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Nefertiti | ^ RE Freed, S D'Auria, YJ Markowitz (1999). Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen (Museum of Fine Arts, Leiden). |
Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun's artifacts have traveled the world with unprecedented visitorship.[164] The exhibitions began in 1962 when Algeria won its independence from France. With the ending of that conflict, the Louvre Museum in Paris was quickly able to arrange an exhibition of Tutankhamun's treasures through Christiane Desroches Noblecourt. The French Egyptologist was already in Egypt as part of a UNESCO appointment. The French exhibit drew 1.2 million visitors. Noblecourt had also convinced the Egyptian Minister of Culture to allow British photographer George Rainbird to re-photograph the collection in color. The new color photos as well as the Louvre exhibition began a Tutankhamun revival.[165] |
Nefertiti | ^ a b c d Dodson, Aidan, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. The American University in Cairo Press. 2009, ISBN 978-977-416-304-3. |
Tutankhamun | In 1965, the Tutankhamun exhibit traveled to Tokyo National Museum in Tokyo, Japan (21 August–10 October)[166] where it garnered more visitors than the future New York exhibit in 1979. The exhibit next moved to the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art in Kyoto (15 October–28 November)[166] with almost 1.75 million visitors, and then to the Fukuoka Prefectural Cultural Hall in Fukuoka (3 December–26 December).[166] The blockbuster attraction exceeded all other exhibitions of Tutankhamun's treasures for the next 60 years.[164][167] The Treasures of Tutankhamun tour ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the British Museum from 30 March until 30 September 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors saw the exhibition.[164][168] The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from 17 November 1976 through 15 April 1979. More than eight million attended.[169][170] The showing in the United States was part of a diplomatic effort begun by Henry Kissinger to further convince Americans of the value of Egypt as an ally. It traveled first to Washington D.C., then Chicago, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Seattle, and finished in New York.[171] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van de Perre, Athena. 2014. "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis: A contribution to the study of the later years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History 7:67-108. |
Tutankhamun | In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a tour of Tutankhamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects, this time called Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs. It featured the same exhibits as Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter in a slightly different format. It was expected to draw more than three million people but exceeded that with almost four million people attending just the first four tour stops.[172] The exhibition started in Los Angeles, then moved to Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, Philadelphia and London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. An encore of the exhibition in the United States ran at the Dallas Museum of Art.[173] After Dallas the exhibition moved to the de Young Museum in San Francisco, followed by the Discovery Times Square Exposition in New York City.[174] |
Nefertiti | ^ Badger Utopia (2017-08-11), Nefertiti - Mummy Queen of Mystery, retrieved 2017-10-30 |
Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun exhibition in 2018 |
Nefertiti | ^ Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3 |
Tutankhamun | The exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures returned to Cairo in December 2011.[175] |
Nefertiti | ^ Schenkel, W. "Zur Rekonstruktion deverbalen Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen", Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden. 1983, pp. 212, 214,247 |
Tutankhamun | The exhibition included 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the 18th Dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition did not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972–1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has decided that damage which occurred to previous artifacts on tours precludes this one from joining them.[176] |
Nefertiti | ^ Allen, James P. (2014-07-24). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05364-9. |
Tutankhamun | In 2018, it was announced that the largest collection of Tutankhamun artifacts, amounting to forty percent of the entire collection, would be leaving Egypt again in 2019 for an international tour entitled; "King Tut: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh".[177] The 2019–2022 tour began with an exhibit called; "Tutankhamun, Pharaoh's Treasures," which launched in Los Angeles and then traveled to Paris. The exhibit featured at the Grande Halle de la Villette in Paris ran from March to September 2019. The exhibit featured one hundred and fifty gold coins, along with various pieces of jewelry, sculpture and carvings, as well as the renowned gold mask of Tutankhamun. Promotion of the exhibit filled the streets of Paris with posters of the event. The exhibit moved to London in November 2019 and was scheduled to travel to Boston and Sydney when the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the tour. On 28 August 2020 the artifacts that made up the temporary exhibition returned to the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and other institutions.[178] The treasures will be permanently housed in the new Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo, expected to open in November 2022.[179][180] |
Nefertiti | ^ a b c d e Dodson (2016), p. 87. |
Tutankhamun | Ancestry |
Nefertiti | ^ Norman De Garis Davies, The rock tombs of el-Amarna, Parts I and II: Part 1 The tomb of Meryra & Part 2 The tombs of Panehesy and Meyra II, Egypt Exploration Society (2004) |
Tutankhamun | vteTutankhamun ascending family history |
Nefertiti | ^ Norman De Garis Davies, The rock tombs of el-Amarna, Parts V and VI: Part 5 Smaller tombs and boundary stelae & Part 6 Tombs of Parennefer, Tutu and Ay, Egypt Exploration Society (2004) |
Tutankhamun | Based on genetic testing and archeological evidence |
Nefertiti | ^ a b c Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 |
Tutankhamun | Thutmose IV (m)Mutemwiya (f)Tjuyu (f)[i]Yuya (m)[i] |
Nefertiti | ^ Jacobus Van Dijk, Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, BACE 7 (1996), p.32 |
Tutankhamun | Amenhotep III (m)[i]Tiye (f)[i]Body identified as KV35EL |
Nefertiti | ^ van Dijk, J. (1996). "Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun" (PDF). Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology: 31–32. Retrieved 15 September 2019. |
Tutankhamun | Nefertiti (f)Akhenaten (m)[i]Body identified in KV55The Younger Lady (f)[i]Body identified as KV35YLPossibly Nebetah or Beketaten |
Nefertiti | ^ Dodson (2016), p. 87–88. |
Tutankhamun | Ankhesenamun (f)Body believed to be KV21ATutankhamun (m)[i] |
Nefertiti | ^ a b c d e Tyldesley, Joyce. Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen. Penguin. 1998. ISBN 0-670-86998-8 |
Tutankhamun | Child 1 (f) Child 2 (f) |
Nefertiti | ^ a b Hawas, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0. |
Tutankhamun | Explanatory notes and reference sources |
Nefertiti | ^ Redford, Donald B. (1987). Akhenaten, the Heretic King. ISBN 9780691002170. |
Tutankhamun | Notes: |
Nefertiti | ^ Dominic Montserrat, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt, Psychology Press, 2003 |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b c d e f g Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] |
Nefertiti | ^ Trope, B., Quirke, S., Lacovara, P., Excavating Egypt. Great Discoveries from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, 2005 ISBN 1-928917-06-2 |
Tutankhamun | ^ Cooney, Kathlyn M.; Jasnow, Richard (25 August 2015). Joyful in Thebes: Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M. Bryan. Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-41-3. |
Nefertiti | ^ Murnane, William J., Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt, Society of Biblical Literature, 1995 ISBN 1-55540-966-0 |
Tutankhamun | See also |
Nefertiti | ^ Athena Van der Perreː The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr AbūḤinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, inːJournal of Egyptian History, 7 (2014), 67-108 |
Tutankhamun | Anubis Shrine |
Nefertiti | ^ "Nefertiti - Ancient History - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-10-26. |
Tutankhamun | Head of Nefertem |
Nefertiti | ^ AncientHistory (2017-04-28), Nefertiti's Odyssey - National Geographic Documentary, archived from the original on 2019-11-06, retrieved 2017-10-26 |
Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun's mummy |
Nefertiti | ^ a b Brand, P. (ed.). "Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky" (PDF). Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane. pp. 17–21. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. |
Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger |
Nefertiti | ^ AncientHistory (2014-12-16), 'Queen Nefertiti' The Most Beautiful Face of Egypt (Discovery Channel), archived from the original on 2017-03-08, retrieved 2017-10-26 |
Tutankhamun | Tutankhamun's trumpets |
Nefertiti | ^ Badger Utopia (2017-08-11), Nefertiti - Mummy Queen of Mystery, retrieved 2017-10-26 |
Tutankhamun | Notes |
Nefertiti | ^ Reeves, Nicholas. Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet. p.172 Thames & Hudson. 2005. ISBN 0-500-28552-7 |
Tutankhamun | ^ Egyptological pronunciation; Ancient Egyptian: twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn. |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (2012). Seyfried, Friederike (ed.). In the Light of Amarna : 100 Years of the Nefertiti discovery. Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-3-86568-848-4. |
Tutankhamun | ^ The relief depicts a child in the arms of a nurse outside a chamber in which Meketaten is being mourned by her parents and siblings, which has been interpreted to indicate she died in childbirth.[27] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (18 August 2014). "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 68. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Part of this interpretation is based on the inscribed block from Hermopolis, which names a 'King's Son' in conjunction with a 'King's Daughter'.[29] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (2012). Seyfried, Friederike (ed.). In the Light of Amarna : 100 Years of the Nefertiti discovery. Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-86568-848-4. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Tutankhamun's Horus Name was Ka nakht tut mesut,[3] translated as; Victorious bull, the (very) image of (re)birth.[5] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (18 August 2014). "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 73. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014. |
Tutankhamun | ^ His second full nomen (also called the Son of Re Name) was; Tut ankh imen, heqa iunu shemau, translated as; The living image of Amun, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis.[5] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (18 August 2014). "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 76. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Tutankahmun's Nebty or Two Ladies Name was; (1): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy,[3] translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands.[5] (2): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy sehetep netjeru nebu, translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands and pacified all the gods.[5] (3): Wer ah imen, translated as; The great one of the palace of Amun.[53] |
Nefertiti | ^ Van der Perre, Athena (18 August 2014). "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 77. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Tutankhamun's Gold Falcon Name was: (1): Wetjes khau, sehetep netjeru[3] translated as; Elevated of appearances, who has satisfied the gods.[5] *Gold Falcon name (2): Wetjes khau it ef ra, translates as; Who has elevated the appearances of his father Re.[53] |
Nefertiti | ^ Murnane, William J. (1995). Texts from the Amarna period in Egypt. United States of America: Scholars Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-55540-966-0. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Tutankhamun's Prenomen (Throne Name) was: Neb kheperu re,[3][53] translated as: The possessor of the manifestation of Re.[5] which had an epithet added: Heqa maat, translated as; Ruler of Maat.[53] |
Nefertiti | ^ Dodson, Aidan (2018). Amarna sunset : Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian counter-reformation (Revised ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-977-416-859-8. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Karl Kitchen, a reporter for the Boston Globe, wrote in 1924 that a boy named Mohamed Gorgar had found the step; he interviewed Gorgar, who did not say whether the story was true.[134] Lee Keedick, the organiser of Carter's American lecture tour, said Carter attributed the discovery to an unnamed boy carrying water for the workmen.[135] Many recent accounts, such as the 2018 book Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh by the Egyptologist Zahi Hawass, identify the water-boy as Hussein Abd el-Rassul, a member of a prominent local family. Hawass says he heard this story from el-Rassul in person. Another Egyptologist, Christina Riggs, suggests the story may instead be a conflation of Keedick's account, which was widely publicised by the 1978 book Tutankhamun: The Untold Story by Thomas Hoving, with el-Rassul's long-standing claim to have been the boy who was photographed wearing one of Tutankhamun's pectorals in 1926.[136] |
Nefertiti | ^ Kemp, Barry (2014). The city of Akhenaten and Nefertiti : Amarna and its people (Paperback ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-500-29120-7. |
Tutankhamun | Citations |
Nefertiti | ^ Kemp, Barry. The Amarna Royal Tombs at Amarna (PDF). p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 1 July 2019. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b Clayton 2006, p. 128. |
Nefertiti | ^ Martin, Sean (August 11, 2015). "Archaeologist believes hidden passageway in tomb of Tutankhamun leads to resting place of Nefertiti". International Business Times. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b c d e Osing & Dreyer 1987, pp. 110–123. |
Nefertiti | ^ "Radar Scans in King Tut's Tomb Suggest Hidden Chambers". National Geographic News. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2019. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b c d e f g h "Digital Egypt for Universities: Tutankhamun". University College London. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 5 August 2006. |
Nefertiti | ^ Sambuelli, Luigi; Comina, Cesare; Catanzariti, Gianluca; Barsuglia, Filippo; Morelli, Gianfranco; Porcelli, Francesco (May 2019). "The third KV62 radar scan: Searching for hidden chambers adjacent to Tutankhamun's tomb". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 39: 8. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2019.04.001. S2CID 164859865. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Leprohon 2013, p. 227. |
Nefertiti | ^ Sambuelli, Luigi; Comina, Cesare; Catanzariti, Gianluca; Barsuglia, Filippo; Morelli, Gianfranco; Porcelli, Francesco (May 2019). "The third KV62 radar scan: Searching for hidden chambers adjacent to Tutankhamun's tomb". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 39: 9. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2019.04.001. S2CID 164859865. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Leprohon 2013, p. 206. |
Nefertiti | ^ James, Susan E. (Summer 2001). "Who is Mummy Elder Lady?". KMT. Vol. 12, no. 2. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 640–641. |
Nefertiti | ^ Harris, James E.; Wente, Edward F.; Cox, Charles F.; El Nawaway, Ibrahim; Kowalski, Charles J.; Storey, Arthur T.; Russell, William R.; Ponitz, Paul V.; Walker, Geoffrey F. (1978). "Mummy of the "Elder Lady" in the Tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian Museum Catalog Number 61070". Science. 200 (4346): 1149–51. Bibcode:1978Sci...200.1149H. doi:10.1126/science.349693. JSTOR 1746491. PMID 349693. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b "Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen". Collins English Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |
Nefertiti | ^ Hawass, Z.; Gad, Y. Z.; Ismail, S.; Khairat, R.; Fathalla, D.; Hasan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Elleithy, H.; Ball, M.; Gaballah, F.; Wasef, S.; Fateen, M.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Selim, A.; Zink, A.; Pusch, C. M. (2010). "Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–47. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b Morkot 2004, p. 161. |
Nefertiti | ^ "Weekly Column - Dr. Zahi Hawass". 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) |
Tutankhamun | ^ a b Redford 2003, p. 85. |
Nefertiti | ^ Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Somaia, Ismail; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Markus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf; Zink, Albert; Pusch, Carsten M. (February 17, 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago, Illinois: American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 20159872. Retrieved May 24, 2020. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. Basic Books, 2012. |
Nefertiti | ^ Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. New York: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 132–142. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Skelly, Susan; University, Macquarie. "Why Tutankhamun's tomb remains one of the greatest archaeological discoveries ever made". phys.org. Retrieved 15 February 2023. |
Nefertiti | ^ a b c Güterbock, Hans Gustav (June 1956). "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II (Continued)". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 10 (3): 75–98. doi:10.2307/1359312. JSTOR 1359312. S2CID 163670780. |
Tutankhamun | ^ "Six archaeological discoveries to rival Tutankhamun's tomb". New Scientist. Retrieved 15 February 2023. |
Nefertiti | ^ Schulman, Alan R. (1979). "Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 38 (3): 179–180. doi:10.1086/372739. JSTOR 544713. S2CID 161228521. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Schwarzer, Marjorie; Museums, American Association of (2006). Riches, Rivals & Radicals: 100 Years of Museums in America. American Association of Museums. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-933253-05-3. Retrieved 17 July 2022. |
Nefertiti | ^ Güterbock, Hans Gustav (September 1956). "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 10 (4): 107–130. doi:10.2307/1359585. JSTOR 1359585. S2CID 224824543. |
Tutankhamun | ^ Bennett, J. (1939). The Restoration Inscription of Tut'ankhamūn. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 25(1), 8–15. |