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Wrelton - Wikipedia |
Wrelton is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is on the A170 road and 2 miles west of Pickering.
Wrelton is mentioned in the Domesday Book as having seven villagers, one ploughland, and a meadow covering 4 acres (1.6 ha).[2] The name of the village is thought to derive from the Old English wearg-hyll (felon hill). The suggestion of the full name would translate as farm by or on the gallows-hill.[3][4]
Wrelton's nearest town is Pickering,[5] and is 30 minutes away from Scarborough. Its nearest city is York, which is 45 minutes away. Wrelton is home to holiday cottages, bed and breakfasts, a local pub and holiday home park, chapel and village hall.
Villages surrounding and near Wrelton include, Cropton, Middleton, Rosedale and Aislaby.[6]
In 1992, a bypass for the A170 road was built to the south of the village. The £730,000 road was opened on 15 April 1992.[7] The number 128 bus between Helmsley and Scarborough, calls at the village six times a day in each direction. Journey times to Scarborough are just over an hour.[8]
Wrelton was part of the Ryedale district between 1974 and 2023. It is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.
The table below lists the population of the village of Wrelton only;[9]
a = estimated
In 2001 and 2011, the census has included the entire civil parish, which also includes the village of Aislaby to the west. In 2001, the population was recorded as being 331,[10] and in 2011 as 332.[1] In 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population of Wrelton to be 230 in 2011, and 250 in 2015. Aislaby was deemed to have had a static population of 100 in 2011 and 2015.[11]
Media related to Wrelton at Wikimedia Commons
This Ryedale location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:12 |
Bregare - Wikipedia | Bregare (Bulgarian: Брегаре [brɛˈɡarɛ], lit. 'riverside people') is a village in central northern Bulgaria, part of Dolna Mitropoliya municipality, Pleven Province. Bregare lies on the left bank of the Iskar River, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from its mouth in the Danube, at an elevation of around 40 metres (130 ft).
The village of Bregare is located on the left bank of the Iskar River, about 15 km from the confluence with the Danube River. The altitude is 39 m. The land is divided into two parts: hilly, called "Pole" and flat - "Ormanja". To the northwest of the village many sloping slopes rise 40–70 m above it, and to the southeast, above the right bank of the Iskar River, the slopes are steeper and rise higher - up to 80–90 m above the village. The village is built in a relative plain, descending with a slope of 1/400 from southwest to northeast. The climate is temperate continental.
The village was settled by Balkan Mountains colonists from Vratsa Province after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. Prior to that, following the Crimean War and more specifically the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), the Ottoman government settled Crimean Tatars and Circassians in the area. They lived in dugouts and adobe houses, but were forced out of the country in 1878. After the Liberation, around 100 families of settlers from Kunino colonized the area; other Bulgarian colonists soon arrived. The colonists included 83 Banat Bulgarian families from Austria-Hungary who arrived in 1894.[1]
The Orthodox church of Archangel Michael was built in 1912–1915 and inaugurated in 1920; according to accounts of elderly people, the architect was from Macedonia. The village also has a small Roman Catholic ("Banatian") church of the Holy Mother of God serving the Banat Bulgarian community. The Father Paisius school's current building was opened in 1934.
Bregare Point in Antarctica is named after the village.[2]
Roman Catholic ("Banatian") church
School in Bregare
A commission from the Vratsa Chamber of Agriculture examin the bull Gurko in the village of Bregare, 1939.
| 2023-08-27 16:59:15 |
Maarten Biesheuvel - Wikipedia | Maarten Biesheuvel (23 May 1939 in Schiedam – 30 July 2020 in Leiden) was a Dutch writer of short stories and novellas. He made his literary debut in 1972 with the short story collection In de bovenkooi. He received the "Ferdinand Bordewijk Prijs" in 1984 for Reis door mijn kamer. In 2007 he received the P. C. Hooft Award.[1]
The Dutch J.M.A. Biesheuvelprijs [nl] was named after him and is awarded to the author of the best collection of short stories that has appeared in the Dutch language during the previous year.
From 1990 Biesheuvel's literary production slowed significantly due to a writer's block and manic-depressive phases.[citation needed]
He died in July 2020.[2]
This article about a Dutch writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:19 |
Simone Renant - Wikipedia |
Simone Renant (19 March 1911 – 29 March 2004) was a French film actress. She appeared in more than 40 films between 1934 and 1983. She was born in Amiens, France and died in Garches, France.[1]
This article about a French film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:22 |
Trinity of Carnatic music - Wikipedia |
The Trinity of Carnatic Music, also known as the Three Jewels of Carnatic Music, refers to the outstanding trio of composer-musicians of Carnatic music in the 18th century—Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Syama Sastri. Prolific in composition, the Trinity of Carnatic music is known for creating a new era in the history of carnatic music by bringing about a noticeable change in what was the existing carnatic music tradition.[1] Compositions of the Trinity of Carnatic music are recognized as being distinct in style, and original in handling ragas.[1] All three composers were born in Thiruvarur, formerly part of Thanjavur District in Tamilnadu.[2] M. S. Subbalakshmi, D. K. Pattammal, and M. L. Vasanthakumari, who are carnatic musicians of the 20th century, are popularly referred to as the female Trinity of Carnatic Music.[3]
Muthuswami Dikshitar mainly composed in Sanskrit and Manipravalam (Tamil and Sanskrit), while Tyagaraja and Syama Sastri mainly composed in Telugu.[1]
The Trinity of Carnatic music composed new ragas and talas, and had a remarkable ability to introduce innovations within the same raga.[1]
Compositions of Syama Sastri in 'apoorva' ragas like Chinthamani, and Kalagada evidence his originality and genius in discovering new forms in Carnatic music.[1] The creative ability of Syama Sastri is possibly best exampled in his concert-contest against Kesavvaya, a great Carnatic musician from Bobbili.[1] During this contest which took place at the court of the king of Thanjavur, although Kesavayya sang a rare raga followed by a tana in different jathis and gathis, Syama Sastri reproduced similar tana varieties, and to the delight of the audience, went further to introduce other varieties which were not known to Kesavvaya.[1]
This article related to Carnatic music is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:26 |
Pope Clement VI - Wikipedia |
Pope Clement VI (Latin: Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger,[1] was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death, in December 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. Clement reigned during the first visitation of the Black Death (1348–1350), during which he granted remission of sins to all who died of the plague.
Roger steadfastly resisted temporal encroachments on the Church's ecclesiastical jurisdiction and, as Clement VI, entrenched French dominance of the Church and opened its coffers to enhance the regal splendour of the Papacy. He recruited composers and music theorists for his court, including figures associated with the then-innovative Ars Nova style of France and the Low Countries.
Pierre Roger (also spelled Rogier and Rosiers) was born in the château of Maumont, today part of the commune of Rosiers-d'Égletons, Corrèze, in Limousin, France, the son of the lord of Maumont-Rosiers-d'Égletons. He had an elder brother, Guillaume, who married three times and had thirteen children; and a younger brother, Hugues, who became Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso and who could have become pope in 1362. Pierre also had two sisters: Delphine, who married Jacques de Besse; and Alienor, who married Jacques de la Jugie. His brother Guillaume became Seigneur de Chambon, thanks to his wife's dowry, and, with the benefit of his papal brother's influence on King Philip VI, became Vicomte de Beaufort.[2]
Roger entered the Benedictine order[3] as a boy in 1301, at the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu in the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne.[4] After six years there, he was directed to higher studies by the Bishop of Le Puy, Jean de Cumenis, and his own abbot, Hugues d'Arc.[5] In 1307 he took up studies in Paris at the College de Sorbonne, where he entered the Collège de Narbonne. To support him, beyond what was supplied by his bishop and his abbot, he was granted the post of Prior of St. Pantaléon in the diocese of Limoges.[6] In the summer of 1323, after Pierre had been studying both theology and canon law[7] in Paris for sixteen years, the Chancellor of Paris was ordered by Pope John XXII, on the recommendation of King Charles IV, to confer on him the doctorate in Theology, a chair, and a license to teach.[8] Pierre was in his thirty-first year.[9] He lectured publicly on the Sententiae of Peter Lombard, and defended and promoted the works of Thomas Aquinas. He was appalled by the Defensor Pacis of Marsilius of Padua, and wrote a treatise in 1325 condemning its principles and defending Pope John XXII.[10]
He was granted the priory of St. Baudil, a dependency of the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu, on 24 April 1324, at the personal order of Pope John XXII; and then, on 23 June 1326, he was named Abbot of Fécamp, a royal abbey and one of the most important monasteries in France. He held the position until 1329.[11]
Pierre Roger was called to Avignon through the influence of his friend and protector, Cardinal Pierre de Mortemart (who was named a cardinal on 18 December 1327), both of whom were close to King Charles IV.[12] Unfortunately, King Charles IV died on 1 February 1328, the last Capetian king of France in the direct line.
As Abbot of Fécamp, and therefore a feudal subject of Edward III, Pierre was assigned the task in 1328 of summoning Edward III of England to pay homage to Philip VI of France for the duchy of Aquitaine.[13] He received no reply, however, from King Edward, and was forced to return to France, his mission unaccomplished.[14]
On 3 December 1328[15] Peter Roger was named Bishop of Arras, in which capacity he became a royal councilor of King Philip VI.[16] He held the diocese of Arras only until 24 November 1329, less than a year, when he was promoted to the Archdiocese of Sens.[17] He held the Archbishopric of Sens for one year and one month, until his promotion to the See of Rouen on 14 December 1330.[18]
In 1329, while Pierre Roger was still Archbishop-elect of Sens, a major assembly of the French Clergy was held at Vincennes in the presence of King Philip VI (1328–1350), to deal with issues involving the judicial powers of ecclesiastical authorities. Many propositions were put forward against ecclesiastical jurisdiction, which were ably argued by Pierre de Cugnières (Petrus de Cugneriis). Pierre Roger made the rejoinders on 22 December 1329, on behalf of the ecclesiastical authority.[19]
When Pierre Roger became Archbishop of Rouen in December 1330, he was expected to swear allegiance to his feudal overlord. King Philip VI had recently given his son Jean the Dukedom of Normandy as an apanage, and Pierre was worried about what might happen if someone other than a member of the French royal family might become Duke of Normandy. He therefore asked the King for time to consider his position, but the King was firm and seized the temporalities of the Archbishop. Pierre was forced to go to Paris, where an agreement was worked out that, should someone other than a member of the royal family become Duke, then the Archbishop would swear fealty directly to the King.[20]
As Archbishop of Rouen, Roger was one of the Peers of France and he was a member of the embassy sent by King Philip to his son John, in 1333, to swear in their name to take the cross and serve in a crusade in the Holy Land. Later in the year, in Paris in the Prés des Clercs, the King received the cross personally from the hands of Archbishop Roger.[21]
It is said that he was promoted to the office of Chancellor of France,[3] though there is no documentary proof.[22] The earliest claim that he was Chancellor is made by Alfonso Chacon (Ciaconius) (1530–1599).[23][24]
In 1333, the issue of the beatific vision, which had been under discussion since a sermon of Pope John XXII in 1329, reached a serious stage.[25] The French Royal Court had been hearing complaints from various quarters, and the King and Queen finally decided to seek competent advice. The Pope knew that the University of Paris was hostile to his ideas, and so he sent Gerard Odonis, the Minister General of the Franciscans,[26] and a Dominican preacher, to Paris to preach the Pope's views in public. King Philip responded to the general indignation by summoning the Masters of Theology of the University to Vincennes just before Christmas 1334, where it appeared that there was general agreement against the Pope. The King privately informed the Pope of their opinions, but the Pope harshly responded to the King that he should stop favoring an opinion which the Pope had not yet definitively settled. The Pope ordered the Archbishop of Rouen, Pierre Roger, to set the Pope's view down in writing and explain it to the King. Ironically, Pierre Roger was not on the Pope's side of the argument. A committee, which included Archbishop Roger, the theologian Pierre de la Palud (Petrus Paludensis), the Chancellor of France Guillaume de Sainte-Maure, the Archdeacon of Rouen Jean de Polenciac, and others, attempted to talk the Pope out of his notions.[24] Early in 1334 Pope John XXII informed the King that he had ordered the Cardinals and prelates and Doctors of theology and of Canon Law at the Papal Court to look into the propositions thoroughly and report to him their findings.[27] John XXII was attempting to save face by placing the matter in the hands of a committee, but in the end, on his deathbed, he was compelled to repudiate his opinions, which were formally condemned by his successor, Benedict XII.[28]
On 14 April 1335, Pierre Roger's friend and patron, Cardinal Pierre de Mortemart died, naming Pierre Roger as one of the executors of his Testament.[29]
In September 1335 Archbishop Roger held a provincial council at Rouen in the Priory of Nôtre-Dame-du Pré (later called Bonne-nouvelle).[30] Two of his bishops were present, the other four were represented by procurators. The cathedral chapters of the province and the abbots of monasteries were invited as well.[31] The council issued a dozen canons, urging the lower clergy to be diligent in their assigned duties. The most notable item was the encouragement given to bishops to facilitate the business of those who wished to join the King on crusade.
Pierre Roger was created a Cardinal Priest by Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342) on 18 December 1338, in his only Consistory for the creation of cardinals. He created six new cardinals: four were fellow monks (two Benedictines, a Cistercian, and a Mercedarian); one was from Rimini, the rest from southern France. Four were lawyers, two were theologians. One died before he received the red hat, and was replaced by another candidate. Pierre Roger entered the Curia in Avignon for the first time on 5 May 1339, and received the titulus of Santi Nereo e Achilleo.[32]
Cardinal Napoleone Orsini died during Lent of 1342, on 23 March. The funeral took place on Monday in Holy Week in the Franciscan church in Avignon, and the funeral sermon was preached by Cardinal Pierre Roger.[33] A month later, on 25 April 1342, Pope Benedict XII died in the Papal Palace in Avignon. King Philip VI immediately sent his eldest son, Prince John, to press the candidacy of Pierre Roger, but he arrived too late to have any effect.[34] Eighteen of the nineteen cardinals assembled for the Conclave to elect his successor. Fourteen were French, three were Italian, one was Spanish. Only Cardinal Bertrand de Montfavez, who was ill with podagra (gout), was unable to attend. The Conclave began on Sunday, 5 May 1342, and on the morning of Tuesday, 7 May, agreement was reached. Two cardinals wrote to King Edward III of England on 8 May that the election had been accomplished "with no preliminary politicking and with only Divine Inspiration."[35] Cardinal Pierre Roger was chosen to succeed Benedict XII as pope.[36] He was crowned on Pentecost Sunday, 19 May, in the church of the Dominicans, the largest church in Avignon. Present were Prince John of France, Duke of Normandy; Jacques, Duke of Burgundy, Imbert, Dauphin of Vienne, and many others. Cardinal Roger chose the regnal name Clement VI.
During the season of Pentecost immediately following his coronation, as Peter de Herenthal writes,[37] when a new Pope customarily gratifies the expectations of his family, his followers, his supporters, his cardinals, and the Roman Curia, Pope Clement promised gifts to every cleric who presented himself at Avignon within two months.[38] Such a multitude of poor clerics appeared in Avignon that a computation was made that the number of poor clerics in all the dioceses of the world was around 100,000, a number which Peter de Herenthal was quite prepared to accept. When Clement VI, at the very beginning of his pontificate was making reservations of abbacies and prelatures, and declaring elections in monasteries and Chapters void, in order to acquire benefices for papal use in granting favors, it was intimated to him that his predecessors had not engaged in reservations of such a sort. Clement is said to have replied, "Our predecessors did not know how to be pope."[39]
One of the greatest ways in which a pope can reward his supporters is to raise them to the cardinalate. On 20 September 1342, four months after his coronation, Clement VI held a Consistory for the creation of cardinals. He appointed ten prelates, including three nephews, Hugues Roger, Ademar Roberti[40] and Bernard de la Tour d'Auvergne.[41] He also elevated Guy of Boulogne, the archbishop of Lyon and son of Count Robert VII of Auvergne, and Gerard de Daumar, the master-general of the Dominicans and a papal cousin,[42] who died a year after his creation, on 27 September 1343. Five of his appointments were from his own native area of Limoges and one from Périgueux. Only one was Italian, Andrea Ghini Malpighi, a Florentine, who died on 2 June 1343. The College of Cardinals was now thoroughly French, with a strong accent of the Auvergne.[43]
On 19 May 1344 the two new cardinals who had died were replaced by two more Frenchmen: the Provençal Pierre Bertrand, the nephew of Cardinal Pierre Bertrand; and Nicolas de Besse, yet another papal nephew.[43]
Like his immediate predecessors, Clement was devoted to France, and he demonstrated his French sympathies by refusing a solemn invitation to return to Rome from the city's people, as well as from the poet Petrarch. To placate the Romans, however, Clement VI issued the bull Unigenitus Dei filius on 27 January 1343,[44][45] reducing the interval between one Great Jubilee and the next from 100 years to 50 years. In the document he elaborated for the first time the power of the pope in the use of indulgences.[46] This document would later be used by Cardinal Cajetan in the examination of Martin Luther and his 95 Theses in his trial at Augsburg in 1518.[46] By then, Unigenitus was firmly fixed in Canon Law, having been added in the collection called Extravagantes.[47]
On 23 February 1343 Pope Clement appointed Pons Saturninus as his "Provisor of Works of the Palace", thereby beginning a program of construction and decoration that continued throughout his reign. It was immediately clear that the Pope had no intention of returning to Rome, and that he intended to provide offices and quarters for the various organs of the Roman Curia in the Palace. Pope Benedict XII, his predecessor, had built a palace, sufficiently accommodating for a Cistercian monk, but Pierre Roger had spent much of his career at the French Court and had imbibed its tastes for far greater display and ceremony. The Pope was, after all, a sovereign, and Clement intended to live and work in an appropriate state. He commissioned the new Tower of the Garde-Robe, the Audience (for the Auditors of the Rota), the new Papal Chapel and the grand staircase that led to it, and the Tour de la Gache (where the Audientia contradictarum, the appellate court for countersuits, had its offices). He was also responsible for the two new entrance façades.[48]
He also purchased the sovereignty of Avignon from Queen Joan I of Naples in 1348 for the sum of 80,000 crowns.[49]
Clement VI was on the papal throne when the Black Death first struck Europe in 1347. This pandemic swept through Asia and the Middle East and into Europe between 1347 and 1350, and is believed to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population. During the plague, Clement attributed the plague to divine wrath.[50] But he also sought the opinions of astrologers for an explanation. Johannes de Muris was among the team "of three who drew up a treatise explaining the plague of 1348 by the conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars in 1341"[51] Clement VI's physicians advised him that surrounding himself with torches would block the plague. However, he soon became skeptical of this recommendation and stayed in Avignon supervising sick care, burials, and the pastoral care of the dying.[52] He never contracted the disease, even though there was so much death around him that the cities ran out of ground for cemeteries, and he had to consecrate the entire Rhône River so that it could be considered holy ground and bodies could be thrown into it.[53] One of Pope Clement's physicians, Gui de Chauliac,[54] later wrote a book called the Chirurgia magna (1363), in which he correctly distinguished between bubonic and pneumonic plague, based on his own observations of his patients and himself.
Perhaps feeling the pressure of mortality, having lost no fewer than six cardinals in the year 1348 alone,[55] Pope Clement VI named a new cardinal on 29 May 1348, his nephew and namesake, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who was not yet eighteen years old.[56] On 17 December 1350, he added twelve more cardinals, nine of them French and only three from Limoges, including two relatives, Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille and Pierre de Cros.[57]
Suspicion fell on the Jews for the plague, and pogroms erupted around Europe. Clement issued two papal bulls in 1348 (6 July and 26 September), the latter named Quamvis Perfidiam, which condemned the violence and said those who blamed the plague on the Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil."[58] He went on to emphasise that "It cannot be true that the Jews, by such a heinous crime, are the cause or occasion of the plague, because through many parts of the world the same plague, by the hidden judgment of God, has afflicted and afflicts the Jews themselves and many other races who have never lived alongside them."[59] He urged clergy to take action to protect Jews as he had done.
Clement continued the struggle of his predecessors with Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV. On 13 April 1346, after protracted negotiations, he excommunicated the Emperor, and directed the election of Charles IV. After the death of Louis in October 1347 Charles received general recognition, ending the schism which had long divided Germany.[60]
Clement proclaimed a crusade in 1343, but nothing was accomplished beyond a naval attack on Smyrna on 29 October 1344.[60] He also had a role in the Hungarian invasion of the Kingdom of Naples, which was a papal fief; the contest between Louis I of Hungary and Joanna I of Naples, accused of ordering the assassination of her husband and the former's brother, concluded in 1348 in a trial held in Avignon, at which she was acquitted.[61] Among the other benefits, Clement took advantage of the situation to obtain by her the rights over the city of Avignon.[60]
Pope Clement was also involved in disputes with King Edward III of England as a result of the latter's encroachments on ecclesiastical jurisdiction. He also faced problems with the kings of Castile and Aragon. His negotiations for reunion with the Armenians and the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, turned out to be fruitless.[60]
In Italy the Papacy faced a serious challenge to its authority with the commencement of Cola di Rienzo's agitation in Rome. Pope Clement had appointed Cola to a civil position (Senator) at Rome, and, although at first approving of Rienzo's establishment of the tribunate, he later realized the implications of a permanent antagonist to papal government in the form of a popularly elected Tribune, and sent a Papal Legate who excommunicated Rienzo and, with the help of the aristocratic faction, drove him from the city in December 1347.[60]
Clement also had warned King Casimir III of Poland, who was already under an interdict laid against him by the bishop of Kraków and the Apostolic See, because he had oppressed the Church of Kraków with intolerable burdens and then harassed the clergy who observed the interdict, that he was attracting more severe penalties to himself.[62] In 1345 Clement sent a nuncio to King Casimir and King John of Bohemia, soliciting them to make peace between themselves, and threatening that, if they rejected his pleas, he would anathematize them and bar them from the sacraments.[63]
Responding to numerous complaints against the highhanded behavior of the archbishop of Mainz, Prague's metropolitan, Clement made Prague an archbishopric on 30 April 1344, and assigned the Bishopric of Olomouc as its suffragan. The archbishop of Prague acquired the right to crown the king of Bohemia.[64]
Unlike the Cistercian Benedict XII, the Benedictine Clement VI was devoted to an openhanded and generous lifestyle, and the treasury which he inherited from his predecessor made that lifestyle possible. He claimed to have "lived as a sinner among sinners" in his own words.[65] During his pontificate, he added a new chapel to the Papal Palace and dedicated it to St. Peter. He commissioned the artist Matteo Giovanetti of Viterbo to paint common hunting and fishing scenes on the walls of the existing papal chapels, and purchased enormous tapestries to decorate the stone walls. To bring good music to the celebrations, he recruited musicians from northern France, especially from Liège, who cultivated the Ars Nova style. He liked music so much that he kept composers and theorists close to him throughout his entire pontificate, Philippe de Vitry being among the more famous. The first two payments he made after his coronation were to musicians.[66]
Clement had been ill for some time in 1352, not just with kidney stones, which had troubled him for many years, but also with a tumor, which broke out into an abscess with fever during his last week.[67] Pope Clement VI died on 6 December 1352, in the eleventh year of his reign. After his death, his Almoner, Pierre de Froideville, distributed the sum of 400 livres to the poor of Avignon, and on the day of the solemn funeral another 40 livres were distributed during the procession to the Cathedral to the poor who were present. Clement left the reputation of "a fine gentleman, a prince munificent to profusion, a patron of the arts and learning, but no saint".[68] His body was placed on exhibit in the Notre Dame-des-Doms, where it was buried temporarily. Three months later, the body was transferred in a splendid procession to the abbey of La Chaise-Dieu, passing through Le Puy on 6 April.[69] On arrival, the coffin was placed in the church of the Carmelites. Later in April it was permanently interred in a tomb in the center of the Choir of the Church.[70] The funeral procession was accompanied by his brother Count William Roger of Beaufort, and by the five cardinals who were his family members: Hugues Roger, Guillaume de la Jugié, Nicolas de Besse, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, and Guillaume d' Aigrefeuille.[71] In 1562, the tomb was attacked by the Huguenots and severely damaged, losing the forty-four statues of Clement's relatives which surrounded the sarcophagus. Only the sarcophagus and tomb cover survived, making the present tomb a mere shadow of its former architectural and decorative glory.[72] The tomb cover, in white marble,[73] was made by master sculptor Pierre Boye, and his two assistants Jean de Sanholis and Jean David. The construction of the tomb began in 1346, and was completed in 1351. It cost 3,500 florins, to which were added 120 écus d'or, as a gratuity for the master sculptor.[74]
| 2023-08-27 16:59:29 |
Don't Forget You're Going to Die - Wikipedia | Don't Forget You're Going to Die (French: N'oublie pas que tu vas mourir, French pronunciation: [nubli pa kə ty va muʁiʁ]) is a 1995 French drama film directed, co-written by and starring Xavier Beauvois.
Benoit (Xavier Beauvois) has planned out his life. Unfortunately he has forgotten about National Service. After he is called up, he tries everything to get around. He goes to a psychiatrist who gives him medicine against depression. As this doesn't work out he tries suicide. The story gets even worse as he is told by a military doctor that he is HIV positive. Benoit tumbles down into the drug scene. Then he goes to Italy and meets Claudia (Chiara Mastroianni). Things seem to improve, but only for a short time...[2]
The soundtrack was composed and largely performed by John Cale, and was subsequently released as an album.[3]
The film won the Jury Prize at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.[4]
This article related to a French film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:33 |
Jody Glenham - Wikipedia | Jody Glenham is a Canadian musician based in Vancouver, British Columbia.[2] Jody is often joined by her six-piece backing band, The Dreamers.[3]
In 2013, Glenham left her home in Vancouver, BC for California to work with producer Raymond Richards at his studio, Red Rockets Glare in Rancho Park. The 'Dreamer EP' was independently released on February 18, 2014 and featured five songs from these sessions with 'Between You And Me' as the lead single.[4][5][6]
A music video for the song 'Quick American', off the 'Dreamer' EP was filmed by Vancouver-based photographer/videographer Megan-Magdalena and starred Vancouver-based model, Cate Dunk from Detention Agency.[7][8][9][10][11]
In July 2015, Glenham and her band, known collectively as Jody Glenham and The Dreamers, released the record, 'For Frances' via indie, Vancouver-based label, Kingfisher Bluez.[12][13][14]
Glenham also plays with indie-rock, singer-songwriter, Louise Burns of Light Organ Records, is a part of Vancouver indie-pop super group Medium Cool, and at one time blew minds and broke hearts in fuzz-pop darlings Pleasure Cruise.[15][16][17][18]
| 2023-08-27 16:59:37 |
Jeremy Roach - Wikipedia | Jeremy Hunter Roach (born November 1, 2001) is an American college basketball player for the Duke Blue Devils of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).
As a freshman in 2016–17, Roach averaged 11.1 points to help lead his team to a 17–4 record and a runner-up finish in the WCAC. As a sophomore in 2017–18, Roach averaged 15.2 points to help his team to a 33–4 record, including 18–0 in the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference, and a VISAA championship.
Roach would miss the rest of his junior season after he suffered a torn ACL during a scrimmage.[1]
As a senior, he averaged 19.1 points, 6.3 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 1.9 steals per game and guided his school to the VISAA D-I State Championship.[2]
Roach was selected to play in the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit, but all three games were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[3]
Roach was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the best point guards in the 2020 class. On May 8, 2019, he committed to playing college basketball for Duke over offers from Kentucky, North Carolina, and Villanova.[4][5]
Sources:
Roach played for the United States national under-16 team at the 2017 FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship. Roach averaged 10.6 points, 1.4 rebounds, and 2.8 assists per game, helping his team win the gold medal.
Roach played for the United States national under-17 team at the 2018 FIBA Under-17 Basketball World Cup in Rosario and Santa Fe, Argentina. In seven games, he averaged 6.4 points and 2.7 assists per game, helping his team win the gold medal.
This biographical article relating to a United States basketball player, coach, or other figure born in the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:41 |
Time Cruise - Wikipedia | Time Cruise (known as Time Cruise II in Japan) is a science fiction themed pinball video game developed by Face for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 game system, released on November 8, 1991 in Japan and December 1992 in the United States.
Time Cruise's plot centers around Eric, a young scientific genius. Eric learns the secret of time travel by channeling with an intelligent extraterrestrial lifeform. After 8 years of hard work, Eric completes his time travel system (seven buildings with a time-travel pod moving between them at high speeds) and sets off in his shining silver time travel pod to explore the limits of time and space.
The Time Cruise playfield consists of seven screens and scrolls both horizontally and vertically. The player can nudge the table to influence the ball's path, but doing this too many times can cause a tilt condition, resulting in a lost ball. Scattered around the playfield are five different time travel switches. Hitting a switch with the ball activates its corresponding time travel mechanism, and landing the ball in an activated mechanism causes a time warp to take place. These alternate times range from a prehistoric sea floor in 460,000,000 B.C. to an orbiting Mars colony in 2054, and take the form of bonus stages where the player can earn points and extra balls. Occasionally, due to flaws in the time travel system the player will be brought to an alternate dimension (a sixth bonus stage) rather than the time period they intended to warp to. The game ends either when the player loses all of their balls, or when they attain a score of 99,999,999 which causes an ending cut-scene and the game's credits to be displayed.
In the United Kingdom, Time Cruise was the top-selling PC Engine game in November 1991.[1]
In March 1993, the critic Otter Matic of GamePro magazine praised Time Cruise for its visuals and controls, but heavily criticized the game's audio and soundtrack as the weakest aspect of the game. The game received perfect scores of 5 out of 5 for graphics, control, and fun factor, but only 1.5 out of 5 for sound.[2]
This pinball-based video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:45 |
The Wedding Present - Wikipedia |
The Wedding Present are an English indie rock group formed in 1985 in Leeds, England, by members of The Lost Pandas.[1] The band has been led by vocalist and guitarist David Gedge, the band's only constant member.[2]
Closely linked to the C86 scene, the band has charted a total of eighteen singles in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, including a historic run of twelve singles – one for each month – in 1992, which tied Elvis Presley's record for most top 40 hits in a single year.
The band has its origins in the Lost Pandas, which folded in 1984 when Janet Rigby, the drummer for the band, left following departure of guitarist Michael Duane. David Gedge and The Lost Pandas' bass player, Keith Gregory, decided to continue the band, renaming it The Wedding Present.[1] The name was jointly conceived by Gedge and his girlfriend at the time, as they were both avid fans of The Birthday Party and it was an homage to their favourite band.
I’ve always thought that The Wedding Present was an inappropriate name for a pop band — more like a poem, or a book or something — and therefore quite attractive (to me!). I’ve also always been fascinated by weddings...[3] Gedge and Gregory recruited an old schoolmate of Gedge's, Peter Solowka, to play guitar and auditioned a string of drummers, including John Ramsden, and Mike Bedford, with whom they recorded a demo tape, before settling on Shaun Charman.[1] The band played at clubs and bars as they prepared for the recording of their first, self-financed single. "Go Out and Get ’Em, Boy!" was chosen over early favourite "Will You Be Up There?" Charman felt somewhat insecure about his drumming abilities and so the A-side features drumming by hired hand Julian Sowa (Charman does, however, play drums on its B-side). The single was released on the band's own Reception Records label[1] with distribution through Red Rhino.
Two more singles followed that did well on the independent charts helped by veteran BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel who was one of their first champions.[1] He invited them to do a radio session (three songs from the session are included on the 1988 compilation Tommy 1985-1987; the entire session had already been released as an EP in 1986), starting a long collaboration. By the time the band started work on their debut album, a number of independent and major record companies showed interest, but the band declined all offers and decided to keep releasing their material themselves. The album was released in 1987 and titled George Best after the well-known Northern Irish football player.[1] It was produced by the band and Chris Allison.
Upon its release, the album was critically acclaimed and the band were soon classified, with some of their peers, as members of the 'shambling' or C86 scene, a categorisation that they vehemently declined (although they were featured on the original C86 compilation). Musically, the album featured fast-paced rhythm guitar; lyrically, apart from a few excursions into social critique ("All This and More") and politics ("All About Eve"), Gedge's main concerns (which would become his trademark) were love, lust, heartbreak and revenge.[1] Soon after the release of George Best, the early singles and radio sessions were compiled and released as Tommy (1985-1987). When Solowka, who has Ukrainian roots, started fooling around with a Ukrainian folk tune during one of their Peel sessions,[1] the idea arose to devote some of their radio time to recording their versions of Ukrainian folk songs, encouraged by Peel. To this end, two guest musicians were invited, singer/violin player Len Liggins and mandolin player Roman Remeynes, and three Peel sessions were recorded with Gedge temporarily limiting himself to playing rhythm guitar and arranging the songs.
Between the recording of the first and the second 'Ukrainian' session, Charman was fired from the band. His replacement was Simon Smith,[1] who remained the band's drummer until 1997 and for a long time was, next to Gedge, the only other stable factor in the shifting line-ups. The band planned on releasing eight cuts from the Ukrainian sessions on a 10" LP and an initial batch was pressed when Red Rhino went into receivership. Rather than trying to find a new distribution company, the band decided to fold their Reception label altogether and sign with a regular record company: RCA.
Although the band were criticized by some quarters for 'selling out', under the terms of their contract they were allowed their own choice of producer and singles. They also had the option of releasing any singles rejected by the label independently without breach of contract. The band's new record company bought the initial Reception stock of the Ukrainian record from the band, pressed another batch, and released the record in April 1989 under the name of Українські Виступи в Івана Піла (meaning 'Ukrainian John Peel Sessions'; the Latin transliteration Ukraïnski Vistupi v Ivana Peela appeared on the sleeve's spine only).
The first proper album that The Wedding Present recorded for their new label was released in the same year 1989 and reunited them with producer Chris Allison. Bizarro’s lyrical themes were largely the same as before and the songs featured the same three-chord structures, but its production values had increased due to a larger recording budget. The album was recorded at Jacobs Studios by Steve Lyon and mixed by him and Chris Allison. The album's companion single, "Kennedy", provided the band with their first British Top 40 hit.[1]
In 1989, the band covered the song "Box Elder" by a then-unknown American indie rock band named Pavement. Gregory had found Pavement's limited pressing debut single during a trip to the United States and The Wedding Present's cover inspired John Peel to promote Pavement on his radio show, a key step in Pavement's breakthrough.[4]
Seeing that they were growing more popular in the American college radio scene, the band turned towards America for their next project. The band decided to re-record Bizarro track "Brassneck" with the former Big Black frontman Steve Albini.[1] It was the start of a two-year collaboration: the next single, "Corduroy" and album, Seamonsters, were also recorded by Albini[1] at Pachyderm Recording Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota.
Melody Maker likened listening to the record to sandpapering your ears. End of year readers polls, however, showed the opening track and lead single of the album, "Dalliance", amongst the top of the favourites list. Almost directly after recording the album, the band announced that they had sacked Solowka. His replacement was Paul Dorrington of local band, Tse Tse Fly (also formerly of A.C. Temple). Solowka teamed up again with Liggins and Remeynes to form The Ukrainians, and continued to blend post-punk with traditional Ukrainian music.[1]
The next year saw the band release twelve 7" singles in one year.[1] Each single had a limited pressing of 10,000 copies which all reached the Top 30 in the UK Singles Chart,[1] equalling Elvis Presley's record for the most UK Top 30 hits in one year. To economise on songwriting, the B-sides consisted of cover versions of songs including Julee Cruise's "Falling" (the theme tune from Twin Peaks). The singles and their B-sides, produced by various producers such as Ian Broudie (Lightning Seeds) and Jimmy Miller (The Rolling Stones) were collected on two albums, Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2.
The demand in the United Kingdom for The Wedding Present's singles was so high that distributors began poaching from a separate 5,000-copy stash meant for sale in all other markets to sell in the UK. The Wedding Present had the distinction of having all 12 hit singles be solely original material, whereas Elvis reached his record through archival re-issues. The Hit Parade effectively served as the band's third album under the RCA contract, and the band played Top of the Pops four times in the same year.[5]
Seamonsters, Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2 were released in the United States in 1991 and 1992 by New York-based pseudo-indie label First Warning Records. Shortly after the 1992 singles scheme had ended, the band announced they were leaving RCA.[1]
The band spent most of 1993 taking time off, occasionally playing gigs. A stopgap compilation of three more archive radio sessions, Peel Sessions 1987-1990, was released by Strange Fruit. When they re-emerged in early 1994 with the news that they had signed to Island Records, it was quickly followed by the announcement that Gregory had left the band, due to lack of enthusiasm, and was replaced by Darren Belk.[1] For their next album, The Wedding Present again left for the United States and enlisted Steve Fisk (Screaming Trees, Nirvana). The result was Watusi.[1] The album's songs ranged from warm lo-fi pop ("Gazebo", "Big Rat") to semi-psychedelic, Velvets-like workouts ("Click Click", "Catwoman").
No further albums were recorded for Island, and the best part of 1995 was spent the same way as 1993: touring, writing new material, no recording. Paul Dorrington decided to quit the band; no replacement was made as Belk doubled on bass and guitar. In the autumn of 1995, The Wedding Present released "Sucker", a self-financed single that was sold at their gigs only (it has since been included on compilation albums). Shortly after, the band signed with independent label Cooking Vinyl.
The band, still a three-piece, recorded their newly written material and issued the car-themed six-track mini-album, Mini.[1] Belk played both guitar and bass on the songs. Shortly after releasing the album, Jayne Lockey, who had already sung backing vocals on Mini, was announced as the band's new bass player. Belk decided to quit the band and was replaced by Simon Cleave. Both Lockey and Cleave were former members of Tse Tse Fly, along with Paul Dorrington and Mark Goodham.
The band still had material from their sabbatical year and went into the studio again to record Saturnalia.[1] This proved to be the last new material by The Wedding Present for a long time. After playing a number of gigs to support the album, the last one in Liverpool on 18 January 1997, the band took a long sabbatical.
To fulfill contractual obligations, two more compilations were released by Cooking Vinyl: another Peel sessions volume, John Peel Sessions 1992-1995 (1998), and Singles 1995-1997 (1999). Additionally, Strange Fruit offered another radio sessions compilation, Evening Sessions 1986-1994 (1997), and the band's American label released Singles 1989-1991 (1999), a 2CD package which added rarities and live tracks. Gedge recorded an album, Va Va Voom, in 1998 under the Cinerama band name with his girlfriend, Sally Murrell, and some session musicians. The project became a full-time band.
Following Gedge's split from Murrell in 2003, and with the increasing inclusion of Wedding Present songs in Cinerama's live sets (in previous years Gedge had good-naturedly refused calls from the audience to play Wedding Present songs, frequently replying "that's another band" or "you're at the wrong gig"), Gedge effectively renamed Cinerama in 2004, keeping the line up, reflecting the change in sound over the years to the more familiar territory of The Wedding Present.
News came in early September 2004 that Cinerama would be rebranded as The Wedding Present. The line-up was to be the same as the last line-up of Cinerama, which included Simon Cleave. The first new single, "Interstate 5", was issued on 15 November 2004, to lead off the new album, Take Fountain, which was released on 14 February 2005. A second single, "I'm From Further North Than You", was released on 11 April 2005. Third and final single "Ringway to SeaTac" was released on 24 October 2005.
All singles, their B-sides and acoustic versions from this period were compiled on the 2006 compilation Search for Paradise: Singles 2004-5. The release came with a bonus DVD compiling the videos for "Don't Touch That Dial" (a Cinerama single re-recorded for Take Fountain), "Interstate 5", "I'm From Further North Than You", "Ringway to SeaTac" and others.
The Wedding Present toured Europe and North America in the Spring of 2005 (with John Maiden on drums) and again in Europe towards the end of 2005 (this time, with Simon Pearson on drums). During Christmas 2006, guitarist Simon Cleave left the group and was replaced by the group's sound engineer Chris McConville - who played on the 2006 tours of North America (with Charlie Layton on drums) and Europe (with Graeme Ramsay on drums).
Until 2009 the line-up remained stable with Gedge, De Castro, McConville, and Ramsay co-writing. They recorded 17 songs with Steve Albini in January 2008, some of which have been played live at gigs in recent years. Titles include "I've Lost the Monkey", "Soup", "Drink You Eat You", "Model, Actress, Whatever...", "The Thing I Like Most About Him Is His Girlfriend", "Twenty Jackies", "Swingers", "Peek-a-boo", "Hulk Loves Betty", "Boo Boo", "Palisades", "Santa Ana Winds", "Pinch Pull Twist Release", "The Trouble With Men", "Don't Take Me Home Until I'm Drunk" and "Spider-Man in Hollywood".
The album El Rey was released on 20 May 2008 in North America and 26 May 2008 in Europe, accompanied by the digital download-only single "The Thing I Like Best About Him Is His Girlfriend". A compilation of singles and remixes How The West Was Won was released towards the end of 2008 and accompanied by a single "Holly Jolly Hollywood". The Wedding Present also covered The Cure's "High" for American Laundromat Records tribute Just Like Heaven - a tribute to The Cure.
Some months before a short tour of the UK and Japan in March 2009, Chris McConville left the band and was replaced by former guitarist Simon Cleave, who left the band again later that year. Graeme Ramsay subsequently moved from drums to guitar and Charles Layton once again became their drummer.
In 2009 two The Wedding Present songs, "I'm From Further North Than You", and "Ringway to SeaTac" appeared in the award-winning Monty Miranda directed independent film Skills Like This. The director was praised for his use of music in an integrated soundtrack.[6]
In August 2010 it was announced that De Castro would not be touring with The Wedding Present for the Autumn 21st anniversary tour of Bizarro, and that her last gig would be at 28 August 2010 at Gedge's mini festival "At the Edge of the Sea" in Brighton. This marked the end of a 12-year association with Gedge, stretching back to when Cinerama was formed. She was replaced by Pepe le Moko.[7]
A new Wedding Present album, Valentina was released in March 2012.[8] Shortly before its release, guitarist Graeme Ramsay left the band after six years.[9] and was replaced by Patrick Alexander (ex-The Young Playthings and The Pipettes).[10]
During 2012, The Wedding Present toured a set which usually featured the whole of Seamonsters, performed live and in album order. The rest of the set was a mixture of songs from Valentina and the back catalogue. In April of the year, The Wedding Present toured Australia for the first time, playing concerts in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne.
On 25 October 2012, the 4 Songs Extended Player was released on download only. These four new songs ("Journey Into Space", "Pain Perdu", "1000 Fahrenheit" & "Can You Keep a Secret") recorded during the Valentina sessions could be downloaded following the purchase of 'Valentina: The Story of a Wedding Present, a book documenting the making of the long player itself. Valentina itself was re-released in May 2015 after being re-interpreted and re-recorded by David Gedge's other band Cinerama.
In early 2013 the band started a world tour including taking in the US, Australia and for the first time New Zealand. The Wedding Present played 'George Best' and 'The Hit Parade' in their entirety on this tour celebrating the 25th and 21st 'birthday' of these albums respectively.
The band released their ninth album, Going, Going... on 2 September 2016.[11][12]
2017 saw the 30th anniversary of the release of George Best, an anniversary tour and a feature-length documentary about the record titled The Wedding Present: Something Left Behind.[13]
In mid-2019, the band issued a completely re-recorded version of 1988 compilation Tommy, plus their first picture disc - a 10" single featuring two new songs.
In late 2019, the band toured playing Bizarro in its entirety. During this tour the band were joined on guitar by Jon Stewart of Sleeper and Chris Hardwick from My Life Story on drums.
In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the band recorded various acoustic versions of the bands' tracks, with each musician recording their part of the song from home. The songs were released on the band's social media accounts. Twelve tracks including a duet of a previously unrecorded Sleeper song called We Should Be Together, recorded as a duet with Louise Wener, were released in February 2021 as Locked Down and Stripped Back.[14]
In December 2020 the band, and various ex-members and collaborators released an album of James Bond theme cover versions called Not From Where I’m Standing, for the mental health charity Campaign Against Living Miserably.[15]
In April 2021, the band re-released a 30th anniversary version of Seamonsters including the b-sides to the singles released to promote the original 1991 album and tracks from a John Peel Session.[16]
In October 2021, the band announced that in 2022 they would release a 7" single per month, featuring 2 new songs, for the duration of 2022, repeating their one single per month approach of 1992.[17] This 24 Songs project will see songs written by David Gedge and Sleeper guitarist Jon Stewart, collaborating together to write tracks for the first time in the band's history.[18]
In May 2022 the band announced they would release Locked Down and Stripped Back Volume Two, the second album of acoustic home recordings of Wedding Present and Cinerama classics, recorded by band and former band members.
| 2023-08-27 16:59:48 |
Horst (Spessart) - Wikipedia | Horst is a wooded hill of Hesse, Germany. It lies in the Mittelgebirge Spessart not far from the border to Bavaria.
It is located between Bad Orb and Jossgrund in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis.
This Hesse location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:52 |
Andreyevsky, Republic of Bashkortostan - Wikipedia | Andreyevsky (Russian: Андреевский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Alexandrovsky Selsoviet, Meleuzovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 26 as of 2010.[2] There are 3 streets.
Andreyevsky is located 48 km northeast of Meleuz (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnetashevo is the nearest rural locality.[3]
This Meleuzovsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:56 |
Stubbs, Virginia - Wikipedia |
Stubbs is an unincorporated community in Spotsylvania County in the U.S. state of Virginia. Stubbs Bridge is named after it.
This Spotsylvania County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:59 |
McInerney - Wikipedia |
The name McInerney is of noble Irish origin where it is found in the modern Irish form of Mac an Airchinnigh (pronounced [ˌmˠak ənˠ ˈaɾʲəçɪn̠ʲiː]) and in the old and literary forms of Mac an Oirchinnigh and Mac an Oirchindig. The pronunciation of Mac an Oirchinnigh led the name to be sometimes anglicised as McEnherheny in Irish documents from the 16th–19th centuries. The name translates to "son of the erenagh" in Irish ("erenagh" being airchinneach), literally meaning "son of the Lord of church lands". Airchinneach may in turn derive from the twin components of air ("noble") and ceann ("head"), therefore meaning a 'noble-head' or 'Lord', denoting its aristocratic status in medieval Ireland. The coat of arms is three red lions passant, and the motto is Veritas, meaning "Truth". In some places, the motto can be found as Vincit Veritas, meaning "Truth Conquers", or "Truth Prevails".
The erenagh was an important position in early medieval Ireland and originally was associated with hereditary ecclesiastical office among certain custodian families of monasteries and churches. Later, the office of erenagh passed into the hands of laymen. After the disorder of the Norse wars in the 10th and 11th centuries, the erenaghs were generally lay families who controlled the lands and therefore the economic base of the important churches and monasteries on behalf of the overlord clan. In turn, the erenagh received part of the rents from the land and normally held their own mensal estate which was generally hereditary and passed down among the principal family lineage (Irish, 'derbhfine') and occupied by the 'chief' of the erenagh family. The erenagh families held high social status and were often at odds with the ecclesiastical authorities over the ownership and management of church lands and were often in conflict with rival churches located in hostile clan lands. Some erenagh families maintained their influence over ecclesiastical property right down until the collapse of the Gaelic social system in the beginning of the 17th century.[2]
Because of the proliferation of lay erenagh families, there are many unrelated erenagh families throughout Ireland. The name McInerney is by far the most popular form of the Irish Mac an Airchinnigh and the most numerous as well. Indeed, by 1890 the surname McInerney was the seventh most popular in County Clare, though it seems that its popularity sank over time as many of the family emigrated from Clare during the course of the 20th century. Nonetheless, the name is well established in its historical homeland of Co Clare where it is still a well known local surname.
The surname McInerney has retained a relatively close phonetic approximation of the original Irish surname Mac an Oirchinnigh, aka, Mac an Airchinnigh (son of the airchinneach) which has been anglicised in many different forms such as McEnerhynny, McInerhenny, McKinnerteny,Mckinnerney, Nerhinny, McEnearney, McEnerney, McNertny, and even Kinnerk. Another well known erenagh family is the present-day family of Nerney found in County Roscommon and who historically were the erenaghs of St Patrick's church in the Diocese of Elphin and at Tuam. Their forebears are occasionally mentioned in the Irish Annals during the Middle Ages (in AD1487 for example)[3] and also among the native Irish who received Transplanter Certificates in the 1650s in the vicinity of Stokestown. Despite their ancient lineage, the Roscommon Nerneys appear not to have been as numerous as the McInerneys of County Clare who historically are an offshoot of the important Dál gCais line of the powerful McNamaras of eastern County Clare (historically known as Clann-Cuilein).
The McInerney surname gave rise to a well known sept based in eastern Thomond,[4] or Co Clare, where the name was first recorded in the early 14th century document 'Triumphs of Torlough' (Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh).[5] In the 'Triumphs of Torlough' the McInerney sept is referred to on several occasions as being followers of the McNamaras and were present at the Battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318 in which the English forces under De Clare were decisively defeated.[6] The sept was an offshoot of the powerful McNamara clan and, tracing their descent to the 12th century Donnchadha Mac Con Mara (Donnough MacNamara) who was recorded as an airchinneach (erenagh) and from whom his son took the name Mac an Airchinnigh (i.e.'son of the airchinneach'). Some pedigrees indicate that this Donnchadha Mac Con Mara was the brother of Cu Mara beg, the Lord of Ui Caisin who was slain in 1151 and one of the early chiefs of the leading branch of the Mac Con Mara family. This would suggest that the McInerneys were an offshoot sept of the leading Mac Con Mara household of eastern Clare.
It is possible that this Donnchadh Mac Con Mara was an airchinneach based at Killaloe or another religious establishment in East Clare. The sept held extensive lands in the townlands of Ballysallagh, Ballynacraggie and Dromoland (parish of Kilnasoolagh near present-day Newmarket-on-Fergus)[7] and were recorded as being in possession of the tower houses of Ballynacraggie and Ballysallagh during the 16th and 17th centuries respectively. These lands seem to have been the traditional 'mensal lands' of the head of the McInerney sept as the leading members of the family were variously recorded as residing on these lands from the 1560s–1650s.[8]
According to papers the antiquarian R. W Twigge copied, the McInerneys built Dromoland Castle[9] and Ballyconeely castle, of which the former has been rebuilt and was until recently the residence of the O'Brien Earl of Inchiquin, and the latter destroyed. R. W Twigge based his research off an 18th-century Irishman named William O’Lionain who wrote that Thomas, the son of Shane Mac Anerheny, erected Dromoland – probably between the 1450s–1550s. The Elizabethan Inquisition records (legal assessments of property transactions) of the late 16th century refer to a long-running land dispute between the two leading factions of the McInerneys. According to the Inquisition record of 1579:
Inquisition, taken at Ennis, on the May 16, 21st year of Elizabeth, before John Crofton, finds that John M‘Inerney, late of Ballykilty, died on the November 5, 1565, seized in fee of Ballysallagh and Ballykilty; that Mahone M‘Inerney, aged 17, at his father’s death, is the son and heir of said John; finds that Mahone, son of Loghlen, and Mahone’s son, Loghlen the younger, both relations of John, had laid claim to his lands and appropriated them to their own use for thirteen years past. A subsequent Inquisition in 1606 during the reign of James I found that:
Inquisition, taken at the Windmill, on the March 13, 1606, by Humphrey Wynch, finds that Mahone, son of Loghlen MacInerney, died at Ballysallagh, on the November 12, 1572, being then owner in fee of Ballysallagh, Ballykilty with its water-mill, and of Carrigoran, and leaving his son Loghlen his heir-at-law. This son died at Carrigoran on the November 14, 1576, leaving his son Donogh, then aged six years, but now of full age, as his heir; finds that Mahone, son of John MacInerney, disputes the right of his cousin to the ownership of these lands, alleging that his father John, who was the true owner, had died at Dromoland, on the November 5, in the 7th year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, leaving him, the said Mahone, his son and heir.
A subsequent Inquisition, taken in 1632, finds that Mahone had been in possession, and that he died about the year 1617, leaving a son John to succeed him, a man then of full age.
Several members of the family are variously recorded in the Elizabethan Fiant records as receiving pardons for various rebellious acts during the upheavals of the 1570s-early 17th century. It can be surmised that most of the 'rebellious activity' was due to the Crown's push for control of feudal duties and rents that were paid by the 'urraghts', or lesser landowners, to their more powerful overlord clans such as the O’Briens and McNamaras. The English policy of establishing a fixed rent for land that was to be paid to the English administration was consolidated in the 1585 agreement known as the 'Composition of Connaught'. During this period the Elizabethan Fiants record a 'Mahowne McShane McInErrihine of Ballykilly [sic Ballykilty] Co Clare, gent', as obtaining a pardon in 1577 for rebellious activities. The same man, 'Maghowne McInerinn of Ballesolloghe, gent' was again record as being pardoned for rebellion in 1589 while in 1602 a 'Mahowne ne Teige McInyrrymy of Ballsallagh', and a 'John Sellenger McEnerie of Ballisallagh gent', were recorded as pardoned rebels. These last two references appeared in the aftermath of Tyrone's Rebellion and these landowners possibly had some local involvement as some Thomond clans supported Hugh O'Neill despite the Earl of Thomond's support for the Tudor royal forces.
The two reliable lists of 'gentlemen and their castles in Thomond' during the reign of Elizabeth record a 'McEnerhyney' (no first name given) as having possession a tower house at 'Ballynacraggie'[10][11] (now destroyed) in 1574, while the list of 'castles and their gentlemen' in 1570 conspicuously leaves the entry for Ballynacraggie blank, but does record a 'Conogher Oge MacClancy, a Brehon' as being the occupier of Ballysallagh castle – a castle and lands that in the 17th century were closely associated with the McInerneys.[12]
Despite the upheavals following the 'Composition of Connaught' and the land changes of the early 17th century such as the introduction of English Common Law and the abolition of Brehon Law, the sept as a whole remained undisplaced as in 1641 they held, in fee, over 1,400 Irish acres (around 2,240 statute acres) of good pasture land, all primarily in the parishes of Kilnasoolagh, Quin and Clonloghlan.
From these records it appears that three main branches of the sept were active: those associated with the lands in and around Clonloghlan parish (centered on the townland of Caherteige and probably a junior line of the family); another leading branch headed by Mahone McInerney centred on the parish of Kilnasoolagh (especially in the townland of Ballysallagh) and a third branch (which may have a close connection with the Ballysallagh McInerneys) centered exclusively on the townland of Ballykilty in the parish of Quin and represented by John McInerney. It was this John McInerney who appears a direct descendant of the McInerney 'airchinneach' line from the 12th century, as shown by several Gaelic genealogical tracts of the family, and also from an unregistered 'Milesian Pedigree' currently lodged in the Genealogical Office in Dublin showing that on the death of Mathghamhain (Mahone) Mac an Oirchinnigh in 1617, his son John was his sole heir.
The Cromwellian settlement of 1651 resulted in a massive loss of lands and influence for the McInerneys, with much of their ancestral lands transferred in ownership to Sir Henry Ingoldsby. Much of the remainder of the sept sank in poverty and relative obscurity by the beginning of the 18th century. Notably, at least one member of the family suffered martyrdom during the Cromwellian wars and whose description comes down to us through Fr. Anthony MacBrody's 17th century compilation Propugnaculum Catholicæ Veritatis:
It appears that Jeremiah McInerney was born of wealthy Tradree parents,[13] related to the Bunratty Barony and according to other descriptions he was initially beaten with sticks and, after refusing to recant his Catholic faith, the Cromwellian soldiers then dragged him to a tree and hanged him. Edward MacLysaght, in his book "The Surnames of Ireland", also mentions a Fr Lawrence McInerheny who was martyred in 1642, however there appears to be no reference to this individual in the historical record.
The 1659 Census shows that several members of the family (described as 'gent') managed to hold on to some of their traditional lands, while others were recorded in the 'Transplantation to Connacht' book as of receiving less fertile land in the north and west of Co Clare because of their 'rebellious activities' during the 1641 uprising. Several leading McInerneys were transplanted from their original lands in Bunratty barony to other areas including the infamous Burren. It appears that several members of the family were active during the 1641 rebellion, most notably Loghlin McInerney who was present at the siege of Ballyally Castle (he possibly served as a Justice of the Peace for the O’Brien Earl of Thomond)[14] and Mahone McInerney. Both of these men were recorded as being transplanted under the Transplantation to Connacht scheme but it is likely that at least Mahone maintained a portion of his previous lands, as evidenced by his record 1659 as having 19 sub-tenants on his lands in Kilnasoolagh parish.[15]
Several other prominent McInerneys were recorded in the 1659 Census and the name was ranked as one of the more numerous in the barony of Bunratty, having 29 'tituladoes' (landowners of some merit).[16] In the barony of Bunratty 'John McInerhidny gent' held lands in Dromkeeny in the parish of Killraghtrish along with 9 tenants under him.[17] This John could have been the John McInerney who occupied Ballykilty near Quin in 1641. Nearby Bunratty is the barony of Inchiquin where 'Loghlen McInerny gent' held lands in 'Rathrahan East' and a total of 13 tenants.[18] This Loghlen is probably the Loghlen McInerney who was an active rebel in the 1641 uprising and was one of the besiegers of Ballyally castle. His name also appears in the 'Transportation to Connacht' lists as receiving several 100 acres (400,000 m2) of re-granted lands in Inchiquin barony, and a Loghlen McInerney is recorded as the 'senechal' of the Earl of Inchiquin manor courts in the 1670s. Further afield, 'Covara McInerny gent' held lands and 13 tenants in Ballyconna South in the parish of Killneeny in Burren barony.[19] This Covera may be the son of Mahone McInerney of Ballysallagh as the namesake Cowerra McInerney was recorded as holding lands there in 1641 and is later recorded in the Inchiquin Manuscripts as undertaking a land contract at Ballysallagh in the 1650s.[8] From these records it appears that Covara is used interchangeably with the names Cumara/Cowerra. In the townland of Fyntra in Kilferboy parish in the barony of Ibricknane, 'Teige McInerny gent' is recorded as holding land and 30 tenants in joint with several other tituladoes.[20]
Numerous references to the name can be found in the Inchiquin Manuscripts and in other various documents dealing with 17th and 18th century land transactions. After the loss of their ancestral estates, members of the family dispersed into the surrounding counties, becoming relatively numerous in Galway and Limerick, as well as in Tipperary. As can be found in the Tithe Applotment Books (c1826) and the Griffth Valuation (c1851) records, McInerneys were quite numerous in Co Clare, as well as in Limerick city and in clusters around the Killaloe and Ballina area, as well as in the district of Castletownarra in north-west Tipperary. Following the 1845–48 famine many of family emigrated to the US, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand. By 1876 some McInerneys were still located on lands nearby their traditional patrimony in Kilnasoolagh parish and in that year a Patrick McInerney of Clenagh held 99 acres (400,000 m2) outright as a landowner.[21]
According to the compilation of Clare folk stories by the antiquarian T.J. Westropp, stories from the peasantry point toward a connection between the McInerneys and massive iron-age hillfort at Moghane, nearby Newmarket-on-Fergus:[22]
Near Sixmilebridge the tale ran that, in early days, Meihan mac Enerheny, a famous warrior, made the huge fort, or rather hill town, of Moghan as a 'fighting-ring' for himself. He would never allow his tribe to go to war until he had himself challenged and defeated all the enemy’s chiefs. He reigned in great esteem from the Fergus to the Owennagarna river. In his fighting-ring he always gave his opponents the choice of the sun and wind, in despite of which he overthrew them all. There was no king, nor soldier, nor monster that he feared to fight. His admiring tribe gave him a gold-embroidered cap, and the name of Oircheannach (Golden Head), and he died unconquered. I have never heard this tale in the neighbourhood of the fort. It seems artificial, and based on a folk-derivation to flatter the MacInerneys; it is perhaps genuine, though late.[23]
It should be pointed out, however, that the translation of 'oircheannach' (or airchinneach) as 'golden head' is erroneous as it is the Irish word óir that means gold. The combined word airchinneach (air [noble] + ceann [head] ) is clearly the old Irish term for erenagh or steward of churches lands. Nonetheless, it should be remembered that Moghane hillfort lies almost adjunct to the traditional McInerney lands of Dromoland, Ballynacraggie and Ballysallagh.[24]
A 19th-century manuscript held at the Royal Irish Academy was scribed by Conchubhair Mac In Oirchinnigh of Baile Ban (Ballybawn) in Clare. The scribal note sets out his direct paternal line stretching back to the 17th century and claims descent from Donnchadha Mac Con Mara, the 12th century progenitor of the McInerney line and erenagh of Cill Da Luadh (Killaloe). The note also refers to the McInerneys as loyal chiefs of the lands of Caherteige, Clonloghan, Drumgeely and Tullyvarragh which locate nearby to the present-day Shannon Airport. It is possible that these lands consisted of the original McInerney patrimony and were awarded to the sept for services rendered as erenaghs. However, by the mid 17th century we can be sure to say that while there was a McInerney interest in these lands, it was only Caherteige that was owned in fee simple by a junior branch of the family, represented by Murtagh and Daniel, sons of Donagh McInerney[25]
The surname should not be confused with the phonetically similar surname McEnery (MacEnery, MacEniry), of Uí Fidgenti origin, not Dalcassian. These MacEnerys, thus cousins of the O'Donovans, held large estates in south-west Limerick well after the disintegration of Uí Fidgenti in the 13th century, and were associated with their feudal overlord, Fizmaurice of Desmond. In Irish MacEnery is Mac Inneirghe (derived from eirghe 'to arise') and the sept held extensive lands in Castletown MacEniry and several of the family were noted émigré in the service of France and Spain in the 17th and 18th centuries.
MS 23 H.22 p. 11, Royal Irish Academy showing the two main branches of the McInerneys of Thomond. 19th century copy of the original pedigree dated c.1588.
Several other genealogical pedigrees are in existence regarding the McInerney clan of Thomond.
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Phosphine telluride - Wikipedia | A phosphine telluride refers to organophosphorus compounds with the formula R3PTe (R = alkyl or aryl). They are structurally analogous to phosphine oxides, phosphine sulfides, and phosphine selenides. Unlike other members of this series, the phosphine tellurides are labile with respect to loss of the chalcogen. Nonetheless, several members have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, which reveals a tetrahedral phosphorus center with a P-Te bond length of 236 picometers.[1] Most are colorless solids.[2]
Phosphine tellurides are reagents used in the preparation of metal telluride nanoparticles.[3]
| 2023-08-27 17:00:06 |
Rivers State Monorail - Wikipedia | The Rivers State Monorail, also known as Rivers Monorail and occasionally as Port Harcourt Monorail, is a partially built monorail urban transportation project in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Three station and connecting guideway of Phase 1a were constructed and one vehicle was delivered but the line never went into operation and development stopped in 2016.
The project was announced in 2011 and construction commenced in 2012. As of September 2017 construction has only been partially completed despite $400 million having been spent[1] and the project is at a standstill.[2] Some reports says the project will never be completed.[3] As of 2021 news reports indicate the project has been abandoned.[4]
The planned construction included two phases
The overall distance from Sharks Park to Waterlines was to be 5.4 km (3.4 mi). Further extensions were considered.[6]
The system was to use Intamin People Mover P30 monorail trains and one vehicle was delivered. One train was to be in operation in Phase 1A, and six trains in Phase 1B. A train consisted of seven individual cars with six passenger cars and a seventh car for the motors and electrical equipment with a driver’s cab at each end. Each train would be able to accommodate 172 passengers, with provision for 44 seated passengers included. One end car will have access for wheelchairs, and all cabin floors will be the same height as the station platforms to provide easy access for passengers with reduced mobility. Provision will be made for hand-held luggage only.
The design operating capacity for Phase 1A is 1,200 passengers per hour with the single vehicle providing a shuttle service along the route. With a maximum operating speed of 70 km/h (43 mph), estimated train travel between end stations was 8 minutes of Phase 1a. Six train operation had a design operating capacity of 2,700 passengers per hour. Train travel time between end stations of Phase 1b was 22 minutes with a service frequency of 8 minutes.[6] There is no indication that revenue service ever commenced.
The decision to build the monorail was taken in 2009. In 2010, building of the project foundations began. The Government of Rivers State had in February 2013 announced that phase 1A and 1B of the monorail system would be completed during September that year.[7] By 2014, monorail trains were performing test runs through UTC Station.[8][9]
In 2015, the LP gubernatorial candidate Tonye Princewill said he would cancel the system. However, he lost the election, receiving 0.86% of the vote.[10]
In June 2015, newly elected Rivers State Governor Ezenwo Nyesom Wike announce that the project would be reviewed.[11]
In July 2015 Intamin published a video shows a vehicle running on the line.[5]
In March 2016 it was reported the government had abandoned the project.[12]
In August 2016 it was reported the incomplete project had so far cost $400 million dollars and this compared unfavorably with the 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi) Moscow monorail that also used Intamin's design but had only cost $240 million dollars and was fully operational.[1]
In September 2017 it was reported the project is at a standstill.[2] Another report says the project will never be completed.[3]
As of July 2021 the guideway and stations are still in place but are described as an "eyesore".[13]
| 2023-08-27 17:00:10 |
Thomas Bernhard - Wikipedia |
Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard (German: [ˈtoːmas ˈbɛʁnhaʁt]; 9 February 1931 – 12 February 1989) was an Austrian novelist, playwright and poet who explored death, social injustice, and human misery in controversial literature that was deeply pessimistic about modern civilization in general and Austrian culture in particular.[1] Bernhard's body of work has been called "the most significant literary achievement since World War II."[2] He is widely considered to be one of the most important German-language authors of the postwar era.
Thomas Bernhard was born in 1931 in Heerlen in the Netherlands, where his unmarried mother Herta Bernhard worked as a maid. From the autumn of 1931 he lived with his grandparents in Vienna until 1937 when his mother, who had married in the meantime, moved him to Traunstein, Bavaria, in Nazi Germany. There he was required to join the Deutsches Jungvolk, a branch of the Hitler Youth, which he hated.[3] Bernhard's natural father Alois Zuckerstätter was a carpenter and petty criminal who refused to acknowledge his son.[3] Zuckerstätter died in Berlin from gas poisoning in an assumed suicide in 1940;[4] Bernhard never met him.
Bernhard's grandfather, the author Johannes Freumbichler [de], pushed for an artistic education for him, including musical instruction. Bernhard went to elementary school in Seekirchen and later attended various schools in Salzburg including the Johanneum which he left in 1947 to start an apprenticeship with a grocer. George Steiner describes Bernhard's schooling as "hideous... under a sadistically repressive system, run first by Catholic priests, then by Nazis".[5]
Bernhard's Lebensmensch (a predominantly Austrian term, which was coined by Bernhard himself[6] and which refers to the most important person in one's life) was Hedwig Stavianicek (1894–1984), a woman more than thirty-seven years his senior, whom he cared for alone in her dying days. He had met Stavianicek in 1950, the year of his mother's death and one year after the death of his beloved grandfather. Stavianicek was the major support in Bernhard's life and greatly furthered his literary career. The extent or nature of his relationships with women is obscure. Thomas Bernhard's public persona was asexual.[7]
Suffering throughout his teens from lung ailments, including tuberculosis, Bernhard spent the years 1949 to 1951 at the Grafenhof sanatorium in Sankt Veit im Pongau. He trained as an actor at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (1955–1957) and was always profoundly interested in music. His lung condition, however, made a career as a singer impossible. After that he worked briefly as a journalist, mainly as a crime reporter, and then became a full-time writer. In 1970, he won the Georg Büchner Prize.
In 1978, Bernhard was diagnosed with sarcoidosis.[8] After a decade of needing constant medical care for his lungs, he died in 1989 in Gmunden, Upper Austria. Although there have been claims that he died by assisted suicide,[3] contemporaneous obituaries reported, and Bernhard's half-brother, Dr. Peter Fabjan, confirmed that Bernhard had a heart attack. His death was announced only after his funeral. In his will, which aroused great controversy on publication, Bernhard prohibited any new stagings of his plays and publication of his unpublished work in Austria; however, in 1999 this was annulled by his heir, Peter Fabjan.[4] Bernhard's attractive house in Ohlsdorf-Obernathal 2 where he had moved in 1965 is now a museum and centre for the study and performance of his work.
Often criticized in Austria as a Nestbeschmutzer (one who dirties his own nest) for his critical views, Bernhard was highly acclaimed abroad. Nevertheless, while reviled by some Austrians for his outspoken and harsh views of his homeland, including its Nazi past,[4] he was, during his lifetime, also highly acclaimed in Austria, winning major awards, and was seen by many as the preeminent writer of the time.
His work is most influenced by the feeling of being abandoned (in his childhood and youth) and by his incurable illness, which caused him to see death as the ultimate essence of existence. His work typically features loners' monologues explaining, to a rather silent listener, their views on the state of the world, often with reference to a concrete situation and sometimes reported secondhand by the listener. Alongside his serious and pessimistic views, his works also contain funny observations on life.[3] Bernhard is often considered a verbose writer, but Andreas Dorschel has broadened this view by showing that Bernhard's characters (specifically in Das Kalkwerk) oscillate between excessive speech and highly economical expressions. As Dorschel argues, the two modes produce a series of oppositions with mutually informing sides.[9]
Bernhard's main protagonists, often scholars or, as he calls them, Geistesmenschen (intellectuals), denounce everything that matters to the Austrian in contumacy-filled tirades against a "stupid populace". He also attacks the state (often called "Catholic-National-Socialist"), generally respected institutions such as Vienna's Burgtheater, and much-loved artists. His work also deals with the isolation and self-destruction of people striving for an unreachable perfection, since this same perfection would mean stagnancy and therefore death. Anti-Catholic rhetoric is not uncommon.
"Es ist alles lächerlich, wenn man an den Tod denkt" (It's all ridiculous, when one thinks of death) was his comment when he received a minor Austrian national award in 1968, which resulted in one of the many public scandals he caused over the years and which became part of his fame. His novel Holzfällen (1984), for instance, could not be published for years because of a defamation claim by a former friend. Many of his plays—above all Heldenplatz (1988)—were met with criticism from many Austrians, who claimed they sullied Austria's reputation. One of the more controversial lines referred to Austria as "a brutal and stupid nation ... a mindless, cultureless sewer which spreads its penetrating stench all over Europe." Heldenplatz, as well as the other plays Bernhard wrote in these years, were staged at Vienna's famous Burgtheater by the controversial director Claus Peymann [de].
Even in death Bernhard caused disturbance by his posthumous literary emigration, as he supposedly called it, by which his will disallowed all publication and stagings of his work within Austria. The International Thomas Bernhard Foundation, established by his executor and half-brother Dr. Peter Fabjan, has since made exceptions, although the German firm of Suhrkamp remains his principal publisher.
The correspondence between Bernhard and his publisher Siegfried Unseld from 1961 to 1989 – about 500 letters – was published in December 2009 at Suhrkamp Verlag, Germany.[10]
Reviews
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State Intelligence Services (The Gambia) - Wikipedia | The State Intelligence Services (SIS), formerly the National Intelligence Agency (NIA), is the intelligence agency of the Gambia. It was founded following the 1994 military coup d'état by the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (APRFC), which was led by Yahya Jammeh.[1] Its current head is Ousman Sowe.[2]
The National Intelligence Agency (NIA) was founded in 1995 by Decree no. 45 issued by the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC). The AFPRC had come to power under the leadership of Yahya Jammeh in a 1994 military coup. It was set up to replace the National Security Service of Dawda Jawara's government. Initially, its purpose was to combat threats from dissidents within the armed forces itself. However, its role was quickly expanded to meet both real and perceived challenges from civilian critics and opponents. Despite the transition to a civilian government in 1996, the original military decree was retained, allowing the NIA to operate outside the correct legal framework. The NIA also gained a "feared reputation for harassment of the political opposition and news media critics of the government".[3]
NIA operatives were accused of being involved in the alleged 21 March 2006 coup d'état attempt against Jammeh's regime.[3]
Many reports that NIA operatives used torture have been made. A former NIA operative, who spoke to Human Rights Watch on the condition of anonymity, said that "I’d seen bad things before, but suddenly I was seeing real torture. One woman was beaten so badly she wet herself in fear. I can still remember her screams." He said that during his time at the NIA, he witnessed arbitrary arrests, torture, and enforced disappearances.[4] In 2016, NIA operatives detained Solo Sandeng, a Gambian political activist, and beat him to death in custody. Nine members of the agency, including its former head, were put on trial the following year for Sandeng's death after his remains, among others, were discovered.[5][6]
The NIA reportedly maintained a small jail inside its headquarters, known as the bambadinka (crocodile hole), where dissidents were tortured.[2]
On 31 January 2017, the newly elected President Adama Barrow announced that the name of the NIA would be changed to the State Intelligence Services (SIS).[7] It was announced the next day that former NIA Deputy Director, Musa Dibba, was appointed as the new Director of the SIS.[8]
WikiMiniAtlas13°27′40″N 16°34′52″W / 13.4611°N 16.5811°W / 13.4611; -16.5811
This Gambia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:00:18 |
Herrengasse (Bern) - Wikipedia |
The Herrengasse ("Nobles' Lane") is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It was the southernmost street of the old Zähringerstadt (Zähringer town) of Bern and ended at the first city wall.
Three buildings on the Herrengasse are listed on the Swiss inventory of heritage site of national significance[1] and it is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.
Herrengasse, like most streets in the Old City, runs east to west. However due to the increasing width of the Aare peninsula the street only runs a short distance from the Münsterplatz (the plaza in front of the Münster of Bern) to the Casinoplatz. The Herrengasse is divided into 2 sections along the center of the street. The Sonnseite (Sunny Side) was originally the southern flank of the 1191 Zähringerstadt. The Schattseite (Shady Side) was built later as the original city expanded within the city walls from 1191.[2] In addition to the division along the street, there is also a division in the middle of the street. Along both sides of the street there are two separate rows of buildings, with a small passageway between them which runs north and south. South of the Herrengasse the Aare peninsula drops away sharply toward the Aare. Near the Herrengasse, at Casinoplatz, the modern Kirchenfeld Bridge crosses the river to the heights of Kirchenfeld.
The Herrengasse was originally the path that led between the Münster and the Franciscan friary (German: Barfüßerkloster). It was known as vicus de Egerdon in 1312 and as herrengass von Egerdon in 1316.[3] During the early 16th century the name was shortened to Herrengasse.
While the city of Bern was founded in 1191, what would become the Herrengasse wasn't added until a little while later. In 1255 the Franciscan friars were granted a piece of land in the southwest corner near the city wall. A year later, in 1256, a Teutonic Knights chapter house is first mentioned on the south side of the modern Münsterplatz. The road that would become the Herrengasse stretched between the two.[2] Both of the original names of the Herrengasse (vicus de Egerdon and herrengass von Egerdon) refer to a knight (or Herren, a member of the minor nobility), Heinrich von Egerdon, who bought a house along the road in November 1271.[3]
During the great fire of 14 May 1405 the entire Herrengasse was destroyed, along with most of the rest of the city. In 1427 the Teutonic Knights built a new rectory that is the foundation of the newer (1745) building that marks the south-east corner of the Herrengasse. Between 1479 and 1483 the Franciscans built a new, large church which dominated the small plaza at the west end of the street. Then, between 1491 and 1506, several buildings on the east end of Herrengasse were demolished to build the Münsterplatz, an open plaza in front of the cathedral.[2]
The new Franciscan church only lasted a few decades, by 1535 the church had fallen into ruins and the order left the city. The open area where the church had been was empty until 1577 when the Latin School (German: Lateinschule) was built.
In addition to the Franciscans on the west side and the cathedral and Teutonic Knights on the east side, there were several religious buildings along the Schattseite. The southern or Shady Side of the Herrengasse was a center of spiritual life for the city, and remained so even after the Reformation.[2] In contrast, the northern or Sunny Side of the street was, with two exceptions, the domain of the minor burgher or merchant class. Most of these houses were built with a stone lower level and fachwerk or half-timbered construction on the upper levels. The two exceptions (Herrengasse 4 and 23) were built for patrician families,[4] and are both on the list of Cultural Properties of National Significance.
The buildings along the Herrengasse were originally built in the late Gothic style, but were modified over the following centuries. While some of the facades have remained gothic, others were rebuilt in later centuries but overlay a gothic structure. Many of the buildings were renovated during the late 1940s and 1950s.[5]
Two of the houses on Herrengasse and the Casino are listed as Cultural Properties of National Significance.
Herrengasse 4 was built from 1756 to 1765 by Niklaus Sprüngli for Abraham Ahasverus Tscharner. Construction began when Tscharner bought the two houses neighboring Herrengasse 2 and had them demolished to make room for his new house. It is the only patrician house on the Sunny Side of Herrengasse.[6] The front facade is four windows wide and four stories tall with two dormer windows in the attic. The Tscharner crest is displayed between the third and fourth levels. The floorplan of the building is basically square, with a small central courtyard. The courtyard is paved with limestone paving stones.
The exterior of the house was cleaned and repaired in 2006, before which it was last repaired over 100 years before. During the renovation, the front facade was repaired, the wrought iron grating was replaced, the limestone paving stones were replaced and the interior was repaired and renovated.[7] As of 2009, the building is privately owned and is occupied by two businesses and two apartments.
In contrast to Herrengasse 4, Herrengasse 23 dates back to the Late Middle Ages and grew out of the combination of several older houses.[8] Most of the building already existed by 1600. Between 1603 and 1607 there was a late gothic house located at what would become Herrengasse 23. In 1690 the exterior was rebuilt in an early Baroque style with a north-south running hipped roof and stair tower on the west. This renovation was done by the architect Abraham Dünz. Around 1730–1740 the building was renovated into a late Baroque style and the western stair tower was integrated into the building.[9] Shortly before his death, in 1756, Phillipp Albert von Bürens sold the house to David Salomon von Wattenwyl. Soon afterwards, the architect Erasmus Ritter, rebuilt the house for von Wattenwyl in a Louis XV style. The house may be the most important example of Ritter's work.[10] The house was known as the von Wattenwyl house, not to be confused with the Beatrice von Wattenwyl-Haus (also known as the von Wattenwyl house) at Junkerngasse 59.
In 1890, the first Casino (actually a concert house not a gambling establishment, see Casino for the origin of the word) was forced to move when construction of the Federal Palace (home of the Swiss Federal Assembly (federal parliament) and the Federal Council) began. In 1903, a new location on Herrengasse was chosen, and planning began.[11] The new Casino of Bern was designed and built by Paul Lindt and Max Hofmann in a late Baroque, Neoclassical style. It was built at a cost of 1.7 million Swiss Francs and finished after a two-year construction period in 1909. In addition to providing a space for concerts, the Casino contained a restaurant and several smaller meeting rooms. Over the following decades, the Casino was repaired and renovated. However, in 1979 a total renovation began that attempted to return the Casino to its original appearance. This project finished in 1991 at a cost of 33.5 Million Swiss Francs.[12]
Herrengasse 23 was occupied by Allen Dulles who was the Chief of Station for OSS in Switzerland during World War II. From his house on Herrengasse he ran an intelligence organization that produced information on Nazi aircraft, V-1 and V-2 missiles, the 20 July 1944 attempt to kill Hitler, and even the surrender of German troops in Italy.[13]
WikiMiniAtlas46°56′49″N 7°26′58″E / 46.94705°N 7.4495°E / 46.94705; 7.4495
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Hourglass (Kiš novel) - Wikipedia | Peščanik is a 1972 novel by Yugoslav novelist Danilo Kiš, translated as Hourglass by Ralph Manheim (1990). Hourglass tells the account of the final months in a man's life before he is sent to a concentration camp, and is the author's best known work.[1] Hourglass is in part based on the life of the author's Jewish father, who was murdered in Auschwitz.[2]
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Rebets - Wikipedia | Rebets is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D47 and the D86 roads. The small Héronchelles river, a tributary of the Andelle, flows through the commune.
This Rouen geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:00:33 |
Podulce - Wikipedia | Podulce (pronounced [pɔˈduːltsɛ]) is a settlement northeast of Raka in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.[2]
The local church is dedicated to Saint Margaret (Slovene: sveta Marjeta) and belongs to the Parish of Raka. It is a medieval building with a belfry that was added in 1839.[3]
This article about the Municipality of Krško in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:00:37 |
Toxic tort - Wikipedia | A toxic tort claim is a specific type of personal injury lawsuit in which the plaintiff claims that exposure to a chemical or dangerous substance caused the plaintiff's injury or disease.
People may be exposed to toxic chemicals or similar dangerous substances from pharmaceutical products,[1] consumer products, the environment,[2] or in the home or at work.[3] Many toxic tort cases arise either from the use of medications, or through exposure at work.
There have also been many occupational toxic tort cases, because industrial and other workers are often chronically exposed to toxic chemicals - more so than consumers and residents. Thousands of toxic chemicals are used in industry and workers in these areas can experience a variety of toxic injuries. Unlike the general population, which is exposed to trace amounts of thousands of different chemicals in the environment, industrial workers may be regularly exposed to much higher levels of chemicals and therefore have a greater risk of developing disease from particular chemical exposures than the general population.
An occupational toxic injury case may result in a workers' compensation claim, which is made against the worker's employer. The same injury can potentially support a toxic tort case against "third parties", that is, people or entities other than the employer, such as manufacturers or distributors of chemicals, substances or equipment that exposed the worker to the chemicals, or the people or entities in control of the premises where the worker was exposed to the toxic chemicals.
Pharmaceutical injuries can occur when a person is injured by a dangerous, defective or contaminated medication. Many pharmaceutical toxic injury cases are mass tort cases, as most medications are consumed by thousands of people. The cases are often litigated against drug manufacturers and distributors, and potentially against prescribing physicians. When prosecuted against drug manufacturers and distributors, pharmaceutical toxic tort cases differ from medical malpractice suits in that pharmaceutical toxic tort cases are essentially product liability cases, the defective product being the drug.
The home has recently become the subject of toxic tort litigation, due to exposure to mold contamination, construction materials such as wood or carpeting treated with formaldehyde, and pesticides, and lead paint. Some imported consumer items, such as toys and ceramics, may be produced with dangerously high levels of lead.
People may also be injured from environmental toxins in the air or in drinking water.
When a toxic tort case is based on chemical exposure, the following chemicals may be involved:
Among the medical conditions that may be alleged to be caused by exposure to a toxic substance, the following may be claimed in toxic tort cases.
This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:00:40 |
Electoral results for the district of Manly (Queensland) - Wikipedia |
This is a list of electoral results for the electoral district of Manly in Queensland state elections.
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William Van Mildert - Wikipedia |
William Van Mildert (6 November 1765 – 21 February 1836) was the bishop of Durham (1826–1836), and the last to rule the county palatine of Durham. He was also one of the founders of the University of Durham, where he is commemorated in the names of Van Mildert College, founded in 1965, and the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity.[2]
He was the son of Cornelius van Mildert, a gin distiller, and his wife Martha née Hill. Cornelius Van Mildert was the great-grandson of an Amsterdam merchant who migrated to London around 1670, Martha the daughter of William Hill of Vauxhall, Surrey, merchant and financier. William van Mildert was educated at St Saviour's Grammar School, Merchant Taylors' School (then in London) and the Queen's College, Oxford. Loosely attached to the high church party, he was appointed Bishop of Llandaff from 1819 to 1826, a post which he held in commendam with the Deanery of St Paul's between 1820 and 1826, when he was translated to Durham. Prior to this, he was in 1790 the curate of Witham, Essex, where he met Jane (1760-1837), daughter of General Douglas, whom he married in 1795.[3] He became rector of the church of St. Mary-le-Bow in London and Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, where he gave the Bampton Lectures for 1814. Van Mildert is often described as a 'stormy petrel' on account of his outspoken expression of his views. As Bishop of Llandaff he broke with the practice of his predecessors and actually resided in the diocese. As the bishop's palace had fallen to ruin, he rented Coldbrook House near Abergavenny. During his time in Llandaff, he gained a reputation as "a conscientious diocesan".[1]
As part of the University of Durham's foundation, behind which he was the driving force, he gave Durham Castle to the university, where it became the home of University College. Auckland Castle therefore became the sole residence of the Bishop of Durham. In addition, he donated a large number of buildings on Palace Green, between the Castle and the Cathedral. These are currently in use by various departments of the university (principally law, music and a small portion of the University Library).
In 1833, he gave 5 acres of land and a lot previously used as a burial pit during the 1831 Cholera Outbreak to the town of Stockton. Using funds allocated during the Commissioners' church Act of 1818, he ordered the construction of the gothic style Holy Trinity Church. This site is now in ruin, and is a Grade II* listed building in the park of Trinity Green.[4][5][6]
Van Mildert was the last Bishop of Durham with significant temporal powers.[7] Those de jure vestiges of feudal jurisprudence were removed and returned to the Crown after his death in 1836 by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836.[8]
In truth, most of the secular power of the bishop of Durham had already been removed by that time. The Great Reform Act 1832 saw the removal of most of the bishop's powers — although he maintained a seat in the House of Lords — and the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 had given the governing power of the town of Durham to an elected body.[9]
This article about a Bishop or Prince-Bishop of Durham is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article relating to Durham University is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:00:47 |
List of islands of Florida - Wikipedia |
The U.S. state of Florida has a total of 4,510 islands that are ten acres or larger.[1] This is the second-highest number of islands of any state of the United States; only Alaska has more.[1]
Major island chains include the Florida Keys, the Ten Thousand Islands, the Sea Islands, and the barrier islands of the Atlantic coast, the Panhandle Gulf of Mexico coast, and the Tampa Bay Area and Southwest Florida Gulf coast.
| 2023-08-27 17:00:51 |
Parthenon Huxley - Wikipedia | Parthenon Huxley (born January 19, 1956) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and producer who is known for his solo albums and for his involvement in ELO Part II and The Orchestra, both of which are latter-day offshoots of the 1970s–80s symphonic rock band Electric Light Orchestra. He has also made cameo appearances in several films including Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story and The Flintstones.
Huxley was born Richard Willett Miller in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and grew up in New Jersey and Athens, Greece before moving to North Carolina to attend UNC-Chapel Hill. His stage name (now legal name) honors two of his varied interests: his love for Greece, and the British writer Aldous Huxley.[1] He began his recording career as guitarist on Matt Barrett's EP The Ruse (Moonlight Records), produced by Don Dixon and Mitch Easter.
His touring career began as a member of the Chapel Hill, NC rock band The Blazers, which consisted of Huxley (credited under his original name Rick Miller), Sherman Tate (lead & harmony vocals, rhythm guitar), Ronnie Taylor (drums & percussion) and Lee Gildersleeve (bass). The band recorded one album, How to Rock: Ten Easy Lessons (Moonlight Records, 1980), again produced by Don Dixon.
His first solo recording (released under the pseudonym "Rick Rock"[2]) was the self-produced, self-financed single "Buddha, Buddha" / "Sputnik" (Big Groovy, 1983). Despite its modest recording budget of US $400[3] "Buddha, Buddha" was named one of the ten best records ever made in North Carolina by the Greensboro Record. During this period Huxley also toured as guitarist with Don Dixon under the name Me & Dixon. He relocated to Los Angeles in 1987 and signed with Columbia Records; the following year he recorded his first solo album, Sunny Nights (Columbia 1988), produced by Huxley and Paul McCartney producer David Kahne. Three of its tracks ("Double Our Numbers", "Guest Host for the Holy Ghost" and "Chance to Be Loved") were released as singles during that year. Although the album received favorable reviews (Rolling Stone Magazine called it a "monumental debut"), it did not sell well[4] and this ended his association with Columbia.
It was five years before Huxley's next album; in the intervening period he co-produced the two solo albums by Eels frontman E, 1992's A Man Called E and 1994's Broken Toy Shop. The first single from A Man Called E ("Hello Cruel World" – co-written by Huxley) reached #8 on the Modern Rock chart. Huxley also produced an eponymous album with power pop singer Kyle Vincent (Carport/Hollywood Records).[5] The album's first single, "Wake Me Up (When the World's Worth Waking Up For)", reached #101 on Billboard's singles chart and stayed there for eight weeks, setting a curious record for "bubbling under" the Hot 100.
Huxley's next album, Deluxe, was credited to P. Hux, a power-pop trio comprising Huxley, Gordon Townsend (drums, vocals) and Rob Miller (bass, vocals). The album was released in the US in 1995 on the Black Olive label, and was also released in Japan, Australia and France (where it was retitled Every Minute).[6] The songs on the album were largely inspired by Huxley's recent marriage to screenwriter Janet Heaney. The album was well received by critics and was voted as 1995 Album of the Year by Audites Magazine.[7] A single from the album, "Every Minute", appeared on the Rhino Records compilation Poptopia! Power Pop Classics of the '90s.
Huxley's next recording was the self-titled album recorded by Huxley's side project VeG (1997), another three-piece group with Winston Watson (drums, lap steel) and Paul Martinez (bass, background vocals). Watson was Bob Dylan's drummer for five years in the '90s.
In January 1997, Huxley's wife, Janet, died, and it was several years before he resumed his solo career. In the meantime, he joined Electric Light Orchestra Part II in January 1999, replacing singer-guitarist Phil Bates, and he toured with them through the year. In November that year Bev Bevan played his last show with the band; in early 2000 he issued a press statement announcing that the group had dissolved, and he then sold his 50% share of the rights to the ELO name back to the group's founder, Jeff Lynne. The remaining members then recruited drummer Gordon Townsend and, following legal action by Lynne, renamed itself The Orchestra. Later in 2001 he recorded with The Orchestra for their album No Rewind, which featured four songs written or co-written by Huxley:[8] "Jewel and Johnny", "Can't Wait to See You", "Over London Skies" and "Before We Go." The band continued to tour with this lineup until 2007, when Huxley left the band to spend more time with his family. Huxley was replaced by Bates, who rejoined The Orchestra after a nine-year absence.
Meanwhile, Huxley had restarted his solo career in 2001 with two albums. The second P. Hux studio album, Purgatory Falls, was a deeply personal and sometimes harrowing song cycle that chronicled the devastating experience of his wife's untimely death. Huxley signed with Universal and a single, "I Loved Everything", reached #1 on Rolling Stone Magazine's Exclusive Download Chart. This was followed by a solo live album, Live in Your Living Room. Later in 2001 he contributed to The Orchestra's No Rewind.
Huxley followed No Rewind with another solo acoustic live album, In Your Parlour (Nine18 Records), in 2003 and then began work on Homemade Spaceship, an album of ELO covers commissioned by Lakeshore Records of Hollywood, CA. Homemade Spaceship: The Music of ELO as Performed by P. Hux was awarded 2005 Tribute Album of the Year by Just Plain Folks, the world's largest online musicians community.
In October 2011, Phil Bates again left the band and Huxley returned as Orchestra guitarist and singer. With Huxley back on board, The Orchestra completed a successful 17-date tour of Eastern Europe in December 2011.
Huxley moved to Maryland in 2004, where he began work on the third P. Hux studio album, Kiss the Monster. It was released in 2007 by English label Voiceprint in conjunction with Nine18 (Huxley's imprint) and BeanBagOne, a label owned by Huxley's American manager David Bean of Carmel, California. Kiss the Monster was nominated for 'Album of the Year' by Just Plain Folks.
In 2006 Nine18/Not Lame Records released Mile High Fan, an album of songs recorded in Los Angeles in the late '80s and early '90s. Tracks from Mile High Fan had originally been intended for the follow-up to 1988's Sunny Nights.
In 2011, Huxley released Tracks & Treasure Vol. 1, a collection of songs that had appeared on compilations as well as previously unreleased master recordings. The album featured performances by McCartney guitarist Rusty Anderson, Go-Go's drummer Gina Schock, ELO/ELO Part II/The Orchestra violinist Mik Kaminski, and others. The album's title was a pun, referencing "trash and treasure" days in Maryland.
On April 2, 2013, Nine18 Records issued Thank You Bethesda, a collection of new songs that Huxley considers some of his best work. A successful Kickstarter campaign in the fall of 2012 aided in the album's post-production and release. The 24-page CD booklet contains names and pictures of Huxley's Kickstarter supporters.
In Fall 2015, Nine18 Records released P. Hux Live Deluxe, a remastered 1996 recording of the original P. Hux lineup captured live in Durham, North Carolina.
On September 18, 2018, Nine18 Records released This Is The One, Huxley's most recent collection of new songs and featuring the singles "Just Sayin'" and "Running Home To You." The album's songs and sounds were hailed by well-known fans of Huxley, including Don Dixon, Al Stewart, McCartney guitarist Rusty Anderson and many more.
| 2023-08-27 17:00:55 |
2022 American League Division Series - Wikipedia |
The 2022 American League Division Series (ALDS) were the two best-of-five playoff series in Major League Baseball (MLB) to determine the participating teams of the 2022 American League Championship Series. These matchups are:
The team with the better regular season record (higher seed) of each series hosted Games 1, 2, and (if necessary) 5, while the lower seeded team hosted Game 3 and (if necessary) 4. Following the series, the Yankees and Astros met in the 2022 American League Championship Series, with the Astros sweeping the series in four games. The Astros would go on to win the 2022 World Series over the National League champion Philadelphia Phillies, 4 games to 2.
The top two division winners (first two seeds) are determined by regular season winning percentages. The final two teams are the winner of the American League Wild Card Series, played between the league's third to sixth-seeded teams.
The Houston Astros (106–56) clinched the American League West and first-round bye from the American League Wild Card Series on September 19[1][2] and the 1 seed in the American League on September 30, thus earning them home-field advantage throughout the American League playoff.[3][4][5] Houston is making their sixth straight postseason appearance, seventh in eight seasons, and played against the Seattle Mariners (90–72), who clinched their first division series berth and appearance since 2001 by defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in a two-game sweep in the Wild Card Series. The Astros won 12 of the 19 games they played versus the Mariners in the regular season.[6] The Astros swept the Mariners and advanced to the American League Championship Series for the sixth consecutive season.
The New York Yankees (99–63) clinched the American League East and a first-round bye on September 27.[7] They are making their sixth straight postseason appearance, first as the AL East winner since 2019, and played the third-seeded Cleveland Guardians (92–70), who clinched a division series berth by defeating the Tampa Bay Rays in a two-game sweep in the Wild Card Series[A], their first division series appearance since 2018, and first under the Guardians moniker. New York won five of the six regular season games versus Cleveland.[8] The Yankees defeated the Guardians in five games and advanced to the American League Championship Series for the first time since 2019.
Houston won the series, 3–0.
New York won the series, 3–2.
† Game 2 was originally scheduled for October 13, but was postponed due to rain.
‡ Game 5 was originally scheduled for October 17, but was postponed due to rain.
This is the first postseason meeting between Seattle and Houston. During the regular season, the Astros won the season series 12-7 and finished first in the American League West, 16 games in front of the second-place Mariners.
In the first postseason matchup between the two teams, Justin Verlander made his first postseason start since Game 6 of the 2019 World Series while Logan Gilbert was making his first career postseason start for Seattle. The Mariners jumped Verlander early with a Cal Raleigh RBI single in the first and three more runs in the second from a Julio Rodríguez double and Ty France single. The Astros put runs on the board in the third with a two-run double from Yordan Álvarez. J. P. Crawford hit a solo homer and France drove in Rodríguez to increase the Mariners' lead to four in the fourth. Verlander closed out the inning and ended his day giving up 10 hits and six runs over four innings pitched. Yuli Gurriel led off the bottom of the inning with a solo shot to cut the deficit in half, but Eugenio Suárez crushed a solo homer into the Crawford Boxes in the seventh to widen the lead. Alex Bregman hit a two-run shot in the bottom of the eighth to bring it within two and set up the dramatic events of the ninth inning.
Mariners reliever Paul Sewald hit David Hensley with a pitch and allowed a Jeremy Pena single while only getting two outs before Robbie Ray, who had started the clinching Game 2 of the Wild Card Series against Toronto, was brought on in relief to face Yordan Álvarez. Álvarez slammed Ray's second pitch into deep right field, stunning the Mariners for a walk-off Game 1 victory. It was the first postseason walk-off win for the Astros since Game 5 of the 2020 American League Championship Series; the first walk-off postseason home run by a trailing team since Game 6 of the 1993 World Series, and fourth overall; the second walk-off postseason home run in history to be hit with a team down to their final out, with the other one being in the 1988 World Series; and the first ever by a team trailing by multiple runs with two outs.[17] Alvarez went 3-for-5 and drove in five runs and made important contributions on defense—MLB.com analyst Mike Petriello argued this was the greatest performance in playoff history by a position player.[18]
As it happened two days earlier, Seattle tried to hold on to a lead late in the game before Yordan Álvarez came up to the plate to crush those plans. In the sixth inning, with two outs, Jeremy Pena lined a hit to get on base for Álvarez to bat. A couple of pitches later, Álvarez lined a towering shot into left field off of Luis Castillo to give the Astros a 3–2 lead. He became the second player to hit go-ahead home runs in the sixth inning or later of back-to-back postseason games, joining Troy Glaus in the 2002 American League Division Series, and the first to do it with his team trailing in both games.[19]
Kyle Tucker had started the scoring with a home run for Houston in the bottom of the second, while the Mariners got their two runs in the fourth on a fielder's choice error scoring Eugenio Suarez and a Dylan Moore single scoring Mitch Haniger. In the eighth inning, Pena drew a walk to bring up Álvarez with two outs, which led to Seattle intentionally walking him. Alex Bregman was next, and he hit a line drive to right field that got Pena running all the way home. Seattle left thirteen runners on base, which included having the bases loaded in the sixth (with Héctor Neris inducing a ground out) and a double play lineout in the ninth. With the win, the Astros had won the first two games of an ALDS for the sixth straight year.
A new postseason record was set in this game, the first postseason game in Seattle in 21 years. The two teams did not score for 17 innings, becoming the longest scoreless postseason game in Major League history, surpassing the record of 14 scoreless innings in the 2022 American League Wild Card Series Game 2 between the Cleveland Guardians and the Tampa Bay Rays a week earlier. The game also broke the record set that day for most combined strikeouts in a postseason game with 42.[20]
Jeremy Peña hit a solo home run to give Houston the lead in the top of the 18th. Luis García hurled five scoreless innings of relief to earn the victory in a game that lasted six hours and 22 minutes. With 18 innings, this game is tied with the 2005 NLDS Game 4, 2014 NLDS Game 2, and 2018 World Series Game 3 as the longest postseason games in Major League history in terms of innings, with this being the second to go the full eighteen (as the home team in two of the games won on a walk-off before making three outs); the Astros had previously participated in the 2005 contest, thereby making them the first team to participate in multiple eighteen inning postseason games in MLB history. In addition, this was the first game to go 18 innings since a 19-inning September 24, 2019 game between the Cardinals and Diamondbacks.[21]
With the win, the Astros made it into the ALCS for six consecutive years. This is a record for American League teams and second most overall next to the Atlanta Braves, who made eight straight trips to the NLCS from 1991 to 1999 but only had to win a postseason series to reach the LCS for five of them while the Astros had to win a postseason series each of their six times to reach the ALCS.[22]
2022 ALDS (3–0): Houston Astros beat Seattle Mariners
This is the sixth postseason meeting between the Yankees and Guardians, with the Yankees holding a 3–2 advantage in their postseason meetings. The Guardians (then named Indians) previously won the 1997 American League Division Series 3–2 and the 2007 American League Division Series 3–1, while the Yankees previously won the 1998 American League Championship Series 4–2 and the 2017 American League Division Series 3–2. The fifth and latest meeting came during the 2020 American League Wild Card Series when New York swept Cleveland in two games. In the regular season, New York won the season series 5-1.
Gerrit Cole took the mound in his first postseason home game for the Yankees, who despite making the postseason in each of the last two seasons, had not played a home game in the playoffs since October 18, 2019. Steven Kwan homered off of Cole to right field to make it 1–0 Guardians in the third inning. The home run Cole gave up marked his seventh postseason appearance giving up a home run, tied for the most home runs given up in consecutive postseason appearances.[23] In the bottom of the third, the Yankees struck back as Harrison Bader hit a solo shot to left to tie the game. In the fifth, Isiah Kiner-Falefa hit a triple to right field and catcher Jose Trevino had a sacrifice fly scoring Kiner-Falefa to make it 2–1. Then in the bottom of the sixth, Aaron Judge walked and stole second base and went to third due to a throwing error by Austin Hedges attempting to pick Judge off. The next batter Anthony Rizzo hit a two-run home run scoring Judge from third to extend the Yankees lead to 4–1. After giving up the home run to Kwan, Cole bounced back as he pitched 6+1⁄3 innings, allowing four hits, one walk, hitting one batter, and striking out eight batters to get the win. Clay Holmes faced the final two batters in the ninth and closed out the 4–1 victory. With the win, this marked the sixth straight postseason victory over the Guardians starting from the Yankees' 2–0 comeback in the 2017 ALDS.
Game 2 was originally scheduled to be played on October 13 at 7:37 pm (EDT), but was postponed to October 14 at 1:07 pm (EDT) due to the forecast of sustained inclement weather.[24]
Nestor Cortés Jr. was slated to go for the Yankees against Shane Bieber for the Guardians. Giancarlo Stanton got the scoring started early with a two-run home run to the short porch in right field in the first inning. This would be the only time the Yankees scored for the rest of the game as Bieber would settle in and strike out seven over 5+2⁄3 innings. Cortés shut down the Guardians through the first three innings before giving up an RBI single to Andrés Giménez in the fourth and a game-tying home run to Amed Rosario in the fifth, finishing his day with three walks and three strikeouts over five innings. Both bullpens kept the game tied until Oscar González hit an RBI single off of Jameson Taillon in the 10th inning. Josh Naylor would tack on an insurance run with an RBI double and Emmanuel Clase would finish off the game with a scoreless frame to tie the series at one game apiece heading to Cleveland.
Luis Severino and Triston McKenzie squared off against each other in Game 3 as the series moved to Cleveland. The Guardians got the scoring started early as Josh Naylor and Steven Kwan both hit RBI singles in the first and second to put the Guardians up 2-0; but the Yankees responded in the third when Aaron Judge hit a two-run homer to tie the game up. Oswaldo Cabrera would put the Yankees up 4-2 in the fifth with a two-run shot of his own. McKenzie would finish the inning and end his night with 5 strikeouts and four runs given up over five innings. The Guardians would chase Severino in the sixth after he gave up back to back singles and cut the deficit to one after an RBI single from Will Brennan. Harrison Bader padded the Yankees lead with a solo shot in the seventh and Wandy Peralta came in to try and finish the game off with a seven out save. After bringing the game within one again from an Amed Rosario RBI single, Oscar González hit a walk-off two run single for a comeback 6-5 victory and a stunning 2-1 lead in the series. It was the second walk-off hit of the postseason for González after his walk-off home run in Game 2 of the Wild Card Series.
Cal Quantrill and Gerrit Cole faced off in a rematch of Game 1 as the Guardians looked to advance to their first ALCS since 2016. The Yankees jumped on Quantrill early with an Anthony Rizzo RBI single in the first and a two run homer from Harrison Bader in the second to grab an early 3-0 lead. José Ramírez got the Guardians on the board in the third with an RBI single but was thrown out trying to advance to second to end the inning. Josh Naylor cut the deficit to one with a solo homer in the fourth and, while rounding the bases, stared down Cole while performing a baby rocking motion that drew the ire of opposing fans and the media.[25] Cole shook off the home run and finished with eight strikeouts over seven innings of two run ball. Giancarlo Stanton tacked on an insurance run in the sixth with a sacrifice fly and the Yankees bullpen finished the game with two scoreless innings to tie the series at 2-2 and force it back to New York.
Due to a rain delay, the second of the series, the game was forced to be postponed from October 17 to October 18, overlapping with the first game of the NLCS for the first time in Major League History.[26]
The Yankees tasked Nestor Cortés Jr. to help them advance to the ALCS while, in a controversial move, Terry Francona elected to start Aaron Civale over Game 2 starter Shane Bieber. The move immediately backfired as Giancarlo Stanton hit a three run home run in the first inning and chased Civale after only getting one out. Aaron Judge followed up with a solo home run in the second and Cortés threw five innings while only giving up one run, a sacrifice fly from José Ramírez in the third. Anthony Rizzo would pad the lead with an RBI single in the fifth and the Yankees bullpen sealed the game and the series with four scoreless innings, advancing to the ALCS for the first time since 2019. Due to the compressed schedule from the rain delays in the series, the Yankees held a quick post-game celebration before flying to Houston for Game 1 of the ALCS the following day.
2022 ALDS (3–2): New York Yankees beat Cleveland Guardians
| 2023-08-27 17:00:59 |
Connecticut Route 72 - Wikipedia |
Route 72 Route 72 is a state highway in the western part of the Greater Hartford area. Route 72 is an L-shaped route with a north–south section in Plymouth and Harwinton and an east–west section from Bristol to New Britain. Route 72 is a freeway from Route 9 in New Britain to Route 372 in Plainville. Although ConnDOT logs it as a north-south route, it is signed as east-west with the exception of signage on route 4 at its northwest terminus for route 72 south.
The plan to extend the highway through the Forestville section of Bristol as a four-lane expressway is complete. The construction project broke ground on October 15, 2007 and was completed in the spring of 2011. The contractor for the project was Manafort Brothers, based out of Plainville.[2] The new section of route 72 opened on September 27, 2010.
Route 72 begins as a four-lane freeway at Route 9 in New Britain, expanding to six lanes after the junction with Route 71 at Exit 9. Route 72 overlaps with I-84 as it crosses from New Britain into the town of Plainville. In Plainville, Route 72 has an exit to and from Route 372, an eastbound on-ramp from Route 10 via Route 372 and SR 511, and an eastbound offramp to Woodford Ave (SR 536). After crossing the Pequabuck River, it has a partial interchange with Route 177 before the freeway ends at Forestville Avenue and the western terminus of Route 372. Route 72 continues, crossing Forestville Avenue as a four-lane expressway to the Bristol town line. Within Bristol, Route 72 runs 5.5 miles (8.9 km) along several streets. It continues on the four-lane expressway (known as E. Bartlett Barnes Highway) to Pine Street, where it becomes a four-lane surface road, and follows Pine Street to Riverside Avenue and crosses the Pequabuck River before intersecting with Route 229. Route 72 continues on Riverside Avenue, Main Street, School Street (intersecting Route 69), Divinity Street, Park Street, and Terryville Road. The route runs parallel to the Peqaubuck River in Bristol and crosses it several times. Route 72 then enters the town of Plymouth, where the road turns north to follow South Riverside Avenue, North Riverside Avenue, and Poland Brook Road. Route 72 intersects with US 6 in the Terryville section of town, then continues north in the rural town of Harwinton where it goes along Terryville Road, eventually ending at Route 4. Route 72 is 20.10 miles (32.35 km) long.[1]
The section of Route 72 from Route 9 to Route 372 (Corbin Avenue) in New Britain is also known as the Thaddeus Kosciuszko Highway.[1] The section from Route 372 (Corbin Avenue) in New Britain to the freeway end at the Plainville-Bristol town line is also known as the Polish Legion of American Veterans Memorial Highway. The section in Bristol from the Plainville town line to Pine Street is also known as the E Bartlett Barnes Highway.[3]
Route 72 was established in the 1932 state highway renumbering between Route 66 (then Route 14) in Middletown to Route 10 in Plainville. Since then, the route has been extended west and north and relocated to an expressway. The original route has been transferred to Routes 3 and 372.[citation needed]
In 1942, a portion of US 6 in Bristol and Plymouth was transferred to Route 72 after a realignment of US 6 to use former US 6A. Another section of Route 72 was realigned in Berlin the same year with the construction of an interchange with the Berlin Turnpike. In 1954, the former Routes 117 (Bristol to Torrington) and 49 (Torrington to Norfolk) were transferred to Route 72, extending the route through Torrington to the Massachusetts state line.[4]
In 1962, the section of Route 72 north of modern Route 4 was transferred to a relocated Route 4 and a new Route 272, resulting in the current northern/western terminus. The section from Plainville to Berlin was later upgraded to an expressway. In 1978, the old surface route of Route 72 was assigned as Route 372. In 1990, a freeway connection from the east end of the Route 72 freeway to the west end of the Route 9 freeway opened. The Route 9 designation was extended westward to the current Route 9/72 interchange. Route 372 was extended east along the old Route 72 alignment to Route 3 while Route 3 was extended south along the old Route 72 alignment to Route 66.
In 1961, an expressway section in Berlin was opened from Route 71A to the Berlin Turnpike (US 5 and Route 15). In 1969, Route 72 was rerouted from Berlin into New Britain, leaving the freeway section west of the current Route 9 in Berlin to be reassigned to SR 571. Roundabout The first section of this reroute, from SR 572 to Ellis Street, was opened this year. In 1970, the second section of the rerouting to New Britain was opened from West Main Street to I-84. In 1979, the final part of the rerouting to New Britain was opened, connecting Ellis and West Main Streets.
In 1980, Route 72 in Plainville from the overlap with I-84 to Forestville Avenue was rerouted to the current route. This road, which begins as a freeway and narrows to a divided two lane road, was constructed in two stages, in 1975 and from 1978 to 1980. With the completion of the freeway from Plainville to Berlin in 1980, Route 72 was formally designated on the freeway and the former surface alignment became Route 372. In 1990, Route 9 took over the eastern end of the Route 72 freeway truncating Route 72 to the current 9/72 interchange and extending Route 372 eastward along the former Route 72.
In 2010, Route 72 was rerouted in Plainville and Bristol onto the new four-lane expressway, a widened Pine Street, and an extended section of Riverside Avenue that crosses the Pequabuck River. The overlap with Route 229 was eliminated, and the old sections along Broad Street, Central St, and East Main Street were decommissioned and control of maintenance returned to the city.
Exit numbers were converted from sequential to mile-based in February of 2023.[5]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:04 |
Fortress of Doboj - Wikipedia | Doboj Fortress (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Dobojska tvrđava / Добојска тврђава) or Gradina (Градина) is located in the city of Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1] Throughout its turbulent history, the fortress has been burned and ransacked at least 18 times as per official records. Of note is that Doboj fortress was considered to be a royal Kotromanić property, unlike Great Bosnian Duke Hrvoje's Zvečaj fortress or Sandalj Hranić's Blagaj fortress, which were centers of their respective duchies.
One of the most important defenses in the medieval banate/duchy of Usora, this large stone structure was built in the early 13th century on the site of an earlier, clay and wood-based structure from the 10th or 11th century. In the first period of its existence, from early 13th to about early 15th century (1415), the fortress was built in the Romanesque architecture style.
Doboj fortress underwent a major reconstruction in the spring of 1415. While still retaining some of its original Romanesque elements, the fortress now displayed Gothic structure and had its large keep reinforced with thick walls - up to 3 feet or about 1 meter thick at the Eastern wall. Northern tower received an addition of a bastion/plateau with six cannon. The captain's tower was turned into even more dominating feature, a 5-stories tall donjon. Its perfectly square base and considerable height were not typical for Usora castles of the time. Moreover, additional outer walls were built around the original triangular core and three big towers (Northern, Eastern, and Southern Gate) have been strengthened as well. These towers strategically protected flanks of the fortress, hence rendering any idea of an attack a suicidal attempt. The Southern tower's walls, in particular, were changed into round shape in order to deflect cannonballs (circa 1370-1380s) and local captains at the time used Dubrovnik-made cannons, bombards, and balistas as the fortress' main defense weaponry. Since early 14th century, there was a small contingent permanently stationed at the fortress and it was armed with swords, lances, halberds, bows, crossbows, and later on, handguns. Much of the weaponry was locally made but finer equipment was imported from Germany, Venice, and Dubrovnik. The latter was known as Republic of Ragusa at the time and its merchants travelled and traded regularly throughout medieval Usora and Bosnia. Ragusan engineers also built the water cistern in the upper fort of Doboj.
The fortress served as the focal point guarding the entry into Bosnia proper as it overlooks Doboj valley where Posavina flatlands gradually turn into hills and mountains of central Bosnia. Its strategic position controlled the roads leading north towards Croatia, east along Spreca river towards Region Soli and Drina valley towards Serbia, and south along Usora river and towards Bosnian mainland. The fortress frequently changed hands in the wars between Bosnia and Hungary from 13th through early 15th century. The town population lived in houses along several main streets huddled around the central paved square built in Mediterranean fashion and the size of this old settlement has not grown significantly between early 13th to mid 19th century. At the first signal of impending attack, the town population would leave Doboj settlement and seek safety in the fortress. The entire Usora region was rich in natural resources and due to its accessible location, constantly under the threat from northern Hungarian neighbor. Particularly notable battles in Usora, including Doboj, occurred in 1363, 1394, 1398, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1412, and 1415.
In the early August of 1415, Bosnian nobility with its armies under command of The Great Bosnian Duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić in the coalition with Ottoman Turks under Isa-Beg fought the Hungarians in the Battle of Doboj. During this campaign the Hungarians under Johannes de Gara (Eng: John Garai, Serb: Ivan Gorjanski) and Johannes de Maroth (Serb: Ivan Morovic) had their main camp established on the field right under the fortress of Doboj. Here they set up camp and patiently waited since early June 1415 until the most of the army finally gathered, pouring down from Hungary proper and Slavonia and as far away as Germany, Bohemia, Lithuania, and Poland. Some of the units and weaponry were transported to the main Hungarian camp via boats, from river Sava down to river Bosna, which at that time flowed directly under the fortress (“...qualiter die XVI husus Johannes de Ghara cum multus gentibus scuritatis vestie appulerat in Uxora subtus castrum Dobuy qui ut fertur venit versus Bosnam”, Ragusan Council letter sent to Emperor Sigismund, dated June 28th 1415) . The actual battle took place around August 10th 1415 primarily in the area of Makljenovac, some 5 kilometers due south. The heaviest fighting occurred on the central plateau of the village Sevarlije, just across the river Bosna from Makljenovac proper.
Approximately 15,000 Hungarians spread into three banderia faced the united Bosnian nobility which brought 10,000 knights and men-at-arms to the battlefield. To Hungarian dismay and against their expectations, most important Bosnian overlords - Hrvoje Vukčić, Sandalj Hranić, Pavao Radenović, and Vuk Zlatonosović from Usora Banate were present with their contingents. Among them, they had several thousand modern heavy cavalry, some units of light cavalry, and majority were men-at-arms. In addition, there was a large contingent, of close to 15,000 Ottoman Turks under Isa-Beg that came to fight on the Bosnian side, arriving just in time from direction of Zenica and Lasva Valley. Encroaching Ottomans were already a real threat to Southeastern Europe since the fall of Serbian Empire in 1371. They were actively meddling in medieval Bosnian affairs since early 1400s. However, as it was typical of the fickle politics in High Middle Ages in Europe, Bosnians gladly accepted Ottoman help this time in order to hit back at Hungarians which were incessantly waging wars and Crusades against them for the better part of last two centuries. After careful positioning on the battlefield, the heavy cavalry charge opened the battle, with the smaller pockets of close quarter fighting subsequently developing on gentle slopes of the area set amidst rivers Bosna and Usora. As it happened, Hungarians were heavily defeated in this battle, with most of the present Hungarian high nobility captured and ransomed later on, and they were not to undertake any major offensive against the Ottomans or Bosnian kingdom until the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.
Turks had conquered the city of Doboj and its fortress in 1476 and in following decades had the fortress completely reconstructed and gave it a new shape by adding the second outer wall and additional structures. Particularly large works were done in the early summer of 1490 where some 1,500 men were employed under master-builder Ibrahim. The reconstruction work took 50 days. This was necessary from a strategic point of view, as the northernmost borders of Ottoman Empire at that time were positioned in line Jajce-Doboj-Srebrenik. It appears that the fortress was briefly retaken by Hungarian and Bosnian forces loyal to short lived Hungarian-backed Jajce Banate (1463-1528). However, as officially recorded, from 1503 the old town Doboj and its nearby fortress are firmly in Ottomans' hands until 1878. In the Austrian/Turkish war (1697) Doboj fortress had been sacked and burnt by Prince Eugene of Savoy and his Austrian armies on the march to Sarajevo. The fortress had been conquered and burnt by Austrians again in the summer of 1717. In 1740, Turks added a torture chamber to the fortress's interior but its garrison at the time consisted of only 40+ standing soldiers. Doboj fortress gradually lost its military significance in the late 18th century as the Turkish borders shifted dramatically in the Austrian/Turkish Wars, and later Napoleonic wars on Balkans and elsewhere.
In 1878, Austro-Hungarian army captured the fortress after a very heavy and prolonged battle with a local population, mostly Bosnian muslims (Bosniaks today). A-H army had losses of nearly 1,000 soldiers killed in the battle around Doboj in the late summer of 1878, on its way to Sarajevo, and as it tried to establish hold in Northern Bosnia.
While strategically obsolete, of note is that fortress remained in use by A-H forces in WWI and it stationed a strong Croatian Ustasha and German Wehrmacht unit in WWII. This unit remained firmly entrenched on the fortress throughout the entire war. Members of German forces built additional impromptu bunkers surrounded by concertina wire in the early summer of 1941, and due to its location and firepower, Serbian villagers were unable to take this object during their uprising on August 23, 1941 while they successfully captured all other objects and installations throughout the city and completely destroyed remaining barricaded German/Ustasha units in Doboj and surrounding area. Several thousands Serb rebels, already under heavy Croatian Ustasha oppression since April 10 and establishment of Independent State of Croatia, managed to hold onto the city for 48 hours before being forced back across river Bosna as German armored units entered Doboj from Derventa/Brod and Tuzla area. In retreating through the streets of Doboj, they were under constant heavy fire from the fortress and had multiple casualties.
On the evening of September 9th 1944, in coordinated action, 14th Central-Bosnian Partisan Brigade and 21st Slavonian Partisan Brigade attacked Doboj and took most of the city by the following morning. However, they were once again unable to take Doboj fortress as strong Wehrmacht units and SS-Prinz Eugen anti-armored battalion (SS-Sturmgeschutz Battalion 7) defended it ferociously. The very last shots were fired from the fortress in early morning hours of April 17, 1945, as the elements of Yugoslav Partisan 53rd Division and 14th Central-Bosnian Partisan Brigade stormed into the city from Southern and Eastern lines of defense.
Despite some damages suffered from shelling during the Bosnian War, the fortress is very well preserved. There were several attempts at conservation and research of the castle grounds, the largest one taking place in 1962. Unfortunately, the interior was briefly vandalized in early 2010s but the grounds were renovated again soon thereafter. More recently, in 2016-2017, new works took place in partial conservation of the fortress along with new archeological diggings revealing medieval arrowheads and crossbow projectiles, pieces of clay and glass and decorative pottery, and both elements of crude and fine metal work. The lower layers of three flanking towers, in particular, remain inadequately researched with much more potential for future digs and detailed and long lasting conversation of this historical structure. Doboj Fortress is one of the most important cultural-historical National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
View of the ramparts and tourist facilities, in the 2000s.
Same view, in 2014.
Abandoned entrance.
Vandalized interior.
Abandoned amphitheater.
| 2023-08-27 17:01:09 |
Ulysses S. Grant School (Washington, D.C.) - Wikipedia | The Ulysses S. Grant School is an historic high school, the home of the School Without Walls (Washington, D.C.)
It is located at 2130 G Street Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood.
The Late Victorian building was designed by John B. Brady in 1882, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On February 13, 2006 the D.C. City Council and the George Washington University Board of Trustees approved a deal for $12 million to renovate and expand the school building, in exchange for transfer of the school's rear parking lot property to the university.[3]
This article about a property in the District of Columbia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:01:13 |
Ivan Bobylev - Wikipedia | Ivan Andreyevich Bobylev (Russian: Иван Андреевич Бобылёв; born 7 March 1991) is a former Russian professional footballer.
He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Torpedo Vladimir on 27 May 2012 in a game against FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. He played Central Midfield.
This biographical article related to a Russian association football defender born in 1991 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
| 2023-08-27 17:01:17 |
Leo Noe - Wikipedia | Leopold Noé (born August 1953) is a British multi-millionaire property investor. His net worth is at least £606 million based on the 2021 and 2020 Sunday Times Rich List.[1]
The Sunday Times Giving List, published in May 2021, was the twentieth anniversary of the list and for the first time looked at cumulative figures for the last 20 years. Noé appears in the top 30 of all-time givers between 2002 and 2021, with over £100m of charitable donations over that time.[2]
Leopold Noé was born in August 1953.[3] He is the son of fellow property developer Salomon Noé (sometimes Solomon Noé, born December 1930). Both of Noé's parents were in Auschwitz concentration camp before being liberated in 1944 and making their way to London.[4][5]
Noé is executive chairman and founder of the Noé Group[6] and latterly non-executive chairman of BMO Real Estate Partners. The Noé Group announced its first deal in December 2017, the sale of the Debenhams department store building in Manchester, for £87m.[7] Also in December 2017, the Noé Group's real estate business, Capreon, acquired De Haagsche Zwaan (The Swan) office block in The Hague from Union Investment.[8]
He joined the BMO REP board on completion of the F&C/REIT merger in September 2008, having previously been founder and chairman of REIT Asset Management where he was responsible for overall strategy and client liaison.
In March 2017, Noé and Ivor Smith sold their aggregate 30% interest in BMO REP to F&C Asset Management plc (part of BMO Global Asset Management and an existing 70% Partner). With effect from August 2017, the UK Value Add assets that include contracts for the management of Noé family trust assets will return to Noé and his family. The Noé family trust assets in Germany will remain under the management of BMO REP in Munich.[9]
Noé established Lee Baron Commercial Limited, a firm of property consultants with a wide range of clients, where he still holds the position of non-executive director, and was chief executive of Bourne End Properties PLC between 1989 and 1997, a listed property investment company where his family trusts were the main shareholders.
Noé's British-Israel company, F&C REIT, is now the largest owner of shopping malls in Israel with a €1.5bn (£1.2bn) portfolio. REIT Israel Group (formerly Azorim Properties) owns a $20 million 11,000 square-meter shopping center at the entrance to Nahariya.[10] Noé was the lead buyer in an attempted takeover of Shufersal, buying Nochi Dankner's majority stake in the business.[11] The merging of Reit's £3.45bn portfolio with F&C's £5.2bn property arm has diversified Noé's business away from family trusts and private cash to more institutional sources of equity. His companies operate in India, South America and Africa, and Europe.
In February 2018, Noé received a lifetime achievement award from UK Israel Business at its annual awards ceremony.[12]
He is the former owner of Jewish News.[13][14]
Noé lives in London.[15] His sons Zvi and Raphael work for Capreon, a property group owned by the Noé Group.[16] His daughter Shevi is married to David Bloom, who runs Goldacre Ventures, a private equity group, which is now part of the Noé Group.[16][17]
Primarily through the Rachel Charitable Trust,[18] Noé is a philanthropist and benefactor to various charities in the UK and Israel and a trustee and patron to a number of education and welfare institutions. Noé was a member of the UK government's Holocaust Commission and a member of the Jewish Leadership Council's Commission on Jewish Schools and chairman of its Schools Strategy Implementation Group (SSIG). He is an active participant in education strategy and planning projects, with a particular and keen interest in Special Needs Education in both the UK and Israel. Noé was instrumental in securing SEN as a specialism under the schools funding programme and has committed his time and energy to SEN within the Jewish Community and to over 50 SEN schools outside of the Jewish Community.
While the Rachel Charitable Trust lists some beneficiaries in its accounts, it charges £25 for a full list of the organisations it supports, an unorthodox arrangement among UK foundations.[19]
In 1998, Noé became a trustee of Kisharon, a London-based charity founded in 1976 which provides innovative support to children with complex learning disabilities, their families, teachers and other professionals.[20] In June 2021, Noé stood down from this position following the opening of the Wohl Campus, Kisharon Noé School in Hendon.[21]
Noé established the Kemach Foundation in 2007, based on the belief that for the Haredi community to become part of Israeli economic society and for Israeli society to accept the Haredi community, they have to integrate into the workforce.[22] It has become the premier agency for higher education and employment for the Haredi community throughout Israel, supporting 29,000 Haredi men and women as of January 2018.[23]
Noé's philanthropic approach is based on education, training and collaboration, aiming to create employment opportunities, encourage tolerance and build sustainable communities.[24] Noé was a speaker at the Accelerate Conference in New York in December 2015. His speech is here. In January 2016, Noé was reappointed vice-president and Treasurer of the Jewish Leadership Council (JLC) [1] In April 2017, he was named at number 64 on the Sunday Times Giving list ranking the top 100 charitable contributors in the UK, having donated around £7.8m during the previous year, details here
Noé is a Conservative Party donor. He donated £130,000 to the party in the first quarter of 2017.[27] During the 2019 general election, he made donations of £125,000 and £25,000 to the party and donated £2,500 to Finchley and Golders Green MP Mike Freer.[28][29][30]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:21 |
Kelly McLane - Wikipedia | Kelly McLane (born 1968) is an American artist.[1] Known for her paintings, Mclane also works in sculpture and drawing.[2][3]
McLane received an MFA degree from UC Davis in 1994.[4][5] She lives and works in Havilah, California.[5]
Her work is included in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art,[1] the Museum of Modern Art, New York,[6] the National Gallery of Art, Washington[7] and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[8]
This article about a painter from the United States born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:01:25 |
Juanita Millender-McDonald - Wikipedia | Juanita Millender-McDonald (September 7, 1938 – April 22, 2007) was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1996 until her death in 2007, representing California's 37th congressional district, which includes most of South Central Los Angeles and the city of Long Beach, California. She was a member of the Democratic Party.
On December 19, 2006, Millender-McDonald was named Chairwoman of the House Committee on House Administration for the 110th Congress. She was the first African-American woman to chair the committee. She was also a member of the Congressional Black Caucus and of the New Democrat Coalition and was considered a front-runner for the job of Secretary of Transportation if John Kerry had been elected President in 2004.[2]
Millender-McDonald was born in Birmingham, Alabama. She was educated at Los Angeles Harbor College;[3] at the University of Redlands, from which she received a business degree; and at California State University, Los Angeles, from which she earned a masters in educational administration; and the University of Southern California, from which she completed her doctorate in public administration. She worked as a teacher, a textbook editor, and later as director of a nonprofit organization working for gender issues. She was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.[4] Millender-McDonald served as a member of the City Council of Carson, California and was a member of the California State Assembly (after beating two sitting incumbent Democrats that had been reapportioned into the same Carson based assembly district in 1992) before entering the House. She was first elected to the House in a March 1996 special election to replace Congressman Walter Tucker, who resigned due to corruption charges and was later sentenced to 27 months in prison. While she won a difficult nine-candidate primary in her first election run (fellow assembly member Willard Murray came in a close second) she did not face any serious opposition in any of her reelection campaigns.
In Congress, she was known for her commitment to protecting international human rights. Millender-McDonald worked to aid victims of genocide and human trafficking. In 1996, she also led an inquiry into allegations that the CIA was working with cocaine traffickers to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua.[5]
Within a week of her requesting a leave of absence to deal with her illness, on April 22, 2007, Millender-McDonald died in hospice care,[6][7] succumbing to colon cancer at the age of 68 at her home in Carson. She left a husband, James McDonald, Jr., and five adult children.[6]
Congresswoman Millender-McDonald's seat was vacant until Laura Richardson won the August 21, 2007, special election. Under California law, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced a special election date of June 26, and because no candidate received more than 50% of the total vote, the candidates with the most votes in their respective parties participated in an August 21 runoff. In the June Primary, State Senator Jenny Oropeza lost to State Assemblywoman Laura Richardson, with Richardson continuing to the August special election, when she defeated Republican John M. Kanaley, Libertarian Herb Peters, and Green Daniel Brezenoff. *Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2000, Herb Peters received 3,150 votes.
| 2023-08-27 17:01:29 |
Feni Rose - Wikipedia |
Feni Rosewidyadhari (born 1 November 1973) is an Indonesian TV presenter and entrepreneur. She is notable for her performance of "Ibu Dewi" in a "Sabun Surf" advertisement, and as a presenter in the "Silet" infotainment program[1] on RCTI and Formula One in RCTI, TPI, and GlobalTV.
Feni Rose is an alumnus of the Universitas Indonesia, majoring in Anthropology. She began her television career in 1999 when she became a quiz presenter in the Formula One live show on RCTI.
In 2002, she (with F1 live) moved to TPI. She became a Qualifying Session presenter of this show, and for the 2003 and 2004 seasons, she was hosting the Formula One show in TPI. She also presents the soccer program "Liga Italia Serie-A" on TPI.
Feni and her husband Enkito Herman Nugroho own the production house company "Light’s on Production".
She has hobby of aerobic and she conducted Prima Raga in ANTV and in 2012 when her age is 38, she became a presenter of aerobic Fresh & Fun.
| 2023-08-27 17:01:32 |
Dave Blass - Wikipedia | David "Dave" Blass is an American production designer and art director.
For his work on the Justified television series Blass was nominated for the 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series for the Justified television series, and also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program (One Hour or More) for Justified in 2014 and again in 2015 for the Constantine television series.[1][2] In 2015 he was also nominated for the Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a One Hour Contemporary Television Series for Justified,[3] He has twice been published with cover stories in Perspective Magazine,[4] with a Oct/Nov 2009 article on his pre-visualization of the final shot for the ER television series,[5][6] and February/March 2012 featuring an article on his production design of the Justified series. For his work accurately portraying the State of Kentucky on the Television program Justified he was awarded the honor of "Kentucky Colonel in 2011 by Governor Steven Beshear.
He is a member of the Art Directors Guild and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.[citation needed]
Blass grew up in Ashland, Massachusetts and graduated from the Ashland High School, where he wrote and directed his first film, A SADD Story, for "Students Against Drunk Driving" – which won a Reader's Digest contest.[7][8] He also played soccer and baseball while at Ashland High.[7][8] His film achievement in high school led to him receiving a scholarship to attend the Emerson College in Boston, where he majored in film production.[7][8] He then moved to California and began working in the film and television industry – initially working under Roger Corman.[7][8]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:36 |
Seraj Mahalleh, Juybar - Wikipedia | Seraj Mahalleh (Persian: سراج محله, also Romanized as Serāj Maḩalleh)[1] is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 551, in 154 families.[2]
This Juybar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:01:39 |
Allied Works Council - Wikipedia |
The Allied Works Council was an organisation set up to oversee and organise military construction works in Australia during World War II.
Established in February 1942,[1] the Allied Works Council was responsible for carrying out any works required by the Allied Forces including providing any equipment, materials or workmen required to carry out these works.
Edward Granville Theodore, a former Premier of Queensland (1919–25) and Federal Treasurer (1929–31) was appointed Director-General of the Council.[2]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:42 |
Natrell Jamerson - Wikipedia |
Natrell Jamerson (born December 15, 1995) is a professional gridiron football defensive back for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Wisconsin. Jamerson played wide receiver first with the Badgers before switching to cornerback and later safety.[1] Jamerson has also been a member of a half dozen teams in the NFL: New Orleans Saints, Houston Texans, Green Bay Packers, New York Jets, New York Giants and Las Vegas Raiders.
Jamerson was a three-star wide receiver recruit at Vanguard High School in Ocala, Florida.[2] During his sophomore season with the Wisconsin Badgers football team, he returned a kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown against Maryland.[3] He missed time during his junior season with due to a broken fibula but managed to intercept two passes.[2] After his senior season, he received the Defensive MVP award in the 2018 East-West Shrine Game.[4]
At the 2018 NFL Scouting Combine, Jamerson recorded a 4.4 second time in the 40-yard dash.[1] Scouting reports noted his special teams prowess and his understanding of a complex Wisconsin defensive scheme.[6]
Jamerson was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round, 164th overall, of the 2018 NFL Draft.[7] On May 10, 2018, Jamerson signed his rookie contract with the Saints.[8] He was waived by the Saints on September 1, 2018.[9]
On September 2, 2018, Jamerson was claimed off waivers by the Houston Texans.[10] He played in 10 games before being waived on December 4, 2018.[11]
On December 5, 2018, Jamerson was claimed off waivers by the Green Bay Packers.[12] He was released on August 31, 2019.[13]
On September 1, 2019, Jamerson was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers.[14] He was placed on injured reserve on October 22, 2019 with a foot injury.[15]
Jamerson was waived by the Panthers on September 5, 2020, and signed to the practice squad the next day.[16][17] He was placed on the practice squad/COVID-19 list by the team on September 9,[18] and restored to the practice squad on September 29.[19] He was elevated to the active roster on October 29, November 21, and November 28 for the team's weeks 8, 11, and 12 games against the Atlanta Falcons, Detroit Lions, and Minnesota Vikings, and reverted to the practice squad after each game.[20][21][22] He was signed to the active roster on December 11, 2020.[23] He was released with a "failed physical" designation on February 12, 2021.[24][25]
On August 18, 2021, Jamerson signed with the New Orleans Saints.[26] He was waived on August 31, 2021.[27]
On October 6, 2021, the New York Jets signed Jamerson to their practice squad.[28] He was released on November 24.[29]
On December 6, 2021, Jamerson was signed to the New York Giants practice squad.[30] His contract expired when the teams season ended on January 9, 2022.
On January 18, 2022, Jamerson signed a reserve/future contract with the Las Vegas Raiders.[31] He was released on March 25, 2022.
On April 18, 2022, Jamerson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.[32] Jamerson was released by the Stampeders after the team's first pre-season game.[33] He re-signed with the Stamps on August 1, 2022, midway through the 2022 season.[34]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:46 |
Nemiscau Airport - Wikipedia | Nemiscau Airport (IATA: YNS, ICAO: CYHH) is located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southeast of Nemaska, Quebec, Canada, along Route du Nord at km 294. It was built and is operated by Hydro-Québec to serve their large electrical substations of Nemiscau and Albanel. Air Creebec has scheduled flights to and from this airport at the discretion of Hydro-Québec.[2]
The airport has one of the better gravel runways in the region. Lights are controlled by a ground radio operator, and thus the radio operator must be present for night operations (they typically go home while it is still daylight). Permission is required prior to landing private aircraft via telephone.[citation needed]
This article about an airport in Quebec is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about a Canadian power station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:01:50 |
Don Cullen - Wikipedia | Donald Austin Cullen (January 18, 1933 – June 26, 2022) was a Canadian actor, comedian, writer, and proprietor of the Bohemian Embassy, which he operated, off and on, in various Toronto locations from 1960 to the early 1990s. He was a prolific performer on radio, stage, and television, including as a featured player on Wayne and Shuster's CBC television broadcasts, for 25 years.
Cullen was born in London, Ontario, moving with his family to the High Park area of Toronto in 1936. His parents, Elsie (née Smythe) and Austin Cullen, were fundamentalist Christians. Young Donald studied the Bible at High Park Baptist Church, but later declared himself an atheist.[1] At Humberside Collegiate, he was known among his peers for his imitations of their teachers. He was drawn to the drama club, where he learned he had a capacity for accents, and "that I did this rather well, actually."[citation needed]
He auditioned for the Young Canada Players, but his father forbade him from participating, "partly because they rehearsed on Sunday." The school yearbook declared Cullen "the Jerry Lewis of Humberside," also noting that he was a "'Rawhide' fanatic," referring to the CBC radio program starring humorist Max Ferguson, and "Hopes radio holds a future."[citation needed]
Cullen studied Radio and Television Arts at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, now Toronto Metropolitan University, and briefly at Toronto Teachers' College, only to please his parents, he claimed.[1][2]
He started his career in radio at the CBC, as a copy clerk in the television news department, and he worked there for almost four years. He and some CBC colleagues agreed that Toronto needed more creative culture, and a place to gather other than the Celebrity Club, across Jarvis Street from the Corporation.[3] Five people, including Cullen, each put up $100 to start the Bohemian Embassy, a coffeehouse first located what had been the hayloft of a stable at 7 St. Nicholas Street, near Yonge Street. The club presented a diverse range of attractions, juxtaposing folk music with poetry, film screenings, theatrical presentations, magic, and other acts. Performers included musicians Gordon Lightfoot, Sylvia Fricker (later Tyson) and Joni Mitchell, and poets Margaret Atwood, Gwendolyn MacEwen, Milton Acorn, and Al Purdy.[1][4]
The Embassy was also where, in February 1961, the first edition of the Village Revue opened, a satirical show devised by Barrie Baldaro, Ralph Hicklin, and others. Cullen was implored to join the cast, he recalled, because he could do a Russian accent.[5][1]
At CBC radio, he hosted a Saturday broadcast, called The Show That Dares To Be Known By Bad Taste Alone. Originally a program that featured hit records, it evolved into including more offbeat recordings and sketches, modelling Rawhide and similar in format to The Max Ferguson Show.[6]
Starting in October 1964, for six months, Cullen performed as one of the four cast members in a touring adaptation of the British satirical show Beyond the Fringe, known as Beyond the Fringe '65. He had auditioned at an open call in Toronto, and was offered the job some two years later, he claimed because the producers had not been able to find him. The production played more than 200 performances, in more than 70 locations in Canada and the United States, including a four-week run on Broadway, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.[6]
A later edition of the Village Revue, under the title, Two's Company, featuring only Baldaro and Cullen, played Cafe Le Hibou, the Ottawa coffeehouse, in September 1965.[7]
In October 1965, the 90-minute show returned to the Bohemian Embassy, then transferred to the Colonnade Theatre. Toronto Daily Star theatre critic Nathan Cohen described Cullen as "having the look of a famished vampire and a voice trembling on the brink of uninhibited hysteria."[8]
It had been directed by recent University of Toronto student Lorne Lipowitz, later Lorne Michaels, whose then-girlfriend Rosalind Shuster's father, Frank, saw the show, and from that meeting began Cullen's regular appearances on Wayne and Shuster's television shows. He joined a repertory company, specializing in eccentric characters and dialects. Emulating Alec Guinness's ability to change his appearance according to the character he played, using makeup, costume, hair, and props, Cullen said he enjoyed when people said, "You were on Wayne and Shuster? I never saw you on Wayne and Shuster."[1]
Cullen continued to be associated with Beyond the Fringe. In 1967, he directed it at the Studio Arena Theater in Buffalo, New York, with a cast of Toronto performers: Barrie Baldaro, Roy Wordsworth, Stuart Hamilton, and Nick Simons in the role that Cullen declined to play while staging the show.[9] The production moved to Toronto, and Simons stepped aside so Cullen could take the stage again, in the cabaret room of a restaurant, Upstairs at Old Angelo's, opening on August 17, 1967.[10] According to Cullen, the props and costumes from the Buffalo production had been given to him for the Toronto version, which recouped the costs of mounting the production in four days. The show marked its 100th performance in November, and continued to run through the winter. It was then presented at the Charlottetown Festival, and on tour in Atlantic Canada, running a total of 18 months.[11][12]
Cullen and Baldaro were among the writers contracted to concoct the 1968 edition of Spring Thaw, a topical revue that had been produced annually since 1948. The show premiered in St. John's, Newfoundland, in late January, to negative response, and had toured across the country for about two months, before the producer called in another writer, Roderick Cook, to try to fix it.[13]
In 1969, after the Bohemian Embassy closed, while in London he was recruited for a sketch comedy show, Canada Goose, broadcast by the BBC.[14][15]
Back in Canada, in late 1969 and early 1970, he briefly revived the Bohemian Embassy in a location at Rochdale College.[16]
In addition to his regular contracts with Wayne and Shuster, he appeared in supporting roles in other television productions, including a 1973 adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story, for a CBC series titled Purple Playhouse, and in feature films, including Only God Knows (1974) and My Pleasure is My Business (1975).
In early 1974, Cullen was a writer on Global Television's Everything Goes, a late-night variety program, airing weeknights, that ran for 100 episodes, where he worked alongside talent including Dan Aykroyd, Ken Finkleman, and Martin Short.
The Bohemian Embassy returned in 1974, when Cullen, having finished his Global contract, accepted an offer to resurrect the coffeehouse at Toronto's new cultural facility, Harbourfront. His Beyond the Fringe colleague, Roy Wordsworth, joined him to manage the performance venue, which lasted about two years.[17]
Cullen continued to foster comic talent, as Artistic co-Director, with Wordsworth, of the Leacock Festival of Humour, in Orillia, Ontario, for seven years in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[18] With journalist Peter Gzowski, Cullen also co-hosted the Winnipeg Folk Festival, from 1975 to 1980, and in 1983.[19] As a supporter and "presence," and for his contributions to folk music culture, he was named to the Mariposa Folk Festival's Hall of Fame, in 2006.[20]
In the 1980s and into the early 1990s, he also owned Le Strip, a burlesque house on Toronto's Yonge Street.[2][21] He initially had a half-interest in the club, investing to help a friend, and later owned it outright.[22]
Cullen revived the Bohemian Embassy twice more, for short runs: for nine months in 1979, as a CBC radio program, and in 1991–92, for almost one year, at 318 Queen Street West, in Toronto.[23]
As a student, John Robert Colombo had organized readings at the original Bohemian Embassy, and Cullen enlisted him to help with literary events at the 1970s incarnation of the venue. At that time Cullen published four poems—"Pigeon or Chicken"; "If it isn't Art, it's Grace"; "From Above"; and "Hey!"—in the Tamarack Review, of which Colombo was an editor.[24][25][26] Cullen included 37 undated poems in his 2007 memoir, The Bohemian Embassy: Memories and Poems.[3]
Cullen reportedly had only two significant romantic relationships with women. He and Jan Tennant had dated when students at Humberside. In the mid-1960s, when she was a high-school teacher, they became a romantic couple, a relationship that lasted several years. Cullen encouraged her to audition at the CBC, and she was hired into entry-level positions, finally advancing into an on-air position, becoming one of the service's first female announcers and newsreaders.[27][28] He was married to Janet Inksetter, later a bookseller and owner of Annex Books in Toronto, for five years in the 1970s.[2][29]
Cullen died of complications following prostate surgery. He was predeceased by his two sisters.[2]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:53 |
Murray Handwerker - Wikipedia |
Murray Handwerker (July 25, 1921 – May 14, 2011) was an American businessman who expanded Nathan's Famous, a fast food restaurant specializing in hot dogs, from a family-owned hot dog stand to a nationally franchised chain.[1] The original Nathan's Famous hot dog stand was opened in Coney Island, Brooklyn, by Handwerker's father, Nathan Handwerker, in 1916.[2]
Murray Handwerker was born on July 25, 1921, to Polish-Jewish immigrant parents, Nathan and Ida Handwerker, in New York City.[1] He often visited and worked at his father's hot dog stand as a child.[1][2] Handwerker served in the United States Army during World War II.[1] In 1947, he received a bachelor's degree in French from New York University.[1]
Handwerker initially took over and renovated the Roadside Rest, a roadside restaurant in Oceanside, New York, during the 1950s. However, he soon returned to his family's hot dog business.[3]
Handwerker expanded Nathan's Famous in the decades following World War II. In 1968, Murray Handwerker became the president of the Nathan's Famous chain.[1] The company reached ten franchises, with 43 restaurants directly owned by the company, by 1977.[1] Additionally, Handwerker wrote a cookbook, Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Cookbook, which was published in 1968.[4] He sold the company to a group of investors in 1987.[1]
Murray Handwerker died of complications from dementia on May 14, 2011, at his home in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, at age 89.[1] He was survived by his sons, Steven, Kenneth and William.[2] His wife, Dorothy, died in 2009.[2]
| 2023-08-27 17:01:56 |
Brian Sikorski - Wikipedia | Brian Patrick Sikorski (born July 27, 1974) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.
Although Sikorski made his MLB debut in 2000, he didn't play another game in the big leagues until 2006. He played professional baseball in Japan for five years, until 2005 for the Yomiuri Giants.
Sikorski played college baseball at Western Michigan University for the Broncos. He was named the Mid-American Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year in 1995, an award he shared with Mike Nartker of Kent State.[1] Sikorski was drafted in the fourth round of the 1995 amateur entry draft by the Houston Astros.
The Cleveland Indians acquired Sikorski in a trade July 18, 2006, by sending right-handed pitcher Mike Adams to the San Diego Padres. On May 17, 2007, Sikorski's contract was sold to the Tokyo Yakult Swallows. He signed to play for the Chiba Lotte Marines in 2008. After two more seasons with the Marines, Sikorski signed a contract with the Saitama Seibu Lions to be the team's closer in 2010. Securing the closer spot for the first time in his Japanese career, Sikorski responded, as of August 29, 2010, he leads the Pacific League in saves with 30, and he did not blow a save until August 20 against the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters. Until the 2010 season, Sikorski's record for saves was 15; this was broken on May 25 against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.
Like many pitchers, Sikorski is known for his strict adherence to his pre-pitching routine. Two of his most noticeable routines are how he vigorously swings his right (pitching) arm in a windmill-style circle, both forwards and backwards before throwing his warmup pitches. Also, after getting the third out of the inning, he sprints off the mound and jumps over the foul line on the way to his team's dugout, resulting in him usually being the first one in.
In 2016, Sikorski was listed as a member of the Texas Rangers' professional scouting staff, based in Fraser, Michigan. After the 2019 season, he left the Rangers organization to become a scout for the Miami Marlins.
In 2018, his son, Easton, signed a national letter of intent to play baseball at Western Michigan.[2]
| 2023-08-27 17:02:00 |
Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification - Wikipedia | The following is about the qualification rules and the quota allocation for the snowboarding events at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[1]
An athlete must have placed in the top 30 at a World Cup event after July 2016 or at the 2017 World Championships in that respective event and also have a maximum number of FIS points (100 for giant slalom and snowboard cross, 50 for the other three).
A total of 258 quota spots are available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum of 26 athletes can be entered by a National Olympic Committee, with a maximum of 14 men or 14 women.
At the end of the qualification period of 22 January 2018 quotas will be awarded using the Olympic Quota Allocation List (which includes all results of the World Cups from July 2016 and the results of the 2017 World Championship). The spots will be awarded to each country per athlete appearing on the list starting at number one per event until a maximum for each event is reached. Once an NOC has reached the maximum of 4 quota spots in an event, it will no longer be counted for the allocation of quotas. If a nation goes over the total of 14 per sex or 26 total it is up to that nation to select its team to meet the rules by January 24, 2018. Any vacated spots will be then awarded in that event starting from the first athlete not to be awarded a quota.
The following list shows the next ten (or less) in the allocation lists. If a country rejects a quota spot then additional quotas become available. A country can be eligible for more than one quota spot per event in the reallocation process. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of quotas to be reallocated, a strike through indicates no interest, and bolding indicates acceptance of the quota.
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One Port Center - Wikipedia | One Port Center is an office building in Camden, New Jersey located in the Camden Waterfront. The building, opened in 1996, was designed by Michael Graves and is headquarters to the Delaware River Port Authority.[1]
The building is situated on a L-shaped site flanks an existing parking garage, the other of which side is a planned future companion building. The location offers panoramic views of the Delaware River and Philadelphia. The eleven-story, 176,000-square-foot building accommodates retail shops and a restaurant at the ground floor. There are four floors of leased office space and six floors of offices for the Port Authority. The executive offices and boardroom are located on the top floor behind three-story yellow aluminum composite columns. The blue and white glazed brick used at the lower speaks to the waterfront location.[5][6]
In 2021, DRPA installed a 1 MW solar canopy covering its parking lot.[7][8][9][10]
WikiMiniAtlas39°56′42″N 75°07′52″W / 39.945°N 75.131°W / 39.945; -75.131
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Haitham al-Ghais - Wikipedia | Haitham al-Ghais (Arabic: هيثم الغيص; born October 1969) is a Kuwaiti oil executive who currently serves as the Secretary General of OPEC.
Al-Ghais was unanimously appointed by representatives of OPEC member states on 1 January 2022.[1] He was to take office in Vienna on 1 August,[2] but took over early following the death of Nigerian politician Mohammad Barkindo on 5 July.
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Yael Globerman - Wikipedia | Yael Globerman (Hebrew: יעל גלוברמן; born 1954) is an Israeli poet, writer, translator, book editor, and educator in literature.[1]
She was born in Tel Aviv to emigrants from Poland to Israel after the Holocaust. She graduated from the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, she enlisted in the Nahal. During that time she began publishing poems and stories in periodicals. After military service she studied painting and sculpture at the Free University (unrecognized), The Hague, and graduated from Steve Tisch School of Film and Television [he], Tel Aviv University. Since the 1980s she lived for about 10 years in the United States with actor Jack Adelist and they had two children. They divorced and in 1992 she returned to Israel.[2][3]
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Minnesota State Highway 7 - Wikipedia |
Trunk Highway 7 Minnesota State Highway 7, or Trunk Highway 7, (MN 7, TH 7) is a state highway in Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with MN 28 near Beardsley and continues east to its terminus with MN 100 and County Road 25 (CR 25) in St. Louis Park. The highway runs east–west for approximately 194.2 miles (312.5 km) through mostly rural farmland in the central part of the state. On its western end, it is part of the Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway where it runs northwest–southeast along the Minnesota River and associated lakes near the border with the adjoining state of South Dakota. For roughly 24 miles (39 km) of its route, it runs concurrently with U.S. Highway 59 (US 59) between Appleton and Montevideo. In Montevideo, the highway turns to the east cutting across the state. It passes through several small towns before entering the Twin Cities metropolitan area. In the metro area, MN 7 follows an expressway through several suburbs before terminating in St. Louis Park. Two different segments have been listed on the National Highway System, system of roads considered important to the country.
The highway was first designated along a series of roads between Appleton and Minneapolis around 1933. At first these roads were a mixture of gravel and bitumen surfaces, the latter a forerunner of today's asphalt. Within the first year or so, the western end was extended to terminate MN 7 in the Ortonville area. In 1958, the highway was extended to its modern western terminus at Beardsley by replacing another trunk highway. The section that is now an expressway in the Twin Cities was expanded by the 1950s, and the whole highway was paved in a hard-surface by the end of that decade. The highway was truncated in the Twin Cities to its current eastern terminus in the 1980s. The scenic byways designations were applied at the state and federal levels in 1995 and 2002, respectively.
Legally, MN 7 is defined as several different constitutional and legislative routes in state law. The highway follows roadways defined as parts of constitutional routes 12 and 40 in Minnesota Statutes § 161.114.[4] The remainder of the highway follows all, or part, of legislative routes 119, 147, 148, 304, and 319 in the Minnesota Statutes § 161.115.[5] The highway is not marked with these routes number along the actual highway.[6] The route of MN 7 between Ortonville and Montevideo along with the segment between I-494 and MN 100 in the Twin Cities have been listed on the National Highway System,[7][8] a system of roads important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.[9] Like other trunk highways in the state, MN 7 is maintained by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). According to the department, up 12,000 vehicles a day used the highway outside of the Twin Cities,[10] and up to 55,000 vehicles traveled the highway daily in the metro area in 2010.[11]
The highway starts at an intersection with MN 28 on the eastern edge of Beardsley and heads south. From here, MN 7 passes through farm fields before turning southeasterly along the shore of Big Stone Lake. The lake is the source of the Minnesota River and forms the Minnesota–South Dakota state line in Big Stone County.[6][12] The highway in this area is also a part of the Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway and a Minnesota State Scenic Byway.[13] The road turns eastward along a bend in the lake near the community of Foster before running further inland around Big Stone Lake State Park. Past the park, MN 7 curves to the south along the shore and continues to Ortonville. The highway follows 2nd Street through town along the lake shore and through residential neighborhoods. South of the end of the lake, MN 7 merges with US 12, and the two highways run concurrently for about a couple blocks. South of town, MN 7 merges onto US 75 and the combined highway runs along the Minnesota River. The roadway also runs parallel to a line of the BNSF Railway used by the Twin Cities and Western Railroad in the area. East of the Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge and the town of Odessa, US 75 and the scenic byway turn south to cross the river, separating from MN 7 which continues along the northern banks of the river.[6][12]
Near the town of Correll, MN 7 follows the northern shore of Marsh Lake to Appleton. The highway turns due east along Logan Avenue to enter town. MN 7 follows both US 59 and MN 119 in a triple concurrency on along Munsterman Street through town. At the intersection with Minnesota Street near the Swift County Fairgrounds, US 59/MN 7 turns southeasterly separating from MN 119. The highway then continues southeasterly running inland from Lac qui Parle through farm country to the town of Milan. There it crosses to the south side of the railroad before intersecting MN 40 and exiting town. In Watson, the scenic byway route rejoins MN 7 and follows it south to Montevideo. On the southern edge of the city, MN 7 turns northward, separating from US 59 and joining MN 29.[6][12]
Continuing northward in Montevideo, the highway turns back to the east between J. Harley Smith and Lagoon parks. MN 29 separates at the intersection between Washington Avenue and 8th Street, and MN 7 continues eastward on Washington through residential areas. The avenue passes the hospital before leaving town. The street name attached to the highway in rural Chippewa County is 50th Street as MN 7 runs due east through farm country. The highway crosses another line of the BNSF Railway and MN 23 in Clara City before meandering southwesterly to follow 60th Street near Bunde. East of this unincorporated community, the highway crosses into Kandiyohi County. The highway follows 195th Avenue through the southern part of the county, passing through the communities of Prinsburg and Lake Lillian. In between, it passes south of Blomkest where it intersects US 71.[6][12]
The next county along the course of MN 7 is Meeker County. Running due east through farmlands in the southern area of that county, the highway intersects MN 4 in Cosmos and passes through Cedar Mills. Just east of Cedar Mills, MN 7 crosses into McLeod County and merges with MN 22. The combined highway turns southeasterly toward Hutchinson. On the west side of town, the roadway crosses Campbell Lake and follows an arm of the lake through the downtown area. The highway passes several parks before coming to an intersection with MN 15 and exiting the business district for residential neighborhoods. MN 22 separates from MN 7 east of Hutchinson, and the latter highway continues eastward.[6][12]
In rural eastern McLeod County, MN 7 jogs to the north around Silver Lake in the city of the same name. Northeast of Lester Prairie, the highway crosses into Carver County. This area is also rural farm country as the roadway bypasses New Germany and Mayer to the north. Near the latter community, MN 7 intersects MN 25 which provides a connection to both Mayer and the city of Watertown. North of Waconia, the roadway begins to meander southeasterly through an area dotted with several lakes and crosses into the western edge of the Twin Cities metropolitan area.[6][12]
After briefly passing through Hennepin County in the communities of St. Bonifacius and Minnetrista, MN 7 crosses back into Carver County. In the city of Victoria the highway rounds the southern end of Lake Minnetonka. As MN 7 begins to turn back northeasterly, it crosses into western Hennepin County at Shorewood. The highway widens out to a four-lane divided highway near the intersection with MN 41. This divided highway has a partial interchange with Mill Street in Excelsior near the St. Albans Bay of Lake Minnetonka. This area transitions into a full suburban residential area by the time the highway crosses into Minnetonka. The highway passes north of the campus for Minnetonka High School near the intersection with County Road 101 (CR 101). Access to MN 7 through the area is restricted to major intersections only for the most part, making the highway an expressway rather than a true freeway. While still in Minnetonka, MN 7 passes through a cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 494 (I-494) which is one half of the Twin Cities' beltway. Immediately adjacent to the cloverleaf is another interchange for CR 60 (Baker Road). The expressway continues northeasterly through the suburb of Hopkins before crossing into St. Louis Park.[12][14]
The western edge of St. Louis Park is marked by the interchange with US 169. The area immediately adjacent to MN 7 in this suburb is filled with commercial properties on either side of access roads. East of Texas Ave S, MN 7 becomes a freeway with three interchanges. The first is a dumbbell interchange with Louisiana Ave. East of Louisiana Avenue, the highway is parallel to a line of the Twin Cities and Western Railroad. There is another interchange for Wooddale Avenue before MN 7 meets, and terminates at, the interchange for MN 100[12][14] near the Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator, the country's first concrete grain elevator.[15] The expressway continues east for approximately another mile (1.6 km) as CR 25.[12][14]
First authorized in 1933–34, MN 7 ran between Appleton and the Twin Cities.[1][2] At the time, the highway was under construction between Ortonville and Appleton. From its junction with MN 119, MN 7 was a gravel road southeasterly to Montevideo before turn east on a bituminous surface to Clara City. From there east to the Waconia area, the highway was gravel, and the remainder was bituminous. No sections at the time were paved in asphalt.[2] The segment from Appleton northwesterly to Odessa was completed by the early part of 1935 connecting the highway to US 75.[16] By 1952, the highway had been expanded to four lanes between Excelsior and the Twin Cities.[17] In 1958, the highway was extended northwesterly along US 75 from Odessa to Ortonville and continuing on to Beardsley.[18][19] The highway between Beardsley and Ortonville had been MN 103 since the 1930s.[2][18]
The route was completely paved by 1959, the last section to be paved with at least bitumen was along the former MN 103 northwest of Ortonville.[18][19] MN 7 used to extend into downtown Minneapolis until 1965, where it terminated at its intersection with Washington Avenue (old US 52).[20][21] From 1965 to either 1987 or 1988, the eastern terminus was located at the intersection of Lake Street and France Avenue in Minneapolis; the part, about one mile (1.6 km) long, between the interchange with MN 100 and the intersection of Lake Street and France Avenue is now called County State-Aid Highway 25.[22][23] In 1995, the section between MN 28 and the southern US 75 junction was named a Minnesota State Scenic Byway; it was also made a National Scenic Byway on June 13, 2002.[24]
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Guangsheng Temple - Wikipedia | The Guangsheng Temple (Chinese: 广胜寺) is a Buddhist temple, located at the southern foot of Mt. Huoshan, 17 km northeast of Hongtong County, Shanxi, China. The temple was built in 147[1] and was changed to its present name in the Tang Dynasty. It has three parts: the upper temple, the lower temple and the Shuishen Temple (Temple of Water God). The world-renowned drama murals from the Yuan dynasty are kept in the lower temple.[2]
The famous Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka was discovered at the Guangsheng Temple in 1933.[3][4]
WikiMiniAtlas36°18′06″N 111°48′23″E / 36.30167°N 111.80639°E / 36.30167; 111.80639
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2-day CPET - Wikipedia | A 2-day CPET is a cardiopulmonary exercise test given on two successive days to measure the effect of post-exertional malaise (PEM) on a patient's ability to exercise.[1][2] PEM is a cardinal symptom of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and is common in long COVID as well.[3]
Several differences have been found between people with and without ME/CFS, including people with other diseases or who are sedentary. On the first test, people with ME/CFS exhibit lower performance and heart rate, and on the second test, performance is even lower, while for controls, it is the same or slightly better. The largest decrease is in anaerobic threshold, which signifies a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism at a lower level of exertion, and is not influenced by effort.[3][1][4] Peak power output, heart rate, and VO2max also decrease, and in ME/CFS, but effort and familiarity with the test may affect VO2max and power.[5][3] Additionally, healthy people generally recover from a CPET within 24 hours while people with ME/CFS do not.[6] As such, a 2-day CPET can objectively measure PEM and its effect on physical functioning.[7] However, its utility has not been completely confirmed, as many studies of it have been small.[4] While it should not be required for a diagnosis, a 2-day CPET can show that symptoms are not due to deconditioning and provide evidence for obtaining disability benefits.[7] Because PEM is also a symptom of long COVID, the 2-day CPET may be useful in evaluating exercise intolerance there as well.[8]
The cause of decreased performance is not understood. Proposals include impaired oxygen transport, impaired aerobic metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction.[3]
The test provokes symptoms by design, and recovery may be prolonged. In some cases, it may worsen the illness long-term.[3][7]
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John White (running back, born 1991) - Wikipedia | John White IV (born April 7, 1991) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Los Angeles Harbor College and the University of Utah. He attended South High School in Torrance, California.
White played lettered in football and track for the South High School Spartans of Torrance, California. He was an all-conference, all-state and all-CIF selection. He recorded 1,850 rushing yards and 29 touchdowns in nine games as a senior in 2008.[1]
White played for the Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks of Los Angeles Harbor College from 2009 to 2010. He set school career records with 2,527 rushing yards, 34 rushing touchdowns, 41 total touchdowns, 248 points, 3,767 all-purpose yards and single-season records with 18 rushing touchdowns, 25 total touchdowns, 152 points and 2,056 all-purpose yards. He was also named Central West Conference Offensive Player of the Year.[1]
White played for the Utah Utes of the University of Utah from 2011 to 2012. He finished his career as the first running back in Utah history to gain 1,000 yards in back-to-back seasons, one of two Utes all-time with two 1,000-yard seasons and the school's single-season rushing record holder with 1,519 yards in 2011. White was the MVP of the 2011 Sun Bowl. He set his school's record for career rushing yards per game with 106.7 and career 100-yard games with 14. He ranked sixth in school history with 2,560 career rushing yards, fourth all-time in 534 career rushes and tied for fourth with 23 career rushing touchdowns.[1]
White signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League on May 8, 2013.[3] In his first season in the league White carried the ball 69 times for 260 yards, only averaging 3.8 yards per carry, with a lone rushing touchdown. He became a bigger part of the Eskimos rushing attack in 2014. White was named CFL Offensive Player of the Week for Week 14 of the 2014 CFL season after recording 199 combined yards, including 192 rushing yards on 17 carries, a 36-yard touchdown run and a 10-yard touchdown catch in Edmonton's 24–0 victory over the Saskatchewan Roughriders on September 26, 2014.[4] He finished the season with 123 carries for 852 yards (6.9 yards per carry) with 2 rushing touchdowns.[5] White finished the season 3rd in the league in rushing yards, trailing only Jon Cornish (CAL) and Anthony Allen (SSK).[6] He also contributed 182 receiving yards on 17 catches, with 1 receiving touchdown. White was named Offensive Player of the Week for the Division Finals, in which the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders en route to the 102nd Grey Cup Championship. Following the season White was awarded for this outstanding season by being named both a CFL West All-Star and a CFL All-Star.[5]
White was injured during practice on June 7, 2015. On June 8, the Edmonton Eskimos announced he would miss the 2015 CFL season due to a ruptured left Achilles tendon.[7] Edmonton ended up winning the Grey Cup that year. As the Eskimos starting running back John White played the majority of the 2016 regular season (15 out of 18 games), missing only a few games with minor injuries.[8] During the season, he carried the ball 164 times for 886 yards, and also caught 58 passes for 464 yards. scoring a total of 9 touchdowns. In the first round of the playoffs White set a franchise rushing record racking up 160 yards on the ground, surpassing the previous record of 152 set by Normie Kwong in 1958.[9] White left the second game of the 2017 season with a leg injury. Following the game it was announced that he had torn his ACL, and would miss the remainder of the season: His second major leg injury in three years.[10]
On the first day of training camp in 2018, White was released from Edmonton, with General Manager Brock Sunderland refusing to comment.[11] White was added to the practice roster for the Hamilton Tiiger-Cats following the conclusion of the preseason[12] and spent the first 3 weeks there to learn the Hamilton playbook, while starter Alex Green was injured; reserve national backs Mercer Timmis and Sean Thomas Erlington filled in, with help from Nikita Whitlock who was temporarily converted from defensive lineman to carry the ball. White made his debut in week 4 against Saskatchewan, rushing twice for 9 yards. White would see more usage the next two games, before Green's return caused White to go back to the practice roster. White was called up again towards the end of the season, and produced a 19 carry 63 yard outing with one touchdown, as well as a 15 carry 108 yard effort in back to back games against the BC Lions. White was inactive for the post season, but in his 7 regular season games produced a respectable 78 carries for 400 yards and two scores, as well as catching 8 passes for 51 yards.
On the first day of free agency in 2019, White was signed by his former Edmonton GM Ed Hervey to play for the BC Lions. This reunited Whte with quarterback Mike Reilly, who had signed from Edmonton earlier in the day.[13] During 2019, White received consistent criticism for his pass blocking errors,[14][15] but was a dynamo as a rusher, putting up the first 1,000 yard season of his career alongside 7 touchdowns. White missed two games with injury, but was otherwise durable by playing in 16 games, a career high. He also had the most carries in one season of his career, and produced a trio of games where he surpassed the 100 yard mark.
On February 9, 2021, White signed with the Toronto Argonauts.[16] He played in 10 regular season games where he had 92 carries for 450 yards one touchdown. He became a free agent when his contract expired on February 8, 2022.[17]
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2005–06 Liga Gimel - Wikipedia | The 2005–06 Liga Gimel season saw 84 clubs competing in 7 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet.
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Liolaemus melanops - Wikipedia |
Liolaemus melanops is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae. It is found in Argentina.[2]
| 2023-08-27 17:02:39 |
Hanbi - Wikipedia | In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology (and Mesopotamian mythology in general) Hanbi or Hanpa (more commonly known in western text) was the god of evil, god of all evil forces and the father of Pazuzu. Aside from his relationship with Pazuzu, very little is known of this figure.[1][failed verification]
This article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:02:42 |
2020–21 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team - Wikipedia |
The 2020–21 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by Bob Huggins, in his 14th season as WVU's head coach, and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 19–10, 11–6 in Big 12 Play to finish in 4th place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 tournament to Oklahoma State. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they defeated Morehead State in the First Round before losing in the Second Round to Syracuse.
The Mountaineers finished 2019–20 season 21–10, 9–9 in Big 12 play to finish tied for third place in the conference. The Mountaineers were to play in the Big 12 Tournament, but it was canceled due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Sources:
Roster
*AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings.^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll.
| 2023-08-27 17:02:47 |
Scorguie - Wikipedia |
Scorguie (/skɔːrˈɡuːi/; Scottish Gaelic: Sgor Gaoithe, meaning "The Windy Ridge") is an area of the city of Inverness in the Highland council area of Scotland. It is situated in the city's north-west, on the west bank of the Caledonian Canal, and is often considered a suburb to the city.
For most of the city's history, Scorguie was a large tract of farmland tied to an area known as "Knockgurr". Throughout the 19th century it was owned by the Duffs of Muirtown, along with a small portion of nearby Merkinch. The farm appears in a court report from 1857, in which it states crofters renting the land were to pay "£90 a year" (roughly £9,200 today).[1]
After centuries of existence as pastureland, housing projects in Scorguie began sometime after the Second World War. As of 2018, the population is close to 3,000, with roughly 1,500 individual dwellings.[2]
Scorguie is home to Moray Firth Radio (MFR) station, established in 1982 as the Highland's first major radio station.[3] The neighbourhood also contains Muirtown Primary School, with high school students attending Charleston Academy in neighbouring Kinmylies. Muirtown Docks, on the east side of Scorguie
Craig Phadrig, a 167m hill and site of an ancient Pictish fort, overlooking Scorguie
The rooftops of Scorguie, with Inverness centre in the distance
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Bhalot - Wikipedia | Bhalot is a village in Mirpur in the region of Azad Kashmir some 45 mi (or 72 km) South-East of Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan. In addition to Bhalot Mirpur there is also a Bhalot Dadyal and Bhalot Shera. The village itself is near the sector B5 district of Mirpur called Khambal
WikiMiniAtlas33°21′N 73°41′E / 33.350°N 73.683°E / 33.350; 73.683
This Azad Kashmir location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:02:54 |
Oswald Külpe - Wikipedia | Oswald Külpe (German: [ˈkylpə]; 3 August 1862 – 30 December 1915) was a German structural psychologist of the late 19th and early 20th century. Külpe, who is lesser known than his German mentor, Wilhelm Wundt, revolutionized experimental psychology at his time. In his obituary, Aloys Fischer wrote that, “undoubtedly Külpe was the second founder of experimental psychology on German soil; for with every change of base he made it a requirement that an experimental laboratory should be provided.”[1]
Külpe studied as a doctoral student and assistant to Wundt at the University of Leipzig, though his ideas differed from Wundt as he developed his own research (Boring, 1961). Külpe made significant contributions to the field of psychology, some of which are still relevant, including the systematic experimental introspection, imageless thoughts, mental sets, and abstraction.
In August 1862, Oswald Külpe was born in Kandau, Courland, one of the Baltic providences of the Russian Empire. However, his father, a notary, and his mother were German. Consequently, Külpe's native tongue was German. He had a brother, Alfons Külpe who was a clergyman, and a sister who was a nurse. He lived a large portion of his life with his older, unmarried cousins, Ottillie and Marie Külpe, at their residences in Leipzig, Würzburg, Bonn, and Munich.[2] He never married either and throughout the years he devoted an immense amount of time to his work.[3] It was said that Külpe would joke that science was his bride. He learned Russian during his training at the Gymnasium in Libau, where he graduated in 1879. He then taught history and other subjects at a boys’ school for a year and a half before relocating to Leipzig.[2] In 1881 he enrolled in the University of Leipzig. He focused his studies mostly on history, however he attended the lectures of Wilhem Wundt. In these he became familiar with the blossoming field of psychology, the area upon which his life work eventually would be focused.[2] In between 1882 and 1883, Külpe studied at the University of Berlin, where he attended the lectures of Heinrich von Treitschke, a nationalist German historian. Following his studies in Berlin, he transferred to Göttingen, where he spent two years as a student of Georg Elias Müller, where it is said he received the idea for his doctoral dissertation.[2]
Following his time with Müller, he returned to Leipzig to study under Wundt as his assistant in the autumn of 1886.[2] On 12 October 1887 Külpe was awarded his PhD. He titled his thesis “Zur Theorie der sinnlichen Gefühle”, or in English, The Theory of Sensual Feeling. This is a topic that Külpe was interested in over the course of his life, and especially influenced his later studies and lectures on esthetics. He then became Privatdozent at the University of Leipzig, before being promoted to a professorship extraordinarius in 1894. In October 1894, he attended Würzburg as professor ordinarius, the highest obtainable rank as a professor at a German university, for both philosophy and esthetics. It was here in 1896 that Külpe founded a psychological laboratory. He was able to increase the size and improve the equipment until the Würzburg laboratory became the most outstanding institute of psychology in Germany aside from Leipzig. Here, he trained numerous influential psychologists including the likes of Max Wertheimer, Kaspar Ach, and Henry Watt.[2]
Following fifteen years of service at the lead of the Würzburg laboratory, Külpe also established first-rate psychological institutes at the University of Bonn and the University of Munich.[2] It was his innovative experimental psychology methods and success in establishing these psychological institutes that led to Külpe being referred to as the second founder of experimental psychology on German soil. Though Külpe and Wundt differed on matters of principle, Külpe regarded Wundt highly and published three tributes to him.[2] In his later years, Külpe began to focus less on psychological issues and more on his interests in philosophical problems such as esthetics, where it seemed his true passion lay. Just before the Christmas of 1915, Külpe suffered a bout of influenza. He recovered to the point where he was able to return to his university teachings. He was, however, suffering from a heart infection, which he succumbed to on 30 December, after a few days of illness. It was said that had he lived longer, Külpe likely would have accepted the request to succeed Friederich Jodl and establish a psychological laboratory at the University of Vienna as well.[2]
By 1896 Külpe had founded a laboratory at the University of Würzburg and remained there for fifteen years.[4] He received a private endowment and he managed to make it one of the foremost psychological institutes second only to the University of Leipzig. At the Würzburg school, a key area of focus was the development and formation of concepts. Külpe and his students expanded the use of introspection and were the first to research thought processes using experimental methods (Watson, 1978). In doing so, they developed and improved the process of what became known as systematic experimental introspection, which was the retrospective reporting of the experiences of a subject after performing a complex task involving thinking, remembering, or judging. Abstraction experiments were especially important in distinguishing relevant features of objects for individuals in differing stages of development.[5] Throughout his time at Würzburg he acted as a devoted teacher and administrator. In fact, most of his prestige comes from his dedication to his students and the hard work he directed towards his teaching duties.
Though he published many of his own personal works, Külpe never penned any of the traditional Würzburg papers, so it is difficult to specify his personal interpretation of the work of the school. However, in many of his personal works he often anticipated notions that were later discussed by his students.[3] Külpe managed to exert his influence on the field of psychology via his students. Max Wertheimer, the founder of Gestalt psychology was undoubtedly his most famous student. However other noteworthy students include Narziß Ach and Henry Watt, both of whom worked on the concept of mental set; Robert Morris Ogden, who played a major role in introducing Gestalt psychology to the United States; and Kurt Koffka, one of the founders of the Gestalt school.[4]
Distinct from the view of Wundt, the Würzburg school developed an innovational, holistic view, where the focus was on studying both act and content.[6] This research established a strong foundation for the Gestalt psychologists who were to come. This research was not the only notable contributions to psychology made by the Würzburg school. The emphasis on motivation, and the role that it plays in the results of thinking was stressed at the school and is still relevant today. Today, it is still a widely accepted principle that motivation is a variable that affects thinking outcomes. Another contribution from the school was the theory that the behaviour of the ‘id’ depended not only on the element within the thinker's consciousness, but that there were unconscious determinants of behaviour as well. This is another notable idea born from the Würzburg school that is still relevant and widely accepted in psychology today.
Perhaps the most famous psychological contribution to come out of the Würzburg Laboratory was related to Külpe's beliefs in philosophical realism. The work focused on the idea of imageless thought, which is the belief that there is an objective significance that can be found within experiences that are not necessarily associated with specific words, symbols or signs.[4] Külpe anticipated the notion of imageless thought in his early work as evidenced in Grundriss der Psychologie. He used an experiment to demonstrate that our ability to recognize something one has seen before is unrelated to whether or not we can remember an image of it. In his demonstrative experiment he took participants into a darkened room and asked them to visualize colors as he called them out. In all situations but one participants were able to visualize the colors. The participant that was unable to visualize the colors had no cognitive deficits, which lead Külpe to his conclusion that recognition is independent of remembrance[3]
Külpe believed that the research on thought processes up to that point, including Wundt's study on the associations between thoughts and images, had been incomplete. Influenced by his interest in philosophy, Külpe believed that there were certain sensations, feelings, or presentations that could neither be described nor associated in the mind with an image. Once they were given the opportunity to objectively self-observe and describe what was neither sensation, feeling, nor presentation, yet was still a thought process Külpe and his colleagues identified the need for new definitions and concepts aside from those that already exist. For example, Külpe and his students, A.M. Mayer and J. Orth identified that following the presentation of the stimulus word “meter”, an indescribable conscious process occurred that led to the subject responding with the word “trochee”. This, they proposed, indicated that Wundt was wrong in his belief that all events in the thought process have either associated or direct images. Their research, although imperfect, using the systematic experimental introspection methods that Külpe and the students had developed and refined, established a foundation for imageless thought research that is still relevant and debated within the field of psychology today.[7]
In the early 1900s Külpe performed experiments on the concept of abstraction at the Würzburg School. Külpe defined abstraction as a process in which one focuses on certain aspects of reality while ignoring others.[3] In one famous experiment Külpe instructed participants to observe a display of numbers, letters, colors, and shapes. For example, if he told the participants beforehand to report on the numbers observed, then they were unable to describe the letters, colors, or shapes with any accuracy after the experiment. If he told participants to describe the colors, then with subsequent questioning they were unable to describe the letters, numbers, or shapes.[8] The item people could describe with the highest level of accuracy was always the item they were instructed to observe. These results indicated that they subjects of the experiment would abstract the requested features, while at the same time remaining “unconscious” to all of the other present features.[2] Külpe wrote in a letter about the conclusions from these experiments:
"The old doctrine of an inner sense with the involved idea of a distinction between the reality of consciousness and objectivity must now have its opportune renewal in the domain of psychology. This is the principal conclusion I would draw from my experiments. In connection there with I define abstraction as the process by which the logically or psychologically effective is separated from the logically or psychologically ineffective. The effective partial contents are positively abstracted for thinking and ideation. The ineffective are those from which the abstraction is made. For our consciousness, therefore, there are abstract ideas, for psychical reality there are only concrete ideas. At the same time the old controversy between nominalism and realism approaches its solution."[2]
In another letter, Külpe identified a key distinction in his ideas as compared to Wundt's ideas. Külpe differentiates 'thought' from 'thinking'. Thoughts are 'contents’, he argues, whereas thinking in its various forms such as meaning, judging, and concluding can be considered acts or functions. In this case, the contents are the thoughts themselves, whereas the acts or functions are the thinking process. To Külpe, function and content are different and independently variable. He proposed that the acts or functions are not analyzable in consciousness, are relatively unstable, and can only be observed and known after an event has occurred.[2] In order to observe them, Külpe's process of systematic experimental introspection is critical. Külpe believed that contents, on the other hand, are analyzable in consciousness, observable in introspection, and relatively stable.[6] He also cautioned against speculating about what is occurring physiologically at the time of thinking. Instead, Külpe encouraged the finding and improving of facts on the subject. That is, ignore the physiological processes occurring as part of the thinking process but instead introspect upon what you know has occurred.
As a result of his experiment, Külpe determined that visual perception is determined not only by external stimulation but also by Aufgabe, which is another word for the task or directive.[2] Since he varied the Aufgabe (task) slightly in each session of the experiment, he was able to find a correlation between the range of attention and degree of consciousness. He found that the wider one's span of attention, the lower one's degree of consciousness is to any specific aspect, and vice versa. He concluded that there is a limited amount of energy driving attention and that this limitation is constant.[3] He also concluded that the abstraction process is based on apprehension, rather than sensational differences in presentation, and that these two concepts are distinct.[6]
Külpe and his Würzburg associates also used his abstraction experiments to reject associationism as the elementary thinking method. For example, in situations where participants were asked to provide a superordinate category, or superior group within a classification system, for birds, they were more likely to respond by saying, ‘Animal’ than a specific bird such as a ‘hummingbird.’ As a result, Külpe and the students at the Würzburg laboratory concluded that behavior such as the above example could not be explained according to associationistic logic. They determined that the actual task, instead of the stimulus directs the thinking process. This mechanism became known as the mental set.[5] Specifically the mental set refers to an innate tendency to respond a certain way. Eventually the mental set was seen as a factor that could account for a large portion of the variation in the ways that people solve problems.[4]
Oswald Külpe's books and published works cover a variety of subject matter, which impacted his interest in psychology. Examples of his publication topics include logic, aesthetics, philosophy, and epistemology. His first major book, published in 1893, was Grundriss der Psychologie. The handbook summarized a comprehensive amount of experimental research at the time, including new research on reaction time, contributions to psychophysics, Carl Stumpf's research into tonal fusions, and Hermann Ebbinghaus’ research on memory.[9] He defined psychology as, “the facts of experience," as the book concerned itself strictly with scientific fact. The lack of focus on the concept of thought in his book is interesting because the Würzburg school greatly researched mental set and imageless thought.[10] He once wrote to a colleague, however, that the concepts behind the book were, “the source of the investigations in the psychology of thinking.[3]” So, he had anticipated the idea of imageless thought in this publication. Külpe was still under the shadow of Wundt during this time. In fact, only one of his distinctive views was included, which was his criticism of the subtractive procedure on reaction time.[6] Two years later, Grundriss der Psychologie was translated into English by Edward Titchener under the title Outlines of Psychology.[11]
In 1895,[12][13] Külpe published a handbook called Einleitung in die Philosophie (which translates to Introduction to Philosophy). This book was a guide to both past and present philosophy at the time, and a basic text for German university students of not just general philosophy, but psychology, logic, ethics, and aesthetics as well. In the book, Külpe also looks at the relations of the body and the mind, and in doing so, takes a dualistic position. Külpe also gives a clearly describes the relationship between physical and psychical, or in other words natural science and psychology. He identifies the possibility of what he refers to as a mind substance. He theorized that both matter and mind are abstractions from thought experience. He believed that if matter required the idea of substance, why would mind not require substance as well.[14] The book is less than 350 pages and went through seven editions and four translations, including into English by W. B. Pillsbury and Titchener under the title Introduction to Philosophy.
In 1912, Külpe published Über die moderne Psychologie des Denkens, which translates into English as On the Modern Psychology of Thinking. In this book, he was looking back upon his focus on the systematic experimental introspection method. He believed that before systematic experimental introspection existed, research on thought was incomplete. He also believed that having the subject report only on sensations, feelings, and presentations in thought research was severely limiting in that it did not provide an acceptable opportunity to identify what could be considered neither sensation, feeling, nor presentation. Once they were given the opportunity to objectively self-observe and describe what was neither sensation, feeling, nor presentation, yet was still a thought process; Külpe and his colleagues identified the need for new definitions and concepts aside from those that already exist.[15] As Külpe wrote:
“The subjects began to speak in the language of life and assign less importance to the presentations for their inner world. They knew and thought, they judged and understood, they grasped the meaning and saw connections without receiving any real help from occasionally occurring imagery.”[15]
Die Realisierung, a three-volume text composed of Külpe's lectures, was published from 1912 through 1923. Other notable publications include the publication of a monograph, Zur Katagorienlehre, which was presented in the year of his untimely death, 1915, before the Bavarian Academy of Science.[2] Other books by Külpe include the 1912 publication of Psychologie und Medizin and Philosophie der Gegenwart.
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Contaminated land - Wikipedia | Contaminated land contains substances in or under the land that are definitively or potentially hazardous to health or the environment. These areas often have a long history of industrial production and industrial farming. Many sites may be affected by their former uses such as mining, industry, chemical and oil spills and waste disposal. Areas that were previously industrial areas, called brownfield sites, are higher risk areas.
Contamination can also occur naturally as a result of the geology of the area, or through agricultural use.
Land can be contaminated by the following:
A requirement was placed on all local authorities in England, Wales and Scotland to investigate potentially contaminated sites and, where necessary, ensure they are remediated by Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990,[1] which was inserted by the Environment Act 1995
The regime in Part IIA did not apply to radioactive contamination, but section 78YC permitted Ministers to make regulations to apply Part IIA to such contamination. Such Regulations have been made.[2]
The Waste and Contaminated Land (Northern Ireland) Order 2007 made similar provision for Northern Ireland[3]
Section 78A(2) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990[1] defines "Contaminated Land" as:
The Contaminated Land Report (CLR) series of documents have been produced by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency, to provide regulators with "relevant, appropriate, authoritative and scientifically based information and advice on the assessment of risk from contamination in soils".
The Environment Agency has issued a number of Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) which, whilst non-binding, may be used as guidance in the environmental risk assessment[4] of land and in setting remediation targets. They should only be applied to human health assessments.
Assessment of contaminated land in the UK is predominantly undertaken under the planning system. The National Planning Policy Framework[5] (NPPF) sets out that, following development, a site should not be capable of being determined as ‘contaminated land’ under Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act.[1] In addition, the risks from contamination should be assessed within the context of a site’s end-use and upon completion, the site should be ‘suitable’ for its new use.
A technical framework for identifying and dealing with land affected by contamination is detailed within DEFRA and Environment Agency guidance entitled Model Procedures for the Management of Land Contamination[6] (CLR11). The process can broadly be divided into three stages: risk assessment, remedial options appraisal, and implementation of remediation.
A 'phased approach' to risk assessment is encouraged within CLR11 and should typically include the following:
Should the risk assessment demonstrate that unacceptable risks to human health or the surrounding environment are likely to exist, then some remedial work will be necessary. This process involves three key stages:
Once the remedial strategy has been approved by relevant regulatory authorities then it should be implemented. A verification report should be produced upon completion of the work to demonstrate that remedial targets have been achieved. This work may include testing of remedial excavations, results of post-remedial monitoring, certification for imported material or membrane integrity testing, amongst other things. Details of ongoing/long-term monitoring may also need to be agreed at this stage, possibly under a Section 106 Agreement.
Upon completion of this process, the site should not pose a significant risk to future users or the surrounding environment and should be suitable for its end use. Once this process of site assessment has been completed successfully then any associated planning conditions can be discharged.
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Love for Sale (2008 film) - Wikipedia | Love For Sale is a 2008 romantic comedy film directed by Russ Parr and starring Melyssa Ford, Jackie Long, Mýa, Jason Weaver, and Clifton Powell.[1] It was released to DVD on October 21, 2008.
A hapless delivery man learns why sometimes too much of a bad thing can be detrimental to your personal well being after getting caught up with an older woman who sends his life spinning out of control. Trey (Jackie Long) may be working hard, though he just can't seem to catch a break. He's got no money for school, and his recent attempt to win over the girl of his dreams Keiley (Mýa) resulted in nothing less than complete and total embarrassment. But while a seductive woman Katherine (Melyssa Ford) may be more than happy to pay for Trey's "personal delivery services," his ideal situation is about to backfire in a way that the roving Romeo could have never seen coming.
The film was released on DVD October 21, 2008.
This article about a 2000s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article related to an American film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:04 |
Ralph Henry Gabriel - Wikipedia |
Ralph Henry Gabriel (April 29, 1890 – April 25, 1987) was an American historian. He held the Sterling Professor Emeritus of History at Yale University and was the founding father of the American Studies Association.
Gabriel was born on April 29, 1890, in Reading, New York, to parents Cleveland and Alta Monroe Gabriel. He earned his Bachelor of Arts, Masters of Arts and Ph.D. at Yale University before serving in the U.S. Army Infantry during World War I.[1]
Gabriel joined the faculty of Yale in 1915.[2] Simultaneously, Gabriel was hired as a general editor of The Pageant of America, an eventual 15-volume series of pictorial history of the development of the United States.[3]
In 1931, he collaborated with Stanley Thomas Williams, an English professor, to teach a course entitled "American Thought and Civilization."[4][5] He claimed the course "stressed the systematic study of the history of the viewpoints of American writers, scholars, statesmen and reformers."[2] Afterwards, Gabriel served as chairman of the history department from 1931 to 1934.[1] Fellow professor William Robert Hutchison cited Gabriel as a mentor in the history department and called him a "perennial teacher and friend".[6] In 1938, Gabriel worked alongside Mabel B. Casner, a Connecticut schoolteacher, to publish The Rise of American Democracy.[7]
A few years later, in 1940, Gabriel published The course of American democratic thought through the Ronald Press Company.[8] Although writing as a historian, Gabriel used anthropology to examine how America's "climate of opinion" affected society.[9] He would go on to serve as director of Yale Studies for Returning Service Men from 1944 to 1946 and lecture at the United States School of Military Government.[1] He held the title of Larned Professor of American History from 1935 to 1948 before he was appointed to a Sterling Professor.[1] In 1941, Gabriel published a biography on Elias Boudinot through the University of Oklahoma Press.[10] In 1946, Gabriel founded a new department at Yale, entitled the American Studies Department, and later went on to be a founding father of the American Studies Association. However, Gabriel would end up resigning from the American Studies Department in protest during the Cold War.[11] Gabriel was upset that Yale accepted a $500,000 donation on the condition the department focus on "the fundamental principles of American freedom in the field of politics and economics in order to combat the meaning of foreign philosophies".[11] As he remained a professor at Yale, Gabriel achieved the rank of a professor emeritus in 1958 after he retired that June.[12]
In 1958, Gabriel served as a committee member on the US National Commission for UNESCO and was a US delegate at the UNESCO conference in Paris.[13] During his lengthy tenure at Yale, Gabriel also served as the editor of the Library of Congress Series in American Civilization.[14]
In 1958, Gabriel was the recipient of an honorary degree from Williams College.[15]
In 1966, Gabriel was awarded a DeVane Medal from Yale's Phi Beta Kappa chapter.[16] In 1975, he was the recipient of the Wilbur Cross Medal for "distinguished achievements in scholarship, teaching, academic administration, and public service".[17]
Every year, the American Studies Association awards the Ralph Henry Gabriel Prize to the best doctoral dissertation in American studies, ethnic studies, or women's studies.[14]
Gabriel married Mary Christine Davis in 1917 and they had three children together.[1]
The following is a list of selected publications:[18]
| 2023-08-27 17:03:07 |
Athletics at the 1955 Summer International University Sports Week – Women's javelin throw - Wikipedia |
The women's javelin throw event at the 1955 International University Sports Week was held in San Sebastián on 12 August 1955.[1][2]
| 2023-08-27 17:03:11 |
Simcoe County District School Board - Wikipedia | Simcoe County District School Board (SCDSB, known as English-language Public District School Board No. 17 and Simcoe County Board Of Education prior to 1999[1]) is an Ontario, Canada, English speaking public school board, serving Simcoe County. The schools and learning centres are branched throughout 4,800 square kilometres in Simcoe County.[2] This Central Ontario setting is bordered by the Holland Marsh in the south, the Trent-Severn Waterway in the east, Grey County in the west and Muskoka in the north.[2]
The SCDSB currently has over 50,000 students in 87 elementary schools, 14 secondary schools, 9 alternative secondary schools and 6 adult learning centres.[3] The SCDSB also employs over 6,000 employees.[2]
The SCDSB is funded by the Ministry of Education for the Province of Ontario. Funding for the year ending August 2012 totals some $508,762,274. This is broken down by 18 major funding lines including Pupil Foundation Grant (252.5 M), School Foundation Grant (34.4 M), Special Education Grant (66.7 M), Language Grant (6.5 M), FNMI Grant (1.2 M), Learning Opportunities Grant (4.0 M), Safe School Supplement (0.9 M), Program Enhancement Grant (1.0 M), Continuing Education Grant (2.6 M), Cost Adjustment/ Teacher Qualifications (38.8 M), Student Transportation Grant (18.8 M), Declining Enrolment Adjustment (2.6 M), School Board Administration and Governance (13.1 M), School Operations Allocation (44.7 M), School Renewal Allocation (6.7), Interest Expense (11.8 M), Non-Permanently Financed Capital Debt (2.0 M). These amounts are further broken down by the Ministry of Education, many with restrictions on their use, and others that are locally managed. Funding for the 2012-13 school year is projected to be approximately 2.4 million dollars less than 2011-12, due to the province's focus on containing costs in order to address a 16 billion dollar deficit. Unlike all other levels of government, school boards are not allowed to maintain any long term operational deficits.
Secondary school Fraser Institute provincial rankings as of 2019,[4] and enrollments as of 2022 are as follows:.
Barrie Central Collegiate Institute, founded in 1843, closed in 2016.[20]
Park Street Collegiate, closed in 2015.
Orillia District Collegiate Vocational Institute, closed in 2015.
Penetanguishene Secondary School, opened in 1966, closed in 2016.
| 2023-08-27 17:03:15 |
Orla Walsh - Wikipedia |
Orla Walsh is a champion Irish track cyclist.[1][2][3] She competed individually in the women's scratch,[4] as well as part of the Irish team, at the 2019 European Games in the team pursuit.[5] As of August 2020[update], she holds the Irish record for the 500m time trial at 36.220.[6] She started cycling in her twenties, her transition into elite sportswoman was the subject of a 2021 Global Cycling Network documentary Cycling Changed My Life: Orla Walsh.[7]
This biographical article relating to Irish cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:18 |
Basilica of Saint-Denis - Wikipedia |
The Basilica of Saint-Denis (French: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, now formally known as the Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis[1]) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of singular importance historically and architecturally as its choir, completed in 1144, is widely considered the first structure to employ all of the elements of Gothic architecture.[2][3]
The basilica became a place of pilgrimage and a necropolis containing the tombs of the Kings of France, including nearly every king from the 10th century to Louis XVIII in the 19th century. Henry IV of France came to Saint-Denis to formally renounce his Protestant faith and become a Catholic. The Queens of France were crowned at Saint-Denis, and the royal regalia, including the sword used for crowning the kings and the royal sceptre, were kept at Saint-Denis between coronations.[4]
The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times. The archaeological remains still lie beneath the cathedral; the graves indicate a mixture of Christian and pre-Christian burial practices.[5] Around the year 475 AD, St. Genevieve purchased some land and built Saint-Denys de la Chapelle. In 636, on the orders of Dagobert I, the relics of Saint Denis, a patron saint of France, were reinterred in the basilica. The relics of St-Denis, which had been transferred to the parish church of the town in 1795, were brought back again to the abbey in 1819.[6]
In the 12th century, the Abbot Suger rebuilt portions of the abbey church using innovative structural and decorative features. In doing so, he is said to have created the first truly Gothic building.[7] In the following century the master-builder Pierre de Montreuil rebuilt the nave and the transepts in the new Rayonnant Gothic style.[4]
The abbey church became a cathedral on the formation of the Diocese of Saint-Denis by Pope Paul VI in 1966 and is the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Denis, currently (since 2009) Pascal Delannoy. Although known as the "Basilica of St Denis", the cathedral has not been granted the title of Minor Basilica by the Vatican.[8]
The 86-metre (282-foot) tall spire, dismantled in the 19th century, is to be rebuilt. The project, initiated more than 30 years ago, was to have begun in May 2020, and is expected to take about 11 years at a cost of about €28 million.[9]
The cathedral is on the site where Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris, is believed to have been buried. According to the "Life of Saint Genevieve", written in about 520, he was sent by Pope Clement I to evangelise the Parisii. He was arrested and condemned by the Roman authorities. Along with two of his followers, the priest Eleutherus and deacon Rusticus, he was decapitated on the hill of Montmartre in about 250 AD. According to the legend, he is said to have carried his head four leagues to the Roman settlement of Catulliacus, the site of the current church, and indicated that it was where he wanted to be buried. A martyrium or shrine-mausoleum was erected on the site of his grave in about 313 AD, and was enlarged into a basilica with the addition of tombs and monuments under Saint Genevieve. These including a royal tomb, that of Aregonde, the wife of King Clothar I.
[6][10]
Dagobert I visiting the construction site of the Abbey of St. Denis (painted 1473)
Clovis II visiting Saint Denis (painted in 15th c.)
Dagobert I, King of the Franks (reigned 628 to 637), transformed the church into the Abbey of Saint Denis, a Benedictine monastery in 632.[11] It soon grew to a community of more than five hundred monks, plus their servants.[12]
Dagobert also commissioned a new shrine to house the saint's remains, which was created by his chief councillor, Eligius, a goldsmith by training. An early vita of Saint Eligius describes the shrine:
Walls of the crypt built by the Abbot Hilduin (9th century)
Capital of a column in the Carolingian crypt
Earliest sarcophogi in the crypt
During his second coronation at Saint-Denis, King Pepin the Short made a vow to rebuild the old abbey.[14] The first church mentioned in the chronicles was begun in 754 and completed under Charlemagne, who was present at its consecration in 775. By 832 the Abbey had been granted a remunerative whaling concession on the Cotentin Peninsula.[15]
According to one of the Abbey's many foundation myths a leper, who was sleeping in the nearly completed church the night before its planned consecration, witnessed a blaze of light from which Christ, accompanied by St Denis and a host of angels, emerged to conduct the consecration ceremony himself. Before leaving, Christ healed the leper, tearing off his diseased skin to reveal a perfect complexion underneath. A mis-shapen patch on a marble column was said to be the leper's former skin, which stuck there when Christ discarded it. Having been consecrated by Christ, the fabric of the building was itself regarded as sacred.[16]
Most of what is now known about the Carolingian church at St Denis resulted from a lengthy series of excavations begun under the American art historian Sumner McKnight Crosby in 1937.[17] The structure altogether was about eighty meters long, with an imposing facade, a nave divided into three sections by two rows of marble columns, a transept, and apse and at the east end. During important religious celebrations, the interior of the church was lit with 1250 lamps.[18] Beneath the apse, in imitation of St. Peter's in Rome, a crypt was constructed, with a Confession, or martyr's chapel, in the center. Inside this was a platform on which the sarcophagus of Denis was displayed, with those of his companions Rusticus and Eleutherus on either side. Around the platform was a corridor where pilgrims could circulate, and bays with windows. Traces of painted decoration of this original crypt can be seen in some of the bays. [18]
The crypt was not large enough for the growing number of pilgrims who came, so in about 832 the abbot Hilduin built a second crypt, to the west of the first, and a small new chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was constructed next to the apse. The new crypt was extensively rebuilt under Suger in the 12th century. [18]
Abbot Suger depicted in the Tree of Jesse window (19th c.)
Louis VI of France visiting St. Denis (14th century illustration)
The Oriflamme (top left), or battle flag of French Kings, was kept at Saint Denis.
King Philip II of France receives the Oriflamme from the bishop before going to war (13th c., 1841 painting)
Abbot Suger (c. 1081 – 1151), the patron of the rebuilding of the Abbey church, had begun his career in the church at the age of ten, and rose to become the Abbot in 1122. He was a school companion and then confidant and minister of Louis VI and then of his son Louis VII, and was a regent of Louis VII when the King was absent on the Crusades.[18] He was an accomplished fund-raiser, acquiring treasures for the cathedral and collecting an enormous sum for its rebuilding. In about 1135 he began reconstructing and enlarging the abbey. In his famous account of the work undertaken during his administration, Suger explained his decision to rebuild the church, due to the decrepit state of the old structure and its inability to cope with the crowds of pilgrims visiting the shrine of St Denis.
In the 12th century, thanks largely, to Suger, the Basilica became a principal sanctuary of French Royalty, rivalling Reims Cathedral, where the Kings were crowned. The Abbey also kept the regalia of the coronation, including the robes, crowns and sceptre.[19] Beginning in 1124, and until the mid-15th century, the Kings departed for war carrying the oriflamme, or battle flag, of St. Denis, to give the King the protection of the Saint. It was taken to the Abbey only when France was in danger. The flag was retired in 1488, when the Parisians opened the gates of Paris to invading English and Burgundian armies.
Suger began his rebuilding project at the western end of St Denis, demolishing the old Carolingian facade with its single, centrally located door. He extended the old nave westwards by an additional four bays and added a massive western narthex, incorporating a new façade and three chapels on the first floor level.
In the new design, massive vertical buttresses separated the three doorways and horizontal string-courses and window arcades clearly marked out the divisions. This clear delineation of parts was to influence subsequent west façade designs as a common theme in the development of Gothic architecture and a marked departure from the Romanesque. The portals themselves were sealed by gilded bronze doors, ornamented with scenes from Christ's Passion. They clearly recorded Suger's patronage with the following inscription:
On the lintel below the great tympanum showing the Last Judgement, beneath a carved figure of the kneeling Abbot, was inscribed the more modest plea;
Receive, stern Judge, the prayers of your Suger, Let me be mercifully numbered among your sheep. Suger's western extension was completed in 1140 and the three new chapels in the narthex were consecrated on 9 June of that year, but the Romanesque nave between was yet unchanged. He wrote about the new narthex at the west end and proposed chapels at the east: "Once the new rear part is joined to the part in front, the church shines with its middle part brightened. For bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light."[20]
Suger's great innovation in the new choir was the replacement of the heavy dividing walls in the apse and ambulatory with slender columns, so that the interior of that part of the church was filled with light. He described "A circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."[20]
One of these chapels was dedicated to Saint Osmanna, and held her relics.[21]
Suger's masons drew on elements which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture: the rib vault with pointed arches, and exterior buttresses which made it possible to have larger windows and to eliminate interior walls. It was the first time that these features had all been drawn together; and the new style evolved radically from the previous Romanesque architecture by the lightness of the structure and the unusually large size of the stained glass windows.[22]
The new architecture was full of symbolism. The twelve columns in the choir represented the twelve Apostles, and the light represented the Holy Spirit.
Like many French clerics in the 12th century AD, he was a follower of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a 6th century mystic who equated the slightest reflection or glint with divine light. Suger's own words were carved in the nave: "For bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright/and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light."[23] Following Suger's example, large stained glass windows filling the interior with mystical light became a prominent feature of Gothic architecture.[20]
Two different architects, or master masons, were involved in the 12th century rebuilding.[24] Both remain anonymous but their work can be distinguished on stylistic grounds. The first, who was responsible for the initial work at the western end, favoured conventional Romanesque capitals and moulding profiles with rich and individualised detailing. His successor, who completed the western facade and upper storeys of the narthex, before going on to build the new choir, displayed a more restrained approach to decorative effects, relying on a simple repertoire of motifs, which may have proved more suitable for the lighter Gothic style that he helped to create.[25]
The Portal of Valois was the last of the Gothic structures planned by Suger. It was designed for the original building, but was not yet begun when Suger died in 1151. In the 13th century it was moved to the end of the new transept on the north side of the church.[26] The sculpture of the portal includes six standing figures in the embracements and thirty figures in the voussures, or arches, over the doorway, which probably represent the Kings of the Old Testament. The scene in the Tympanum over the doorway depicts the martyrdom of Saint Denis. In their realism and finesse, they were a landmark in Gothic sculpture.[27]
The new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King.[28] The Abbey of St Denis thus became the prototype for further building in the royal domain of northern France. Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily.[29][30]
The glazed triforium (center level) and upper clerestory, where windows fill almost the entire wall, a prominent feature of Rayonnant Gothic. (present windows from 19th c.)
Rayonnant rose window in the north transept
Suger died in 1151 with the Gothic reconstruction incomplete. In 1231, Abbot Odo Clement began work on the rebuilding of the Carolingian nave, which remained sandwiched incongruously between Suger's Gothic works to the east and west. Both the nave and the upper parts of Suger's choir were replaced in the Rayonnant Gothic style. From the start it appears that Abbot Odo, with the approval of the Regent Blanche of Castile and her son, the young King Louis IX, planned for the new nave and its large crossing to have a much clearer focus as the French 'royal necropolis', or burial place. That plan was fulfilled in 1264 under Abbot Matthew of Vendôme when the bones of 16 former kings and queens were relocated to new tombs arranged around the crossing, eight Carolingian monarchs to the south and eight Capetians to the north.[31] These tombs, featuring lifelike carved recumbent effigies or gisants lying on raised bases, were badly damaged during the French revolution though all but two were subsequently restored by Viollet le Duc in 1860.
The dark Romanesque nave, with its thick walls and small window-openings, was rebuilt using the very latest techniques, in what is now known as Rayonnant Gothic. This new style, which differed from Suger's earlier works as much as they had differed from their Romanesque precursors, reduced the wall area to an absolute minimum. Solid masonry was replaced with vast window openings filled with brilliant stained glass (all destroyed in the Revolution) and interrupted only by the most slender of bar tracery—not only in the clerestory but also, perhaps for the first time, in the normally dark triforium level. The upper facades of the two much-enlarged transepts were filled with two spectacular 12m-wide rose windows.[32] As with Suger's earlier rebuilding work, the identity of the architect or master mason remains unknown. Although often attributed to Pierre de Montreuil, the only evidence for his involvement is an unrelated document of 1247 which refers to him as 'a mason from Saint-Denis'.[33]
The cathedral in 1655 by Claude Chastillon
Henry IV of France renounces Protestantism in 1593 at Saint-Denis by Nicolas Baullery
During the following centuries, the cathedral was pillaged twice; once during the Hundred Years War (1337–1453) and again during the Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Damage was largely limited to broken tombs and precious objects stolen from the altars and treasury. Many modifications were made under Marie de' Medici and later royal families. These included the construction of chapel adjoining the north transept to serve as a tomb for the monarchs of the Valois Dynasty (later demolished). A plan of circa 1700 by Félibien shows the Valois Chapel, a large mortuary chapel in the form of a domed colonnaded "rotunda", adjoining the north transept of the basilica and containing the tomb of the Valois.[34] and the display of the skeleton of a baleine whale in the nave in 1771. Greater harm was done with the removal of the early Gothic column-statues which Suger had used to decorate the west front. (They were replaced with replicas in the 19th century). [35] In 1700, reconstruction began of the monastic buildings adjacent to the church. This was not completed until the mid-18th century. Into these buildings Napoleon installed a school for the daughters of members of the French Legion of Honour, which still is in operation.[36]
The looting of the church in 1793, by Friedrich Staffnick
The violation of the royal tombs in 1793 depicted by Hubert Robert
Due to its connections to the French monarchy and proximity to Paris, the abbey of Saint-Denis was a prime target of revolutionary vandalism. On Friday, 14 September 1792, the monks celebrated their last services in the abbey church; the monastery was dissolved the next day. The church was used to store grain and flour.[37] In 1793, the National Convention, the revolutionary government, ordered the violation of the sepulchres and the destruction of the royal tombs, but agreed to create a commission to select those monuments which were of historical interest for preservation. In 1798, these were transferred to the chapel of the Petit-Augustins, which later became the Museum of French Monuments.[38]
Most of the medieval monastic buildings were demolished in 1792. Although the church itself was left standing, it was profaned, its treasury confiscated and its reliquaries and liturgical furniture melted down for their metallic value. Some objects, including a chalice and aquamanile donated to the abbey in Suger's time, were successfully hidden and survive to this day. The jamb figures of the façade representing Old Testament royalty, mistakenly identified as images of royal French kings and queens, were removed from the portals and the tympana sculpture defaced.
In 1794, the government decided to remove the lead tiles from the roof, to melt them down to make bullets. This left the interior of the church badly exposed to the weather.[37]
The left tower, completed, damaged and removed in the 1840s
The two-tower plan of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, never built
The church was reconsecrated by Napoléon in 1806, and he designated it as the future site for his own tomb and those of his intended dynasty.[38] He also ordered the construction of three chapels to honour the last French kings, created a chapel under the authority of his uncle, Cardinal Fesch, which was decorated with richly-carved choir stalls and marquetry from the Château de Gaillon.(See "Choir Stalls" section below).[37]
After Napoleon's downfall, the ashes of the previous king, Louis XVI, were ceremoniously moved from the cemetery of the Madeleine to Saint-Denis. The last king to be entombed in Saint-Denis was Louis XVIII in 1824.
In 1813 François Debret was named the chief architect of the cathedral; he proceeded, over thirty years, to repair the Revolutionary damage. He was later best known for his design of the Salle Le Peletier, the primary opera house of Paris before the Opéra Garnier in 1873. He replaced the upper stained glass windows in the nave with depictions of the historic kings of France, and added new windows to the transept depicting the renovation, and the July 1837 visit to the Cathedral of King Louis Philippe. On 9 June, the spire of the tower was struck by lightning and destroyed. Debret rapidly put into place a new spire, but he did not fully understand the principles of Gothic architecture. He made errors in his plans for the new structure, which resulted in the spire and tower collapsing under their own weight in 1845.[39][40]
Debret resigned and was replaced by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had the support of Prosper Mérimée, the French author who led campaign for the restoration of ruined Gothic architecture in France. Viollet-le-Duc continued working on the Abbey until his death in 1879, and replaced many of the creations conceived by Debret. Viollet-le-Duc focused on the tombs, rearranging and transforming portions of the interior into a vast museum of French sculpture. In the 1860s Emperor Napoleon III asked Viollet-le-Duc to construct an imperial section in the crypt for him and his dynasty, but he was deposed and went into exile before it was begun.[38][37]
West portals before cleaning (2011)
In 1895, when the chapter created by Napoleon was dissolved, the church lost its cathedral rank and reverted to being a parish church. It did not become a cathedral again until 1966, with the creation of the new diocese of Saint-Denis. The formal title is now the "Baslilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis".[41]
In December 2016, 170 years after the north tower's dismantlement and following several false starts, the Ministry of Culture again proposed its reconstruction after concluding it was technically feasible—albeit without public funding.[42] An association, Suivez la flèche ("Follow the Spire"), chaired by Patrick Braouezec, has since been established to support the reconstruction, with the aim of raising the necessary funds by opening the reconstruction works to the general public, along the model of the Guédelon Castle. In March 2018, the culture ministry signed an accord with the association, officially launching the reconstruction project, with works expected to commence in May 2020.[9][43] However, as of spring 2021, work had not begun.
The west front
Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)
The west front after its cleaning
The west front of the church, dedicated on 9 June 1140, is divided into three sections, each with its own entrance, representing the Holy Trinity. A crenelated parapet runs across the west front and connects the towers (still unfinished in 1140), illustrating that the church front was the symbolic entrance to the celestial Jerusalem.[44]
This new façade, 34 metres (112 ft) wide and 20 metres (66 ft) deep, has three portals, the central one larger than those either side, reflecting the relative width of the central nave and lateral aisles. This tripartite arrangement was clearly influenced by the late 11th century Norman-Romanesque façades of the abbey churches of St Etienne [20] It also shared with them a three-storey elevation and flanking towers. Only the south tower survives; the north tower was dismantled following a tornado which struck in 1846.
The west front was originally decorated with a series of column-statues, representing the kings and queens of the Old Testament. These were removed in 1771 and were mostly destroyed during the French Revolution, though a number of the heads can be seen in the Musée de Cluny in Paris.[44]
The bronze doors of the central portal are modern, but are a faithful reproduction of the original doors, which depicted the Passion of Christ and the Resurrection.[44]
One other original feature was added by Suger's builders; a rose window over the central portal.[20] Although small circular windows (oculi) within triangular tympana were common on the west facades of Italian Romanesque churches, this was probably the first example of a rose window within a square frame, which was to become a dominant feature of the Gothic facades of northern France (soon to be imitated at Chartres Cathedral and many others).[45]
The apse, or east end of the cathedral, in 1878
North transept (left) and north nave walls and buttresses (19th c.)
The Rayonnant south transept
South side of the nave, with buttresses and chapels
The chevet, at the east end of the cathedral, was one of the first parts of the structure rebuilt into the Gothic style. The work was commissioned by Abbot Suger in 1140 and completed in 1144. It was considerably modified under the young King Louis IX and his mother, Blanche of Castille, the Regent of the Kingdom, beginning in 1231. The apse was built much higher, along with the nave. Large flying buttresses were added to the chevet, to support the upper walls, and to make possible the enormous windows installed there. At the same time, the transept was enlarged and given large rose windows in the new rayonnant style, divided into multiple lancet windows topped by trilobe windows and other geometric forms inscribed in circles. The walls of the nave on both sides were entirely filled with windows, each composed of four lancets topped by a rose, filling the entire space above the triforium. The upper walls, like the chevet, were supported by flying buttresses whose bases were placed between the chapels alongside the nave.[46]
Sculpture of the Porte de Valois, or north portal
The south portal and sculpture
Detail of the south portal sculpture
The Porte de Valois, or north portal, was originally built in the 12th century, near the end of Suger's life, then rebuilt at the end of the north transept in the 13th century. According to Suger, the original entrance on the north did not have sculpture, but mosaic, which Suger replaced by sculpture in 1540. It is considered an important step in the history of Gothic sculpture, because of the skill of the carving, and the lack of rigidity of the figures. There are six figures in the embrasures and thirty figures in the voussures, or arches above the door, which represent Kings, probably those of the Old Testament, while the tympanum over the door illustrates the martyrdom of Saint-Denis and his companions Eleuthere and Rusticus. This portal was among the last works commissioned by Suger; he died in 1151, before it was completed. [26]
The original sculpture that was destroyed in the Revolution was replaced with sculpture from the early 19th century, made by Felix Brun.[47]
The tympanum of the south portal illustrates the last days of the Denis and his companions before their martyrdom. The piedroits are filled with medallions representing the labours of the days of month[47]
Rayonnant Gothic choir of St Denis.
The nave and choir
The elevation of the nave, with glass-filled triforium and upper windows
The vaults in the transept
The nave, the portion to the west of the church reserved for ordinary worshippers, and the choir, the portion to the east reserved for the clergy, were rebuilt into the Gothic style in the 13th century, after the apse at the east and the west front. Like the other Gothic churches in the Ile-de-France, its walls had three levels; large arcades of massive pillars on the ground floor; a narrow triforium or passageway midway up the wall; originally windowless; and a row of high windows the clerestory, above. Slender columns rose from the pillars up the walls to support the four-part rib vaults. As a result of the Rayonnant reconstruction in the triforium was given windows, and the upper walls were entirely filled with glass, which reached upward into the arches of the vaults, flooding the church with light. [48]
The ambulatory (1140–1144)
disambulatory
Disambulatory and chapels
The axial chapel of the Virgin (12th c.)
The chevet had been constructed by Suger in record time, in just four years, between 1140 and 1144, and was one of the first great realisations of Gothic architecture. The double disambulatory is divided not by walls but by two rows of columns, while the outside walls, thanks to buttresses on the exterior, are filled with windows. The new system allowed light to pass into the interior of the choir. The disambulatory connects with the five radiating chapels at the east end of the cathedral, which have their own large windows. To give them greater unity, the five chapels share the same system of vaulted roofs. To make the walls between the chapels even less visible, they are masked with networks of slender columns and tracery.[47]
The apse with its two ambulatories and axial chapels was extensively rebuilt in the 12th century, to connect harmoniously with the new and larger nave, but a major effort was made to save the early Gothic features created by Suger, including the double disambulatory with its large windows. To accomplish this, four large pillars were installed in the crypt to support the upper level, and the walls of the first traverse of the sanctuary were placed at an angle to connect with the wider transept.[49]
The basilica retains stained glass of many periods (although most of the panels from Suger's time have been removed for long-term conservation and replaced with photographic transparencies), including exceptional modern glass, and a set of 12 misericords.
The archeological crypt (8th century) rebuilt by Suger (12th c.), now contains the simple black marble tombs of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette
Carolingian decoration from the early crypt
Tomb of Dagobert I, first King buried at St. Denis remade in the 13th century
The role of St. Denis as the necropolis of French kings formally began under Hugh Capet (987–996), but the tombs of several earlier kings were already located there. The site was chosen because of its association with St. Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and one of the earliest Christian leaders in France, who was buried there [50] All but three of the monarchs of France from the 10th century until 1793 have their remains here. The remains of some monarchs, including Clovis I (465–511), were moved to St. Denis from other churches.
The crypt beneath the church is divided into two sections; the older, called archeological crypt, is located under the transept, and was originally built in about 775 AD, when the abbey was reconstructed by Abbot Fuldiad. It had a disambulatory, passage which allowed pilgrims to circulate around the relics of Saint Denis and his companions on display in the center. It was lit by alternating small windows in the walls and lamps placed in niches.
The crypt was rebuilt and extended eastward by Suger. The walls were decorated with blind arches, divided by columns whose capitals illustrate Biblical scenes and scenes from the life of St. Denis. Thirty-nine of the original Romanesque sixty-two capitals are still in place. Sugar constructed a new disambulatory connected with radiating chapels. [51]
During the reign of Henry IV, the central portion of this crypt was devoted the Bourbon dynasty, but the tombs themselves were simple lead coffins in wood cases. The effigies of many of the kings and queens are on their tombs, but during the French Revolution their bodies were thrown out of their coffins, dumped into three trenches and covered with lime to destroy them. The older monarchs were removed in August 1793 to celebrate the revolutionary Festival of Reunion, the Valois and Bourbon monarchs in October 1793 to celebrate the execution of Marie Antoinette.[52] Preservationist Alexandre Lenoir saved many of the monuments by claiming them as artworks for his Museum of French Monuments. The bodies of several Plantagenet monarchs of England were likewise removed from Fontevraud Abbey during the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte reopened the church in 1806, but left the royal remains in their mass graves. In 1817 the restored Bourbons ordered the mass graves to be opened, but only portions of three bodies remained intact. The remaining bones from 158 bodies were collected into an ossuary in the crypt of the church, behind marble plates bearing their names.[52]
In later years, tombs were placed along the aisles that surrounded around the choir and the nave. In the 13th century King Louis IX (Saint Louis) commissioned a number of important tombs of earlier kings and French historical figures, whose remains were collected from other churches. These included the tombs of Clovis I, Charles Martel, Constance of Castille, Pepin the Short, Robert the Pious, and Hugh Capet (which disappeared during the Revolution). The new tombs were all made in the same style and costume, with a reposing figure holding a staff, to illustrate the continuity of the French Monarchy.[51]
Tomb of Louis XII and Anne de Bretagne (1515)
Tomb of Catherine de Medici and Henry II of France (1559)
Funeral urn of Francois I by sculptor Pierre Bontemps (1556)
The tombs of the Renaissance expressed are theatrical and varied. The largest is that of Louis XII (died 1515) and his wife, Anne of Brittany (died 1514). It takes the form of a white marble temple filled and surrounded with figures. Inside it, the King and Queen are depicted realistically in their dying agonies, Allegorical figures seated around the temple depict the virtues of the King and Queen. On the roof of the tomb, the King and Queen are shown again, kneeling and calmly praying, celebrating their victory over death, thanks to their virtues.[53]
The monument to Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici (1559) followed a similar format; a Roman temple, in this case designed by the celebrated Renaissance architect Primatrice with sculpture on the roof depicting the King and Queen in prayer. The King places his hand on his heart illustrating his Catholic faith a period of religious conflicts.[53]
In the 19th century, following the restoration of the monarchy, Louis XVIII had the remains of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette brought to St. Denis. The body of the Dauphin, who died of illness and neglect at the hands of his revolutionary captors, was buried in an unmarked grave in a Parisian churchyard near the Temple. During Napoleon's exile in Elba, the restored Bourbons ordered a search for the corpses of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They were found on 21 January 1815, brought to Saint-Denis and placed in the archeologi crypt. Their tombs are covered with black marble slabs installed in 1975.[54]
Louis XVIII, upon his death in 1824, was buried in the centre of the crypt, near the graves of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The coffins of royal family members who died between 1815 and 1830 were also placed in the vaults. Under the direction of architect Viollet-le-Duc, church monuments that had been taken to the Museum of French Monuments were returned to the church. The corpse of Louis VII, who had been buried at Barbeau Abbey and whose tomb had not been touched by the revolutionaries, was brought to Saint-Denis and buried in the crypt. In 2004, the mummified heart of the Dauphin, the boy who would have been Louis XVII, verified to be authentic by DNA testing, was placed in a crystal vase and sealed into the wall of the crypt.[55]
The Sacristy, rebuilt in 1812
The Sacristy, the room where the clergy traditionally donned their vestments, was transformed by the architect Jacques Cellerier in 1812 into a Neo-classical gallery of murals which depict scenes from the history of the cathedral. A work added to the Sacristy is "Allegory of the Divine Word", a painting by Simon Vouet, which originally had been commissioned by Louis XIII for the retable of the Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It was acquired for the cathedral by the administration of national monuments in 1993. The wall cases also display a selection of precious objects from the cathedral's collection. [37]
"Infance of Christ", (12th c., Axis chapel)
Detail from the 12th century Life of Christ window, Axis chapel
Detail of "Infance of Christ", Suger at the Feet of Christ (12th c.)
Abbot Suger commissioned a large amount of stained glass for the new chevet, but only very small amount of the original glass from the time of Suger survived intact. In the 19th century it was collected by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and was integrated into windows in the chevet. Original glass includes the figure of Suger prostrating himself at the feet of Christ, in the window called "The Childhood of Christ"; the Tree of Jesse, illustrating the genealogy of Christ, in the Axis chapel; the "Allegories of Saint Paul" and "The Life of Moses" in the fourth radiating chapel on the north; "The vision of Ezekiel under the sign of tau", originally from a group illustrating the Passion of Christ, in the fourth rayonnant chapel on the south, in the left bay and third register.[56] Another piece of original window from Suger's time, depicting mythical Griffonsa a symbol of Paradise, is found in the second radiating chapel on the north. Other scenes which Suger described, showing the pilgrimage of Charlemagne and the Crusades, have disappeared.[56]
"Kings and Queens of France" (19th c.)
"The visit of King Louis-Philippe to Saint-Denis in 1837"
Much of the current stained glass dates to the 19th century, as the church began to be restored from the damage of the Revolution. The architect François Debret designed the first Neo-Gothic windows of the nave in 1813. these include the upper windows of the nave, which represent the Kings and Queens of France. Later upper windows of the south transept depict the restoration of the church, and particularly the visit there of Louis Philippe I, the last King of France, in 1837. This large group of windows was designed by the painter Jean-Baptiste Debret, the brother of the architect.[57]
Detail of the north portal sculpture; the martyrdom of Saint Denis, Eleuthere and Rustique (12th c.)
Piedroits, or column statues, of the north portal. (12th c.)
Tomb of Clovis I and his son, Childebert I
Tomb of King Dagobert (13th century)
Memorial to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, sculptures (1830) by Edme Gaulle and Pierre Petitot
Ementrude of Orleans, wife of Charles II of France
Bust of Charles V of France
Battle scene on the tomb of François I (16th c.)
The new west front sculpture of St. Denis had an important influence on Gothic style. The influential features of the new façade include the tall, thin statues of Old Testament prophets and kings attached to columns (jamb figures) flanking the portals (destroyed in 1771 but recorded in Montfaucon's drawings). These were also adopted at the cathedrals of Paris and Chartres, constructed a few years later, and became a feature of almost every Gothic portal thereafter. [58]
The statues on the portal of the Valois, on the transept of the Saint Denis, made in 1175, have very elongated and expressive figures, and also had an important effect on Gothic sculpture. They were the opposite of the more restrained and dignified figures of Chartres Cathedral, made about the same time.[58]
Above the doorways, the central tympanum was carved with Christ in Majesty displaying his wounds with the dead emerging from their tombs below. Scenes from the martyrdom of St Denis were carved above the south (right hand) portal, while above the north portal was a mosaic (lost), even though this was, as Suger put it 'contrary to the modern custom'. Of the original sculpture, very little remains, most of what is now visible being the result of rather clumsy restoration work in 1839.[59] Some fragments of the original sculptures survive in the collection of the Musée de Cluny.
The choir stalls (16th c.)
Detail of carving and marquetry of the choir stalls
Misericord on a choir stall
The choir stalls, the seats reserved for the clergy, have particularly fine carvings, particularly on the misericord, the small seat on each stall on which the clergy could rest when standing for long periods of time. The stalls were made in the 16th century, and were originally located in the high chapel of the Chateau de Gaillon in the Eure Department. In 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte decided to create three new chapels at Saint-Denis, as well as a chapter of bishops under the authority of his uncle, Cardinal Fesch. The stalls were moved to Saint-Denis and installed for their use. Besides the carved wood, the stalls are decorated with elaborate multi-coloured religious scenes in marquetry. [37]
The organ of the cathedral (19th c.)
Detail of the organ decoration
The organ is located on the tribune, at the west of the nave. An organ is recorded as existing at the basilica in 1520. A later organ, made by Crespin Carlier, is recorded in 1520, but this instrument was destroyed during the French Revolution. The church re-opened in 1806 without an organ. A competition was held in 1833 to find a new builder. It was won by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, age twenty-three, and was his first organ. It was completed in 1843, and launched his career as an organ-maker.[60]
It contains numerous innovations introduced in the romantic area, in particular the very first Barker lever. With three manuals and pedals, it is protected by the Monument historique label. It was restored in 1901 by Charles Mutin, and between 1983 and 1987 by Jean-Loup Boisseau and Bertrand Cattiaux. Pierre Pincemaille, sole titular organist for 30 years (between 1987 and 2018), held many recitals (between 1989 and 1995, then between 2014 and 2017), and recorded eight CDs using this instrument.[60]
The cathedral contained an extensive treasury, mainly constituted by the Abbot Suger. It contained crowns (those of Charlemagne, Saint Louis, and Henry IV of France), a cross, and liturgical objects.[citation needed]
All but five of the Kings of France were buried in the basilica (with Charlemagne, Philip I, Louis XI, Charles X, & Louis Philippe I buried elsewhere), as well as a few other monarchs. The remains of the early monarchs were removed from the destroyed Abbey of St Genevieve. Some of the more prominent monarchs buried in the basilica are:
The choir at sunset
The clerestory windows
Depiction of the Trinity over the main entrance
Fulrad, Abbot of Saint-Denis
| 2023-08-27 17:03:23 |
Katos - Wikipedia | Katos is a village in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.[1]
WikiMiniAtlas39°46′N 46°18′E / 39.767°N 46.300°E / 39.767; 46.300
This Lachin Rayon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:27 |
Funko - Wikipedia | Funko Inc. is an American company that manufactures licensed and limited pop culture collectibles, best known for its licensed vinyl figurines and bobbleheads. In addition, the company produces licensed plush, action figures, apparel, accessories and games. Founded in 1998 by Mike Becker[2] and Claudia Becker, Funko was originally conceived as a small project to create various low-tech, nostalgia-themed toys. The company's first manufactured bobblehead was of the Big Boy mascot, the well-known restaurant advertising icon.[3]
Sold in 2005, Funko, LLC, is now headed by CEO Andrew Perlmutter.[3] Since then, the company has increased the scope of its toy lines and signed licensing deals with major companies such as Warner Bros., Nickelodeon, MTV, NBCUniversal, Disney, Marvel Entertainment, and Major League Baseball.
Funko was founded in 1998 by toy collector Mike Becker at his home in Snohomish, Washington.[4] He started the business after failing to find an affordable coin bank of the Big Boy Restaurants mascot, instead licensing the rights to make his own coin banks from a Big Boy franchise in Michigan. The coin banks failed to sell and the franchise filed for bankruptcy protection, but Funko remained in business after licensing the rights to bobbleheads for Austin Powers, which sold 80,000 units.[5] After this, some of the first characters that Funko sold were the Grinch, Tony the Tiger, and Cheerios mascot, the honeybee.[6] In 2005, Becker sold Funko to its current Chief Creative Officer, Brian Mariotti, who moved its offices to Lynnwood, Washington, and significantly expanded the company's licensed product lines. In 2011, Funko began selling their Pop! Vinyl line of figurines.[6] By 2012, the company had sold more than $20 million worth of merchandise.[7]
The company was sold to Fundamental Capital, a private equity firm, in 2013 to raise funds.[8] ACON Investments, LLC announced in late 2015 that it had acquired Funko from Fundamental Capital, LLC, but would keep current staff and the head of company.[9]
By 2016, it had outgrown its original headquarters in Everett and announced plans to move into a downtown building with more space and a retail store.[10][11] Funko acquired British toymaker Underground Toys, also its European distributor, in early 2017.[10] Funko opened its new headquarters and 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) flagship store in downtown Everett on August 19, 2017.[12] Funko was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange on November 2, 2017, but suffered the worst initial public offering of the 21st century, with shares falling by 40 percent and only raising $125 million.[13]
In May 2019, Funko acquired the fashion accessories line, Loungefly.
The company opened its second storefront in November 2019, located in Hollywood, Los Angeles. It has 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of space and includes life-size statues and movie "sets".[14][15]
In June 2022, Funko acquired Mondo, a high-end pop culture company.[16]
In March 2023, Funko announced that an excess of old inventory would be disposed of due to limited warehouse capacity.[17][18][19]
Products are designed at the Funko headquarters in Everett, Washington,[20] and in other locations throughout the U.S. New figures are designed with input from licensors, in-studio artists, and fans through social media. Funko artists use ZBrush to create digital models that are revised before being made into prototype sculptures, which are sent for approval from manufacturers and licensors. The completed figures are manufactured at factories in China and Vietnam.[21][22]
Funko has produced thousands of products across dozens of different toy lines since its inception.[23] The first, Wacky Wobblers, was a line of bobbleheads depicting various characters, mainly from popular culture, such as Betty Boop, Cap'n Crunch, and The Cat in the Hat. The company's mascot, a recurring character in the Funko franchise, is Freddy Funko, who was introduced in the year of 2002.[24]
Funko's Pop! Vinyl line are figures modelled in a style similar to the Japanese chibi style.[25] The figures have large squarish heads, disproportionately small bodies, and large, circular black eyes.[26] The figures typically depict licensed characters from franchises such as Doctor Who, Marvel, DC, Disney, Star Wars, Wizarding World, Dragon Ball, My Hero Academia and other pop culture entities. After a preview line of DC Comics characters were released at San Diego Comic-Con 2010, the original Funko Pop! line of products was fully revealed in 2011 at the New York Toy Fair.[24]
The exaggerated body proportions of Pop! figures have invited comparisons with Good Smile’s Nendoroid figures, which are similarly described as "chibi". Both product lines depict characters from many different franchises.[27]
Most Funko Pop! figures are not bobbleheads, as their heads do not move. However, all Star Wars figures in the line are bobbleheads, most Marvel figures, and all Genshin Impact figures, although the Genshin Impact packaging does not describe them as bobble-heads, but rather as figures, unlike Star Wars and Marvel. This is to avoid licensing conflicts with Hasbro and Good Smile Company respectively, the companies of which holds the license to make ordinary (non-bobblehead) figures of characters from these franchises.[28]
Various other products have been released using the Pop! brand and its character stylization, such as plush toys, T-shirts,[29] keychains (miniaturized versions of the normal figures),[30] and ceramic mugs, the latter of which are enlarged, hollow copies of a figure's head, with a handle attached.[31]
Within the Funko Pop! product line, there is a series known as Pop! Rides, featuring the Funko Pop figure in a vehicle.[30] The Funko Pop! line also has figures that are larger than the standard figure, in 6-inch, 10-inch, 18-inch,[32] and the now-retired 9-inch size.[30] In addition, Funko produces Pop! Deluxes, where a character is seated on external set pieces, such as a throne, a vehicle, or creature. Funko has also begun creating Movie and Comic Moments, which feature posed Pop! figures interacting with each other and on display bases in ways that replicate moments from different movies and comic books. Funko has also created a line featuring artists with their album covers, this line can be found as Pop! Albums.[33]
At Toy Fair 2019, Funko announced a new line of Pop! Vinyl figures; Pop! Town, initially including Ghostbusters, Scooby-Doo, SpongeBob SquarePants, and The Nightmare Before Christmas. This line includes a Pop! Vinyl figure alongside a stylized version of a landmark building from the source material.
Other Funko products currently on the market include a variety of collectible toy lines such as Vinyl Soda, Vinyl Gold, Mystery Minis, Popsies, Ad Icons and stuffed Plushies made to resemble their stylized array of toys. Funko also owns Loungefly, a line of collectible mini-bags and purses that feature popular characters and designs from franchises as diverse as Harry Potter, Hello Kitty and even Disney princesses, the latter of which are sold at official Disney stores and parks.
Funko product lines of the past that have since been discontinued or are no longer in production include Dorbz, VYNL, Rock Candy, Hikari, Spastik Plastik, Blox, FunkoVision, Funko Force, ReAction Figures Wacky Wisecracks and Wacky Wobblers.
A chase variant is any Funko product within a series that is a rare variation on the original mold, originally at a ratio of 1/36 that has since increased to 1/6. This variance can be as simple as a color change, or as complex as a totally new mold. Common variances include different molds or character poses, a flocked (fuzzy) finish, metallic paint, glitter, and translucence. They are randomly inserted into shipments, and are highly sought after by collectors, often reselling for much higher prices.[34]
The Mystery Mini series consists of a group of blind boxes that have a random character within, from a variety of series.[24] Examples of Mystery Mini series themes include Five Nights at Freddy's, Blizzard Entertainment's Cute but Deadly, Disney Heroes and Villains, Horror Classics, Asphalt 9: Legends, Steven Universe, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Mary Poppins, Avengers: Infinity War, and Anime Heroes And Vehicles.[30] The figures are styled differently than the other Funko products.[24] Unlike the other Funko products, there are not usually convention exclusives (the last ones were from 2014), but some stores, such as Hot Topic and FYE, have been known to carry exclusives.[35]
At the London Toy Fair in January 2023, Funko announced a new line of Pop! Vinyl figures; Bitty Pop! Bitty Pops are miniature versions of the beloved Funko Pops, measuring just 1 inch in size. Each package contains three standard figures and one mystery figure, all displayed in an acrylic case and priced at $14.99. The Bitty Pops are packaged in small Funko boxes.
The initial Bitty line focuses on two popular franchises: Harry Potter and Disney. Harry Potter fans can look forward to seeing Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, Draco Malfoy, Dumbledore, and Harry Potter in miniature form. The classic Disney lineup includes Minnie and Mickey Mouse, Daisy and Donald Duck, Chip and Dale, Pluto, and more.[36]
Funko launched the initiative “Pops! With Purpose” which connects Funko Pop! characters to causes that matter to their employees, fans, and the wider community. The program launched with an auction at FunKon 2021 and expands each year with a range of products in collaboration with various charities.
The Pop! With Purpose figures support various philanthropic organizations such as The Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Rivit, Operation Homefront, and the It Gets Better Project. Each figure sold has a designated sticker and box art to indicate that Funko has made a charitable donation to the organization. Funko has a history of community engagement through its Funko Cares program, which includes monetary and product donations.
Military-themed Pops! With Purpose are particularly popular in the United States.[37] By buying and displaying a Pop! With Purpose, fans can show their support for a cause that contributes to making the world a kinder and more equitable place for all.[38]
Funko has been offering convention exclusive versions of their products at various conventions such as San Diego Comic-Con, Emerald City Comic Con, New York Comic Con, Fan Expo, Star Wars Celebration, and E3.[35] This started in 2006 at the San Diego Comic-Con.[30]
In February 2019, Funko acquired award-winning board game development studio Forrest-Pruzan Creative,[39] including the design studio imprint Prospero Hall,[40] forming Funko Games. Funko Games has begun publishing strategy games across different licenses, including their flagship game Funkoverse.
Funko has over 1,100 licenses with different companies.[41][needs update] Another aspect of their business model is tracking the popularity of a certain item and knowing when to move on to a different character. Funko creates items that appeal to children and adults. This can be noted by their range of figures from Golden Girls to superheroes. Funko comes up with an initial design in 24 hours and can have a product from concept to shelf in 70 days.[41] CCO Mariotti believes that the company's eagerness to gain so many licenses and have a range of products from music icons and video game characters to action heroes is what has made them succeed.[41]
In 2015, Funko and Marvel partnered to launch Marvel Collector Corps, a subscription box service featuring exclusive collectibles, apparel, and accessories. Boxes shipped every two months.[42] It subsequently launched a subscription box service for Star Wars items called Smuggler's Bounty, a DC subscription box called Legion of Collectors, and a Disney subscription box called Disney Treasures. Also, the subscription box known as Loot Crate occasionally contains an exclusive Funko Pop! vinyl figure which aligns with each monthly box theme. Loot Crate has offered an exclusive Funko Pop! figure with its other products as well.[43]
As of 2018[update], Funko no longer offers these boxes through a subscription. The Collector Corps, which focuses on Marvel collectibles, is now available through Amazon. The Disney Treasures box, which focused on Disney collectibles, was available at Hot Topic, but ended in October 2019. Star Wars Smuggler's Bounty boxes were available through Amazon, but ended in December 2019.
A live action/animated hybrid film based on the Funko toys is in development at Warner Animation Group.[44][45] The film was announced as being in active development on September 16, 2019, with directors Mark Dindal and Teddy Newton attached to the project.[46] In February 2021, Newton was confirmed to write the screenplay, in addition to his directing duties.[47]Additionally, a game entitled Funko Fusion was announced to be in development in 2023, based on NBCUniversal IPs.
| 2023-08-27 17:03:30 |
Raymond Downs - Wikipedia |
Raymond Downs is an American former college basketball player for the University of Texas at Austin.[1] Downs was a three-year starter for the Texas Longhorns men's basketball team under head coaches Thurman "Slue" Hull (1955–56) and Marshall Hughes (1957). He received recognition as a two-time all-Southwest Conference and two-time second-team All-American forward in 1956 and 1957.[2]
Downs led the Longhorns in scoring in all three of his seasons at Texas.[3] In his junior season, Downs scored an average of 26.4 points per game—an achievement that remains the UT record for highest season scoring average. He also holds the second-highest career scoring average for a Texas men's basketball player with 22.3 points per game, trailing only Kevin Durant.[4] Downs continues to hold the record for most games scoring 30 or more points with 18. He also tied Slater Martin's UT's single-game scoring record with 49 points against Baylor in Waco, although his 49 points represent the highest single-game points total for a Texas player in a road game.
Downs was selected in the sixth round of the 1957 NBA draft (44th overall selection) by the St. Louis Hawks.[5][6]
When only 8 years old, Downs survived the sinking of the merchant freighter Heredia on May 18, 1942, by the German U-boat U-506. He and his family were returning from Colombia where his father had been working. Downs, his parents and his sister all survived the sinking, which killed 36 on board.[7]
This University of Texas at Austin-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This biographical article relating to a United States basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:34 |
Windy Hill, Renfrewshire - Wikipedia |
Windy Hill is a 316 metres (1.037 feet) high hill in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is one of the TuMPs of the Lowlands.
The hill is located on the eastern border of the River Calder catchment area[2] and is part of the Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park. Its summit is at OS grid ref NS 3183 6374.[3] Windy Hill is also the name of the first important house designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, which is located in Kilmacolm at some miles from the hill.[4]
The hill is what remains of the top of a volcanic plug.[5] A little east from Windy Hill can be observed a well developed bole horizon (more than 2 metres thick), a type of soil which originates from the weathering of igneous rocks.[6]
The hilltop can be easily accessed from the visitor centre of Muirshiel, following a maintained footpath,[7] and offers a good point of view on the surrounding area.[8] The walk is considered ideal for children too.[9]
Media related to Windy Hill, Renfrewshire at Wikimedia Commons
| 2023-08-27 17:03:38 |
Intervals (band) - Wikipedia |
Intervals is a Canadian instrumental progressive metal band formed in Toronto, Ontario, in 2011. The band has toured throughout Canada and the United States with bands such as Animals as Leaders,[1] Protest the Hero, Between the Buried and Me and The Contortionist.
Intervals released two EPs, The Space Between (2011) and In Time (2012),[2] and their debut studio album A Voice Within on March 4, 2014, featuring vocals by Mike Semesky. After the exit of every band member except for guitarist Aaron Marshall, follow-up albums The Shape of Colour (2015), The Way Forward (2017), and Circadian (2020) were released.[3]
Intervals was formed in Toronto, Ontario, in 2011 as a creative outlet for guitarist Aaron Marshall after quitting his previous band, "Speak of the Devil".[4][5] After releasing two songs online ("Still Winning" & "Duality"), Anup, Lukas and Matt joined the band. Their first EP The Space Between was recorded in Aaron's basement, with the exception of Anup who recorded his drums at his own home studio in Frederick, Maryland. The mixing and mastering were done by Adam "Nolly" Getgood of Periphery, and it was released independently on December 20, 2011.[6] At this point, the band attempted to find a vocalist to complete the line-up, but failed to do so.
With the release of their second EP In Time on October 30, 2012, they were joined by Olly Steele (Monuments) and David Maxim Micic (Destiny Potato) as guest soloists. Sputnikmusic gave the EP a 4/5 rating, suggesting that "if they find a bit more creativity and increase their originality, they have potential to go down in history as one of the best instrumental prog metal bands. As of now, they are still not on the same level as Animals as Leaders."[7] The band released a music video for "Epiphany" on April 25, 2013, through Guitar World promotion and YouTube.[8] Following the success of In Time, the band gained endorsement deals from Ernie Ball Music Man, Pearl Drums, Meinl Cymbals, Toontrack, InTune Guitar Picks, and Gruv Gear.[9] Marshall and Sastry also released playthroughs, as well as lessons for select songs off the EP.[10][11] On April 18, 2013, it was announced that Matt De Luca would be leaving the band to pursue other projects.
On September 14, 2013, Intervals announced they would again be entering the studio with producer Jordan Valeriote (Silverstein, Structures, Counterparts) on November 4 to begin tracking their upcoming release.[12] Following the studio, Intervals were scheduled to tour Europe (January–February 2014) with Protest the Hero, TesseracT, and The Safety Fire.[13] On December 30, it was announced that live bassist Mike Semesky would be changing his role in the band to provide vocals on the new album. The album's bass tracks were handled equally between Marshall and Cameron McLellan (Protest the Hero). The band released Semesky's vocal debut in the form of new single "Ephemeral" through Revolver, as well as a revelation that the new album would be titled A Voice Within.[14]
Due to the need for Semesky to focus entirely on his vocal performance live, the band hired Henry Selva (formerly of The Human Abstract) as a live bassist for their upcoming European tour, but eventually opted to use the bass in the backing track moving forward.
"I'm extremely happy to announce that I am the singer of Intervals. I joined the band on bass in early 2013, but after writing and experimenting with vocals over demos of the band's new material, the four of us knew that that was the direction we were meant to go. I feel so blessed to be a part of such a talented group of musicians and I'm extremely proud of the album we all worked so hard on. We can't wait for you all to hear it!"[14] The band released a second song from the album, "The Escape", on January 23, 2014, and announced that the album would be released on March 4, 2014.[15] On February 26, the band announced that they would be releasing one new song from the album per day until the day of the album's release. The first of these songs was "The Self Surrendered".[16]
On November 25, 2014, it was announced that Mike Semesky parted ways with the band, due to Marshall's desire to instrumentally front the band again. An instrumental version of A Voice Within was then released on March 3, 2015. On June 23, three months after, Guyader and Sastry finally announced on Facebook that they decided they would no longer be a part of Intervals without Semesky. According to Marshall's narrative, the separation was caused by different expectations as to the direction of the band. However, Sastry and Guyader have both cited that after removing Semesky, Marshall wanted to demote their roles strictly to 'hired guns' in an effort to further rebrand the band as his solo project. After the moral loss of losing Semesky, there was a lack of communication for a few months. In that time, Marshall finished the solo record he had already been working on throughout the year. He then booked studio time and new musicians without the rest of the bands knowledge, only communicating all of this to them through an ultimatum days before the studio time was to begin. So Sastry and Guyader opted to leave together.
Marshall's new studio musicians, were then revealed to be bassist Cameron McLellan (Protest the Hero) and drummer Travis Orbin (Darkest Hour, Periphery, Sky Eats Airplane), for the next album.[17][5] On December 4, 2015, Intervals released The Shape of Colour.[18][19][4]
On October 24, 2017, Intervals announced The Way Forward, a new album with McLellan returning to bass, and new drummer Nathan Bulla, who had been playing live with the band until the release.[20] Marshall continues to be the only official member of the band, despite having returning members for tours and studio recordings. On November 13, 2020, the band released Circadian, which featured collaborations with a number of artists.[3]
| 2023-08-27 17:03:41 |
International Table Hockey Federation - Wikipedia |
International Table Hockey Federation (ITHF) is the world governing body for ITHF table hockey, providing World and European championships,[1] list of biggest international competitions, regulation of game and tournament rules[2] and world ranking.[3] Ranking at 2021 contained about 10,000 players from 70 countries.
It was officially founded in 2005 in Riga, Latvia with 15 member nations (Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and US). Its head office is located in Plzeň, Czech Republic.[4] Bjarne Axelsen is the current president. The BWF currently has 21 member nation around the world, adding Belarus, Kazakhstan, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.
The constitution of ITHF states that it is a non-profit international non-governmental organization, the members of which are national associations of world table hockey players. In line with modern requirements, it also includes the fight against doping, as well as confirms religious and racial equality.
Associations wishing to join the ITHF are required to be officially registered in their home country as a table hockey association, with democratically elected leadership, a fixed number of active adult players and open tournaments. Representatives of countries that are unable to meet these requirements shall remain observers.
The supreme authority of the ITHF belongs to the Conference of Delegates - the vote of the representatives of the member states, in which all the officials of the organization are elected.[5]
Since its founding ITHF hold World Championships, which since 1989 until then were organized each second year at meetings of national delegations. ITHF accepted this order as is and added at free years European Championships. ITHF together with national federations organizes World Tour[6] - about 20 major international table hockey tournaments in different countries and World Clubs Championship.
The ITHF World Ranking in Open, Women, Juniors and Veterans categories is introduced to determine the strength of the players. Ranking is used for determining the qualification for entry and seeding for the ITHF-sanctioned tournament. The points awarded is based on the final results of each tournament participated for the past 104 weeks, older tournaments results are lowed in points. Junior Ranking consists of players under 19 years old, Veteran Ranking - 40 years and older. Ranking is renewed weekly.[7]
Executive Committee contains:
Legal Committee contains:
In most countries table hockey is not officially recognized as a sport and therefore ITHF works as non-government organization. However, in Latvia local table hockey federation, a member of ITHF, is a legal member of Council of Sports Federations.[8]
| 2023-08-27 17:03:45 |
2021–22 Florida Gulf Coast Eagles women's basketball team - Wikipedia |
The 2021–22 Florida Gulf Coast Eagles women's basketball team represented Florida Gulf Coast University during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Eagles, led by twentieth year head coach Karl Smesko, played their home games at the Alico Arena and were members of the Atlantic Sun Conference.
They finished the season 30–3, 15–1 in ASUN play to win the ASUN regular season. They were the first seed in the ASUN Tournament, and they defeated North Florida, Liberty, and Jacksonville State to win the tournament championship and earn the conference's automatic berth in the NCAA tournament. In the tournament, they defeated Virginia Tech before falling to Maryland in the Second Round to end their season.
Roster Last update: April 1, 2022
Source[1]
The Coaches Poll releases a final poll after the NCAA tournament, but the AP Poll does not release a poll at this time. The Coaches Poll does not release a week 2 poll.
| 2023-08-27 17:03:50 |
Nani Fernández - Wikipedia | Juana "Nani" Fernández Ruiz (22 February 1923 – 9 November 1960) was a Spanish film actress.[1]
This article about a Spanish film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:54 |
Open Mike with Mike Bullard - Wikipedia | Open-Mike with Mike Bullard was a Canadian late-night talk show which was broadcast live from 1997 to 2003 on CTV and on The Comedy Network in primetime.[1] It was hosted by comedian Mike Bullard and initially taped at a studio at the back of Wayne Gretzky's restaurant in Toronto, Ontario before CTV moved the show to Toronto's historic Masonic Temple. Open Mike with Mike Bullard featured two or three panel guests and one musical or comedy performance nightly. The show's bandleader and musical director was Orin Isaacs. Part of Bullard's comedic style was interacting with audience members during his opening monologue, often deriving humour from finding ways to poke fun at an audience member's expense.
In the summer of 2003, Bullard's contract with CTV expired. He did not like their practice of shutting the show down for summers; he knew that it interrupted his exposure and he did not like to see reruns that were dated.[original research?] He signed a multi-year deal to start a new, similar show on Global called The Mike Bullard Show. The new show carried over many of the staff and sketches from Open-Mike and aired at the same time as his old show had but faltered in the ratings against CTV, which aired The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in the same time slot. The Mike Bullard Show was cancelled in 2004 after a run of 13 weeks.
The show won two Gemini Awards, Best Talk Information Series in 1999 and Best Music Variety Program Series in 2001. The show also won the 2000 Hugo Award (Gold Medal) for Best Talk Show at the Chicago International Television Festival. Bullard was also voted one of the top 10 Funniest Canadians in a nationwide poll by TV Guide in 2002.[2]
This article relating to a comedy television series in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:03:57 |
1940 Boston Bees season - Wikipedia |
The 1940 Boston Bees season was the 70th season of the franchise. The Bees finished seventh in the National League with a record of 65 wins and 87 losses.
Infielders
Other batters
Coaches
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
[3]
This article relating to an Atlanta Braves season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article related to sports in Boston is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:01 |
It Ended Badly - Wikipedia | It Ended Badly: 13 of the Worst Breakups in History is a 2015 book written by Jennifer Wright that documents thirteen well-known figures, caesars, queens, kings and philosophers and how their romantic relationships ended badly.[2][3][4][5]
This article about a comedy or humour book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:04 |
Portugal - Wikipedia |
Portugal (Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtuˈɣal]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ]),[note 3] is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, and the Savage Islands. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Its archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. In the mainland, Alentejo region occupies the biggest area but is one of the regions in Europe with a lower population density. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population, being also the main spot for tourists alongside Porto and Algarve.
One of the oldest countries in Europe, its territory has been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times. The territory was first inhabited by the Celtic and Iberian peoples, such as the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians, the Celtici, Turduli, and the Conii. These peoples had some commercial and cultural contact with Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Carthaginians. It was later ruled by the Romans, followed by the invasions of Germanic peoples (most prominently, the Suebi and the Visigoths) together with the Alans, and later the Moors, who were eventually expelled during the Reconquista. Founded first as a county within the Kingdom of León in 868, the country officially gained its independence as the Kingdom of Portugal with the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.[13]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was the leading country in the Age of Discovery and established one of the longest-lived maritime and commercial empires, becoming one of the main economic and political powers of the time.[14] At the end of the 16th century, Portugal suffered a war for the crown succession with Spain, leading to the Iberian Union. The Portuguese Restoration War re-instated the House of Braganza in 1640 after a period of substantial loss to Portugal.[15]
By the early 19th century, the accumulative crisis, events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the resulting independence of Brazil in 1822 led to a marked decay of Portugal's prior opulence.[16] This was followed by the civil war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists over royal succession, which lasted from 1828 to 1834. The 1910 revolution deposed Portugal's centuries-old monarchy, and established the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic, later being superseded by the Estado Novo (New State) authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution (1974), ending the Portuguese Colonial War and eventually losing its remaining colonial possessions.
Portugal has left a profound cultural, architectural and linguistic influence across the globe, with a legacy of around 250 million Portuguese speakers around the world. It is a developed country with an advanced economy which holds the 14th largest gold reserve at its national central bank,[17] has the 8th largest proven reserves of lithium,[18][19][20] with the weight of exports representing 49% of its GDP in 2022.[21] A member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area and the Council of Europe (CoE), Portugal was also one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman-Celtic place name Portus Cale;[22][23] a settlement where present-day's conurbation of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia (or simply, Gaia) stand, along the banks of River Douro in the north of what is now Portugal. The name of Porto stems from the Latin word for port or harbour, portus, with the second element Cale’s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an ethnonym derived from the Callaeci also known as Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.[24] The names Cale and Callaici are the origin of today's Gaia and Galicia.[25][26]
Another theory proposes that Cale or Calle is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port', like the Irish caladh or Scottish Gaelic cala. These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was Gallaecian. However, scholars like Jean Markale and Tranoy propose that the Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, Calais, Galatia, Galicia, Gaelic, Gael, Gaul (Latin: Gallia),[27] Wales, Cornwall, Wallonia and others all stem from one linguistic root.[25][28][29]
A further explanation proposes Gatelo as having been the origin of present-day Braga, Santiago de Compostela, and consequently the wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia.[30] A different theory has it that Cala was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the Gaelic Cailleach, a supernatural hag). Further still, some French scholars believe the name may have come from Portus Gallus,[31] the port of the Gauls or Celts.
Around 200 BC, the Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of Gaellicia with its capital in Bracara Augusta (modern day Braga, Portugal). During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. The name Portucale evolved into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, that term was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already referred to as Portugal.
The 14th-century Middle French name for the country, Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, spread to Middle English.[32] Middle English variant spellings included Portingall, Portingale,[note 4] Portyngale and Portingaill.[32][34] The spelling Portyngale is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to the Nun's Priest's Tale. These variants survive in the Torrent of Portyngale, a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and "Old Robin of Portingale", an English Child ballad. Portingal and variants were also used in Scots[32] and survive in the Cornish name for the country, Portyngal.
The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in south-western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians,[35] Celtici and Cynetes (also known as Conii).[36] Some coastal areas were visited by Phoenicians-Carthaginians and Ancient Greeks. It was incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD.
The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula.[37] These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish prosperous settlements, they did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing.[37]
It is believed by some scholars that early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming different tribes.[38] Another theory suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any large Celtic migrations from Central Europe.[39] In addition, a number of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling evidence that the Tartessian language, once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure.[40]
Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere.[41] During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the Urnfield culture also known as Urnenfelderkultur) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia.[42][43][26] This culture, together with the surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture[44] and the contributions that come from the more Western Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or Castro Culture.[45][46] This designation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called 'dùn', 'dùin' or 'don' in Gaelic and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles.[47]
Based on the Roman chronicles about the Callaeci peoples, along with the Lebor Gabála Érenn[48] narrations and the interpretation of the abundant archaeological remains throughout the northern half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal society, with a military and religious aristocracy probably of the feudal type.[citation needed] The figures of maximum authority were the chieftain (chefe tribal), of military type and with authority in his Castro or clan, and the druid, mainly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The Celtic cosmogony remained homogeneous due to the ability of the druids to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of knowledge and the most significant events.[citation needed]
The first documentary references to Castro society are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder among others, about the social organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the Gallaeci of Northern Portugal as:
"A group of barbarians who spend the day fighting and the night eating, drinking and dancing under the moon."
There were other similar tribes, and chief among them were the Lusitanians; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as the Celtici of Alentejo, and the Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve. Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turduli Oppidani, Turodi, and Zoelae. A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as Tavira) were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians–Carthaginians.
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. During the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to the Roman Republic.
The Roman conquest of what is now part of Portugal took almost two hundred years and took many lives of young soldiers and the lives of those who were sentenced to a certain death in the slave mines when not sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman occupation suffered a severe setback in 155 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus,[49][50] wrested control of all of western Iberia.
Rome sent numerous legions and its best generals to Lusitania to quell the rebellion, but to no avail – the Lusitanians kept conquering territory. The Roman leaders decided to change their strategy. They bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him. In 139 BC, Viriathus was assassinated and Tautalus became leader of the Lusitanians.
Rome installed a colonial regime. The complete Romanization of Lusitania only took place in the Visigothic era.
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga.[51]
There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) throughout modern Portugal and remains of the Castro culture.
Some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 kilometres (10 miles) from Coimbra, which in turn was the ancient Aeminium. The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.
Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres and laymen's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, some coined in Lusitanian land, as well as numerous pieces of ceramics, were also found. Contemporary historians include Paulus Orosius (c. 375–418)[52] and Hydatius (c. 400–469), bishop of Aquae Flaviae, who reported on the final years of the Roman rule and arrival of the Germanic tribes.
In the early 5th century, Germanic tribes, namely the Suebi[53] and the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) together with their allies, the Sarmatians and Alans invaded the Iberian Peninsula where they would form their kingdom. The Kingdom of the Suebi[54] was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of Gallaecia-Lusitania. 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements were found in Alenquer (from old Germanic Alan kerk, temple of the Alans), Coimbra and Lisbon.[55]
About 410 and during the 6th century it became a formally declared Kingdom of the Suebi,[54][53] where king Hermeric made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to Rechila, his son. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state in expansion to Rechiar.
After the defeat against the Visigoths, the Suebian kingdom was divided, with Frantan and Aguiulfo ruling simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457, the year in which Maldras (457–459) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a failed Roman-Visigothic conspiracy.
Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings:
Frumar (Frumario 459–463) and Remismund (Remismundo, son of Maldras) (459–469) who would re-reunify his father's kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt Arianism in 465 due to the Visigoth influence.
By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom had been installed in Iberia, it was based in Toledo and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule.
After the death of Remismund in 469 a dark period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This period lasted until 550. The only thing known about this period is that Theodemund (Teodemundo) most probably ruled the Suebians.
The dark period ended with the reign of Karriarico (550–559) who reinstalled Catholic Christianity in 550. He was succeeded by Theodemar (559–570) during whose reign the 1st Council of Braga (561) was held.
The councils represented an advance in the organization of the territory (paroeciam suevorum (Suebian parish) and the Christianization of the pagan population (De correctione rusticorum) under the auspices of Saint Martin of Braga (São Martinho de Braga).[56]
After the death of Teodomiro, Miro (570–583) was his successor. During his reign, the 2nd Council of Braga (572) was held.
The Visigothic civil war began in 577. Miro intervened. Later in 583 he also organized an unsuccessful expedition to reconquer Seville. During the return from this failed operation Miro died.
In the Suebian Kingdom many internal struggles continued to take place. Eborico (Eurico, 583–584) was dethroned by Andeca (Audeca 584–585), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by Leovigildo. The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned the once rich and fertile kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the Gothic kingdom.[57]
Leovigild was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and Gallia Narbonensis.
For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visigoths.[58][59][60][61][62] Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined space governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both 'governors' Wamba and Wittiza (Vitiza) acted as doge (they would later become kings in Toledo). These two became known as the 'vitizians', who headquartered in the northwest and called on the Arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for power in 711. King Roderic (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing this invasion, thus becoming the last Visigothic king of Iberia. From the various Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the Suebi left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias.[63][64][65]
According to Dan Stanislawski, the Portuguese way of living in regions North of the Tagus is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal.
Bracara Augusta, the modern city of Braga and former capital of Gallaecia, became the capital of the Suebi.[56] Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest Germanic genetic contribution of the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia.[66][self-published source?] Orosius, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands[67] or serving as bodyguards of the locals.[68]
Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the Buri. They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem, in the area known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri).[69]
Today's continental Portugal, along with most of modern Spain, was part of al-Andalus between 726 and 1249, following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. This rule lasted from some decades in the North to five centuries in the South.[70]
After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.[70]
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.[71]
Al-Andaluz was divided into different districts called Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest consisted of ten kuras,[72] each with a distinct capital and governor. The main cities of the period in Portugal were in the southern half of the country: Beja, Silves, Alcácer do Sal, Santarém and Lisbon.
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Syria and Yemen; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Rif and Atlas mountains region of North Africa and were nomads.[70]
An Asturian Visigothic noble named Pelagius of Asturias in 718 was elected leader[73] by many of the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the Cantabrian Mountains, in what is today the small mountain region in north-western Spain, adjacent to the Bay of Biscay.[74]
Pelagius' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.[74]
At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by the nobleman and knight Vímara Peres on the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias. Finding that the region had previously had two major cities – Portus Cale in the coast and Braga in the interior, with many towns that were now deserted – he decided to repopulate and rebuild them with Portuguese and Galician refugees and other Christians.[75]
Apart from the Arabs from the South, the coastal regions in the North were also attacked by Norman and Viking[76][77] raiders mainly from 844. The last great invasion, through the Minho (river), ended with the defeat of Olaf II Haraldsson in 1014 against the Galician nobility who also stopped further advances into the County of Portugal.
Count Vímara Peres[78] organized the region he had reconquered, and elevated it to the status of County, naming it the County of Portugal after the region's major port city – Portus Cale or modern Porto. One of the first cities Vimara Peres founded at this time is Vimaranes, known today as Guimarães – the "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city" (Cidade Berço in Portuguese).[75]
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália – the County of Portugal.[75]
Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Iberia due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the king's offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 under the crown of León.
In 1093, Alfonso VI of León bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his illegitimate daughter, Teresa of León, for his role in reconquering the land from Moors. Henry based his newly formed county in Bracara Augusta (modern Braga), capital city of the ancient Roman province, and also previous capital of several kingdoms over the first millennia.
On 24 June 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso then turned his arms against the Moors in the south.
Afonso's campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal, as a fief of the Kingdom of León, was transformed into the independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Afonso then established the first of the Portuguese Cortes at Lamego, where he was crowned by the Archbishop of Braga, though the validity of the Cortes of Lamego has been disputed and called a myth created during the Portuguese Restoration War. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.
During the Reconquista period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish domination. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors. At this time, Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve and complete expulsion of the last Moorish settlements on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions.
In one of these situations of conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Dinis I of Portugal signed with the king Fernando IV of Castile (who was represented, when a minor, by his mother the queen Maria de Molina) the Treaty of Alcañices (1297), which stipulated that Portugal abolished agreed treaties against the kingdom of Castile for supporting the infant Juan de Castilla. This treaty established among other things the border demarcation between the kingdom of Portugal and the kingdom of Leon, where the disputed town of Olivenza was included.
The reigns of Dinis I (Denis I), Afonso IV (Alphons IV), and Pedro I (Peter I) for the most part saw peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.
In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death.[79] In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is one of the oldest standing alliances in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. In the Oporto region, in particular, there is visible English influence to this day.
In 1383, John I of Castile, husband of Beatrice of Portugal and son-in-law of Ferdinand I of Portugal, claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King John I of Portugal) and commanded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. With this battle, the House of Aviz became the ruling house of Portugal.
The new ruling dynasty would proceed to push Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture, creating and sponsoring works of literature, like the Crónicas d'el Rei D. João I by Fernão Lopes, the first riding and hunting manual Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela and O Leal Conselheiro both by King Edward of Portugal[80][81][82] and the Portuguese translations of Cicero's De Oficiis and Seneca's De Beneficiis by the well traveled Prince Peter of Coimbra, as well as his magnum opus Tratado da Vertuosa Benfeytoria.[83] In an effort of solidification and centralization of royal power the monarchs of this dynasty also ordered the compilation, organization and publication of the first three compilations of laws in Portugal: the Ordenações d'el Rei D. Duarte,[84] which was never enforced; the Ordenações Afonsinas, whose application and enforcement was not uniform across the realm; and the Ordenações Manuelinas, which took advantage of the printing press to reach every corner of the kingdom. The Avis Dynasty also sponsored works of architecture like the Mosteiro da Batalha (literally, the Monastery of the Battle) and led to the creation of the manueline style of architecture in the 16th century.
Portugal also spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King John I of Portugal, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering the Atlantic archipelagos the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde; explored the African coast; colonized selected areas of Africa; discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope; discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia; and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.
In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its overseas colonies by conquering Ceuta, the first prosperous Islamic trade centre in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements.
In 1422, by decree of King John I, Portugal officially abandoned the previous dating system, the Era of Caesar, and adopted the Anno Domini system, therefore becoming the last catholic realm to do so.[85]
Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves, as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, intended to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus, was made by Pope Alexander VI, the mediator between Portugal and Spain. It was signed on 7 June 1494, and divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two countries along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).
In 1498, Vasco da Gama accomplished what Columbus set out to do and became the first European to reach India by sea, bringing economic prosperity to Portugal and its population of 1.7 million residents, and helping to start the Portuguese Renaissance. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real reached what is now Canada and founded the town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Newfoundland and Labrador, long before the French and English in the 17th century, and being just one of many Portuguese colonizations of the Americas.[86][87][88]
In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.[89] Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Muscat and Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca, now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe, landing in such places as Taiwan, Japan, the island of Timor, and in the Moluccas.
Although for a long period it was believed the Dutch were the first Europeans to arrive in Australia, there is also some evidence that the Portuguese may have discovered Australia in 1521.[90][91][92] From 1519 to 1522, Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães) organized a Spanish expedition to the East Indies which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan never made it back to Europe as he was killed by natives in the Philippines in 1521.
The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529 between Portugal and Spain, specified the anti-meridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
All these factors made Portugal one of the world's major economic, military, and political powers from the 15th century until the late 16th century.
Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union between 1580 and 1640. This occurred because the last two kings of the House of Aviz – King Sebastian, who died in the battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco, and his great-uncle and successor, King-Cardinal Henry of Portugal – both died without heirs, resulting in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.
Subsequently, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, briefly forming a union of kingdoms. At this time Spain was a geographic territory.[93] The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy and led to its involvement in the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.
War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, England, and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trading post located between Iran and Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved the Dutch companies invading many Portuguese colonies and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of the Portuguese Indian sea trade monopoly.
In 1640, John IV of Portugal spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration War ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which reigned in Portugal until 1910. King John IV's eldest son came to reign as Afonso VI, however his physical and mental disabilities left him overpowered by Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor. In a palace coup organized by the King's wife, Maria Francisca of Savoy, and his brother, Pedro, Duke of Beja, King Afonso VI was declared mentally incompetent and exiled first to the Azores and then to the Royal Palace of Sintra, outside Lisbon. After Afonso's death, Pedro came to the throne as King Pedro II. Pedro's reign saw the consolidation of national independence, imperial expansion, and investment in domestic production.
Pedro II's son, John V, saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the royal fifth (a tax on precious metals) that was received from the Portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão.
Disregarding traditional Portuguese institutions of governance, John V acted as an absolute monarch, nearly depleting the country's tax revenues on ambitious architectural works, most notably Mafra Palace, and on commissions and additions for his sizeable art and literary collections.
Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, John also spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most famous being those he sent to Paris in 1715 and Rome in 1716.
Official estimates – and most estimates made so far – place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.[94] This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies in the Americas during colonial times.
In 1738, fidalgo Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (later ennobled as the 1st Marquis of Pombal) began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, was fond of Carvalho e Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed Carvalho e Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian field marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V, however, was not pleased and recalled Carvalho e Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of Carvalho e Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Carvalho e Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
As the King's confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in mainland Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India, reorganized the army and the navy, restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended legal discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal by abolishing the distinction between Old and New Christians.
Carvalho e Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He created one of the first appellation systems in the world by demarcating the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality; and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.
Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.5–9. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires.[95] Carvalho e Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: "What now? We bury the dead and take care of the living."
Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by having troops march around the models. The buildings and large squares of the Pombaline Downtown still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Carvalho e Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing a detailed inquiry on the effects of the earthquake, the Parochial Memories of 1758, that was sent to every parish in the country; this wealth of information allows modern scientists to reconstruct the event with some degree of scientific precision while also giving current historians an immense amount of demographic, topographic and prosopographic information on the rest of the kingdom as well as information on its urban and rural areas.
Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Carvalho de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the upper nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and summarily executed after a quick trial. The following year, the Jesuits were suppressed and expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Carvalho e Melo spared none involved, even women and children (notably, eight-year-old Leonor de Almeida Portugal, imprisoned in a convent for nineteen years). This was the final stroke that crushed all opposition by publicly demonstrating even the aristocracy was powerless before the King's loyal minister. Joseph I ennobled Carvalho e Melo as Count of Oeiras in 1759.
In 1762, Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the status quo between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored.
Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Further titled "Marquês de Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777.
The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquês de Pombal because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness with which he dispatched the Távora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. The Marquês de Pombal was banished to his estate at Pombal, where he died in 1782.
However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.[96]
With the invasions by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence of Brazil, the country's largest colonial possession.
In the autumn of 1807, Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces successfully fought against the French invasion of Portugal in the Peninsular War, during which the royal family and the Portuguese nobility, including Maria I, relocated to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil.
In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, João VI of Portugal, the prince regent, transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental state, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.
Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared Brazil's independence from Portugal. Cisplatina (today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule.
Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted to his father the titular honour of Emperor of Brazil. John VI's death in 1826 caused serious questions in his succession. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as Pedro IV, his status as a Brazilian monarch was seen as an impediment to holding the Portuguese throne by both nations. Pedro abdicated in favour of his daughter, Maria II (Mary II). However, Pedro's brother, Infante Miguel, claimed the throne in protest. After a proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry failed, Miguel seized power as King Miguel I, in 1828. In order to defend his daughter's rights to the throne, Pedro launched the Liberal Wars to reinstall his daughter and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel's defeat, the promulgation of a constitution, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II.
Queen Maria II (Mary II) and King Ferdinand II's son, King Pedro V (Peter V) modernized the country during his short reign (1853–1861). Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the cholera outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro's reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers Infante Fernando and Infante João, Duke of Beja, and his wife, Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Pedro not having children, his brother, Luís I of Portugal (Louis I) ascended the throne and continued his modernization.
At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. Luanda, Benguela, Bissau, Lourenço Marques, Porto Amboim and the Island of Mozambique were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there.
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese territories in Africa had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese towns and cities in Africa like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.
Other episodes during this period of the Portuguese presence in Africa include the 1890 British Ultimatum. This forced the Portuguese military to retreat from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia), which had been claimed by Portugal and included in its "Pink Map", which clashed with British aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway.
The Portuguese territories in Africa were Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese Guinea, Angola, and Mozambique. The tiny fortress of São João Baptista de Ajudá on the coast of Dahomey, was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor and Portuguese Macau.
On 1 February 1908, King Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent and his eldest son, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were assassinated in Lisbon in the Terreiro do Paço by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça. Under his rule, Portugal had been declared bankrupt twice – first on 14 June 1892, and then again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, angry protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. His second and youngest son, Manuel II of Portugal, became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 Portuguese republican revolution, which abolished the monarchy and installed a republican government in Portugal, causing him and his royal family to flee into exile in London, England.
The new republic had many problems. Portugal had 45 different governments in just 15 years. During World War 1 (1914–1918), Portugal helped the Allies fight the Central Powers, however the war hurt its weak economy. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the First Portuguese Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933.
Portugal remained neutral in World War II.
From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.
After India attained independence in 1947, pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the support of the Indian government and the help of pro-independence organizations, separated the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese rule in 1954.[97] In 1961, Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire.
According to the census of 1921 São João Baptista de Ajudá had five inhabitants and, at the moment of the ultimatum by the Dahomey Government, it had only two inhabitants representing Portuguese Sovereignty.
Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu in India. As a result, the Portuguese army and navy were involved in armed conflict in its colony of Portuguese India against the Indian Armed Forces.
The operations resulted in the defeat and surrender of the limited Portuguese defensive garrison, which was forced to surrender to a much larger military force. The outcome was the loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent. The Portuguese regime refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in Portugal's National Assembly until the military coup of 1974.
Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). The war lasted thirteen years, mobilized around 1.4 million men for military or for civilian support service,[98] and led to big casualties from military to civilians, plus evacuations of thousands from war zones.
Throughout the colonial war period Portugal had to deal with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community.
However, the authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first installed and governed by António de Oliveira Salazar and from 1968 onwards led by Marcelo Caetano, tried to preserve a vast centuries-long intercontinental empire with a total area of 2,168,071 km2 (837,097 sq mi).[99]
The Portuguese government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. By the summer of 1975, the tension between these was so high, that the country was on the verge of civil war. The forces connected to the extreme left-wing launched a further coup d'état on 25 November but the Group of Nine, a moderate military faction, immediately initiated a counter-coup. The main episode of this confrontation was the successful assault on the barracks of the left-wing dominated Military Police Regiment by the moderate forces of the Commando Regiment, resulting in three soldiers killed in action.
The Group of Nine emerged victorious, thus preventing the establishment of a communist state in Portugal and ending the period of political instability in the country. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).[100][101]
Over one million Portuguese refugees fled the former Portuguese provinces as white settlers were usually not considered part of the new identities of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia. Mário Soares and António de Almeida Santos were charged with organizing the independence of Portugal's overseas territories. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years.
Portugal continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.
After the transition to democracy, Portugal bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after the revolution obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programmes in 1977–78 and 1983–85.
In 1986, Portugal, along with Spain, joined the European Economic Community (EEC) that later became the European Union (EU). In the following years Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of EEC/EU structural and cohesion funds and Portuguese companies' easier access to foreign markets.
Portugal's last overseas and Asian colonial territory, Macau, was peacefully handed over to the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 20 December 1999, under the 1987 joint declaration that set the terms for Macau's handover from Portugal to the PRC. In 2002, the independence of East Timor (Asia) was formally recognized by Portugal, after an incomplete decolonization process that was started in 1975 because of the Carnation Revolution, but interrupted by an Indonesian armed invasion and occupation.
On 26 March 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members while simultaneously strengthening border controls with non-member states. In 1996 the country was a co-founder of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) headquartered in Lisbon. In 1996, Jorge Sampaio became president. He won re-election in January 2001. Expo '98 took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the euro and the eurozone. On 5 July 2004, José Manuel Barroso, then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission, the most powerful office in the European Union. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, after it had been signed by the European Union member states on 13 December 2007 in the Jerónimos Monastery, in Lisbon, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and improving the coherence of its action. Ireland was the only EU state to hold a democratic referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. It was initially rejected by voters in 2008.
Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in government debt during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), a loan to help the country stabilize its finances.
Portugal occupies an area on the Iberian Peninsula (referred to as the continent by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W.
Mainland Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in the Tagus Estuary at Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the Algarve and the Alentejo regions, is characterized by rolling plains.[102]
Portugal's highest peak is the similarly named Mount Pico on the island of Pico in the Azores. This ancient volcano, with a height of 2,351 m (7,713 ft) is an iconic symbol of the Azores. Serra da Estrela on the mainland (the summit being 1,991 m (6,532 ft) above sea level) is an important seasonal attraction for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts.
The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by in-plate hotspot geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (Capelinhos) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically, usually of low intensity.
The exclusive economic zone, a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights in exploration and use of marine resources, covers an area of 1,727,408 km2 (666,956 sq mi). This is the 3rd largest exclusive economic zone of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.[103]
Portugal is mainly characterized by a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, central interior, and the Douro river valley; Csb in the North, Central west and Vicentine Coast),[104] temperate maritime climate (Cfb) in the mainland north-western highlands and mountains, and in some high altitude zones of the Azorean islands; a semi-arid climate in certain parts of the Beja District far south (BSk) and in Porto Santo Island (BSh), a warm desert climate (BWh) in the Selvagens Islands and a humid subtropical climate in the western Azores (Cfa), according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. It is one of the warmest countries in Europe: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 10–12 °C (50.0–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–18 °C (60.8–64.4 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. There are however, variations from the highlands to the lowlands: Spanish biologist Salvador Rivas Martinez presents several different bioclimatic zones for Portugal.[105] The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto da Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.
Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over 3,200 mm (126.0 in) on the Peneda-Gerês National Park to less than 500 mm (19.7 in) in southern parts of Alentejo. Mount Pico is recognized as receiving the largest annual rainfall (over 6,250 mm (246.1 in) per year) in Portugal, according to Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera.
In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as 26 °C (79 °F), and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over 40 °C (104 °F). The record high of 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) was recorded in Amareleja, although this might not be the hottest spot in summer, according to satellite readings.[106][107]
Snowfalls occur regularly in the winter in the interior North and Centre of the country in districts such as Guarda, Bragança, Viseu and Vila Real, particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below −10.0 °C (14.0 °F), particularly in Serra da Estrela, Serra do Gerês, Serra do Marão and Serra de Montesinho. In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South of the country snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by IPMA is −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in Penhas da Saúde and Miranda do Douro, lower temperatures have been recorded, such as −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) by Bragança Polytechnic Institute in the outskirts of the city in 1983, and below −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) in Serra da Estrela.
Continental Portugal receives around 2,300 to 3,200 hours of sunshine a year, an average of 4–6 hours in winter and 10–12 hours in the summer, with higher values in the south-east, south-west and the Algarve coast and lower in the north-west. Insolation values are lower in the archipelagos, with around 1,600 hours in the humid Flores Island and around 2,300 hours in the island of Madeira and Porto Santo. Insolation in the Selvagens is thought to be higher due to weaker orographic lift and their relative proximity to the Sahara Desert.
Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean seasonal lag, sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest in March.
The average sea surface temperature on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from 14–16 °C (57.2–60.8 °F) in January−March to 19–21 °C (66.2–69.8 °F) in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from 16 °C (60.8 °F) in January−March and rises in the summer to about 22–23 °C (71.6–73.4 °F), occasionally reaching 26 °C (78.8 °F).[108] In the Azores, around 16 °C (60.8 °F) in February−April to 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) in July−September,[109] and in Madeira, around 18 °C (64.4 °F) in February−April to 23–24 °C (73.4–75.2 °F) in August−October.[110]
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) in some parts of the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Humid subtropical (Cfa), transitioning into an Oceanic climate (Cfb) at higher altitudes, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.
Porto Santo Island in Madeira has a warm semi-arid climate (BSh). The Savage Islands, which are part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate (BWh) with an annual average rainfall of approximately 150 mm (5.9 in). The sea surface temperature in these islands varies from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in winter to 23–24 °C (73.4–75.2 °F) in the summer occasionally reaching 25 °C (77.0 °F).[citation needed]
Portugal is located on the Mediterranean Basin, the third most diverse hotspot of flora in the world.[111] Due to its geographical and climatic context - between the Atlantic and Mediterranean - Portugal has a high level of biodiversity on land and at sea. It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Azores temperate mixed forests, Cantabrian mixed forests, Madeira evergreen forests, Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests, Northwest Iberian montane forests, and Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests.[112] Over 22% of its land area is included in the Natura 2000 network, including 62 special conservation areas and 88 types of protected landscape natural habitats.[113][111]
Eucalyptus (non-native, commercial plantations), cork oak and maritime pine together make up 71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal, followed by the holm oak, the stone pine, the other oak trees (Q. robur, Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica) and the sweet chestnut, respectively.[114] In Madeira, laurisilva (recognized as a World Heritage Site) dominates the landscape, especially on the northern slope. The predominant species in this forest include Laurus novocanariensis, Apollonias barbujana, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica. Before human occupation the Azores were also rich in dense laurisilva forests, today these native forests are undermined by the introduced Pittosporum undulatum and Cryptomeria japonica.[115][116] There have been several projects aimed to recover the Laurisilva present in the Azores.[117] Remnants of these laurisilva forests are also present in continental Portugal with its few living testimonies Laurus nobilis, Prunus lusitanica, Arbutus unedo, Myrica faya and Rhododendron ponticum.[118]
These geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20% of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are exotic.[119] In Madeira, around 36%[120] and in the Azores, around 70% species are exotic.[121][122] Due to this, Portugal was placed 168th globally out of 172 countries on the Forest Landscape Integrity Index in 2019.[123]
Portugal is the second country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species (488 as of 2020).[124][125]
Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species: the southern marshes of the eastern Algarve (Ria Formosa, Castro Marim) and the Lisbon Region (Tagus Estuary, Sado Estuary) hosting various aquatic bird species, the Bonelli's eagle and Egyptian vulture on the northern valleys of the Douro International, the black stork and griffon vulture on the Tagus International, the seabird sanctuaries of the Savage Islands and Berlengas and the highlands of Madeira and São Miguel all represent the great diversity of wild avian species (around 450 in continental Portugal), not only migratory but also endemic (e.g. trocaz pigeon, Azores bullfinch) or exotic (crested myna, pin-tailed whydah).[126][127]
The large mammalian species of Portugal (the fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf and Iberian lynx) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population numbers on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as the Portuguese ibex were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.[128][129] Smaller mammals include the red squirrel, European badger, Eurasian otter, Egyptian mongoose, Granada hare, European rabbit, common genet, European wildcat, among others.[129]
Due to their isolated location, the volcanic islands of the Azores, Madeira and Salvages, part of Macaronesia, have many endemic species that have evolved independently from their European, African and occasionally American relatives.
The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems of the ocean. This seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, nutrient rich water up to the sea surface promoting phytoplankton growth, zooplankton development and the subsequent rich diversity in pelagic fish and other marine invertebrates.[130]
This, adding to its large EEZ makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-consumers in the world.[131] Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) are collected in the thousands every year.[132] while blue whiting, monkfish, Atlantic cod, cephalopods, skates or any other form of seafood are traditionally fished in the local coastal villages.[133] This upwelling also allows Portugal to have kelp forests which are otherwise very uncommon or non-existent on the Mediterranean.[134]
73% of the freshwater fish occurring in the Iberian Peninsula are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe.[135] Many of these endemic species are concentrated in bodies of water of the central western region (one exclusively endemic), these and other bodies of water throughout the Peninsula are mostly temporary and prone to drought every year, placing most of these species under Threatened status.[136]
Around 24[137] to 28[138] species of cetacean roam through the Azores, making it one of four places in the world where most species of this infraorder occur.[137] Starting in the mid-19th century and ceasing in 1984, whaling (especially of sperm whale) heavily exploited this diversity. Beginning in the early 90s, whale watching quickly grew to popularity and is now one of the main economic activities in the Portuguese archipelago.[139][140]
Some protected areas in Portugal other than the ones previously mentioned include: the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros with its limestone formations, paleontological history and great diversity in bats and orchids,[141] the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park with its well preserved, wild coastline.[142] the Montesinho Natural Park which hosts some of the only populations of Iberian wolf and recent sightings of Iberian brown bear,[143] which had been considered extinct in the country; among other species.
Portugal has been a semi-presidential representative democratic republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital.[144] The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four "sovereignty bodies" [pt]: the President of the Republic, the Government, the Assembly of the Republic and the Courts.[145]
The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to Enough, the Liberal Initiative, the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens") and the Left Bloc, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.
The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President has also supervisory and reserve powers and is the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
The President is advised on issues of importance by the Council of State, which is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former Presidents elected under the 1976 Constitution, five members chosen by the Assembly, and five selected by the president.
The Government is headed by the presidentially appointed Prime Minister, also including one or more Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Under-Secretaries of State.
The Government is both the organ of sovereignty that conducts the general politics of the country and the superior body of the public administration.
It has essentially Executive powers, but has also limited legislative powers. The Government can legislate about its own organization, about areas covered by legislative authorizations conceded by the Assembly of the Republic and about the specific regulation of generalist laws issued by the Assembly.
The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.
The Assembly of the Republic, in Lisbon, is the national parliament of Portugal. It is the main legislative body, although the Government also has limited legislative powers.
The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral body composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal suffrage according to a system of closed party-list proportional representation, deputies serve four-year terms of office, unless the President dissolves the Assembly and calls for new elections.
Currently the Government (PS) has an absolute majority of seats in Parliament. The PSD is the main opposition party, alongside Chega, Liberal Initiative, BE, PCP, PAN and Livre.
A member state of the United Nations since 1955, Portugal is also a founding member of NATO (1949), OECD (1961) and EFTA (1960); it left the last in 1986 to join the European Economic Community, which became the European Union in 1993.
In 1996, Portugal co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language. The global headquarters of the CPLP is in Penafiel Palace, in Lisbon.
António Guterres, who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and UN High Commissioner for Refugees from 2005 to 2015, assumed the post of UN Secretary-General on 1 January 2017; making him the first Secretary-General from Western Europe since Kurt Waldheim of Austria (1972–1981), the first former head of government to become Secretary-General and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations on 26 June 1945.
In addition, Portugal was a full member of the Latin Union (1983) and the Organization of Ibero-American States (1949). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (Treaty of Windsor), which was signed in 1373.
There are two international territorial disputes, both with Spain:
The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008[update], the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was 5 billion US$,[153] representing 2.1 per cent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.
The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon as the main combat aircraft.
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force subject to military law and organization (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor.
The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon (JFC Lisbon) – one of the three main subdivisions of NATO's Allied Command Operations – it is based in Oeiras, near Lisbon.
In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah), Lebanon, Mali[154] and Central African Republic.[155] Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.
The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the Portuguese Civil Code (1966, as amended) and the Penal Code of Portugal (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the Commercial Code (1888, as amended) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961, as amended).
The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. The Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.
Portuguese laws were applied in the former colonies and territories and continue to be major influences for those countries.
Portugal was the first country in the world to abolish life imprisonment (in 1884) and was one of the first countries to abolish the death penalty. Maximum prison sentences are limited to 25 years.
Drug decriminalisation was declared in 2001, making Portugal the first country in the world to allow usage and personal possession of all common drugs. Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations, including cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.[156][157][158]
LGBTI rights have increased substantially in the past years. On 27 August 2003, Portugal added the anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.[159] At 24 July 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.[160] On 31 May 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and the eighth country in the world to legally recognize same-sex marriage at the national level. The law came into force on 5 June 2010.[161] Same-sex adoption has been allowed since 1 March 2016[162] as is female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction since 13 May 2016.[163] This bill was adopted by the Parliament and signed by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.[164][165][166] As of January 2017 the New Law of Gender Identity,[167] simplified the legal process of gender and name change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents.[168] At August 2018, the right to gender identity and gender expression self-determination became protected, intersex minors became protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics also became protected by the same law.[169]
Euthanasia has been legalised in Portugal, after several reviews in parliament. Nationals over 18 who are terminally ill and in extreme suffering but who can still decide to, have the legal right to request for assisted dying. However, non-residents are not allowed to request for assisted euthanasia in Portugal.[170] Only a small number of other countries like Belgium, Colombia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain currently allow for assisted dying.[171]
Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.
Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre).[172] As of 1 January 2021[update], their current prison population is about 11,234 inmates, which comes to about 0.11% of their entire population.[173] Their incarceration rate has been on the rise since 2010, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.[173]
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services).
For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).
The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu – each district takes the name of the district capital.
Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into seven regions: the Azores, Alentejo, Algarve, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira and Norte, and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 28 subregions.
The Portuguese government is heavily indebted, and received a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011.[175] The ratio of Portugal's debt to its overall economy, was 107 per cent when it received the bailout.[175] As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 per cent in 2011, 4.5 per cent in 2012 and 3 per cent in 2013.[176]
After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improving the state's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions.[177][178] In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.[179]
The IMF, the European Commission (EC) and the European Central Bank (ECB) said in September 2012 that Portugal's debt would peak at 124 per cent of gross domestic product in 2014.[180] The IMF previously said in July 2012 that Portugal's debt would peak at about 118.5 per cent of GDP in 2013.[180] In September 2013, the Portuguese Government reviewed again the public debt of Portugal for 2013 to 127.8 per cent, after a peak of 130.9 per cent in that month.[181]
A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias[182] and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms.
This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.[183]
Two Portuguese banks, Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP), had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications – Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes.[184][185][186] On grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.
Portugal is a developed and a high-income country,[187][188][189] it ranks highly in peacefulness, democracy,[190] press freedom, stability, social progress, prosperity and English proficiency. With a GDP per capita of 77% of the EU27 average in 2022 (an increase from 75% in 2021)[191] and a HDI of 0.866 (the 38th highest in the world, just behind Saudi Arabia's) in 2021.[192][193] Portugal has been a net beneficiary to the European Union budget since it joined the union, then known as EEC, in 1986.[194][195][196][197]
By the end of 2022, Portugal's GDP (PPP) was $42,341 per capita, according to OECD's report.[198] By 2021, Portugal had the 4th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the eurozone out of 19 members, and the 8th lowest of the European Union out of 27 member-states.[199] Several former economically disadvantaged Communist Bloc countries which in the meanwhile had become Eastern European member-states of the EU, had reached or surpassed Portugal in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita around this date.[200][201] In 2021, labour productivity had fallen to the fifth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average, with only Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Greece being lower to Portugal in that parameter.[202][203] In 2022, it had fallen to the fourth lowest position.[204]
The national currency of Portugal is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo in 2002, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas – the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Leiria and Faro districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.
According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013.[205][206]
Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s),[207] a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[208] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),[209] wood products and beverages.[210]
In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout, the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014; however, unemployment, while still high, had fallen to 15.3%.[211]
The average salary in Portugal is €1,019 per month, excluding self-employed individuals[212] and the minimum wage, which is regulated by law, is €760 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2023.[213]
The Global Competitiveness Report for 2019, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal on the 34th position on the economic index.
The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index placed Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the world for 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like France, Germany, the United Kingdom and South Korea, but nine places behind its sole neighbour, Spain.[214]
Major state-owned companies include: Águas de Portugal (water), Caixa Geral de Depósitos (banking), Comboios de Portugal (railways), Companhia das Lezírias (agriculture) and RTP (media). Some former state-owned entities are managed by state-run holding company Parpública, which is a shareholder of several public and private companies.[citation needed] Among former state-owned companies recently privatized are: CTT (postal service) and ANA (airports).
Companies listed on Euronext Lisbon stock exchange like EDP, Galp, Jerónimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel, Portugal Telecom and Sonae, are amongst the largest corporations of Portugal by number of employees, net income or international market share. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange of Portugal and is part of the pan-European group of stock exchanges Euronext. The PSI-20 is Portugal's most selective and widely known stock index.
The International Monetary Fund issued an update report on the economy of Portugal in late-June 2017 with a strong near-term outlook and an increase in investments and exports over previous years. Because of a surplus in 2016, the country was no longer bound by the Excessive Deficit Procedure which had been implemented during an earlier financial crisis. The banking system was more stable, although there were still non-performing loans and corporate debt. The IMF recommended working on solving these problems for Portugal to be able to attract more private investment. "Sustained strong growth, together with continued public debt reduction, would reduce vulnerabilities arising from high indebtedness, particularly when monetary accommodation is reduced."
The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery, albeit slow; and Portugal's growth prospects continue positive for 2020.[215][216][217]
In recent years, rents and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly in Lisbon, where rents jumped 37% in 2022. Portugal's 8.3% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem.[218] Within the EU, Portugal's economy ranks lower than most Western states.[219]
Also according to the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2022 was substantially higher than the EU average. Although modest, economic growth is expected to proceed in 2023 while inflation is forecast to continue decreasing to 5.6%.[220]
Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, wheat, barley, maize, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. According to FAO, Portugal is the top producer of cork and carob in the world, accounting to about 50% and 30% of world production, respectively.[221] It is also the third largest exporter of chestnuts and the third largest European producer of pulp.[222] Portugal is among the top ten largest olive oil producers in the world and is the fourth largest exporter.[223] The country is also one of the world's largest exporters of wine, being reputed for its fine wines.
Forestry has also played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry (namely paper industry that includes Portucel Soporcel Group, engineered wood that includes Sonae Indústria, and furniture that includes several manufacturing plants in and around Paços de Ferreira, the core of Portugal's major industrial operations of IKEA). In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the national GDP.
Traditionally a sea power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita.[224] The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese-processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer.
Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves – mainly in the north – after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognized Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[225]
Portugal is rich in its lithium subsoil, which is especially concentrated in the districts of Guarda, Viseu, Vila Real and Viana do Castelo, while most of the country's lithium comes from the Gonçalo aplite-pegmatite field. The largest lithium mine in Europe is operated by Grupo Mota, Felmica, in the Guarda region, which is estimated to have reserves for 30 years of production. It has five more deposits in its possession.[226][227][228] Savannah Resources in May 2018 announced a 52% increase in the estimated lithium resources at the Mina do Barroso Lithium Project in northern Portugal, saying the country could become the first European supplier of spodumene, a lithium-bearing mineral.[229] The company said the estimated mineral resources at the mine now stood at 14 million tonnes. Lithium prices have risen in expectation of growing demand for the mineral, which is used in batteries for electric vehicles and for storing electricity from the power grid. Europe consumes more than 20 per cent of the global supply of battery-grade lithium but currently has to import all its supplies of the mineral.[230]
W Resources stated in 2018 that it had started a new drilling campaign at its São Martinho gold project in Portugal. The so-called reverse circulation drilling programme included 15 holes with around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) of total drilling. The objective is to extend resources by integrating the data from 2016 drilling results with the expansion expected with the ongoing campaign.[231][232][233]
Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroën) and bicycles,[234] aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal.
Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Évora[235] and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]
The banking and insurance sectors performed well until the financial crisis of 2007–2008, and this partly reflected a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting risks, it has been estimated that overall both the life and non-life sectors will be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely.[236]
Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.[237]
Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving an average of 20,000,000 foreign tourists each year.[238] In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today.[239]
In 2017, Portugal was elected both Europe's Leading Destination[240] and in 2018 and 2019, World's Leading Destination[241]
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: Lisbon, Cascais, Fatima, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and Coimbra. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities[242] (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006).[243] Notable luxury destinations include the Portuguese Riviera and the Comporta Coast.
Also, between 5–6 million religious pilgrims visit Fatima each year, where apparitions of the Virgin Mary to three shepherd children allegedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. The legend of the Rooster of Barcelos tells the story of a dead rooster's miraculous intervention in proving the innocence of a man who had been falsely accused and sentenced to death. The story is associated with the 17th-century calvary that is part of the collection of the Archaeological Museum located in Paço dos Condes, a gothic-style palace in Barcelos, a city in northwest Portugal. The Rooster of Barcelos is bought by thousands of tourists as a national souvenir. On 30 November 2016, the United Nations added the Portuguese Bisalhães tradition of making black pottery to the UNESCO Heritage Protection List.[244]
On 7 December 2017, the United Nations added the Bonecos de Estremoz – Toys of Estremoz tradition as an UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humankind.[245]
Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT).
The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre which awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.
Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain. Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO).
Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population,[246] the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.
With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several[247] science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo[248] (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo[249] (in Sines), Tecmaia[250] (in Maia) and Parkurbis[251] (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.
Egas Moniz, a Portuguese physician who developed the cerebral angiography and leucotomy, received in 1949 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – he is the first Portuguese recipient of a Nobel Prize and the only in the sciences.
The European Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation in the 15th position, with an impressive increase in innovation expenditure and output.[252] Portugal was ranked 32nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2022.[253]
By the early-1970s, Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5).
Although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the region's motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see Via Verde). Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in the EU (the second longest in Europe) at 12.345 km.[254][255]
Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been suspended due to austerity measures. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal. One other important airport is the Aeroporto Internacional das Lajes on the island of Terceira in the Azores. This airport serves as one of two international airports serving countries outside the European Union for all nine islands of the Azores. It also serves as a military air base for the United States Air Force. The base remains in use to the present day.
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by Infraestruturas de Portugal while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.
The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leixões, Setúbal, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, and Faro.
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon metropolitan area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable energy sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuels. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.[256]
In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's consumption of electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.[257] As of June 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports. In the period between January and May 2010, 70% of the national production of energy came from renewable sources.[258]
Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants.
Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, by 31 December 2022, the population was 10,467,366 (of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% was male).[9][259] The median life expectancy in 2022 was 82.47 years.[260]
This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity.[261]
The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.[262] Portuguese people have a preponderancy of genetics (Iron Age Period)[263] which belong to R1b haplogroup family along with Brythonic, Alpine and Goidelic genetical markers. Also expectable but not so common are South European (Sardinian, Italian and Balkans), broadly North-western (West Germanic) and to a lesser extent British/Irish (Brythonic/Gaelic) and French (Alpine). With a low confidence range there are Scandinavian and East European genetical markers.[263] Other sources would point out a small presence of Berber and Jewish that would be also part of a low confidence region.[264]
Native Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and they form 95% of the whole population,[citation needed] whose ancestry is very similar to Spaniards and have strong ties with fellow Atlantic Arc countries like Ireland, British Isles, France and Belgium due to maritime trade dated as far back as the Bronze Age. These maritime contacts and the prevalence of R1b haplogroup as the main genetical marker of these countries suggest a common ancestry and cultural proximity. Other maritime contacts with the Mediterranean especially with Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans and Moors added some phenotypes in southern Portugal and particularly southern Spain (the Tartessos culture), making Portugal and north-western Spain a bridge between north-western Europe and the Mediterranean but maintaining the Atlantic character.
Despite good economic development in the past three decades, the Portuguese have been the shortest in Europe since 1890. This emerging height gap took place in the 1840s and has increased since. One of the driving factors was the modest real wage development, given the late industrialization and economic growth in Portugal compared to the European core. Another determinant was the delayed human capital formation.[265]
The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2015[update] was estimated at 1.52 children born/woman, one of the lowest in the world, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1,[266] it remains considerably below the high of 5.02 children born per woman in 1911.[267] In 2016, 52.8% of births were to unmarried women.[268]
Like most Western countries, Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a sub-replacement fertility rate since the 1980s.[269] Portugal subsequently has the 17th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 43.7 years.[270] In part because of this low tfr its projected population in 2100 is 6.9 million.[271]
The structure of Portuguese society is characterized by a significant inequality which in 2016 placed the country in the lowest seventh of the Social Justice Index for the European Union.[272]
In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that includes tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to lure back those who left during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The expansionary 2019 budget, backed by a left-wing majority in parliament, also aims to boost the purchasing power of households while cutting the already low deficit even further. Returning emigrants will be allowed to declare only half their taxable income for five years if they return, provided they have lived abroad for at least three years. The "Return Programme" is to run for two years. Around 500,000 residents left Portugal between 2010 and 2015 after the Great Recession. Although some 350,000 have since returned, this scheme aims to encourage more to return – a similar scheme exists in Ireland.[273] Portugal has approved a credit line for Portuguese emigrants aiming to invest in the country on their return. Furthermore, emigrants returning in 2019 and 2020 will see their taxes halved as part of the stimulus to bring native Portuguese back and revitalize the population and promote continued economic growth[274] – as Portugal struggles with a low birth rate and an ageing population. According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.3 million now and the population will continue to age.[275]
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight metropolitan areas of Portugal.[276] Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas: Lisbon and Porto,[277][278] Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu),[278] also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into intermunicipal communities, whose territories are (roughly) based on the NUTS III statistical regions.[279][278]
As of 2022, Portugal has 10,467,366 inhabitants, of whom about 781,915 are legal resident foreigners.[282][283] Resident foreigners now make up approximately 7.47% of the population. These figures do not include people of foreign descent, as it is illegal to collect data based on ethnicity in Portugal. For instance, more than 300,000 people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2021 aren't taken into account in immigration figures as they are Portuguese citizens.[284] In 2021 alone, almost 25,000 residents of foreign origin acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 12,666 were female and 11,850 were male.[285]
Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique, which gained independence in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and personal reasons. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975.[286]
Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry),[286] has now become a country of net immigration,[287] and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories.
Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Ukrainian, Brazilian, Lusophone Africans and other Africans have settled in the country. Romanians, Moldovans, Kosovo Albanians, Russians and Chinese have also migrated to the country. Portugal's Romani population is estimated to be at about 52,000.[288]
Numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani and Indian migrants are also significant. It is estimated that over 30,000 seasonal, often illegal immigrants work in agriculture, mainly southern cities such as Odemira where they are often exploited by organized seasonal workers' networks. The workers sometimes get paid less than half the legal minimum wage. These migrants, who often arrive without due documentation or work contracts, make up over 90% of agricultural workers in the south of Portugal. Most are Indo-Asians, from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. In the interior of the Alentejo there are many African workers. Significant numbers also come from Eastern Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and Brazil.[289]
In addition, a number of EU citizens, mostly from Italy, France, Germany or other northern European countries, have become permanent residents in the country.[290] There is also a large expatriate community made up of Britons, Canadians and people from the United States of America. The British community is mostly composed of retired pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira.[291]
Religion in Portugal (Census 2021)[4]
Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Portugal, remains the dominant religion. Portugal has no official religion, though in the past, the Catholic Church in Portugal was the state religion.[292][293]
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Roman Catholic Christian.[4] The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baháʼí, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious.[4]
Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed power and close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including its first university.
The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.
Portugal is a secular state: church and state were formally separated during the First Portuguese Republic, and this was reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. It is a Romance language that is derived from Galician-Portuguese, which was spoken in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal. There are still strong similarities between the Galician and Portuguese cultures. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago – particularly the Celts,[25] Conii,[294] Lusitanians[24] and Turduli.[295]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999.[296]
Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country.
In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and East Timor. These countries, plus Macau Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China) where Portuguese is co-official with Cantonese, make up the Lusosphere, a term derived from the ancient Roman province of "Lusitania", which currently matches the Portuguese territory south of the Douro river.[297]
Mirandese is also recognized as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is part of the Astur-Leonese group of languages.[298] An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.[299] Furthermore, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho, spoken in Barrancos, is also officially recognized and protected in Portugal since 2021.[300] Minderico, a sociolect of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of Minde.[301]
According to the International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like Spain, Italy or France.[302]
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions.
The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021[303] and 100% of primary school enrolments. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and science. In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012.[304][305]
About 46,9% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions[306][307][308] (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937 in 2005.
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university[309] was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.
The Bologna process has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.
Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as international students and part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, pensioners and foreigners (most prominently from Brazil,[310] a Portuguese-speaking country), many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without[citation needed] loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).
Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US institutions to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.
According to the Human Development Report, the average life expectancy in Portugal had reached 82 years in 2017;[311] in 2020 it was estimated at 82.11 years.[312] As projected by the United Nations, the life expectancy of the Portuguese population will be over 90 years when we reach 2100.[313]
Portugal ranks 12th in the best public health systems in the world, ahead of other countries like the United Kingdom, Germany or Sweden.[314][315]
The Portuguese health system is characterized by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 25% of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds.
The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.
The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.
Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer are more frequent.
Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.
Portugal's infant mortality rate is around 2 deaths per 1000 newborns, with 2.4 deaths per 1000 live births.
People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health, and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health, can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at household level, complement other data on health status and the use of services.
Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.[316] Hospital de Santa Maria is the largest university hospital in Portugal.[317]
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon.
These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country.
Portugal is home to 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 9th in Europe and 18th in the world.
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed by Pombaline style of the 18th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.[318][319][320] The azulejo is a mainstream, typical element among Portugal's traditional building materials and construction techniques.[321][322]
Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century.
António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, José Fonseca e Costa, Edgar Pêra, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho, João Mário Grilo and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.
Portuguese cuisine is very diverse. Different regions have their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriad good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes ranging from bacalhau à Brás to bacalhau à Gomes de Sá among many other popular examples such as bacalhau com natas. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a tomato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish or molluscs with a mix of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, parsley or coriander.
Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork, chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig), chanfana and carne de porco à alentejana. A very popular northern dish is dobrada, a tripe with white beans and carrots stew, often served with steamed white rice, and the related tripas à moda do Porto which is a traditional dish from Porto. Peri-peri chicken is a spicy charcoal chicken dish served with fries or rice and vegetables, a favourite throughout Portugal, but most common in the Algarve region.
Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country.
The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly eggs, vanilla, cinnamon, flour, almonds and some liqueurs), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, pastéis de Tentúgal from the Baixo Mondego valley, ovos moles from Aveiro and tigeladas from Abrantes, are examples.
Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.
Industrialized, export-oriented fashion and design in clothing, footwear, kitchenware and furniture industries, was pioneered by fashion designers like Eduarda Abbondanza, Mário Matos Ribeiro, Ana Salazar, José António Tenente, João Tomé, Francisco Pontes or Manuela Gonçalves, as well as textile industry industrialists established in places like Vale do Ave, in clothing;[323] several entrepreneurs of the Portuguese footwear industry;[324][325] Vista Alegre Atlantis and Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro, in tableware and kitchenwear;[326] and businesspersons of the old-established furniture industry heavily concentrated in and around places such as Paços de Ferreira and Paredes.[327][328] Corkware and other cork-based products such as furniture, decorative items and floor and wall coatings, are also distinctive products found among typical designer creations of Portuguese origin.[329][330][331][332][333]
Filigree began to be produced in Portugal in the 8th century with the arrival of Arab migrants after the Umayyad invasion of Iberian Peninsula, who brought new patterns with them. With time, the peninsula began to produce different filigree patterns, but while in Spain the filigree jewellery-making tradition became less relevant, in Portugal it was perfected. After the 18th century, Portuguese Filigree already had its own distinctive imagery, motifs and shapes. Filigree from the 17th and 18th centuries became famous for their extraordinary complexity. Gold and silver filigree jewellery of delicate and artistic design is still made in considerable quantities throughout the country, particularly filigree hearts, which are iconic symbols of Portuguese jewellery-making.[334][335]
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula,[336] like King D. Dinis (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry. Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese history, like D. Fernando (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing o Livro da Falcoaria[81]. Another notable name in Portuguese literature is Gil Vicente (c. 1465–c. 1536), one of the founders of Portuguese dramatic traditions.
Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem Os Lusíadas (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence.[337] Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Bocage (1765–1805), Antero de Quental (1842–1891) and Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes, Miguel Torga and Agustina Bessa-Luís. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Portuguese music encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as bagpipes (gaita), drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles (cavaquinho). Within Portuguese folk music is the renowned genre of Fado, a melancholic urban music originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and saudade, or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of "troubadour serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, António Chainho, Mísia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus.
In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Marcos Portugal, José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing.
In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include Dulce Pontes, Moonspell, Buraka Som Sistema, Blasted Mechanism, David Carreira and The Gift, with the three latter being nominees for a MTV Europe Music Award.
Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, NOS Alive, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. One of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010.
The student festivals of Queima das Fitas, which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition.[338]
In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv with the song "Amar pelos dois" presented by Salvador Sobral, and subsequently hosted the 2018 contest at the Altice Arena in Lisbon.[339][340]
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho[342] and Abel Ferreira[343] being among the most renowned.
The Portugal national football team – Seleção Nacional – have won one UEFA European Championship title: the UEFA Euro 2016, with a 1–0 victory in the final over France, the tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished first in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League with a 1–0 win over the Netherlands in the final (held in Portugal), second in the Euro 2004 (also held in Portugal), third in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and fourth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. At youth level, Portugal have won two FIFA World Youth Championships (in 1989 and 1991) and several UEFA European Youth Championships.
S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP and FC Porto are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in 21 finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, volleyball and athletics.
The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women's football tournament that has been celebrated in the Portuguese region of Algarve.
The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2007 Rugby World Cup and the Portuguese national rugby sevens team has played in the World Rugby Sevens Series.
In athletics, the Portuguese have won a number of gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. Road cycling, with Volta a Portugal being the most important race, is also a popular sports event and includes professional cycling teams such as Sporting CP, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira and União Ciclista da Maia. At international level, Portuguese cyclists have already achieved good results. Joaquim Agostinho finished on the podium in 1978 and 1979 Tour de France, and 1974 Vuelta a España. Rui Costa has won the world title in the men's road race.
The country has also achieved notable performances in sports including fencing, judo, kitesurf, rowing, sailing, surfing, shooting, taekwondo, triathlon and windsurfing, winning several European and world titles. Portugal's paralympic athletes have also won many medals in sports including swimming, boccia, athletics, mixed martial arts and wrestling.
In motorsport, Portugal is internationally noted for the Rally of Portugal, and the Estoril and Algarve Circuits as well as the revived Porto Street Circuit which holds a stage of the WTCC every two years, as well as for a number of internationally noted pilots and racers such as Miguel Oliveira, Tiago Monteiro, António Félix da Costa, Filipe Albuquerque, Pedro Lamy, Armindo Araújo and others in a wide range of varied motorsports.
In equestrian sports, Portugal won the only Horseball-Pato World Championship in 2006 achieved the third position in the First Horseball World Cup and has achieved several victories in the European Working Equitation Championship.
In water sports, Portugal has three major sports: swimming, water polo and surfing. Most recently, Portugal had success in canoeing with several world and European champions, such as olympic medalists. Annually, the country also hosts one of the stages of the World Surf League men's and women's Championship Tour, the MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal at the Supertubos in Peniche.
Northern Portugal has its own original martial art, Jogo do Pau, in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting and orienteering.
Portugal is one of the world's best golf destinations.[344] It has received several awards by the World Golf Awards.[345]
High-profile, successful competitive athleticism and sportsmanship in Portugal can be traced back to the time of Ancient Rome. Gaius Appuleius Diocles (104 – after 146 AD) was a noteworthy charioteer born in Lamego who became one of the most celebrated athletes in ancient history. He is often cited as the highest-paid athlete of all time.[346][347]
Portugal has a rich history in painting. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century – like Nuno Gonçalves and Vasco Fernandes – were part of the late Gothic painting period. During the Renaissance, Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting. In the Baroque period Josefa de Óbidos and Vieira Lusitano were the most prolific painters.
José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental) were both references in naturalist painting.
The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays (Robert and Sonia). Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Other great modernist painters/writers include Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends.
Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.
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Chris Pope (rugby union) - Wikipedia |
Christopher Francis Pope (born 30 September 1952) is a former South African rugby union player.[1]
Pope matriculated at Rondebosch Boys' High School in Cape Town and attended the University of Cape Town for a medical degree. He made his provincial debut for Western Province in 1972 against Northern Transvaal at Loftus Versfeld. In 1976, Pope scored the winning try for Western Province during their 12–11 victory over the touring All Blacks.[2]
Pope made his test debut for the Springboks against the 1974 British Lions at Newlands in Cape Town and was the only backline player to play in all four tests during the series against the Lions. At the end of 1974 Pope toured with the Springboks to France without playing in any tests and then played in five more tests, two against France and three against the All Blacks.[3] He also played in four tour matches for the Springboks.[4]
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Zhuang Jiajie - Wikipedia | Zhuang Jiajie (Chinese: 庄佳杰; pinyin: Zhuāng Jiājié; born 5 September 1993) is a Chinese footballer who plays as a left-footed attacking midfielder or forward for Hubei Istar.
Zhuang joined Hangzhou Greentown youth team system from Shenzhen Yantian Sports School in 2006. In 2011, he was loan to China League Two side Wenzhou Provenza for one year and scored his first league goal in a 3–1 away defeat against Hubei CTGU Kangtian on 25 June.[1] He was sent to Major League Soccer club FC Dallas one year for further training on 17 August 2011.[2] Zhuang returned to Hangzhou Greentown and joined the club's reserved team in July 2012.[3] He was promoted to first team squad by Takeshi Okada in 2013 and could not make any appearance in the 2013 season. On 18 May 2014, he made his Chinese Super League debut in a 4–1 home defeat against Guangzhou Evergrande. Zhuang was demoted to the Greentown reserved team in the 2017 season.
On 9 March 2018, Zhuang transferred to China League Two side Hunan Billows.[4] He scored 12 goals in 27 appearances for the club in the 2018 season.
Zhuang signed a contract with China League One side Qingdao Huanghai in February 2019.[5]
Zhuang was first called up into China U-17's squad in March 2010,[6] and received his first called up for China U-20 by Su Maozhen in December 2010.[7] He played for China U-20 in the 2011 Toulon Tournament and 2011 Weifang Cup. He scored 1 goals in 3 appearances in 2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualification as China U-20 managed to qualify into the 2012 AFC U-19 Championship in November 2011.
Qingdao Huanghai
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Carsia sororiata - Wikipedia |
Carsia sororiata, the Manchester treble-bar, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1813. It is found in northern and central Europe, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, northern Mongolia and in North America from Alaska to Newfoundland and to New Hampshire.
The wingspan is 20–30 mm. The basic colour of the forewings is slate grey, light grey to white grey. Two distinctive, wide lines cross the front wing. They are light brown, brown to black brown. The interior cross line is almost straight, the exterior cross line is bent and has two outward pointing spikes. The subspecies occurring in Central Europe, C. s. imbutata, has a brownish-yellowish to reddish-brown outer field at the points of the outer cross line. Very elegant lines are sometimes found. In some specimens, the two lines form "bridge" in the posterior half of the wing. The fringes are alternately bright and dark. An apical extension to the reddish-brown field extends from the apex.[1] The egg is at first whitish yellow, becoming deeper yellow. The micropylar rosette is 8-leaved; sides with irregular reticulation, in places undeveloped. The larva is rather stout, of uniform thickness, the dorsal surface rather deep brownish-red, with very fine blackish-red dorsal and subdorsal lines and a broad bright yellow lateral stripe containing at the folds between the middle segments some beautiful red spots; venter pale greenish yellow with paler, dark-edged central line.[2]
Adults are on wing from July to August.
The larvae feed on various Vaccinium species (including V. uliginosum, V. oxycoccos and V. myrtillus) as well as Rubus arcticus.
This Larentiinae moth related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:19 |
Wilbetree - Wikipedia |
Wilbetree is a rural locality in New South Wales, Australia. It is located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of Mudgee.
In the 2016 census, it recorded a population of 29 people.[1]
This Central West geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:22 |
Epidauria fulvella - Wikipedia |
Epidauria fulvella is a species of snout moth in the genus Epidauria. It was described by Vladimir Ivanovitsch Kuznetzov in 1978 and is known from Tajikistan.[1]
This Anerastiini-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:26 |
Thomas Bauman - Wikipedia | Thomas Bauman (born March 10, 1948) is an American musicologist and Professor of Musicology at Bienen School of Music at Northwestern University. He is an expert on German opera, film music, Mozart, and African American theatrical history.[1]
He earned his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1977 with a dissertation on the Seyler Theatre Company. He has received National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships, a Pew Foundation Grant, and an Andrew Mellon Faculty Fellowship at Harvard University.
He was a contributor to The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera (Oxford University Press, 1993), and the New Grove Dictionary of Opera (Macmillan, 1992). He is particularly known for his monograph North German Opera in the Age of Goethe (Cambridge University Press, 1985). His monograph The Pekin: The Rise and Fall of Chicago’s First Black-Owner Theater (University of Illinois Press, 2014) was considered "an important contribution to the field" by Choice.[2]
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Rowland Harrold - Wikipedia |
Rowland Edward Harrold MB., M.Chem (13 May 1865 – 6 November 1924) was a South Australian dermatologist and floriculturist.
Harrold was born in South Australia, son of Henry Charles Harrold and his wife Sarah Catherine Harrold, née Peake, who married in 1858. He was educated at J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution and at Glenelg Grammar School. On matriculating, he studied medicine at Edinburgh University, graduating Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Chemistry, then took up a position at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, as assistant to Dr. Morell Mackenzie.[1]
He returned to Australia in 1892, when he started to practise as a General Practitioner. In 1910 he returned to England to study dermatology under Dr. James Harry Sequeira (1865 - 1948), and the following year returned to Adelaide, where apart from practising his speciality he was appointed honorary dermatologist at the Adelaide Hospital, a position he retained until his death.[1]
He died after a stroke, which followed three months seriously ill at home.[1]
Harrold was a keen bowler, a founding member of the Adelaide Drive Bowling Club,[2] and represented South Australia at a number of interstate contests.[1]
He was an ardent floriculturist and president of the South Australian Carnation Society for many years. He generally had in his buttonhole one of his own carnations or delphiniums.[1]
Harrold married Marion Walker Hamilton (1868–1958) on 1 May 1894, and went to live at "Strathearn" on East Terrace, Adelaide, previously the Hamilton family home and the residence of her brother A. E. Hamilton.
They had one daughter Joyce Harrold (1898– ), who married Rex Cooper, in Colombo on 18 June 1924.[3]
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Johnny Mohlala - Wikipedia |
Ramphelane Johnny Bophelo Mohlala (born 18 July 1960) is a South African politician. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 2000 to 2004.
Mohlala was born on 18 July 1960.[1] He is the great-grandson of Kgoši Mampuru II.[2]
Mohlala was not initially elected to the National Assembly in the 1999 general election,[3] but he joined during the legislative term: he was sworn in on 1 September 2000 to fill the casual vacancy arising from Bheki Mkhize's death.[4] He was not re-elected to the seat in the 2004 general election, although he remained listed on the ANC's party list in case of further casual vacancies.[1]
In the 2019 general election, he stood unsuccessfully for election to the National Assembly, again on the ANC's list.[5]
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Eckville, Pennsylvania - Wikipedia |
Eckville is an unincorporated community in far northern Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The town is located in an agricultural zone at the base of Blue Mountain, in northwestern Albany Township. Eckville is served by the Kutztown Area School District, and is approximately 17 miles (27 km) from the high school. It is near the head of the Pine Creek, which flows east-southeastward to the Maiden Creek.
Eckville is surrounded by mountains on three sides and is about six miles (9.7 km) west of Kempton. It is served by the Kempton post office, with the zip code of 19529.[1] An access to the Appalachian Trail is just west of the village, which serves as an eastern gateway to Hawk Mountain Sanctuary.
A post office called Eckville was established in 1882, and remained in operation until 1888.[2] The community was so named from its location in the corner of Albany Township, Ecke meaning "corner" in German.[3]
WikiMiniAtlas40°37′58″N 75°57′10″W / 40.63278°N 75.95278°W / 40.63278; -75.95278
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Suomenlinna prison camp - Wikipedia | Suomenlinna prison camp (Finnish: Suomenlinnan vankileiri, Swedish: Sveaborgs fångläger) was a 1918 Civil War of Finland concentration camp in the Suomenlinna Fortress, Helsinki. It was established by the White Army for the Red Guard fighters taken prisoner after the Battle of Helsinki. The camp operated from April 1918 to March 1919. It was a subcamp for the Helsinki prison camp, which included the camps of Suomenlinna, Santahamina, Katajanokka and Isosaari.
The camp was established in April 1918 after the Battle of Helsinki as the German troops captured thousands of Red Guard fighters and suspected Reds. Suomenlinna camp was at its largest in June 1918, when the number of prisoners was 8,000. Total number of inmates was approximately 10,000.[1]
Suomenlinna camp was divided into six districts located at the islands of Pikku-Musta (I), Länsi-Musta (II), Iso Mustasaari (III, V) and Susisaari (IV, VI).[1] In August, a seventh district was formed of the female Reds who were transported from the Santahamina camp.[2]
On 15 September 1918 most of the prisoners were released due to a general pardon and the camp's status was changed into a forced labor camp ran by the Criminal Sanctions Agency. Number of inmates was about 1,000 until the camp was closed on 14 March 1919 and the remaining prisoners were released or taken to the Tammisaari labor camp.[1]
Notable prisoners include Toivo Aronen, Ivar Lassy, Fiina Pietikäinen, Taavi Tainio and Sulo Wuolijoki. The writer Algot Untola was killed while transported to Suomenlinna.[3]
Approximately 1,100 prisoners died of disease, hunger and executions. They were buried to a mass grave on the nearby Santahamina island. Death toll was the fifth largest among the Finnish Civil War prison camps.[1]
In 2004, a memorial by the environmental artist Marja Kanervo was unveiled in the Iso-Mustasaari island.[4] A memorial erected in 1949 by the sculptor Uuno F. Inkinen stands on the Santahamina mass grave.[5]
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Andy Rachmianto - Wikipedia | Andy Rachmianto (born in Jakarta, 8 April 1965; age 56 years), is a career diplomat and government official. He is now Director-General for Protocol and Consular Affairs/Chief of State Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia.[1]
Before appointed in his current position, he was the Ambassador[2] of the Republic of Indonesia[3][4] to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan[5][6] and the State of Palestine[7] (2017-2020).[8][9] Previously, he was the Director for International Security and Disarmament at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since May 2013. Previously, he served as Minister Counselor (Economic, Social & Humanitarian Affairs) at the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, New York (2011-2013).
In 1992, he joined the Foreign Service Course and later served as a junior staff at the Office of the Executive Agency for the Non-Aligned Movement (1993-1996).
Subsequently, he was assigned as Third Secretary (Political, Information & Consular) at the Indonesian Embassy in New Delhi (1996-2000). Then served as Head of Section / Acting Head of Sub-Directorate of Functional Cooperation / Dialogue Partner, Directorate General of ASEAN Cooperation, as well as Personal Assistance to Director General Cooperation of ASEAN (2000-2002).
In the period of 2002–2006, he was assigned as Second Secretary/First Secretary (Political/ Security) to the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations in New York and concurrently acted as the Coordinator/Negotiator of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Working Group on Disarmament.
Upon his return to Jakarta in 2007, he was appointed as Deputy Director/Counselor for Weapons of Mass Destruction and Conventional Weapons, the Directorate of International Security and Disarmament, responsible for Indonesia's policy on disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects.
As a diplomat, his professional career mostly dealt with multilateral issues in disarmament, humanitarian, economic and social issues. Since 2002, he has been a member of the Indonesian Delegation to the First Committee, Third Committee and Fifth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council and the ECOSOC as well as various UN meetings, ASEAN, NAM and other international meetings.
In his personal capacity, he was selected as a member of the UN Secretary-General's Panel of Governmental Experts on Missiles in all its Aspects (2007-2008); UN Secretary-General's Group of Governmental Experts on Information Security (2012); UN Secretary-General's Group of Governmental Experts on Fissile Materials Cut-Off Treaty (2014-2015) and the Council for Security Cooperation in Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) Study Group on Countering WMD (2008-2010).
During his assignments in New York, he served as Vice President of the First Committee of UNGA (2005) and vice-president of the executive board of the UNDP, UNFPA & UNOPS, as well as a facilitator of UNDP Country Program on Myanmar and ECOSOC resolution on the Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations.
As the Director for International Security and Disarmament, he concurrently acted as Co-Chairs Steering Group of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and other Transnational Organized Crimes; Co-Chairs Global Counter-Terrorism Forum (GCTF) Working Group on Detention and Reintegration; board member of Supervisor-the Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation (JCLEC); Sous-Sherpa Indonesia for Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) as well as Head of Secretariat of Coordination Team for Peace Keeping Operations and a member of Asia Dialogue on Forced Migration.
His articles have been published in various national and international media such as KOMPAS, The Jakarta Post, Suara Pembaruan, Media Indonesia, Republika, Journal of Diplomacy, the Jordan Times, GATRA Magazine and The Strategic Review.
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Nevill Lee - Wikipedia |
Nevill Bernard Lee (13 August 1898 – 21 July 1978) was an English cricketer active from 1922 to 1924 who played for Leicestershire. He was born in Barlestone and died in Blackpool. He appeared in eight first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who scored 117 runs with a highest score of 62.[1]
This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:04:49 |
Sabrina Salerno - Wikipedia |
Sabrina Debora Salerno (born 15 March 1968), known mononymously as Sabrina, is an Italian singer, songwriter, record producer, model, actress and television presenter.
During her career, she has sold over 20 million records worldwide and scored ten international hits, including three number ones. Internationally, she is best known for her 1987 single "Boys (Summertime Love)", which topped the charts in France and Switzerland, and peaked at No. 3 in the United Kingdom. The song was accompanied by a provocative music video, which established Sabrina's image as a sex symbol. Her other popular recordings include "All of Me (Boy Oh Boy)", "My Chico", "Like a Yo-Yo", "Gringo", "Siamo donne" and a cover version of "Call Me".
Sabrina was brought up by her aunt in Genoa to begin with before moving to live with her grandparents in Sanremo. She went to live with her mother when she was 15. She sang in the choir at her local Catholic Church and at school formed a pop group with her friends.[2]
After winning a beauty contest in her native region, Liguria, Sabrina started modelling, and in 1984 she made her television debut on the Italian prime time show Premiatissima on Canale 5.[citation needed] In 1986, her debut single "Sexy Girl", sung in English, was released. Produced by Claudio Cecchetto, it became a Top 20 hit in her native Italy and was a modest international success. In late 1987, she released her first studio album, Sabrina, which was entirely sung in English. In addition to "Sexy Girl", the album included her international breakthrough hit "Boys (Summertime Love)" (Number 1 in both in France and Switzerland, and Top 5 in more than ten other countries;[3]) and "Hot Girl", a Top 20 hit in some European countries.[4] "Boys" gained popularity for its famous video, which included suggestive scenes of Sabrina dancing in a bikini that occasionally slipped down to reveal part of her nipples. The song has sold more than 1.5 million copies to date worldwide and remains Sabrina's trademark hit.
In 1988, Sabrina received the "Best European Singer" award during the Festivalbar event. She also enjoyed another European-wide summer hit with the single "All of Me (Boy Oh Boy)", produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.[5] Matt Aitken praised Sabrina's performance in the studio, saying "as a singer she was pretty decent", but noted her modest clothing during the session "did not fulfil the promise that was expected."[6]
Aitken expressed some disappointment over the song's chart performance relative to the huge success of "Boys", musing that "maybe the shock value was gone, or maybe they didn't shoot the right scene in the swimming pool for the video."[6]
Later in that year, her second studio album, Super Sabrina, was released, and she maintained her image as a European sex symbol thanks to the raunchy videos that accompanied hits such as "My Chico" (her highest-charting single in Italy)[7] and "Like a Yo-Yo", produced by Giorgio Moroder. The latter became the musical theme of Odiens, a very popular Italian prime time TV-show, in which Sabrina also appeared. Thanks to the success of her music and modelling, Sabrina performed in many European countries, among others at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1988 and at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia, in 1989, where 50,000 people gathered over three days to see her perform. She even starred in a slightly risqué self-titled video game for home computers.[8] In 1989, she starred in the Italian comedy film Fratelli d'Italia, directed by Neri Parenti, alongside such actors as Christian De Sica, Jerry Calà, and Massimo Boldi. She also released a new single, "Gringo", to moderate success and her first remix album called Super Remix.
In 1990, Sabrina was the hostess of the weekly prime time TV-show Ricomincio da 2 with Raffaella Carrà on Rai 2, and released a new single called "Yeah Yeah", which was only a modest hit. 1991 marked a turning point in Sabrina's career, when she recorded a duet with Italian singer Jo Squillo, "Siamo donne", her first release in Italian. They performed the song together at 1991's Sanremo Music Festival to much acclaim. Sabrina's third studio album, Over the Pop, was released the same year, and for the first time she was allowed to co-write and produce some of the songs. Sabrina's desire for independence and distancing from her glamour career led to a conflict with her management. As a result, the promotion of the album suffered and both the album and the follow-up single "Shadows of the Night" were commercial failures. A brand new single, "Cover Model", was released in France and Italy, but was unsuccessful in the charts and Sabrina parted ways with her label and management.
Sabrina released several non-album singles in 1994 and 1995, including the moderately successful "Angel Boy" and a new version of "Boys". In 1996, she established her own recording studio in Treviso with her then-husband Enrico Monti, and released her first Italian language album, Maschio dove sei which showcased her more mature pop rock sound. The album and its two singles, "Fatta e rifatta" and the title track, were surprisingly acclaimed by the critics, but were commercial failures due to a lack of promotion and distribution. The album would be re-released the following year as Numeri, featuring a new title song. Sabrina debuted as a theatrical actress in the comedy I cavalieri della Tavola Rotonda, playing the role of Morgan le Fay, and then hosted the game show Il mercante in fiera.
In 1998, Sabrina was cast in a comedy called Uomini sull'orlo di una crisi di nervi which was also very successful, and subsequently hosted the TV-show Cocco di mamma on Rai 1. In this show she would sing some Italian and international summer hits of the past, what led her to launching a comeback in music. In 1999, Sabrina released a new album, A Flower's Broken. Although the music video accompanying the song "I Love You" sparked some interest, both the album and the single were unsuccessful, largely due to the dissolution of her label RTI Music. Sabrina appeared on the British TV-show Eurotrash in which she performed "I Love You".
2001 saw Sabrina's comeback to theatre with the musical Emozioni, in which she starred alongside Vladimir Luxuria. The play received very good reviews from critics and toured Italy for almost three years. In 2002, Sabrina hosted another television show on Italia 1 called Matricole & Meteore, a ‘where are they now’ series in which she uncovered the current situations of former superstars, such as Shannen Doherty, Al Corley, Gary Coleman and Charlene Tilton. In 2005, she starred in the independent film Colori which premiered at Salerno's Independent Cinema Festival, where she won the Critics' Choice Award for "Best Actress". In November of that year, Sabrina performed at the nostalgia concert Diskoteka 80-kh in Russia. The following year, she premiered a new song called "I Feel Love (Good Sensation)" on her website.
In 2007, Sabrina toured France and published a cover version of the disco classic "Born to Be Alive" on her Myspace page. In 2008, she toured France again, with the nostalgia tour RFM Party 80, organized by the French radio network RFM. She also performed at another ‘80s revival concert in Poland, which was part of the Sopot Festival, together with Kim Wilde, Samantha Fox, Sandra, Thomas Anders (ex-Modern Talking), Limahl and Shakin' Stevens. In October 2008, Sabrina released a double album, called Erase/Rewind Official Remix, which included new versions of her old hits as well as several new tracks and cover versions.
In 2010, Sabrina and English singer Samantha Fox released a cover version of Blondie's hit "Call Me" as a duet. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Italian Dance Singles Sales Chart.[9] During the summer of 2010 she hosted the prime time TV-show Mitici 80 on Italia 1. In 2012, Sabrina starred as herself in the French movie Stars 80, directed by Frédéric Forestier and produced by Thomas Langmann, and was on another RFM tour in France. In 2013, Sabrina featured on Neon Neon's song "Shopping (I Like To)", from the duo's second studio album Praxis Makes Perfect. During the same year, she continued touring in France with the RFM Party and started recording new material. During March and April 2014, Sabrina performed with and mentored a dance group called LECCEzione on Rai 1 prime time TV-show La Pista.[10] In June, she released a Rick Nowels-produced single called "Colour Me", written and co-produced by Sabrina herself.
In 2015, she released a French cover of 1986 song "Ouragan" by Stephanie.[11]
In 2018, she released a new single called "Voices".[12]
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36th Blue Dragon Film Awards - Wikipedia | The 36th Blue Dragon Film Awards ceremony was held on November 26, 2015 at Kyung Hee University's Peace Palace Hall in Seoul. It was broadcast on SBS and hosted by Kim Hye-soo and Yoo Jun-sang.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Complete list of nominees and winners
(Winners denoted in bold)
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I Want to Fill Myself With You - Wikipedia | I Want to Fill Myself With You (Quiero llenarme de ti) is a 1969 Argentine film.
This article related to an Argentine film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:05:00 |
Émile Mayrisch - Wikipedia |
Jacob Émile Albert Mayrisch (10 October 1862 – 5 March 1928) was a Luxembourgian industrialist and businessman. He served as president of Arbed.
He was married to Aline de Saint-Hubert, who was a famous women's rights campaigner, socialite and philanthropist, and was President of the Luxembourg Red Cross.
He died in a car accident at Châlons-sur-Marne, in France, in 1928.[1]
Émile Mayrisch's father was Edouard Mayrisch, a doctor at court, and his mother was Mathilde Metz, the daughter of Adolf Metz, and niece of Norbert Metz, an industrialist at Eich and Dommeldange, and a government minister. He grew up in Eich, which was in those days the industrial centre of Luxembourg. For his secondary education, he attended the Athénée de Luxembourg and the Institut Rachez in Belgium. From 1881 to 1885 he studied at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule in Aachen, without graduating, as he did not sit the exams. In those days, however, it was possible in Luxembourg to do engineering work, without having to have a diploma.
In 1885, he went to work in the Dudelange foundry, which had been founded three years previously by his great-uncle Norbert Metz. A year later, he went to Rodange, where he became head of production of the blast furnaces. On 1 February 1891 he went to Dudelange as an engineer-chemist, where he became head of the laboratory two months later. In July 1893 he became general secretary of the board of directors, and on 21 April 1897 was appointed director of the Dudelange foundry.
As such, he modernised and enlarged the foundry, made contracts with German suppliers and brought the foundry into the Stahlwerkverband. He also set new standards regarding the social well-being of his workers: health insurance for the workers, a retirement fund for the employees, paid holiday, an "Economat", where the workers could buy cheap groceries, etc.
In 1894 he married Aline de Saint-Hubert. The couple had two children: Jean (d. 1899) and Andrée (1901–1976).
In 1911, after long negotiations, Émile Mayrisch brought about a merger of the three largest Luxembourgish steelworks: ARBED (Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange) was born, of which he became the technical director. Up until the war, he made ARBED one of the most important members of the Stahlverband.
In the war years of 1914–1918, Mayrisch had ARBED continue production (which also prevented massive unemployment), and thus supplied Germany with vital raw materials for wartime production. For this reason, the Dudelange foundry was bombarded in 1916/1918 by the Allies. Mayrisch also had a military hospital installed in his former villa for German and French soldiers.
Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality by occupying the country, which was a real shock for not only political concerns, but also to the business world. The country felt shaken in its foundations, referencing to the respect of international treaties to which it owes its existence.
The war puts Mayrisch to the test. He had three main tasks, such as to supply his factories with coal, to find railway carriages, as well as to provide his workers with supplies. He made frequent trips to the Ruhr area and to Berlin, the base of the decision-makers of the Foreign Office and the War Ministry. His good relations with the German employers served Luxembourg well. He ensured the supply of his workers by direct food purchases in Germany without passing the Luxembourg government purchasing office.[2]
This not only portrayed the power and influence of ARBED, but also Mayrisch's ability to act on an international level. It also illustrated his concern for his workers. Economic calculations, political and social considerations, as well as humanitarian feelings formed an inextricable tangle in Mayrisch's mind.[3]
A man of his stature could not fail to think about the future of his society, which was closely linked to the fate of the country. As a Luxembourger, he placed himself between the belligerents. As a responsible and far-sighted man, Mayrisch had to consider all eventualities.
If Germany would have won the war, which during November/December 1914 was still a possibility, Luxembourg would remain in the German sphere and may even be annexed. ARBED, on the contrary, will lose nothing. Mayrisch had the confidence of the German circles, regarding political and business situations.[4]
In 1918, with the ending of the Great War, the Grand Duchy was faced with some issues: the Allies pushed Luxembourg out of the Zollverain. The steel industry risked losing its main market and its direct access to Ruhr coal.
Towards the end of the war, he made contact with the French, and sent Jean Schlumberger, a writer and intelligence officer, a report on German wartime production.
After the war, Luxembourg left the Zollverein, and ARBED had to seek out new export markets. In 1919 Émile Mayrisch founded Terres Rouges together with Schneider-Creusot, against the resistance of ARBED's president, the Belgian Gaston Barbanson. Mayrisch soon became president of the board, and it was he who negotiated an agreement between the German, French, Belgian and Luxembourgish steel industry.
In 1920, the Mayrisch family moved to Colpach-Bas, where they had bought Colpach Castle. In the following years, this became an important meeting point for writers, artists, politicians, and economists of Europe could come together. The Colpach group included André Gide, Walter Rathenau, Jacques Rivière, Paul Claudel, Jean Guéhenno, Annette Kolb, Théo van Rysselberghe, Maria Van Rysselberghe, Karl Jaspers, Bernard Groethuysen, Ernst Robert Curtius and Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi. Mayrisch's goal was to find a rapprochement between Germany and France.
On 30 September 1926, after long negotiations, the Entente Internationale de l’Acier (EIA) was founded in Luxembourg, in which Luxembourg and neighbouring countries set quotas for their steel production. Émile Mayrisch became the president of this cartel.
In 1922 Mayrisch bought most of the shares in the liberal Luxemburger Zeitung, in which he could bring his ideas on German-French understanding to the fore. In addition, he founded the Comité Franco-Allemand d'Information et de Documentation (Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee) in 1926. This committee, with offices in Paris and Berlin, made an effort to combat misinformation that the two countries spread about each other.
In 1926, he was honoured by his alma mater, the RWTH in Aachen, and received an honorary doctorate.
He died in 1928 in a car accident, on his way to Paris for a meeting of the EIA.
Le maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline
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Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center - Wikipedia | The Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center (MMMH&MC) is a tertiary level government hospital in the Philippines with an authorized bed capacity of seven hundred (700).[1] It is located at Brgy. 6, Batac, Ilocos Norte.
This article about a hospital in the Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:05:06 |
1981–82 John Player Trophy - Wikipedia | This was the eleventh season for the rugby league League Cup, which was once again known as the John Player Trophy for sponsorship reasons.
Hull F.C. won the trophy, beating derby rivals Hull Kingston Rovers by the score of 12-4 in the final, which was played at Headingley, Leeds, West Yorkshire. The attendance was 25,245 and receipts were £42987.
This season saw two change in the entrants. With the entry of Cardiff City and Carlisle into the league and also this competition, no junior team was invited, and the number of entrants increased to thirty-three
To cater for the odd number, a preliminary round consisting of just one single match was introduced.[citation needed]
[1][2]
Involved 1 match and 2 Clubs
[3]
Involved 16 matches and 32 Clubs
Involved 1 match and 2 clubs
[3]
Involved 8 matches and 16 clubs
[3]
Involved 4 matches with 8 clubs
[3]
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs
[12][13]
Scoring - Try = three points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point
As part of the sponsorship deal and funds, the prize money awarded to the competing teams for this season is as follows :-
This tree excludes any preliminary round fixtures
1 * RUGBYLEAGUEproject[1] gives the attendance as 957, but the Huddersfield Yearbook 1981[8] gives the attendance for this match as 931
2 * Wigan official archives[3] give the score as 12-10 (obviously incorrect as Hull proceeded to the Semi-finals) but RUGBYLEAGUEproject[1] gives it as 12-14
3 * Wigan official archives[3] give the score as 0-8 but RUGBYLEAGUEproject[1] gives it as 0-6
4 * RUGBYLEAGUEproject[1] gives the attendance as 25,165 but Rothman's Yearbooks 1990-91 [11] and 1991-92[12] give it as 25,245
5 * The attendance was a new record for the final, easily beating last years previous record of 12,820
6 * Headingley, Leeds, is the home ground of Leeds RLFC with a capacity of 21,000. The record attendance was 40,175 for a league match between Leeds and Bradford Northern on 21 May 1947.
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John F. Kordek - Wikipedia | John Florian Kordek (1938 – February 16, 2021)[1] was an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Botswana (1988–1989).[2]
Kordek has also been Associate Vice President for External Relations at DePaul University in Chicago. Kordek was also an alumnus of DePaul University (1964, geography major)[3] as well as the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Studies (M.A, 1967). He was also a veteran of the U.S. Air Force. In 2000, Bill Clinton appointed him to the Holocaust Memorial Council.[4]
This American diplomat–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:05:13 |
South Torrington Union Pacific Depot - Wikipedia |
The South Torrington Union Pacific Depot was built in 1926 just to the south of Torrington, Wyoming. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood in the Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival as a combined passenger and freight depot.
The line was principally intended to serve a sugar refinery in the vicinity.[2] By 1928 it was extended to serve as a cutoff from the Union Pacific branch along the North Platte River to the main transcontinental line and was known as the North Platte Cutoff.[3]
The ground level comprises a freight and baggage room, a holdover room and record room, agent's office, passenger waiting room, toilets and a hallway leading to the upstairs apartment. A basement includes a storage room and a furnace room. The upstairs portion contains living quarters for the station agent, including a living room, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a bathroom.[3]
The Homesteaders Museum is a museum of county and area railroad history located in the depot and adjacent buildings.[4] The depot features a display of homesteading items and local memorabilia from the first settlement in 1834 up to 1976, when Homesteading ended. Also on display are a Lincoln Land Company house with artifacts from an early ranch family, an original homestead shack, a one-room schoolhouse, a Union Pacific Caboose with railroad items from the Union Pacific Railroad and Burlington Northern Railroad, a transportation building with vehicles, and railroad cars.[5]
This article about a property in Wyoming on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Wyoming train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 17:05:17 |
Why Don't You (song) - Wikipedia |
"Why Don't You" is the debut single by Serbian DJ Gramophonedzie. It was released on 28 February 2010 as a download and on 1 March 2010 in CD format. It samples Peggy Lee's 1947 version of the 1936 song "Why Don't You Do Right?". The single was certified gold in Italy.[1]
Fraser McAlpine of BBC Chart Blog gave the song a mixed review stating:
I'm detecting a theme here. After the burlesque boom and all the Winehouse wannabes – and Wiley's reworking of that song by White Town that samples that other song from the olden days – here comes dance music's tribute to the era of jazz, swing and blues. And when I say tribute, I mean taking an old tune and hitting it with a massive mallet until it cracks into a million pieces, then putting the bits back together with micro-robots and spraying it gold.
That is simply how dance music likes to pay tribute to things. Can you imagine how messy Fat Boy Slim's funeral is going to be? Loads messy, that's how. The song was awarded 3 stars.[2]
CD single[3]
Digital download[4]
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