facilities at Kelly and Brooks Fields were not enough for proper training, the Air Corps soon decided an additional training field was needed. Randolph Field was named after Capt. William M. Randolph, who crashed his AT-4 on takeoff retuning to duty at Kelly. He contributed immeasurably to the progress of aviation and served on the base name selection committee. After the Air Force became a separate service Sept. 18, 1947, Randolph Field was officially named Randolph Air Force Base Jan. 14, 1948. Randolph is home to more than 4,000 military members; 5,000 dependents; and 5,000 DOD civilians. It is home to numerous units, including Headquarters Air Education and Training Command, Air Force Personnel Center, and the host unit, the 12th Flying Training Wing.

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The Jervis Public Library Association was incorporated in 1894 by an act of the New York state legislature. The Association took its name from prominent American civil engineer John Bloomfield Jervis, who bequeathed funds, property, and his personal collection of books and papers for the purpose of founding a library facility for the citizens of his home town, Rome, NY. Although a downtown site for a new library building was debated, in the end it was decided that the Jervis homestead would make an ideal location for Rome's public library. Melvil Dewey, inventor of the famous Dewey Decimal System for classifying books, helped draft Jervis Library's bylaws. On July 15, 1895, Jervis Public Library was ready to open its doors. The community was filled with expectation. Gala opening ceremonies were held outside, amidst fine, warm weather. Addresses were given by prominent citizens; a chorus provided musical interludes. The ceremonies inaugurated what would become a major public information center in central New York. Well before the 10:00 a.m. opening the next day, a number of children had arrived to compete in a contest to see who would take out the first book. Thus began the history of Jervis Public Library. John B. Jervis, leading early American civil engineer and the library's founder, grew up in Rome (then called Fort Stanwix) in the early nineteenth century. He attended local public schools and was interested in higher education, but his family could not afford it. When the construction of the Erie Canal began in 1817, he was hired as an axeman. While working on this job he began an informal education as a civil engineer. By 1819 Jervis was resident engineer in charge of the canal's middle section. In four years he was superintendent of fifty miles of completed canal. In 1827 he became chief engineer on the Delaware and Hudson canal and railway system project. In both canal and railway engineering, Jervis was a supreme innovator. At a time when railroads were just beginning to appear in America, he drew plans for the "Stourbridge Lion," the first locomotive to run on this continent. He also invented the swiveling, four-wheel "bogie" truck, to keep the engine from jumping the track when rounding curves. Mr. Jervis was chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct, the supplier of abundant fresh water to New York City and a major engineering feat of its time. He directed completion of the Croton Aqueduct Dam and the Harlem River High Bridge. Retiring to his home in Rome in 1866, he was active in organizing the Rome Iron Mill, of which he was a trustee until his death. John B. Jervis remained dedicated to intellectual pursuits, most prominently engineering and religion. Ten years after his death in 1885, his home became Rome's public library. His personal collection featuring rare early railroad, canal, and aqueduct documents is still housed within Jervis Public Library. When the library first opened, the collection was 8,500 volumes, plus many pamphlets, state and government publications, and other related materials. An annex was built in 1925 so the library could expand. In 1964, a modern library capable of housing 100,000 volumes was joined to the original Jervis house and annex. Further funds from endowment and the city were used in 1971 to enlarge the library's capacity to 150,000 volumes. In 1988 another addition, with elevator, was built to expand the library's main lobby and make accommodations for accessibility. The first librarian was Marjorie Elizabeth Beach, a former teacher, and a grandniece of John B. Jervis. In the early days, the library was open seven hours a day, Monday through Saturday, but the time open each day was divided into three intervals. The public areas of the library were furnished with polished oak bookcases and comfortable chairs. All patrons were asked to register their visits in a book provided. Both the card catalog and the adult book shelves were accessed by the librarian only. Children's books, however, were on open shelving. Members of the first Board of Trustees included Edward Comstock, Dr. W.J.P. Kingsley, W.D. Manro, and Dr. Thomas Macomb Flandreau. Mr. Comstock was the President of the first Board of Trustees. In 1881 and 1882 he had been Mayor of Rome. Dr. Kingsley was the Vice President of the first Board of Trustees. He was a medical doctor who in 1859 founded a hospital for the treatment of malignant growths. In Rome he also served as Mayor (from 1895 to 1899) and President of the Farmer's National Bank, which he helped organize. The first Secretary of the Board of Trustees was W.D. Manro, Superintendent of Schools in Rome. Dr. Thomas Macomb Flandreau, also a medical doctor, was not an officer of the first Board of Trustees, but was perhaps the most scholarly trustee. He spoke French and German fluently and wrote poetry. He also helped to found Rome Hospital. The second head librarian was Eugenie Stevens, who held this position from 1900 to 1921. She was one of several who helped Librarian Beach catalog the original collection and was promoted to the directorship from her position as Miss Beach's assistant. Miss Stevens experimented for a while with opening the library on Sundays. In Jervis Library's early years, funds were in short supply, and the library's growth was hampered by an austerity budget. A wave of improvements, however, hit the library during the early 1920's, including the building of the 1925 addition. At the forefront of many of these improvements was the library's energetic third librarian, Clara W. Bragg, who was in charge from 1922 to 1923. She was a dynamic, highly educated woman, who had studied literature and modern languages at Cornell University and had served as reference librarian at Columbia University. Under her direction, Jervis Library opened a branch in East Rome. From 1924 to 1958, Helen Salzman was the librarian. Coming to this position from several years' experience in other libraries, she had a very professional approach. She was constantly introducing improvements and innovations in areas ranging from instituting children's holiday story hours to devising a better system for reserving books. When the new addition to the library had been built in 1925, the old part of the library, in the Jervis house, was also remodeled and refurbished. In 1931, Henrietta Huntington Wright died and left to Jervis Library an estate, which, for the time, was considerable, and improved the library's funding. Miss Wright was a descendant of Benjamin Wright, John B. Jervis' supervisor during the construction of the Erie Canal. Fifth Director William A. Dillon, educated at the University of Pittsburgh and Columbia University, presided from 1958 until mid-1985, and spearheaded the transformation of the library into a major area cultural institution. Under Mr. Dillon, both the 1964 and 1971 additions were built to provide space for up to 150,000 volumes. Over the years the library's circulation rose continually. The depth of the library's collection was such that author Alex Haley (Roots; co-author The Autobiography of Malcolm X) completed various writing projects at Jervis and publicly praised the library. Director Dillon organized the library's collection of John B. Jervis papers and engineering drawings; acquired the Bright and Huntington Historic Papers which were microfilmed and made available to scholars; unearthed John B. Jervis' handwritten autobiography and guided it to publication as The Reminiscences of John B. Jervis: Engineer of the Old Croton, edited by Neal FitzSimons; and in the early 1980's began the library's automation. In 1990, Roman Dr. F. Daniel Larkin, noted scholar and historian, published Jervis' biography, John B. Jervis: An American Engineering Pioneer. Carole Fraser Fowler, educated at Colby and Douglas Colleges and Rutgers University, became Jervis' sixth Director in 1985 and was Director during the library's Centennial celebration. Her focuses until her retirement in 2005 included improving accessibility via the 1988 addition, and incorporating new technologies in order to access a wider range of information. Automated circulation of materials began in February 1986. Lisa M. Matte is the library's seventh director. She received her library degree from SUNY Albany in 1997, and joined Jervis Library as a reference librarian that year. In her tenure as librarian, Ms. Matte expanded the library's services to teens, forming a successful teen advisory group and creating the library's YAWeb website for teens. Her programs were recognized by the YALSA division of the American Library Association, and written about in a book about teen services in libraries. After a brief stint as Assistant Director, Ms. Matte became Director in 2005. She oversaw the project to upgrade the library's HVAC system in 2007, and seeks to expand the library's role as an information provider in the community. While Jervis Library remains committed to providing materials in traditional formats, computer technology and the Internet have revolutionized the library like nothing since the Dewey Decimal System. Computer automation has improved circulation and information services and increased the efficiency of record retention, communications, and office work. At a time when information is rapidly exceeding the bounds of print, access to the Internet is of critical importance to those the library serves. Jervis Library is proud to have earned Library Leader status, awarded by the NYS Education Department and Board of Regents to libraries that provide the highest levels of access to the Internet and electronic resources. Internet access computers are in constant use by children, teens, and adults. Jervis will continue to strive to meet the changing needs of its patrons by providing an increasing array of other technology-based services beyond the Internet, including word processing for all ages, computer printouts at a nominal fee, a collection of circulating computer software and multimedia titles, and a website through which many of the library’s unique resources may be accessed without the need to visit the library building. The library acknowledges its role in introducing and assisting people with the technology it provides through its professional librarians, who offer periodic computer orientation and Internet training classes, and who assist and guide people in using library computers one-on-one as time permits. As Jervis Library moves ahead in its second century, it is financially challenged by the increasing demands for electronic and telecommunications services while, at the same time, demand for traditional services shows little decline. Fortunately, thus far, the bulk of the library's hardware and software automation costs has been borne by grants, gifts, donations, and bequests. In addition to providing information, research resources, education, and creative use of leisure time, the library sponsors many special services, including adult lectures, author visits & book discussion series, and numerous teen and children's programs, activities and events. Jervis’ Youth Advisory Committee, a volunteer group of teens, helps the library respond to the needs of its young patrons. Through parallel development of both traditional services and technology, Jervis Library continuously seeks to expand its vistas and capabilities to meet the challenges of the next 100 years. This page updated 1/09. PAC

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An A — Z of Spoken and Written Grammar Ronald Carter, Michael McCarthy, Geraldine Mark and Anne O’Keeffe English Grammar Today With extensive corpus research at its core, English Grammar Today is an indispensable reference guide to contemporary English grammar and usage. Ideal for learners of English looking for clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Written by a team of leading experts in the field, this grammar reference book provides hundreds of clear grammar explanations with authentic examples of the way in which the grammar is used in real-life situations. English Grammar Today Workbook English Grammar Today provides extensive practice of the grammar points that often cause difficulty for learners of English at CEF levels B1-B2. Ideal for classroom use and slf-study, the book contains hundreds of varied exercises that allow learners to practise grammar points in context through authentic examples of spoken and written English.

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Return to Boudica "The bitterest animosity was felt against the veterans; who, fresh from their settlement in the colony of Camulodunum [Colchester], were acting as though they had received a free gift of the entire country, driving the natives from their homes, ejecting them from their lands,—they styled them 'captives' and 'slaves,'—and abetted in their fury by the troops, with their similar mode of life and their hopes of equal indulgence. More than this, the temple raised to the deified Claudius continually met the view, like the citadel of an eternal tyranny; while the priests, chosen for its service, were bound under the pretext of religion to pour out their fortunes like water. Nor did there seem any great difficulty in the demolition of a colony unprotected by fortifications—a point too little regarded by our commanders, whose thoughts had run more on the agreeable than on the useful." Tacitus, Annals (XIV.31) Even though the Temple of Claudius was completely destroyed during the Boudican rebellion, its podium served as the foundation for the largest Norman keep in Britain, built by William the Conqueror a decade after his own invasion of the island a millennium later. Half again as large as the White Tower in London on which it was patterned, there was not enough stone to fill the podium entirely and its four vaults were packed with sand instead. It measures approximately 80 x 105 feet, which suggests that the temple itself was octastyle, with eight columns across the façade and eleven down the sides. The only other reference to the Temple of Claudius is attributed to Seneca, about whom Dio comments: "Seneca himself had composed a work that he called 'Pumpkinification'—a word formed on the analogy of 'deification'" (LX.35.3). In this satire, Jupiter is speaking, as the gods debate whether Claudius should be admitted to Olympia. Seneca jibes that, instead of aspiring to divinity, Claudius should be content with the worship of barbarians. "Is it not enough that he has a temple in Britain, that savages worship him and pray to him as a god, so that they may find a fool to have mercy upon them?" (The Apocolocyntosis, VIII.3). Fishwick, however, argues that the temple was not built before the death and apotheosis of Claudius in AD 54 but decreed after his deification, in which case construction may not even have been completed before the revolt of Boudica six years later. The initiation of a conquest of Britain was the most successful event of Claudius' reign. "Desiring the glory of a legitimate triumph, he chose Britain as the best place for gaining it, a land that had been attempted by no one since the Deified Julius." Indeed, he set a naval crown on the palace to signify that "he had crossed and, as it were, subdued the Ocean" (Suetonius, Claudius, XVII.1). In 1907, a young boy found a bronze head of Claudius in a muddy river bed some miles northeast of Colchester. Purchased by the landowner, it was exhibited eighteen months later by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in London. Then, in 1979, another bronze fragment was discovered, this time a horse's hock. Given the low lead content of the bronze alloy and that both were hacked away, perhaps as booty, the head later thrown into the river as a votive offering, it is tempting to think that they were part of the same equestrian statue, although there is no certainty for such wistful association. The model of the Temple of Claudius is in the Colchester Castle Museum, the bust of Claudius in the British Museum. References: "Note on Some Fragments of Imperial Statues and of a Statuette of Victory" (1926) by George MacDonald, The Journal of Roman Studies, 16, 1-16; "Templum Divo Claudio Constitutium" (1972) by Duncan Fishwick, Britannia, 3, 164-181 (this article can represent several more by the author arguing the point); "Once Again Claudius and the Temple at Colchester" (1993) by C. J. Simpson, Britannia, 24, 1-6; "A Fragment of Life-Size Bronze Equine Statuary from Ashill, Norfolk" (1986) by Annabel K. Lawson, W. A. Oddy, and P. T. Craddock, Britannia, 17, 333-339. Return to Top of Page

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This study examines the correlation between identity and the use of Facebook. When creating a profile on Facebook, the user is met with a series of choices. Among these are the profile pictures, status updates and so forth. Depending on how the user chooses to interact with Facebook, a picture of his identity is painted. This picture is basically how the user’s Facebook friends perceive the user. This, and the fact, that the social actions of young teenagers have an impact on their identity, establishes the main problem of this research. The problem statement – How does 13-16 year olds portray themselves on Facebook compared to their identity? - is a result of these observations. Comparing three main theories with empirical data, the research concludes on both two hypothesizes constructed during the beginning of the project, as well as the problem statement. |Uddannelser||Basis - Humanistisk-Teknologisk Bacheloruddannelse, (Bachelor uddannelse) Basis| |Udgivelsesdato||18 jan. 2012|

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Skip to 0 minutes and 6 secondsHELEN FARR: Hi, I'm Dr. Helen Farr. And I'm here to talk about the early origins of seafaring. Now, when we think about seafaring, or early seafaring, we might think about people like the Phoenicians or the Vikings. But actually, the origins of seafaring is much, much earlier and is tied to early human origins itself. There are two types of evidence in archaeology. There's direct evidence and indirect evidence. And when we're looking at really early seafaring, we're usually dealing with indirect evidence. So direct evidence would be things like the boats, or iconography, or perhaps harbour infrastructure. Skip to 0 minutes and 41 secondsBut when we're looking at indirect evidence, we're really looking at the remains that we can see that people moved from a to b travelling across a body of water. So this might be, for example, artefacts found on islands, or on landmasses which we know were separated by channels of water. So when we're looking at these really early instances of seafaring this is what we're looking at. Now most early archaeology can be contested. And this is absolutely true for the case of the earliest seafaring as well. Perhaps you'll be surprised to hear that the really, really earliest predates even anatomically modern humans. And this is the find of artefacts, stone tools, on the island of Flores in Southeast Asia. Skip to 1 minute and 26 secondsNow interestingly this island was separated, and has always been separated, by a deep water channel, which would have meant that Homo Erectus crossed this deep water channel at some point around 800,000 years ago. Now this is really interesting because it ties to the question as to what is seafaring. Because it's been suggested, for example, by our colleague Cyprian Broodbank that this is culturally enhanced floating. And that there's a difference between seafaring itself and seagoing. Skip to 1 minute and 54 secondsBut if we take this one off early date out of the picture, we don't really see anything else in terms of seafaring, or seagoing, until 750,000 years later when in the same region of the world, interestingly, we see that humans, this time anatomically modern humans, cross from this basin here, known as the Sunda Shelf, onto this continental landmass, now Australasia, but also known geologically as Sahul. So we get this crossing of early humans from Sunda to Sahul, possibly 200 to 250 kilometres, by around 60,000 to 50,000 years ago. And this is the earliest evidence we have of seafaring which is uncontested. Skip to 2 minutes and 36 secondsThe reason that this evidence for early seafaring is important is that when we look at the archaeological record for these time periods, often what we're seeing are just collections of stone tools. There are perhaps a few bones. But when we actually understand that people were building boats or using rafts, even quite simple technology, we suddenly understand that there was a lot more complexity that we just don't see in the archaeological record. When we're looking at seafaring, we learn not only about the technology of the boats themselves, how they were produced, but also about cognition, about skill, and how people were working together. Skip to 3 minutes and 12 secondsFor example, think about navigation and how people dealt with the changing environmental conditions of that body of water. So this is really critical to understanding our human ancestors. So we also need to think about the boat technology itself. At this level, this early, prehistoric seafaring, we're not thinking about complicated boats. We're thinking about simple rafts, or simple log boats. And these might be made of bamboo rafts, or other materials, for example, leathers and skins. But in this area particularly, people have suggested that bamboo rafts might have been used. And we need to think about how many people were crossing. So a genetically viable population crossed this body of water between 60,000 to 50,000 years ago. Skip to 3 minutes and 56 secondsAnd when I say genetically viable, what we see is quickly we see various sites springing up all across Australasia, all across the Sahul land mass. And this means that at least 30 adult, healthy individuals crossed this stretch of water. So I don't think we're just looking at people floating across sporadically. This is actually, technically, seafaring. The earliest seafarers In this video Helen discusses the evidence for the earliest seafaring in world history, before getting you to consider the who, when and why of early seafaring. Evidence for seafaring stretches much further back than we may have imagined and was associated with Anatomically Modern Human (known as AMH or Homo sapiens sapiens) migration out of Africa. It has been argued that the migration of humans Out of Africa was expedited though their use of a ‘Coastal Express’. Coastal environments would have provided a familiar economic niche for our early ancestors to travel through, providing access to coastal marine resources. Shellfish, would have been a dependable resource even at times when hunted food was scarce. The timeframe in which AMH left Africa is hotly debated; some evidence would seem to suggest Late Pleistocene humans were on the move well before the Toba eruption c. 74,000 years ago, and perhaps as early as 125,000 years ago, whilst others argue for a rapid post Toba dispersal. If the latter argument is followed it would appear that AMH colonized the globe at a rapid rate, covering 12,000 km to reach Sahul by c.50,000 years ago. However, even with evidence that our ancestors were living on the coast and utilising marine resources, we cannot assume seafaring technology. The earliest evidence for AMH seafaring comes from the indirect evidence of archaeological finds in northern Australia (Nauwalabila I & Malakunanja II) because we know that at the land mass of Sahul was separated from South East Asia by sea. The exact distance of this channel depends on the route that was travelled and the sea-level at the time, but may have been up to 200km. In addition to dated archaeological material, we can use human genetic evidence to map and date colonization. Current Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) research maps the distribution of haplotypes (mtDNA variants) in different human populations then correlates these to estimates of mutation rates. Researchers are also working at tracking the male Y chromosome, but high-resolution analysis is only just beginning and results are very tentative at present. In essence, this research enables us to create a temporally structured genealogy or ‘family tree’. Current findings support a colonization of Sahul from c. 55,000- 50,000 years ago. So, we know when and we know who, but why did our ancestors first step off the land and voyage across the sea? Again many theories abound. These can be divided into Push factors and Pull factors. Push factors may include competing social groups, the lack of food, or a change in environmental conditions. To consider that all major choices were made due to environmental changes would be too simplistic (and you would be classed an environmental determinist!). Pull factors could include, the search for raw materials i.e. flint or obsidian; following migratory animals, fish or birds; the quest for more land or the lure of the unknown. We may never know exactly what crossed the mind of the first group of humans to build a simple boat or raft and push off for the distant horizon; however I imagine that it may have been a combination of all these factors. It is quite possible that watercraft were regularly used for local fishing or island hopping. Evidence for fishing was found in East Timor dating to 42,000 years ago. It has also been argued that the first founding ‘colonies’ may have been swept off course, although it takes around 30 adults to establish a healthy breeding population, so this would seem unlikely. Evidence for seafaring in the Late Pleistocene tends to emanate from colonisation events. In the Mediterranean there are a few assertions of early seafaring based on human presence on islands indicated by stone tool assemblages but in my opinion more evidence is needed to attest to these. Three questions are always key: - Was it an island at the time? Knowledge of sea-level and palaeogeography is critical. - Are the stone tools actually man-made (anthropogenic) or natural? - Are these finds securely dated? Obsidian from island sources found on the mainland in Greece represents the earliest evidence for seafaring in the Mediterranean ©farbled/Shutterstock, 2015 The first secure evidence of seafaring in the Mediterranean comes from the 11th- 10th millennium BC in the form of obsidian from the island of Melos found in Franchthi cave in Greece. At a similar time people also began to seasonally visit the island of Cyprus. The earliest island occupation site is that of Akrotiri Aetokremnos dating to the 10th Millennium BC. This appears to be a seasonal hunter-gatherer site in which the association of anthropogenic material and pygmy hippopotami remains suggests that humans may have been responsible for the extinction of that endemic late Pleistocene fauna. The sea-level at this point in time may have been up to c. 55 metres lower than the present day but was rising rapidly. Even with these lowered sea-levels the presence of these hunter-gatherers on the island of Cyprus indicates that people had the maritime technology and social organisation to undertake a considerable journey (64.82 km if they came from Anatolia to the north or a voyage of 144.5 km if they came from the East). By the onset of the Neolithic (c. 6500BP in the central Mediterranean), people were regularly using boats. The islands of the Mediterranean have been described as a nursery for the development of seafaring skills and technology. Islands were exploited for raw materials, and used as stepping stones for the transportation of various raw materials and items for trade and exchange: technology, plants and animals as well as people - and with them their ideas, ideology, beliefs, culture skills and knowledge. The spread of the Neolithic through the Mediterranean has recently been traced through genetic markers to show a maritime dispersal of people across the central Mediterranean. The Neolithic saw an intensification of seafaring activity and maritime technology, not just in the Mediterranean, but around the globe. Frequently Asked Questions Obsidian is an interesting material. Has it got a particular make up that allows it to be identified from area to area? Good question. In brief - in certain contexts volcanoes produce an acidic/rhyolitic lava that cools very quickly to form a volcanic glass known as obsidian. (Incidentally, it generally has a frothy, bubbly layer on the top - which is pumice - a pint of Guinness is a good analogy). When the magma rises through the volcano during an explosion, it melts and incorporates some of the rock- as such trace elements from the local geology end up within the volcanic glass. Each geological setting will be specific to each volcano, and at a very precise level, each eruption will also vary. If we study the trace elements and know the specific local geology we can match the obsidian to a particular volcano - and even a specific eruption! A lot of work on this has been carried out on the island of Lipari in the central Mediterranean. Here, both a prehistoric and a classical period eruption can be identified. When we find obsidian in the archaeological record around the Med. we can say which volcano it came from and which eruption, this also helps with dating material and means we can trace its source and movement. You can read more about obsidian here: Obsidian: Volcanic glass prized for tool-making © University of Southampton, 2017

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Looking down on the Mir. Looks like it will still be flying for years to come. Click on image for full size Image courtesy of NASA Will the ISS Ever Be Done? News story originally written on January 25, 2000 The International Space Station continues to float around in space without its service module. A private investor has decided to fund the Mir space station. The company which owns the spacecraft says it has already received almost half of the necessary funds to keep Mir aloft. The Russian government has decided to use the rockets and boosters that were originally for the ISS, for the Mir. "There is no alternative to the ISS for Russia," said Yuri Koptev, head of the Russian space agency. "I would like once again to confirm Russia's adherence to this project." The government will have a difficult time replacing the equipment because of a lack of funding. They plan to launch a ship carrying cargo and the module in late July. The U.S. is still asking Russia to give up on the 14 year old station and concentrate on the ISS. But Russian officials are determined to keep their last piece of space history in orbit as long as possible. "There is no problem whatsoever to manufacture these rockets, the essential thing is financial resources," Koptev said. The Mir has not had any guests since August, 1999. Unless funding was found, the ship was going to slowly fall through Earth's atmosphere and crash into the ocean. MirCorp, a company owned by Jeffrey Manber, is providing the funding to keep it going. Manber plans to renovate the station and possibly charge millions to allow tourists to stay there. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. Issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science! You might also be interested in: After 13 long years orbiting the Earth, the space station Mir has finally said good-bye to its last crew. The two cosmonauts along with one French astronaut landed on Earth, leaving the Mir uninhabitated...more Will Russia ever put the service module for the International Space Station in space? NASA officials are demanding an answer from the Russian government. The necessary service module is currently waiting...more Man has always been compelled to explore and inhabit previously unknown realms. As of this month, man is again inhabiting the daunting expanse we call space. Eight years after the initial agreement to...more After two long years of frustration, the day has finally come! Russia launched the important Zvezda module for the International Space Station (ISS). This module will house the main controls of the station...more It was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. It seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. Either way, NASA led the way to a great century of discovery. Unfortunately,...more The Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 2:19 p.m. EST, October 29th. The sky was clear and the weather was great as Discovery took 8 1/2 minutes to reach orbit for the Unitied...more A moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, Eugenia. This is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. A special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon...more

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The rapid development and potential release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have raised considerable concerns due to the unique properties of nanomaterials. An important aspect of the risk assessment of ENPs is to understand the interactions of ENPs with plants, an essential base component of all ecosystems. The impact of ENPs on plant varies, depending on the composition, concentration, size and other important physical chemical properties of ENPs and plant species. Both enhancive and inhibitive effects of ENPs on plant growth at different developmental stages have been documented. ENPs could be potentially taken up by plant roots and transported to shoots through vascular systems depending upon the composition, shape, size of ENPs and plant anatomy. Despite the insights gained through many previous studies, many questions remain concerning the fate and behavior of ENPs in plant systems such as the role of surface area or surface activity of ENPs on phytotoxicity, the potential route of entrance to plant vascular tissues and the role of plant cell walls in internalization of ENPs. This article reviewed the current knowledge on the phytotoxicity and interactions of ENPs with plants at seedling and cellular levels and discussed the information gap and some immediate research needs to further our knowledge on this topic. - Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) - Uptake and transport

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The British Library is… big. No. Let’s rephrase that. It’s not just “big”… it’s… really big. Bigger than your imagination. Even in a digital age, where terabytes of information are stored on air-conditioned servers, the British Library adds new physical documents at the rate of three million documents a year; necessitating an additional shelf space of 9.6 square kilometers. Although it might seem ridiculously recent, in terms of Great Britain’s history of empire, that the Library was only actually sanctioned, in 1972 (most British librarians will know, until then, it had been part of the British Museum, before becoming a distinct offshoot); it, and five other libraries in Britain (and Ireland), are entitled to receive free copies of every item published or distributed in Britain. However, in addition, there’s still all of those earlier mounds of visual material to sift through, accumulated over the decades; and even though the idea of viewing over a million images probably isn’t for the faint-hearted; then the prospect of at least dipping into one of the greatest archives in the world should be of interest to both casual and professional historians and scholars. The British Library recently made available these million images via flickr; and it’s a deliciously daunting tsunami of disparate images. It is, literally, the world, as once collected: and even a ten-minute ‘hike’ through this treasure trove will show the limits of your own perceived world. Some of the reproductions will definitely only be of interest to a niche, specialized, audience (if you’ve never been a fan of 1899 mine drainage valves, then now’s the time to become acquainted with a second edition of industrial brass engineering), but many of the images are a lot more accessible and fascinating—and have been tagged by an army of volunteers who have catalogued them, from books that the library has digitized, since 2013. Thereafter, the images have been posted to flickr by the library’s Mechanical Curator: a ‘bot’ that randomly picks and posts images. What is perhaps most amazing (if not surprising) is how this walk down memory lane illustrates the changing nature of empire. By its nature, the British Library is a collector of material; not an editorialist; so, there is plenty of material likely to seem anachronistic (at best), or quaint, now that the sun has faded on the British Empire. We can see old colonial images that represented a certainty about one’s place in the world (“Buffalo Bill, The Buckskin King”); tourist images of idyllic Scottish landscapes; scientific drawings of plants from offshoot colonies. But, contemporary historical perspective aside, what perhaps best typifies this collection is the sheer wonder of life, in all its volume and diversity. From children’s diagrams, to comprehensive mechanical letter collections; from vintage Christmas depictions, through to army maps that delineate the strategies of critical battles: from the illustrations of science-fiction books (“The Angel of the Revolution depicts a (very) pre-CGI airship battle that looks no less thrilling than a James Cameron multiplex-fest) through to ethnographic collections; from cycling, and ships, and boats, and trains and… … well. You get the idea, Take a tour. And if you forget any of it, come back in a year. After another 9.6 square kilometers of shelf space has been filled… Get started here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/albums/with/72157639959761466 Download l Licensing images here: https://forms.bl.uk/imaging/index.aspx?referrer=flickrcommons

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IT'S a nationwide food fight. First lady Michelle Obama, the outspoken champion of healthy eating in the US, is taking on the Republicans in Congress who want to roll back standards for school meals. Republicans argue that healthy meals are too costly, and the fruit and veg that children refuse ends up being scrapped. The new-look lunches were introduced in 2012 as part of a national campaign, but media reports last week suggested that kids are rejecting them. It is a serious issue: around 13 per cent of US children are now clinically obese, according to an analysis of a World Health Organization study (The Lancet, doi.org/szv). This could reduce the nation's average life expectancy. Forcing children to have healthy food in their meals can increase how much is thrown away, but this could be curbed by giving vegetable dishes more attractive names, researchers say. This article appeared in print under the headline "Healthy food feud" - New Scientist - Not just a website! - Subscribe to New Scientist and get: - New Scientist magazine delivered every week - Unlimited online access to articles from over 500 back issues - Subscribe Now and Save If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

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CC-MAIN-2015-22

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en

Infections during infancy – rather than antibiotic use, as previously suspected – were associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity in a Kaiser Permanente study of more than 260,000 infants over 16 years. The findings were published today in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. "In previous studies, antibiotics used to treat infant infections have been associated with weight gain. However, we separated the two factors and found that antibiotics do not, themselves, appear to be associated with childhood obesity," said De-Kun Li, MD, PhD, principal investigator of the study and a reproductive and perinatal epidemiologist at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in Oakland, California. "Our study is one of the largest analyses of the interplay among infections, antibiotic use and childhood obesity, and adds important evidence to a small but growing body of research on how the microbiome, or gut bacteria, may be affecting children's development." In the United States, more than one-third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Research has shown that energy imbalance (calories consumed versus energy expenditures) cannot account for the entire increase in obesity in childhood. Scientists are exploring numerous factors that may play a role in growth and development during early childhood, including chemicals in the environment, maternal gestational diabetes, and the metabolic programming of body weight during early childhood. Both infections and antibiotic use have been shown to influence the composition of intestinal microorganisms; the intestinal microbiome can affect metabolic processes and the immune system, which can in turn affect metabolic processes, growth patterns and weight development. In this study, researchers reviewed 260,556 births that occurred between January 1, 1997, and March 31, 2013, at Kaiser Permanente facilities in Northern California. Kaiser Permanente's comprehensive electronic medical record, Kaiser Permanente HealthConnect®, allowed researchers to obtain data on infections and antibiotic use in infancy, and to capture heights and weights measured in these children for up to 18 years. All infant infections were included, with respiratory and ear infections accounting for the majority. The electronic medical record provided additional information that allowed Dr. Li's team to control for potential confounding factors, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race/ethnicity and breastfeeding. Children diagnosed with an infection during their first year of life who had no antibiotic use were about 25 percent more likely to become obese (defined as in the 95th percentile for body mass index of all children studied) compared to those without infections. There was a dose-response relationship, meaning that higher numbers of untreated infections were associated with a larger increased risk of obesity. In contrast, there was no increased risk of obesity associated with antibiotic use during the first year when compared to infants with untreated infections. The type of antibiotics used (broad or narrow spectrum) did not influence the outcomes. Researchers recommend focusing efforts on reducing infections in infancy while being careful in prescribing antibiotics. In addition to Dr. Li, co-authors of the study were Hong Chen, MPH, Jeannette Ferber, MPH, and Roxanne Odouli, MSPH, all of the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research. The study was funded by the Kaiser Permanente Center for Effectiveness & Safety Research. Through investments in infrastructure and specific projects, the center takes advantage of Kaiser Permanente's talented research teams, rich data assets, and integrated delivery system to contribute to the knowledge base in comparative effectiveness and safety.

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The neutrons exist in the nuclei of typical atoms, along with their positively charged counterparts, the protons. Neutrons and protons, commonly called nucleons, are bound together in the atomic nucleus, where they account for 99.9 percent of the atom’s mass. Research in high-energy particle physics in the 20th century revealed that neither the neutron nor the proton is not the smallest building block of matter. Protons and neutrons have also their structure. Inside the protons and neutrons, we find true elementary particles called quarks. Within the nucleus, protons and neutrons are bound together through the strong force, a fundamental interaction that governs the behaviour of the quarks that make up the individual protons and neutrons. A nuclear stability is determined by the competition between two fundamental interactions. Protons and neutrons are attracted each other via strong force. On the other hand protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. Therefore neutrons within the nucleus act somewhat like nuclear glue, neutrons attract each other and protons , which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. There are only certain combinations of neutrons and protons, which forms stable nuclei. For example, the most common nuclide of the common chemical element lead (Pb) has 82 protons and 126 neutrons. Because of the strength of the nuclear force at short distances, the nuclear binding energy (the energy required to disassemble a nucleus of an atom into its component parts) of nucleons is more than seven orders of magnitude larger than the electromagnetic energy binding electrons in atoms. Nuclear reactions (such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion) therefore have an energy density that is more than 10 000 000x that of chemical reactions. Knowledge of the behaviour and properties of neutrons is essential to the production of nuclear power. Shortly after the neutron was discovered in 1932, it was quickly realized that neutrons might act to form a nuclear chain reaction. When nuclear fission was discovered in 1938, it became clear that, if a fission reaction produced free neutrons, each of these neutrons might cause further fission reaction in a cascade known as a chain reaction. Knowledge of cross-sections (the key parameter representing probability of interaction between a neutron and a nucleus) became crutial for design of reactor cores and the first nuclear weapon (Trinity, 1945). Structure of the Neutron Neutrons and protons are classified as hadrons, subatomic particles that are subject to the strong force and as baryons since they are composed of three quarks. The neutron is a composite particle made of two down quarks with charge −⅓ e and one up quark with charge +⅔ e. Since the neutron has no net electric charge, it is not affected by eletric forces, but the neutron does have a slight distribution of electric charge within it. This results in non-zero magnetic moment (dipole moment) of the neutron. Therefore the neutron interacts also via electromagnetic interaction, but much weaker than the proton. The mass of the neutron is 939.565 MeV/c2, whereas the mass of the three quarks is only about 12 MeV/c2 (only about 1% of the mass-energy of the neutron). Like the proton, most of mass (energy) of the neutron is in the form of the strong nuclear force energy (gluons). The quarks of the neutron are held together by gluons, the exchange particles for the strong nuclear force. Gluons carry the color charge of the strong nuclear force. See also: Structure of the Neutron Properties of the Neutron Key properties of neutrons are summarized below: - Mean square radius of a neutron is ~ 0.8 x 10-15m (0.8 fermi) - The mass of the neutron is 939.565 MeV/c2 - Neutrons are ½ spin particles – fermionic statistics - Neutrons are neutral particles – no net electric charge. - Neutrons have non-zero magnetic moment. - Free neutrons (outside a nucleus) are unstable and decay via beta decay. The decay of the neutron involves the weak interaction and is associated with a quark transformation (a down quark is converted to an up quark). - Mean lifetime of a free neutron is 882 seconds (i.e. half-life is 611 seconds ). - A natural neutron background of free neutrons exists everywhere on Earth and it is caused by muons produced in the atmosphere, where high energy cosmic rays collide with particles of Earth’s atmosphere. - Neutrons cannot directly cause ionization. Neutrons ionize matter only indirectly. - Neutrons can travel hundreds of feet in air without any interaction. Neutron radiation is highly penetrating. - Neutrons trigger the nuclear fission. - The fission process produces free neutrons (2 or 3). - Thermal or cold neutrons have the wavelengths similar to atomic spacings. They can be used in neutron diffraction experiments to determine the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. See also: Properties of the Neutron Interactions of Neutrons with Matter Neutrons are neutral particles, therefore they travel in straight lines, deviating from their path only when they actually collide with a nucleus to be scattered into a new direction or absorbed. Neither the electrons surrounding (atomic electron cloud) a nucleus nor the electric field caused by a positively charged nucleus affect a neutron’s flight. In short, neutrons collide with nuclei, not with atoms. A very descriptive feature of the transmission of neutrons through bulk matter is the mean free path length (λ – lambda), which is the mean distance a neutron travels between interactions. It can be calculated from following equation: Neutrons may interact with nuclei in one of following ways: Types of neutron-nuclear reactions Detection of Neutrons Since the neutrons are electrically neutral particles, they are mainly subject to strong nuclear forces but not to electric forces. Therefore neutrons are not directly ionizing and they have usually to be converted into charged particles before they can be detected. Generally every type of neutron detector must be equipped with converter (to convert neutron radiation to common detectable radiation) and one of the conventional radiation detectors (scintillation detector, gaseous detector, semiconductor detector, etc.). Two basic types of neutron interactions with matter are for this purpose available: - Elastic scattering. The free neutron can be scattered by a nucleus, transferring some of its kinetic energy to the nucleus. If the neutron has enough energy to scatter off nuclei the recoiling nucleus ionizes the material surrounding the converter. In fact, only hydrogen and helium nuclei are light enough for practical application. Charge produced in this way can be collected by the conventional detector to produce a detected signal. Neutrons can transfer more energy to light nuclei. This method is appropriate for detecting fast neutrons (fast neutrons do not have high cross-section for absorption) allowing detection of fast neutrons without a moderator. - Neutron absorption. This is a common method allowing detection of neutrons of entire energy spectrum. This method is is based on variety of absorption reactions (radiative capture, nuclear fission, rearrangement reactions, etc.). The neutron is here absorbed by target material (converter) emitting secondary particles such as protons, alpha particles, beta particles, photons (gamma rays) or fission fragments. Some reactions are threshold reactions (requiring a minimum energy of neutrons), but most of reactions occurs at epithermal and thermal energies. That means the moderation of fast neutrons is required leading in poor energy information of the neutrons. Most common nuclei for the neutron converter material are: - 10B(n,α). Where the neutron capture cross-section for thermal neutrons is σ = 3820 barns and the natural boron has abundance of 10B 19,8%. - 3He(n,p). Where the neutron capture cross-section for thermal neutrons is σ = 5350 barns and the natural helium has abundance of 3He 0.014%. - 6Li(n,α). Where the neutron capture cross-section for thermal neutrons is σ = 925 barns and the natural lithium has abundance of 6Li 7,4%. - 113Cd(n,ɣ). Where the neutron capture cross-section for thermal neutrons is σ = 20820 barns and the natural cadmium has abundance of 113Cd 12,2%. - 235U(n,fission). Where the fission cross-section for thermal neutrons is σ = 585 barns and the natural uranium has abundance of 235U 0.711%. Uranium as a converter produces fission fragments which are heavy charged particles. This have significant advantage. The heavy charged particles (fission fragments) create a high output signal, because the fragments deposit a large amount of energy in a detector sensitive volume. This allows an easy discrimination of the background radiation (e.i. gamma radiation). This important feature can be used for example in a nuclear reactor power measurement, where the neutron field is accompanied by a significant gamma background. See also: Detection of Neutrons A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons. Neutron sources have many applications, they can be used in research, engineering, medicine, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry and nuclear power. A neutron source is characterized by a number of factors: - Significance of the source - Intensity. The rate of neutrons emitted by the source. - Energy distribution of emitted neutrons. - Angular distribution of emitted neutrons. - Mode of emission. Continuous or pulsed operation. Classification by significance of the source - Large (Significant) neutron sources - Nuclear Reactors. There are nuclei that can undergo fission on their own spontaneously, but only certain nuclei, like uranium-235, uranium-233 and plutonium-239, can sustain a fission chain reaction. This is because these nuclei release neutrons when they break apart, and these neutrons can induce fission of other nuclei. Uranium-235 which exists as 0.7% of naturally occurring uranium undergoes nuclear fission with thermal neutrons with the production of, on average, 2.4 fast neutrons and the release of ~ 180 MeV of energy per fission. Free neutrons released by each fission play very important role as a trigger of the reaction, but they can be also used fo another purpose. For example: One neutron is required to trigger a further fission. Part of free neutrons (let say 0.5 neutrons/fission) is absorbed in other material, but an excess of neutrons (0.9 neutrons/fission) is able to leave the surface of the reactor core and can be used as a neutron source. - Fusion Systems. Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei (e.g. D+T) collide at a very high energy and fuse together. Thy byproduct of DT fusion is a free neutron (see picture), therefore also nuclear fusion reaction has the potential to produces large quantities of neutrons. - Spallation Sources. A spallation source is a high-flux neutron source in which protons that have been accelerated to high energies hit a heavy target material, causing the emission of neutrons. The reaction occurs above a certain energy threshold for the incident particle, which is typically 5 – 15 MeV. - Medium neutron sources - Bremssstrahlung from Electron Accelerators / Photofission. Energetic electrons when slowed down rapidly in a heavy target emit intense gamma radiation during the deceleration process. This is known as Bremsstrahlung or braking radiation. The interaction of the gamma radiation with the target produces neutrons via the (γ,n) reaction, or the (γ,fission) reaction when a fissile target is used. e-→Pb → γ→ Pb →(γ,n) and (γ,fission). The Bremsstrahlung γ energy exceeds the binding energy of the “last” neutron in the target. A source strength of 1013 neutrons/second produced in short (i.e. < 5 μs) pulses can be readily realised. - Dense plasme focus. The dense plasma focus (DPF) is a device that is known as an efficient source of neutrons from fusion reactions. Mechanism of dense plasma focus (DPF) is based on nuclear fusion of short-lived plasma of deuterium and/or tritium. This device produces a short-lived plasma by electromagnetic compression and acceleration that is called a pinch. This plasma is during the pinch hot and dense enough to cause nuclear fusion and the emission of neutrons. - Light ion accelerators. Neutrons can be also produced by particle accelerators using targets of deuterium, tritium, lithium, beryllium, and other low-Z materials. In this case the target must be bombarded with accelerated hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), or tritium (T) nuclei. - Small neutron sources - Neutron Generators. Neutrons are produced in the fusion of deuterium and tritium in the following exothermic reaction. 2D + 3T → 4He + n + 17.6 MeV. The neutron is produced with a kinetic energy of 14.1 MeV. This can be achieved on a small scale in the laboratory with a modest 100 kV accelerator for deuterium atoms bombarding a tritium target. Continuous neutron sources of ~1011 neutrons/second can be achieved relatively simply. - Radioisotope source – (α,n) reactions. In certain light isotopes the ‘last’ neutron in the nucleus is weakly bound and is released when the compound nucleus formed following α-particle bombardment decays. The bombardment of beryllium by α-particles leads to the production of neutrons by the following exothermic reaction: 4He + 9Be→12C + n + 5.7 MeV. This reaction yields a weak source of neutrons with an energy spectrum resembling that from a fission source and is used nowadays in portable neutron sources. Radium, plutonium or americium can be used as an α-emitter. - Radioisotope source – (γ,n) reactions. (γ,n) reactions can also be used for the same purpose. In this type of source, because of the greater range of the γ-ray, the two physical components of the source can be separated making it possible to ‘switch off’ the reaction if so required by removing the radioactive source from the beryllium. (γ,n) sources produce a monoenergetic neutrons unlike (α,n) sources. The (γ,n) source uses antimony-124 as the gamma emitter in the following endothermic reaction. 124Sb→124Te + β− + γ γ + 9Be→8Be + n – 1.66 MeV - Radioisotope source – spontaneous fission. Certain isotopes undergo spontaneous fission with emission of neutrons. The most commonly used spontaneous fission source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. Cf-252 and all other spontaneous fission neutron sources are produced by irradiating uranium or another transuranic element in a nuclear reactor, where neutrons are absorbed in the starting material and its subsequent reaction products, transmuting the starting material into the SF isotope. See also: Neutron Sources See also: Source Neutrons

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Lanchester 6x4 (1928) United Kingdom - 35 built total A 6x4 armored car for colonial dutiesThe Lanchester motor company, founder in 1899 and based in Armourer Mills, Montgomery Street, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, was a prolific and recognized car maker. It had produced the famous Lanchester 4x2 armored cars during World War One, which gained a reputation for endurance and reliability, notably on the Eastern and Russian fronts. This time, the War Office requested a 6x4 chassis, for longe range operations in remote provinces of the British Empire, colonies and with the territorial army. Lanchester proposed its design in 1927, and was awarded a contract to build two prototypes on 19 July 1927. DevelopmentThese prototypes, D1E1 and D1E2, ready in March 1928, tried different turret shapes and armaments, and the latter had additional driving controls at the rear. But it appeared, during their trials, that their chassis was not strong enough to cope with rugged terrain and make successful cross-country drives. So a second series of 22 vehicles was ordered, the Mk.I and Mk.Ia (command), while two vehicles (two other prototypes D1E3, D1E4) were kept for instruction. Another serie will be ordered later, the Mk.II. DesignThe chassis had no civilian car or truck correspondent, as it was purpose-built, and strengthened. It had many similarities with the famous WW1 Rolls Royce armored cars in its body shape, but the twin axles at the rear allowed, in theory, for larger turrets and a roomier fighting compartment, as well as more storage, over the rear-end axle. Two large storage boxes were positioned over the mudguards, right behind the fighting compartment, while a payload could find its way in between. The crew could access the vehicle either through the rear doors, or the side ones, on each side of the fighting compartment. The crew counted a driver, co-driver/commander, and two gunners/loaders. The large, cylindrical two-man turret accomodated one 0.5 in (12.7 mm) and one 0.3 inches (7.7 mm) Vickers liquid-cooled machine guns in a coaxial fashion, or dual mount. The turret was topped by a small observation cupola which could rotate independently. The fighting compartment was extended to the co-driver seat, which could received an additional Vickers 0.3 in (7.7 mm) machine gun. On radio command vehicles (Mk.Ia and Mk.IIa), it was swapped for a No. 9 radio with a whip type antenna, and the co-driver was now in charge of the radio. Production and active serviceThe Mark I (18 built) had doubled rear tires, and the Mark Ia used a radio instead of the left-hand-side machine-gun. 18 and 4 were delivered, respectively. The seven Mark IIs had single rear tires, a sloped side turret cupola (or a light tank alternative turret), and six command versions were built. First deliveries began in January 1929 with the 11th Hussars, but were finished in 1934. The regimant was relocated in Egypt to replace the 12th Lancers, whereas a squadron of the 12th Lancers was sent, for peacekeeping operations, in the Saar region in 1935. In December, two other squadrons were relocated to Egypt, in response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia. By 1936 they returned to Great Britain and were re-equipped with more modern Morris LRCs. In 1939, 22 of these Lanchesters were sent to the Far East, affected to the Selangor and Perak battalions of the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force, the Singapore Volunteer Corps, Straits Settlements Volunteer Force and the 2nd Battalion of Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders in Malaya. They took an active part in the Malayan campaign against the Japanese. The others were kept in the Territorial army, 23rd London Armoured Car Company and 1st Derbyshire Yeomanry. In 1940, one was converted as a VIP transport and two were allocated to the 1st Belgian Armoured Car squadron. One is on display at Bovington today. Links about the Lanchester 6x4The Lanchester 6x4 on Wikipedia Lanchester 6x4 specifications |Dimensions||6.10 x 2.02 x 2.83 m (20 x 6.6 x 9.2 ft)| |Total weight, battle ready||7 tons (14,000 lbs)| |Crew||4 (driver, co-driver gunner/radio, 2 gunners)| |Propulsion||Lanchester 6-cyl. petrol, 90 hp (67 kW), 12.9 hp/ton| |Suspension||6x4 coil springs, front drive| |Speed (road)||72 km/h (45 mph)| |Range||320 km (200 mi)| |Armament||1 x 0.5 in (12.7 mm) + 2 x 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers| |Armor||9 mm front & sides (0.35 in)| A Lanchster Mark I of the 12th Lancers. This was a heavily armed vehicle for the time, compared to the Rolls Royce, with a heavy MG and two Vickers medium MGs. The first could destroy light tanks when equipped with AP bullets. A vehicle of the 12th Lancers, B squadron in Malaya, 1941. This particular vehicle (now on display in a museum) was reequipped with a light tank Mark III turret and had two Vickers 0.3 in machine guns instead of three. The Lanchester 6x4 had good off-road capabilities, and was rugged and reliable, but too heavy and slow for effective operations in reconnaissance units. A Lanchester Mark IA (command version) of the 12th Lancers, A squadron. 12th Lancers Lanchesters in training.

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Beta Beta Beta Cell Featuring the most exciting research advances in biology worldwide. Eukaryon An undergraduate research journal at Lake Forest College that publishes life science scholarship. Nature Publish original and important research across a wide range of scientific fields. PNAS Publish cutting-edge research reports, commentaries, reviews, perspectives, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy in biological, physical, and social sciences. Science The world’s leading journal of original scientific research, global news, and commentary. Biological Research Agencies HHMI Advancing biomedical research and science education NIH Supporting nation’s medical research. NSF Promoting the progress of science, advancing the national health, prosperity, and welfare. News and Commentary Science and Nature Facts on animals, prehistoric life, human body & mind, space, and many more hot topics. DNA and genetics and health from Cold Spring Harbor Lab The source for timely information about genes in your life. Grist Environmental news and commentary The Tree of Life A collaborative effort of biologists worldwide to present comprehensive view of the diversity of organisms on Earth, their evolutionary history (phylogeny), and characteristics. Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling the World New findings help scientists make sense of our senses. The Human Genome Project Research effort to sequence and map all of the genes of a human being. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) A national center for molecular and biotechnology information, including GenBank, PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, and other databases. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Excellent zoological and botanical science collections explicitly for use in research and education benefiting science, society, and the University.

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Violence and abuse have been viewed predominately as criminal justice or social welfare issues with a focus on stopping crime, prosecuting criminals and treating the victims’ immediate physical wounds. Criminal justice systems, however, are not designed to address the full spectrum of health care needs of victims of violence and abuse. Subtle forms of violence and abuse such as verbal abuse and neglect are rarely recognized or deemed serious enough to be classified as criminal behavior. Still, these less obvious cases of abuse require prevention and contribute to serious health problems, which warrant professional treatment. Without formal training, health care professionals often lack knowledge and understanding about the issues surrounding violence and abuse, and are inexperienced in recognizing related physical and emotional health symptoms. Instead, health problems resulting from abuse are often attributed to unrelated factors — or worse yet, to nothing at all For these reasons, AVA is creating dialogue, raising awareness and promoting changes in the way the issues of violence and abuse are addressed in health professional education and its academic communities. AVA intends to enhance the infrastructure of health care education and highlight the pivotal role health care professionals play in addressing these critical issues, ultimately reframing the limited view of violence and abuse into one that establishes them as critical health care issues.

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If we consider a point on the central part of a contracting object as observed from earth, the point is continuously moving away from us as the object contracts. Moreover, light emerges from a deeper gravitational well as the object contracts. So, shouldn't contracting objects show a redshift? And if so it should be less towards the edges than towards the centre, right? Contracting objects can and do exhibit a measurable red shift, and this has actually been measured. For example, Cepheid variable are stars that expand on contract in a cycle lasting days to months. This paper by R. Paul Butler discusses the measurement of Doppler shifts in Cepheid variables. According to the paper, radial velocities as small as 3 meters/second have been measured. Cepheids have been measured to have Doppler velocities of 30 to 1000 meters/second. The paper was published in 1997. It says that the precision of such measurements had improved by more than two orders of magnitude (a factor of 100) in the preceding decade. I presume the technology has continued to improve in the nearly two decades since then. shouldn't contracting objects show a redshift? Yes, they should. But do they, actually? That's the better question. To have any appreciable redshift, the speed of the object needs to be huge. That will be a very short implosion. Also, there aren't many mechanisms that can accelerate implosions that much. What I'm saying is - it's theoretically possible, but in practice you won't see it that often, if ever. And if so it should be less towards the edges than towards the centre, right? Sure. If the object is transparent to its own radiation, then you'd see blueshift from the other side, too. Again, this is very theoretical.

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Talking With Teens About Threats to Their Safety You've heard through the parent grapevine that a student in your 15-year-old daughter's school has been making violent threats. Over dinner you eye your daughter speculatively, wondering how to bring it up. "I hear some scary things have been happening at school," you begin. Your daughter rolls her eyes and says, "That's so not true... I'm not even going to talk to you about it, Mom. You always make such a big deal." She pushes her plate back abruptly and says, "I gotta study." It can be hard to talk with your teenager about anything, let alone something as dicey as school violence. In addition to hormonal swings and growth spurts, adolescents are coping with the overwhelming developmental task of establishing an identity that is separate from yours. Disobedience, disdain, disbelief, and just plain "dissing" may all be part of a teenager's repertoire of responses to your attempts to keep the lines of communication open. Still, teenagers need your active parenting whether they know it or not. Here's how to keep them talking. The Words You Need The Words: Sam's mother called and said a lot of the parents are talking about some trouble with a kid at school. The Reason: Letting your teen know the context of your questions is helpful. It's also helpful not to make value judgements too early in a conversation. Many adolescents are extremely sensitive to judgements and may think you're trying to tell them what to think or feel, even if you aren't. Also, teenagers' ongoing struggle for independence may cause them to disagree with you about practically everything: If you think something's frightening, then they may need to believe it isn't. Finally, by attributing the information to another parent, you're letting your teen know that other parents, besides you, are concerned and involved in their kids' lives. The Words: Sam's mom said that she heard someone at school got a threatening note, but I don't know if that's true. The Reason: Sharing what you know, and inviting your child to "be the expert" is a way of encouraging him to share information without being put on the spot. The Words: I love you and I want you to be safe. The Reason: Working so hard to be independent can make some teens feel threatened by overt displays of parental affection, or "gushiness." At the same time, it's important for them to hear how much they mean to you, and why you are concerned. The Words: I know I've said this to you before -- and I'll probably say it again 'cause it's so important: If someone threatens to hurt you, someone else, or themselves, you need to tell an adult you trust about it -- even if telling makes you feel like you're betraying a friend. The Reason: Kids need to hear this repeatedly as they grow up. Loyalty to peers is of utmost importance to many teenagers. Usually it's okay to keep each other's secrets, but sometimes secrets can be deadly and need to be told. The Words: If you feel like you can't tell me something, let's think of some adults who you can tell. The Reason: Teens may feel at times that it's not safe to confide in their parents. Acknowledge that this may be the case occasionally, and help them remember who their other adult supports are. These can be teachers, neighbors, relatives, youth group leaders, or any adult family friend who takes a special interest in your children. The Words: Here's what I want to do about what you told me. The Reason: If you're going to take action on information your child gives you, then share your plan with her. If she protests, think carefully about the potential consequences of not taking action before you agree to her concerns. If you feel strongly that taking action is the right thing to do, acknowledge the validity of her feelings, but let her know that her safety and the safety of other kids has to come first. The Words: This is complicated. Let's keep talking about it. The Reason: Your teenager might roll his eyes and groan at this, but it's important for him to hear you acknowledge that life can be complex sometimes and that some problems can't be addressed in a single conversation. Beyond the Conversation Keep your child posted on the outcome of any actions you take. Remind her frequently that you love her and care about her. Remember that being the parent of a teenager can be lonely -- talk with other parents about how they discuss difficult issues with their adolescents. If your child does come to you with safety fears about school, you'll need to talk with her about how you plan to address them. You'll also need to keep her informed of the outcome. You may want to talk with the other parents and school personnel, such as the teacher, principal, or guidance counselor. If threats or threatening behavior continue even after you've worked with the school, you may even need to go to the police. Five Things You Can Do to Keep Talking The roots of good communication between you and your teen begin to grow in early childhood. It's that much harder to talk openly and honestly with teenagers if you have no history of in-depth conversation. Here's how you can help your teen feel comfortable about sharing fears and worries: - Listen carefully. Everyone, especially teenagers, likes to feel heard. When adolescents voice their opinions and views of the world, take time to listen respectfully to what they're saying. - Don't jump to conclusions. Sometimes kids -- especially teens -- can take a long time to get to the point of a story. Try not to respond until you actually hear the end of a story. - Praise kids when they ask for help. "I'm really glad you told me that" is a good way to encourage your teenagers to come to you again with their fears and worries. - Respect their worries and concerns even if they're different from your own. Repeatedly teasing your daughter about her fears is a sure way to stop her from telling you about the bully she's afraid of at school. - Remind your teens periodically that they should come to you if someone is threatening them or intimidating them at school, or anywhere else. Most children attending school in this country won't find themselves in life-threatening situations and kids need to be reassured that they will most likely be safe in the classroom. However, it is useful to establish some ground rules for communicating about safety issues before problems arise. More on: Setting Rules for Teens

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Introductory Physical Chemistry Module code: CH1203 Physical chemistry is often referred to as the infrastructure of all of chemistry. It concerns the application of principles from physics - principles that underpin life as we know it on earth - to the study of chemical systems. This module will introduce you to core principles and theories behind physical chemistry, namely thermodynamics and kinetics, informing your study and career as a chemist moving forward. - The aims and terminology of thermodynamics including the first and second laws, basic thermochemistry, enthalpy and entropy, Gibbs energy, acid-base equilibria, simple statistical mechanics and phase diagrams. - The electrochemical process and how it relates to thermochemistry - The properties of ideal and non-ideal gases including the understanding of virial coefficients, Maxwell distributions and collision rates - The basic principles of reaction kinetics and how they can be measured; and the use of these principles to calculate the effect of various parameters on the rates of chemical reactions - Qualitative and quantitative analyses of and solving problems involving thermodynamic and kinetic data - 32 hours of lectures - 4 hours of tutorials - 5 hours of practical classes/workshops - 109 hours of guided independent study - Coursework (25%) - Exam, 2 hours (75%)

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Tuesday 28 January 2014, The Great Hall, King’s College London, Strand On 28 January 814, Charlemagne died in Aachen. Since then he has been widely recognised as a key figure in European history. But what does he mean now? What does he still have to offer to Europeans today, and more specifically to British Europeans? The following contributions were made at a half-day public celebration held at King’s College London on the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne’s death. Gareth Williams: 'Charlemagne's coinage' Jo Story: 'Charlemagne's epitaph' David Trendell: 'Music in the age of Charlemagne' The day ended with a requiem mass in the Chapel, featuring ninth-century music (including several pieces by Charlemagne’s biographer Notker the Stammerer), sung by members of the King’s College Choir under the direction of Dr David Trendell.

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Claims on these antennas typically have performance characteristics that violate the physical laws we work under. 5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna The crossed-field antenna (CFA) was conceived by Hately and Kabbary in the late 1980s. It was based on several “new” principles: that and fields could be created independently, that Maxwell's displacement current produces magnetic fields, and that the near-fields could be avoided. The basic geometry is shown in Figure 5.1: Two horizontal circular metallic disks form a capacitor that is excited by the transmitter, but it is alleged that the displacement current between the plates produces an azimuthal magnetic field. Two hollow metallic circular cylinders are stacked vertically, and above the horizontal plates. The transmitter also excites the cylinders, but 90° out of phase with the plate excitation. An electric field is produced by the cylinders as sketched. Because of the Poynting vector, the and E fields radiate a wave into space. Several of these CFAs have been built, at MF. Later versions have incorporated a large flare structure into the upper cylinder, presumably to increase the electric field in Figure ...

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The Gospel in time and space Photo by NASA The Bible tells us that God inhabits eternity (Isaiah 57:15), that He dwells in Heaven (e.g. Deuteronomy 26:15), and also in light (1 Timothy 6:16). For convenience we could sum this up by saying that God lives in the heavenly dimension or the dimensions of eternity. By contrast, we live in a world of three dimensions of space (length, breadth, depth) and one of time.1 Although God is omnipresent (present everywhere) in both the dimensions of eternity and in our universe, He also appeared in our world in specific ways at specific times. For example, the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters at Creation (Genesis 1:2), Jehovah God appeared to Moses in the burning bush (Exodus 3:4–14), and God the Son left the eternal dimensions (John 1:1–2; Philippians 2:5–7) and entered our world in a special way at the Incarnation (Matthew 1:18; Luke 1:35; John 1:14). After the Resurrection, Jesus appeared to His disciples on several occasions, including twice in a locked room (John 20:19–31), and at the Ascension Jesus left our world and returned to the heavenly dimension (John 20:17; Acts 1:9). The purpose of this article is to seek to understand these phenomena a little more clearly, using the allegory of Flatland.2 Let us imagine a land of two dimensions, having length and breadth but not height, called Flatland, represented by ABCD in Fig. 1. It is inhabited by intelligent beings, shown as triangles inside circles, all of whom also occupy only two dimensions. One day the Flatlanders awoke to find that someone unknown had drawn the line EF across their land. This effectively divided their country in two because, without the dimension of height, no one could jump over, or tunnel under, the line to get to the other side. Nor could anyone communicate any information from one side of the line to the other. EF was thus an event horizon (see box).3 One day a shape (the outline of a footprint) appeared in the area ABFE (Fig. 2), apparently spontaneously and without cause, as far as the Flatlanders were concerned. Then the shape disappeared. The next time the shape appeared, in order to secure it, the Flatlanders drew a line around it (Fig. 3). For the two-dimensional Flatlanders this was an event horizon, meaning that nothing could get out of the area enclosed by the circle, and nothing could get in. Nevertheless, when they checked by removing part of the circle, the shape had disappeared. The Flatlanders now had a threefold situation to deal with: - The shape seemed to appear and disappear without cause. - The shape was not impeded by an event horizon. - The same event horizon totally blocked the Flatlanders. The solution to all these problems was given by a whimsical character named Dr Zweisteinus. He first reminded the Flatlanders of their scientific materialism, namely they believed that the two dimensions of Flatland were the sole expression of reality-at-large and they based their lifestyle on this untruth. He went on to say that Flatland was not the only reality and the appearing and disappearing shape pointed to the possibility of there being at least a third dimension besides the two that they knew of—length and breadth. This third dimension he called ‘altitudo’ or ‘depth’ or ‘height.’ He said that the 3-D being that made the foot-shape could both enter and extract itself from the 2-D prison (the 2-D event horizon) merely by stepping over it, because a 3-D being can be neither locked out nor locked in by any of the 2-D barriers that restrain 2-D Flatlanders. ‘Two dimensions cannot take anything possessing three dimensions hostage! The extra dimension gives a total freedom over the lesser dimensions.’2 A 3-D being could thus manifest itself in Flatland at will, and could intimately observe the Flatlanders without their being aware of it. Even their insides, , invisible to other Flatlanders, could be seen. Let us now relate this concept, called dimension theory, to some of the events recorded in the Bible. The information necessary for creation to occur existed in the mind of God, the Logos (John 1:1 Greek logos=Word), outside space and time, and before these were created. That is, all creation existed in the mind of God, ‘before the foundation of the world’ (Ephesians 1:4; 1 Peter 1:20), and thus in the dimensions of eternity. God passed the information (and power) needed for the creation to occur, across the event horizon that separates eternity from space-time, in separate quanta or amounts, throughout the six days recorded in Genesis 1. When Adam was formed and until he sinned, he was a hybrid (dimensionally speaking). In the Garden of Eden, he walked with God, who inhabits eternity, and he thus experienced something of the multi-dimensions of eternity, but he also existed in space-time. When he disobeyed God, God expelled him from Eden to prevent him from eating from the tree of life and living forever (Genesis 3:22, 24) in a sinful condition. Extra dimensions and God—a caution The fact that science has no problem conceiving of dimensions in addition to the ones we experience daily gives an interesting way of making many biblical concepts more tangible. But it can be taken too far—trying to make the eternal God fit the changing views of the moment. For example, a well-known ‘progressive creationist’ (who also often uses Wilder-Smith’s ‘flatland’ concepts) leaves audiences thinking that science has proven that there are exactly ten dimensions and that somehow this finding confirms the Bible. First, there is no biblical teaching that says anything about this. Second, this shaky notion was based on a highly abstract and contentious branch of physics known as string theory. This theory has since been dropped in favour of superstring theory, also lacking in experimental support, which postulates eleven dimensions. According to its proponents, the reason some of these hypothetical dimensions are not seen is that they are rolled up into incredibly tiny spaces. It has truly been said that Christians married in their thinking to today’s science (e.g. big bang, ten dimensions, etc.) will be widowed tomorrow. However, man was made for eternity. So God has provided a way whereby we can be reunited with Himself. Whereas Adam’s sin closed the event horizon to the heavenly dimension for mankind, the forgiveness of sin opens this event horizon. This forgiveness comes through the death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, who paid the penalty for sin; it is accessed only through individual repentance and faith. Those who access God’s forgiveness in this way experience fellowship with the eternal God in this life (John 1:12; 17:23), in a much more limited way than Adam did originally, and they will be united with God in the next life. The Resurrection appearances of Jesus When the Lord Jesus Christ rose from the dead, His resurrection body left this space-time world and entered the dimensions of eternity, passing through the grave clothes without disturbing them. It was the sight of the napkin which had been wound around the head of Christ ‘wrapped together in a place by itself’ (i.e. still wound, and stiffened by the sticky mixture of myrrh and aloes used in embalming), which caused the Apostle John to believe in the resurrection (John 19:39–40; 20:7–8). Although John might not have been aware of dimension theory, he realized, in effect, that Christ had transcended the dimensions of time and space. As with the footprint in Flatland, Christ could appear in the locked room, or appear to and disappear from the disciples (e.g. on the road to Emmaus), unaffected by the event horizon that totally prohibits us from performing the same actions. At the Ascension (Acts 1:9), Jesus crossed the event horizon between space-time and Heaven. Now, when believers pray, they access the risen Lord Jesus, through the Holy Spirit, who dwells in believers by faith (John 14:16–17). Heaven, Hell, and judgment When a person dies, his/her soul/spirit exits this space-time world by crossing the event horizon of death. This is the boundary at which space and time end and timelessness begins. In the Bible, God tells us that beyond death there are Heaven, Hell, and judgment to come (‘it is appointed unto man once to die, but after this the judgment’—Hebrews 9:27). The latter decides which of the two former we end up in, based on our faith (in this life) in Christ’s atoning death and resurrection. Heaven, Hell, and the final judgment all exist or occur within the dimensions of eternity. They can therefore never be examined by science, because they are all hidden behind an event horizon (see Extra dimensions and God—a caution).4 This, however, does not mean that they are not real. The concept is perfectly scientific, and they are in fact the ultimate reality. The materialistic credo propounded for so long by atheists, that the ‘here and now’ of our space-time continuum is the only reality, is thus seen to be scientifically unsound. Skeptics, atheists, and others ignore this at their peril. Black holes and event horizons Photo by NASA When astronauts went to the moon, their spaceship had to attain a speed of more than 11.2 km/sec (25,000 mph), called the escape velocity,1 so they could break loose from the pull of Earth’s gravity. Now imagine a sufficiently massive star, undergoing gravitational collapse, until its gravity was so strong that the escape velocity was 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec), or the speed of light. Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that within such a region, space would be so curved that no light, or anything else, could escape. Therefore the star would be invisible (and so detectable only by its gravitational effects on nearby matter). The result would be a black hole,2 defined by Stephen Hawking as: ‘a region of space-time from which nothing, not even light, can escape, because gravity is so strong.’3 If a ray of light is directed near a black hole from outside, it will be deflected by the gravitational pull of the black hole and, if sufficiently close, will go into orbit around the black hole. (If it is directed at the black hole, it will be absorbed.) The boundary of a black hole, where light from outside goes into orbit, or light rays from inside the black hole just fail to escape, is called an event horizon.4,5 It represents the point of no return around a black hole. The reason for this name is that no event can ever get out of this area, as there is no means of communicating the occurrence of any events. Thus whatever happens within a black hole cannot be known by an observer from outside and hence cannot be known by science. This phenomenon has been called ‘cosmic censorship.’6 References and notes References and notes - As our space-mass-time universe (sometimes called the space-time continuum) was created by God, He is therefore beyond or transcendent to it—i.e., not subject to its limitations (Genesis 1:1). Return to text. - Adapted from A.E. Wilder-Smith, The Scientific Alternative to Neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Theory, Word for Today Publishers, CA 92704, USA, pp. 159–191, 1987. Used with permission. Return to text. - Note that black hole event horizons are one-way, while the Flatland event horizon is two-way. Return to text. - God, on the other hand, is omnipresent and intimately aware of all that we say and do (cf. the 3-D being vis-a-vis the Flatlanders). He is ‘nearer than breathing, closer than hands and feet.’ See Psalm 139:7–14. Return to text.

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Is the future of automotive transportation finally here? Perhaps. While it doesn’t yet include the flying cars we may have dreamed of when we were children, nonetheless our cars are getting more innovative and are getting some very unusual new features. The most unusual new feature demonstrated recently by Google is the “driverless” car. Google has been working on prototypes of the driverless car since 2010. The company recently released a new video of the car being “driven” by a blind driver. Although the car still has the common features we expect to see – such as a steering wheel – it has new capabilities that can improve safety and mobility. The car safely transported its “driver” on his daily errands, including a trip to Taco Bell’s drive-thru for lunch. New technology is not unusual for Detroit’s auto manufacturers. The automotive companies have been adding automated features as well as new initiatives for safety and entertainment. But are they ready for the next revolution in driving? Group Activities and Discussion Questions: - Show the video to start the discussion: http://youtu.be/cdgQpa1pUUE - Ask students if they would ever consider buying a driverless car. Why or why not? - Discuss the role of product innovations for Google. The company has traditionally only been in software. Why is it expanding into hardware products? - Discuss if this is a viable product to market. - Who is the target market? - How could this product be marketed? - What are potential obstacles for marketing the product? (e.g., insurance, service, etc.) - What are the implications of the driverless car for Detroit auto manufacturers? Global implications? - What are the new technologies that car manufacturers have already implemented (i.e., GPS, phones)? How have these technologies changed consumer expectations? - What are the implications for Google’s business strategy? Source: Brandchannel.com,4/27/12; Google.com – news announcements; Los Angeles Times

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One key to overcoming rhythmic challenges is thoughtful movement. The Dalcroze Eurythmics method was developed by composer Emile Jaques-Dalcroze in Geneva in the early 20th century. The Dalcroze method of music study applies the basic elements of music: rhythm, melody and harmony in its approach. Designed for young children originally, Dalcroze combines these musical elements with physical movement. It has the physicality of sports, aesthetic appeal of the arts and is mentally challenging for students of all ages. Dalcroze is actually fun! The method encourages a student to experience musical rhythm, or other music elements (such as tempo or dynamics), as an internal experience. The video below highlights some key points to the method. The Swiss composer and educator began to explore children's natural, instinctive gestures. He invited students to walk and swing their arms, or to conduct while they sang or listened to him improvise at the piano. Dalcroze called this study of music through movement “eurhythmics,” from the Greek roots “eu” and “rythmos” meaning “good flow.” Dalcroze Education is an interactive way to further develop skill in keen listening, music literacy and performance and the skills aids people in other stages of life. "A child's body instinctively possesses the essential element of rhythm, which is a sense of time. The beats of a heart convey a clear sense of time, breathing offers a division of time, and thus walking is a model of measure and division of time into equal parts. Walking becomes a natural beginning to the child's initiation into an understanding of rhythm through feeling. Music acts on the whole of the organism like a magic force which suppresses the understanding and irresistably takes possession of the entire being. To insist on analyzing this force is to destroy its very essence." —Dalcroze With a focus on rhythmic musical expression, Eurythmics encourages a student to experience rhythms, and other musical elements, and express that understanding through improvised movements. A student learns to simultaneously hear, understand and express the musical idea through motion. So the body interprets and expresses musical elements such as rhythm, meter, melody and dynamics in real-time. Music becomes a full-body experience. The student can then apply their experience of musical concepts to their piano playing. A group approach to music study. The Dalcroze Practice Take a deeper dive into the principles, philosophy, strategies, and techniques of Dalcroze Education indicated on their website. "Typically the Dalcroze educator engages students to discover concepts through kinesthetic experience before addressing the subject in theoretical or written form. This experience involves improvisation, which is a way for students to “play with” and internalize a subject, making it their own. Students cannot expect to gain a Dalcroze Education from a book or video alone; they must experience this type of education in the classroom." The answer is so many people. I've recently read some interesting articles about its benefits for senior citizens. The Effect of Music-Based Multitask Training on Gait, Balance, and Fall Risk in Elderly People (abstract), an article published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. Émile Jaques-Dalcroze is now considered a visionary pioneer of Neurologic Music Therapy, and his methods now benefit Stroke victims, as well as seniors with dementia. According to the Dalcroze Society of America, “… the Dalcroze approach teaches an understanding of music’s fundamental concepts, expressive meanings, and deep connections to other arts and activities. Performers, teachers, dancers, actors, children, and senior citizens can all benefit from this approach which incorporates rhythmic movement, aural training and improvisation.” In one study, the classes started off simply — by having participants walk in time to the music — then gradually became more challenging over time. Besides footwork, participants sometimes had to perform upper-body movements or work with some object, like a percussion instrument or a ball, while moving.

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On Wednesday 28 January, the school Maths Society was joined by students from Hammersmith Academy, Godolphin & Latymer and Sacred Heart High for a lecture given by Dr Vicky Neale of Balliol College, Oxford. Over 60 students gathered to hear Dr Neale talk us through ‘7 things you should know about prime numbers’. Starting with the fact that 1 is not a prime number, she then led students through increasingly complex mathematical observations to conclude with the twin prime conjecture. This conjecture was probably first posited over 2000 years ago, Dr Neale explained, but still remains unproven! Work on this conjecture is taking place on the website Polymath Projects – a new form of public academic collaboration, open to all.

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With more attention from media and increased public awareness, caregivers are increasingly concerned about the possibility that their child is autistic. Before jumping into addressing that concern, let’s review the history and diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder for some background context. the history of autism spectrum disorder The word “autism” first emerged in the literature in 1911 when a Swiss psychiatrist used it to describe his schizophrenic patients. Until the 1970s, the terms autism, “psychosis” and “childhood schizophrenia” were used interchangeably. In 1979, autism and schizophrenia were differentiated in the literature when Eric Schopler published an article explaining the distinction. At this time, more and more interest on the subject arose and old ideas about autism being caused by “refrigerator mothers” was replaced with an explanation that involved biology and science. In the 1980’s, research began to focus on the brain activity of children with autism and the 1990’s began to focus on the role of genetics. Autism first appeared as a separate disorder in the 1980’s, was revised and broadened in 1987, then narrowed again in 1994. The most current diagnosis (DSM-5, 2013) includes a broad category of “Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)” (Sole-Smith, 2015). The older diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome was discontinued and children who fell under that diagnosis were placed under the umbrella of ASD. Currently, the diagnosis of ASD is considered a “family of neurodevelopmental disorders” (Wöhr & Scattoni, 2013) that manifests before age three and involves “(A) Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and (B) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities that cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A diagnosis includes specifying the severity level of deficits in both domains (Social Communication and Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior). is autism on the rise? Another common question relates to whether or not autism is on the rise. Epidemiological research shows that early estimates of ASD were 4 children out of 10,000. Currently, the prevalence rate as reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2018) is 1 in 59 children. Many people attribute this increase to a combination of factors such as a broader diagnosis and increased public awareness. However, due to limited knowledge about the exact causes of ASD and the inability to accurately perform historical research, one cannot rule out the possibility that Autism Spectrum Disorders could be on the rise. what are red flags of asd? Autism is a complex disorder and one child with ASD may present entirely different than another child with ASD (hence the importance of an individualized evaluation). That said, there are some signs and symptoms that may warrant further evaluation to determine if these behaviors are the result of ASD. According to the CDC, these include: - Not responding to their name by 1 year - Not using nonverbal gestures (pointing, waving) to objects OR not responding to other’s nonverbal gestures - Not engaging in pretend play by age 1.5 years - Making limited eye-contact and preferring to be alone - Seeming unaware of others and their own emotions or feelings - Having delayed speech and language - Repeating words or phrases (this is called echolalia) - Being overly interested in restricted topics (watching the same episode of Thomas the Train over and over) - Being upset by transitions or minor changes - Engaging in hand flapping, body rocking, spinning, or other stereotyped motor movements - Reacting unusually to sensory experiences (tastes, sounds, smells, appearance, or texture) - Shows no interests in others preferences - Only interacts socially to accomplish a goal - Avoids social contact - Neglects social rules about personal space and boundaries - Has flat, constricted, or inappropriate facial expressions - Uses flat, high-pitched, or robotic speech - Reverses pronouns (says you instead of I) - Doesn’t seem to understand jokes or sarcasm - Lining toys up or insisting objects be placed in a particular way - Overly focused on parts of objects (watching the wheels of a toy car spin over and over rather than playing with the car) - Insisting on routine (disruptions in routine lead to tantrums) Some of the signs listed above may also occur due to other difficulties, such as a developmental delays, a speech or language disorder, or another neurodevelopmental or mental health disorder; additionally, children with ASD may also have additional mental health concerns. It is possible that a child has both ASD and AD/HD. It is also possible that a child who is flagged as having ASD actually has a speech and language disorder and is becoming frustrated by their inability to communicate their needs effectively. The best way to clarify the diagnostic presentation is through an evaluation with a developmental pediatrician, a child psychologist, or some other specialist who is familiar with autism diagnostics. Given the broad range of presentations in ASD and the varying levels of severity, let’s look at some case examples with diagnostic data. Let’s start with this example. A 14-year-old boy, named Jacob, diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder with the specifiers (severity levels) of Level 1— Social Communication and Level 1— Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. His parent’s primary concern was that he does not seem able to conform to classroom rules, gets into trouble for talking out of turn, and makes comments that offend others without understanding how such comments are inappropriate. His presentation was observed and he demonstrated generally flat affect, limited eye contact, excessive talking, and limited interest into others’ experiences. He has a reportedly close relationship with his parents but they stated he lacks social awareness and becomes “stuck” on preferred topics and activities. His friendships are okay as long as they revolve around his interest in video gaming. Intellectually, he performs a little bit below others but has some strength related to solving problems that rely on abstract logic (e.g., he can provide elaborate details on the similarities between different gaming theories and is generally able to understand how concepts relate to one another). He really struggles when he has to quickly perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, which has negatively impacted his ability to enjoy many sports and also interfere with his ability to quickly take notes in class. Other possible diagnoses, such as anxiety and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, were ruled out by an evaluation. His treatment needs will require minimal support to help him function. Now, let’s do another example. An 11-year-old girl named Jana, diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder with the specifiers (severity levels) of Level 3- Social Communication and Level 3- Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. Her parents reported primary concerns regarding her behavior, which can be very violent towards herself and others. They also reported concern relating to her obsession with YouTube videos about beanie babies, which is the only activity she will participate in without becoming dysresgulated. She is especially fascinated by one clip that shows a beanie baby being tossed up and down over and over. She has an IEP and is placed in special education, under the eligibility of Autism. Her parents reported that they are having a very difficult time parenting her, and that it is negatively impacting their marriage. Her daily living skills are below expected for her age and she requires the same amount of parental guidance as her 7-year-old sibling. She refuses to eat anything soft and covers her ears anytime someone uses a vacuum cleaner, hand dryer, or makes a loud noise. When she is upset, she rarely seeks out comfort from others. Other possible diagnoses, such as intellectual disability, pervasive developmental delay, and traumatic stress were ruled out by an evaluation. Ultimately, it was determined she has several difficulties related to her ASD, and will likely need very substantial interventions to help her function. Based on these case examples, you should be able to see that there is no one profile of a child with autism. Because of this, there is also not one particular treatment that will work best for all children with autism. Again, this highlights the importance of finding the best fit for the child given their needs and abilities. how can i get an evaluation? Sharing concerns with your child’s primary care physician is one way to get the ball rolling. Most pediatricians are trained to screen for ASD as part of their wellness check-ups. Alternatively, schools may be a resource if you have concerns and they may be able to direct you to providers. A trained clinician will likely be the person who will determine if your child meets criteria for ASD through a comprehensive evaluation. An ideal evaluation consists of a battery of tests including several components: an ASD screener, parent/caregiver interview, cognitive and developmental testing, personality testing, speech and language testing, observational assessment, adaptive functioning assessment, sensory and motor testing, and measures of executive functioning. This comprehensive evaluation leads to individualized results, which would then inform symptom severity and ultimately inform treatment. Diagnosis informs treatment and opens up a world of resources for those who might benefit. There are several treatments and treatment combinations that can be used in the treatment of ASD and the process of matching a child to the appropriate therapy can be overwhelming. This process is especially made difficult by barriers such as insurance coverage, treatment availability, and clinicians who do not stay up to date on new treatment options. This is an evolving field and interventions are continually being developed. Similar to other providers, it is important for families to do some research and find providers that are a good fit for their family needs and who stay current on autism research. Broadly speaking, the following recommendations commonly follow a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: - caregiver psychoeducation, - autism specific intervention, - ·occupational therapy, - speech therapy, - assistive technology, - academic accommodations (e.g., IEP, 504 Plan, Educational Therapist, School Advocate), - psychiatric evaluation (especially when co-morbid diagnoses are present), - sleep hygiene, - consistency across settings, - Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) microarray testing and analysis, and - maintenance of general medical appointments. If you need help figuring out where to begin, our free guidebook for parents can direct you through the process and answer some of your big picture questions. where can i learn more about asd?

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Syndrome associated with cleft palate and cleft lip. A syndrome is a pattern of multiple anomalies that are pathogenically related and therefore have a common known or suspected. Cleft palate (CP) has a prevalence of 6.39 per 10,000 live births . In contrast to cleft lip/ palate, CP is much more likely to be associated with an underlying syndrome or other congenital anomalies. (1,2,3) Since it can be difficult to distinguish between the malformation of cleft palate and cleft palate as a disruption of normal development, all cases of cleft palate, including those caused by Pierre Robin sequence, will be discussed in this review. Syndromes associated with cleft lip & palate: I. Pierre Robin Sequence: Pierre Robin sequence is a common cause of cleft palate. This sequence can occur in isolation, but is associated with an underlying syndrome in over 50% of cases. This condition is not a diagnosis unto itself, but rather encompasses the pathogenesis of the cleft palate. Infants born with Pierre Robin sequence are born with their tongue positioned posteriorly, often causing blockage of the pharynx and airway, a process called gloosoptosis. This affects both breathing and feeding. (1,2) II. Stickler Syndrome: Stickler syndrome is by far the most common identifiable cause of cleft palate. It was first studied and characterized by Gunnar B. Stickler in 1965. Stickler syndrome is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI. This is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expressivity; in other words, there is a great deal of variablitiy in the clinical presentation of patients with this disorder. Individual with this condition may have just a few or all of the clinical features associated with this disorder. Stickler syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial abnormalities, ocular problems, hearing loss, and joint problems Mutations in the COL11A1, COL11A2 and COL2A1 genes cause Stickler syndrome. These genes are involved in the production of type II and type XI collagen. Mutations in any of these genes disrupt the production, processing, or assembly of type II or type XI collagen. Defective collagen molecules or reduced amounts of collagen affect the development of bones and other connective tissues, leading to the characteristic features of Stickler syndrome. The classic presentation of Stickler syndrome is Pierre Robin sequence, including cleft palate; early onset osteoarthritis, often in early adulthood but sometimes in later; and myopia .In addition, sensorineural hearing loss is very common in Stickler syndrome. Many individual with stickler syndrome also have characteristic facial features including micrognathia in infancy, a flat facial profile, epicanthal folds and midface hypoplasia. The nasal bridge is often flat, even in adulthood. Development is usually normal in Stickler syndrome. These individuals do not appear to be increased risk for any particular learning disabilities. Speech and language problems are usually related to the cleft palate and hearing loss. (3-11) III. Velocardiofacial Syndrome (Deletion 22q11.2 syndrome) Velocardiofacial syndrome is a relatively common condition with an incidence of approximately 1 in 4000 live births. This disorder is caused by intersitial deletion of chromosome 22q11.2. this is highly variable condition with many names, including Digeorge syndrome and Conotruncal face syndrome. The most common anomalies are palate anomalies (cleft palate and / or velopharyngeal insufficiency), congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, immunodefeciency and dysmorphic facial features. The facial characteristics associated with velocardiofacial syndrome include microcephaly, narrow palpebral fissures, a wide nasal root, a bulbous nose, vertical maxillary excess, a thin upper lip, a long face, micrognathia, and minor auricular anomalies. Individuals with deletion 22q11.2 syndrome can have myriad medical problems, and these can include kidney or urinary tract anomalies. There is a close association between VCFS and DiGeorge syndrome which includes small or absent thymus, tonsils, adenoids and hypocalcaemia. These children may have medial displacement of the carotid artery over the cervical vertebrae and this should be borne in mind while planning any pharyngeal surgery like pharyngeal flap for Velo pharyngeal incompetence (VPI) correction. The majority of these patients will need support for their learning problems. (12-15) IV. OSMED Syndrome: Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED) is a skeletal disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial features, and severe hearing loss. The condition involves the ears (oto-), affects the bones of the spine (spondylo-), and enlarges the ends (epiphyses) of long bones in the arms and legs. The features of OSMED are similar to those of another skeletal disorder, Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome. People with OSMED are often shorter than average because the bones in their legs are unusually short. Other skeletal features include enlarged joints; short arms, hands, and fingers; and flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly). People with the disorder often experience back and joint pain, limited joint movement, and arthritis that begins early in life. Severe high-tone hearing loss is common in people with OSMED. Typical facial features include protruding eyes; a flattened bridge of the nose; an upturned nose with a large, rounded tip; and a small lower jaw. Virtually all affected infants are born with cleft palate. The skeletal features of OSMED tend to diminish during childhood, but other signs and symptoms, such as hearing loss and joint pain, persist into adulthood. Mutations in the COL11A2 gene cause OSMED. Mutations in the COL11A2 gene that cause OSMED disrupt the production or assembly of type XI collagen molecules. The loss of type XI collagen prevents bones and other connective tissues from developing properly. (16-18) V. Van der Woude Syndrome: Van der Woude syndrome is a condition that affects the development of the face. Many people with this disorder are born with a cleft lip, a cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth), or both. Affected individuals usually have depressions (pits) near the centre of the lower lip, which may appear moist due to the presence of salivary and mucous glands in the pits. Small mounds of tissue on the lower lip may also occur. In some cases, people with van der Woude syndrome have missing teeth. People with van der Woude syndrome who have cleft lip and/or palate, like other individuals with these facial conditions, have an increased risk of delayed language development, learning disabilities, or other mild cognitive problems. The average IQ of individuals with van der Woude syndrome is not significantly different from that of the general population. Mutations in the IRF6 gene cause van der Woude syndrome. Van der Woude syndrome is believed to occur in 1 in 35,000 to 1 in 100,000 people, based on data from Europe and Asia. Van der Woude syndrome is the most common cause of cleft lip and palate resulting from variations in a single gene, and this condition accounts for approximately 1 in 50 such cases. (19-23) VI. Treacher Collins Syndrome: Treacher Collins syndrome also known as Mandibulofacial dysostosis or Franceschetti- Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome. Treacher Collins syndrome is a condition that affects the development of bones and other tissues in the face. The signs and symptoms of this disorder vary greatly, ranging from almost unnoticeable to severe. Most affected individuals have underdeveloped facial bones, particularly the cheek bones, and a very small jaw and chin (micrognathia) and cleft palate. In severe cases, underdevelopment of the facial bones may restrict an affected infant's airway, causing potentially life-threatening respiratory problems. People with Treacher Collins syndrome often have eyes that slant downward, sparse eyelashes, and a notch in the lower eyelids called a coloboma. Some affected individuals have additional eye abnormalities that can lead to vision loss. This condition is also characterized by absent, small, or unusually formed ears. Defects in the middle ear (which contains three small bones that transmit sound) cause hearing loss in about half of cases. People with Treacher Collins syndrome usually have normal intelligence. Mutations in the TCOF1 gene cause Treacher Collins syndrome. Mutations in the TCOF1 gene reduce the amount of treacle that is produced in cells. Researchers believe that a loss of this protein signals cells that are important for the development of facial bones to self-destruct (undergo apoptosis). This abnormal cell death may lead to the specific problems with facial development found in Treacher Collins syndrome. (24-28) VII. Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome: Also called as Marfanoid-Craniosynostosis Syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg Craniosynostosis Syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg Marfanoid Syndrome. Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is characterized by craniosynostosis (involving the coronal, sagittal, or lambdoid sutures), distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal changes (dolichostenomelia, arachnodactyly, camptodactyly, pes planus, pectus excavatum or carinatum, scoliosis, joint hypermobility, or contractures), neurologic abnormalities, mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, and brain anomalies. Cardiovascular anomalies (mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation) may occur. Minimal subcutaneous fat, abdominal wall defects, cryptorchidism in males, and myopia are also characteristic findings. Craniofacial findings includes dolichocephaly, high prominent forehead, ocular proptosis, hypertelorism, telecanthus, downslanting palpebral fissures, maxillary hypoplasia, cleft palate with prominent palatine ridges, micrognathia, and apparently low-set and posteriorly rotated ears. FBN1. Mutations in FBN1 have been reported in three individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS). Treatment include surgical repair of abdominal hernias, physiotherapy for joint contractures, and placement in special education programs. (29-31) VIII. Simpson Dysmorphia Syndrome: Also called as Bulldog Syndrome, DGSX Golabi- Rosen Syndrome, Dysplasia Gigantism Syndrome, X-Linked SDYS, SGB Syndrome, Simpson-Golabi- Behmel Syndrome Simpson dysmorphia syndrome types 1 and 2 are two forms of a rare, X-linked recessive, inherited disorder characterized by unusually large fetuses (prenatal overgrowth) and unusually large babies (postnatal overgrowth). In addition, affected individuals have characteristic facial features, more than two nipples (super- numerary nipples), and multisystemic malformations that may vary from child to child. Chief among these are cardiac malformations, mild to moderate mental retardation, cleft palate, and more than the five fingers and/or toes (polydactyly). Symptoms associated with the more common form, Simpson dysmorphia syndrome type 1 (SDYS1), are less severe than those presented in SDYS2. Individuals usually reach an above-average height. The general distinguishing features typically become less apparent in adulthood. (31) IX. Holoprosencephaly, type 3: Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a structural anomaly of the brain in which there is failed or incomplete separation of the forebrain early in gestation. Classic HPE encompasses a continuum of brain malformations including (in order of decreasing severity): alobar, semilobar, lobar, and middle interhemispheric variant (MIHV) type HPE. Other CNS abnormalities not specific to HPE may also occur. HPE is accompanied by a spectrum of characteristic craniofacial anomalies in approximately 80% of individuals with HPE. Developmental delay is present in virtually all individuals with the HPE spectrum of CNS anomalies. A spectrum of craniofacial anomalies accompanies HPE in approximately 80% of affected individuals. The spectrum of facial anomalies begins with cyclopia, the most severe presentation, and extends in an unbroken continuum to the normal face as seen in individuals who have, but are not expressing, a mutation for HPE inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Common clinical features in individuals without obvious findings such as cyclopia, synophthalmia, or a proboscis, include microcephaly (although hydrocephalus can result in macrocephaly), ocular hypotelorism (which can be severe), flat nasal bridge, single maxillary central incisor, and cleft lip and/or palate. (32,33) X. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome/ Gorlin syndrome : Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as basal cell nevus syndrome, multiple basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, is an inherited medical condition involving defects within multiple body systems such as the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine system, and bones. People with this syndrome are particularly prone to developing a common and usually non-life- threatening form of non-melanoma skin cancers. First described in 1960, NBCCS is an autosomal dominant condition that can cause unusual facial appearances and a predisposition for basal cell carcinoma, a malignant type of skin cancer. The prevalence is reported to be 1 case per 56,000- 164,000 population. Recent work in molecular genetics has shown NBCCS to be caused by mutations in the PTCH gene found on chromosome arm 9q. If a child inherits the defective gene from either parent, he or she will have the disorder. (34) Facial abnormalities incude macrocephaly, broad facies, frontal and biparietal bossing, mild mandibular prognathism, odontogenic keratocysts ofjaws, misshapen and/or carious teeth, cleft lip and palate, ectopic calcification of falx cerebri. Recognition of the associated syndromes and anomalies with the oral cleft is essential to assess the problem and risk faced by the child and for counselling the parents. Proper knowledge and details of anomalies associated with OFC will help to provide necessary treatment and improve survival of these children. Proper epidemiology, dysmorphology assessment and genetic study may lead researchers to the identification of the causative agent. (1.) Breugem CC, Mink van der Molen AB. What is 'Pierre Robin sequence?' J Plastic Reconstruct Aesthetic Surg. 2009;62:1555-1558. (2.) Syndromes with oral manifestations. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 308. (3.) Annunen S, Korkko J, Czarny M, Warman ML, Brunner HG, Kaariainen H, Mulliken JB, Tranebjaerg L, Brooks DG, Cox GF, Cruysberg JR, Curtis MA, Davenport SL, Friedrich CA. Splicing mutations of 54-bp exons in the COL11A1 gene cause Marshall syndrome, but other mutations cause overlapping Marshall/Stickler phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Oct;65(4):974-983. (4.) Huang F, Kuo HK, Hsieh CH, Lai JP, Chen PK. Visual complications of Stickler syndrome in paediatric patients with Robin sequence. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2007 Mar;35(2):76-80. (5.) Liberfarb RM, Levy HP, Rose PS, Wilkin DJ, Davis J, Balog JZ, Griffith AJ, Szymko-Bennett YM, Johnston JJ, Francomano CA, Tsilou E, Rubin BI. The Stickler syndrome: genotype/phenotype correlation in 10 families with Stickler syndrome resulting from seven mutations in the type II collagen gene locus COL2A1. Genet Med. 2003 Jan- Feb;5(1):21-7. Review. Erratum in: Genet Med. 2003 Nov- Dec;5(6):478. (6.) Nowak CB. Genetics and hearing loss: a review of Stickler syndrome. J Commun Disord. 1998 Sep-Oct;31(5):437-453; 453-454. (7.) Poulson AV, Hooymans JM, Richards AJ, Bearcroft P, Murthy R, Baguley DM, Scott JD, Snead MP. Clinical features of type 2 Stickler syndrome. J Med Genet. Aug 2004; 41(8):e107. (8.) Richards AJ, Baguley DM, Yates JR, Lane C, Nicol M, Harper PS, Scott JD, Snead MP. Variation in the vitreous phenotype of Stickler syndrome can be caused by different amino acid substitutions in the X position of the type II collagen Gly-X-Y triple helix. Am J Hum Genet. Epub 2000 Sep 25. 2000 Nov;67(5):1083-1094. (9.) Royce, Peter M; Steinmann, Beat U; Connective tissue and its heritable disorders : molecular, genetic, and medical aspects; 2nd ed.; New York : Wiley-Liss, c2002. p901-931. (10.) Snead MP, Yates JR. Clinical and Molecular genetics of Stickler syndrome. J Med Genet. 1999 May;36(5):353-359. (11.) Zechi-Ceide RM, Jesus Oliveira NA, Guion-Almeida ML, Antunes LF, Richieri-Costa A, Passos-Bueno MR. Clinical evaluation and COL2A1 gene analysis in 21 Brazilian families with Stickler syndrome: identification of novel mutations, further genotype/phenotype correlation, and its implications for the diagnosis. Eur J Med Genet. 2008 May- Jun;51(3):183-196. (12.) Thomas JA, Graham JM Jr. Chromosomes 22q11 deletion syndrome: an update for the primary peditrician. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997;36:253-266. (13.) Shprintzen RJ, Goldberg RB, Lewin ML, et al. A new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Cleft Palate J. Jan 1978;15(1):56-62. (14.) Ryan AK, Goodship JA, Wilson DI, et al. Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study. J Med Genet. Oct 1997;34(10):798-804. (15.) Cuneo BF. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, and conotruncal anomaly face syndromes. Curr Opin Pediatr. Oct 2001;13(5):465-472. (16.) Melkoniemi M, Brunner HG, Manouvrier S, Hennekam R, Superti-Furga A, Kaariainen H, Pauli RM, van Essen T, Warman ML, Bonaventure J, Miny P, Ala-Kokko L. Autosomal recessive disorder otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia is associated with loss-of-function mutations in the COL11A2 gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2): 368-377. (17.) Temtamy SA, MannikkS M, Abdel-Salam GM, Hassan NA, Ala-Kokko L, Afifi HH. Oto-spondylo-megaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED): clinical and radiological findings in sibs homozygous for premature stop codon mutation in the COL11A2 gene. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Jun 1;140(11):1189-1195. (18.) Van Steensel MA, Buma P, de Waal Malefijt MC, van den Hoogen FH, Brunner HG. Oto- spondylo-megaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED): clinical description of three patients homozygous for a missense mutation in the COL11A2 gene. Am J Med Genet. 1997 Jun 13;70(3):315-323. (19.) Ghassibe M, Revencu N, Bayet B, Gillerot Y, Vanwijck R, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Vikkula M. Six families with van der Woude and/or popliteal pterygium syndrome: all with a mutation in the IRF6 gene. J Med Genet. 2004 Feb;41(2):e15. (20.) Kondo S, Schutte BC, Richardson RJ, Bjork BC, Knight AS, Watanabe Y, Howard E, de Lima RL, Daack-Hirsch S, Sander A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH. Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes. Nat Genet. 2002 Oct;32(2):285-289. (21.) Nopoulos P, Richman L, Andreasen N, Murray JC, Schutte B. Cognitive dysfunction in adults with Van der Woude syndrome. Genet Med. 2007 Apr;9(4):213-218. (22.) Nopoulos P, Richman L, Andreasen NC, Murray JC, Schutte B. Abnormal brain structure in adults with Van der Woude syndrome. Clin Genet. 2007 Jun;71(6):511-517. (23.) Rizos M, Spyropoulos MN. Van der Woude syndrome: a review. Cardinal signs, epidemiology, associated features, differential diagnosis, expressivity, genetic counselling and treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Feb;26(1):17-24. (24.) Dixon J, Jones NC, Sandell LL, Jayasinghe SM, Crane J, Rey JP, Dixon MJ, Trainor PA. Tcof1/Treacle is required for neural crest cell formation and proliferation deficiencies that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 5;103(36):13403-13408. (25.) Marszalek B, Wojcicki P, Kobus K, Trzeciak WH. Clinical features, treatment and genetic background of Treacher Collins syndrome. J Appl Genet. 2002;43(2):223-233. (26.) Posnick JC, Ruiz RL. Treacher Collins syndrome: current evaluation, treatment, and future directions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000 Sep;37(5):434. (27.) Scriver, Charles R; The metabolic & molecular bases of inherited disease; 8th ed.; New York : McGraw-Hill, c2001. p6147-6152. (28.) Teber OA, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Fischer S, Bohringer S, Albrecht B, Albert A, Arslan-Kirchner M, Haan E, Hagedorn-Greiwe M, Hammans C, Henn W, Hinkel GK, Konig R, Kunstmann E, Kunze J, Neumann LM, Prott EC, Rauch A, Rott HD, Seidel H. Genotyping in 46 patients with tentative diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome revealed unexpected phenotypic variation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004 Nov;12(11):879-890. (29.) Kosaki R, Takahashi D, Udaka T, Matsumoto M, Ibe S, Isobe T, Tanaka Y, Kosaki K. Genetic heterogeneity of Shprintzen- Goldberg syndrome. Abstract 617. Salt Lake City: The American Society of Human Genetics 55th Annual Meeting; 2005. (30.) Sood S, Eldadah ZA, Krause WL, McIntosh I, Dietz HC. Mutation in fibrillin-1 and the Marfanoid-craniosynostosis (Shprintzen-Goldberg) syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996;12: 209-211. (31.) Greally MT, Carey JC, Milewicz DM, Hudgins L, Goldberg RB, Shprintzen RJ, Cousineau AJ, Smith WL, Judisch GF, Hanson JW. Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: a clinical analysis. Am J Med Genet. 1998;76:202-212. (32.) Demeyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CG. The face predicts the brain: diagnosticsignificance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly). Pediatrics. 1964;34:256-263. (33.) Kimonis V, Goldstein A, Pastakia B, Yang M, Kase R, DiGiovanna J, Bale A, Bale S (1997). Clinical manifestations in 105 persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome .Am J Med Genet 69(3): 299-308. (34.) Gorlin R, Goltz R (1960). "Multiple nevoid basal-cell epithelioma, jaw cysts and bifid rib. A syndrome". NEngl J Med; 262(18): 908-912. Manisha Tijare (1), Samar Khan S (2), Ami Desai (3), Megha Jain (4) (1) Hod & Prof (2,3,4) PG Student Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, People's College of Dental Science & Research Centre, Bhopal (MP) Received: July 13, 2012; Review Completed: August, 13, 2012; Accepted: September 13, 2012 Published Online: October, 2012 (www. nacd. in) [c] NAD, 2012--All rights reserved Email for correspondence: email@example.com |Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback| |Author:||Tijare, Manisha; Khan S., Samar; Desai, Ami; Jain, Megha| |Publication:||Indian Journal of Dental Advancements| |Date:||Jul 1, 2012| |Previous Article:||Periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases --the established link.| |Next Article:||Cephalometric norms for hyderabad population in natural head position using extracranial reference lines.|

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The term ‘best practice’ is one that is seen reasonably frequently in relation to diabetes care, as well as in other health-related contexts. It appears that the use of the term is increasing; indeed, there have been whole study days devoted to best practice in diabetes care recently. Like many other concepts that are difficult to define, such as ‘quality of life’, we all think we know what it means. However, we often discover that our perception of what best practice is differs from that of others. For instance, how often have you read an article purporting to be describing best practice in a particular area only to discover that you do not agree with what has been done? Or, having attended a study day supposedly describing best practice, have you ever thought that yours is better? This raises the question of who decides what best practice is. Of course, in some circumstances, best practice is clear – there are national guidelines, standards and recommendations for care, for instance. These guidelines have almost invariably been developed, at least in part, from evidence acquired from high-quality research studies and from expert opinions. However, the application of these guidelines, as well as the results of other high-quality research, is usually called evidence-based practice, rather than best practice. Unfortunately, much of what diabetes nurses do is practised without the benefit of the results of randomised controlled trials or any other research study to guide it. When individuals or teams of diabetes healthcare professionals have a good idea, implement it and then describe the intervention in some way, via either a written article or a presentation, the idea may be labelled ‘best practice’, even when there is little to support the claim. On occasion, individuals themselves label a presentation or a written account of a project as best practice. This is very rarely done with intent to mislead; it usually occurs when individuals view their work as their best practice and, rightly, judge it to be an improvement on their previous ways of practicing. However, if it is accepted that the term ‘best practice’ is one that is used when evidence is missing or limited and is a judgement, it surely is logical that there is a consensus of expert opinions about what constitutes best practice, otherwise the term becomes meaningless. An alternative to a consensus would be standards or quality criteria to measure the practice initiative against. The problem may be solved if individuals and teams used the term ‘good practice’ when describing their service developments. After all, good practice can be based on principles. For example, it could be a start to identify the expected outcomes of the work and relate these to current thinking in policy documents on what is desirable. Describing the underlying principles is also appropriate. Even if there is no intention to formally disseminate the work to a wider audience, there is value in doing this (for example, to answer questions posed by management, students or colleagues). However developments in care are described, it is important that we all take care to ensure that we use terms like ‘evidence-based’, ‘best’ and ‘good’ practice carefully. We need to search for similar initiatives and compare our work with these, and we must also be constantly open to our practice being challenged, discussed, analysed and evaluated. One way, perhaps, of ensuring that claims we make about something being best practice are valid is thinking how we might answer the question ‘Who says?’ Comment on a notable recent paper. Trends in the incidence of hospitalisation for diabetic foot disease. 10 Mar 2023

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Picture This: A Visual Guide to Disruptive Attacks An attack on your systems that is intended to be disruptive to legitimate service can take many forms, and the terms used to define such attacks can be confusing on a certification exam. In the real world, you know that your servers are responding to a lot of requests that they should not be getting, and that this is bringing your performance to a crawl. So you start taking action to put a stop to it right away. In the exam world, you have to approach it somewhat differently: you need to pick up on a few clues here and there and be able to determine whether it is a spoofing attack or a smurfing attack, and then pick the right multiple-choice answer. This guide looks at some of the more common disruptive attack types and consists of a subset of those you need to know to earn CompTIA’s Security+ designation (both on the current SY0-301 exam and the next version of the test that is currently slated for release in the second quarter of 2014). To illustrate the differences between them, the analogy used throughout is that of a student just trying to make it through class and participate the same as all other students. The attacks that are occurring, exaggerated a bit for emphasis, disrupt our hypothetical student’s ability to continue to concentrate and participate as he normally would. Spoofing, quite simply, can be described as faking. The person doing the spoofing is trying to make it look as if it is another party taking the action. Always think of spoofing as fooling. Attackers are trying to fool the user, fool the system, and/or fool the host into believing they’re something they aren’t. Because the word spoof can describe any false information at any level, spoofing can occur at any level of a network. Figure One: With spoofing, the attacker attempts to make it look as if it is another who is interacting with you. In this case, the hands do not belong to the person it is thought they are associated with. Note that others may be able to see what is transpiring, but that does not protect you. Some of the most common spoofing attacks use e-mail source addresses, packet source addresses, and system MAC addresses to make it look as if another party is involved. Network traffic filters and e-mail filters should be configured to check for source spoofing in network packets and emails. It should make sense that if a packet or message is leaving your LAN, then it cannot have a valid source address from the Internet AND if the packet is entering your LAN, then it cannot have a valid source address from the LAN. Filters of this type are called egress (exiting) and ingress (entering) filters and they should be configured on every border system. Many have come to rely on a caller ID display to inform them of who is calling and serve as a simple form of authentication. There are several programs available, however, that allow a miscreant to send fake values for both the phone number and the name display to a caller ID box. This is known as caller ID spoofing and, when coupled with other forms of social engineering, can help convince an insider that they are talking to someone trusted when the opposite is true Denial of Service (DoS) With a denial of service (DoS) attack, you’ve attracted the interest of someone who is now focused on attempting to disrupt your ability to interact normally. If they can keep you busy responding to illegitimate requests, they can prevent you from functioning normally. Figure Two: A DoS attack tries to tie up all of your attention and prevent you from functioning normally. By preventing authorized users from having access to your services, attackers can cause you great harm. Most DoS attacks come as either the exploitation of a flaw, or from excess traffic. While you can curtail the exploitation of flaws by keeping patches and updates current (as well as by using firewalls), traffic-based attacks require detection and network traffic filtering. With the right tools, you can stop the attack from getting in your network, but you also need to stop it from upstream as well or else communication to and from your network will be slowed by the bogus attack traffic and you will be unable to support legitimate communications. Stopping the upstream traffic can mean getting help from your ISP. Two of the most common types of DoS attacks are the ping of death and the buffer overflow. The ping of death crashes a system by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets (think echoes) that are larger than the system can handle. Buffer overflow attacks, as the name implies, attempt to put more data (usually long input strings) into the buffer than it can hold. The best way to think of smurfing is to imagine that the person wanting to conduct a DoS attack against you doesn’t have enough clout to slow you down and so they solicit help doing so from another party — sometimes without that party’s knowledge. The key to identifying a smurf attack is that another party, larger than the initiating party, is employed to harm the target system. Figure Three: With a smurfing attack, another party that is larger is brought in to help damage your ability to interact normally. As an example, suppose the attacker uses IP spoofing and broadcasts a ping request to a group of hosts in a network. The ICMP ping request (type 8) would be answered with an ICMP ping reply (type 0) if the targeted system is up (otherwise an unreachable message is returned). If the broadcast were to be sent to the network, all of the hosts could answer the ping and the result could be an overload of the network and the target system. In this case, rather than depending on the traffic from just one system to be able to bring the target down, the traffic of the network was employed to do the task. The primary method of eliminating smurf attacks involves prohibiting ICMP traffic through a router. If the router blocks ICMP traffic, smurf attacks from an external attacker aren’t possible. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is similar to a DoS attack except that more attack points are involved. A DDoS attack amplifies the concepts of a DoS attack by using multiple computer systems (often through botnets) to conduct the attack against a single organization. Figure Four: With DDoS attacks, numerous entities are brought in to disrupt the normal operations of the target. An attacker can load an attack program onto dozens or even hundreds of computer systems and have them all pointed at the same target. It is possible for the attack program to lie dormant on these computers until they get an attack signal from a master computer which then notifies them to launch an attack simultaneously on the target network or system. The systems taking direction from the master control computer are referred to as zombies or nodes. These systems merely carry out the instruction they’ve been given by the master computer. In the past, DDoS attacks have hit large companies such as Amazon, Microsoft, and AT&T and they are often widely publicized in the media. Man in the Middle and Replay Attacks A man in the middle attack is also often referred to as session hijacking, for that is what transpires. An entity for whom the message (data/packet/etc.) is not intended gathers the data for some illicit purpose. Figure Five: With a man in the middle attack, a third party gathers data about the session that they should not be privy to. Quite often, the method used in these attacks clandestinely places a piece of software between a server and the user that neither the server administrators nor the user are aware of. The intercepted data can be used as the starting point for a modification attack that the server responds to, thinking it’s communicating with the legitimate client. The attacking software continues sending on information to the server, and so forth. For exams, know that a man in the middle attack is an active attack. Something is actively intercepting the data and may or may not be altering it. If it’s altering the data, the altered data masquerades as legitimate data traveling between the two hosts. In recent years, the threat of man-in-the-middle attacks on wireless networks has increased. A malicious rogue can be outside the building intercepting packets, altering them, and sending them on. A common solution to this problem is to enforce a secure wireless authentication protocol such as WPA2. IF the intercepted data is sent again, then it qualifies as a replay attack. All that differs between man in the middle and replay attacks is that in the latter intercepted data is sent again (replayed). Figure Six: With a replay attack, the same data that was intercepted can be sent to you again by a third party that leads you to believe it is still coming from the first party. This type of attack can occur with security certificates from systems such as Kerberos: The attacker resubmits the certificate, hoping to be validated by the authentication system and circumvent any time sensitivity. If this attack is successful, the attacker will have all the rights and privileges from the original certificate. This is the primary reason that most certificates contain a unique session identifier and a time stamp. If the certificate has expired, it will be rejected and an entry should be made in a security log to notify system administrators. Man in the middle and replay attacks can be thwarted by complex packet sequencing rules, time stamps in session packets, periodic mid-session reauthentication, mutual authentication, the use of encrypted communication protocols, and spoof-proof authentication mechanisms. Summing it up For certification study, know that all of these attacks are similar and there can be overlap between them. Spoofing is often used in conjunction with other attacks, but merely involves one party pretending to be another. DoS attacks, whether spoofed or not, involve trying to disrupt your services by keeping them so busy responding to non-legitimate requests that they cannot effectively contend with the legitimate requests. If the attacker brings in another — larger — party to act on their behalf, it is known as smurfing. If the DoS attacker brings in lots of other parties to overwhelm you, then it is known as DDoS. A man in the middle attack intercepts data that intended to only be between the sender and receiver. If the man in the middle resends the data — with or without altering it — then it becomes a replay attack.

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CC-MAIN-2016-30

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Poultry Nutritionist's Tool Kit A Collection of Tools for Students and Practitioners Poultry nutrition is an applied science. To apply basic nutrition knowledge, certain tools may be very helpful. Nutritionists need tools to help determine requirements, prepare premixes, formulate feed, determine profit maximizing nutrient levels, etc. This web site was prepared to be a central place for students and nutrition practitioners to obtain (and share) software that they have developed to apply nutrition principles to formulating and feeding chickens, turkeys and other species of animals. These workbooks were written with Microsoft Excel, some need the “Solver” Add-In to work properly. Please use these workbooks at your own risk. They must be adapted properly to each individual situation to give valuable recommendations. If you would like to post a workbook or program, please contact us. For a workbook to evaluate potential experimental designs for nutritional requirement studies, choose: For a workbook to evaluate potential experimental designs for ingredient safety studies, choose: For a workbook to help in fitting responses to nutrients, choose: For a workbook to formulate feed for poultry and swine, choose: For a workbook to formulate premixes, choose: - Vitamin Premix Formulator For a workbook to determine how much feed to mix, choose: For a workbook to adjust growth and feed intake data to a specified bird weight, choose: For a workbook to determine the most economic levels of protein to feed to broilers, choose: For a program to determine how much experimental replication (birds per pen and pens per treatment) is necessary to detect specified differences, choose: Power To Show Differences: To learn about deficiency diseases caused by calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D, choose: - Diagnosing Broiler Leg Problems (BROKEN LINK) For help in learning to judge the interior quality of eggs, choose: - Review Interior Egg Quality (BROKEN LINK) To see pictures of the gross anatomy of chickens, choose: - Introductory Poultry Science Anatomy Laboratory Review (BROKEN LINK) For a workbook to calculate standard errors and fiducial limits for slope ratio assays, choose: For a good description of what the different sections of a scientific journal article should contain: For a workbook to determine if separating ingredients on the basis of nutrient composition would be helpful: - Truncated Normal Distribution - Crude Protein Variation Estimator Workbooks - Feed Formulation with 1 bin per ingredient - Feed Formulation with 2 bins per ingredient - Stochastic Programming Workbook For a workbook to evaluate the value of supplemental enzymes for broiler chicken diets:

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JESÚS ASTIGARRAGA, JUAN ZABALZA The article analyzes the economic entries of the main Spanish general encyclopedias of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Diccionario enciclopédico (1887–1898) and Enciclopedia universal (1908–1930). Both works include the contributions of prestigious Spanish and Latin American intellectuals, and were designed for distribution in Spain and Latin American markets. Diccionario enciclopédico was the first to introduce the “social question” in its economic entries, which were drafted by the most outstanding Spanish economists at the time. These entries were characterized by the absence of any significant mention of historicism and marginalism, which illustrates the isolationism of Spanish economists during the late nineteenth century. Enciclopedia universal, on the other hand, was not entirely drafted by academic economists. Nevertheless, its economic entries account for a complete outline of marginalism, Marxism, and historicism. Apart from the traditional goals of compiling the intellectual advances made in any area of human knowledge for educational purposes, the economic entries of both encyclopedias aimed at popularizing some kind of economic knowledge in order to prepare minds for the reception of specific doctrines and agendas: the secular social doctrine of Spanish Krausism and the religious Social Catholicism, respectively.

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CC-MAIN-2018-43

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Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage, as initiated by one or both partners. The social acceptability of divorce has varied widely across historical periods, religious faiths, and cultures. Whereas the United States has allowed divorce, under certain conditions, since the establishment of the nation, Chile legalized divorce in 2004, and a handful of other countries still prohibit the practice. Because sociological theory traditionally views the family as a basic building block of society, social scientists are interested in many aspects of divorce. Some scholars view the right to divorce as an indicator of women’s rights, whereas others attempt to explain the social and cultural causes and consequences of rising divorce rates in the United States and elsewhere. Still other researchers examine families’ internal dynamics preceding or following divorce. Accompanying the rise in divorce rates since the mid-20th century have been other changes in family forms, including the rise of single-parent households, an increase in age at first marriage, lower fertility rates and fewer children in families, the rise of cohabitation, and the formation of gay and lesbian families. Accurately estimating the incidence of divorce is difficult because of the varying lengths of marriages, the related challenge of tracking individual marriages over time, and confusion over how to define a couple who divorces and then remarries. Recent U.S. statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics show that there were 7.5 new marriages per 1,000 people and 3.6 divorces per 1,000 people in 2005, giving rise to the conventional wisdom that “half of all marriages end in divorce.” These rates have remained relatively constant since the 1960s. Divorce reform was a major concern of the U.S. women’s movement of the mid-20th century, commonly referred to as the “second wave” of feminism. Prior to major reforms undertaken by individual states since the 1970s, U.S. laws followed the British legal tradition of finding one partner at fault for the breakup of a marriage. The advent of no-fault divorce laws made divorce a simpler process by allowing reasons such as “irreconcilable differences” as grounds for divorce. Advocates of women’s rights pursued expanding the availability of divorce, based on an understanding of marriage as an institution based on gender inequality, in which the woman is the weaker partner and at risk of exploitation, domination, or violence by her husband. Many feminists view marriage as an inherently unequal social institution in which the man has more power than the female because of greater social status, higher income, or greater physical strength. Women have traditionally been responsible for care of the home and children, increasingly in addition to paid work outside the home. Because of these disadvantages, women are more likely than in past generations to seek a divorce or separation. Thus the legal right to break marital bonds emerged as key to women’s autonomy and independence. Consequently, divorce has become more socially acceptable in the United States since the women’s movement in the 1960s. Before that time, a social stigma was attached to divorced families, especially to divorced women and their children, rather than to the men. Divorced families constituted “broken homes,” a phrase still in use today. Illustrating the normalization of divorce are not only higher divorce rates but also the often positive or sympathetic portrayal in popular culture of divorced men and women. Regardless of the causes of divorce, its social and economic consequences are a source of concern for both conservative and liberal politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals. Whereas some studies show strong negative effects on children, other studies argue that differences between children of divorced parents and children of continually married parents are overestimated. Most experts agree that children of divorce tend to have more negative outcomes in terms of educational achievement, delinquency and crime, psychological well-being, teenage pregnancy, and behavior when compared with children of “intact families.” In addition, children who experienced parental divorce have higher divorce rates than those whose parents remained married. Experts debate about whether there are gender differences in these long-term effects. Moderating the risks for children from divorced families can be attentive and supportive parenting and low levels of conflict between divorced parents. Despite these protective factors, the period immediately following divorce is stressful for children and can lead to anxiety and depression that typically fade within 2 years. The long-term outcomes of children from divorced families are partially caused by the decrease in standard of living and socioeconomic status after divorce. Households composed of never-married or divorced women and their children are much more likely than two-parent households to live in poverty, a trend sociologists refer to as the “feminization of poverty.” The debate over whether the negative outcomes of children of divorce stem from family structure (i.e., living in a home with one rather than two parents) or poverty is far from settled. Some scholars argue that poverty leads to divorce as well as increasing the likelihood of negative outcomes for children. Others claim that it is the absence of a father in the home that leads to both poverty and children’s problems. Still other scholars of family life state that it is increasingly difficult for men, especially working-class and minority men, to fulfill the socially expected role of breadwinner. Lack of economic opportunities may thus cause men to leave marriages to which they feel they are not contributing financially. In terms of the effects of divorce, both popular and academic discussions tend to emphasize either culture or economics. Aside from the question of the economic effects of divorce, the termination of a legal marriage generally involves some process of negotiation over the married couple’s finances. Interactions between husbands and wives can become conflictual about dividing up the couple’s assets and determining whether spousal support (referred to as alimony in the past) or child support will be required. Due to assumptions about gender roles and the actual gendered division of labor among married couples, the husband has typically been the partner required to pay alimony and child support to compensate for the family’s expected drop in income after divorce. With many women employed and possibly the higher-earning partner, the granting of spousal support (alimony) does not always occur and is not always in the direction of husband to wife, although this is still a common occurrence. Child support enforcement varies from state to state. Failure of divorced fathers to pay child support is one of the reasons for high poverty rates in families composed of divorced women and their children. Custody of children is often another point of conflict during the process of divorce. As with alimony and child support, assumptions about gender roles have been inherent in judges’ decisions over which partner legally becomes the primary parent after a divorce. Because most cultures recognize the woman as the primary parent who takes on most of the parenting responsibilities (caring for children’s emotional and physical needs), the courts typically favor mothers as custodial parents. The famous Oscar-winning film Kramer vs. Kramer of 1979 dramatized this tendency: In the film, the mother was awarded full custody although the father had shown himself to be an exemplary and caring father. Although mothers are more likely to obtain custody, U.S. courts also favor fathers’ involvement in children’s lives and will generally allow fathers the right to visit and interact with their child or children on a regular basis. Despite the rights of fathers to visit their children, only about one quarter of fathers have regular contact with their children after divorce. One result of the increase in divorce rates is the increase in the rates of formation of stepfamilies. A stepfamily is made up of a married couple with one or both partners having children from a previous marriage or relationship. Although stepfamilies can form after the death of one partner’s spouse, most stepfamilies are the result of a previous divorce. Also, the mother with custody of her children generally remarries, meaning that most step-parents living with stepchildren are men (stepfathers). Step-parents not residing with children tend to be stepmothers. Stepfamilies are more likely to end in divorce than are first marriages, which means that the children in these families may experience multiple divorces in their lives, an experience that some scholars argue can affect their educational and social outcomes. In most states, step-parents who do not legally adopt their stepchildren do not have special rights, privileges, or responsibilities toward the children. Adoption of stepchildren is only possible if the nonresident parent has died or given up his or her parental rights. Despite this fact, stepchildren are often eligible for Social Security or military benefits through their step-parents. - Hackstaff, Karla B. 1999. Marriage in a Culture of Divorce. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. - Mason, Mary Ann and Steven Sugarman, eds. 2003. All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century. New York: Oxford University Press. - Popenoe, David, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and David Blankenhorn, eds. 1996. Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. - Yalom, Margaret and Laura L. Cartensen. 2002. Inside the American Couple: New Thinking/New Challenges. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. This example Divorce Essay is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic please use our writing services. EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in.

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The Sacred Plant was designed to raise awareness of the importance of hemp. Hemp has a short growing cycle, requires no pesticides and little water to grow, in return it produces 25 times more oxigen than the same size of forest. It is a very versatile plant, renewable source of fuel, paper, fabrics, ropes, canvas, paints, building material, plumbing pipe, bio degradable plastic and medicines. Hempseeds contain all the essential amino acids and essencial fatty acids to maintain healthy life. No single plant provdes complete protein in such an easy digestable form. The earliest known cultivated plant in history for clothing and medicine. Hemp can save the world!

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The Corpse Plant Blooms And Reeks Lucky visitors to the Hawaii's Pana`ewa Rainforest Zoo and Gardens got the heady, putrid scent of a blooming amorphophallus titanum plant - better known as the Corpse Plant. This weekend, the Honolulu Advertiser says people lined up before doors opened to catch a whiff of the plant during its rare blooming period. When the plant arrived on April 12, its single flower stood 47 inches tall, (Zoo Manager Pam) Mizuno said. Yesterday the flower had grown to 87 inches high and was emitting an odor "that basically smells like meat that's rotten and has been sitting out for a while," Mizuno said. The stench attracts carrion beetles who believe it's a decaying body. The Huntington Library and Gardens has one that blossomed last June, and says the plant is at its fullest (and foulest) during the first 12 hours of the bloom, explaining the Pana`ewa visitors haste to sniff while they can. Can't get to Hawaii? There's another at the Ohio State Greenhouse in Columbus, where biologist Andi Wolfe put together a time lapse image of her department's gorgeous specimen. Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

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During the 1700's, France was the cultural capital of Europe. During this time frame, King Louis XIV was the most powerful king in all of Europe. When he died, Louis XV took his place as king. Ruling France as absolute Monarchs. As time passed, political and economic issues took place, resulting in the French Revolt. This was unfair because of the unequal social hierarchy that made up of three classes. (1: clergy, owned 10% of land. 2: Nobility, owned 20% of land. 3: Commoners, which this class alone paid 50% of the taxes.) Along after the American Revolution, the third estate began to demand democracy, equality, and liberty in France. The social tensions didn't exactly help, instead it made things worse by growing a financial crisis in the 1770's & 1780's. Because of lavish spending, expensive wars, and poor economic planning, the French government faces a massive debts. This economic crisis continued, citizens faced starvation without food. Louis XVI then failed to work with the National Assembly so problems continued. In fear of Frances revolutionary ideas caused Austria and Prussia assembled to restore Frances absolute monarch. All though it seemed as if the French Revolution was a failure, in the year 1799 it appeared legal by the year 1815. France, bourgeois and land owning classes had then emerged as the dominant power Desperate times call for desperate measures. After the first few years of the French Revolution, France most definitely came across their desperate time. In 1792 the government was once again overthrown. The King was still held behind bars, also the decisions for the wars in Austria and Prussia were not made wisely. Now the purpose of Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, to prevent counter-revolution from gaining ground. The head chopping Galuitine It was so dangerous to even speak critically of the revolutionary Government. A man and his family could be sent to the Guillotine for speaking wrongful. This time was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and Jacobins. Which both were fighting for power. the Girondins were less radical and became arising power in 1791. During this time the group hoped to pass legislation allowing all blacks equal freedoms (The United States was a was some what behind or in on this act). The group also wanted to go to war with Austria in 1792 to prove power over the king. The French Revolution impacted other countries in various ways. In Europe, the revolution led to a series of wars between various countries and the French. This also caused the rise of Napoleon and the empire he won. When the US got involved, it cause a tremendous amount of trouble. First, it helped split the country between pro-British and pro-French factions. It then led to many problems in foreign policy. The people of France and people of Britain then battled at war. and the US was caught in between with both countries preying on US shipping to the other country. This eventually led to near-war with the French and finally to the War of 1812 with the British. During this period, military and political leader Napoleon Bonaparte had risen in prominence. Specifically by taking control of France after the success of the French Revolution. He was also partly instrumental in promoting the ideals of the Enlightenment in other locations around Europe. The tragic turn of events undeniably resulted from Napoleon overestimating his capacity, including the capacity of France. Although, instead of just becoming a reformer, he was reduced to a warlord who was willing to sacrifice thousands of men and other military resources in order to wage war against other nations.Despite the Napoleons failure , he is and will always will be a remarkable figure to the French Revolution

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Between 1990 and 2003, pregnancy-related deaths in Bangladesh fell from 514 deaths per 100,000 live births to 400. Verbal autopsy estimates, which exclude accidental or injury-related deaths, estimate the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to be lower at 322 per 100,000 live births. Whilst Bangladesh has made progress towards achieving the MDG5 of reducing maternal mortality, there are still over 11,000 maternal deaths every year, and to achieve the government’s target of reducing the MMR by three quarters by 2015, the rate of decline must increase three-fold. In Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, data on maternal mortality has been available since 1976 through the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). The ICDDR,B surveillance site in Matlab is divided into ICDDR,B and Government health service areas, with each covering a population of approximately 110,000. In 1987 a Safe Motherhood Strategy was launched in the ICDDR,B service area, which aimed to increase the coverage of births attended by a skilled health professional. This involved posting trained midwives in health centres, establishing a clinic providing basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) in Matlab town, and providing transport to the clinic or referral to a comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facility when necessary. The Towards 4+5 Research Programme Consortium is supporting researchers at ICDDR,B to review over 215,000 pregnancies and 769 maternal deaths in Matlab during 1976 and 2005. This review has made it possible to compare the impact of different health interventions provided in the ICDDR,B and Government service areas, and to identify the factors that have contributed to the decline in maternal mortality. Towards 4+5 Briefing Paper, 4 pp. Towards 4+5 Briefing Paper 4. Progress towards MDG5: Explaining the reduction in maternal deaths in Bangladesh.

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MBA is an internationally recognized Programme designed to develop the skills required for careers in business and management. The Value of the MBA is not limited to business world; it may also be useful for those pursuing a management career in the public sector, government, Private industry and other areas. MBA Programme. MBA course include a “Core” curriculum of subject such as accounting, Marketing, economics, Human Resources and operations as well as elective course that allow participants to follow their own personal and professional interests. If anyone wants to become a globally recognized business leader, he/she needs to establish a plan or strategy. Many of the world’s most famous business leaders got their start with a MBA Programme. MBA course Provides Basic Fundamental management skills needed for success and open doors for new career. It’s true that management skills are a Principal focus of MBA Course, but one can learn other essential leadership skills also such as to work as team member in distinct culture. Being a leader one should be able to lead, influence and manage people of the group. One should also need the technical expertise to understand each aspect of business process. As a leader, one should be able to work effectively with others. An MBA Programme are designed to teach the necessary skills for becoming a business leader and can also connect you to a wide network of business leaders, which is highly desirable if you want to obtain a leadership position on a global scale. Check More on Institutions in India Site .

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It is also similar to other scripting languages just like JSP, and PHP. You are visiting an ASP page when your browser URL show an “.aspx” or “.asp” suffix. It is a feature of Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Server), but it is supported by all the browsers as it handles HTML page. A person can create an ASP file just by including VBScript or Jscript in an HTML file. In comparison to CGI and Perl, it is simple and provides a greater speed. It is also much secured as ASP code can’t be viewed because it is hidden in the browser. ASP can also change or add the content of the web page.

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Environment Transportation Kids Who Walk to School Have Better Concentration By Katherine Martinko Senior Writer University of Toronto Katherine Martinko is a writer and expert in sustainable living. She holds a degree in English Literature and History from the University of Toronto. our editorial process Twitter Twitter Katherine Martinko Updated October 11, 2018 CC BY 2.0. Ed Yourdon -- Children congregate in front of an elementary school. Share Twitter Pinterest Email Transportation Active Automotive Aviation Public Transportation Some of the rhetoric surrounding breakfast nutrition should be transferred to morning exercise, encouraging parents to swap their car keys for a pair of walking shoes instead. Breakfast is a popular topic when it comes to assessing children’s academic performance at school. Without a good nutritious breakfast, it is difficult for kids to focus on learning. As a result, breakfast “clubs” have popped up in many public schools to ensure that all kids get access to food before the morning bell rings. But what if there were something even more important than breakfast? A 2012 Danish study found that exercise – even a small amount – has greater rewards for academic performance than even food does. Lead researcher Neil Egelund from Aarhus University told the Globe and Mail: “We could see that there was some influence from eating your breakfast. But the influence from physical exercise was even greater. It means a little something if you have a little bit of exercise – or perhaps a lot of exercise – before you have to sit down and concentrate.” I’m not saying we should forget breakfast altogether and get kids to jump on a treadmill before heading off to school, but we should be making more kids walk to school – after finishing their breakfast, of course. Sadly, the numbers of walking children are lower than ever. A new study of southern Ontario has found that the number of kids aged 11 to 13 being driven to school in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton areas has increased from 12 percent in 1986 to 31 percent in 2011. Even in downtown Toronto, that number has gone from 10 percent to 25 percent over the same years. There’s no doubt it’s convenient to drive, especially if parents are on their way to work anyways and they’re in a rush. But this reliance on cars has an unfortunate downside for kids. Driving to school reduces opportunities for social interaction with peers (walking together, hanging out in front of the school).Parents who are focused on driving miss out on opportunities for heart-to-heart chats with their kids. (This is real: “You learn things about what’s happening in your child’s life,” says another study author Prof. Ron Buliung of the University of Toronto.)It fails to teach children and adolescents alternative ways of getting around a city.It impedes their ability to orient themselves, since traveling the same route in a car does not imprint itself on the brain in the same way as walking it on foot.The eventual result is young adults who are not inclined to make sustainable transportation choices because they’ve never been taught why it is important.The Globe and Mail reports, “Walking to school not only has physical benefits, it has also been associated with improved academic performance and socialization.” An additional study by Metrolinx found, not surprisingly, that “patterns are established in childhood, and children who are active make more sustainable transportation decisions later in life.” A major shift needs occur, according to Prof. Buliung, who walks his young daughter to school every day. He says, “At the end of the day, there are things that are good for children and right to do. One of the outcomes [of walking to school] may be an improved ability to concentrate.” Hopefully the day will come when parents are as reluctant to drive their child to school as they are to neglect feeding them breakfast. Then we’ll see if the academic performance scores start climbing!

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The Perfect Diet for Humanity: Part 2 The “Charles Darwin” of Nutrition In our previous post about nutrition we were introduced to Weston A. Price who, with his wife Florence, traveled extensively in the 1930s to examine the health of native populations in isolated parts of the world that still were largely untouched by modern conveniences and foods and most importantly, still ate traditional foods. Being a dentist, Dr. Price knew how the teeth, structure and skull reflected the health of the entire body. Dr. Price found that when people switched to “modern” foods or the “foods of commerce” that included vegetable oils, sugar, refined foods, canned foods and the like their physical and mental health deteriorated. Most dramatic was the change in facial structure – the children did not resemble their parents as they had in earlier generations. In the photo of 2 brothers from Scotland (Isle of Harris) above, the younger sibling on the left uses “modern” foods and has rampant tooth decay. His older brother uses native food and has excellent teeth. Notice narrowed face and arch (upper jaw) of the younger brother. Tooth Decay = Nutritional Deficiency Price determined that tooth decay was a specific manifestation of general physical degeneration and that its cause was nutritional deficiencies. The solution was obvious: whole foods grown on rich soils were needed to supply the nutrients necessary for optimal health. He tested his theory with lab animals and humans. As documented in Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Price provides X-rays of cavities naturally refilling when patients followed his dietary protocol – reversal of tooth decay using a diet rich in nutrients (nutrient-dense foods) and avoidance of nutrition-depleting foods. Price discovered that traditional societies innately knew what to eat. Chemical analysis revealed that their diets were high in minerals and fat-soluble “activators:” vitamins A, D and what he called Activator X (now believed to be vitamin K2) found only in shellfish, fish livers, fish eggs, butterfat and organ meats from animals eating rapidly growing green grass, and in lesser amounts in eggs from pastured chickens and the fat of certain animals. Without these fat-soluble “activators” people could not absorb as many minerals. He wrote: An essential characteristic of the successful dietary programs of primitive races has been found to relate to a liberal source of the fat-soluble activator group … it is possible to starve for minerals that are abundant in the foods eaten because they cannot be utilized without an adequate quantity of the fat-soluble activators. Price WA. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (8th Edition). Lemon Grove, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. 2012:269. What Does a Holistic Diet Include? Traditional diets, based on the climate, included whole grains, whole (raw) milk from grass-fed cattle, fermented foods, bone broths, animal fats, organ meats, sea foods, fruits and vegetables. What About a Holistic Diet For Vegetarians? Dr. Price had a deep religious nature and hoped to find a culture that did not depend on animals to survive, thrive and reproduce. He found none. There has never been a purely vegetarian culture. However, vegetarians that include dairy products and eggs can enjoy the benefits of traditional diets. It is significant that I have as yet found no group that was building and maintaining good bodies exclusively on plant foods. A number of groups are endeavoring to do so with marked evidence of failure. Price WA. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (8th Edition). Lemon Grove, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. 2012:282. Dr. Price’s research could not be duplicated today because large isolated cultures are, for the most part, no more. The tentacles of modern technology, trade and commerce have reached from the Amazonian jungles to the frozen tundra. And we are all the worse for it. We don’t have to spend time in laboratories to discover the ideal diet – the laboratory of life has already shown it to us. All we need is to explore health and disease from an empirical perspective. Homeopathy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, ayurveda, classical chiropractic, traditional osteopathy and many other “natural” systems are empirically based. That means they were formulated after observing how the body responds in sickness and in health. They were discovered to work, not intellectually invented. That is why these systems have withstood the test of time. Empirical, philosophical healing systems respect the wisdom of the body and learn from the body using different procedures: direct observation, testing (homeopathic “proving”), binary biofeedback (muscle testing, body feedback response) and others. More on that later. Empirical therapeutics/systems based on experience stand in contrast to the rationalist philosophy that is followed by orthodox medicine. Rationalists (also called mechanists) believe they can intellectually understand how the body works. It is based on theory. Rationalist interventions are invented rather than discovered. So Many Theories There are so many intellectually-derived nutritional belief systems: vegetarian, vegan, macrobiotic, paleo, hi carb, low carb, high fat, low fat, acid/base balance, food combining – who can make sense of all this? The empirical approach can do so. We ask a simple question – are the people following these diets healthier or sicker than people following other diets? Dr. Price’s years of intense research revealed that over and over again, traditional, nutrient-dense foods gave us the healthiest babies. Healthy babies are the ultimate proving ground of a successful diet. The Holistic Diet Lesson for Healthcare Providers The choice is ours as to which wisdom and philosophy we are guided by – rationalist, intellectual (educated) or the empirical (innate) wisdom of the body when it comes to all aspects of health, including nutrition. Although they were derided as savages and barbarians by arrogant “civilized” moderns, the ancient wisdom of traditional societies could save us from ourselves. Ancient peoples discovered how to listen to the wisdom of life and to live in closer accordance with nature’s divine plan. We don’t have to reinvent the wheel. We know the perfect holistic diet. People all the world over have been using it to have healthy babies for millennia. Intellect can be a wonder servant, but can be a horrible master. I’d like to close quoting a letter Dr. Price wrote to his nieces and nephews: Children shall not suffer defects which may mark and handicap them for their entire life. Fortunately, an adequately defensive nutritional program can be provided without much expense and indeed often more cheaply than the currently selected foods. There will be no necessity for any child of yours to develop dental caries or tooth decay if the simple procedures that I am outlining shall be adequately carried out…. Weston A. Price. Letter to his Nieces and Nephews, 1934. Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation archives Click here to read Why a Holistic Diet is the Best Approach: Part 1 Increase retention and referrals by educating your patients – they’ll value your care, stay in care and refer others! We’ve… We do the research. You teach your patients. When you are asked about these hot topics, you’ll have ready answers…

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MONDAY, April 12, 2010 (HealthDay News) -- A new study in rodents suggests that antidepressants and mood stabilizers might help people recover from stroke. The drugs have been linked in rodents to a growth of brand-new neurons -- a change in the nervous system that reduced the severity of the strokes the lab mice experienced. It's too early to tell if the drugs will have any effect on human stroke patients, but scientists say they're curious because their study showed that the growth of new brain cells helped mice recover from the effects of stroke. Researchers at the Buck Institute for Age Research in Novato, Calif., studied mice that were genetically engineered to either grow new brain cells prior to a stroke or fail to grow them. Those who did develop the fresh neurons tended to have smaller strokes and recover more easily, although it's not clear why. The researchers didn't test drugs on humans that appear to boost the growth of new brain cells, but they believe that notion is worth studying. For the time being, should doctors consider prescribing these drugs after a stroke to help patients recover? "Everything has potential side effects," cautioned senior author Dr. David Greenberg, a faculty member at the institute. "Even taking something as seemingly innocuous as an antidepressant carries the possibility of making someone worse. These drugs need to be tested in a controlled clinical setting." The study appears in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. For more background, see the U.S. National Library of Medicine's article on stroke..

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Even though the Bible is one of the most widely read books in history, most readers of religious literature have no knowledge of the Septuagint—the Bible that was used almost universally by early Christians—or how it differs from the Bible used as the basis for most modern translations. Timothy Michael Law, author of When God Spoke Greek: The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible, explains what the Septuagint is, and why it is so important to the study of Christianity. What is the Septuagint? The name Septuagint refers to what is mostly a collection of ancient translations. The Jewish scriptures were translated from Hebrew and Aramaic into Greek from about the third century BCE in Alexandria, a place booming with Hellenistic learning, to perhaps as late as the second century CE in Palestine. Originally the translation was of the Hebrew Torah alone. A legend was written in the second century BCE to explain how the collection came about. In the legend, seventy learned men from the twelve tribes of Israel came to Alexandria to translate, so later when this tradition was passed down, the name “Septuagint” (seventy) was given to the entire collection of books that make up what Christians call the Old Testament. The ancient world had known about translation activity, but there had never been a project this size and certainly not one for religious motives on this scale. I’ve always thought it’s one of the most important cultural artifacts of antiquity, but it often gets discarded as interesting only to those concerned with biblical studies. But there is also information in the Septuagint about the Greek language of the period, the socio-religious context of the Jewish Diaspora, and the very science of translation. To me, the story of the Septuagint’s creation—what it tells us about the growth of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, and its role in the birth and early development of Christianity—is absorbing. Not much is known about the Septuagint outside of the academy. Why do you think that is? In the West, we have a cultural tradition dominated by Protestant and Catholic Christianity. An early Latin version of the Bible was made as a translation of the Septuagint, but by the end of the fourth century Jerome began to argue that the Bible was in need of revision. He thought the Old Testament should be translated from the Hebrew so that it would match the Bible of the Jews. Jerome’s new translation, later called the Vulgate, was the first significant challenge to the position of the Septuagint as the “Bible of the Church.” As the Latin Church grew apart from the Greek East in the next half millennium, Jerome’s Vulgate finally became the standard Bible. The Protestant Reformers basically accepted Jerome’s position on the authority of the Hebrew Bible, and for that reason the vernacular translations were made from the Hebrew. So for the last 1500 years, the Septuagint has struggled to find readers in the West, although it is still read in the Greek Orthodox Church. The same bias for the Hebrew Bible affects scholars, too. Because the Reformation spread throughout Europe and left its imprint on the creation of the modern European (and then the American) university, the Hebrew Bible has been studied and the Septuagint has been seen as a mere “witness” to the Hebrew text. It was thrown in the Bible scholar’s toolbox to use only when the Hebrew was difficult to understand. When we think about biblical manuscripts, the Dead Sea Scrolls have of course gained a lot of attention since their discovery in the 1940s. In some ways the Septuagint benefitted from the Scrolls. The Septuagint is commonly treated only as a translation of the known Hebrew Bible text, and in some places a very bad one! But the discoveries in the Judean Desert provided a boost to interest in the Septuagint. Up to that time, the Hebrew Bible texts that were studied were the medieval editions. The Dead Sea Scrolls for the first time revealed many biblical texts that were a millennium older than the medieval editions. More spectacularly, these manuscripts showed significant divergences with the standard medieval text in some well-known biblical books. The Scrolls proved that some books of the Hebrew Bible were still being edited, supplemented, reduced, etc., well into the Common Era. But if you were reading the Septuagint before the 1940s, you knew that it was produced in the Hellenistic period, and so you still might have concluded—even without the help of actual Hebrew manuscripts—that the Bible was in flux at this time based on the way these books appear in Greek in such alternative forms. Imagine if you knew Russian, and when you were reading Dostoevsky in English you suddenly discovered that there was an entire extended passage, or one that was significantly abbreviated. You have two options. You either conclude the translator exercised a tremendous, even scandalous, amount of freedom, or you believe the English translator had a manuscript different to any others you ever knew existed in Russian. Those were the two basic options for understanding the Septuagint, and most scholars chose the first route. But when the Dead Sea Scrolls showed these divergent text forms in Hebrew, and when some of these were represented verbatim in translation in the Septuagint, the calculus suddenly changed. Now that we had the Dead Sea Scrolls, we knew the Septuagint translators were in many of these cases translating actual biblical texts. Septuagint scholars are about as grateful as any for the discovery of the Scrolls. The biblical texts from the Judean Desert now confirm what those familiar with the Septuagint already suspected: the divergences in some biblical books give a window into the Bible’s early formation history. What role did the Septuagint play in the formation of Christianity? Beginning with the New Testament itself, we see the influence of the Septuagint because these writers of what would become Christian scripture are writing in Greek. It’s natural that they turn to the Greek Jewish scriptures, but in some cases we can see how the Septuagint provided the perfect phrase—different to the same passage in the Hebrew—for them. The apostle Paul, for example, builds much of his magnum opus, the Book of Romans, with quotations from the Septuagint, not the Hebrew Bible. Most of the early Christian movement was a Greek-speaking movement, so they too adopted the Greek Jewish scriptures as their new “Old Testament.” The early development of theological, homiletical, and liturgical language is almost exclusively indebted to the Septuagint. More needs to be done in this area, but it is clear that the Septuagint lies at the foundation of early Christianity. Timothy Michael Law is Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of The Marginalia Review of Books. He is the author of When God Spoke Greek: The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible and tweets @TMichaelLaw.

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Neonatal lupus is a rare condition affecting children. According to the Lupus Foundation of America, neonatal lupus is not the same as traditional lupus; instead, it is a condition associated with certain antibodies from the mother that are passed to the fetus in the womb. In some cases, the symptoms of neonatal lupus may be minor and may disappear after a few weeks or months. In others, however, the symptoms may be serious. Understanding this condition, as well as how it can be prevented, may help you pursue a medical malpractice claim to recover compensation. Consult our neonatal lupus lawyers in New York for help. What causes neonatal lupus in newborn babies? Neonatal lupus is caused by the “transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies,” according to Medscape. Specifically, neonatal lupus may develop in a newborn baby if a mother has produced anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/LA antibodies, which are associated with autoimmune diseases. Neonatal lupus is rare — only 1 to 2 percent of newborns with mothers with these antibodies develop the condition, according to Medscape. The symptoms associated with the disease range from mild to severe. Symptoms Associated with Neonatal Lupus Neonatal lupus is associated with a variety of different symptoms, which are listed below. - Skin rash - Liver problems - Low blood cell counts These three symptoms, however, generally subside within the first few weeks or months of the baby’s life. Neonatal lupus can, however, also lead to congenital heart block, which can cause a slowed heartbeat in the baby. Congenital heart block will not resolve on its own and will require the baby to utilize a pacemaker. Heart failure is also a possible complication in neonatal lupus, according to Medscape. Medical Negligence & Neonatal Lupus Because certain antibodies present in the mother ultimately may cause neonatal lupus, medical negligence may not be responsible for the condition. However, there may be certain cases in which a doctor failed to diagnose neonatal lupus or recognize the child’s risk of the condition. Mothers who have previously given birth to a child with neonatal lupus should be monitored during subsequent pregnancies. Prescription of fluorinated systemic steroids, per Medscape, may help prevent the condition. Other treatments also may reduce risk of the condition, which doctors should consider and discuss with the patient. With proper treatment, some children may avoid developing the condition. If the doctor fails to take these steps, however, and the baby develops neonatal lupus, the mother may be able to initiate a medical malpractice claim, alleging that the doctor’s negligence contributed in part to the condition. This can be difficult to prove, however, and often requires testimony from a medical expert familiar with neonatal lupus and proper prenatal care. Ultimately, parents must prove that the doctor was negligent in providing substandard prenatal care and that this substandard care led to or contributed to development of the child’s condition. Work with our neonatal lupus attorneys in New York to collect the right evidence and prove your case. Let Our Neonatal Lupus Lawyers in New York Help You and Your Child At Gacovino, Lake & Associates, P.C., we believe that your child deserves to be healthy and happy, which is why we are committed to helping you recover compensation. If your baby developed neonatal lupus and you suspect negligence played a role, contact one of our attorneys today to discuss your options. You can reach us by calling 800-550-0000. Or fill out the form on our contact page to set up your consultation.

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A Western researcher is receiving federal funding for reintroducing an extinct species back to Lake Ontario. Western biology professor Bryan Neff received funding of approximately $600,000 to reintroduce Atlantic salmon to Lake Ontario after being extinct from these waters for over 100 years due to overfishing and industrialization. He received the funding from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Strategic Partnership Grants program. He is working with a team of around 40 other organizations, including the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Neff stresses the importance of reintroducing Atlantic salmon to Lake Ontario. These fish provide a significant economic benefit to the Ontario economy — recreational fishing in brings in $2 billion a year. Atlantic salmon is popular to fish recreationally, so its reintroduction could strengthen this market. He says that his team “released about a million frys [baby salmon]… each year… but maybe a few hundred to a few thousand leave the streams and enter the lake and then only a handful, probably less than 10, return to any given river as an adult.” This research is attempting to answer the question: what happens to the millions of frys being released? The research team realized that a few of the fish are returning as adults to the streams, but none are reproducing naturally. Neff explains that the biggest problem is in-stream mortality of Atlantic salmon. The fish are living up to two years in-stream, but something is killing them. Thus, his research is mainly focused on the first two years of life of the Atlantic salmon and what can be done to enhance their survivorship in Lake Ontario. “We have an obligation to try to preserve biodiversity on this planet … as a result of our activities we lost a species from this area,” Neff said.

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Part i: Introduction; Part ii: Life under slavery and the achievements of free blacks; Part iii: Emancipation and the Freedmen's Fight for Civil Rights; Part iv: Segregation and the struggle for equality; Part v: Emerging roles and new challenges; Part vi: References Part I: Introduction African Americans in North Carolina, as in other southern states, have experienced a difficult, often tragic, but uniquely inspiring journey from their introduction into the region as slaves in the seventeenth century to the modern day. Critical eras in black history have thrown light on both the evils and the graces of North Carolina society, particularly blacks’ liberation from the inhumanity of the nineteenth century slave system and entry into a postemancipation culture generally unwilling to accept them as legal or social equals. The struggle of African Americans for equality and prosperity defined much of the state’s history throughout the twentieth century, leading to the seismic changes created by the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Their fight persisted in the twenty-first century through various lawsuits involving the constitutionality of congressional voting districts and school busing plans, as well as numerous educational and political programs. As a result of the progress made, and despite continuing poverty, racism, and social injustice, by the early 2000s the professional, economic, social, and personal lives of a growing number of African Americans in North Carolina differed little from the lives of other citizens. Keep reading >> Part II: Life under slavery and the achievements of free blacks Grade 8: Exploring African American Leadership and Service in North Carolina. North Carolina Civic Education Consortium. https://database.civics.unc.edu/files/2012/04/AfricanAmericanLeadershipS... Slideshow images from North Carolina State Archives on Flickr. 1 January 2006 | Alexander, Roberta Sue; Barfield, Rodney D.; Nash, Steven E. ; Wescott, Joseph W., II; Williams, Wiley J.

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Oxygen levels in your blood are measured by a pulse oximeter device, which can be added to a smart phone along with an app or purchased from a pharmacy or medical supplier. Most healthy adults range from 94 to 98 percent oxygen saturation in their blood, and dropping below 90 percent for an extended period of time can cause loss of brain cells and other serious health risks. Understanding how exercise raises and lowers your blood oxygen level will guide you in your workouts and setting fitness goals. Impact of Overall Health Impaired health, particularly of the heart and lungs, can drastically impact your ability to perform certain physical events and exercises. Your body's ability to effectively exchange the carbon dioxide and oxygen as your blood flows throughout is restricted, resulting in significant drops in oxygen levels while working out. Because of this, you may require specialized cardiovascular physical and occupational therapy to safely and gradually build up your circulation and lung capacity so you can maintain a stable oxygen level during activity. Exercise Affects Oxygen Levels Your fitness level will be the largest determinant of the effect exercise has on your oxygen level. In most cases, if you work out regularly, you will be able to continue to work out at that level with approximately stable oxygen saturation levels. However, if you suddenly increase the length or the intensity of your workout, you will most likely notice that your oxygen levels will drop during a workout routine. Extreme shortness of breath and other symptoms like dizziness and nausea can indicate that your oxygen level has dropped below an acceptable level and you have strained your body too much. Determining Your Oxygen Level While pulse oximeters provide the most accurate reading of oxygenation levels, there are other tools you can use to determine if your workout level is safe. For moderate-intensity activity, you should still be able to speak a five-word sentence without taking a breath. If you are unable to do this, then you should reduce the intensity of your exercise. For maximum-intensity activities, you should still be able to speak two to three words without taking a breath. If you are unable to speak, you are likely approaching a dangerously high heart rate combined with a reduced oxygen level and should significantly reduce your intensity immediately. How to Improve Your Oxygen Levels Aside from the extreme of hyperventilation, which will increase your oxygen to 100 percent and not allow your body to exchange the carbon dioxide out of your bloodstream, increasing your oxygen levels while working out will help you to work out longer, at a higher intensity and with fewer breaks. To improve your oxygen level if you are feeling winded, adopt a pursed-lip breathing technique. Breath in through your nose, allowing your inhalation to slow a bit, giving your body the chance to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. Make sure to take a long, deep, full breath as you inhale, and then exhale fully to get rid of the carbon dioxide. Purse your lips as you exhale to allow a controlled amount of air to leave your body at time. It is similar to breathing in as though you were trying to smell a full bouquet of roses and then breathing out to blow out a cake full of candles. - Nursing Times: Managing Hypoxia and Hypercapnia - Mobi Health News: iHealth Adds Smartphone-Enabled Glucometer, Pulse Ox - Chest Journal: Predictors of Oxygen Desaturation During Submaximal Exercise in 8,000 Patients - Society for Technology in Anesthesia: Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate During Exercise Performance - The Lancet: Effect of Breathing Rate on Oxygen Saturation and Exercise Performance in Chronic Heart Failure - Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images

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Tree worship refers to the tendency of many societies throughout history to worship or otherwise mythologize trees. Trees have played an important role in many of the world's mythologies and religions, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, the elasticity of their branches, the sensitiveness and the annual decay and revival of their foliage, see them as powerful symbols of growth, decay and resurrection. The most ancient cross-cultural symbolic representation of the universe's construction is the world tree. The image of the Tree of life is also a favourite in many mythologies. Various forms of trees of life also appear in folklore, culture and fiction, often relating to immortality or fertility. These often hold cultural and religious significance to the peoples for whom they appear. For them, it may also strongly be connected with the motif of the world tree. Other examples of trees featured in mythology are the Banyan and the Peepal (Ficus religiosa) trees in Hinduism, and the modern tradition of the Christmas Tree in Germanic mythology, the Tree of Knowledge of Judaism and Christianity, and the Bodhi tree in Buddhism. In folk religion and folklore, trees are often said to be the homes of tree spirits. Historical Druidism as well as Germanic paganism appear to have involved cultic practice in sacred groves, especially the oak. The term druid itself possibly derives from the Celtic word for oak. Trees are a necessary attribute of the archetypical locus amoenus in all cultures. Already the Egyptian Book of the Dead mentions sycomores as part of the scenery where the soul of the deceased finds blissful repose (Gollwitzer p. 13). The evidence for tree-worship is almost unmanageably large, and since comparative studies do not as yet permit a concise and conclusive synopsis of the subject, this article will confine itself to some of the more prominent characteristics. In almost every part of the world travelers have observed the custom of hanging objects upon trees in order to establish some sort of a relationship between themselves and the tree. Throughout Europe also, a mass of evidence has been collected testifying to the lengthy persistence of superstitious practices and beliefs concerning them. The trees are known as the scenes of pilgrimages, ritual ambulation, and the recital of (Christian) prayers. Wreaths, ribbons or rags are suspended to win favor for sick men or cattle, or merely for good luck. Popular belief associates the sites with healing, bewitching, or mere wishing; and though now perhaps the tree is the object only of some vague respect, there are abundant allusions to the earlier vitality of coherent and systematic cults. Decayed or fragmentary though the features may be in Europe. Modern observers have found in other parts of the world more organic examples which enable us, not necessarily to reconstruct the fragments which have survived in the later religions and civilizations, but at least to understand their earlier significance. In India, for example, the Korwas hang rags on the trees which form the shrines of the village-gods. In Nebraska the object of the custom was to propitiate the supernatural beings and to procure good weather and hunting. In South America Darwin recorded a tree honored by numerous offerings (rags, meat, cigars, ext.); libations were made to it, and horses were sacrificed. If, in this instance, the Gauchos regarded the tree, not as the embodiment or abode of Walleechu, but as the very god himself, this is a subtle but very important transference of thought, the failure to realize which has not been confined to those who have venerated trees. The tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. It is also both a feminine symbol, bearing sustenance; and a masculine, phallic symbol - another union. For this reason, many mythologies around the world have the concept of the World tree, a great tree that acts as an Axis mundi, supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth and underworld. In European mythology the best known example is the tree Yggdrasil in Nordic myth. The world tree is also a central part of Mesoamerican mythologies, where it represents the four cardinal directions. The concept of the world tree is also closely linked to the motif of the Tree of life. Numerous popular stories reflect a firmly rooted belief in an intimate connection between a human being and a tree, plant or flower. Sometimes a man's life depends upon the tree and suffers when it withers or is injured, and we encounter the idea of the external soul, already found in the Egyptian Tale of the Two Brothers of at least 3000 years ago. Here one of the brothers leaves his heart on the top of the flower of the acacia and falls dead when it is cut down. Sometimes, however, the tree is an index, a mysterious token which shows its sympathy with an absent hero by weakening or dying, as the man becomes ill or loses his life. These two features very easily combine, and they agree in representing to us mysterious sympathy between tree and human-life, which, as a matter of fact, frequently manifests itself in recorded beliefs and customs of historical times. Thus, sometimes the new-born child is associated with a newly planted tree with which its life is supposed to be bound up; or, on ceremonial occasions (betrothal, marriage, ascent to the throne), a personal relationship of this kind is instituted by planting trees, upon the fortunes of which the career of the individual depends. Sometimes, moreover, boughs or plants are selected and the individual draws omens of life and death from the fate of his or her choice. Again, a man will put himself into relationship with a tree by depositing upon it something which has been in the closest contact with himself (hair, clothing, ext.). This is not so unusual as might appear; there are numerous examples of the conviction that a sympathetic relationship continues to subsist between things which have once been connected (e.g. a man and his hair), and this may be illustrated especially in magical practices upon material objects which are supposed to affect the former owner. We have to start then with the recognition that the notion of a real inter-connection between human life and trees has never presented any difficulty to primitive minds. Often the tree is famous for oracles. Best known, perhaps, is the oak of Dodona tended by priests who slept on the ground. Forms of the tall oaks of the old Prussians were inhabited by gods who gave responses, and so numerous are the examples that the old Hebrew terebinth of the teacher, and the terebinth of the diviners may reasonably be placed in this category. Important sacred trees are also the object of pilgrimage, one of the most noteworthy being the branch of the Bo tree at Sri Lanka brought thither before the Christian era. The tree-spirits will hold sway over the surrounding forest or district, and the animals in the locality are often sacred and must not be harmed. Disease and demons The custom of transferring disease or sickness from men to trees is well known. Sometimes the hair, nails, clothing, ext., of a sickly person are fixed to a tree, or they are forcibly inserted in a hole in the trunk, or the tree is split and the patient passes through the aperture. Where the tree has been thus injured, its recovery and that of the patient are often associated. Different explanations may be found of such customs which naturally take rather different forms among peoples in different grades. In India, for example, when the patient is supposed to be tormented by a demon, ceremonies are performed to provide it with a tree where it will dwell peacefully without molesting the patient so long as the tree is left unharmed. Such ideas do not enter, of course, when the rite merely removes the illness and selfishly endangers the health of those who may approach the tree. Again, sometimes it is clearly felt that the main personality has been mystically united with some healthy and sturdy tree, and in this case we may often presume that such trees already possessed some peculiar reputation. The custom finds an analogy when hair, nail-clippings, ext., are hung upon a tree for safety sake lest they fall into the hands of an enemy who might injure the owner by means of them. Among the Arabs the sacred trees are haunted by angels or by jinn; sacrifices are made, and the sick who sleep beneath them receive prescriptions in their dreams. Here, as frequently elsewhere, it is dangerous to pull a bough. This dread of damaging special trees is familiar: Cato instructed the woodman to sacrifice to the male or female deity before thinning a grove, while in the Homeric poem to Aphrodite the tree nymph is wounded when the tree is injured, and dies when the trunk falls. Early Buddhism decided that trees had neither mind nor feeling and might lawfully be cut; but it recognized that certain spirits might reside in them, and this the modern natives of India firmly believe. Propitiation is made before the sacrilegious axe is laid to the holy trees; loss of life or of wealth and the failure of rain are feared should they be wantonly cut; there are even trees which it is dangerous to climb. The Talein of Burma prays to the tree before he cuts it down, and the African woodman will place a fresh sprig upon the tree. Trees were often regarded as sacred in the ancient world, throughout Europe and Asia. Christianity and Islam treated the worship of trees as idolatry and this led to their destruction in Europe and most of West Asia. In the manuscript illumination (illustration) Saint Stephan of Perm cuts down a birch sacred to the Komi people as part of his proselytizing among them in the years after 1383. His profanation of their shrines and cult images incurred their hostility. Sacred trees remain common in India. They are found in villages, in the countryside and the heart of some temples (eg Jain temples). In literature, a mythology was notably developed by J. R. R. Tolkien, his Two Trees of Valinor playing a central role in his mythopoeic cosmogony. Tolkien's 1964 Tree and Leaf combines the allegorical tale Leaf by Niggle and his essay On Fairy-Stories. William Butler Yeats describes a "holy tree" in his poem The Two Trees (1893). - Axis mundi - Celtic tree worship - Christmas Tree - Five Trees - Mesoamerican world tree - Nature worship - New Year Tree - Sacred garden - Sacred grove - Sacred herbs - Sephirot (Kabbalah) - Sidrat al-Muntaha - Talking trees - Tree of life - Tree of Life (Judeo-Christian) - Tree of Life (Kabbalah) - Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil - Thor's oak - Wish Tree - World tree - Christmas traditions - ↑ James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990 (Cambridge University Press) 1992:5f. |This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009)| - Fred Hageneder, The Meaning of Trees: Botany, History, Healing, Lore (2005), ISBN 081184823X. - Alexander Porteous, The Forest in Folklore and Mythology (2002), ISBN 0486420108. - Bansi Lal Malla, Trees in Indian Art, Mythology, and Folklore (2000), ISBN 8173051798. - Gerda Gollwitzer, Botschaft der Bäume, DuMont Buchverlag Köln (1984) - Lore Becker, Die Mythologie der Bäume, Papyrus 1-2 (2002) - Jaques Brosse, Mythologie des arbres (1989), ISBN 978-2228887113.

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Cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation) offers the prospect of an unlimited supply of organs and cells for clinical transplantation, thus resolving the critical shortage of human tissues that currently prohibits a majority of patients on the waiting list from receiving transplants. Between the 17th and 20th centuries, blood was transfused from various animal species into patients with a variety of pathological conditions. Skin grafts were carried out in the 19th century from a variety of animals, with frogs being the most popular. In the 1920s, Voronoff advocated the transplantation of slices of chimpanzee testis into aged men whose "zest for life" was deteriorating, believing that the hormones produced by the testis would rejuvenate his patients. Following the pioneering surgical work of Carrel, who developed the technique of blood vessel anastomosis, numerous attempts at nonhuman primate organ transplantation in patients were carried out in the 20th century. In 1963-1964, when human organs were not available and chronic dialysis was not yet in use, Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into 13 patients, one of whom returned to work for almost 9 months before suddenly dying from what was believed to be an electrolyte disturbance. The first heart transplant in a human ever performed was by Hardy in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within 2 hours. Starzl carried out the first chimpanzee-to-human liver transplantation in 1966; in 1992, he obtained patient survival for 70 days following a baboon liver transplant. With the advent of genetic engineering and cloning technologies, pigs are currently available with a number of different manipulations that protect their tissues from the human immune response, resulting in increasing pig graft survival in nonhuman primate models. Genetically modified pigs offer hope of a limitless supply of organs and cells for those in need of a transplant.

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So I may have gotten a bit carried away before with the whole egg thing. Tried building a working prototype without first doing some experimentation to make sure it is possible to tell how boiled an egg is by using sound waves. I’ve gone back to the basics and done some experimentation. The results are not conclusive really so some further eggsperimentation will be required. I posted about this on reddit and received some great input from several users. One person suggested measuring the time delay between the input and output signal and observing how this changes between boiled and unboiled eggs. In this experiment I measured both amplitude and time lag the results are recorded below. I bought a six pack of eggs and labelled them individually as seen in this photo: A sine wave with amplitude 9.44V and frequency of 4.46KHz was input into one of the transducers. For this experiment I placed eggs 1-6 in the rig and measured two variables : amplitude ( at receiver piezo ) and the time taken for the sound wave to travel from sender to receiver. This time difference variable will be referred to as delta t in the results. I did this procedure three times for the un-boiled eggs and three times for the boiled eggs. The eggs were boiled for different amounts of time. All of the eggs were placed in one pot, the water was brought to boiling temperature and every two minutes an egg was taken out. So egg 1 was in for 2 mins and egg six was in for a total of 12 mins. Here are some photos of the egg boiling setup: These are the results from before and after boiling the eggs. The reason I did each test three times was to reduce any errors caused by poor contact between an egg and the transducers and other errors of that nature. Delta T refers to the time lag between the input signal and the output (received) signal it is measured in microseconds. mV refers to the amplitude of the output (received) signal. Taking the difference between each set of numbers gives the following set of data. So to be clear, mV_var refers to the change or variation in output between the unboiled egg and the boiled egg. t_var refers to the change in time lag between the unboiled egg and the boiled egg. T_var is in microseconds still. From the graph on the right, the results looked quite promising up until minute 12 which was egg 6. Egg 6 was the only egg that cracked during boiling. The egg was mostly fine but the reason for the rather low output may be due to the fact that the egg surface had cracks in it. This may be a good reason to repeat this experiment to make sure. Another thing that I’ve noticed is the extremely low amplitude of the received signal, it is normally in the order of tens of milli-volts at best. The piezo transducers used for this experiment are intended for use as speakers presumably for toys and things of that nature. This means that they have a frequency response of only around 1Khz to 7Khz before the sound output drops away to nothing. It may be the case that a higher frequency would pass through an egg much more effectively giving a greater output which would allow for more concrete results. The graph of time lag versus boil time is all over the place, I really don’t know that to make from it. Another thing is that there may be something I’m missing with the data. As in, I’ve graphed change in amplitude and time lag against boil time but this may be the wrong way to think about it. If you have any ideas about this, let me know!

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The Kentucky Derby has been an American tradition since 1875. It’s a Grade I race for thoroughbred horses that are three years old, held every year in Louisville, Kentucky. The race, which is always held on the first Saturday in May, is the grand finale of the Kentucky Derby Festival. Even if you aren’t interested in horse racing, you may be surprised that the Kentucky Derby is commonly known as the Race of Roses. It’s a beautiful tradition that is made even more beautiful by the flowers that have played such an important role in the event since its inception. The Race of Roses, also referred to as the “Run for the Roses,” gets its name because of the very special (and very beautiful) prize that is commonly given out to the winner. A gorgeous blanket of 564 red roses is given to the winner of the Kentucky Derby at the end of each race. The tradition has been around since roughly the beginning of the race, which began in 1883. E. Berry Wall, a New York socialite of the time, gave out roses to women who attended a party after the Kentucky Derby. What makes that particular event interesting is that it was attended by the founder and president of Churchill Downs, Colonel M. Lewis Clark. Many believe that Clark witnessed E. Berry Wall’s rose-colored gesture first hand, which led to him making the rose the official flower of the Kentucky Derby. It was several years later in 1896 that the rose began to be awarded and draped around the winner of the race. The tradition has continued every year to this day and has become one of the most important parts of the event. The rose symbolizes both the beauty of the horse in question and the massive achievement for both man and animal at the end of a stiff competition. At the end of each Kentucky Derby, the current Governor of Kentucky awards the roses to the winner along with a customary trophy. The tradition has become such an important part of the event and is so popular in general that Dan Fogelberg, popular musician and vocalist, released a song called “Run for the Roses” in 1982. It was written specifically with the event in mind and was released just in time for the running of the race that year. A number of other traditions play an important role in the race each year. The traditional beverage of the race is the mint julep and the popular dish burgoo is commonly served to those in attendance.

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In spite of the best efforts of health officials to educate the public, summer months always seem to bring sad reports of another toddler falling from a window and suffering serious injury or death. According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC), “about 12 children 10 years old and younger die each year, and more than 4,000 are treated in hospital emergency rooms for window fall-related injuries.” Window falls can occur in any home or apartment. Regardless of the location, a window fall places tremendous stress and guilt on parents and caretakers, who through hindsight realize the accident was preventable. The burden of such a catastrophe can be overwhelming. Perhaps as home inspectors, we can help prevent window fall tragedies by educating our clients about window safety. The ASHI Standards of Practice state “the inspector is not required to report on screening,” but the inspector is “required to examine a representative sample of windows.” I suggest each inspector initiate a “field practice” of explaining window safety guidelines during a home inspection, and including them in the report. We all know it is impossible to supervise a toddler every second of every day. Therefore, a home should be made “childproof.” Parents routinely install childproof locks on cabinets and safety gates across staircases. Sadly, many parents fail to realize until it is too late that window safety deserves the same attention. ASHI inspectors have a unique opportunity to educate the public during a home inspection regarding the prevention of window falls. As home inspectors, we are in the communication business, and I believe educating the public about safety should be a routine part of every inspection. A window is part of the building envelope that functions as a source of light, ventilation and emergency egress. A window is also an attractive nuisance to a toddler. Children are curious, they like to climb, and they like to look out of windows. Parents need to understand that window screens are designed to keep bugs out, not to keep children in. Screens used in today’s windows are only secured by a thin rubber gasket, and will easily break when subjected to the weight of a child. Even a fall from a first story window can result in trauma or fatality. The purpose of window stops and the value of window guards should be explained to the public, as well as the reasons for opening the top of the window for ventilation. Teach your clients that window stops are not solely for burglary prevention, but also to prevent the lower sash from being raised far enough for a toddler to fall out. Explain that purchasing window guards should be included when “childproofing” the home, and that window guards should comply with CPSC guidelines and local fire department and building code requirements. CPSC publishes the following guidelines for preventing window falls. Consider sharing them with your clients. • Install window guards to prevent children from falling out of windows. (For windows on the sixth floor and below, install window guards that adults and older children can open easily in case of fire. For windows on the seventh floor and above, permanent window guards can be installed.) • Guards should be installed in children’s bedrooms, parents’ bedroom, and other rooms where young children spend time. • Or, install window stops that permit windows to open no more than 4 inches. • Never depend on screens to keep children from falling out of windows. • Whenever possible, open windows from the top – not the bottom. • Keep furniture away from windows, to discourage children from climbing near windows. For further information, contact your local or state Board of Health or visit the following Web sites:

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SpaceX has made the claim that with their new Falcon 9 rocket, they're able to lift satellites to low Earth orbit for a thousand dollars a pound and eventually, the Wall Street Journal reports, fifty dollars a pound. Let's repeat that: Fifty dollars a pound. If true, that's astonishing. The biggest barrier to moving into space is the cost of moving matter into orbit and beyond. If it's not Elon Musk talking through his hat, that's revolutionary. At that price, you could put an exact replica of Sputnik into orbit for less than ten thousand dollars. Which is something I think we should do. The first artificial satellite ever was launched into space in 1957. It was, yes, part of the Cold War competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was also one of the greatest accomplishments of the human race. That can never be taken away from the nations -- Russia foremost, but the others should not be forgotten -- that did the deed. The United States successfully redefined the competition in space as a race for the Moon, which we consequently won. But there was no serious commitment in the US to space exploration until the Soviet Union demonstrated they were far, far ahead of us on that front. Which is to say, we won the race in 1969 -- but we wouldn't have been anywhere near the Mare Tranquillitatis then if it hadn't been for the fierce but peaceful competition between two great powers. Now, there are 71 space organizations, thirteen of which have launch capability and six of which have full launch capability (Russian, the United States, China, Japan, Europe, India), plus rather a lot of private concerns. It's a good time to honor our past. Just wanted to put that thought in your head. And as always... I'm on the road again. More when I get home.

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An Innovative Net-Zero Solar Decathlon House Designed and built by students from Appalachian State, this home won the People’s Choice award Twelve years ago, I discovered the Solar Decathlon. I was a new physics professor at a small university in Georgia, and I'd received a packet from the US Department of Energy describing the competition. It was set to have its first run in 2002, so I tried to figure out how to get involved and put together an entry. We didn't have design or construction programs, however, and the physics department that I was in was one of the most dysfunctional groups of people the world has ever seen. So instead I built a house for myself and left the academic world behind in 2004. In case you haven't heard of the Solar Decathlon before, here's what the DOE's project website says about its objectives. The Solar Decathlon: - Educates students and the public about the money-saving opportunities and environmental benefits presented by clean-energy products and design solutions - Demonstrates to the public the comfort and affordability of homes that combine energy-efficient construction and appliances with renewable energy systems available today - Provides participating students with unique training that prepares them to enter our nation's clean-energy workforce. Innovative design features In 2007, I got to see Georgia Tech's Solar Decathlon entry, and this year I got a tour of Appalachian State University's entry, the “Solar Homestead.” I was speaking to Dr. Lee Ball's sustainable design class that day, and he graciously took me to see it afterward. I was quite impressed. What you see at the top of the page is the solar canopy, made up of bifacial photovoltaic(PV) Generation of electricity directly from sunlight. A photovoltaic cell has no moving parts; electrons are energized by sunlight and result in current flow. modules. It gathers sunlight from above and reflected light from below, and gets a boost in production compared to standard photovoltaics covering the same area. On Appalachian State's Solar Homestead, the solar array is rated at 8.2 kilowatts of power production and can generate an average of about 37 kilowatt-hours of electricity per day in Boone, North Carolina. The really neat thing about the solar canopy was that it created a lot of usable outdoor space to hang out. In fact, Dr. Ball told me that when it was in Washington, DC for the competition, the Solar Homestead became THE place to hang out, with students playing guitar and enjoying the outdoors under the canopy. That's probably a big reason this entry won the People's Choice Award. There were a lot of cool features in this home. Here are a few: - A system for using a phase-change material for heat storage, which Dr. Ball said they invented and are working on patenting (photo below) - Minisplit heat pumps — one ductless, one ducted - Passive solar features that help with heating the small house I'm certainly no architect, but I was impressed with the design of the house, too. According to the Solar Decathlon rules, the maximum size is 1,000 square feet of conditioned floor area, and they used those square feet well. The house didn't feel cramped at all and had some pretty neat design touches. The living room, shown below, had student-designed furniture, including the coffee table that opens up into a dining room table. The space also had, I thought, the right amount of windows for capturing heat and bringing in natural light without overdoing it. It's definitely a space I'd hang out in. There's a good reason they took third place for the architecture competition. The Solar Decathlon is a winner One problem experienced by both of the Solar Decathlon homes I've visited is the difficulty of finding a home for the home after the contest. I don't know what ever happened to Georgia Tech's entry, but a year after the Appalachian State Solar Homestead came back from Washington, it's sitting in Boone, used for the occasional tour and some classes. Overall, though, the Solar Decathlon is a great event. When the homes are on display, thousands of people visit them and learn about energy efficiency, cool new technologies, and solar energy. In 2011, the homes had more than 350,000 visits in the 10 days they were open to the public, according to DOE. Also, 17,000 college students have participated since the competition began a decade ago. That's a lot of learning! If you ever find yourself in Boone, North Carolina, go check out the Solar Homestead. Also, if you're interested in buying one, Deltec Homes now has this design for sale as a net zeroProducing as much energy on an annual basis as one consumes on site, usually with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics or small-scale wind turbines. Calculating net-zero energy can be difficult, particularly in grid-tied renewable energy systems, because of transmission losses in power lines and other considerations. energy home (without the phase-change heat storage system). - Energy Vanguard

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I want to know meaning of r12 regiseter. this register some time using frame pointer (compiler option) I think caller save register is r0-r3, and callee save register is r4~r15. but my code not guarantee r12 register value. so plese explain r12 register. I am a beginner so please expalin easyly!! hehe You can use r12 as a temporary within routines. It won't be saved by called routines. It is special because there is no guarantee that it will remain unchanged between a call and entering the target routine. For instance a call to a library routine where the library is only loaded or the call is only fixed up if used is handled by entering a little routine which then goes to the target. The routine will use r12 since it doesn't matter if that is corrupted. Having the register free makes this much more efficient. There are also cases in some systems where the return is sometimes monitored as well- the exit doesn't return to the calling routine but to a little routine which then returns to the caller. as the frame pointer, r11 is rather used than r12. The another name of r12 is IP (i.e. Intra Procedure call scratch Register). As daith says, it is a scratch pad register. Maybe understanding Veneer is good for you. For this i will remain some links. 3.http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0042e/IHI0042E_aapcs.pdf -- please see 184.108.40.206 I don't think any of those veneers use r12 but yes they're the same sort of thing as what I was talking about. They are a bit simpler as the addresses are all fixed up before the program starts. View all questions in Arm Development Platforms forum

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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As this scorching summer winds down, take some time to reflect on the extreme heat of these past few summers, with 2010 and 2012 contending to be the first and third the hottest summers on record in the U.S., respectively. It’s hard to argue against global warming in the midst of a heatwave, but how directly does this extreme weather correlate to our carbon consumption? And what does a rapidly warming planet mean for our future? Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Science at the Theater series includes presentations from climate scientists Bill Collins, Margaret Torn, Michael Wehner, and Jeff Chambers and UC Berkeley economist, Max Aufhammer, who discuss the pace and consequences of climate change. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory presents Seven Big Ideas – 8 new episodes from the popular Science at the Theater series. The first episode, Seven Big Ideas, features seven Berkeley lab scientists who have eight minutes each to introduce their revolutionary projects to the audience. Meet Blake Simmons, who has been working on a plan to replace a barrel of oil with plants and microbes. But not just one barrel of oil, he says, his idea is intended to replace all the barrels of oil that keep countries all over the world moving. He explains that oil produces many products for our carbon economy, such as gasoline, diesel, polymers and more. In order to undo our reliance on oil we have to find substitutes for all of these different products that the oil produces. Watch “Seven Big Ideas” to hear about his plan to make replacing oil affordable and sustainable, as well as other game changing ideas from Aindrila Mukhopadhyay, Bill Jagust, and more!

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It’s a Puzzle – UPDATE May 26, 2013 In this year of the latest spring, the latest emergence from dens, and the latest emergence of plants from the forest floor, we would think that hungry bears would be seeking other sources—like bird feeders, garbage cans, and feeding stations. Yet we are getting calls from bear-feeders asking where all the bears are this year. Even a feeding facility 46 miles away that feeds about 100 bears, said a week ago that very few bears were visiting. Today, our computer screens showed GPSed bears out in the woods away from people, presumably eating the vegetation and snow fleas that have been showing up in their scats. But what kept them away from the feeding stations earlier? It shows there is more to learn. It’s another case of what makes human sense doesn’t always make bear sense. Sue didn’t learn much yesterday that would help solve this puzzle because June’s cubs stayed high in a tree holding June to that area. It’s typical for the first couple ‘walks’ with a mother and unfamiliar cubs to be ‘sits’ as the cubs get used to having a person around. June’s remote location kept us from familiarizing ourselves to the cubs during the socialization stage that ended over a month ago. Early familiarization pays off with easy, trusting walks with families. June’s cubs will get used to us, but how quickly that happens depends on the cubs’ personalities. We hope June’s and Big Harry’s calm genes manifest themselves in the cubs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt5x24N1FI0. Listen for her soft vocalizations.A video of June’s search for her cubs yesterday is posted at Lily’s den shed was taken down today and will be resurrected at the Bear Center for all to see. The Technology Team will use it for testing new equipment to make next winter’s Den Cams as good as they can be. Work today at the Bear Center included planting shrubs and flowers around the pond to provide bear food, butterfly food, and beauty. Members of the Bear Educator Group helped staff plant chokecherry, serviceberry, pin cherry, hazelnut, bunchberry, spikenard, sarsaparilla, bedstraw, swamp milkweed and wildflowers. We don’t see many Baltimore Orioles (Icturus galbula) here at the northern edge of their range, but today we saw two—a beautiful male and a female. We quickly put out orange halves. We were shocked by the sudden death of Pat Boone, a.k.a Paula Alexis Boon, who we talked with for the first time 3 days ago and received research materials from 2 days ago—the day she died. She was obviously loved by Lily Fans who appreciated her kindness and devotion to the bears—as evidenced by the donations in her honor. She will be remembered for the ways she cared and helped. Thank you for all you do. —Lynn Rogers and Sue Mansfield, Biologists, Wildlife Research Institute and North American Bear Center All photos taken today unless otherwise noted.

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First Rotation: May 26- September 9, 2012 Second Rotation: September 12, 2012 – January 13, 2013 Location: The Sackler Wing Galleries for the Arts of Japan, second floor Rinpa is a modern term that refers to a distinctive style of Japanese pictorial and applied arts that arose in the early 17th century and has continued into modern times. Literally meaning “school of Korin,” Rinpa derives its name from that of the renowned artist Ogata Korin (1658–1716). It embraces art marked by a bold, graphic abbreviation of natural motifs, frequent reference to traditional court literature and poetry, lavish use of expensive mineral and metallic pigments, incorporation of calligraphy into painting compositions, and innovative experimentation with brush techniques. The exhibition is made possible by The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Foundation. A special exhibition featuring some 90 brilliantly executed works of art created in Japan by Rinpa-school artists will be held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in two rotations; the first opening on May 26 and the second on September 12, 2012. Highlighting the school’s most prominent proponents, Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art will trace the development of the Rinpa style and demonstrate how it continued to influence artists through the 19th and 20th centuries. Comprising some 50 works from the Museum’s own holdings, as well as some 45 loans from public and private collections on the East Coast, the exhibition will include many masters’ renowned works in a variety of media―painting, textiles, lacquerware, and ceramics. Works on view in the exhibition’s first rotation will include: an early 18th-century, two-panel folding screen, Rough Waves, by Ogata Korin, depicting highly stylized waves; another 18th-century, two-panel folding screen, The Persimmon Tree, by Sakai Hoitsu, the founder of the Edo branch of Rinpa, revealing the ink-painting techniques he learned from predecessors such as Tawaraya Sotatsu; and a 19th-century pair of six-panel folding screens, Morning Glories by Suzuki Kiitsu, who was Hoitsu’s primary pupil and who captured the exuberant proliferation of the blossoms and leaves. A centerpiece of the exhibition’s second rotation will be the famous Korin Irises at Yatsuhashi (Eight Bridges), with its brilliant array of clusters of purple irises against a gold background. A hanging scroll by Kenzan, Korin’s younger brother, captures an autumnal mood through a depiction of vivid red ivy and a poem rendered in the artist’s distinctive calligraphy. An early 17th-century screen of calligraphy by Konoe Nobutada features transcriptions by female poets of the Heian court; on loan from Yale University Art Museum, it will be on public display for the first time. Along with once-in-a-lifetime displays of masterpieces of painting and calligraphy, the exhibition will highlight rare illustrated books, lacquerware, ceramics, cloissoné, and kimono that demonstrate how the Rinpa aesthetic was transmitted over generations into modern times. Special digital displays of illustrated books by Kamisaka Sekka will be available in the galleries so that visitors can “turn the pages” of early 20th-century books that will be exhibited in cases nearby. By the late 19th century, the idea of a Rinpa school had become firmly established, both in the Japanese consciousness of a national history of art and internationally. To a certain extent, Rinpa became synonymous with the very idea of Japanese art, since its aesthetic extended to the lacquerware, textiles, and ceramics that were transmitted to the West. Prominent among the artists of the modern age who exemplified the transmission of this Kyoto-based aesthetic into the modern consciousness were Shibata Zeshin, a lacquer artist and painter, and Kamisaka Sekka, who excelled in both painting and print media. The exhibition will be accompanied by a catalogue. The catalogue is made possible by the Richard and Geneva Hofheimer Memorial Fund. In conjunction with the exhibition, the Museum offers various education programs, including gallery talks and a Sunday at the Met on September 30. Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art is organized by John T. Carpenter, Curator of Japanese Art in the Department of Asian Art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The exhibition will be featured on the Museum’s website at www.metmuseum.org. # # # September 6, 2012

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The effect of air pollution on the Taj Mahal As said by Mark Twain, ‘’ The world is split into two parts, those that have seen the Taj Mahal and those who have not’’. The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World for reasons more than just looking magnificent. It’s the history of the Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its magnificence. It depicts a clear example of how deeply a man loved his wife, that even after she remained but a memory, he made sure that this memory would never fade away. This man was the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who was head-over-heels in love with his wife Mumtaz Mahal fig.1. She was a Muslim Persian princess and he was the son of a Mughal Emperor. It was at the age of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her and five years later in 1612, they got married 1. Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving birth to their 14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a glorious monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the "Taj Mahal". The construction of Taj Mahal started in the year of her death, 1631. Calligraphers, painters and carvers were a few of the many artisans requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from Central Asia and Iran to build this historic monument. This epitome of love took approximately 22 years to build and made use of the services of 22,000 labourers. The mausoleum was built entirely out of white marble, which was brought in from all over India and central Asia. After an expenditure of approximately 32 million rupees (approx US $68000), Taj Mahal was finally completed in the year 1653 the complex consisted of 6 main parts; Gateway, Pavilions, Gardens, Rest House, Mosque and the main Mausoleum and is 22.44 hectares in size 2. It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan started on the construction of another similar mausoleum for himself, out of black marble. He was imprisoned and put under house arrest at the nearby Agra Fort by his son Aurangzeb who thought that the money could have been better used to benefit the people of his empire. Shah Jahan who died a few years in imprisonment, also lies entombed in the mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history, it was at the end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project, which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost during the Indian rebellion of 1857 where the Taj was blemished by British soldiers and government officials who also deprived the monument of its immaculate beauty by chiselling out precious stones from its walls. Also, the British style lawns that Industrialisation caused the exponential growth of India’s economy over the recent years; people are now shifting from urban areas to cities in search of work leading to overcrowding in cities and dense pollution. Agra is no different, and has been identified as a ‘pollution intensive zone’ by the World Health Organisation (WHO) 3. Located in Agra the Taj Mahal is found 253km south-west from India’s capital Delhi. As it is not far from the capital, it’s not difficult to reach Agra. It takes 3 hours to reach by rail, nearly 4 hours to reach by road and 40 minutes by air. The pollution in and around Agra has greatly affected this wonder of the world, in that it is turning this historic monument, once made of shimmering white marble to impart a yellow tinge Fig2,3. The outbreak of this news caused a quite a stir around the world 4,5,6, causing even former U.S. President Bill Clinton to pay a visit to the monument. Upon seeing it he commented, “Pollution has managed to do what 350 years of wars, invasions and natural disasters have failed to do. It has begun to mar the magnificent walls of the Taj Mahal,” The change in the colour has been found to be due to the increased levels of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen... Please join StudyMode to read the full document

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As we have discussed previously on this blog, there are a number of business structures that can be utilized to fit an entrepreneur's needs. Sole Proprietorships are easy to create and have little to no government oversight, but they can leave owners open to personal liability. Corporations, on the other hand, are highly regulated but protect business owners from liability. When creating a business, one must also consider how much power he or she wants to retain over business decisions, as Sole Proprietors fully control every aspect of their business, but power is divided in a Corporation. This week, we want to briefly look at the Limited Liability Company, often referred to as a LLC. This business structure is like a combination of a Sole Proprietorship and Corporation. Under a LLC, business owners are protected from personal liability that may otherwise arise from a lawsuit against the business or business debts. The LLC can be created much more easily than a Corporation. A LLC business structure may also have tax benefits as profits and losses are passed on to the business's owners. There are disadvantages to a LLC, though. One of the biggest disadvantages is that the company must dissolve upon the death of one of its creators. The same holds true if one of the founders files for bankruptcy. This means that, unlike a Corporation, a LLC cannot last forever. This can also restrict financing options, such as by selling stock in the business. For many Louisianans, though, LLCs are suitable. We just urge all entrepreneurs to use caution when considering business formation, as this seemingly basic decision can have tremendous ramifications for years or even decades to come. Therefore, these individuals should think about discussing such matters with a legal professional who can help ensure that fully informed decisions are made.

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CC-MAIN-2019-22

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Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Project Project DescriptionThe Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer mission that was managed by the Office of Space Science Mission and Payload Development Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Earth is constantly bombarded with a stream of accelerated particles arriving not only from the Sun, but also from interstellar and galactic sources. Study of these energetic particles will contribute to our understanding of the formation and evolution of the solar system as well as the astrophysical processes involved. The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft carrying six high-resolution sensors and three monitoring instruments samples low-energy particles of solar origin and high-energy galactic particles with a collecting power 10 to 1000 times greater than past or planned experiments. From a vantage point approximately 1/100 of the distance from the Earth to the Sun ACE performs measurements over a wide range of energy and nuclear mass, under all solar wind flow conditions and during both large and small particle events including solar flares. ACE provides near-real-time solar wind information over short time periods. When reporting space weather ACE can provide an advance warning (about one hour) of geomagnetic storms that can overload power grids, disrupt communications on Earth, and present a hazard to astronauts. ACE orbits the L1 libration point which is a point of Earth-Sun gravitational equilibrium about 1.5 million km from Earth and 148.5 million km from the Sun. With a semi-major axis of approximately 200,000 km the elliptical orbit affords ACE a prime view of the Sun and the galactic regions beyond. For more information, link to http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/

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CC-MAIN-2016-36

http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Supplementals.do?Portal=GCMD&KeywordPath=Projects%7CA+-+C&NumericId=6445&MetadataType=0&lbnode=mdlb4

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en

The spread of humans across Africa means that large parts of its national parks are under threat. Animals are killed by poachers and illegal logging is taking place continuously. Additionally, human settlements in park areas mean that the animals are forced to live in less space. African Parks Network works to conserve biodiversity while helping local people improve their living conditions. The method is unique and established in collaboration with both the national authorities and the people who live in and around the parks. The Swedish Postcode Foundation’s specific project funding goes to Liuwa Plains National Park in Zambia, where there is an abundance of wildlife that is well worth protecting. Zebras, antelopes and lions, to name just a few, move freely in the park. The area has also been classified as Important Bird Area for 344 different bird species. The project is expected to reduce poverty among the local population and provide jobs, partly through increased tourism. The park area is planned to expand and the work against poaching will be intensified.

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CC-MAIN-2017-22

http://www.postkodstiftelsen.se/en/african-parks-network-2/

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en

The Christmas season has been celebrated in Europe since pre-Christian times and has retained its immense popularity up until the present day. In Wales the term y gwyliau ('holidays') refers to a succession of festivals occurring over a twelve-day Christmas period, when, whether for religious or secular reasons, most of us rejoice and make merry to commemorate the end of one year and to look forward with anticipation to the next. Considering the importance of Christmastide in Wales through the ages, small wonder that many customs have grown up around it. Although most of these died out with the emergence of industrialisation toward the end of the 19th century, some, such as the service, still remain in certain areas. The plygain service was traditionally held between 3 and 6am on Christmas morning, when, following an evening of such pleasant diversions as singing, dancing and , villagers trekked by torch-light to the parish church. Upon arrival, carols were sung, usually unaccompanied and often very lengthy. Parties took turns to perform, and as soon as one finished another was ready to take their place. After the plygain the rest of Christmas day was devoted to mirth and revelry. Food and drink featured prominently, as did sports and games during the afternoon. Other common activities over the festive period included enactments of the horse ritual by men and boys, and wassailing and hunting the wren ceremonies wishing good luck and prosperity for the coming months. On New Year's Day children would go from house to house to collect or New Year's Gifts. The above customs all continue to be performed annually St Fagans's Christmas fair.

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CC-MAIN-2016-36

https://museum.wales/articles/2014-06-14/Christmas-customs/?display_mode=desktop

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en

Electric-car owners such as J.F. Lancelot of San Diego were devastated when auto companies pulled the plug on their battery-powered runabouts a few years ago. Lancelot drives a Mini Cooper now. "I just waste a lot of gas, like everybody else," he said. But Lancelot and many other Americans are taking heart from a surge of interest in plug-in hybrid cars, which began with national media exposure last year and got a boost from President Bush in his recent State of the Union address. Bush set a goal of reducing gasoline use in the United States by 20 percent over the next 10 years. In addition to expanding the use of alternative fuels such as ethanol, wind and solar power, the president said, "We need to press on with battery research for plug-in and hybrid vehicles." |CHEVY VOLT - In spite of an internal combustion engine, General Motors does not call its Chevy Volt a hybrid. It is considered an electric vehicle with range extending capability. The interest in plug-in hybrids got a boost following President Bush's recent State of the Union address. CNS Photo by Chevrolet.| Bush followed that the next day with an executive order mandating that all federal agencies with more than 20 vehicles use "PHEVs" - plug-in hybrid electric vehicles - when they become commercially available. For the long-suffering choir of PHEV advocates, Bush's sermonizing caused a burst of excitement. "The president is increasing awareness for PHEVs, and that is really important," said Felix Kramer. He founded the California Cars Initiative, a Palo Alto, Calif.-based group that advocates the immediate production of PHEVs. "Our Web site traffic went way up after Bush's speech," Kramer said. "People want to get educated about this." Conventional hybrids, such as the Ford Escape and Toyota Prius, are gasoline-powered cars made very efficient by employing an electric motor to start, idle and drive at low speeds, and whose batteries recapture power when the vehicles go downhill or brake. Plug-in hybrids, which aren't yet available commercially, are electric cars with large batteries backed up by small, efficient gasoline engines should the batteries run down. Plug-in prototypes typically go 20 to 30 miles on battery power alone, with zero emissions. It's estimated that a typical PHEV sedan would get 100 miles or more per gallon of gas, on average, when longer trips are factored in. The cost of powering a PHEV is 2 to 4 cents a mile, compared with 8 to 20 cents per mile - depending on fuel efficiency - for a conventional gasoline-powered car when gas is $3 per gallon, Kramer said. A driver could plug his or her PHEV into a standard outlet and charge its batteries overnight, when electricity from the grid is plentiful and cheaper than during peak daytime hours, Kramer added. He said that since the average American commutes fewer than 30 miles per day, many PHEV owners would rarely have to use gas, except to go on trips. Unlike ethanol and other alternative fuels, which require massive infrastructure investment, "car manufacturers can do this anytime they choose," Kramer said. James Burns, a professor of mechanical engineering at San Diego State University, has been researching PHEVs for 10 years and has built three prototypes. "They work very well driving around town," Burns said of PHEVs. Current hybrid cars can be converted to plug-ins now, he noted, with kits that cost about $10,000 available from various manufacturers. Burns said he was among several researchers and small companies offering demonstration vehicles to the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Los Angeles. He urges companies and utilities to invite similar fleet demonstrations that could ignite public interest. "This (PHEV) system is not much more complicated than today's hybrids; they just use bigger batteries," Burns said. "It's the next step in the transition from the internal-combustion engine to fully electric vehicles." One downside is that the rechargeable batteries, which cost thousands of dollars, generally need to be replaced every few years. Some aren't recyclable. Despite a strong push from the farm lobby, corn-based ethanol is energy- and water-intensive to produce, and requires investments in distribution infrastructure, Burns and other experts say. The idea of powering cars with domestically produced electricity instead of oil - 60 percent of which is imported - has drawn advocates across the political spectrum. Environmentalists are enthused because it's easier to control carbon emissions, which contribute to global warming, at a relatively small number of power plants than in 240 million gas-powered vehicles. Autoworkers and automakers are excited about the prospect of new products and markets. Utilities welcome the potential to sell off-peak, underutilized power at night. And nearly everyone embraces the idea of ending America's dependence on foreign oil. Critics have said that power plants in many areas of the country, notably those burning coal to produce electricity, don't have California's strict controls and are highly polluting. But the nonprofit Environmental and Energy Study Institute, which promotes renewable fuels and strategies for a sustainable environment, found an average reduction of 60 percent in carbon emissions per vehicle when a PHEV replaces a conventional car. Some critics worry that a major shift from gasoline to electricity for powering cars would overtax the grid. To avoid potential brownouts, a major infrastructure investment would be needed, they say. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates there would be no need to increase electrical-generation capacity until plug-ins constitute nearly 85 percent of the nation's vehicles. That's because most charging can take place during off-peak hours. Before Bush's speech, PHEVs got a boost in October when Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm joined executives from General Motors, DaimlerChrysler and the BMW Group in launching the Hybrid Development Center in suburban Detroit. In addition, GM introduced the plug-in prototype Chevrolet Volt at the 2007 North American International Auto Show in Detroit this month, and other automakers are presenting similar concept cars. Yet proponents of PHEVs say consumer preferences, oil-company interests, bureaucratic barriers and other obstacles exist in the absence of dramatic market forces such as skyrocketing gas prices or a terrorist threat to oil supplies. "The spike to $3-plus gas last summer sparked a lot of interest," Kramer said. "But we missed a bet after the attacks of 9/11 by not switching to plug-in hybrids at the time when the country was ready for sacrifice and change. "I'd be very happy if we could see (PHEVs) available commercially by the end of the decade." Library researchers Peter Uribe and Beth Wood contributed to this report.

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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en

Image: Crossing the South Omo River at normal water levels. Project Title: Water Supply Emergency Response to flood-affected people in conflict-prone Dasenech Woreda, South Omo Zone The purpose of the IRC-14 project was to provide emergency relief of safe water to 8,000 people living in the Dasenech and Nyangatom woredas1 near or adjacent to the flooding South Omo River in southwest Ethiopia. The Dasenech woreda and the Nyangatom woreda, with populations of 62,572 and 21,426 respectively, straddle the hotly contested South Omo River in extreme SW Ethiopia bordering Kenya. The South Omo River delta provides prime grazing land and crop land for both tribes. The November 2013 South Omo River flood devastated both areas, affecting more than half of the population and forced the migration of both people and livestock. The Dasenech headed northeast into Hamar territory and the Nyangatom migrated south into Kenya in search of water. This migration was the source of increasing conflict, including violence against women. The IRC-14 project was launched in early 2014 to provide emergency access to clean water for 8,000 people living in the Dasenech and Nyangatom woredas by refurbishing damaged water schemes, training beneficiaries to maintain their water schemes, and promoting the adoption of healthy hygiene and sanitation by the communities. The project refurbished 16 water schemes, 11 in Nyangatom communities and 5 in Dasenech communities. We established water and sanitation committees in each of the 16 communities, empowering total of 112 people to perform preventative maintenance and repair of their wells. Using our community learning process we taught and encouraged healthy hygiene and sanitation behavior. We recruited community participation to help with road repair to access the wells, digging canals for pipe, providing local materials of sand and wood, and fencing and demarcating the defecation free zones. From our previous experience with our community learning process, we expected about 40% of the population over the age of 15 in the 16 communities to participate in the hygiene and sanitation sessions. We trained government Health Extension Workers to assist our social workers and the Ergas (community facilitators) who emerged in their communities as early adopters in the process. The impact of this project was immediate, easing the mounting tension of the communities with tangible evidence that specific, concrete activities were underway to relieve their stress caused by water scarcity. With access to clean water and the adoption of healthy hygiene and sanitation behaviors, the risk of malaria and water-borne disease were reduced. Women especially were under less threat of violence as they were able to fetch water from safe areas rather than travel long distances. And as the pressure lessened for Dasenech and Nyangatom to migrate to find water, this decreased the tension caused by movement in these hotly contested areas. |# of people with local access to clean water||0||8,000| |# of function wells||0||16|

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

http://gtli.us/portfolio/errwash-14-water-supply-emergency-response-to-flood-affected-people-in-conflict-prone-desanechworeda-south-omo-zone/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413406.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531120339-20200531150339-00243.warc.gz

en

Sagebrush - Big Sunflower Family Asteraceae (Compositae) Big sagebrush gets its name from its stature and its relation to members of the sagebrush group. Artemisia (ar-tay-MIS-ee-a) is from Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, ancient ruler of Ceria (southwest Asia Minor). She was named after Artemis, the Greek virgin goddess of the hunt and wild nature. Tridentata (tri-den-TAH-ta) means "three toothed," in reference to the three lobes on the tips of most leaves. Also called big sage, common wormwood or basin sagebrush. Western. Big sagebrush occurs from California north to Canada, east to Nebraska and south to Mexico. Sagebrush prefers drier plains, mesas or rocky areas with deep soils. The plants are found from four thousand to ten thousand feet in elevation. Big sagebrush often grows in habitats such as the cold desert shrub or pinyon-juniper woodlands. This plant can also grow in vast tracts. Sagebrush ecosystems have the largest habitat range in the United States, covering nearly four hundred and seventy thousand square miles across eleven western states. A perennial shrub that grows from two to seven feet tall. A stout trunk bears many side branches that ascend upwards. The young stems are smooth and silvery, but as the plant matures, these stems turn grayer and the bark starts to grow in long strips. The evergreen leaves are one quarter inch to two inches long, wedge-shaped and with three or five lobes at the tip. Nonlobed leaves may grow in the early winter. Flowering stems grow near the ends of the branches and numerous side branches. Dense clusters of tiny yellow or cream-colored flowers are borne along a main stalk with many side stems. Seeds are tiny and black. Big Sagebrush blooms in late summer. One mature plant may produce up to one million seeds. Big sagebrush is Nevada's State Plant, which is nicknamed the Sagebrush State. Big sagebrush is an important winter browse plant for a number of wildlife species, including pronghorn, mule deer, domestic livestock, sage grouse and many small mammals. More than seventy percent of the sage grouse's diet consists of sagebrush leaves and buds. The sage grouse use large clearings in the sagebrush habitat to conduct spring mating dances. These areas, known as leks, are the scenes of early morning activity in which males inflate yellow air sacs located in their chest, puff up their feathers and spread their tail feathers before strutting around the lek in the attempt to bond with one or more females. The leaves contain aromatic volatile oils to prevent herbivores from digesting their leaves. Many animals, however, will feed upon sagebrush when other food resources are scarce. The leaves have a turpentine fragrance, and after a rainstorm, they perfume the air with a sweet, pungent aroma. With leaves remaining on the plant during the winter, the plant can photosynthesize later in the year and earlier in the spring than many other plants. Sagebrush can take advantage of the long growing season, photosynthesizing even when temperatures are near freezing. Often, purplish insect galls occur on the plant. These are caused by the chemical secretions of insects that alter the plant’s growth cells, which then form a protective covering around the insect's larvae. Big sagebrush was commonly used by many Native Americans. The wood was burned for fuel or used in construction of dwellings. The leaves and the seeds were eaten. The leaves, which contain camphor, were also used medicinally for coughs, colds, headaches, stomach aches, fevers and to relieve pain during child birthing. Poultices of wet leaves were applied to bruises to reduce swelling. Navajo weavers boiled the leaves and flowers to create a yellow-gold color, used to dye wool. Ute Indians wove the shredded bark into wicks for candles, and they made sacks of woven bark and lined them with the grass. Share this page on Facebook: DesertUSA Newsletter -- We send articles on hiking, camping and places to explore, as well as animals, wildflower reports, plant information and much more. Sign up below or read more about the DesertUSA newsletter here. (It's Free.) SEARCH THIS SITE Past Wildflower Season Videos click on links below Wildflower Field Guide - find flowers by color Click here to see current desert temperatures! is a comprehensive resource about the North American deserts and Southwest destinations. Learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. Find travel information about national parks, state parks, BLM land, and Southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the United States. Access maps and information about the Sonoran Desert, Mojave Desert, Great Basin Desert, and Chihuahuan Desert.

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CC-MAIN-2015-40

http://www.desertusa.com/mag00/jul/papr/sage.html

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en

Education and Recreation Children between the ages of 5 and 15 make up the largest age group in Machar Colony, with families in the community having 9 children on average. There is a huge need to provide educational and recreational programs for the children of this community. Machar Colony has very low levels of literacy — only 11.6% of the community has completed some form of education. This includes those who can only read and write their own names. Currently 33% of children in Machar Colony attend a school or madrassah and over half of all children work in shrimp peeling factories. Despite there being 67 private schools and 9 government schools in the community, children are still getting involved in anti-social activities on the streets, including drugs, gambling, and violence. As the majority of the community is stateless, children without recognized identity documents are unable to gain admission in mainstream schools. Several of the children who are able to attend school eventually refuse to go and drop out due to the use of corporal punishment, long working hours in shrimp peeling factories, and unaffordable tuition fees. Khel is a learning and recreational centre for the children of Machar Colony. It is a safe haven for the children and a space trusted by families where their children can play, learn, and grow. Khel uses a holistic approach to child development, with a focus on addressing the individual physical, mental, and emotional needs of children. History and Evolution of Khel In 2015, a rundown shrimp peeling factory was turned into Machar Colony’s first recreational centre: Khel. As Imkaan’s flagship project, Khel has been reimagined over the years with input from the community. With the change in attitude and behavior of the children towards learning, the parents and elders of the community requested Imkaan that education be a part of everyday activities at Khel. Khel now has two areas of focus: Education and Sports/Recreation. Khel’s education component provides children with basic literacy skills, with a focus on reading and writing in Urdu and English and mathematical abilities. Through their learning, children gain knowledge on topics related to science and the world around them, the importance of hygiene and cleanliness, and values like generosity. At Khel, teachers don’t follow a typical structured classroom curriculum. Instead, they utilize a multi-age teaching approach where children are grouped according to their learning level rather than age. This child-centric and learner-centric approach allows for the following benefits: - Peer to Peer Learning - Cross Age Interactions - Continuous Reinforcement There are no letter grades assigned at Khel, nor are children compared to one another. As a result, children can focus on learning and are more likely to cooperate than compete. A spirit of cooperation and caring makes it possible for children to help each other as individuals and not see each other as competitors. The need for an informal educational setting like Khel is dire in Machar Colony due to the inability of stateless children to access mainstream schooling. Those children who possess the required identity documents and the financial means to attend private or government schools are supported by Khel teachers in bringing up their literacy and education levels to the standards set by schools. Khel’s Accomplishments in Education - Approximately 60 new children are enrolled in Khel every year, with a total of 140 children, including returning children, in 2022- 2023 - Over 60 children from Khel have successfully transitioned into the mainstream education system. Children who did not know how to read or write prior to coming to Khel have passed entrance tests for admission into Grades 1, 3, and 9. - 226 children from the host community (non-stateless children) successfully transitioned to mainstream education after only a year at Khel. - 476 children (combination of stateless and non-stateless children) have been registered in Khel’s education component since its launch. - Khel has developed a strong relationship with parents based on a foundation of trust, which has helped reinforce the importance of education especially for girls. For more information download brochure Khel’s sports and recreation program focuses on the following: - Skill development - Physical exercise - Character development - Building positive self-esteem - Learning to respect rules, coaches, team colleagues, and opponents Khel’s Accomplishments in Sports/Recreation Children at Khel have excelled at gymnastics and table tennis in particular, with achievements in cheerleading as well. Khel has qualified coaches who have coached both boys and girls to form teams that participate in local and regional games. The girls’ gymnastics team of 7 have participated in 9 inter-school level games and have won several championships and medals including best team, best gymnast, all-around, vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Out of the 7 girls, 3 have gone onto become Gold Medalists in the Sindh Gymnastics Team. Although the children at Khel have developed into fine athletes, they are limited in their ability to further their athletic aspirations due to statelessness and a lack of identity documents. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to the gymnastics team to participate in international events online. These events included the Gensan International Competition in which Khel gymnasts Umme Kulsoom and Anwara won gold, silver, and bronze medals for competitions in Olympic-level games, and the International Cheerleading Festival organized by Russia in which the Khel team achieved First Position in the Junior Category. The table tennis program was created for the older children of the community who were looking for extracurricular activities after school and madrassah. Table tennis is taught at Khel to children ages 7 and up. The Khel boys team has been participating in inter-school level games and has been a runner-up in all games after two years of dedicated practice and the girls team have won two championships. The team continues to learn and develop their skills with enthusiasm. From Athletes to Child Rights Defenders Article 1 of the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders states that “everyone has the right, individually and in association with others, to promote and to strive for the protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels”. By participating in professional sports in various local, national, and international platforms and through capacity building efforts by Imkaan, Khel’s gymnastics and table tennis teams have been empowered to come forward as Child Rights Defenders, bringing their stories and their struggles as stateless children to the forefront in the fight for their rights and the rights of other stateless children. The children have advocated for their community through a number of media campaigns and have facilitated media coverage of their community’s plight as stateless individuals with no opportunities to grow. With an understanding of their role as Child Rights Defenders, the children are able to offer recommendations on what needs to happen to protect and promote their human rights in hopes of influencing decision makers at the national level and contributing to the strengthening of the international human rights framework. For more information download brochure

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://imkaan.org/education/

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en

22 FEBRUARY 2017 BUDGET SPEECH 2017: BUDGETING AT THE HEIGHT OF INEQUALITY The current political crisis in South Africa, with national Treasury at its epicentre, sees certain political actors hell bent on reversing the gains made in the schooling system. It should not deter us from working towards an equitable basic education sector. Those wanting to capture national Treasury for personal gains have no interest in working toward serving the people of this country, particularly the black poor and working class. Equal Education hereby calls on the hard working and dedicated staff of national Treasury to turn their attention to the crisis in rural education in South Africa, and the ways in which the current funding regime systemically underfunds rural education. The manner in which South Africa’s basic education system is funded serves to perpetuate inequality – adversely impacting learners in rural classrooms. As Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan today tables his budget speech, Equal Education (EE) must register its serious concern with how provincial education budgets are determined, and with the steady decrease in allocations to grants specifically targeted at providing an environment conducive to quality teaching and learning. There is a pressing need for Treasury to review its education funding model. From the National Fiscus, to Provinces The amounts allocated to individual provinces from national Treasury are determined through the provincial equitable share formula. This allocates a lump sum to each province according to specific criteria. The formula consists of six components, which are intended to consider variations in contextual factors and service delivery demands between provinces: - Education component (48% of the formula): based on the size of the school-age population (ages 5 to 17) and the number of learners enrolled in public schools - Health component (27%): based on each province’s health needs - Basic component (16%): derived from each province’s share of the national population - Institutional component (5%): divided equally between provinces - Poverty component (3%): calculated based on income data - Economic output component (1%): based on regional GDP The percentages allocated to education and health take into account what part of the provincial allocation has historically been spent on these sectors (IE. spending patterns over a number of years). The equitable share formula described here only serves to calculate each province’s share of the overall provincial allocation. It is not prescriptive on how that share must be spent by the province. It is then up to each province to decide how to divide its lump sum between the different provincial social services (education, health, welfare, housing, community development). The percentages set out above do not represent a breakdown of each individual province’s allocation. Rather, they reflect how the entire equitable share lump sum is divided up into components. From each of these components individual provinces will then receive a share based on their specific context. That is, the 48% for education will be further divided up between the nine provinces depending on their school-age population and how many enrolled learners they have. Calculation of Education Component of Equitable Share The education component is calculated in two phases. The first step is to calculate 48% of the entire amount allocated to provincial governments. In the 2016/17 budget the education component amounted to R197.1 billion of the entire provincial allocation of R410.7 billion. The second step is to calculate how much of this education component is allocated to each province. This is calculated based on each province’s share of the national school age population (children aged 5 to 17) and its share of South African learners enrolled from Grade R to Grade 12. If, for instance, a province’s school age population makes up 16% of the national school age population and its enrolled learners make up 16.4% of all learners enrolled in public schools nationally, the province will get 16.2% of the total education component (which in turn is 48% of the total equitable share). The 16.2% is calculated by adding 16% and 16.4% and dividing it by two. Because equitable shares are calculated based on provinces’ unique contexts, the composition of each province’s share looks different. For instance, in the 2016/17 budget year the education component contributed 53% of Limpopo’s equitabe share, but 41.7% of the Northern Cape’s: Source: W1 Annexure to the Explanatory memorandum to the division of revenue, 2016 However, because provinces have the prerogative to decide how to spend their equitable share, they are not compelled to spend the entire amount they get from the education component on education: Sources: Estimates of Provincial Revenue and Expenditure for 2016; W1 Annexure to the Explanatory memorandum to the division of revenue, 2016 The (In)Equitable Share Formula A focus on learner numbers alone is a crude way of allocating funding, which doesn’t consider the impact of historical inequalities and rurality on education costs. A closer look at the cost of the provision of education reveals why the equitable share formula is in fact inequitable. The equitable share formula does not consider that the cost of providing education in rural areas is much higher than in urban areas. Delivering services and support can prove more costly and the lower population densities mean more schools are needed to provide education to the same number of learners. In 2016, for instance, learners enrolled in Eastern Cape schools made up 15.4% of national school enrolments. And yet the province was home to 23.1% of all schools in the country. In the same year Gauteng enrolments made up 16.6% of national enrolments, but schools in the province only amounted to 8.8% of all schools in the country. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) had 37% more learners than Gauteng in 2016, but 180% more schools! Each school comes with its own costs (for instance a school principal) and therefore pushes up the cost of providing education. There is also a large and desperate demand for scholar transport in rural provinces, and meeting this need is substantially more expensive than in urban provinces. KZN has the greatest need for scholar transport in the country. The province has the highest proportion of learners in the country who walk to school, as well as the highest number of learners who walk to school for more than an hour (in one direction). Source: Department of Basic Education, 2016 School Realities Report The equitable share formula further fails to account for the impact of the apartheid legacy on the education realities of different provinces. Schools that catered exclusively for black learners prior to 1994 are historically underfunded, and provinces such as the Eastern Cape have large numbers of these schools. The formula also does not consider the proportion of quintile 1, 2 and 3 schools in the province. The quintile system places all of South Africa’s ordinary public schools into five categories, based on poverty indicators of the school together with the relative poverty of the school’s catchment area. These indicators determine how much State funding a school receives. All quintile 1 to 3 schools are classified as no-fee schools, meaning that they are entirely dependent on financial support from the State. In quintile 4 and 5 schools the cost of education is shared with parents through the charging of school fees, and these schools have comparatively smaller infrastructure backlogs. Poor provinces have a disproportionate amount of no-fee schools, which means the burden on State funding is more severe than in provinces with a higher number of quintile 5 schools. The equitable share formula fails to properly account for these disparities in education costs. From the Apartheid era, South Africa inherited schools without adequate sanitation, lacking access to piped water or electricity, and built from inappropriate or dangerous materials such as wood, mud and asbestos. In rural provinces, learners as young as 5 years old, must walk punishing distances to reach schools in the desperate conditions described above. Therefore, in addition to national and provincial education budgets, Treasury also allocates funds to targeted grants, aiding the DBE in addressing these huge backlogs. The Education Infrastructure Grant (EIG) and the Accelerated Schools Infrastructure Delivery Initiative are the two main school infrastructure grants. These are invaluable in ensuring that government complies with the law – the Minimum Uniform Norms and Standards for Public School Infrastructure (or, the Norms and Standards). The Norms and Standards prescribe the minimum infrastructural requirements for ordinary public schools, and set out legally-binding deadlines for when all schools must be provided with different kinds of infrastructure. Yet despite this legal obligation, there has been a gradual decrease in the projected budget allocations to these programmes. For example, in 2013 the projected EIG allocation for 2015/16 was R10 billion, and yet by 2015, it had decreased to R9,5 billion. This has been the case for both EIG and ASIDI. The purpose of the EIG is to accelerate construction, maintenance, upgrading and rehabilitation of new and existing school infrastructure. This grant is understood to be the primary vehicle through which the DBE will meet the Norms and Standards. It consists of a base component that is distributed to all provinces, and a secondary component that allocates additional funding by means of a performance-based incentive approach. The first Norms and Standards deadline required that schools without any access to water, electricity and sanitation be provided with these basic services, and that all schools built from inappropriate materials such as mud, wood, metal and asbestos be replaced. This deadline dawned on 29 November 2016, and was not met by neither Minister Motshekga nor any of her nine MECs. This was an inexcusable violation of the law! The sluggish pace of implementation has repeatedly resulted in Treasury decreasing the allocations to both infrastructure programmes. Tragically, this perpetuates a cycle of ineffective provision that only serves to delay the fixing of schools. Table 1: Total allocations to education infrastructure grant (EIG) Sources: National Treasury, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Division of Revenue Act, 2015 Division of Revenue Bill The table above shows the decreases in the EIG allocations. The left-hand column represents the year the budget was tabled, and the top row shows that year’s allocation and the projected allocations for the coming years. Note that the increase from R9.6 billion to R13.5 billion over the 2015-2018 midterm was not the allocation of new funds by Treasury, but rather the result of the merger of the EIG with ASIDI. ASIDI, which is administered by national government, was introduced in 2011/12 to target the worst-off schools across the country, thereby easing the load of infrastructure backlogs for provinces with insufficient EIG funding. ASIDI was initiated as a short-term programme that would fast-track the following: - Improvement of sanitation in 741 schools - Providing electricity to 916 schools - Providing clean water to 1,120 schools - Re-building 510 “inappropriate schools” Due to to the DBE’s exceedingly slow pace of delivery, the budget allocations for ASIDI have gradually been decreased over the years, and this originally short-term programme has been extended to six years, with the possibility of further extensions. Below are the previous years’ allocations to ASIDI: Table 2: Total allocations to ASIDI: 2014/15 to 2018/19 Sources: National Treasury, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Division of Revenue Act, 2016 Division of Revenue Bill, Appendix W9 & p.85 In the same way that Treasury decreased the EIG’s mid-term allocations as a result of underspending by the PEDs, ASIDI has also seen a decrease in its allocations. Additionally, citing the programme’s “disappointing performance”, ASIDI has been merged with EIG as from this year onward. EE remains deeply distressed that there is still no grant to fund scholar transport, despite provinces failing to budget adequately for this urgent need, when a startling number of learners must walk over 30 minutes get to school. The provision of effective transport for South African learners, for which we have been advocating since 2014, would address an immense but largely ignored barrier to access to education. The punishing distances that learners must walk to schools leaves them exhausted and struggling to concentrate or stay awake in class. The severe lack of safe, reliable and affordable scholar transport contributes to late-coming and absenteeism — particularly when the weather is poor. En route to school, learners are vulnerable to theft and sexual assault. According to the 2015 General Household Survey, a staggering 70% of the 14 million learners in South Africa walk to school every day. This is not the figure which was (incorrectly) tabled by the national Department of Transport in their presentation of the National Learner Transport Policy in 2015. If the departments responsible for scholar transport do not have accurate figures on how many learners need to be provided with transport to school, how can the implementation process of this policy be successful? The funding toward scholar transport is decided by each individual province and allocated from their often insufficient Equitable Share. The 2016 Division of Revenue Bill set no funds aside to be used exclusively for scholar transport. This leaves the responsibility for allocating and managing funds to the PEDs, who have not budgeted according to the extent of the need for scholar transport. So long as there are no funds set aside exclusively for scholar transport, and the provisioning of scholar transport remains the responsibility of two departments that do not collaborate effectively with each other, learners will continue to walk these long distances to school. This is why EE has called for a conditional grant to fund the proper and full implementation of the national Scholar Transport Policy. A conditional grant protects funds from being diverted towards other purposes. It also offers more clarity on the availability of funds, which will aid provinces in providing a more reliable and consistent service and aid the public in holding government accountable. The Way Forward EE and EELC have been advised that National Treasury is currently reviewing the equitable share formula. The process of review should be urgently prioritised and transparent, with public participation. This exercise must include an analysis of the cost differences of providing education in rural provinces, and the formula ought to be adjusted accordingly. Treasury should also either increase the weighting given to the poverty component of the formula or incorporate a poverty weighting in the education component. This would ensure that provinces with a higher share of poor schools and learners, receive a greater share of the funds, which is necessary to reduce inequality in education provision between provinces. Early last year, EE and the EE Law Centre made submissions to Parliament’s Standing Committee on Appropriations on the Division of Revenue Bill 2016. The concerns that we raised were specific to the funding of school infrastructure, and of scholar transport. The submissions made by EE and EELC found resonance with the Committee, and it made recommendations to national Treasury including that: National Treasury in partnership with the DBE, Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME), civil society and relevant stakeholders in its programme on expenditure reviews include an assessment of the following: - Efficacy of funding and a comprehensive evaluation of spending and implementation performance of the scholar transport programme and schools infrastructure programme. - Exploring options that allow for the ring fencing of funding allocated to scholar transport to be used solely and exclusively for that purpose. It was also recommended that: - National Treasury in partnership with the DBE, DPME, civil society and relevant stakeholders develop systems to enhance monitoring and implementation effectiveness of the EIG. This should include adherence to the principles of openness and transparency in the planning and delivery of schools infrastructure. - National Treasury in partnership with the DPME, and Statistics South Africa formulate and implement a programme at enhancing the quality and consistency of information and data utilised by provinces and municipalities in areas such as scholar transport, school infrastructure and other important policy areas. We expect to know later today whether national Treasury has heeded this advice. Equal Education acknowledges the quasi-federal system of government we have in the country, in which provinces determine how and where to spend the monies allocated by national Treasury. Nonetheless, there is nothing equitable about the equitable share formula – a formula which continues to enrich urban provinces and starves poor and more rural provinces. This is evident in the state of education facilities. We urge national Treasury and provincial departments of Treasury to lead the way in finding a more progressive and equitable way of sharing resources. Failure to do so will result in the large majority of our people – who reside in the periphery of urban centres – to remain in squalor, perpetuating poverty and the underdevelopment of rural provinces. This is the task that we as South Africans have identified for ourselves as a people. With our painful past, we should not be fearful to stand up against those whose main aim is not only to delay us but to enrich themselves and their friends at the expense of the black majority whose only hope out of poverty is a functioning democratic State. For further comment: Tshepo Motsepe (General Secretary of EE) 071 886 5637 Philile Ntombela-Masson (EE Researcher) 076 776 5717 Roné McFarlane (EE Campaigns Researcher) 081 744 5627 NOTES ON THE NATIONAL BUDGET PROCESS: Provincial education departments bear the main responsibility for the day to day running of schools. They employ teachers, provide schools with the money to pay for a range of expenses from electricity to toilet paper, and fund expenses such as textbook provision. The DBE primarily (but not exclusively) plays an oversight role by formulating policy and taking responsibility for monitoring and evaluation. In order to fulfil these responsibilities, PEDs and the DBE depend on the revenue allocated to them through the annual national budgetary process. Every year the central government decides on what is known as the vertical division of the budget: First, an amount of the budget is set aside for things like repaying national debt, an emergency reserve and a fund for meeting certain policy priorities. This part is known as the top slice and does not get shared between different levels of government. The top slice is projected to make up 11.6% of the total national expenditure in the 2017/18 budget year. National, provincial and local government allocations After the top slice has been set aside, a decision is made around the amounts that will be allocated to each sphere of government: national, provincial and local. The projected division for the 2017/18 year is: 47.5% of the national budget to national government, 43.4% to provincial governments and 9.1% to local government. The national share includes conditional grants to provinces and local governments. Together all of these amounts make up the national budget. Once the vertical division has been finalised, the lump sum allocated to the national and provincial spheres of government is further divided. The national allocation is divided between sectors as follows: National Treasury, W1 Annexure to the Explanatory memorandum to the division of revenue, 2016. Birgit Weyss: “The impact of the Provincial Equitable Share Formula on School Funding”, Unpublished research paper commissioned by the Equal Education Law Centre, 2016 National Treasury, W1 Annexure to the Explanatory memorandum to the division of revenue, 2016. Department of Basic Education, 2016 School Realities Report National Treasury, 2016 Division of Revenue Bill, page 123 National Department of Education, South African Schools Act 84 of 1996, Regulations relating to Minimum Uniform Norms and Standards for Public School Infrastructure. National Treasury, 2016 Division of Revenue Bill, page 84 Stats SA, 2015 General Household Survey, page 14 Equal Education, Submission to the Standing Committee on Appropriations on the 2016 Division of Revenue Bill, Page 14 National Treasury, Medium Term Budget Policy Statement 2016 National Treasury, Medium Term Budget Policy Statement 2016

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New Research Provides First Peek at Ancient Mesopotamian Drug Use Medical usage? Ritual practice? Or perhaps the drugs served both purposes? Researchers are asking what the recently recovered psychoactive drug residues from ancient Mesopotamia mean. But not everyone is happy that scholars want to know more. Dating back 5000 years ago, this is the first concrete example of drug production in the ancient Middle East. Science magazine reports the evidence comes from chemical analysis of residues found on pottery. The findings open doors to the possibility that ancient Mesopotamian drug use may be visible to modern eyes through other means as well. The researchers discussed the prominence of the use of cannabis, opium, and blue water lily in ancient cultures in a paper for Science. They suggest “the impact of these psychoactive substances has been underestimated and that a drug culture was central to ritual in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant.” - Prehistoric people used hallucinogens as part of sacred burial rituals - Getting High with the Most High: Drugs in the Bible Fragment of a Tomb Painting with Seated Woman Holding a Lotus. (Peter Roan/ CC BY NC 2.0 ) Archaeologist Luca Peyronel, of the International University of Languages and Media in Milan, Italy, believes that large-scale drug production may have arisen alongside the emergence of the earliest city-states. Peyronel and his colleagues took samples from pottery found in “an unusual kitchen” of a 4 millennia old palace in the Syrian city of Ebla. They originally thought the room was used for food preparation, but a lack of animal remains led them in a different direction. Continued research provided the traces of wild plants on some of the pots. When analyzed, the plants were shown to have been medicinal plants such as poppy (for the opium which dulls pain), heliotrope (it’s antiviral), and chamomile (which reduces inflammation). The pots the plants were held in had the capacity for 40 to 70 liters (10.5 to 18.5 gallons) – meaning that a large quantity of the drugs could have been produced at a time. Opium poppy. (Louise Joly/ CC BY SA 1.0 ) Peyronel says the researchers are uncertain if the drugs were for medicinal, recreational, or ritual use. However, the unusual room’s location at the heart of the palace and cuneiform tablets mentioning priests taking unknown ritual beverages hint that the drugs may have had ceremonial usage. That the drugs were used in both medical and ritual practices makes sense to Peyronel, who explains “The two hypotheses are not necessarily at odds” for the ancient people who prepared them. David Collard, senior archaeologist at Jacobs, an engineering firm in Melbourne, Australia, also found evidence of opium use on Cyprus. The remnants are younger than those found in Ebla, but they are still over 3000 years old. Analysis of residues in pottery there show that people poured opium alkaloids into poppy seed capsule shaped pots between 1600 and 1000 BC. Those pots were found in temples and tombs, which makes their ritual usage probable. Cypriot jugs were crafted in the shape of the poppy seed pod 3000 years ago. ( Robert S. Merrillees ) By that time, people in Mesopotamia had access to cannabis and ancient Turkish people and Egyptians were experimenting with local drugs such as the blue water lily . - Archaeological study explores drug-taking and altered states in prehistory - Secret Chamber Found at Scythian Burial Mound Reveals Golden Treasure of Drug-Fueled Rituals Ancient texts do not have much to say on the topic, but Diana Stein, an archaeologist at Birkbeck University of London, believes ancient drug use in Mesopotamia has presented itself in other ways. For example, she claims banquet scenes on small seals from Anatolia, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Iran depict psychoactive drug users. In this Akkadian seal, a seated vegetation goddess is greeted by three other deities. Stalks of grain sprout from the females, while tree branches grow from the males, perhaps referring to a specific myth. ( Public Domain ) Collard says that not everyone is interested in exploring the theme of ancient drug use in the region further because “The archaeology of the ancient Near East is traditionally conservative.” Archaeologist Glenn Schwartz at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, agrees, stating “Scholars have tended to shy away from the possibility that the ancient Near Easterners partook of ‘recreational’ drugs, apart from alcohol, so it's good that someone is brave enough to look into it.” Top Image: A seedhead of an opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, with white latex. ( Public Domain ) Cylinder-seal of the "Lady" or "Queen" (Sumerian NIN) Puabi, one of the defuncts of the Royal Cemetery of Ur, c. 2600 BC. Banquet scene, typical of the Early Dynastic Period. (Nic McPhee/ CC BY SA 2.0 )

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's kindergarten math activities are perfect for helping young math learners practice important math skills in fun and creative ways. Browse below to find that perfect activity to show your kindergartener the fun side of learning! These math activities for kindergarten include investigating patterns with egg shells, making a coin bank, and playing math hopscotch. If you're looking for something more strictly academic, check out our Kindergarten Math Worksheets . For interactive fun for kindergarteners, try our Free Online Kindergarten Math Games . Interesting things happen when Granpa and Little Tree are in town. Sometimes they watch Old Man Barnett “jump a tooth” (pull a tooth) out behind the barn. They hear the news of shootings and window jumpings from New York because people are now poor. They also see sharecroppers, and Little Tree gets acquainted with a little girl. Her parents are sharecroppers, forced to have many children to eke out a living on their “borrowed” land. The little girl is barefoot even in winter, has tangled-up hair, and her teeth are rotten. She wears a tow sack for a dress. Little Tree sometimes lets her lick on his peppermint stick. One day she...

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Chemicals used to keep swimming pools clean may be behind the rise in asthma in children, a study suggests. Chemicals in indoor pools can afffect the lungs Researchers in Belgium have found that chlorine in pools can react with sweat or urine to create harmful fumes which can damage lungs. They believe exposure to these fumes leaves children susceptible to allergens, which may then trigger asthma. But other experts have criticised the study and have dismissed the claims. Dr Alfred Barnard and colleagues at the Catholic University of Louvain in Brussels carried out tests on 226 primary school children who had swum regularly - either weekly or fortnightly - in indoor pools from a young age. They also carried out tests on 16 children, between the ages of five and 14, and 13 adults, aged between 26 and 47. It is unlikely that swimming, at least by itself, could really be the cause for the increase in asthma Professor Martyn Partridge, National Asthma Campaign They measured levels of key lung proteins in all of these people. The proteins they measured are known to cause damage to cells in lungs if they are present in high quantities. The researchers found that children who regularly attend indoor pools accumulate these proteins, making them more at risk from asthma. They found that children who swam most frequently had protein levels similar to people who smoke regularly. Protein levels were also high in people who had been sitting at the poolside and had not swum. While such high levels do not in themselves cause asthma, they may increase the risks of lung damage. The researchers suggested that they could increase the risks of children developing asthma. But they acknowledged that further research was needed to confirm their theory. Nevertheless, they suggested that there may be a case for pools to be cleaned with non-chlorinated disinfectants. Writing in the journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine, they said: "The question needs to be raised as to whether it would not be prudent in the future to move towards non-chlorine based disinfectants or at least to reinforce water and air quality control in indoor pools in order to minimise exposure to these reactive chemicals." But Professor Martyn Partridge, of the UK's National Asthma Campaign, said the findings needed to be interpreted carefully. "It is unlikely that swimming, at least by itself, could really be the cause for the increase in asthma. "Taking part in swimming may just be a marker of a type of lifestyle associated with an increase in asthma," he said. The results may have been distorted by families with a history of asthma or other family members with asthma being more likely than others to go swimming. This was because of "the widespread knowledge that exercising by swimming is less likely to provoke attacks of asthma in those with the condition than other types of exercise", he said. An estimated one in eight British children suffers from asthma, while one in five has been diagnosed with the condition at some stage in their lives. Significant risk factors in asthma include obesity, genetic predisposition, smoking, low birth weight, air pollution and allergens, such as exhaust particles, smoke and household dust mites.

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Ahoy Me Hearties! Be ye ready to do some pirate rhythm activities? There be gold treasure in this here blog post today! TALK LIKE A PIRATE DAY RHYTHM ACTIVITIES These Pirate Rhythm Activities are purrfect for the elementary music classroom for Talk Like a Pirate Day! PIRATE MUSIC ACTIVITIES TO TEACH RHYTHM Looking for some ides on how to incorporate rhythm activities? It’s true! Practice doesn’t have to be BORING! Let your students experience playing rhythms to a steady beat drum, to the sound of a triangle, a recorder, a xylophone bordun–whatever will get their attention. GAMES are an effective way to get students to practice rhythms. Here’s an easy game you can play: Stack up some rhythm cards. Choose 1 rhythm pattern you are working on. Put that rhythm on the board or the screen. Divide your class into 2 groups. Choose a leader for each group (they will be the first player). I like to sit the students in the order they will be taking a turn. Have Leader #1 play the rhythm. If they play it- it’s worth 2 point. If they can’t— they can choose 1 student on their team to play the rhythm- but now they only get 1 point. Next, Leader #2 plays a rhythm- just have them take the card off the top of the pile. keep playing until everyone has had a turn. You can try setting up 4-5 teams to keep the game moving even faster. Use this game activity as a SUB LESSON- you can prepare the cards for different classes and your sub can play the same game with each class (probably not in Kindergarten though) Play this game after students have had some practice. Use the rhythm cards in SMALL GROUPS. Give each group a part of the stack. Have students practice the top card. Then everyone is quiet. Team 1 plays their card, then T2, T3 etc. Take it to the next level! Try having the students play along with music or a beat. This takes more skill- but keeps students focused! Keep the pace moving quickly. Remind students you’ll give them more practicing time later if they can’t do it. Use paper, the white board, drawing boards, popsicle sticks or flashcards for this activity! Write the rhythms students can use on the board. Set a time limit. Ask students to create a rhythm using the “RHYTHMS OF THE DAY” SHARE- Play their rhythms for the class. Or Pair and Share where students share with other students. Take it up a level. Play the rhythms to music or a steady beat. You may want to check out the PIRATE RHYTHM ACTIVITY L1 for your Kinder through 2nd grade students. I know your students will LOVE moving the pirate rhythms around in the google slides activity. It’s a fact that creating activities can be the most engaging activities for your students. Definitely try using this activities in STATIONS! You get the HOW TO USE IN STATIONS in this resource. FIND THE RHYTHM TREASURE HERE: PIRATE RHYTHM ACTIVITIES LEVEL 1 Heave Ho! Get the “Tips on Teaching Pirate Rhythms” blog post is a treasure chest of materials for you to use. CLICK HERE TO READ THIS POST This Pirate Mixed Rhythm Warm up can kick off your rhythm activities with a HEAVE HO! Let’s Go get the treasure! PIRATE SCARF ACTIVITY Let’s move and learn DYNAMICS with this Pirate Scarf Activity! Take a look at the complete resource with worksheets, flashcards and over 8 activities in this set of materials. Grab this treasure box full of gold with tons of Scarf and Music activities to teach High/Low, Fast/Slow, Expression and Directional word activities to connect scarf movements to MATH concepts. I know that your students will love the swishing, swooshing, wiggling, and tossing scarves like superheroes! You can make music DYNAMICS connections as well as MATH connections using the variety of activities and materials included in this cross-curricular resource. Make your lessons interactive and engaging. You’ll have students learning and moving using these interactive visuals, flashcards, worksheets and activities. PIRATE FREEZE DANCE Let’s do the Pirate Freeze Dance! Fun children’s brain break and movement activity. Everyone loves to dance and freeze! This here PIRATE FREEZE DANCE will have ye Scallywags workin’ out them there wiggles lest they scuttle the ship and cause a mutiny! Ye may be interested in purchasing the resource with MUSIC DYNAMICS ACTIVITIES, worksheets, flashcards and station activities in one golden treasure box! PIRATE SONG AND DANCE “I’m a Pirate Wild and Free! ” is a FAVORITE activity for 3rd and 4th graders. Fun Orff arrangement and dance. This activity is great to use in smaller groups and also in music programs. Compliment your rhythm activities with this song and dance. Students can practice rhythms and then use those skills to sing, play and perform this song. Check out the complete PIRATE SONG, DANCE, RHYTHM CHANTS, SCARF ACTIVITIES BUNDLE Searching for some movement activities? Here’s hoping ye find these pirate rhythm activities to be some real treasure for Talk Like a Pirate Day! Please share this Treasure!

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the graphic art of digital cartooning Digital technology has opened up the world of cartoon and comic-book art to a new generation of writers and artists. 'Toon Art' celebrates the art of cartooning for all those who recognize it as a means of expression as well as communication. The first part looks at the basic concepts, then takes the reader on a journey from the first comic strips to the present day. The next section covers the creative process, and includes practical workthroughs on illustrating, colouring and lettering cartoons. The third part presents a showcase of the most exciting digital cartoons and comic books around, with examples backed up by notes from their creators, outlining the ideas behind their work, the styles that influenced them and the tools and methods they use. The book ends with a section on the future and what's next in the world of digital cartoons.

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“Wild” by Cheryl Strayed Answer all questions on your own, in your own original phrasing. Use complete sentences, specific examples and, where needed, page numbers. - Briefly describe the saga of Strayed’s boots. - What meal does Strayed order most often on her pit-stops in civilization? - What is the significance of Strayed’s relationship with Paul? With Leif? Summarize/paraphrase at least one scene with EACH of these men and explain its overall significance to the memoir. - Who is Greg and what significance does he have to Strayed’s journey? - What does Strayed define as “the hardest thing” she has ever done? Why is this? - Explain how the narrator comes into her name. - After Albert helps Strayed unpack her bag, she returns to find the condoms she’d packed initially to be missing. Explain why this warrants mentioning. - Briefly explain these three items in Strayed’s usage of them, both in terms of their function and how long she has them: dromedary bag, ski pole, and ice axe. - Explain the importance of James Michener (author of the book titled The Novel) in Strayed’s understanding of her education. - Who is Lady? What is the significance of her role? Her life? - Riff on the motif of the fox. Discuss it from your point of view as a reader and as a writer. Overlaps allowed but distinctions are required. - Strayed ruminates on having her natal chart read by an astrologer whom senses that her father did not properly raise her for life’s challenges. This triggers a flashback that is abruptly followed by unpacking the history of the PCT. Explain the significance of the specifics of the flashback that Strayed has about her father. Then, explain the technical significance of the whiplash-quick shift to more informational writing in the following chapter—in other words, what is Strayed doing as a writer with the contrast between these two sections? - Do your best to explain the last sentence in the book. How wild it was, to let it be. - What is one craft (technical) strength of this memoir that you would like to borrow in your own work? How might you do this and why is it/might it be effective?

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Social scientists interpret and analyze human behavior, generally using empirical methods of research. Though original data gathering and analysis are central to social sciences research, researchers also use library and Internet resources to Subjects of study in the social sciences sometimes cross disciplines and may be difficult to locate through typical subject headings in indexes and abstracts. In addition, new theories may take some time to circulate in the literature, especially in print sources. Consequently, the researcher should be prepared to A review of the literature for a social sciences research project not only should identify what research has been done but should also compare and contrast the available information and evaluate its significance. Each of the social sciences has a well-developed set of research tools to help you find relevant material. The tools listed here will give you ideas for beginning your research. Consult a librarian for help in refining your search.

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by Life Enthusiast Staff Vitamin E is a family of 8 compounds: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Each of the four tocopherols and tocotrienols are named with the Greek letters: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The chemical difference between the various vitamin E molecules, tocotrienols and the tocopherols, is in the double bonds on the vitamin E tail and the position of the methyl groups on the chroman ring. The active/antioxidant component of these vitamin E compounds is the hydroxyl group on the chroman ring. There are eight different forms, plus synthetic and natural varieties of Vitamin E. There's only one molecule of difference between the synthetic and natural versions of vitamin E - but in science, one molecule means a lot. The synthetic versions don't work as well as natural. In numerous studies, natural vitamin E outperforms the synthetic: it is found in the blood at much higher levels, and is excreted at much lower levels, meaning more of it is being put to use throughout your body. Scientists and vitamin manufacturers at a conference that focused solely on vitamin E in 2004 agreed that the current RDA values are not nearly enough, and that it is virtually impossible to get enough vitamin E through your daily diet. They couldn't agree on what the right amount should be. We know to take additional vitamin E with fish oil supplements to prevent essential fatty acids from oxidizing too rapidly. Our general recommendation is to take 400 IU of vitamin E as mixed tocopherols daily. The word "tocopherol" was the original name for vitamin E, before it was assigned a letter of the alphabet. It comes from the Greek words "tokos" meaning childbirth, and "phero" meaning to bring forth. When it was first identified in 1922, it was used to cure reproductive abnormalities in rats. It would be another 34 years before vitamin E's antioxidant properties were discovered. It was around that time as well when the eight different forms of vitamin E were identified and researchers started to form a more complex understanding of this substance. Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals in the body that cause tissue and cellular damage. Vitamin E also contributes to a healthy circulatory system and aids in proper blood clotting and improves wound healing. Some studies have shown that vitamin E decreases symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and certain types of breast disease. Wall Street Journal recently focused on the vitamin E family and the role of gamma-tocopherol. It stated that: Most people purchase alpha-tocopherol as their vitamin E and do not purchase products that contain the whole family of vitamin E (eight different vitamin E compounds as mixed tocopherols and mixed tocotrienols). Many scientists now believe that a less commonly available type - one called gamma-tocopherol - is far more beneficial. The focus on gamma-tocopherol is very welcome because of its potential role in reducing the risk of prostate cancer. In addition gamma-tocopherol fights the nitrogen free radicals which are culprits in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It is important to keep in mind, however, that the other vitamin E compounds (mixed tocopherols and mixed tocotrienols) may have important roles. - A vitamin E clinical study in humans indicates that a mixture of tocopherols and tocotrienols reduces the rate of narrowing of the carotid arteries. In forty percent of the patients this mixture actually appeared to reverse the condition. - Tocotrienols slow the growth of breast, colon and leukemia cancer cells in test tube and animal tests. - Tocotrienols slow the production of a key liver enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol. - All natural vitamin E also appears to help the liver clear more of the bad LDL cholesterol. - Tocotrienols protect HT4 nerve cells from the damage caused by the activation of a kinase enzyme that may kill these cells.

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In just a few quick steps, customize your own box of Crayola Crayons, create an Art Case, or draw your own Stuffed Animal. It's easy and fun! or get started by choosing a product. Add To Favorites Kids fall right into step with this Back-to-School activity that helps them draw and write their way into that first day. Illustrating these steps will help ease first-day jitters, too. To create the story steps: Fold the top of one sheet of construction paper over about 1/3 of the way and crease. Fold a second sheet about 5/6 of the way and crease. Place the second sheet inside the first and glue with a Crayola® Glue Stick along the folds. Think about all the things you do to prepare for school to start. For instance, do you start going to bed a little earlier each night, buy school supplies, pack your backpack, and finally, lay out your clothes? Write and illustrate the steps you take on the flaps with Crayola Colored Pencils. You could write the words on the outside flaps and draw the picture on the inside or vice versa. Or mix it up and do a bit of both. Let's make something! Craft some critter-inspired cards for friends or family. Whether the occasion is “Whale Wishes” or a simple” Bird-Day,” Add To Favorites Get inspired by the sweet-smelling scents and rich colors of Crayola® Power Lines Washable Markers with Scents and write What sounds do letters make? Which words begin with which letters? Young children who sort and fill fun Alpha-Pockets wi The light of the season can be seen in your children's eyes. Put kids in the "write" frame of mind for festivities with The dreidel has been a holiday favorite for centuries. Add a new spin on this traditional game by making your own dreide Make a patch of color with Crayola® Color Switchers™ Markers. Flip the marker and apply the special color switcher tip Hand-drawn comics tickle funny bones and promote literacy. Kids build organization skills and boost brain power as they Send holiday greetings for Diwali, the Hindu year-end celebration. You'll brighten someone's day with light and good wis

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The time to learn how to take your dog’s vital signs is before you’re faced with an emergency. It’s very beneficial as a pet owner to be familiar with your dog’s heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature in case your pet is ever in distress. Learning how and periodically checking and recording normal vital signs is useful not only for some practice doing it, but you’ll also be able to use the numbers as a baseline of what is “normal” for your pet in case of an accident or illness. Important Things to Note - Practice at home when you and your dog are relaxed so you know what to do when you have a concern. - If you’re having difficulty learning how to check vital signs on your own, ask your veterinarian to show you how the next time you take your dog in for a wellness exam. Working with your dog’s veterinarian is the best way to keep your pet healthy, and the basis of that relationship is regular wellness checks. - Being a well-informed and educated pet parent is important in helping prevent or catch potentially serious health issues early on. Vital Signs and How to Check Them - There are two ways in which you can try to determine pulse without a stethoscope: (The heart rate will be the same both places, so do whichever is easier for you and your dog.) - Lay pet on side (preferably on right side, but either is fine) - Place hand over pet’s chest just behind the shoulder blade to feel for the pulse. - Place your fingers in the inner portion of your dogs hind leg right up against the body wall to feel for the femoral artery and check pulse. - The heart rate will be the same both places, so do whichever is easier for you and your dog - Count the heartbeats per minute (i.e., count beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4) - Normal heart rate (in beats per minute) is: - Cats: 140 – 220 - Dogs: 60-100 in big dogs, 100-160 in small breeds - Small dogs, puppies, and dogs that are out of shape will have faster heartbeats while large dogs and those in good physical condition will have slower rates. - Because normal varies so much, it’s difficult to assess abnormal without a baseline, so take your dog’s heart rate a few times and make notes. If you’re concerned about what you’re finding, discuss your results with your veterinarian. Oral temperature readings will be falsely low and placing something in your pet’s mouth can anger or irritate them. Ear thermometers and forehead skin strips are not accurate with pets. Use a digital thermometer to take your pets rectal temperature. - Lubricate the end of a rectal thermometer with a water-soluble lubricating jelly or petroleum jelly (K-Y jelly or Vaseline yellow petroleum jelly) and gently insert in the rectum - This process is a lot easier with help: Have someone hold your dog’s muzzle gently and praise them for good behavior. Slowly insert the device about one or two inches into your dog’s rectum, but don’t force it. - Wait the time recommended by the thermometer, remove it and read results For digital thermometer: leave in until it beeps and check and record the temperature. For non-digital thermometer: wait 2 minutes after inserting before checking temperature. - Normal temperature (in Fahrenheit) is: - Dogs: 100.5° – 102.5° - Cats: 100.5° – 102.5° - Call your veterinarian if temperature is below 98 or over 103, or if you see evidence of blood, diarrhea, or a black, tarry stool on the thermometer. - Your pet should be laying quietly in a relaxed position - Watch the chest rise and fall - Count the number of breaths for one minute - Normal resting respiratory rate (breaths per minute) is: - Dogs: 10 – 40 (May be higher if panting) - Cats: 20 – 40 - If your dog is panting frantically and is glassy-eyed, don’t count anything except the minutes it will take you to get to a veterinarian. Your dog is in critical condition from overheating. - If while breathing the abdomen is expanding instead of the chest on inhalation your pet is not breathing normally. Irregularities such as low or fast respiratory rate, loud gasping sounds, shallow breathing, breathing with mouth open, or the abdomen expanding instead of the chest on inhalation, should all be treated as an emergency. If any of these abnormalities are observed seek veterinary care as quickly as possible. - Cats typically do not pant unless they are in a stressful situation (going to the vet, frightened, in hot weather). They should not pant for more than a few minutes at a time. If panting persists and the animal cannot return to normal breathing, treat as an emergency. Mucus Membranes/Hydration Status: - Your pet’s mucous membranes are the inner cheeks and gums - Pull back pet’s upper lips and examine her gums - Normal mucous membranes are a healthy pink and moist. - Brick red or brown, pale light pink, white, or blue colors of the mucous membranes are colors indicative of an emergency (shock, loss of blood, or anemia) and you should seek care immediately. - Dry, sticky or tacky-feeling gums can signal dehydration, also potentially serious. - Some dogs have black pigment in their mouths/gums that is normal. In this case, assess the color of the tongue. The skin tent test also tests your pet’s hydration status. - Gently pinch the skin behind and between pet’s shoulder blades, and lift up, (as in a tent), and immediately release. - If the skin snaps back against the body in less than 1 second, your pet is properly hydrated. If it takes longer than 2 seconds for the skin to snap back against the body, your pet may be dehydrated. Capillary Refill Time (CRT): - Pull back pet’s upper lip and find the gum line above their teeth. The gums should be pink. - Gently press with your finger or thumb on the gum and release. The gum will blanche and turn white. - The pink color of the gum should return within 2 seconds. Other helpful indicators in establishing emergency situations include: - Bruising around the gums, and other areas of skin, such as the inner ears and abdomen areas, can indicate: - severe anemia - blood loss - coagulation dysfunction - other critical situations - Jaundice or yellowing of the mucous membranes or skin, which can indicate kidney or liver problems While it may be a little difficult to determine these values your first try, with a little practice you can become very proficient at checking your dog’s vital signs. Every animal is different, and every animal will have a different “normal.” Keeping the measurements taken from your pet when they are healthy and comfortably resting can be useful to serve as a baseline when determining if something is going wrong. Learning these easy to master skills is a great first step to becoming a more educated pet parent and can help catch potentially serious health issues early on. Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Class of 2016

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Find the velocity head using the formula Denote pump head as , static head as , and friction head as . Refer table (1) Choose discharge Q value of . Take the values of for , 120 ft for , and for . Substitute the values of for , 120 ft for , and for The head loss is . System is not efficient.

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We are considering offers for the sale of this website. Use the contact form in the left column to contact us for more information. The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution was added to the Bill of Rights by the Founding Fathers to protect American citizens from being forced to house and feed federal troops against their will. The Third Amendment reads like this: "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." This law was extremely important to our Founding Fathers, but it is not so well known to modern Americans. America's Founders had just experienced the quartering of troops on their private property by the British government during the Revolutionary War and before. The Third Amendment says that troops cannot be quartered on private property at all during peacetime, and only as prescribed by law during wartime. By the way, in case you aren't sure what "quartering" means, it means that the government cannot "quarter" troops in your home or on your land. A modern word that we use to say the same thing would be "housing." The government cannot "house" or "quarter" soldiers on your property. The word is used in the way that we today would call someone's room his "quarters." Got it? Americans' experience with the quartering of troops in their homes began shortly after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. The British Parliament decided it was necessary to keep a permanent supply of troops in the colonies in order to protect them from further uprisings of the French and Indians. This rankled the colonists in two ways. First of all, Parliament wanted them to pay the expenses of housing the troops in America. This violated the precedents of English law that required that all taxation must be with the consent of the people. The colonists reasoned that they had not given their consent to pay for these troops and that, therefore, the requirement that they pay for them was against the law. Secondly, English law forbade the presence of a standing army without the consent of the people, in preference to a citizen army. Standing armies were viewed as threats to freedom because they could quickly and easily overpower the common person. So, the colonists rightly viewed the presence of a standing army in their midst without their consent as a threat to their freedom. Both of these rights, freedom from taxation without consent and freedom from standing armies without consent, were guaranteed to English citizens in English law since the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The first Quartering Act was enacted on May 15, 1765. It required that British soldiers be housed in American barracks and public inns first, but if there was not enough room in these, that other buildings belonging to the citizenry such as stables, alehouses, barns and uninhabited buildings should be used. The Quartering Act required that the citizens who owned the properties must pay for the food for these troops and also stated that the citizens would not receive any compensation for the use of their property. You can read the Quartering Act of 1765 here. The colonists generally refused to cooperate with the Quartering Act. The resistance was strongest in New York. Violence broke out in August, 1766 between British troops and the colonists over New York's refusal to pay for the quartering of troops. Parliament suspended the governor and the provincial assembly over this issue. Eventually, the Quartering Act expired in 1770 and was not renewed. It never was successful in its intent to cover the expenses of keeping British troops permanently in America. On June 2, 1774, an additional Quartering Act was passed by Parliament that was part of a series of acts called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists. This act gave colonial Royal governors the right to house troops on private property (though not in occupied homes), if enough public property was not available. The colonists rejected the use of their private property without their consent, but, of all the Intolerable Acts, this one generated the least dissent. This Quartering Act expired on March 24, 1776. You can read the Quartering Act of 1774 here. The quartering of troops on private property is one of the grievances of the colonists specifically mentioned by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. The section that mentions it reads like this: "He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation... For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us." Read more about how Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence here. As a result of this experience with having their private property used by the government without their permission, the Founding Fathers wanted a guarantee that they would be protected from this abuse in the future by the new government they were creating. Many people were skeptical that the new Constitution adequately protected their rights and they demanded that a Bill of Rights be added to it. A bill of rights is a list of rights that are specifically mentioned that the government has no right to interfere with. Bills of rights were added to make the rights of the citizens very clear, so there would be no room for government officials to "weasel" their way into tampering with them. Once the states began to debate the newly proposed Constitution, it became apparent that the Constitution would not pass without changing the minds of its critics. Proponents of the Constitution were called Federalists. They wanted a stronger central government because the current government, governed by the Articles of Confederation, could barely function. The Federalists were led by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and George Washington. The anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution. They were against a strong federal or central government because they feared the government would grow too powerful and take away the rights of the people. Men such as Patrick Henry, George Mason and Elbridge Gerry were leading anti-Federalists. The Federalists came up with a compromise offer known as the Massachusetts Compromise, that would eventually persuade enough anti-Federalists to vote to support the Constitution so it could go into effect. In the Massachusetts Compromise, the Federalists promised that the First Congress would take into consideration the states' proposed amendments and add a bill of rights to the Constitution if the opponents would just vote yes to accept it. This promise persuaded enough of the critics to vote yes to accept the Constitution and it became the law of the land. Keeping the promise, James Madison proposed a list of twenty amendments to the First Congress in a June 8, 1789 speech. Congress debated these amendments and eventually sent twelve of them to the states for their consideration. Ten of them were agreed upon by the states. These first ten Amendments that were agreed upon, including the 3rd Amendment, finally became law on December 15, 1791 and are known as the Bill of Rights. You can read more about the History of the Bill of Rights here. The Third Amendment is one of the least cited parts of the Constitution in legal cases. It has never been addressed by the Supreme Court in over 200 years, but it has been referred to by the Court a few times. The reason it has been cited so few times is that there have been so few wars fought on American territory, especially since the Civil War. Another reason is that the American army now has substantial military bases to house its soldiers. The only significant case involving the Third Amendment to be addressed by any court was called Engblom vs. Carey, which was decided in 1982. In this case, several New York corrections officials were evicted from their homes on the prison grounds during a strike. National Guard members were brought in to act as prison guards during the strike and some of them were housed in the homes of the missing officials. The officials sued claiming that the Third Amendment protected them from having military personnel living in their homes. The state's position was that the officials did not own the homes so they were not the private property of these officials and, consequently, the Third Amendment could not be applied to them. The officials lost their case originally on the grounds that they were not the owners of the homes, but on appeal, the 2nd Circuit Court agreed with them that their Third Amendment rights had been violated, saying that they had a reasonable right to call the prison property their own since they were the current occupants and controllers of the property. If you would like to do a more in depth study on the 3rd Amendment, check out this article by Tom W. Bell. It is quite lengthy, but very thorough - The Third Amendment: Forgotten but Not Gone. Preamble to the Bill of Rights Learn about the 1st Amendment here. Learn about the 2nd Amendment here. Learn about the 3rd Amendment here. Learn about the 4th Amendment here. Learn about the 5th Amendment here. Learn about the 6th Amendment here. Learn about the 7th Amendment here. Learn about the 8th Amendment here. Learn about the 9th Amendment here. Learn about the 10th Amendment here. Learn more about the Bill of Rights with the following articles: Last updated 8/7/12

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To understand any topic it is always important to take note of the key words. In this case I am going to first pin point the key words. Economy in a lay man’s language is the management of finances or care in the use of resources. Others may say it is a system of producing and managing resources. This then puts everyone in light that economic growth as the increment of management and use of resources like finances, wealth and so on. Standard of living can measured by types of living styles that is quality (living in high standards and able to afford especially the basic needs) or of no quality that is (poor quality most especially not being able to afford the basics in life and probably living below the poverty line) (Elkington J. , 1974); Economic growth is seen on both extremes by different individuals that is the best or worst and the sides of it depending on how it has affected their standards of living. The way it affects the standards of living in the present and how it affected in the past is very different from the way it will be tomorrow. Its further expansion today has also affected different individuals differently. Others have seen it to have caused more harm than good while others see it to have caused more than more good than harm and this second group appears to be the majority hence increasing the gap between these two groups of people (The World Business Council for sustainable). Nevertheless economic growth to a larger extent is seen as a valuable vehicle for raising standards of living in aspects like social life, political aspects and even psychological aspects. Since time immemorial, everyone valued a high standard of living and every member of the family and society worked toward achieving more and more resources so as to live a better life. Men, women and children for instance did farming and cultivated food crops for home consumption. This was in the past before the innovation of cash economy. In that era, the three fundamental processes used in economic growth were identification, cooperation and imitation Aragon-Correa and Sharma S. , 2003 and Dunphy D, Griffiths A, and Benn S. , 2000). Today or presently it is true that further economic expansion has been seen. This is why the world today bases on the mechanism of “survival for the fittest”. This mechanism is mainly trying to see that everyone actively participates towards economic growth and hence improving their standards of living. So people have just deliberately decided to be lazy and they are the same people complaining of economic growth as unnecessary. They have given others the opportunity to even grow richer as they (the lazy ones) become poorer. It is important to note that as the world economy grows, the standard of living also grows. It does not remain stagnant hence the capacity of manpower in the society should also increase so as to match the economic growth and avoid lagging behind. It is done in this manner, and then the difficulty of economic growth affecting the standards of living presently will not be felt (World Economic Forum). It is seen clearly that as world’s life proceeds, very many aspects change. For instance, the population of South Africa in early 1930’s cannot match or be the same as the population today. Today’s population has definitely outgrown the one of 1930’s hence the economic growth will remain a valuable vehicle for raising and not degrading the standards of living if we check into issues like education, population control, employment especially skilled manpower in professional fields, etc. good example here is population control. In the past population was not as big and huge as today hence the issue of poor standard of living was not intensely felt. Today the population has double even tripled in specific places. This then has led to shortage of land, food, employment, schools hence giving the first priorities to the rich who can scramble. This then has led to high illiteracy, creation of slums, high crime rates. So if population standards are controlled by example introducing and sensitizing people on the issue of using contraceptives, keeping people in schools especially women who can go up to high institutions of learning hence making them concentrate in books and by the time they think of marriage, they are old enough not to give birth to too many children as compared to when they are out of school making them marry early and bearing many children. The issue of education, population control will improve both the economic growth and standards of living in the long run (World Economic Forum). Another very crucial thing is and that we in the world today cannot do without is the fact that of the machineries invention and innovation. This was not in the past, but today it has actually improved our majority standards of living. It is a fact that even the poor man at least can afford some kind of machinery for instance he or she may not afford a television set but may afford a small radio of about three dollars. This is because it is extremely important to listen to and know what is going on in the world through that small radio an issue that was not there in the past though people at that time were still comfortable because these machineries were not there. This hence is seen that economic growth is vats and can accommodate everyone. This means that despite the economic growth, there are still some cheap commodities that can be afforded by the low level people so as to enjoy their lives. The economic growth is also seen to incorporate the non professional activities for example engaging in vegetable sales, shoe shining, house helps and so on. Not everyone has a professional duty like teaching; nursing, etc yet even the non professional people must live and enjoy their lives. By doing their non-professional duties, they also actively participate in economic growth. For instance, a person doing the shoe shine job will have to buy the shoe polish hence contributing to the economic growth of the shoe polish company. On the other side of the economic growth, which is also to a lesser extent, I see its further expansions to be unnecessary and especially when its undesirable effects are considered from a true – cost perspective rather than form a true – benefit perspective (World Economic Forum). As I have discussed in the previous paragraphs, everyone cannot be the same in terms of gifts and talents, in brain, strength, authority and understanding. There must be both low and high level people. This also applies in the standard of living which is determined by the economic growth. For sure it is true that it affects people differently. In the real world, today, this economic growth has made the rich richer and the poor poorer. This hence has made the poor group to look at economic growth as an enemy. This is mainly because the poor have not been given a chance to enjoy the changes that come with economic growth. For instance, most of the poor people are not computer literates hence when employment opportunities come up, the first requirement is computer literacy which completely excludes them from the race even when one had the potential of doing that job. These computer courses are mainly provided in the schools of the rich (International Chamber of Commerce, Business charter for sustainable Development, 1990). Economic growth has been accompanied by a lot of bureaucracy. The rich people have taken the top levels and the poor people the low levels. It becomes very difficult for the one at the bottom to reach the one at the top. Before one reaches to the top from the bottom he or she must have used a lot of time, some little finances so as to get favours fro above. Those favours mainly may not be there because the ones at the top always are interested in doing things that favour and benefit them especially when it comes to finances thus rendering the poor back to or get stuck in poor living standards (World commission for Environment and development, 1987). When it comes to distribution of resources, it is clearly seen that some regions in countries are not considered or given priorities. This then instead of improving their standards of living through economic growth, they continue to deteriorate. A good example is usually when the politicians especially the presidents in the third world countries who give priorities to their regions of origin neglecting the other regions. This is even worse when a certain region has got no representative in the government hence making them curse the economic growth (World Economic Forum). In summary, I have discussed that economic growth is for raising the living standards to a larger extent in that • It helps improve the capacity of manpower thus encouraging participation to improve the living standards Because everyone wants to olive in a good standard population will be controlled and hence more savings for more economic growth. • Education is seen as an important factor leading to both economic growth and standard of living though in the long run • Employment opportunities which leads to earnings and savings hence considering both the economic growth and living standards as valuable • Economic growth being vats that is accommodating both the rich and the poor through machinery. An example is if one cannot afford a television then he r she can buy a radio which he or she can afford to listen to hence seen as improved his or her standards of living. • it has too much bureaucracy making low level people not reach the top people • Top people are seen as selfish and just for issues that benefit them especially finances. • Poor people not given a chance to enjoy changes that come with economic growth for example computer literacy which is mainly taught in schools for the rich. In conclusion, economic growth is important to our living standards but can be disastrous especially when others are deprived of it. This ends up creating gaps between people hence leading to other social problems. There is a low level of economic growth rate. Economists’ researchers have maintained that in order for economy to realize good standard of living 10% increase in her economy is necessary, she must invest 10 % of her national income. Reduce consumption, increase investments or savings at same time reduce the family size children or they end up in vicious cycle of poverty. There is a lot of pressure in terms of provision of social services in un developed world. This leads to difficulty in distributing resources equally. It is also costly because of the large numbers thus social service provision becomes inadequate. It is seen to be affecting the nature of social services for example leading to poor housing and low quality of education. Cite this page Economic Growth And Standard Of Living. (2017, Jan 28). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/economic-growth-and-standard-of-living-essay

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The course is designed to guide students into the world of music from three perspectives: sensation of the music, emotion of the music, and music theory. The materials used in this course include classical music, traditional and contemporary music in Taiwan, world music, jazz music, American musicals, and new music genres, such as new-age music, healing music, and film music. All the music used in the course is close to the students’ daily lives. By introducing this music, the course helps to improve the students’ range and depth in music listening. As for the procedure, the course starts with music listening, by which students feel the music. Then students are encouraged to think about certain topics or issues, taking advantage of the professional skillsof their own majors. This way, the course improves the students’ thinking ability and inspires their creativity to practice aesthetics by linking music with other fields. Moreover, all kinds of narrating skills are emphasized for the method of the course. The students learn the course through various practices such as speaking, writing, drawing, and physical activities, to connect different fields and train the five ways of life well. Hopefully, aesthetics becomes part of their lives eventually.

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en

The esophagus -- the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach -- plays an important role in digestion. When functioning normally, a reflex causes contractions in the esophagus that move ingested food into the stomach. Other reflexes prevent breathing during swallowing so that food and liquids cannot be inhaled into the lungs. In some dogs, a congenital defect, disease, or physical blockage can cause these reflexes to fail, resulting in an esophagus that loses all muscle tone and instead of contracting, remains enlarged. This is what is referred to as megaesophagus. When megaesophagus occurs, ingested food remains in the esophagus, often leading to regurgitation and weight loss. Food that is lingering in the esophagus can also make its way into the lungs, resulting in sometimes fatal episodes of aspiration pneumonia. Read on to learn all about megaesophagus in dogs. Causes of Megaesophagus in Dogs Megaesophagus can either be a congenital defect (one present since birth) or acquired later in life. In congenital cases, the defect is either idiopathic (meaning the cause is not known) or it is the result of an inherited developmental abnormality, such as a persistent right aortic arch. Aortic arches are blood vessels that serve a function in fetuses, but disappear when the animal is born because they are no longer needed. In some animals however, these blood vessels fail to disappear, and because the right aortic arch is near the esophagus, it creates a situation in which the esophagus is essentially squeezed between the heart and the blood vessel. This causes compression of the esophagus as well as dilation of the esophagus in front of the compressed section. While congenital megaesophagus can occur in any dog, there seems to be a hereditary predisposition in certain breeds, including the Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish Setter, Newfoundland, Miniature Schnauzer, and Chinese Shar-Pei. In acquired cases, megaesophagus is either primary or secondary. In primary cases, the cause is idiopathic. In secondary cases, the condition is a result of another issue, such as a blockage in the esophagus or a disease. Diseases that can result in megaesophagus include hypothyroidism, esophagitis, hypoadrenocorticism, heavy metal poisoning, autoimmune diseases, and myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease and the most common cause of secondary megaesophagus in dogs; it interrupts communication between the nervous system and esophageal muscle so the esophageal muscle does not receive signals that tell it to contract. Symptoms of Megaesophagus in Dogs The most common symptoms of megaesophagus in dogs include: Regurgitation is different than vomiting. Vomiting is when the body actively pushes contents out of the stomach. Regurgitation is when food or liquid falls out of the mouth or throat. A dog with megaesophagus will often lose weight because food is not making its way to the stomach. Aspiration pneumonia can occur when food sitting in the esophagus is inhaled into the lungs. The symptoms of aspiration pneumonia include difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, coughing, nasal discharge, fever, increased heart rate, weakness, lethargy, and a bluish tint to the skin. Treatment for Megaesophagus in Dogs Megaesophagus is typically diagnosed with a chest x-ray or ultrasound that shows an enlarged esophagus, aspiration pneumonia, or material in the esophagus. Megaesophagus can be difficult to treat. Some puppies with congenital megaesophagus may outgrow the condition, and surgery may be possible for certain development abnormalities. Dogs with congenital forms of the condition should not be bred as it may be passed to their offspring. Acquired cases of megaesophagus cannot be reversed. For these dogs, treatment is essentially supportive, and may include: - Treating respiratory infections with antibiotics as soon as they occur. - Managing your dog’s eating. Ask your veterinarian to recommend a food that will be good for your dog, and adjust your dog’s feeding schedule so that they have small meals frequently instead of large meals once or twice a day. Elevating your dog’s food bowl so that their head is up while eating can help to move food into the stomach by way of gravity. Many pet parents use a step ladder or Bailey chair to elevate their dog’s bowl. If the dog is unable to eat on their own, a veterinarian may recommend a feeding tube. - Medications may be useful in some cases. Metoclopramide can help to increase muscle tone around the esophagus and stimulate contractions. Antacids can help to reduce esophageal damage, and nausea medications can reduce stomach upset. More on Dog Health What Dog Diarrhea Blood Means To Your Pup's Health Symptoms Of Addisons' Disease In Dogs Antibiotics For Dogs

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CC-MAIN-2018-05

https://www.petcarerx.com/article/why-megaesophagus-in-dogs-is-difficult-to-treat/2814

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We often speak of the dignity owed to a person. And dignity is a word that regularly appears in political speeches. Charters are promulgated in its name, and appeals to it are made when people all over the world struggle to achieve their rights. But what exactly is dignity? When one person physically assaults another, we feel the wrong demands immediate condemnation and legal sanction. Whereas when one person humiliates or thoughtlessly makes use of another, we recognize the wrong and hope for a remedy, but the social response is less clear. The injury itself may be hard to quantify. Given our concern with human dignity, it is odd that it has received comparatively little scrutiny. Here, George Kateb asks what human dignity is and why it matters for the claim to rights. He proposes that dignity is an 'existential' value that pertains to the identity of a person as a human being. To injure or even to try to efface someone's dignity is to treat that person as not human or less than human - as a thing or instrument or subhuman creature. Kateb does not limit the notion of dignity to individuals but extends it to the human species. The dignity of the human species rests on our uniqueness among all other species. In the book's concluding section, he argues that despite the ravages we have inflicted on it, nature would be worse off without humanity. The supremely fitting task of humanity can be seen as a 'stewardship' of nature. This secular defense of human dignity - the first book-length attempt of its kind - crowns the career of a distinguished political thinker. George Kateb is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics, Emeritus, Princeton University. Number Of Pages: - ID: 9780674048379 - Saver Delivery: Yes - 1st Class Delivery: Yes - Courier Delivery: Yes - Store Delivery: Yes Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly © Copyright 2013 - 2016 WHSmith and its suppliers. WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/human-dignity/9780674048379

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en

Proper maintenance of your car can be crucial for its long life and safe operation. Your tires are one of the most important parts of your car; literally the place where the rubber meets the road. Regular care and maintenance are crucial to the safe and reliable performance of your vehicle. The air pressure inside your tires needs to be checked regularly to help ensure your vehicle runs smoothly and efficiently. Underinflated tires can contribute to increased wear and tear, and also reduce fuel efficiency, says Edmunds. Tires can lose air in a variety of ways, including a tiny hole, a leak on the the valve stem or an issue with the wheel on which it’s mounted, according to Popular Mechanics. In addition, changing temperatures can affect the air pressure of your tires. Tire pressure can vary 1-2 pounds per square inch (psi) for every 10-degree difference in ambient temperature, according to Goodyear. Keep in mind, it can be difficult to tell if a radial tire needs air just by looking at it, so tires should be checked. When Should I Check? Tires warm up when your car is moving. Air expands inside a “hot” tire, so the air pressure reading will likely not be accurate for a hot tire. Tire air pressure should be checked once a month when the tires are cold, says Edmunds. But, you may want to consider checking your tire pressure more frequently in the following instances, which may make the affect the pressure: - If you run over a sharp object, like a nail, that can puncture the rubber. - If you strike a curb or other object. - If the weather suddenly changes from warm to cold. If your car has a tire pressure sensor and the light on the dashboard is illuminated, you should check the tire pressure immediately on all four tires, says Bridgestone. How Should I Check? Edmunds recommends some simple steps for properly checking tire pressure: Step 1. Purchase a tire gauge. Tire gauges are small enough to fit in your glove box, and they’re a handy tool to have. The newer digital tire gauges can be more accurate — and easier to read — than the older ones. If you don’t want to purchase a gauge, you can go to the air pump at a gas station, which usually has a gauge on the hose. That’s convenient, because if you find that your tires need air, you’re already there. Step 2. Discover the proper air pressure for your car. Tire pressure is measured in pounds per square inch, or psi. You can often find the right psi for your vehicle on a yellow sticker inside the driver’s-side door jamb, or you can consult your owner’s manual. Remember, the ideal air pressure may be different for the front and rear tires. Step 3. Remove the air valve cap from your tire. It’s easy to lose this little valve cap. Be sure to place it in your pocket or someplace where it will not roll away or quickly disappear. Step 4. Press the tire gauge against the open valve stem. You will hear a hiss of air as you press down. Don’t be concerned; this is normal. Step 5. Read the air pressure gauge. The number will appear on the dial or digital screen on the tire gauge. Compare this number with the recommended tire pressure for the tire. If it’s too low, you can add air. If the pressure is too high, you can let air out of the tire.

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CC-MAIN-2018-30

https://prestigeautosales.wordpress.com/2017/02/16/tips-for-checking-your-tire-pressure/

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en

Type Casting of MFC Class Objects Type casting macros provide a way to cast a given pointer to a pointer that points to an object of specific class, with or without checking that the cast is legal. The following table lists the MFC type casting macros. Casts a pointer to a pointer to a class object while checking to see if the cast is legal. Casts a pointer to an object from one class to a pointer of a related type. In a debug build, causes an ASSERT if the object is not a "kind of" the target type.

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4wzk998x(v=vs.80).aspx

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en

POWASAVE (POWER, WATER, SAVE) WATER SPRINKLER FOR AGRICULTURLAL IRRIGATION Irrigation is an essential part of commercial agriculture in South Africa and globally. However, the water and energy used in typical large-scale irrigation projects can be substantial. As water and energy become scarcer, conserving these precious resources is not only an ethical issue, but a financial one. Centre pivot irrigation systems are already more water and labour efficient than many other types of irrigation. However, there is room for improvement. A centre pivot irrigation system typically consists of a centre pivot point with a computer system, electric motor, and water pump. Water is pumped at high pressure along an elevated length of pipes supported by trusses mounted on wheels. The wheels slowly move the radial sprinkler arm around the circle. A computer system, along with pressure regulators installed upstream of each high pressure sprinkler nozzle, attempt to distribute water evenly to crops, even though the outer sections of the arm cover much more ground than the sections nearer the central pivot. Traditional sprinkler heads work under high pressure to spread a mist of water evenly over crops. By introducing a clever alternative to these sprinkler heads, POWASAVE, allows for centre pivot irrigation systems that require as little as 5% of the water pressure needed for traditional systems. Lower operating pressure means less electricity used. Additionally, compared to the mist produced in traditional systems, POWASAVE sprinklers create bigger drops, so less water is wasted to evaporation and wind drift. POWASAVE also delivers water more accurately for uniform distribution. This means less overlap, less local overwatering, and less water wasted. Value Proposition/ Benefits POWASAVE will be an attractive innovation to customers because it allows for much lower upstream water pressure (down to 5% as much) than that required by traditional irrigation systems. Lower water pressure means customers will save on energy costs. POWASAVE also reduces water consumption by reducing waste through evaporation, wind drift, and irrigation overlap. POWASAVE can be installed with new irrigation systems, or existing systems can be retrofitted with POWASAVE sprinklers. Traditional sprinkler heads are imported. Contrastingly, POWASAVE sprinklers use a simple design that can be manufactured locally. POWASAVE also requires less energy and uses less water, reducing irrigation costs. It also allows for more uniform water distribution to avoid problems of local over-irrigation. POWASAVE sprinklers replace the traditional sprinkler heads on a centre pivot irrigation system (and can be used on other types as well). A centre pivot irrigation system typically has a central tower with a water pump, electric motor, and computer system. A long radial arm extends from the central tower, consisting of water pipes and support rods. The arm is supported by wheeled A-frames that allow the arm to pivot around the central tower. At regular intervals along the radial pipe, sprinklers are attached to the ends of drop tubes. Each sprinkler generally has a dedicated pressure reducing valve upstream of it to control water distribution. Rather than the traditional sprinkler heads, the POWASAVE sprinklers are lateral pipes suspended parallel to the ground by the drop tubes. The lateral pipes are oriented perpendicular (tangential) to the radial pipe. Each POWASAVE sprinkler pipe has an integrated pressure regulating system and consists of a number of orifice sets at given intervals to control water distribution. The layout of the orifice sets and pipe dimensions differ by radial distance from the central tower to uniformly deliver water to crops. A proof of concept has been developed. The POWASAVE sprayer has been created and is ready for installation. The design concept for the pressure control system still needs to be built and tested. Patent applications are pending in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and South Africa. These patent applications are based upon a PCT application in which the European Patent Office found the claims to be novel and inventive. The priority date is 18 November 2014. Professor Hanno Reuter, Dept. Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University Agriculture, centre pivot, irrigation, low pressure, sprayer, sprinkler, water conservation, energy efficient

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CC-MAIN-2018-34

http://www.innovus.co.za/technologies/engineering-1/mechanical-engineering/powasave.html

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en

Welcome back! In this lesson I will be showing you some ways to spice up your riffs, lines and solos with some chromatic passing tones. I have covered chromatics in previous lessons, but it is well worth continuing this topic. Chromatic means color and it represents additional notes that are not in the diatonic scales. They are also referred to as passing tones. By adding chromatics to your riffs and lines, it will make your playing more interesting. If you have heard people talk about playing outside in jazz and in other styles, adding chromatics can take you there. Also, this works with all types of music and it can be applied to any scale or arpeggio. Don't forget to alternate pick. Let me show you some ways I like to add chromatics. Example 1 is a bluesy line in the key of F, and it mixes scales with chromatic passing tones. This line is based mainly on the F Mixolydian scale (F, G, A, Bb, C, D, Eb), and also on the F blues scale (F, Ab, Bb, B, C, Eb). The chromatic tones I added are mainly in bar 1 - the b3rd, Ab on beat 1 and the b5, B on beat 3. The b3 and natural 3 is very bluesy and especially adding the b5, these tones are also within those 2 scales. If you phrase it properly, you can add chromatics in a lot of places, typically on weak beats. You have to be sure to end on a scale or chord tone to be safe. Also, the 16th note triplet pattern in bar 2 adds a nice twist. MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 1 Example 2 is in Fm, which falls within the F Dorian scale (F, G, Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb) and the F blues scale, (F, Ab, Bb, b, C, Eb), with lots of chromatic tones added. Another great technique I use in this line is targeting, which is adding notes a half step above or below a chord tone or a scale tone. You can also approach these notes by a whole step or minor 3rd. In bar 1 of this example, I added the natural 3, A and the B in bar 1, that slides nicely to the C. The 2nd bar uses a lot of passing tones that connect the notes within the scale, which then it descends down the neck. The string skipping in bar 2 can be tricky, be sure to use alternate picking. MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 2 Finally, Example 3 is a fun riff that I came up with that is in Fm. It sounds great in a metal context with lots of distortion. The riff consists of minor 2nd and minor 3rd intervals, walking down to the F, and climbing up the neck. This can add a creepy effect, especially when you are moving repeated patterns down in half steps. The key is to resolve back to the root or to a chord tone - if not it may sound weird (which may be good sometimes). MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 3 OK, that is it for now! As always, make up your own lines and riffs, and be sure to visit www.mikecampese.com for the latest news, updates and album information. Mike Campese is an all-around music performer, session artist and teacher competent in many musical styles, electric and acoustic. He has studied at G.I.T. (Honors Graduate), and with Paul Gilbert, Norman Brown, Stanley Jordan, Scott Henderson and Keith Wyatt. His latest CD is entitled "The Fire Within", brand new for 2018. Send comments or questions to:

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.guitarnine.com/column/chromatic-riffs-and-lines

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en