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2022 - ongoing As of 2020, Uganda has one of the most progressive laws for people with disabilities in the world. This states, among other things, that discrimination against people with disabilities is prohibited. Children with disabilities have the right to education and adults have the right to a job. 80% of all people with disabilities in the world live in developing countries, such as Uganda. Life can present many obstacles for people with disabilities. These challenges lead to social isolation, poverty and reduced quality of life. However, amid these obstacles, Uganda is gradually transforming to become more inclusive. Uganda's evolving landscape is a testament to the commitment to disability inclusivity. While there is still much work to be done, the progress made thus far can be an example for other countries and is a glimmer of hope for people with disabilities.

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The new Environmental and Planning Act will fundamentally change the system of environmental law. The new Act itself offers few substantive standards, and primarily serves as a basis for the following four additional decrees: het Omgevingsbesluit (an environmental and planning decree); het Besluit kwaliteit leefomgeving (a decree on the quality of the living environment); het Besluit activiteiten leefomgeving (a decree on activities in the living environment); and het Besluit bouwwerken leefomgeving (a decree on buildings in the living environment). The four decrees will to a great extent determine the content of the new environmental law. The draft decrees are open for public consultation until 16 September 2016. This means that now is the time for exerting real influence on the material standards in the new environmental law system. The four Decree's regulate the following subjects: - the environmental and planning decree includes rules on environmental impact assessment, recovery of costs and financial security. - the decree on the quality of the living environment contains the substantive standards for both local and central governments. - the decree on activities in the living environment gives rules for the activities of citizens, companies and governments in the physical living environment. This decree regulates, for example, in which situations a licence is required. - finally, the decree on buildings in the living environment regulates building activities. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

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on US orders over $100 on all US orders over $100 No matter what age you are, there's a good chance that you don't get enough sleep. Sleep deprivation is extremely common in America, with over one-third of Americans not getting the amount of sleep recommended by health professionals. But lack of sleep isn't just frustrating or fatiguing, but is linked to many serious health problems. Sleep disorders come in many forms, and in honor of National Sleep Comfort Month, we've provided an overview of what you need to know about healthy sleep below. One of the notable things about sleep deprivation is just how widespread it is, affecting Americans of all ages: Sleep disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, as well. Among them are: There's a good chance you've had a bout of insomnia before. Having trouble falling or staying asleep is the hallmark of this disorder, but it can take many different forms for different people. Some have acute insomnia, which lasts from one night to a few weeks, and some have chronic insomnia, which can interrupt sleep for at least three nights a week for three months or more. Other symptoms of insomnia may include daytime sleepiness, fatigue, irritability, and problems with memory or concentration. Insomnia can have many causes, defined by two major types: Secondary insomnia, in which a health condition or substance use causes disturbed sleep. Its causes may include: A disorder that interrupts your breathing during sleep. A number of types are present here as well: Signs of sleep apnea can include: It can be difficult to recognize sleep apnea yourself. If you or a partner notices any of these symptoms, schedule a sleep study. A condition characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, but there are other conditions that can occur alongside narcolepsy: Narcolepsy's causes are unknown, but are associated with low levels of hypocretin, a chemical in the brain that regulates wakefulness and REM sleep. A condition that causes a compulsion to move your legs, typically due to discomfort. For those with RLS, moving their legs eases unpleasant sensations in the legs, which can be described as aching, itching, throbbing, pulling, electric, crawling, or creeping. These sensations worsen at night and typically begin when you're at rest. The causes of RLS are uncertain, but it may be due to an imbalance of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that controls muscle movement. This is a condition that occurs during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, which is associated with dreaming. Those with this disorder are often absent the physical paralysis that accompanies REM sleep, and physically act out sensations from their dreams. This can cause punching, kicking, jumping from bed, grabbing, and flailing arms, among other reactions. Its causes are unknown, but it has been heavily associated with degenerative neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease and multisystem atrophy. Nearly half of all cases involve withdrawal from alcohol or certain sedative-hypnotic medications. Lack of sleep isn't just about feeling tired the next day. Sleep deprivation is a factor in many other health issues, such as: In addition, the concentration issues and tiredness caused by lack of sleep can cause car accidents or workplace accidents. Sleep disorders can also cause interference in your professional or social life, as many people do not understand these disorders and the effect they may have on your workplace performance or ability to socialize. Just as there's no single sleep disorder, there's no single treatment. But doctors suggest some guidelines for getting yourself into good sleep habits that may improve your sleep: Are you looking to improve your sleep quality and wake up more rested? Visit Mountainside Medical Equipment! Click this link for our sleep health and insomnia product collection!

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The elephant population in Zakouma National Park in Chad plummeted from approximately 4,000 in 2005 to just 450 in 2010 due to massive poaching. After an intensive anti-poaching program was implemented, elephant numbers stabilized and calves started to be born again in 2013. This image is from The Last Animals. Aswan, Egypt: Joe and Ran reflect on their adventure at it's spectacular final location: the impressive ancient temple complex at Abu Simbel. This image is from Egypt with the World's Greatest Explorer. A pair of Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) scale high cliffs in Israel's Judean Desert. This pair are a mother and kid - the kid is only a few days old and already has the skills to navigate the vertical cliffs, which in places are hundreds of feet high. Large numbers of ibex are attracted to the Ein Gedi Reserve by the presence of a wadi - a rare water source in the desert, which flows at the bottom of a steep ravine. This image is from Hostile Planet. Statue of Amehotep III. There are more known statues of Amenhotep III than any other pharaoh. A team of archaeologists discover the first new tomb to contain a body since the tomb of Tutankhamun. This image is from Egypt's Sun King Secrets & Treasures. Portrait of a meerkat (Suricata suricatta) as it pauses in-between digging for grubs and insects in the Kalahari Desert. Insect-eating diggers, meerkats concentrate on beetle larvae, the larvae and pupae of moths, butterflies and flies, and harvester termites, crickets, spiders, scorpions, and other invertebrates that are buried or hidden. They can dig through their own bodyweight (around one and a half pounds) in sand every few seconds. This image is from Hostile Planet. Director Kate Brooks before the ivory and rhino horn burning in Nairobi National Park, Kenya, in 2016 in which 105 tons of ivory was destroyed and 1.35 tons of rhino horn. This image is from The Last Animals. The elephants living around Lake Chad are unique to the Sahel; they inhabit the desert, moving between water sources. in 2016 The Great Elephant Survey announced there were fewer than 650 elephants remaining in Chad. This image is from The Last Animals. The so-called Colossi of Memnon surrounded by fields. Until recently they were all that remained of Amenhotep III's mortuary temple at Kom el Hetan. A team of archaeologists discover the first new tomb to contain a body since the tomb of Tutankhamun. This image is from Egypt's Sun King Secrets & Treasures. In 1977 there were 22,000 elephants in Garamba National Park. Today there are less than 1,200 and the park is the last stronghold for the largest population of elephants in the DRC. Garamba was the last place the Northern White rhinos lived in the wild, disappearing not long after Joseph Kony, the leader of the The Lordâs Resistance Army, moved into the park. This image is from The Last Animals. Dolomites, Italy: A golden eagle. For golden eagles in the higher latitudes of the planet, winter is often the hardest time of year. For some scavenging from carcasses is the only way to survive the harsh conditions. In some populations less than 50% of golden eagles will make it through their first winter. Golden eagles are one of the fastest animals on the planet and a supreme mountain hunter. There are populations across all Northern Hemisphere mountains ranges. They are well-adapted to hunting in such terrain; telescopic eyesight means they can spot prey from two miles away and a seven-foot wingspan allows them to soar up to 100 miles in a day in the hunt for food. This image is from Hostile Planet. The rising Earth is about five degrees above the lunar horizon in this telephoto view taken from the Apollo 8 spacecraft near 110 degrees east longitude on December 24, 1968. This image is from Apollo 8: The Mission that Changed the World. Ethiopia: A male gelada, Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Despite their large canines and powerful bodies geladas pose no threat to humans. Over many years they have been studied by scientists so this population are well-habituated to humans. They are a unique mountain monkey, spending their entire lives on the Simien Mountains in Ethiopia. For protection they will spend the night on cliff ledges, venturing up into the dawn sunlight to warm up before they begin feeding. This image is from Hostile Planet. The recently re-erected Colossi of Amenhotep III at the North Gate of his mortuary temple at Kom el Hetan. In a newly excavated tomb, archaeologists discover at least thirty mummies. This image is from Egypt's Sun King Secrets & Treasures. Garamba National Park is one of Africa's oldest national parks and one of the deadliest for both elephants and rangers due to the number of militia and poaching groups operating in the park. This image is from The Last Animals. Dec. 21, 1968, Apollo 8 launched from Pad A, Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center at 7:51 a.m. EST. Frank Borman commanded the crew of the Apollo 8 lunar orbit mission. James Lovell served as command module pilot and William Anders was the lunar module pilot. Apollo 8 was the first crewed Saturn V launch. This image is from Apollo 8: The Mission that Changed the World. A mamba strike is known as the 'Kiss of Death'. The strike from a mamba is so fast and its fangs so short and fine, a bite is almost imperceptible. In Africa it's believed that up to 20,000 people die from snakebites each year and the most feared serpent of all is the Black Mamba. This image is from Predator in Paradise.

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What Is Muscular Dystrophy? Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder in which muscle breaks down and is replaced by fatty deposits. There are many types of muscular dystrophy, with variations in: - Muscle groups and other body systems that are affected - Age of onset - Progression rate - Inheritance pattern To receive the appropriate diagnosis and follow-up care, consult with an experienced neurologist.

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What is postpartum depression? Postpartum depression is a type of depression that occurs after pregnancy and can happen to anyone. There are many things that can lead to postpartum depression such as life stress, hormonal changes, and the demands of becoming a new parent. You might be more likely to experience postpartum depression if you experienced postpartum depression during a previous pregnancy and/or if you have a personal or family history of depression or bipolar disorder. What does postpartum depression feel like? Individuals with postpartum depression may describe feeling unusually exhausted, overwhelmed, or sad, which may make it challenging for daily functioning. Some other common symptoms include: - Difficulty concentrating - Abnormal appetite, weight changes, or both - Trouble bonding or forming an attachment with your baby - Uncertainty about your ability to be a successful partner and/or parent - Occasional thoughts about death, suicide, or harming oneself or the baby How does postpartum depression differ from “baby blues”? The term “baby blues” is used when a new parent experiences mild mood changes and/or increased feelings of worry, tiredness, and sadness within the first two weeks after childbirth. If these feelings persist beyond 2 weeks, then you may have postpartum depression. Only a healthcare provider can determine whether or not your symptoms are due to postpartum depression. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms please contact your healthcare provider. If you believe you might be experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression, it will be important to talk to your healthcare provider so that you all can collaboratively create a plan that will help you feel better. Treating your postpartum depression is not only important for your health, but also for the health of your baby! Most parents see an improvement in their symptoms with a proper treatment plan. The best ways to treat postpartum depression include medications, therapy, or a combination of the two. In terms of counseling, most parents seek out a therapist who specializes in postpartum and/or maternal mental health. In regards to medications, parents should work with their doctor to determine if medications would be appropriate for their concerns. Oftentimes it can be difficult for parents to ask for help, especially if they are experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression. However, feelings of stress and isolation can increase your feelings of depression, so we encourage you to use your support system during this time. Talk to your partner, family members, friends, and healthcare provider to discuss ways they can offer support.

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With the United States’ household debt burden at $11.85 trillion, even the most modest challenges to its legitimacy have revolutionary implications. The legitimacy of a given social order rests on the legitimacy of its debts. Even in ancient times this was so. In traditional cultures, debt in a broad sense—gifts to be reciprocated, memories of help rendered, obligations not yet fulfilled—was a glue that held society together. Everybody at one time or another owed something to someone else. Repayment of debt was inseparable from the meeting of social obligations; it resonated with the principles of fairness and gratitude. If one debt can be nullified, maybe all of them can. The moral associations of making good on one’s debts are still with us today, informing the logic of austerity as well as the legal code. A good country, or a good person, is supposed to make every effort to repay debts. Accordingly, if a country like Jamaica or Greece, or a municipality like Baltimore or Detroit, has insufficient revenue to make its debt payments, it is morally compelled to privatize public assets, slash pensions and salaries, liquidate natural resources, and cut public services so it can use the savings to pay creditors. Such a prescription takes for granted the legitimacy of its debts. Today a burgeoning debt resistance movement draws from the realization that many of these debts are not fair. Most obviously unfair are loans involving illegal or deceptive practices—the kind that were rampant in the lead-up to the 2008 financial crisis. From sneaky balloon interest hikes on mortgages, to loans deliberately made to unqualified borrowers, to incomprehensible financial products peddled to local governments that were kept ignorant about their risks, these practices resulted in billions of dollars of extra costs for citizens and public institutions alike. A movement is arising to challenge these debts. In Europe, the International Citizen debt Audit Network (ICAN) promotes “citizen debt audits,” in which activists examine the books of municipalities and other public institutions to determine which debts were incurred through fraudulent, unjust, or illegal means. They then try to persuade the government or institution to contest or renegotiate those debts. In 2012, towns in France declared they would refuse to pay part of their debt obligations to the bailed-out bank Dexia, claiming its deceptive practices resulted in interest rate jumps to as high as 13 percent. Meanwhile, in the United States, the city of Baltimore filed a class-action lawsuit to recover losses incurred through the Libor rate-fixing scandal, losses that could amount to billions of dollars. And Libor is just the tip of the iceberg. In a time of rampant financial lawbreaking, who knows what citizen audits might uncover? Furthermore, at a time when the law itself is so subject to manipulation by financial interests, why should resistance be limited to debts that involved lawbreaking? After all, the 2008 crash resulted from a deep systemic corruption in which “risky” derivative products turned out to be risk-free—not on their own merits, but because of government and Federal Reserve bailouts that amounted to a de facto guarantee. The perpetrators of these “financial instruments of mass destruction” (as Warren Buffett labeled them) were rewarded while homeowners, other borrowers, and taxpayers were left with collapsed asset values and higher debts. This is part of a context of unjust economic, political, or social conditions that compels the debtor to go into debt. When that injustice is pervasive, aren’t all or most debts illegitimate? In many countries, declining real wages and reduced public services virtually compel citizens to go into debt just to maintain their standard of living. Is debt legitimate when it is systemically foisted on the vast majority of people and nations? If it isn’t, then resistance to illegitimate debt has profound political consequences. This feeling of pervasive, systemic unfairness is palpable in the so-called developing world and in increasing swathes of the rest. African and Latin American nations, southern and Eastern Europe, communities of color, students, homeowners with mortgages, municipalities, the unemployed … the list of those who strain under enormous debt through no fault of their own is endless. They share the perception that their debts are somehow unfair, illegitimate, even if there is no legal basis for that perception. Hence the slogan that is spreading among debt activists and resisters everywhere: “Don’t owe. Won’t pay.” Challenges to these debts cannot be based on appeals to the letter of the law alone when the laws are biased in favor of creditors. There is, however, a legal principle for challenging otherwise legal debts: the principle of “odious debt.” Originally signifying debt incurred on behalf of a nation by its leaders that does not actually benefit the nation, the concept can be extended into a powerful tool for systemic change. Stagnant wages force families to borrow just to live. Odious debt was a key concept in recent debt audits on the national level, most notably that of Ecuador in 2008 that led to its defaulting on billions of dollars of its foreign debt. Nothing terrible happened to it, setting a dangerous precedent (from the creditors’ point of view). Greece’s Truth Commission on Public Debt is auditing all of that nation’s sovereign debt with the same possibility in mind. Other nations are likely taking notice because their debts, which are obviously unpayable, condemn them to an eternity of austerity, wage cuts, natural resource liquidation, privatization, etc., for the privilege of staying in debt (and remaining part of the global financial system). In most cases, the debts are never paid off. According to a report by the Jubilee Debt Campaign, since 1970 Jamaica has borrowed $18.5 billion and paid back $19.8 billion, yet still owes $7.8 billion. In the same period, the Philippines borrowed $110 billion, has paid back $125 billion, and owes $45 billion. These are not isolated examples. Essentially what is happening here is that money—in the form of labor power and natural resources—is being extracted from these countries. More goes out than comes in, thanks to the fact that all these loans bear interest. What debts are “odious”? Some examples are obvious, such as loans to build the infamous Bataan Nuclear Power Plant from which Westinghouse and Marcos cronies profited enormously but which never produced any electricity, or the military expenditures of juntas in El Salvador or Greece. But what about the huge amount of debt that financed large-scale, centralized development projects? Neoliberal ideology says those are to the great benefit of a nation, but now it is becoming apparent that the main beneficiaries were corporations from the same nations that were doing the lending. Moreover, the bulk of this development is geared toward enabling the recipient to generate foreign exchange by opening up its petroleum, minerals, timber, or other resources to exploitation, or by converting subsistence agriculture to commodity agribusiness, or by making its labor force available to global capital. The foreign exchange generated is required to make loan payments, but the people don’t necessarily benefit. Might we not say, then, that most debt owed by the “developing” world is odious, born of colonial and imperial relationships? The same might be said for municipal, household, and personal debt. Tax laws, financial deregulation, and economic globalization have siphoned money into the hands of corporations and the very rich, forcing everyone else to borrow in order to meet basic needs. Municipalities and regional governments now must borrow to provide the services that tax revenues once funded before industry fled to the places of least regulation and lowest wages in the global “race to the bottom.” Students now must borrow to attend universities that were once heavily subsidized by government. Stagnant wages force families to borrow just to live. The rising tide of debt cannot be explained by a rising tide of laziness or irresponsibility. The debt is systemic and inescapable. It isn’t fair, and people know it. As the concept of illegitimate debts spreads, the moral compulsion to repay them will wane, and new forms of debt resistance will emerge. Indeed, they already are in places most affected by the economic crisis, such as Spain, where a strong anti-eviction movement challenges the legitimacy of mortgage debt and has just gotten an activist elected mayor of Barcelona. As the recent drama in Greece has shown us, though, isolated acts of resistance are easily crushed. Standing alone, Greece faced a stark choice: either capitulate to the European institutions and enact austerity measures even more punishing than those its people rejected in the referendum or suffer the sudden destruction of its banks. Since the latter would entail a humanitarian catastrophe, the Syriza government chose to capitulate. Nonetheless, Greece rendered the world an important service by making the fact of debt slavery plain, as well as revealing the power of undemocratic institutions such as the European Central Bank to dictate domestic economic policy. Besides direct resistance, people are finding ways to live outside the conventional financial system and, in the process, prefigure what might replace it. Complementary currencies, time banks, direct-to-consumer farm cooperatives, legal aid cooperatives, gift economy networks, tool libraries, medical cooperatives, child care cooperatives, and other forms of economic cooperation are proliferating in Greece and Spain, in many cases recalling traditional forms of communalism that still exist in societies that aren’t fully modernized. Debt is a potent rallying issue because of its ubiquity and its psychological gravity. Unlike climate change, which is easy to relegate to theoretical importance when, after all, the supermarkets are still full of food and the air conditioner is still running, debt affects the lives of growing numbers of people directly and undeniably: a yoke, a burden, a constant constraint on their freedom. Three-quarters of Americans carry some form of debt. Student debt stands at more than $1.3 trillion in the United States and averages more than $33,000 per graduating student. Municipalities around the country are cutting services to the bone, laying off employees, and slashing pensions. Why? To make payments on their debts. The same is true of entire nations, as creditors—and the financial markets that drive them—tighten their death grip on southern Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the rest of the world. Most people need little persuading that debt has become a tyrant over their lives. “Won’t pay” is a form of protest easily accessible to the atomized digital citizen. What is harder for them to see, though, is that they could ever be free of their debts, which are often described as “inescapable” or “crushing.” That is why even the most modest challenges to debt legitimacy, such as the aforementioned citizen audits, have revolutionary implications. They cast into question the certainty of debt. If one debt can be nullified, maybe all of them can—not only for nations but for municipalities, school districts, hospitals, and people too. That’s why the European authorities made such a humiliating example of Greece—they needed to maintain the principle of inviolability of debt. That’s also why hundreds of billions of dollars were used to bail out the creditors who made bad loans in the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis, but not a penny was spent bailing out the debtors. Not only does debt have the potential to be a rallying point of near-universal appeal, it also happens to be a unique political pressure point. That’s because the results of mass debt resistance would be catastrophic for the financial system. The Lehman Brothers collapse in 2008 demonstrated that the system is so highly leveraged and so tightly interconnected that even a small disruption can cascade into a massive systemic crisis. Moreover, “won’t pay” is a form of protest easily accessible to the atomized digital citizen who has been sundered from most forms of political association; arguably, it is the only form of digital action that has much real-world impact. No street protests are necessary, no confrontations with riot police, to stop payment on a credit card or student loan. The financial system is vulnerable to a few million mouse clicks. Herein lies a resolution to the dilemma posed by Silvia Federici in the South Atlantic Quarterly: “Instead of work, exploitation, and above all ‘bosses,’ so prominent in the world of smoke stacks, we now have debtors confronting not an employer but a bank and confronting it alone, not as part of a collective body and collective relation, as was the case with wage workers.” So let’s organize and spread awareness. We needn’t confront the banks, the bond markets, or the financial system alone. What should be the ultimate goal of the debt resistance movement? The systemic nature of the debt problem implies that none of the policy proposals that are realistic or reachable in the present political environment are worth pursuing. Reducing rates on student loans, offering mortgage relief, reining in payday lending, or reducing debt in the Global South might be politically feasible, but by mitigating the worst abuses of the system, they make that system slightly more tolerable and imply that the problem is not the system—we just need to fix these abuses. Debt is a potent rallying issue because of its ubiquity. Conventional redistributive strategies, such as higher marginal income tax rates, also face limitations, mostly because they don’t address the deep root of the debt crisis: the slowdown of economic growth worldwide, or, as a Marxist would put it, the falling return on capital. More and more economists are joining a distinguished lineage that includes Herman Daly, E.F. Schumacher, and even (though this is little known) John Maynard Keynes to argue that we are nearing the end of growth—primarily, but not only, for ecological reasons. When growth stalls, lending opportunities disappear. Since money is essentially lent into existence, debt levels increase faster than the supply of money required to service them. The result, as Thomas Piketty described so clearly, is rising indebtedness and concentration of wealth. The aforementioned policy proposals have a further defect as well: They are so moderate they have little potential to inspire a mass popular movement. Reduced interest rates or other incremental reforms are not going to arouse an apathetic and disillusioned citizenry. Recall the Nuclear Freeze movement of the 1980s: Widely decried as naïve and unrealistic by establishment liberals, it generated a vocal and committed movement that contributed to the climate of opinion behind the START agreements of the Reagan era. The economic reform movements need something equally simple, graspable, and appealing. What about the cancellation of all student debt? What about a jubilee, a fresh start for mortgage debtors, student debtors, and debtor nations? The problem is that canceling the debts means erasing the assets upon which our entire financial system depends. These assets are at the basis of your pension fund, the solvency of your bank, and grandma’s savings account. Indeed, a savings account is nothing other than a debt owed you by your bank. To prevent chaos, some entity has to buy the debts for cash, and then cancel those debts (in full or in part, or perhaps just reduce the interest rate to zero). Fortunately, there are deeper and more elegant alternatives to conventional redistributive strategies. I’ll mention two of the most promising: “positive money” and negative-interest currency. Both of these entail a fundamental change in the way money is created. Positive money refers to money created directly without debt by the government, which can be given directly to debtors for debt repayment or used to purchase debts from creditors and then cancel them. Negative-interest currency (which I describe in depth in Sacred Economics) entails a liquidity fee on bank reserves, essentially taxing wealth at its source. It enables zero-interest lending, reduces wealth concentration, and allows a financial system to function in the absence of growth. Radical proposals such as these bear in common a recognition that money, like property and debt, is a sociopolitical construct. It is a social agreement mediated by symbols: numbers on slips of paper, bits in computers. It is not an immutable feature of reality to which we can but adapt. The agreements that we call money and debt can be changed. To do so, however, will require a movement that contests the immutability of the current system and explores alternatives to it.

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Anaheim, Calif. — BiVACOR, an artificial heart that can go on beating forever using a small spinning rotor that levitates in a magnetic field, could be implanted in a human in about 18 months, heart surgeon Dr. William E. "Billy" Cohn said. Cohn said demand for heart transplants far outstrips the supply of hearts, so heart patients need a practical artificial heart — something that is an improvement over other artificial hearts that are designed to be a bridge to a transplanted human heart. The rotor in the BiVACOR heart does not create any friction. The device is a continuous-flow pump. "They should last forever," he said. "There's no mechanical wear. There's nothing to wear out. Just one moving part floating in a magnetic field," Cohn said at Antec. Cohn recapped the history of artificial hearts and detailed the BiVACOR in a keynote speech May 9 at Antec, the Society of Plastics Engineers' conference in Anaheim. Cohn is an internationally renowned heart surgeon and medical device entrepreneur. Last fall he became the head of Johnson & Johnson's Center for Device Innovation at Texas Medical Center in Houston. Johnson & Johnson has allowed him to continue his academic work as a professor at Baylor College of Medicine. And Cohn said Johnson & Johnson has no interest, financial or otherwise, in his work on the BiVACOR heart. Surgeons have been frustrated in their search for a machine that does not wear out, fail or cause infections and blood clots. "If you have seams anywhere, blood clots will form on them, little pieces of clot break off and go to the brain. It's a devastating stroke," Cohn said. Previous artificial hearts have used air hoses feeding membranes of multisegmented polyurethane. Bacteria can travel up these hoses and infect the heart, he said. Cohn said the multisegmented PUR "is very durable. But nothing's durable enough. If it's beating 100 times a minute, that's 52 million heartbeats a year. There's no man-made device, no polymer that we have now, that can take that kind of cyclic stress." The flexible membranes would eventually tear and fail. Even so, about 80 percent of the patients survived long enough to get a heart transplant, Cohn said, as the average time in a patient for the artificial heart was 60 days. Cohn said durability has presented a challenge in the world of mechanical hearts and a barrier to creating a permanent artificial heart. "So limited durability. Air hoses. And the device inside the chest is going to fail capriciously. And because of those, because it's only a temporary device, it's approved for a patient who's been listed for a heart transplant," he said. But Cohn spelled out the challenging math of heart disease, the No. 1 cause of death in the United States. "Over 5 million Americans have some degree of heart failure, and about 50 percent of them die within five years of diagnosis. Four hundred thousand people die of heart failure every year," he said. And they can't all get transplants. "From the time a heart is useable to when we need to use it, has to be like that," Cohn said, snapping his finger. "So, the hearts that we get, the donor hearts, are from very special cases, which is, they have to be both dead and healthy. Big and strong. They have to be brain-dead. That only happens about 4,000 times a year, worldwide." Surgeons transplanted about 2,000 hearts last year, Cohn said. "Those are all the donor hearts that were still beating strong. If it stops, even for 15 minutes, we can't use it. "So, 2,000 heart transplants in the United States. Four hundred thousand dying of heart failure. We can only transplant about one in 200. So we really need a device — something we can take off the shelf and sew into a person with a desperate need," Cohn said. And that's been the big hurdle for making an artificial heart that can last for decades: 52 million heartbeats a year. "We don't need an artificial heart that lasts a year and half. We need something you're going to have for the rest of your life," he said. Cohn has been thinking about mechanical hearts since his elementary school classmates were handing out Valentine's Day cards. "This BiVACOR artificial heart is my pursuit of a passion I've had since I was about 9 or 10 years old: to develop the world's first practical artificial heart and to work with people in that area," he said.

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When using the Info tool on the Appellation layer, It shows a field called Topology Class. The Topology class is used by LINZ to categorise properties, or rights over properties into the following categories: |The parcels which, when they have ‘current’ status, define the extents of fundamental rights of proprietorship. They form the network layer of current parcels that covers New Zealand without gaps or overlaps. Examples are lots, sections, Maori land blocks, roads, railways, rivers, lakes, the sea, etc. |A special type of parcel that can be associated with primary parcel intents. They are commonly used for primary parcels but are defined in 3 dimensions and therefor may overlap current primary parcels. In other words, they are parcels that would be primary were it not for the fact that, when they become ‘current’, they violate the ‘no-overlaps’ rule. Examples are bridges and tunnels. |Generally easement parcels. Current parcels in this network may overlap each other and current primary parcels but only in a way so that a current secondary parcel may not overlap more than one current primary parcel. |Current parcels in this network are similar to the current secondary parcels except that they may overlap more than one current primary parcel. For example, mining parcels, leasehold parcels, etc. |Secondary parcels (typically easements) that are defined by a line rather than a polygon. |Tertiary parcels (typically easements in gross) that are defined by a line rather than a polygon. |Parcels which have no topology defined in Landonline. This includes: flats and units where there is no spatial definition in Landonline, except as depicted on the plan image non-survey defined parcels

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11 Types of Mental Health Professionals to Know Many types of mental health care professionals can help you achieve your recovery goals. Finding the right professional is easier when you understand the different areas of expertise and training. Assessment and Therapy Trained to evaluate a person’s mental health using clinical interviews, psychological evaluations and testing. They can make diagnoses and provide individual and group therapy. + Counselors, Clinicians, Therapists Trained to evaluate a person’s mental health and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training programs. They operate under a variety of job titles—including counselor, clinician, therapist or something else—based on the treatment setting. + Clinical Social Workers Trained to evaluate a person’s mental health and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training programs. They are also trained in case management and advocacy services. Prescribe and Monitor Medication Can diagnose mental health conditions, prescribe and monitor medications and provide therapy. + Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse Practitioners Can provide assessment, diagnosis and therapy for mental health conditions or substance use disorders. + Primary Care Physicians Can prescribe medication, but you might consider visiting someone who specializes in mental health care. + Family Nurse Practitioners Can provide general medical services and prescribe medication like those of a primary care physician + Psychiatric Pharmacists Skilled at medication management—meaning they evaluate responses and modify treatment, manage medication reactions and drug interactions, and provide education about medications. + Clinical Social Workers Provide case management, inpatient discharge planning services, placement services and other services to support healthy living. + Certified Peer Specialists These specialists have lived experience with a mental health condition or substance use disorder. They are often trained, certified and prepared to assist with recovery by helping a person set goals and develop strengths. They provide support, mentoring and guidance. + Pastoral Counselors Pastoral counselors are clergy members with training in clinical pastoral education. They are trained to diagnose and provide counseling. The NAMI HelpLine 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) can provide information on how to find various mental health professionals and resources in your area. Remember that you are not alone . For more resources and to learn more about the different types of mental health professionals, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Types-of-Mental-Health-Professionals

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Electro-motive Force is a measure of the energy that causes current to flow through a circuit. It is also the potential difference in charge between two points in a circuit. In electromagnetism and electronics, electromotive force (also electromotance, abbreviated emf, denoted or ) is an energy transfer to an electric circuit per unit of electric charge, measured in volts. Devices called electrical transducers provide an emf by converting other forms of energy into electrical energy. Other electrical equipment also produce an emf, such as batteries, which convert chemical energy, and generators, which convert mechanical energy. This energy conversion is achieved by physical forces applying physical work on electric charges. However, electromotive force itself is not a physical force, and ISO/IEC standards have deprecated the term in favor of source voltage or source tension instead (denoted ). In electromagnetic induction, emf can be defined around a closed loop of a conductor as the electromagnetic work that would be done on an elementary electric charge (such as an electron) if it travels once around the loop. For two-terminal devices modeled as a Thévenin equivalent circuit, an equivalent emf can be measured as the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals. This emf can drive an electric current if an external circuit is attached to the terminals, in which case the device becomes the voltage source of that circuit. Although an emf gives rise to a voltage and can be measured as a voltage and may sometimes informally be called a "voltage", they are not the same phenomenon (see § Distinction with potential difference).

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All sectors of the economy can and must decarbonize by mid-century with big emission reductions in the 2020s. This report by the Energy Transitions Commission describes how Carbon Dioxide Removals (CDR), alongside rapid and deep global decarbonization, can give the world a 50% chance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. But even given the fastest feasible path of emissions reductions, the world will need at least 70 to 220 Gt of carbon removals between now and 2050 to limit cumulative net emissions. No single CDR solution can be deployed in significant enough volumes to deliver the emissions removals required. Therefore, a portfolio approach is required, with solutions playing vital and complementary roles.

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Car accidents are always abrupt and unpredictable. Preparing for such emergencies is crucial since you never know when they’ll happen. The best way to prepare for car accidents is by learning first-aid techniques and tips like treating shock and common minor injuries so that you’re ready when they occur. Due to the frequency of car accidents, you may soon find yourself in one or be a witness, with no choice but to assist the victims. Therefore, carrying first aid tools in your car is a wise practice. Sites like sammedical.com stock wide-ranging supplies you can use during emergencies, including splints, slings, tourniquets, bleeding control kits, and wound-dressing bandages. Besides having a first aid kit, it helps to know what to do during such emergencies. Here are some first-aid tips to remember. Check For Danger And Injuries After an accident, the first thing to do is to assess the victims for injuries or bruises. If they’re bleeding, you’d want to stop it immediately because excessive blood loss can lead to weakness, dizziness, shock, breathing difficulties, and even death. Cover the wound with sterile gauze, pressing it firmly with the palm of your hand until the blood stops oozing out. If it’s a head injury, simply wrap it with a thick bandage without pressing against it to prevent further damage. You’d also want to elevate the wound above the heart level to impede blood flow to the injured spot. You can do this by placing the leg or hand on support as the victim lies on their back. While at it, try to inspect the accident scene for potential dangers. Sharp metals and broken glasses may inflict more injuries as the victims wreath in pain. So, remove such shrapnel to make the place safe while waiting for help. For seriously injured victims, call for help through your country’s SOS phone line. Give all information in detail. Also, ask those nearby to call for emergency services since they may have extra information on the incident. Ask Conscious Victims For Help Needed For conscious victims, ask if they need assistance. Some victims may look like they’re in dire need of help. However, they may not want it or accept it. Always ask first to avoid being a victim of not accepting the victim’s wish according to the Good Samaritan Laws. In situations where the victim needs help and has accepted, help them in ways you can. However, if the victims reject help, waiting on professional assistance is advisable. For those still and quiet, check if they’re conscious by shaking them lightly. Finally, be careful when approaching victims; due to the trauma, they may involuntarily panic and cause you harm. Avoid Moving Injured Victims For injured victims, it’s advisable to avoid moving them; they may have serious internal injuries that the motion can worsen. Therefore, unless the victim is in grave danger from fire or falling, wait until the emergency team arrives. It’s only logical to move a person from danger rather than stick to the fear of worsening the injury. When you’re forced to move the injured victims, be extra cautious to avoid causing further damage by placing them in safe positions. Don’t forget to approach victims you’d like to move by kneeling to their level to reduce the chances of panic. Check The Airway The victim often loses consciousness; checking the airway by slightly placing your hand on the forehead and gently tilting the head backward is vital. Lift their chin with your two fingers and place your cheek against their mouth to detect any signs of breathing. Be sure they’re breathing well; if not, perform CPR on them to restore their system. If you don’t know how to perform CPR, leave them until help arrives or ask onlookers who know. Always let the emergency team know if they’re breathing and if you’ve administered CPR. Administer The Necessary Aid It’s always advisable to only administer first-aid in life-threatening injuries. Injuries that require advanced first-aid tools, such as broken bones, should be left to professionals. Have clothes and bandages below the spine and around broken bones to prevent movement, which worsens the damage. When they’re still enough, keeping them calm by engaging them in light conversation is essential and prevents them from passing out. Finally, treat visible bleeding through pressure application with clean clothing or bandages. Elevate the place that’s bleeding and continue to apply pressure. Treat Shock And Comfort The Victim Shock is life-threatening and common to accident victims due to the sudden unexpected impact. They’re mostly alarmed by pale skin, dilated pupils, and a rapid pulse. Shock cases are very dangerous, and in such instances, treat shock in the following ways: - Let the person lie down and raise the legs slightly for blood flow to the brain. - Perform CPR where there’s undetectable breathing. - Loosen all tight clothing. - Shade them from the sun or rain. With the rampant cases of car accidents, first-aid tips have become a necessity. Knowing what to do in the case of one can make a huge difference and even save lives. You’d want to assess the surroundings for danger and life-threatening injuries and help the victims treat either shock or difficulty in breathing, including any other manageable injuries. The seven first aid tips above will come in handy when administering help to car accident victims.

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Your cart is currently empty! Mercury has always played a part in the contamination of soil and water. From Minamata disease in Japan to loss of marine life, the toxic effects of mercury are plain to be seen. Scientists at the University of Maryland have devised a new method to remove mercury from the soil around plant roots and water. They employed a fungus called Metarhizium robertsii in their attempt. The fungus is easy to acquire, cheap, and efficient. The main aim of the experiment was to stop plants from taking up mercury present in the soil. When a crop is planted in polluted soil, it can take up toxic substances from the soil. If it is a food crop, eating parts of the contaminated plant would pass on the toxic chemicals to human bodies. With the help of this fungus, a plant can grow normally in polluted soil without taking up any mercury. The genetic make-up of the fungus, along with the observation that it survives in mercury mines, is proof that it can detoxify mercury. The fungus can also guard plant roots against herbivorous insects.

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Flaxseed, also known as linseed, is a true nutritional powerhouse that has been cherished for centuries. Packed with a myriad of health benefits and a history dating back to ancient civilizations, flaxseed is a versatile ingredient that can elevate your meals in delightful and nutritious ways. In this guide, we’ll explore the wonders of flaxseed, its fascinating history, and provide you with five creative ways to incorporate this superfood into your daily dishes. A Brief Flaxseed History Flaxseed, derived from the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum), has been cultivated for over 6,000 years. Its roots trace back to ancient Babylon, where it was revered for its versatility and nutrition. In fact, King Charlemagne of the Carolingian Empire was so convinced of its benefits that he passed laws requiring its consumption among his subjects. Throughout history, flaxseed was celebrated for its role in promoting health and vitality. Nutritional Benefits of Flaxseed The popularity of flaxseed throughout history can be attributed to its remarkable nutritional profile. These tiny seeds pack a powerful punch of nutrients, including: 1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Flaxseed is one of the richest plant sources of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid that supports heart health and reduces inflammation. 2. Fiber: Flaxseed is abundant in dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble, which aids in digestion and promotes a feeling of fullness. 3. Protein: These seeds are a source of plant-based protein, making them an excellent addition to vegetarian and vegan diets. 4. Lignans: Flaxseed is rich in lignans, which have antioxidant properties and may contribute to hormonal balance. 5. Micronutrients: Flaxseed contains essential micronutrients such as manganese, thiamine, and magnesium. Now that we’ve explored the historical significance and nutritional prowess of flaxseed, let’s dive into five creative ways to incorporate this superfood into your meals: 1. Flaxseed Rotis: A Nutrient-Packed Alternative Kickstart your flaxseed frenzy by swapping out your regular wheat rotis with Sorted’s Flaxseed Rotis. These innovative rotis are made with a base of flaxseed, blended with chia seeds, psyllium husk, and Himalayan pink salt. They’re not only delicious but also an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and protein. Use them as a base for wraps, sandwiches, or simply enjoy them with your favorite curries. These rotis are a testament to the creative ways flaxseed can be incorporated into everyday meals. 2. Flaxseed Smoothie Booster Upgrade your morning smoothie by adding a spoonful of ground flaxseed. The nutty flavor and subtle crunch of flaxseed pairs perfectly with the creamy texture of your favorite smoothie. Not only does it enhance the taste, but it also provides an extra dose of fiber, omega-3s, and protein to kickstart your day on a healthy note. 3. Flaxseed-Crusted Baked Goods For those who enjoy baking, consider using ground flaxseed as a crust or topping for baked goods. From muffins to homemade bread, flaxseed adds a delightful crunch and earthy flavor while contributing to the nutritional value of your baked creations. Replace a portion of the flour in your recipes with ground flaxseed for an added health boost. 4. Flax Eggs for Vegan Baking Flax eggs are a fantastic vegan substitute for traditional eggs in baking. To make a flax egg, simply mix one tablespoon of ground flaxseed with three tablespoons of water and let it sit for a few minutes until it becomes gel-like. This mixture works as a binding agent in recipes, perfect for vegan pancakes, cookies, and cakes. 5. Flaxseed Salad Dressing Give your salads a healthy and flavorful twist with a homemade flaxseed salad dressing. Combine ground flaxseed with olive oil, balsamic vinegar, Dijon mustard, honey (or maple syrup for a vegan option), and your favorite herbs and spices. Drizzle this nutritious dressing over your salads for an extra dose of omega-3s and a satisfying texture. Incorporating flaxseed into your meals not only enhances their flavor but also boosts their nutritional value. From flaxseed rotis to salad dressings and smoothie boosters, the creative possibilities are endless. So, embark on your flaxseed frenzy journey today and savor the taste of health with every bite. Sorted’s Flaxseed Rotis are just the beginning of a delicious and nutritious adventure that celebrates the power of flaxseed in redefining your meals.

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Uses of Foam Insulation July 4, 2022 It made use of to be that building “insulation” stimulated photos of rolls of fiberglass batting product in either pink or white/yellowish shade. Given that the late 1930s, long strips of fiberglass batting have been cut to fit in between wall surface studs and also sandwiched in between the exterior wall as well as the sheetrock inside. Fiberglass supplied far more remarkable (and also much safer) structure insulation than had actually been utilized in building for centuries. But it was and is not without a substantial health and wellness risk created from breathing in the little fiberglass particles that can break without the batting throughout handling. Safety masks, handwear covers, safety glasses, as well as apparel were basic security equipment when setting up fiberglass insulation. And also regardless of its insulating efficiency, fiberglass does not offer a truly good vapor and also air barrier if not correctly set up. A lot of today’s industrial construction tasks are being shielded with foam items that are providing greater insulation as well as other intrusion resistance than fiberglass batting. Let’s check out some of the backgrounds and also uses of foam insulation. The short story Spray foam insulation is a polyurethane item that was created in 1937 by the German commercial chemist, Otto Bayer. It was brought to the United States where it was made use of in the armed forces and also air travel jobs in the mid-1940s. After the war, the vehicle market began utilizing polyurethane polymers in automobile bodies as well as the real estate market started using it on a limited basis for shielding homes. By the 1970s, modern technology had boosted the application and price of spray insulation for usage in the building market. Today’s spray foam insulation products provide greater energy efficiency and are accomplishing increasingly boosted “green rankings.” This insulation is utilized in several housing and commercial building projects around the globe. R-value rankings, Open up Cell, and also Closed Cell foam insulation Insulation has an R-value ranking, as “a procedure of resistance to warmth circulation through a provided density.” Generally, the higher the R-value, the greater the warmth circulation resistance will be. Spray foam insulation has higher R-value ratings than fiberglass insulation Modern spray insulation utilized in construction is usually either kind: “Open up Cell” or “Shut Cell” foam. Open up Cell foam is included little foam cells that are not fully shut. Air loads the “open” space inside the product. Open-up Cell foam has an R-value of 3.4 to 4.5 per inch. Open up Cell insulation is really effective (almost twice the sound resistance as Shut Cell foam). Closed Cell foam is comprised of fully shut cells largely compacted and also filled with gas, making it possible for the foam to climb and broaden. Shut Cell foam has an R-value of 5.4 to 7.2 per inch. Shut Cell supplies exceptional insulation and also because of its greater cellular density it provides structural support to shielded surface areas. If you found this article interesting, it is very likely you will enjoy further reading at Guidance Time. Advantages of spray insulation. This insulation supplies a variety of distinct advantages when used in industrial and property construction: This insulation has no food worth significance that the foam is of no food interest to destructive bugs and also rats. Microorganisms, as well as fungal growth, can not develop on spray foam insulation due to the fact that it is an inert material. Applied in liquid kind, spray foam insulation broadens as well as adapts to all open spaces producing an “ongoing thermal envelope” that successfully seals off leakages as well as voids as well as stops bugs and vermin from entering. Spray foam insulation sticks to any kind of tidy as well as completely dry surface area, and will certainly not reduce, work out, or degenerate. Worth in business construction Spray foam insulation is much more pricey to mount than standard fiberglass insulation. However, spray foam uses substantial sound and also climate insulation benefits to almost any you can possibly imagine building application.

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Q1: What was the recent archaeological discovery in Nagaparamba? A recent archaeological salvage excavation conducted by the Kerala State Archaeology Department at Nagaparamba, near Tirunavaya in Malappuram district, revealed a large number of megalithic "hat stones." These hat stones, known as Thoppikkallu in Malayalam, were used as lids on burial urns during the megalithic period. Q2: What is the significance of the discovery? The discovery of a significant number of megalithic hat stones is crucial in understanding the burial practices and cultural aspects of the people who lived over 2,000 years ago. The unique features of the recovered earthen urns and iron implements can shed light on the life and culture of that era. Q3: Why is there a call for heritage status for Tirunavaya? Local residents and enthusiasts believe that the discovery underscores the historic significance of Tirunavaya, located on the banks of the Bharathapuzha river. With numerous archaeological sites in the area, there is a demand to declare Tirun Q1: What is the Megalithic period? The Megalithic period refers to a historical era characterized by the construction of large stone structures or monuments. It is marked by the use of massive stones to create various types of structures, including tombs, burial chambers, and other architectural features. Q2: When did the Megalithic period occur? The Megalithic period varied in different regions and cultures, but it generally occurred during the prehistoric and early historic periods. It is often associated with the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, spanning from around 3,000 BCE to 1,500 BCE. Q3: What are some common features of the Megalithic period? During the Megalithic period, people created structures using large stones, such as dolmens (table-like stone structures), menhirs (upright standing stones), cairns (stone burial mounds), and thoppikkallu (hemispherical stones used as lids for burial urns). These structures were often associated with burial practices and are found in various parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Q4: What was the purpose of megalithic structures? Megalithic structures served various purposes, including burial sites for the deceased, ceremonial or religious activities, and marking significant locations. They provide valuable insights into the cultural and social practices of ancient societies. Q5: Where can megalithic structures be found? Megalithic structures are found in different parts of the world, including Europe (such as Stonehenge in England), Asia (India, Korea, Japan), Africa (Nubia, Mali), and the Americas. These structures reflect the diversity of cultures and their ways of memorializing the dead and commemorating important events. Q6: What do megalithic structures reveal about ancient societies? Megalithic structures provide information about the technological, architectural, and artistic skills of ancient societies. They also give insights into their religious beliefs, social organization, burial customs, and their connection to the landscape. Q7: How are megalithic structures studied today? Modern archaeologists and researchers study megalithic structures through excavations, analyses of artifacts, and documentation of their architectural features. These studies help unravel the cultural significance of these structures and shed light on the lives of ancient peoples

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JACKSON, Miss.- The Mississippi Department of Transportation is reminding motorists to slow down on the roads because deer are on the move. As the weather gets cooler, the leaves begin to fall, and days become shorter, Mississippi’s deer are beginning to become more active.Mississippi drivers should be more cautious on the roads this time of year considering the high number of driving incidents that occur involving deer. “Mississippi averages over 3,000 deer-related crashes per year,” said MDOT Executive Director Melinda McGrath. “The increase in vehicle-deer crashes in the fall and winter months is partially a result of higher traffic volumes, higher vehicle speed and shorter daylight hours.” MDOT has listed a few advisories for motorists to help avoid collisions with deer: - Watch for deer and drive with extreme caution If you see one deer near the road, slow down and expect to see more. - Watch for deer especially around dawn and dusk. 20% of crashes happen in the morning and more than half happen between 5 p.m. and midnight. - Always buckle up. - At night use your bright lights when there is no approaching vehicle, they pick up on the glow of the eyes of a deer much easier. Avoid driving distracted and always play it safe on the road.

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Itis estimated that there are more than forty categories of "workers in metal" who have the suffix "smith". "Brownsmith" is today amongst the rarer versions and was originally given to one who worked in an alloy coloured brown (probably Bronze) as against a "Greensmith" who worked in Copper and a Whitesmith who worked in Tin. In all cases the surnames were usually shortened to Brown, Green and White - hence the popularity of these variants. Oddly enough a "Smith" was not someone who worked in metal but a warrior, the name deriving from"one who Smote".The early recordings include William Brown-Smyth in the Somerset Rolls of 1327, who was reported as being "a worker in Copper and Brass". The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Thomas Le Brounesmyth, which was dated 1296, The City Rolls of Wakefield, Yorkshire, during the reign of King Edward I, The Hammer of the Scots, 1272 - 1307. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. © Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2024

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Winniford wonderfully illustrates and interprets the culture of a small, isolated community of Texas as it existed some fifty years ago. She examines the different cultural trends and distinctive storytelling modes of both sides of her family through analogy with the two graveyards where four generations of her family are buried. Just as the two graveyards reflect contrasting lifestyles and value systems, so do the stories told by the two branches of Winniford's family. On her father's side, stories were told at family gatherings on holiday, during farm activities such as hog killings and cotton picking, and even while taking refuge from vile Texas weather in the storm cellar. Storytellers, who were usually men, told their engaging stories to a boisterous audience. On the other hand, among members of the maternal side of her family, women were the chief storytellers, and their stories, which emphasized moral lessons and the supernatural, were told to a more quiet and intense audience, either in the privacy of the home or, in memorable instances, while working on the upkeep of graveyards. With this collection of tales told through a variety of voices, Winniford recreates the personalities of the original storytellers and the situations in which their tales were shared and gives analytic insight into folklore. Folklore scholars, Texas history enthusiasts, or anyone who likes a good story is invited to join Winniford on her journey home. About the Author Published by Texas A&M University Press

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Empowering Minorities in Policy Advocacy: Breaking Barriers for a More Inclusive Society Written By Ruth-Simone Lee, Legal Policy Advisor A consistent theme in English society is the persistent barriers faced by ethnic minorities when it comes to policy advocacy, a key formative process preventing them from being involved in the decision-making procedures that quite plainly shape their lives and those of the people around them. Although minority communities comprise over 14% of the voting population, there is a glaring disparity in which minority voices are often stifled through underrepresentation during the policy-development process. This demonstrates an urgent need for systemic change and greater integration of the perspectives of such a key demographic through the creation of inclusive spaces. Promoting and empowering the involvement of minorities in policy advocacy is categorically crucial and significant in addressing the persistent barriers they encounter. By actively disassembling these obstacles, we can cultivate a society that is more inclusive and equitable, recognizing and incorporating the diverse perspectives and needs of minority communities into the policies that shape our collective future. Understanding the Barriers To thoroughly dismantle the typical hurdles confronted by minority groups in the UK when participating in policy advocacy, it is categorically essential to examine and scrutinize the specific difficulties they encounter within the UK context. These challenges include: - Limited representation in decision-making bodies: Underrepresented minority communities frequently encounter a lack of inclusion in pivotal decision-making entities, including parliamentary committees and advisory boards. This deficiency in representation results in the formulation of policies that may not sufficiently address their distinct needs and concerns. - Lack of diversity in policymaking processes: The policymaking procedures in the UK often showcase a lack of diversity, characterised by limited input from minority communities. This absence of diverse perspectives can lead to policies that overlook the complete spectrum of experiences and needs of minority groups, thereby perpetuating systemic inequalities. - Institutionalised biases and discrimination: Systemic biases and discriminatory practices within institutions may impede the influence of minority communities in policy advocacy. Unconscious biases have the potential to influence and shape policymakers’ perceptions and decisions, potentially neglecting the distinctive perspectives and needs of minority groups. - Socioeconomic disparities: Substantial socioeconomic gaps present formidable obstacles to effective policy advocacy for minority groups. Constrained access to resources, education and employment prospects can undermine and diminish their ability to actively engage in advocacy initiatives. - Language and cultural barriers: Effective communication and engagement between policymakers and minority communities can be hindered due to language and cultural barriers. Limited proficiency in the primary language used in policy discussions may marginalise their voices, impeding their capacity to articulate their concerns and needs effectively. - Access to resources and funding: The limited availability of resources and funding can hinder the capabilities of minority-led advocacy groups to actively engage in policy advocacy. Inadequate financial and organisational resources may constrain their ability to undertake effective research, formulate evidence-based proposals, and sustain long-term advocacy initiatives. - Limited awareness and understanding of minority issues: The effectiveness of the policy-making process can be hindered by limited awareness and understanding of minority groups’ issues and needs amongst policymakers. Awareness can significantly be improved through advocating and promoting greater education and dialogue between policymakers and minorities. Through this process, the importance of addressing and tackling these unique difficulties faced by minority communities will become apparent and easier to challenge. Overcoming the Barriers Empowering minority communities in policy advocacy demands collective efforts and collaboration between policymakers and our communities. The implementation of the following strategies can help surmount these barriers, and pave the way for the establishment of a more inclusive and representative society: - Advocating for greater diversity and inclusivity: Further initiatives and efforts should be undertaken to foster diversity and inclusiveness within decision-making bodies. This includes advocating for increased representation of minority communities in parliamentary committees, advisory boards, and other key policy forums. - Challenging implicit biases and discrimination: Addressing and confronting institutionalized biases and discrimination is crucial to overcoming obstacles that hinder the influence and impact of minority groups. This can be achieved through awareness campaigns, training programs, and policy initiatives aimed at promoting fair and equitable outcomes. - Addressing socioeconomic disparities: By designing policies and programs that specifically address and target socioeconomic disparities, the barriers that hinder the influence of minority communities can be challenged. This could involve initiatives to improve access to resources, education, and employment opportunities, thereby empowering minority communities to engage more effectively. - Providing language support and creating inclusive spaces: Initiatives should be made to offer language support and establish inclusive environments for individuals with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This can include translation services, targeted outreach, and the promotion of culturally sensitive policy dialogues. - Ensuring access to resources and funding: It is vital to support and enhance the resource base for advocacy groups led by minorities. This can be achieved through funding opportunities, capacity-building programs, and partnerships with organisations committed to promoting equity and social justice. - Promoting awareness and understanding: Increased education and dialogue are necessary to heighten awareness about issues affecting minorities among policymakers. Engaging in targeted outreach efforts, community dialogues, and educational programs can help. Empowering minorities in policy advocacy is not solely about justice and equality; it also represents a pivotal stride toward constructing a more inclusive and representative society. By addressing and tackling the obstacles minority groups encounter, we can instigate meaningful change and guarantee that the voices of minority communities are acknowledged and esteemed in decision-making processes. To achieve this, it requires collective action, collaboration, and commitment from advocacy organisations, community groups, policymakers, and stakeholders. It demands the recognition and amplification of diverse perspectives and experiences. Through collaborative efforts, we can create and shape a policy landscape that mirrors the needs, aspirations, and voices of every segment of society. Empowering minorities in policy advocacy stands as a crucial stride toward fostering a more just and equitable future for the United Kingdom, where the rights and contributions of every individual are acknowledged and respected. To collaborate with the Black Policy Institute (TBPI), individuals and organisations can engage in research partnerships, participate in policy advocacy efforts, take advantage of training and capacity-building programs. Lastly, collaboration can be achieved by providing financial support through donations and fundraisers. By working together with TBPI, we can promote policies that work for the collective, amplify the voices of Black communities, and create meaningful change towards racial equity and justice in the UK.

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Gluten-free diets have become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people opting to avoid gluten for medical or lifestyle reasons. For those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, eating gluten can cause serious health issues, so having access to gluten-free versions of popular foods is extremely important. One of the most iconic snack foods around is Oreos – the classic chocolate sandwich cookies with creme filling. In 2012, Oreo released a gluten-free version of their famous cookies, providing a gluten-free alternative for consumers. However, there has been some skepticism about whether these gluten-free Oreos are really free of gluten. In this article, we’ll take an in-depth look at gluten-free Oreos to try to determine if they really are gluten-free or not. We’ll examine how they’re made, what testing has revealed about gluten content, and whether there are any risks for people with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity to consume them. Getting the facts is crucial for making an informed decision about whether these cookies are suitable for a gluten-free diet. What Makes a Food Gluten-Free? Before diving into the specifics on gluten-free Oreos, it’s helpful to understand what criteria a food needs to meet to be considered gluten-free. For a food to be labeled as gluten-free in the United States, it must contain less than 20 parts per million (ppm) of gluten. This threshold was determined based on research showing that the majority of people with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity can tolerate these trace amounts without reacting. Therefore, for Oreos or any other food to be legitimately marketed as gluten-free, any detectable gluten from wheat, barley, rye or their derivatives must be under 20 ppm. Anything above this level is not considered gluten-free. Some key things to know about the gluten-free label standard: - The 20 ppm threshold applies to all foods labeled as “gluten-free,” “free of gluten,” “without gluten,” “no gluten” or similar claims. - The standard applies to raw ingredients as well as final food products. - Gluten levels can be tested using validated scientific methods, like ELISA testing. - The labeling regulation is enforced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This 20 ppm cutoff is a critical component in evaluating whether gluten-free Oreos contain gluten or not. All ingredients and the final cookies need to be below this level in order to comply with the gluten-free labeling standard. How Are Gluten-Free Oreos Made? To understand if gluten-free Oreos really are gluten-free, it’s important to look at what goes into making them. Here is an overview of the ingredients and production process: According to the product packaging, gluten-free Oreos contain the following ingredients: - Rice flour - Chocolate liquor processed with alkali - High oleic canola and/or palm and/or coconut oil - Leavening (baking soda and/or calcium phosphate) - Soy lecithin The main flour used is rice flour rather than the wheat flour typically used in regular Oreos. The other ingredients – like sugar, oils, cocoa, leavening agents, and flavors – are inherently gluten-free. According to Oreo’s parent company Mondelez International, gluten-free Oreos are produced in a dedicated gluten-free bakery in Mexico. They use a combination of testing and sanitation procedures to prevent gluten cross-contact: - Gluten-free ingredients are used and all equipment is thoroughly cleaned before production. - Finished cookies are tested to verify gluten levels are below 10 ppm. - The facility conducts additional sanitation and testing procedures daily. Additionally, gluten-free Oreos are produced on equipment used only for gluten-free items, not shared with products containing gluten. They also undergo separate handling and storage procedures to prevent contact with gluten prior to packaging. So in theory, based on the ingredients list and manufacturing practices, gluten-free Oreos should live up to their name and be gluten-free products. But is that truly the case in reality? Third-Party Gluten Testing To corroborate that gluten-free Oreos contain less than 20 ppm of gluten, consumer groups and gluten-free certification organizations have conducted additional third-party testing on the cookies. Here are the results of some independent gluten tests: Gluten Free Watchdog Gluten Free Watchdog, led by Tricia Thompson, MS, RD, is a trusted authority often turned to by consumers for analysis of gluten-free claims. They purchased boxes of gluten-free Oreos from three different store locations and lot codes. Testing via ELISA methodology detected: - No gluten in one sample (below 5 ppm) - 7.5 ppm of gluten in another sample - 6.8 ppm of gluten in the third sample All results were below the 20 ppm cutoff for gluten-free labeling. Based on their third-party testing, Gluten Free Watchdog verified that the gluten-free Oreo samples contained very low levels of gluten – under 8 ppm. Consumer Reports performed ELISA testing on two samples of gluten-free Oreos purchased from separate stores. The results showed: - Sample 1 contained less than 5 ppm of gluten - Sample 2 contained about 10 ppm of gluten Again, the gluten levels were confirmed to be below 20 ppm and meeting the requirements for gluten-free labeling. Gluten-free Oreos carry the GFCO (Gluten-Free Certification Organization) certification, meaning the cookies have passed GFCO’s program standards and testing protocols verifying their gluten-free status. GFCO conducts immunoassay testing of products every quarter. Their certification provides added assurance that gluten-free Oreos consistently meet the strict standards to be considered gluten-free foods. Are Gluten-Free Oreos Really Gluten-Free? The Verdict Based on the ingredient list, manufacturing precautions, and third-party gluten testing results, gluten-free Oreos do appear to live up to their gluten-free claim. The various testing data consistently shows gluten levels in the cookies to be under 20 ppm – the FDA threshold for using a gluten-free labeling. Additionally, the oversight and certification by GFCO provides further evidence that gluten-free Oreos adhere to strict standards in order to be compliant with U.S. regulations. The ingredients, production methods, and finished product testing all indicate that gluten-free Oreos are made according to current food safety protocols for gluten-free foods. While occasional consumer complaints of reactions do exist, the objective testing strongly supports that gluten-free Oreos are in fact gluten-free according to the FDA definition and safe for gluten-free diets when consumed in moderation. Individual sensitivities can vary, but overall the gluten-free label seems to be an accurate description of these popular cookies. Some Important Considerations It’s also important to keep the following context in mind: - Gluten tests have limitations. There is no test method that can guarantee absolutely zero gluten. The ELISA tests used can only detect gluten down to certain minimal levels (between 5-10 ppm). - Products made in facilities handling gluten also handle some risk of trace exposure. Dedicated equipment and thorough protocols used by Oreo help minimize this risk. - Oats are inherently gluten-free but often get contaminated with wheat. Oreo’s producer specifies their oats are uncontaminated, but oat supply chain issues have existed. - Label reading for allergen warnings is still advised for those with celiac disease or wheat allergy, even with “gluten-free” labels. So while gluten-free Oreos are considered safe for most gluten-free diets, these factors illustrate why some debate still exists around products made without gluten-containing ingredients. However, overall the evidence indicates that gluten-free Oreos contain very low, if any, traces of gluten and can be part of a gluten-free diet when consumed in moderation. Frequently Asked Questions Here are answers to some common questions about gluten-free Oreos: Are gluten-free Oreos really dairy-free too? No, gluten-free Oreos are not dairy-free. While they do not contain gluten from wheat, barley or rye, they do contain ingredients derived from dairy. Both regular and gluten-free Oreo recipes include whey powder, a dairy product. So those with dairy allergies or following a vegan diet should avoid Oreos and opt for a dairy-free cookie instead. Where can I find gluten-free Oreos in grocery stores? Gluten-free Oreos can be found in the gluten-free sections of major grocery store chains. They are typically stocked together with other gluten-free specialty products. Gluten-free Oreos may also be available for purchase online from grocery or specialty food websites. Are gluten-free Oreos made in the same facility as regular Oreos? No, gluten-free Oreos have their own dedicated manufacturing facility in Mexico. They are produced on separate equipment from regular Oreos containing gluten. This helps avoid any risk of cross-contamination that could occur if produced in a shared facility. Do gluten-free Oreos taste the same as original Oreos? Most consumers find that the taste of gluten-free Oreo cookies is very similar to original Oreos. Since the iconic chocolate cookie and sweet creme filling recipe remains largely the same, the gluten-free version offers a comparable flavor experience to the original. Of course taste is subjective, but many find gluten-free Oreos to be a good replica of the well-loved Oreo flavor. Are there other flavors of gluten-free Oreos besides original? Currently only the original chocolate and creme gluten-free Oreos are available. Nabisco’s specialty flavor Oreos, like Golden or Mint creme, are not labeled gluten-free at this time. So gluten-free consumers are limited to enjoying just the traditional chocolate gluten-free Oreo option for now. The Bottom Line When you see a “gluten-free” claim on a food product, it’s smart to examine that claim further to determine if it holds up. In the case of gluten-free Oreos, a look at the ingredients, manufacturing process, and independent testing provides strong evidence that these cookies do meet the less than 20 ppm standard to be considered gluten-free. While no food is 100% guaranteed gluten-free, the testing results of under 10 ppm indicate gluten levels in these cookies are very low. For most people with gluten intolerance, gluten-free Oreos are considered a safe treat option without risk of a reaction when enjoying them in moderation as part of an overall healthy gluten-free diet. Just be sure to double check labels since ingredients can change over time.

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Like super-villains, most philosophers start out with good intentions. They aim to answer big questions of general interest, like what distinguishes right from wrong or how flesh can give rise to consciousness. But they frequently end up in a baroque lair of their own making, surrounded by thought experiments which have no clear relation to the pressing issues they were meant to be addressing. Take the time-travelling egg. The key philosophical question is counterfactual in nature: what would have happened if someone who in fact cracked an egg into a frying pan had not done so? Let’s say it was Noam Chomsky who cracked an egg this morning. One might presume that if he hadn’t done so, he wouldn’t have eaten a fried egg for breakfast; he’d have had something else instead. Academic philosophers have raised an alternative possibility: What if Noam had eaten an egg exactly as before, except he never put it into the pan, it was just there? Answering this question has been a matter of significant debate in philosophical journals in recent years. It has led to an investigation of how egg cooking looks if we run time backwards, Tenet style—but it’s Tenet for molecular physicists, so instead of rewinding the tape we reverse the laws of physics. In tenure-granting work, Professor Adam Elga showed¹ how this reverse egg cracking looks at the molecular level and how, with a little jiggling of molecules, the egg cracking would never have occurred. To start, Elga considers Chomsky’s breakfast cooking in the conventional manner, from start to finish. Gravity pulls the liquid egg molecules out of the open shell, the mass of egg accelerates downwards until it hits the pan below, creating a downwards force on the pan, and an outward vibration of air waves, which we perceive as a splat sound. Next, heat from the pan is transferred into the egg molecules and the egg cooks. Physics not only gives us the vocabulary to describe this process but shows how the sequence of events is determined: from the positions and velocities of the egg molecules at the point of cracking (along with background conditions), the laws of physics entail the precise sequence of events that will follow. Even better, they can run in reverse. Reducing science to cliché, since every action has an equal and opposite reaction, it’s possible to work backwards, deducing the action from the reaction with complete precision. In Elga’s example, at the time at which the egg has been cooked, the velocities of the egg molecules, along with those of the pan and surrounding atmosphere determine the manner in which it was cracked. The laws of physics, if we apply them backwards, entail that the cooked egg gives up heat to the pan, thereby uncooking itself, then waves of air and vibrations of pan molecules converge on the egg, propelling it back up into the shell. The convergence of waves required to push an egg upwards into its shell is a highly delicate process. If the position of the molecules were slightly different, the vibrational waves would not converge on the egg appropriately and would instead dissipate, leaving the egg there cooked all along. Therefore, Elga can create a scenario in which Chomsky had an egg for breakfast without ever cracking it: Take the actual world at the time the egg was cooked and jiggle the egg molecules slightly, then use the laws of physics to determine its past and future. Whereas Tenet’s improbably accented Kenneth Branaugh must reverse-detonate a nuclear bomb, if he is to destroy the world, all the philosopher-villain has to do to realize their scheme is blow onto an egg. Though fun to imagine, this thought experiment seems a caricature of academic excess: baffling and irrelevant. It’s hard to distinguish these real-life philosophers from the protagonist in Percival Everett’s 2022 farce, Dr. No, who studies the concept of “nothing” fanatically, and, if asked whether he’s learned anything from his research, answers, “I certainly hope not.” The egg debate came about, though, from an earnest attempt to unpack the mysteries of time through questions such as why the past seems fixed while the future is open, and why causes must precede effects. Why a question as momentous and all-encompassing as the nature of time could be thought to depend upon something as tendentious as Elga’s counterfactual scenario is puzzling. Philosophers like Elga found themselves convinced of this by following the intellectual clues step by step, each one seemingly reasonable, but the end point absurd. The original philosophical problems with time and causality arose from Newton’s science and Hume’s imagination. Newtonian physics is symmetric regarding time—past is determined by future just as much as future by past. Newtonian laws do not provide a sense in which what happened in the past is fixed but what will happen in the future is undetermined. Even worse, relativity treats time and space as somewhat interchangeable, which makes claiming that events in the past always cause events in the future seem as arbitrary as claiming events in the north always cause events in the south. But time is the domain of physics. If it can’t distinguish past and future, what can? Hume, meanwhile, challenged the idea that causes necessitate effects. Where we see one ball hit another, causing it to bounce off, Hume just saw a discrete sequence of events: first one ball moves in one direction, then the balls get in close proximity, then there’s a sound and the balls move in different directions. Hume imagined possibility working like Borges’ library of Babel. Just as in the library, there is a book containing every mathematically possible permutation of letters, regardless of sense or spelling. In the realm of possibility, there is a way the world could have turned out corresponding to each mathematically feasible path a set of objects could have taken through space and time. We can coherently imagine any number of paths for the balls that in fact collide, such as one flying up in the air or both vanishing entirely: there’s no necessary connection between the sequence of events that actually occur. Academic cult hero David Lewis thought he had a way to solve these puzzles: measuring the closeness of possibilities. Just as one book in Borges’ library might share many pages with another, while a third has no commonality at all, one possible world might have a very similar sequence of events as our own, while another has no overlap. Importantly for philosophers, there is a logical system governing the closeness of possible worlds, giving them the sheen of scientific respectability—imposing some order upon Hume’s imagination. Though virtually anything is possible, only some possibilities occur in worlds close to our own, and this underpins causality. Chomsky caused the egg to crack by tapping it on the pan, because in a possible world resembling our own in which he doesn’t tap the egg, it doesn’t crack. There are other possible worlds in which the egg cracks of its own volition, but these are much further from ours. The tragic plight of Borges’ librarians was not due simply to the library’s size but due to its disorder—the books that might aid them were buried among countless volumes of nonsense, and they had no index to guide them. Conversely, the profusion of possible worlds need not threaten causality if a structure of resemblance can be imposed upon them. Using this structure, Lewis thought he could distinguish past and future. It’s easier to take a book and, through a slight plot twist midway through, create a completely different ending than to take the second half of a book and reverse engineer a completely different, but still coherent beginning. Similarly, Lewis argued that we can imagine worlds with an identical past to our own but, through a slight tweak, end up with a completely different future.Worlds with identical futures but divergent pasts are, however, much more far fetched. Consider a world with an identical past to our own, up to the moment right before Chomsky cracked his egg. Then, a slight tweak occurred whereby one of Chomsky’s neurons misfired, so he changed his mind on what to eat, leading to a different future. This world resembles our own both in past events and in the general rules for how objects behave. On the other hand, it’s much harder to imagine a world with an identical future to our own post-egg-cracking but with a slight tweak to create a different past. In the future, Chomsky has a memory of turning the stove on, there is a cooked egg in the pan, an eggshell in the bin, and all kinds of other evidence that he cracked the egg then cooked it—no tweak can account for all that. That we can have possible worlds with identical pasts, small tweaks to the present and divergent futures, but not worlds with identical futures, small tweaks to the present and divergent pasts, Lewis thought, provides an explanation for why causes precede effects. Here is where the backwards eggs speak. Adam Elga created his scenario to prove Lewis wrong. Though it’s hard to imagine a world with matching futures and diverging pasts, he argued, we don’t actually need to. All we have to do is jiggle some molecules then run the laws of physics in reverse and we are guaranteed the desired result, even if we don’t know quite how to describe it. The backwards egg scenario seems to show that when it comes to nearby possible worlds, past and future are symmetric. Just as with Borges’ library, the structuring codex that would allow us to make sense of the space of possible worlds remains hidden. Does this mean there is no causality or that the future is not open to change? Or, do we just need to redouble our efforts at examining counterfactual eggs—perhaps quantum rather than simply molecular physics? It feels, however, like something has gone awry. The nature of time and causality don’t seem like the kind of things that should hinge on this genre of minutiae. This narrative isn’t a one-off. Time and again, investigating an important philosophical concept in a reasonable-seeming manner draws philosophers into a maze of ever more byzantine hypotheticals. Considerations about the nature of identity lead to interminable discussions of faulty teleportation machines. Analyzing immoral actions leads to the notorious trolley problem. Trying to understand perception leads to worries of deceiving demons and brains in vats (a scenario so ubiquitous that BIV has entered the philosophical vernacular). Descartes, like many a naïve philosopher, thought discussing his hypothetical demon was the first step in an argument that would allow him to return to his initial concerns about perception with a newfound certainty. Instead, centuries later, philosophers are discussing ever more elaborate deceivers and have given up on certainty altogether—across philosophy, the return to the big, fiery, motivating questions never happens. We remain stuck in the frying pan in perpetuity. This isn’t meant to be a condemnation of philosophy but the presentation of a mystery. When looking at philosophers’ reasoning, there’s no clear point at which they went wrong. Wittgenstein tried to explain the universal flaw in the philosophical approach, but ended up tangled in considerations just baffling than those he was critiquing—a beetle in a box instead of an egg in a pan. Trying to answer important questions inevitably leads to an investigation of irresolvable hypotheticals that it feels like the original question could not possibly be contingent upon. Everrett’s Dr. No reads as a farce but in a sense, it takes its subject matter incredibly seriously. It imagines a world in which philosophy is real—in which the fundamental nature of the world really does turn on the kind of scenarios philosophers dissect, so that when the protagonist thinks up a powerful enough paradox about the concept of nothingness, the entire universe is nullified. In this world, making the wrong argument about a backwards egg could cause past and future to collapse into each other—the scenario Tenet’s Protagonist fought so desperately to avoid. Instead, we live in a world where philosophical questions function like quantum particles—behaving very weirdly when we look at them too closely, but otherwise not causing much trouble. One would think that if looking at a particle can change its very nature, when physicists started doing so, this would have some pretty significant ramifications for the physical world.It turns out, though, that once we exit the laboratory, objects continue behaving as they always have. Similarly, the fact that rigorously interrogating our world-structuring concepts confuses them to the point of nonsense would seem to undermine our ability to make sense of the world, but after putting down the philosophy book we do just fine. Neither Schrodinger’s cat nor Wittgenstein’s beetle cause problems as long as we don’t try to open their receptacles. Where does that leave philosophers? Despite universally failing to answer the questions they set out to address, their work does keep propelling advances in other disciplines—from logic to linguistics to psychology—with uncanny regularity. Even if they’re not doing what they intend, it seems like they’re doing something. A protagonist doesn’t have to understand their story to be its hero. - Elga, Adam. "Statistical mechanics and the asymmetry of counterfactual dependence." Philosophy of Science 68.S3 (2001): S313-S324.

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Automobile Information: School Bus Safety | Car Title Loans For a student, taking a school bus is much safer than taking a car. This is due to the many safety regulations applied to buses that are not applied to cars, as a car isn’t specifically designed to transport children. In addition, the design of buses is meant to protect children in case of an accident. However, that doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t be careful in and around buses. For example, simply making sure to walk across the street in front of a bus rather than behind can save children from cars that don’t stop quickly enough or don’t expect a kid coming from that direction. Whether you’re driving or riding the bus yourself, it’s important to do what you can to keep everyone safe. Stay Safe at the Stop The number one safety tip for getting on buses is to stay out of the road. This seems like an obvious concept, but children will often step off the curb to meet the vehicle. It’s risky and unsafe. Kids waiting for the school bus should take three steps back from the curb when the bus arrives to make sure that they’re well out of the road and visible to the bus driver. Sometimes, the stop is on the opposite side of the road from where you need to be. While a bus has lights and signs to protect children from automobile traffic, it’s still important to look left, right, and then left again before you cross in front of the bus. You should also cross far enough in front of the bus that you’re visible to the driver. They will motion to you when it’s safe to cross the street in front of the bus. Never cross the street behind the bus: The driver can’t see you or help you, and you may be at risk of being hit by a car back there. If you’re driving yourself to or from school and encounter a school bus, make sure that you keep an eye out for kids who might be crossing the street. Also, if you meet a school bus that’s stopped to let kids on or off, you should stop at least 10 feet back; wait until the flashing red lights stop and the bus starts moving to proceed. In many places, this is the law. - Safety Tips for Going Back to School - School Bus Safety Tips - Bus Stop Safety - Safety Checklist for Bus Stops - Facts About School Buses and Safety - School Bus Safety: Top Tips Stay Safe on the Bus As kids, it’s drilled into our heads to wear seat belts whenever we’re in an automobile. However, many buses don’t have seat belts, and that’s OK. Buses are designed with safety in mind: The seats are self-contained shock absorbers, and the huge size of buses means that the force is distributed across the entire vehicle. That makes it safe to not wear seat belts on full-size buses. The best way to be safe is to listen to the bus driver and stay in your seat. The seats can’t absorb the energy of a crash if you’re standing in the aisle. The driver has been trained on the best safety practices and is trying their best to keep you safe. Don’t overload seats with more people than can comfortably fit, stay seated and facing forward, and you’ll arrive at school safely. - Buses Safest Vehicles for Children - School Bus Safety Tips for Students and Drivers - Seat Belts, School Buses, and Safety - Seat Belts and School Buses - Why Aren’t Seat Belts Required on School Buses? - About Compartmentalization on School Buses - How Safe Are School Buses? To and From the Bus Stop Part of taking school buses is getting to and from the stop every day. This requires a knowledge of basic road safety for any child. When kids start going to school, they are often too young to walk to the bus stop themselves and must be accompanied, but as they grow older, they can start making the walk themselves. If you’re driving to and from school, keep an eye out for kids near bus stops to keep them safe. If you’re walking to or from the bus stop, always look both ways before crossing the street. Stay on the sidewalk or curb; stay out of the street unless there’s no other option. If there’s no sidewalk, walk against traffic so you can see all oncoming vehicles. If it gets dark before you get home, you should be wearing reflective clothing or a reflective backpack to make you more visible to drivers.

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What is a Electric Generator, how it works and partsWhat is an electric generator? The electric generator is one of the most demanded devices on the market because of its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, but have you ever wondered how it works? The key to the operation of the electric generator is in the so-called Faraday Law , which states, verbatim, that in order for an electric current to be generated there must be a movement between the conductor and the magnetic field since “the voltage induced in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the speed with which the magnetic flux that crosses any surface with the circuit as an edge changes over time ”. In other words, the electric generator uses a magnetic field to generate a movement of electrons and produce electrical energy. Exactly, when assembling the conductive coil to a continuous electric current, a change in the magnetic field flux is achieved, which interacts with the poles of the magnet and causes the coil to rotate on itself producing a psychomotor force capable of transforming into electrical energy . This is because if an external circuit is connected to the coil terminals, this voltage will generate current through this circuit, which will be energy that will be transmitted to the load. Therefore, the mechanical energy that rotates the coil is converted into electrical energy What is an electric generator inverter?An inverter generator is one that can filter the sine wave to generate a pure wave with the magnitude and frequency that is needed and thus overcome the negative and positive elements. In other words, this technology allows the regulator to emit a stable electric current that neutralizes the vulnerability of your electrical appliances and appliances to scattered sine waves and of poor quality. What is a single phase electric generator?Also known in English as a single-phase generator, a single-phase generator is a sinusoidal generator for the production, distribution and consumption of electrical energy consisting of two terminals and a single alternating current that conducts a single 110-volt line. What is a three phase electric generator?On the other hand, a three-phase generator , known in English as three-phase generator, is a sinus generator made up of three single-phase alternating currents connected in a triangle or a star. One of the great advantages of three-phase generators is that they have a higher performance of the receivers, especially in motors How do electric generators work and what components are involved in their operation? An electric generator consists of four indispensable parts. The armature or winding, which in turn is made up of spirals that rotate with their tips cut the induction lines of the magnetic field and introduce current and maintain it while the spirals are in motion. The group completes the brushes, which are responsible for externalizing the generated current, and the collector, which are welded rings. To operate, the current that this generator gives to the outside through the brushes, reverses its direction every time the armature or winding turns. Each time this happens, the intensity increases from zero to a certain value, decreases to zero again and thus changes its value in the same way. Parts of an Electric GeneratorThe electric generator is composed of a series of elements through which it manages to operate correctly. - Motor - It is the most important part because it is the source of the initial mechanical force. - Alternator - It is responsible for the production of electrical output and mechanical input in electric generators. - Stator : The fixed outside part of the machine where the induced coils that produce the electric current are located. The stator is placed on a metal housing that supports it. - Rotor : This is the moving component that rotates inside the stator and that causes the inductive magnetic field generated by the induced winding. - Fuel system - Depending on the electric generator model, it will have a capacity or another, although the average is a range of 6 to 8 hours. - Voltage regulator - This element transforms the AC voltage into DC. - Cooling and exhaust systems - It is responsible for monitoring that the electric generator does not overheat and is used as a route to the outside. - Lubrication systems - Lubrication guarantees the fluidity and durability of the activities of the electric generator.

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Golden ratio is the perfect aesthetically pleasing ratio of objects and patterns that occurs in the nature everywhere. Mathematically golden ratio is equal to 1.61. It has been witnessed abundantly in the nature by scientists, surgeons, painters, sculptors, mathematicians, astronomers and biologists. This is why now many artists and engineers include golden ratio in their projects so that the finished products appeals naturally to everyone. With the help of Golden Ratio software, you can not only measure the golden ratio based sections of any objects or picture but you can divide some object in the golden ratio itself. For example, if you want to use a pen tablet (Wacom Bamboo pen tablet comes to mind) to draw a picture of someone’s face on your computer, you can use Golden Ratio to ensure that everything is drawn using the golden ratio principle. The program shows two transparent windows – a stencil and a measurement tool. The first tool (stencil) can be superimposed over a picture to divide it into golden ratio sections. It can be rotated and resized to fit any object on your screen. You can also use a grid to cover the screen for easy measurement of all the sections. The second tool is then used to measure different parts that follow the golden ratio rule. Golden Ratio software can be used in more ways than one. You can use it when editing photographs to make them much more pleasing to the eyes. You can use it when creating new art on your computer. You can use it to analyze the existing paintings of great artists like Leonardo da Vinci and see how they have painted such beautiful portraits. You can also use it to measure distances and angles of anything visible on your computer screen. You can download Golden Ratio from http://www.markuswelz.de/software2/index.html.

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A colonoscopy may be the best test for finding colorectal cancer, but its true claim to fame is preventing colorectal cancers. The key is the detection rate of precancerous polyps called adenomas, which varies from 7 percent to 53 percent depending on the skill of the colonoscopy practitioner. For each 1 percent increase in the adenoma detection rate (ADR), the risk of developing colorectal cancer within five years of a colonoscopy is reduced by 3 percent to 6 percent. The most experienced colonoscopists have been able to reduce their patients’ cancer risk by 82 percent. AI can improve detection rate Promising new research at UC Irvine indicates that colonoscopies aided by artificial intelligence (AI) software can dramatically improve ADR, even among highly proficient colonoscopists. The research is being conducted by a team led by UCI Health gastroenterologist Dr. William E. Karnes, who is working with AI specialists at DocBot, a company that began through UCI Applied Innovation. Essentially, all colorectal cancers start as a benign precancerous polyp, Karnes said. The most common of these are adenomas, which have a mean dwell time of 10-plus years to progress from normal tissue to colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for finding adenomas and is the only test capable of removing all adenomas found in the colon. Karnes and Professor Pierre Baldi in the UCI Department of Computer Science first developed a proof-of-concept algorithm to spot signs of an adenoma, based on a database of polyp images that Karnes and his gastroenterology team assembled. The plan is to test it this summer in real time during colonoscopies. The first round of testing involved the use of videos taken during previous colonoscopies and reviewed afterward. Early results are promising “We had three experts at UCI with very high ADRs review the videos,” said Karnes, director of the high-risk colon cancer program and of colonoscopy quality at UCI’s H.H. Chao Digestive Disease Center. “We had them mark every polyp they saw. On first review, they found about 20 percent more polyps than the original colonoscopist had removed. Then they viewed it with an AI overlay; AI found all the polyps they had discovered, plus about 20 percent more polyps than even they did.” The software operates on a standard desktop machine, processing 98 images per second, which is nearly four times faster than required for live video. Up next: testing during colonoscopies The important next step is to test the software during actual colonoscopies. “We have to make sure the interface is absolutely perfect for real-time colonoscopy,” Karnes said. “Once we’ve achieved that, we’ll be ready to do our randomized study. We’ll see — with the overlay and without it — if the AI increases the rate of polyp discovery.” If the software operates as expected, it will warn the colonoscopist during the procedure when it identifies tissue showing signs of being a polyp and should be removed. With such assistance, AI could bring all colonoscopists, including those with low ADR rates, to top ADR levels, and ensure that patients are getting a high-detection procedure no matter who their doctors are. Eventually, Karnes said, the plan is to take the software to the point where it can identify which polyps are benign and don’t call for laboratory analysis and which do. “It’s expected that hundreds of millions of dollars of medical dollars could be saved if we could diagnose a polyp by looking at it,” he said.

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Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.Perge is famous by the fact that when Saint Paul started his journeys, he visited Perge in 46 A.D. and preached his first sermon here. That’s why it became an important city for the Christians during Byzantine period.The first excavations began in 1946 by the Istanbul University, and they resulted in many important discoveries. A theatre exists there, consisting of three main sections: the seating, orchestra and stage. It held 12,000 spectators, with 19 rows of seats on the lower section, 23 on the top section, and a 52-metre stage.The stadium measures 34 square metres, with 13 rows of seats on top of the vaults. The eastern and western sides have 30 vaults each and the northern side has 10. For every three vaults there is an entrance to the stadium, and the other two were used as shops. The Agora was the commercial and political centre of the city, with shops surrounding the central courtyard, some of which have mosaics on the floor.The agora measured 76 square metres, with a circular structure, in the centre with a diameter of 13.40 metres. The colonnaded boulevard lies between the Hellenistic Gate and the nympheum on the slopes of the acropolis. On both sides of the street, 20 metres in width, are porticoes, some up to five meters high, behind which are shops. The street is divided into two, by a 2-metre wide water canal running through the middle. Other structures include the necropolis, city walls, gymnasium, Roman Baths, memorial fountain and the Greek and Roman gates.

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Horse Chestnuts may look like trees, but they are actually tree ferns (order Cyatheales), which do not grow rings as they increase in size and lack woody tissue. Instead, the trunk is a modified rhizome (such as ginger or turmeric), which sends down root bunches that thus pile atop one another and constitute the height and mass of the tree fern’s “trunk”. These root bunches are known as hegodai, and are often found adorned with epiphytes (plants that grow on another but are not necessarily parasitic). When dinosaurs still walked the earth, broad-leafed trees had not yet evolved. Instead, pined gymnosperms and tree ferns made up the majority of forests. Here, with these pines and horse chestnuts and a little imagination, you can almost feel the rumble of dinosaurs’ footsteps and hear their munch munch munch of the horse chestnut fronds.

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Employers often use skills assessment tests during the hiring process to determine if candidates are a good match for the open position. Even if you have showcased both your hard and soft skills on your resume with facts and figures, you may still need to sit this test. Knowing what to expect from this type of assessment test can help you prepare for and clear them. In this article, we define a skills assessment test with examples, describe the different types of tests, and list the top 10 strategies for taking these tests. What is a Skills Test? A skills test is an assessment test used to evaluate the knowledge, skills and abilities of job candidates. These tests are designed to determine if a job applicant has the necessary skills to perform the various aspects of a job. In some cases, employers may even ask their existing employees to take this test. The importance of the Skills Test Because skills assessments are designed to objectively assess the skills of individuals, there are many benefits to using them. Here are just a few: - Reduce Bias: Especially in the hiring process, intrinsic biases can affect our hiring decisions. The more weight given to skills assessments, the less is given to things like age, gender, previous employer, education, address, and other factors that can inadvertently sway a hiring manager. - Consistency: Without an assessment, hiring managers are left with human reports of proficiency – with no objective agreement on the “scale.” One job candidate may report that her skills are mostly “3” on a 3-point scale and another mostly “2” – even if their skill levels are exactly the same. A skills assessment does a much better job assigning objective meaning to that 1-2-3 scale. - Personalized Development Plans: Just because someone isn’t fully skilled doesn’t mean they shouldn’t get the job or promotion. A skills assessment is extremely helpful in pinpointing exactly the areas where someone needs to develop skills, making it easier to develop a relevant, personalized learning and development plan. - Measure Progress: Whether monitoring the development of individuals or teams, regular skills assessments can confirm progress – or identify areas where the training and support aren’t enough. - Employee Engagement: As a global employee reward and recognition company Fond reminds us, that employees want to keep learning. “Cultivating your employees’ growth is a win-win situation — it keeps them engaged and allows them to develop new skill sets that will make them stronger employees.” Skills assessments are precisely all about employee growth; supporting and recognizing their progress keeps employees engaged. Top skills in demand for the 21st century Creativity Skills Test Creativity is key for many industries and positions in the 21st century. Any company or industry in need of innovation should be searching for employees with loads of creativity. The ability to think outside of the box allows companies to adapt to changing markets and find innovative ways to resolve potential problems. If you often feel stuck when brainstorming or problem-solving, don’t worry—creativity can be cultivated. Staying up-to-date with news and trends within your industry and others can get your creative juice flowing. “I do a lot of reading and encourage my team members to do the same. It keeps us energized, integrated, and creative. Critical thinking is the key to students and employees coming to logical and well-reasoned conclusions. Well-developed critical thinking skills help us objectively analyze a situation, weigh options and identify potential outcomes to any decision. It’s not hard to see how this ability can be valuable in life—and employers certainly appreciate an employee who is forward-thinking enough to predict and plan for future problems before they’ve even happened. Like any skill, critical thinking can be refined through practice. Try walking through your day with problem-solving glasses on. For example, if you’re stuck in a long line at the grocery store run through the situation—what’s the primary cause of the delay? What can be done to help? Could this solution have an effect on other areas in the store? Just getting into an evaluation and problem-solving mindset can go a long way in refining your critical thinking abilities. Collaboration means being willing to listen, learn and work with others to accomplish a goal together. The modern workforce is full of employees with highly specialized skills and knowledge. This doesn’t mean you’ll need to be able to do every job, but you better be able to collaborate with these people effectively. It’s especially important to demonstrate your ability to work well with others at the start of your career when you don’t necessarily have enough experience to deliver high-end results on your own. If you’re able to work effectively with your peers, you’ll be able to get much-needed help, expand your expertise and as a result, deliver better work. If you have a tough time asking for help from others or working with a team, try getting involved in projects or volunteer work that forces you to rely on someone who knows more than you. Communication Skills Test Communication is probably a skill you are sick of hearing about—but there’s no denying the value of being an effective communicator. It’s universally useful and your ability to communicate trickles into all aspects of life. “With so much automation that enables smooth work processes, communication is the one skill that remains critical for healthy company culture. All of the technical knowledge and skill in the world isn’t worth much if you can’t effectively get your point across in a respectful and coherent way. Information Literacy Skills Test Whether you’re doing research for a paper at school or a report or presentation at work, information literacy is key. Information literacy is the foundational skill that media literacy is built on. A student or employee with this skill is able to separate fact from fiction by interpreting facts and raw data they might find online. Students can easily refine information literacy skills while in school through the scholarly writing process, according to Kehoe. A lot of research projects require good information literacy skills to correctly interpret results and draw conclusions in a written setting. Adaptability Skills Test Though this isn’t necessarily a quality you’ll see listed in a job description, the ability to demonstrate flexibility can make or break a job interview. The job market is changing quickly. Adaptable employees are flexible in several ways. They should be able to work both remotely or in the office, independently and with a team. They’re also open-minded, interested in new ideas, and willing to take on new tasks. How can you practice being flexible? Though lunch-break yoga won’t necessarily do the trick, getting out of your comfort zone regularly will. Try a new hobby, shadow a co-worker for the day to see what they do, or attend a conference focused on a new-to-you topic. Leadership Skills Test If you think leadership is just for the CEOs or your manager, think again. No matter what your ambitions are, cultivating leadership skills while in school or while working that entry-level job can lead to greater opportunities in the future. Since leadership involves many other traits including humility, decisiveness, and managerial competence, working to develop leadership skills as a whole can seem vague or overwhelming. Social Skills Test Self-awareness and regulation mean understanding and managing yourself including your past, values, motivations, and stressors. Though it’s not flashy, glamorous work, it’s important. Try asking for more feedback from your boss and colleagues about your behaviour, or give daily journaling a go. Empathy can help you become a better listener and in turn a better colleague. If you can relate to a client’s or colleague’s problem or distress, you’ll form stronger relationships and may be able to suggest better solutions. Though it may be tough, working on your social skills is always worth it. “Good social skills ensure that a candidate can interact and work well with others, understand the nuances of social interactions, bring the best out of others, and ultimately, function as a part of a team. How is the Skills Test conducted? Skill testing works best when the questions being asked are specifically crafted to the role and needs of the team hiring the new candidate. In designing a skills test, combine different types of questions to get a 360-degree view of how a candidate will perform in different scenarios. There are a variety of ways to set up a skills test – and we’ll get into the mechanics of how to actually run the assessment in the next section. But, designing a thoughtful aptitude test takes some initial foresight on behalf of the hiring manager and team. - Define the “human elements” needed to perform the job. - Compile questions that will measure and predict these human elements. - Use the data gathered by the skills assessments to empower the next round of the screening process. - Post-hiring, evaluate the efficacy of the hiring assessment to ensure the questions delivered the best result. Ultimately, the best use for a skills assessment is to help recruiters move away from the resume and allow candidates to prove they are the real deal. Crafting the right series of questions should be a collaborative process between the recruiting team and the team hiring the new employee. Here’s how these teams can set up and run a skills test. Platforms for skill testing; - The Predictive Index - The Athena Quotient Hope this blog helps in understanding the Skills Tests in detail. For more insightful content; Video Interviews can simplify your hiring Don’t let a packed schedule be a hindrance in recruitment. Use structured interviews with the power of video to screen applicants. Understand the communication skills, motivation, and job skills using video interviews. Pre-employment Testing: The Complete Guide Move over from pen-paper based tests and manually checked assignments to pre-employment assessments. Democratize your organization hiring by screening for skills before you interview. How can Employers adapt to Remote Hiring With most jobs going remote, your best applicants could be in Melbourne or Miami. From remote screening and virtual interviews to remote onboarding, Learn the best practices to get started.

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Explore the Binjareb-Peel Geotrail Drive The geotrail drive in the Peel Region is a great way to explore the geological, natural and cultural highlights of the area. This driving trail can be completed in one day, or if you explore inbetween the geotrail sites you can spread this drive trail over 2 days or a weekend. Learn about the Geology, Biotic ( Flora and Fauna), and Culture ( Indigenous and European History) of the coastal Peel Region. To download the map to the drive trail, please click here or access the google map of the trail here The sites are listed below and can be accessed in any order. - Peel GeoDrive Trail Binjareb-Peel Geo Drive Trail Mandurah Visitor Centre Information Stop to gather maps, and learn about other attractions and activities in the local area. This is a great place to get a brochure for your Geo Drive Trail. Located near by are restaurants, bars, coffee shops, boat cruises and shopping From Mandurah’s Visitor Centre, proceed to the viewing platform overlooking the Mandurah Channel Entrance. From this site, you will have views of where the Peel Estuary meets the Ocean. Click the sections below to learn about this area’s Geology, Biotic Life ( marine and bird life) and the Culture and History of this location. The Mandurah Channel Entrance: The meeting point of the Peel Estuary to the Indian Ocean. What is an Estuary? An estuary is located at the mouth of a river, where tidal effects are evident, and where river and seawater meet. Estuaries are interesting because they represent the meeting of several different environments: the land, the river, and the sea. The channel of the Peel Estuary is the outlet for three rivers – The Serpentine, Murray and Harvey Rivers. The Peel – Harvey Estuary is the largest estuary system in South West Australia. The Peel Estuary is a Basin Estuary and connects to the Harvey Estuary which is an inter-barrier estuary that lies behind the spearwood dune system. The Peel-Harvey Estuary is 134 square km – twice the size of Sydney’s Darling Harbor. However the Peel Estuary is very shallow and only 2m at the deepest in the middle of the Peel basin. The catchment is the area of land where water flows through rivers and underground aquifers to reach the estuary. The Catchment of the Peel-Harvey Estuary is 12,000 square km – that is bigger than Jamaica and also bigger than the country of Luxumburg. Water tfalls on the Wheatbelt town of Williams ( 150 km East of here) will make it’s way via rivers and creeks to the Peel -Harvey Estuary and then out the mouth of this channel entrance. The Mandurah Channel Entrance is 5km long and is dredged to 2m deep. Peel Harvey Estuary is composed of layers of sediments that were deposited by rivers and seas and sculpted by winds during the last 10,000 years since the most recent Ice Age. The rising sea levels (around 8,000 years ago) that followed the melting of the ice caps flooded old river valleys forming the Peel-Harvey Estuary. The Peel Estuary lies inbetween the Spearwood Sanddune in the west and the slightly older Bassendean Dunes to the east. The bottom sediments of the estuary contain marine shells from 4000 to 5000 years ago. Before humans intervened, the Mandurah Channel Entrance was a delta system with a large network of sand spits and vegetation. This would not open to the ocean, unless there was a strong rains and water flow coming down from the rivers. Then the mouth of the estuary would break open and connect to the Ocean. The Mandurah Channel entrance is also impacted by the northwards longshore drift of sand in the Indian Ocean. This means there is constantly sand moving infront of the Mandurah Channel entrance that needs to be dredged to ensure it stays open to the ocean. In 1985 a proposal to continually dredge the channel entrance was adopted by the State Government ( See Culture/ History section). In 2021 – 220,000 cubic meters of sand is pumped from the Halls Head Beach in the south to Town Beach on the northside of the channel entrance, it took 5 months to move this amount of sand. If you would like to learn more about the Geology of the Mandurah Channel Entrance visit this Page A. Brearly 2005 p. 1 G. Seddon 1972 p. 5 Over 70 species of fish have been identified in the Peel-Harvey estuary. Common species include: - yellow-eye mullet, - sea mullet, - King George Whiting, - black bream, - sea garfish - skipjack (Trevally) - blue mana crab - river prawn - Western King prawn - Western river garfish How do fish and shellfish use the estuary? Fish using an estuary can be divided into four categories, Marine Stragglers: these fish live in breed in the ocean and use the estuary as a feeding area for maturing or mature adults. They generally stay close to the estuary entrance, where the salinity is similar to the ocean. These fish are generally caught near the bridge at Mandrah. ( Tailor, Garfish, Herring) Nursery Habitat: Use the estuary as a nursery habitat for juveniles, but usually spawn at sea. ( Yellow-eye Mullet, striped trumpter, blue manna crab, king prawn, river prawn, cobbler, whitebait ) Etuary Dependent: These fish use the estuary for their entire life cycle. ( Hardyhead, Black Bream, Yellow-finned whiting) Anadromous Species: Migrate from the sea to the estuary to breed in reduced salinity. (This category is uncommon in the Peel-Harvey Estuary). The Peel-Harvey blue swimmer crab fishery is an important fishery as it is the world’s only Marine Stewardship Council certified commercial and recreational fishery (Marine Stewardship Council, 2016). Close to 100 tonnes of crab a year is landed by commercial fishers, all of which is sold locally, and similar amounts are caught by recreational fishers ( this is estimated as there are no recreational licenses for Blue Manna Crab, but there are catch limits: minimum size 127mm, Closed to all crab fishing 1 September to. 30 November, bag limit 10 crabs allowed per person, boat limit – 20 crabs. There is also a Grey Mullet commercial fishery in the Peel-Harvey Estuary which are caught with Gill nets or Mesh nets. Dolphins: The Peel-Harvey Estuary has a population of approximately 90 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. These dolphins are apex predators and collectively catch over 200,000 kg of fin fish from the estuary. In the Mandurah Channel Entrance and town waters there is a sub group of bottlenose dolphins. Some of the Adult females are recorded in the Fin Book which categlogues the dolphins based on their dorsal fin. Keep and eye out for these distinctive fins: Nicky – Female – has had 6 calves since 2009. Christmas – Female (Nicy’s daughter) Top notch – Female – has had 3 calves The Peel-Harvey Estuary system is recognised internationally for it’s importance to a diverse range of bird life. Around the Mandurah Channel Entrance look out for waterbirds – Commerants, Datars, Egrets, Pelicans, Ducks, Black Swans, Terns and Silver Gulls (more information about the Peel-Harvey Estuary Birdlife is found throughout the Geodrive trail sites.) Other Biotic life at this site: Green Sea Turtles can sometimes be spotted at the channel entrance Stingrays can also be seen in this area The estuary fringes have changed overtime, and now this area has man made rock groins that have replaced the saltmarshes of the delta system that would have been here before development. Indigenous Heritage Investigation of Aboriginal use of the Mandurah Inlet reveals evidence of Aboriginal activity and stories associated with the area. A range of sites have been identified which reflect the diverse use of the area including ceremonial, camp, artefacts, burial, and mythological sites. The area is located near the junction between the Whadjug and Bindjareb tribes of the Nyungar people (O’Connor et al., 1989). The Peel Inlet itself contained a number of Aboriginal camping grounds, and a freshwater spring, the location of which is no longer known (O’Connor et al., 1989). The inlet and associated wetland areas of the region were intensively occupied as a result of the fresh water and food resources they provided. The coastal inlet area was important to the Aboriginal people, yielding potential for hunting, gathering, and fishing with many indigenous plants consumed for food and medicine. The Department of Indigenous Affairs Site Register reveals several sites which potentially occur within the study area. For further information: https://www.mandurah.wa.gov.au/-/media/files/com/downloads/community/services/planning/reports/report-volume-2-context-analysis.pdf and https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2020-12/Peel_Harvey_Estuary_Protection_Plan_Bindjareb-Djilba.pdf The Mandurah entrance channel has undergone a considerable amount of change since 1887, when the first efforts were made to modify it. By the later part of the century Mandurah had become the service center for a small agricultural community and a popular holiday resort. Even at this early stage of development residents, visitors and the government alike were concerned by problems associated with the ocean entrance, particularly its migratory nature and the adverse effects of frequent closures on the estuary water quality and fish populations. Petitions were made to the state government to improve the entrance and available records show that the earliest river training work was undertaken in the 1880s when a wall was constructed around Stingray point where the Peninsula Hotel now stands to ensure the channel kept to the west of this location. The construction of a second training wall commenced in 1939, with the main purpose being to promote a better opening to the ocean and protect an area of land used by campers. Nevertheless, the entrance was still often closed, and attempts to cut channels to the ocean were not always successful. A dredger was used in 1959 to open the entrance channel through the bar at its western. A secondary benefit some foreshore land was reclaimed for recreation and camping purpose on the eastern side of the entrance channel. The entrance channel shallowed rapidly and within 18 months had closed and stayed closed during the period from 1967 to 1969. Two training walls were constructed in 1970. The training walls helped to prevent the ocean entrance from being closed by literal sand drift. However, as the entrance channel Mandurah is situated on a sandy coastline on which there is a large wave induced literal sand drift, dredging of the channel is still required to maintain the entrance channel in optimum condition. Without dredging part of the littoral drift sand which reaches the entrance is carried into the inlet by flood (incomming) tides to be deposited within the inlet channel at slackwater. During ebb (outgoing) tides a portion of the sand is carried back out to the ocean and deposited offshore from the entrance or carried down t from the entrance by wave action. These sand deposition sites are termed the inner and outer shoals or bars. In 1985, the government announced approval of an ongoing dredging project. 2020-2021 was the largest dredging program ever undertaken. 200,000 cubic meters of sand was pumped from the Eastern to the Western side of the channel entrance. Commerical fishing and recreational boating use the channel entrance and allow access to the protected estuary waters. SeaScapes is a part of the Halls Head suburb of Mandurah. Follow the directions (Here) to reach this coastal location. You have the option to stop at the local shops, which include a cafe, grocery store, and fish and chip shop. There are two entrance points. The northern entrance is recommended for all access with a ramp leading to the beach. The best hightide viewings are from the northern entrance. The southern entrance has public toilets and stairs leading down to the beach. There is only on-street parking available at this site. Current shoreline of Halls Head and Seascapes. This site is interpreted as the southern extension of the Garden Island Ridge which intersects the coastline at Halls Head (Semeniuk, 1995), and continues further south inland as the Mandurah Eaton Ridge. The coastal cliffs and outcrops represent the Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite Tamala limestone which is overlain by the Quaternary Quindalup sand dunes. Features present include shoreline platforms, wave cut notches and splash zones, cross-cutting bedding, paleosol horizons, rhizolith fossil root structures, solution pipes, karst formations, and calcrete layers. The processes of erosion including physical, chemical and bioerosion can be witnessed along the shoreline. Flora ( Plants) The Vegetation along the coastline at Sea Scapes is tough! It grows in the Quindalup Soils. The unique flora and fauna found in the dunes provide important ecosystem services, including soil stabilization and nutrient cycling. These local native plants have no problems living with our nutrient-poor sandy soils. They have adapted to grow successfully and flower brilliantly in very poor soil conditions. The adaptations of local native plants include: - leaf shape and size; - leaf composition; - modified root systems; - they go dormant over summer; and - nutrients from other sources (such as insectivorous and parasitic plants). Can you spot any of these plants? - Leucopogon parviflorus (Coastal Beard-heath): a small shrub with small white flowers that grows in sandy soils. - Spyridium globulosum ( Basket Bush): has leaves that are green on the outside and almost white on the underside. Dead leaves are yellow in appearance. Abundant tiny flowers are produced in winter. - Conostylis candicans (Grey Cottonheads): a herb with small, greyish leaves and yellow flowers that grow in dense clusters. - Bobtail Lizard: This slow-moving lizard is often seen basking in the sun in the dunes and surrounding areas. - Grey Fan-tail (Rhipidura albiscapa): is a small, insect-eating bird. It is known for its distinctive tail, which is constantly fanned and twisted as the bird flits through the air, catching insects in flight. They are also known for their curious and inquisitive behavior, and will often approach humans to investigate. - Terns: Caspian, Crested and Fairy Terns are seabirds that you will see flying along the dunes and shoreline looking for food. Below are photos of these three species from largest ( Caspian Tern) to the smallest ( Fairy Tern). This area is registered as a Binjareb indigenous heritage site. There have been archeological assessments of this site that show occupation evidence, and also this coastal region has been registered as an indigenous burial site. The studies completed in this area show the significant occupation by the Binjareb people along this coastal stretch. Use of sea was considered important to Noongar people. Marine resources including spearing of seals, camping along the coast to fish, which was important to the family economy. There are a number of fish traps known along the coastline. The claimants tell stories of dolphins and whales being family ‘totems’. The Seascapes area provided ample sources of fish and shellfish depending on seasons. Salmon and sea mullet from the sea as well as mussells and abalone from the reefs. These resources were also used for trading with family groups that came down from the Darling Scarp. Halls Head is named after Henry Hall who was granted land in the area in the 1830s. The suburb was officially named in 1970, but had been locally known by the name for some years previously. Travel from Seascapes to the Dawesville Cut. You will be visiting the South East Side of the Channel. Here is the best viewing point From here you can see where the Peel Estuary Basin meets the Harvey Estuary and also where the channel has been made by man to connect to the ocean. This is a very productive region. Keep an eye out for the Dawesville Cut Dolphins. The Dawesville Cut is home to a diverse range of marine life, including fish, crabs, mollusks, and other aquatic animals. The increased water flow and improved water quality in the Peel-Harvey Estuary that resulted from the construction of the cut has led to an increase in the populations of some species. Fish species that are commonly found in the Dawesville Cut include herring, whiting, flathead, bream, tailor, and salmon. These species are attracted to the area due to the increased water flow, which provides a more favorable habitat for feeding and breeding. Crabs are also abundant in the cut, with blue swimmer crabs being a popular catch for recreational fishers. Other species of crabs, such as sand crabs, can also be found in the area. Mollusks, such as oysters and mussels, can be found in the estuary and along the shoreline of the cut. These species help to filter the water and improve the overall health of the ecosystem. In addition to these species, the Dawesville Cut is also home to a variety of other aquatic animals, including dolphins, sea turtles, and various species of seabirds. Keep an eye out for Dolphins in the Dawsville Cut. Prior to the artificial Dawesville Cut being established in 1994, Aboriginal groups walked across the land on treks north and south. The deteriorating environment of the Peel-Harvey Estuary became a major political and environmental issue for the Government of Western Australia during the mid-1980s. The channel’s construction commenced in 1990 and was completed in April 1994 at a cost of $76 million. It is 2.5 km long, 200 meters wide and between 6 and 6.5 meters deep. As part of the construction, a sand trap immediately to the south of the sea opening was incorporated into the design, to capture sand build-up from the natural south to north movement along the coast caused by the prevailing south-westerly winds. If the sand was not captured and mechanically moved, the channel would quickly silt up, because there is insufficient water flow through the channel to compensate for the build-up. Approximately 85 thousand cubic metres of sand per year is mechanically moved from the south to the northern side of the From the Dawesville Channel Entrance drive along Estuary Dr to Warrungup Springs. The springs are an important geological, ecological, and cultural site, as they support a range of plant and animal species and have significant cultural importance to the local Indigenous people, and have Karst geology that allows the springs to come through to the surface. Warrungup Springs is a special place located on the eastern slope of the Mandurah Eaton ridge and the western shoreline of the Harvey Estuary. The geology of this area has exposed Tamala limestone that has special features called karst. There is also a freshwater spring that deposits along the shoreline of the estuary. Underneath the Mandurah-Eaton ridge, there is an aquifer made of a type of sand called the Eaton sandunit. This aquifer is important because it stores and moves groundwater, which is recharged when it rains and through the special features in the ridge called karst. The karst features allow water to seep into the aquifer, like a sponge. Water from the aquifer flows out at places called discharge sites or springs. These are found at the bottom of the ridge and along the shoreline of the estuary. This site is all about the rocks and groundwater in the area and how they interact with each other. The Warrungup Springs area is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, with many species that are adapted to the local environment. The vegetation around the springs includes a mix of Banksia and Tuart woodlands, it then leads to saltmarshes with saltwater paperbarks. There is wonderful understory species like Templetonia and a variety of orchids, however these have been taken over by weeds since the last fire in the area. There are many animals that call the Warrungup Springs area home, including reptiles such as western bearded dragons and bobtails, and birds such as Splendid Fairy Wrens, red-tailed black cockatoo and the Eastern Ospreys. The freshwater springs support a range of aquatic species, including stingrays, fish, and crustaceans. You can also spot the Harvey River Bottlenose dolphins from this point at times. Warrung Springs is also known as Yoka Maya a significant cultural site located near Warrungup Springs, along the Western side of Peel-Yalgorup Wetlands system in Western Australia. This site holds great cultural and spiritual significance to the local Noongar people of the Bindjareb group. As the source of fresh water it provided for Aboriginal groups who traveled along the estuary edge. Please see the cultural trail information The Bilya Country Story Trail Map for this site. The Cultural Trail information matches many of the Geotrail drive site. The White Hills Rd. Lookout offers a clear uninterrupted view of the Yalgorup Landscape, which makes it possible to see the geological setting on a big scale. This is useful for studying and understanding the geology of the area. You can see several geological features from this vantage point, such as the Bouvard Reefs, the Quindalup dune system, the Tim’s Thicket limestone, the Yalgorup plain, the Mandurah-Eaton ridge, Lake Clifton, and the Darling Scarp. These features provide valuable insights into the geological history and formation of the area. Read more Below. Geological Features of the Landscape: - The Bouvard Reefs – These are rocky structures that are found along the coast. They were formed by the accumulation of shells and other marine organisms over a long period of time. - The Quindalup dune system – This is a series of sand dunes that run along the coast. They were formed by wind and wave action, and they are constantly changing shape and position. - The Tim’s Thicket limestone – This is a type of rock that is made up of compressed shells and other marine organisms. It was formed over millions of years by the accumulation of these organisms on the ocean floor. - The Yalgorup plain – This is a large flat area of land that is covered in grasses and other vegetation. It was formed by the accumulation of sediment over a long period of time. - The Mandurah-Eaton ridge – This is a long, narrow ridge of land that runs parallel to the coast. It was formed by the movement of tectonic plates, and it is made up of a variety of rock types. - Lake Clifton – This is a large, shallow lake that is home to a unique type of microorganism called Thrombolites. These organisms create limestone rock dome structures that can be seen along the edge of the lake. - The Darling Scarp – This is a steep hillside that runs parallel to the coast. It was formed by tectonic activity, and it is made up of a variety of rock types. The Scarp is an important geological feature in Western Australia, and it has played a significant role in shaping the landscape and ecosystems of the region. From this viewpoint you can see various ecosystems. Coastal heathland ecosystem in Mandurah is a type of ecosystem that is found along the coastline of the region. It is characterized by a diverse range of low-growing, woody shrubs, as well as grasses, herbs, and small trees. These plants are adapted to the harsh coastal environment, which is characterized by sandy soils, high winds, and salt spray. Some of the common plant species found in the coastal heathland ecosystem in Mandurah include the coastal wattle, banksia, tea-tree, and hakea. The coastal heathland ecosystem is also home to a range of reptiles, such as skinks and snakes, as well as amphibians, such as frogs. Many bush birds love this environment and can be seen. Some of the common bird species found in this area include: - Western whipbird – a medium-sized bird with a distinctive call that is often heard in the early morning. - White-cheeked honeyeater – a small bird with a distinctive white cheek patch and a sweet, melodic call. - Grey fantail – a small bird with a long, fanned tail and an active, flitting flight pattern. - Rufous whistler – a medium-sized bird with a beautiful, musical song. - New Holland honeyeater – a small bird with a distinctive black and yellow coloration and a buzzy, energetic call. - Splendid fairy-wren – a small, brightly colored bird that is often seen flitting through the low shrubs and grasses. These bird species play an important role in the coastal heathland ecosystem, providing pollination services, controlling insect populations, and dispersing seeds. The diversity of bird species in this area is a testament to the ecological richness of the coastal heathland habitat. The coastal heathland ecosystem is an important part of the region’s natural heritage, providing a range of ecological services, such as erosion control and water filtration. It is also valued for its aesthetic qualities, with its striking mix of plants, textures, and colors providing a beautiful backdrop to the coastline. However, like many ecosystems around the world, the coastal heathland ecosystem in Mandurah is under threat from factors such as land clearing, invasive species, and climate change. Conservation efforts are underway to protect and restore this unique ecosystem for future generations to enjoy. A grove of Xanthorrhoea Pressii refers to a group of trees that belong to the Xanthorrhoea genus, commonly known as grasstrees or in the past called blackboys. Xanthorrhoea Pressii is a species of grass tree that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. A grove of Xanthorrhoea Pressii is typically characterized by a collection of tall, slender stems with a bushy tuft of grass-like leaves at the top of each stem. These stems can range in height from a few meters to over ten meters tall, and they often grow in dense clusters, creating a distinctive and striking landscape. Xanthorrhoea Pressii groves are usually found in sandy or rocky soils, in areas that have a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. They are important ecological features, as they provide habitat and food for a range of native animals, such as birds, insects, and small mammals. During their flowering season the tall stalks that grow are filled with thousands of nectar-rich flowers that insects, birds and even possums love. A Tuart Woodland is a type of woodland ecosystem that is dominated by the Tuart tree (Eucalyptus gomphocephala), a tall and majestic eucalyptus species that is endemic to the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. In addition to the Tuart tree, a Tuart Woodland ecosystem is typically characterized by a diverse understory of shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers. These include species such as Banksia, Hakea, Acacia, Grevillea, and Xanthorrhoea, which are adapted to the dry, sandy soils and Mediterranean climate of the region. Tuart Woodlands are typically found in the coastal regions of Western Australia, they are the Eucalypt that grows closest to the West Coast. This is because this tree grows on limestone and the calcium carbonate environment suits it. Tuarts play an important ecological role in supporting a wide range of native plant and animal species. They are also important for the conservation of biodiversity, as they are home to many species that are not found anywhere else in the world. Large Tuarts act as a hotel for marsuipals, reptiles, birds and a variety of insects. Tuart Woodlands are considered to be a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) in Western Australia, due to the threats posed by urbanisation, land clearing, and changes in fire regimes. As a result, there is a need to protect and conserve these ecosystems, in order to maintain the unique biodiversity of the region and to ensure the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. an important marine ecosystem located off the coast of Western Australia. It is a complex system of shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and sandy bottom habitats that support a wide range of marine life. Some of the key features of this ecosystem include: - Limestone reefs – The Bouvard Reefs provide habitat and shelter for a diverse array of fish and invertebrates. - Seagrass meadows – Seagrass beds in the Bouvard Reefs ecosystem provide important feeding grounds and nursery areas for many fish and other marine animals. They also help to stabilize sediments and maintain water quality by filtering pollutants. - Sandy bottoms – These habitats provide important feeding and resting areas for bottom-dwelling fish and invertebrates, such as sand crabs and flatfish. - Marine megafauna – The Bouvard Reefs are home to a variety of larger marine animals, including dolphins, sharks, and rays. - Threatened species – The Bouvard Reefs ecosystem is also home to several threatened or endangered species, such as the Western Australian seahorse. The Loggerhead turtle has also been seen in this area and is endangered. The Binjareb Indigenous people have a deep connection with the coastal environment around Yalgorup. They used the land and sea for a range of purposes, including food, shelter, and cultural practices. The hill was also used as a lookout to see other campfires and know the location of other Aboriginal groups. Some of the ways they used the coastal environment include: - Fishing: The Binjareb people were skilled fishermen and used a range of techniques to catch fish, including spearing, trapping, and netting. They caught a variety of fish species, including bream, mullet, and herring. - Gathering: The coastal environment provided an abundance of plant and animal resources, including shellfish, crabs, and seaweed. The Binjareb people collected these resources for food and medicinal purposes. - Cultural practices: The coastal environment was an important part of Binjareb culture and spirituality. They conducted ceremonies and rituals in coastal locations. Island Point Reserve is a natural reserve located in Mandurah, Western Australia. The reserve covers an area of approximately 65 hectares and is characterized by a diverse range of ecosystems, including coastal heathlands, tuart woodlands, and wetlands. The reserve is situated on a narrow strip of land between the Indian Ocean and the Peel Inlet and is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species. Island point reserve sits on the eastern side of Mandurah-Eaton Ridge. The Mandurah-Eaton Ridge is a long, narrow sand and limestone ridge that extends north-south through the Peel region of Western Australia. It is primarily composed of Tertiary-aged sedimentary rocks, including the Tamala Limestone, the Kondinin Formation, and the Yarragadee Formation. The Tamala Limestone is a pale-colored, fossil-rich limestone that forms the uppermost layer of the ridge. The Kondinin Formation is a sandstone and shale unit that underlies the Tamala Limestone and is known for its distinctive pink and green coloration. The Yarragadee Formation is a deeper, more poorly exposed unit composed of sandstone and siltstone. The Mandurah-Eaton Ridge was formed during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, between 66 and 34 million years ago, as a result of tectonic uplift and subsequent erosion by wind and water. The ridge is an important hydrogeological feature, containing several aquifers that provide water to the surrounding region. It also supports a diverse range of flora and fauna adapted to the unique geology and soil conditions of the area. Island Point Reserve is a 70 hectare bushland reserve that is located near the Harvey Estuary. It is home to four different ecosystems, which include peppermint dominant woodland, banksia mixed woodland, temperate saltmarsh, and sedgeland environments. The reserve has many tree species, such as Marri, Jarrah, Tuart, Peppermint, and Banksia Woodland, and a diverse understory. There are 62 species of native orchids that have been recorded in this reserve. The reserve is also home to a critically endangered Western Ringtail Possum population, with 29 individuals being sighted during a survey. Other animals that can be found in the reserve include Brushtail possums, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Western Grey Kangaroo, Bush birds, waterbirds, and birds of prey. An active osprey nesting platform can be found adjacent to the estuary. Island Point Reserve is a great place to see a variety of wildflowers and to go birdwatching. Island Point Crossing was a major link between the west and east of the Peel-Harvey Estuary. It was a significant crossing point for Aboriginal people who camped in the area. Camping areas are identified at the Southern End of Island Point Reserve. The crossing was also an old stock route from Pinjarra to Bunbury over the Harvey Estuary. Many settlers in the southern section of Mandurah relied on the crossing. Every 6 months the cattle had to be shifted from inadequate coastal grazing areas to grazing areas further inland to avoid “coastie disease” (State Heritage No. 09069). Island Point reserve has a freshwater source and this area was relied upon for camping also a diverse source of bush tucker is available throughout the reserve (Yates, 2005). This thrombolite reef system is one of the world’s largest living microbialites reefs. Thrombolites are a form of microbialite – structures formed by photosynthetic microbes that precipitate calcium carbonate (limestone). Microbialite structures are evidence of the oldest life on Earth and are of great scientific interest. The cyanobacteria present in ancient stromatolites are a likely source of increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere 2200 to 2400 million years ago. Western Australia contains a rich microbialite fossil record as well as the greatest number and most varied types of living microbialites in the world. This site provides valuable evidence on the nature of historic environments, aiding in the interpretation of the Earth’s earliest biosphere (Moore, 1993). Lake Clifton supports the largest known examples of living nonmarine microbialites in the southern hemisphere. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the Lake Clifton thrombolites began to form up to 1950 years ago (Moore and Burne 1994). Seasonal fluctuations in the Lake Clifton water levels expose the Thrombolites in summer and submerge them during winter. Complex abiotic interactions occur with the surface water and groundwater chemistry, lake sedimentation, wind patterns and climate, all influence the Thrombolite community. Lake Clifton was the first place in the world where modern thrombolites were scientifically compared with modern stromatolites. (Burne & The first published report on the organosedimentary features at Lake Clifton was made in 1912. In 1979 L. Moore recognised the occurrence of ‘stromatolites’ on the foreshore of the Lake. The Thrombolites are formed by a complex community of micro-organisms including cyanobacteria precipitating calcium carbonate from fresh groundwater seeping up from underground aquifers. The metabolic activity of the microbes relies on sunlight for photosynthesis and the supply of calcium-rich groundwater for growth. Microbial mats grow on the Lake floor. Diverse metazoan fauna living within the reef structure. The Thrombolites hold a significant place for the Noongar people in their Dreamtime stories of creation. Woggaal Maadjit’s Noorook: The nest of the rainbow serpent and the Thrombolites represent the eggs laid by the serpent. “One day the Aboriginal people of the Mandurah area found there were no waterways, they went to the beach and danced and sung for the great Waugal to come. Then she came and started to make the Peel Inlet and the estuary, she found that she was carrying eggs and she rested in between the estuary and the sea until she laid them. Then the eggs hatched and she sent her babies to do the rest of the work because she was tired. She sent one up the Serpentine, one up the Murray and one up the Harvey and that’s how they came to be” – Story told by Gloria Kearing (DWER, 2022). The Lime Kiln is located adjacent to the Lake Clifton Thrombolites which are Ramsar-listed wetlands and a TEC ( threatened ecological It is within the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Yalgorup National Park and the Shire of Waroona. Peel Harvey Estuary is composed of layers of sediments that were deposited by rivers and seas and sculpted by winds during the last 10,000 years since the most recent Ice Age. The rising sea levels (around 8,000 years ago) that followed the melting of the ice caps, flooded old river valleys forming the Peel-Harvey Estuary. There is little recorded history of Aboriginal use of the area however, Aboriginal family groups may have used the lakeside access as pathways for travelling north and south. European history is outlined in the Yalgorup National Park Management Plan (https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/parks/management-plans/decarchive/yalgorup.pdf). European History: WA Portland Cement Co. 1922 Extraction of Marl from Lake Clifton occurred from 1919 to 1921 lime marl (sand, clay and shells) was pumped from the bottom of Lake Clifton through a pipeline into settling ponds, where it was then loaded onto trucks and sent to the cement works at Burswood. Later a railway line was built and officially opened in 1921 to transport the raw material from Lake Clifton to Waroona and then on to the cement works at Burswood. A rotary kiln was constructed in 1922 for the convenience of processing the lime marl at the site prior to transport. It operated for only 2 days and was then closed due to the inferior quality and unsuitable for cement manufacture. The current conservation values of the native vegetation and thrombolites may have suffered irreversible damage if the lime works had proved successful. The area was cleared during the time of the building of the lime kiln. Regrowth includes Peppermint (Agonis flexuosa) dominant woodland, with Tuart and banksia’s present. The understory includes many native species of understory including terrestrial orchids. Towards the edge of Lake Clifton is sedge land, samphire marsh that includes open low heath and very open herbland (Keighery & Keighery, 2013.) This geosite will test your imagination. The Waroona Tourist Visitor Centre has a store of infomration for you to learn more about this amazing town. Also check out Waroona’s Drakesbrook Weir Dam. There is plenty of geology up there. The geosite you are standing on is representative of the fault line that created the Darling Scarp. Imagine you have one foot either side of the fault line. Look to the east and see how far back the Scarp has eroded. The erosional detritus has contributed to filling the Swan Coastal Plain. “After granite magmatism ended around 2600 million years ago, the Yilgarn Craton became stable. About 1400 million years ago a zone of deformation and mobilization developed on its western margin, and the Darling Fault was formed. Sedimentary rocks were deposited at the foot of the Darling Scarp that belong to the Cardup Group (Low, 1972; Playford et al., 1976) and consist of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. These sedimentary rocks are Proterozoic in age, possibly around 1400 million years old (Fitzsimons, 2003), and rest directly on the Archean granites of the Yilgarn Craton. They are unrelated to the sedimentary rocks in the Perth Basin”. This information was extracted from Geology and Landforms of the Perth Region. There is much more so for further reading see pages 14-16: file:///E:/Libraries/Downloads/gsdpub_geology_and_landforms_perth_region.pdf Although there is no firm evidence, it is likely Aboriginal groups travelled down from the Scarp along the Drakesbrook river to the Swan Coastal Plain according to an Ethnographic and Archaeology Report (https://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/PER_documentation/1510-PER-Waroona%20Aboriginal%20Heritage%20Survey.pdf). The native fauna in the Shire of Waroona is dependent on the native vegetation that once covered the area. The populations of many species have declined significantly since European settlement. However, there are numerous of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, inland fish, invertebrates and subterranean fauna within the Shire (https://www.waroona.wa.gov.au/Assets/Documents/local-planning-strategy/Waroona-LPS.final.whole-document.pdf). The Noisy Scrub bird was first recorded in the hills near here: Well known zoological collector John Gilbert discovered the noisy scrub-bird at Drakes Brook in the Darling Range in November 1842, while collecting specimens for ornithologist John Gould. The small brown bird was first brought to the attention of science through John Gould`s lavishly illustrated Birds of Australia, published in England in 1845. The species disappeared from the Darling Range soon after European settlement and was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1961 at Two Peoples Bay near Albany. (Reference: https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/animals/display/61209-noisy-scrub-bird) This geosite is near the award winning Edenvale Heritage Precinct. There is amazing heritage interpretation and a tea room (https://www.edenvaleheritageprecinct.com.au/). The Murray River has two major tributaries, the Hotham River, which starts near Narrogin and the Williams River, that starts between Williams and Narrogin. These are also the two main rivers which drain the eastern wheat-belt. The Murray River flows through vegetated parts of the Darling Range to Pinjarra. The deposition of sediment from the Yilgarn and Darling Scarp has been deposited over a period of time and on the banks of the Murray River. Here you can see 4 different time periods of deposition from youngest Coolup, Wellesley, Boyanup and Blythewood (Seddon, 2004). The right-angle bend in the Murray River occurs South of Coolup and then again north of Pinjarra. In the past the Dandalup River was the mainstream and the Murray River was a tributary. The river then flows across the coastal plain between the Darling Scarp to empty into the Peel-Harvey Estuary near Mandurah through a delta system of islands. Murray River system is a regional significant waterway devoid of dams for public water supply. The cultural story includes how the Waugal sent her young eastwards, creating the riverways. There are several cultural sites along the river and further consultation is needed for this site for cultural significance. Riparian vegetation: Flooded Gum trees (Eucalyptus Rudis) line many parts of the river, she-oaks (Casuarina obesa), and saltwater paperbark (Melaleuca cuticularis) also occur in the riparian vegetation. Standing dead vegetation includes (Melaleuca rhaphiophylla) which has been inundated by saltwater. Sedges and Saltmarshes line many low-lying edges of the river. Fauna: Bottlenose dolphins, Rakali (native water rat) (Hydromys chrysogaster) Fish species: Fish Species: Yellowtail grunter, Cobbler, sea mullet, western hardyhead, pouched lamprey, black bream, Birds: waterbird, migratory and resident, bush birds and birds of prey. Species varies across the river ecosystems with up to 70 species observed. The Geogrup Lakes System also known as Willy’s Lake is a large open shallow wetland (max depth approx 1.5 metres) covering 1700ha containing native vegetation along its banks, riparian salt marches, streams and small islands situated in a scenic river valley. Albout 1700 ha, 50km to 65 km S of Perth, comprising the lower reaches of the Serpentine River & inc that portion of the river system that is composed of channels & open water bodies such as the Goegrup Lakes Chain, Yalbunberup Pool, Amarillo Pool & Guananup Pool & their surrounds (http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/ea71b2cb-1e74-4012-9e04-78af58897f89). For further information see: https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/Journals/082179/082179-06.pdf The Serpentine River flows southward between Bassendean and Spearwood Dunes into a large open shallow basin called Lake Goegrup. It is a permanent wetland formed approximately 10,000 years ago. This area has a substantial number of significant Aboriginal sites. It is highly significant to local Aboriginals as a place with significant resources in and around the lake. The richness of the lake as a resource led to conflict between the local indigenous people and white European settlers. The narrow creek which joins Goegrup Lake to Black Lake was a site of a wooden fish trap (or mungur) and indigenous camps spread approximately 200 metres to the south-west and north-east of this Fish trap. It was known as Nambeelup. (O’Conner et al, 1989). Large shallow lake on the Serpentine River. Abundant water bird life, fish breeding area, and regular bottle nose dolphin hunting area. The lake has extensive riparian temperate saltmarshes (TEC) and estuarine fringing forest. Large numbers of waterbirds and international migratory shorebirds use the wetland for feeding and roosting.

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Poultry Manure to Compostfertilizer2022-08-11T16:37:10+08:00 For the most farmers and investors, using poultry manure to compost is the first choice. On the one hand, poultry manure contains more multiple nutrient elements. For instance, the nutrient content of chicken litter involves organic matter about 50%, nitrogen about 1.63.%, phosphorous about 1.54% and potassium about 0.83%. On the other hand, the cost of animal dung is relatively low when you use poultry manure to compost. The following parts will show three fermentation methods and corresponding compost turners. Using our animal litter composting equipment can not only inactivate the parasite and infection bacteria from poultry dung, but create fermentation conditions for your poultry dung. If you want to improve the quality of composted poultry feces, you had better use dewatering machine to reduce the moisture content of your animal dung. Senior Plant Design Engineer Know more machines by FFM fertilizer factory Contact us to get a fertilizer production line for your plant Three Fermentation Methods and Corresponding Manure Composting Machines Our composting machine for poultry manure can shorten the fermentation period, improve the composting quality. Moreover, different fermentation methods have different composting machines. For the following parts, we can provide references for three fermentation methods and corresponding composting turner to dispose your poultry dung. Fermenting Poultry Manure with Groove Type Compost Turner The poultry manure composting machine of groove type belongs to the groove composting method. As the name suggest, this composting way needs to place the poultry feces into groove. While the temperature of animal poo reaches 60 to 70 degrees, this is the best time to use groove type compost turner for these dungs. This composting machine can meet your requirements with a span of 3-30 meters and a height of 0.8-1.8 meters. The groove type compost turner nor only can help you compost the animal dung, but also can ferment the filter mud from sugar mill, biogas residue and straw sawdust. It is available for the organic fertilizer plant, horticultural farm and agaricus bisporus plant. Besides, we can also supply wheel type compost turner and chain plate type composting machine to compost animal manure efficiently. Movable Composting Machine for Poultry Manure Windrow Fermentation Compared with the groove fermentation process, there is no need to build groove by using this fermentation way. This means that this method is not only the most economical mode, but also a convenient way for users and farmers. Under the action of moving type composting machine, you can complete the process of turning, loosening and moving with your poultry manure. Furthermore, the moving type composting machine adopts the design of four-wheel walking, you can control it by yourself to move forward, backward and turn around. This machine is the best choice for farmers and investors with limited budget. If you want to a high grade of compost turner, you can choose the crawler type composting machine. This machine can not only install the air condition, but you can compost your animal litter regardless of rainy or windy weather. Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Pot for Composting Poultry Manure Different from the two fermentation methods, the organic fertilizer fermentation pot uses the static fermentation method to treat poultry dung. This method means that the organic fertilizer fermentation pot can ferment the poultry manure by itself. In other words, you only need to put poultry dung into organic fertilizer fermentation pot. The whole process does not require the operation of the workers. And organic fertilizer fermentation pot adopts the PLC control system, which can monitor the status of poultry manure composting and fermentation tank in real-time. Using the organic fertilizer fermentation pot can help you get the quality composted animal dung about 7 to 10 days. In addition, the high temperture during the process of fermentation can kill the harmful pest eggs and bacteria from your poultry litter. What is the Process of Composting Poultry Manure by Using Our Composting Turner? You can compost poultry manure indoors or outdoors. The poultry dung can be piled crushed in long windrows shape, and its height and width of windrow are determined by your production workplace. It is also suitable for groove composting method and organic fertilizer fermentation way. For different composting forms, our factory can provide you with diverse compost turners for poultry dung. Some microorganisms and fermentation bacteria can be added in poultry manure. With the addition of microorganisms, you can get a suitable C/N rate of poultry poo. The common and mostly used fermentation bacteria includes bacillus and bacillus lichen, which can make poultry dung composted better. Furthermore, you can also add the humic acid to enhance the composting efficiency. With the help of our composting making machine, you can regularly complete the steps of mixing, turning, loosening and moving on the poultry waste. When the temperature of compost windrow gets 65 ℃ to 70 ℃, you can compost the poultry manure with 2-3 times in one day. Repeat this frequency on weak later, you can use the composting turner to turn them once for 2-3days. How to judge the animal litter has been fermented and composted? When the temperature and volume of poultry dung windrows no longer reduced, you will get the composted poultry manure. The animal poo can be completely composted within 20-30days by using our composting turner. Three Benefits of Using Our Quality Poultry Dung Composting Equipment The quality compost turner made by our factory can help you to dispose the animal poo efficiently and bring economic benefits from your poultry dung. By using our compost turner, it can not only take full advantage of poultry manure, but also help you get quality composted fertilizer materials from your poultry dung. Our composting turner requires at most one person to help you complete the fermentation works of your poultry dung. This means, you can save the costs of labors. Why Our Factory can Provide the Poultry Manure Compost Turner with Competitive Price? When we manufacture the composting turner, we aim to customize a well experience whether in terms of quality or price. For the following parts, you can know the reasons that our factory can offer a composting machine for poultry manure with competitive price. First, we distributive our workers to each position reasonably during producing the compost turners. This way can save some labor costs and some resources. Second, the poultry manure composting turning machine has a short production period. That is to say, the expenditure of water, electricity, workers and experts are economized. Finally, we have our own factory to produce composting machine for poultry dung. On the one hand, the custodian fee of composting machine is low spending. On the other hand, we can deliver the composting turner for animal poo from our factory. In other words, there is no dealers to earn your money. Our Fertilizer Manufacturer Advantages over Other Fertilizer Factories’ Our fertilizer factory has a well reputation in domestic and overseas. What’s more, our factory has been produced fertilizer machines at least 20 years. Regardless of our workers and experts, they all have rich experience with producing fertilizer machine. Thus, our factory can supply an efficiency composting machine for poultry manure. What’s more, our factory can design the poultry manure machine by your needs, but offer an excellent pre-sale service and after-service. When purchasing our poultry dung composting machine, our fertilizer manufacturer can provide an unprecedented experience. What are you waiting for? Please connect with us as soon as possible.

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