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Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In October 1940, the U.S. government declared it a military airfield and the United States Army Air Forces operated Atlanta Army Airfield jointly with Candler Field. The Air Force used the airport primarily to service many types of transient combat aircraft. During World War II the airport doubled in size and set a record of 1,700 takeoffs and landings in a single day, making it the nation's busiest in terms of flight operation. Atlanta Army Airfield closed after the war.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In 1942 Candler Field was renamed Atlanta Municipal Airport and by 1948, more than one million passengers passed through a war surplus hangar that served as a terminal building. Delta and Eastern had extensive networks from ATL, though Atlanta had no nonstop flights beyond Texas, St Louis and Chicago until 1961. Southern Airways appeared at ATL after the war and had short-haul routes around the Southeast until 1979.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In 1957 Atlanta saw its first jet airliner: a prototype Sud Aviation Caravelle that was touring the country arrived from Washington D.C. The first scheduled turbine airliners were Capital Viscounts in June 1956; the first scheduled jets were Delta DC-8s in September 1959. The first trans-Atlantic flight was the Delta/Pan Am interchange DC-8 to Europe via Washington starting in 1964; the first scheduled international nonstops were Eastern flights to Mexico City and Jamaica in 1971-72. Nonstops to Europe started in 1978 and to Asia in 1992–93.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Atlanta claimed to be the country's busiest airport, with more than two million passengers passing through in 1957 and, between noon and 2 p.m. each day, it became the world's busiest airport. ( The April 1957 OAG shows 165 weekday departures from Atlanta, including 45 between 12:05 and 2:00 PM (and 20 between 2:25 and 4:25 AM).) Chicago Midway had 414 weekday departures, including 48 between 12:00 and 2:00 PM.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In 1957, Atlanta was the country's ninth-busiest airline airport by flight count and about the same by passenger count. That year work began on a $21 million terminal that opened May 3, 1961. It was the largest in the country and could handle over six million travelers a year; the first year nine and a half million people passed through. In March 1962 the longest runway (9/27, now 8R) was ; runway 3 was and runway 15 was long.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In 1971 the airport was named William B. Hartsfield Atlanta Airport after former Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield, who had died that year. The name change took effect on February 28, which would have been Hartsfield's 81st birthday. Later that year the name became William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport. The airport's terminal until the 1970s was off Virginia Avenue, on the north side of the airport. Six pier concourses radiated from a central building.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Construction began on the present midfield terminal in January 1977 under the administration of Mayor Maynard Jackson. It was the largest construction project in the South, costing $500 million. The complex was designed by Stevens & Wilkinson, Smith Hinchman & Grylls, and Minority Airport Architects & Planners. The new terminal opened on September 21, 1980, on-time and under budget. It was designed to accommodate up to 55 million passengers per year and covered 2.5 million square feet (230,000 m²).

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In December 1984 a fourth parallel runway was completed and another runway was extended to the following year. In 1999 Hartsfield–Jackson's leadership established the Development Program: "Focus On the Future" involving multiple construction projects with the intention of preparing the airport to handle a projected demand of 121 million passengers in 2015. The program was originally budgeted at $5.4 billion over a ten-year period, but the total is now revised to be at over $9 billion.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In May 2001 construction of an over fifth runway (10–28) began. It was completed at a cost of $1.28 billion and opened on May 27, 2006. It bridges Interstate 285 (the Perimeter) on the airport's south side, making Hartsfield–Jackson the nation's only civil airport to have a runway above an interstate (although Runway 17R/35L at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado crossed Interstate 70 until that airport closed in 1995).

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The massive project, which involved putting fill dirt eleven stories high in some places, destroyed some surrounding neighborhoods and dramatically changed the scenery of Flat Rock Cemetery and Hart Cemetery, both of which are on the airport property. It was added to help ease traffic problems caused by landing small- and mid-size aircraft on the longer runways used by larger planes such as the Boeing 777, which need longer runways than the smaller planes.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] With the fifth runway, Hartsfield–Jackson is one of only a few airports that can perform triple simultaneous landings. The fifth runway is expected to increase the capacity for landings and take-offs by 40%, from an average of 184 flights per hour to 237 flights per hour. Along with the fifth runway, a new control tower was built to see the entire length of the runway. The new control tower is the tallest in the United States, over tall.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The old control tower, away from the new one, was demolished August 5, 2006. Atlanta City Council voted on October 20, 2003, to rename the airport Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, to honor former mayor Maynard Jackson, who died June 23, 2003. The council planned to drop Hartsfield's name from the airport, but public outcry prevented this. In April 2007 an "end-around taxiway" opened, Taxiway Victor.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] It is expected to save an estimated $26 million to $30 million in fuel each year by allowing airplanes landing on the northernmost runway to taxi to the gate area without preventing other aircraft from taking off. The taxiway drops about from runway elevation to allow takeoffs to continue. After the Southeastern U.S. drought of 2007, the airport (the eighth-largest water user in the state) made changes to reduce water usage. This included adjusting toilets (725 commodes and 338 urinals) and 601 sinks. (

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The two terminals alone use 917,000 gallons or about 3.5 million liters a day.) It also stopped using firetrucks to spray water over aircraft when the pilot made a last landing before retirement (a water salute). The city of Macon offered to sell water to the airport, through a proposed pipeline. The airport today employs about 55,300 airline, ground transportation, concessionaire, security, federal government, City of Atlanta and Airport tenant employees and is the largest employment center in Georgia.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] With a payroll of $2.4 billion, the airport has a direct and indirect economic impact of $3.2 billion on the local and regional economy and an annual, regional economic impact of more than $19.8 billion. Since the opening of Concourse F in May 2012, the airport now has 192 gates which is the most at any airport. In December 2015, the airport became the first airport in the world to serve 100 million passengers in a year. Delta and Eastern dominated the airport during the 1970s.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] United, Southern, Piedmont, Northwest and TWA were also present. In 1978, after airline deregulation, United and TWA no longer served Atlanta, while Southern successor Republic was the airport's third-largest carrier. Eastern was a larger airline than Delta until deregulation in 1978, but Delta was early to adopt the hub and spoke route system, with Atlanta as a hub between the Midwest and Florida, giving it an advantage in the Atlanta market.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Eastern ceased operations in 1991 due to labor issues; American Airlines considered establishing an Atlanta hub around that time, but decided Delta was too strong there and instead replaced Eastern's other hub in Miami, leaving Delta with a monopoly hub at Atlanta. From the 1980s until Eastern's demise in 1991, Delta occupied Concourse A and part of Concourse B, Eastern occupied the remainder of Concourse B and Concourse C, other domestic airlines used Concourse D, and Concourse T was used by international flights.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] By the mid-1990s, Delta's hub grew to occupy all of Concourse B and the southern half of Concourse T, and international flights moved to the new Concourse E. ValuJet was established in 1993 as low-cost competition for Delta at ATL. However, its safety practices were called into question early and the airline was grounded after the 1996 crash of ValuJet Flight 592.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] It resumed operations in 1997 as AirTran Airways and was the second-largest airline at ATL until it was acquired by Southwest in 2011 and absorbed into Southwest on December 28, 2014. Southwest is now the airport's second largest carrier. On August 28, 2014, the airport management unveiled a preliminary new master plan.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Included in the preliminary master plan are the replacement of the existing domestic parking garages, an end-around taxiway and additional cargo facilities on the south side of the airport, the addition of three new international concourses (G, H, and I), the conversion of Concourse E to domestic use and a sixth runway. On March 10, 2016, the final 20-year master plan was finalized.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The final master plan includes the following: Proposed Concourses H and I are not currently included in the final master plan, but may be added later if demand warrants in 2030 or later. Atlanta has five runways, all parallel, aligned east–west. 8L/26R and 8R/26L are north of the terminal area and 9L/27R, 9R/27L, and 10/28 are south of it.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] From north to south the runways are: Under visual and marginal flying conditions (about 88% of the time) runways 26R and 27L handle arrivals and 26L and 27R handle departures. Runway 28 is assigned to either arrivals or departures, depending on what airfield operations has prioritized. Arrivals approach from the east, and departures take off to the west. Under instrument conditions (about 12% of the time) the airfield shifts: arrivals approach from the west, and departures take off to the east.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] 8L and 9R handle arrivals, and 8R and 9L handle departures. Runway 10 is reassigned to arrivals or departures depending on airfield priority. Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has terminal and concourse space totaling . There are two terminals, the Domestic Terminal and the Maynard H. Jackson Jr. International Terminal, where passengers check in and claim bags. The Domestic Terminal is on the western side of the airport. It is divided into two sidesTerminal South and Terminal Northfor ticketing, check-in, and baggage claim.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Delta is the sole tenant of Terminal South, while all other domestic airlines are located at Terminal North. The portion of the building between Terminal North and Terminal South includes the Atrium, which is a large, open seating area featuring concessionaires, a bank, conference rooms, an interfaith chapel and offices on the upper floors with the main security checkpoint, the Ground Transportation Center and a MARTA station on other levels.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] International flights arrive and depart from the international terminal, either concourse E or F, located on the eastern side of the airport. Concourse F and the new international terminal opened May 16, 2012, while concourse E opened in September 1994, in anticipation of the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] International pre-cleared flights can arrive at concourses T & A–D. International flights can also depart from concourses T & A–D, such as when space is unavailable at concourses E or F, or when an aircraft arrives as a domestic flight and continues as an international flight. Furthermore, all international pre-cleared flights, regardless of origin, will collect their baggage at the international terminal. The 192 gates are located in seven concourses between the Domestic and International terminals.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Concourse T is connected to the Domestic Terminal. The remaining six concourses from west to east are Concourses A, B, C, D, E, and F. Concourses A–D and T are used for domestic flights, while Concourses E and F are used for international flights and some domestic flights when gates at T or A–D are not available, or when an aircraft arrives as an international flight and continues as a domestic flight.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Concourse F is directly connected to the International Terminal, while Concourse E has a designated walkway to the International Terminal and also has its own Federal Inspection station for connecting passengers. Delta Air Lines has gates and operations at all concourses.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The gates at each concourse: When the current passenger terminal opened in 1980, it consisted of only the domestic terminal, the north half of concourse T (which housed international flights), and concourses A-D. Concourse E opened in 1994 for international flights in time for the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta. Once Concourse E was opened, Concourse T was converted to domestic use and the former U.S. Customs hall was converted into a dedicated baggage claim area for American Airlines.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Concourse F and the International Terminal opened in 2012. The terminals and concourses are connected by the Transportation Mall, a pedestrian tunnel with a series of moving walkways, and The Plane Train, an automated people mover. The Plane Train has stations along the Transportation Mall at the Domestic Terminal (which also serves Concourse T), at each of the six other concourses (including concourse F which is connected to the International Terminal), and at the domestic baggage claim area.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The Plane Train is the world's busiest automated system, with over 64 million riders in 2002. At one time, there was a second underground walkway between Concourses B and C that connected the north ends of the two concourses and made it possible to transfer without returning to the center of the concourse. This was constructed for Eastern Airlines, which occupied these two terminals. This walkway is now closed, and its entrance at Concourse B has been replaced by a bank of arrival/departure monitors.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The Hartsfield–Jackson Rental Car Center, which opened December 8, 2009, houses all ten airport rental agencies with capacity for additional companies. The complex features 9,900 parking spaces split between two four-story parking decks that together cover , a customer service center, and a maintenance center for vehicles that features 140 gas pumps and 30 wash bays equipped with a water recovery system.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] An automated people mover, the ATL SkyTrain, runs between the rental car center, the Domestic Terminal, and the Gateway Center of the Georgia International Convention Center, while a four-lane roadway that spans Interstate 85 connects the rental car center with the existing airport road network. The domestic terminal is accessed directly from Interstate 85 at exit 72. The international terminal is accessed directly from Interstate 75 at exit 239.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] These freeways in turn connect with the following additional freeways within 10 miles: Interstate 285, Interstate 675, Georgia State Route 166, Interstate 20. Hartsfield–Jackson has its own train station on the city's rapid transit system, MARTA. The above-ground station is inside in the main building, between the north and south domestic terminals on the west end. The Airport station is currently the southernmost station in the MARTA system.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The Rental Car Center (RCC) is a one-stop facility that houses 13 rental car brands and vehicles for ATL guests. Operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the RCC is just a few minutes away from ATL via the ATL SkyTrain, an electric-powered automated people mover system that connects the Rental Car Center to additional parking and the airport.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The following rental car companies operate from the RCC: Advantage, Airport Rent A Car, Alamo, Avis, Budget, Dollar, E-Z Rent-A-Car, Enterprise, Hertz, National, Payless, Sixt and Thrifty. The ATL SkyTrain also serves the Georgia International Convention Center, the Atlanta Airport Marriott Gateway, SpringHill Suites Atlanta Airport Gateway, and the Renaissance Atlanta Airport Gateway Hotel.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The 990 Toffie Terrace hangar, a part of Hartsfield–Jackson Airport, and located within the City of College Park corporate limits, is owned by the City of Atlanta. The building now houses the Atlanta Police Department Helicopter Unit. It once served as the headquarters of the regional airline ExpressJet. Before the merger, Atlantic Southeast Airlines headquartered in the hangar, then named the A-Tech Center.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] In December 2007, the airline announced it was moving its headquarters into the facility, previously named the "North Hangar." The hangar includes of hangar bays for aircraft maintenance. It has of adjacent land and 1,400 parking spaces for employees. The airline planned to relocate 100 employees from Macon, Georgia to the new headquarters.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The Atlanta City Council and Mayor of Atlanta Shirley Franklin approved of the new 25-year ASA lease, which also gave the airline new hangar space to work on 15 to 25 aircraft in overnight maintenance; previously its aircraft were serviced at Concourse C. The airport property division stated that the hangar was built in the 1960s and renovated in the 1970s. Eastern Airlines and Delta Air Lines had previously occupied the hangar.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Delta's lease originally was scheduled to expire in 2010, but the airline returned the lease to the City of Atlanta in 2005 as part of its bankruptcy settlement. The city collected an insurance settlement of almost $900,000 as a result of the cancellation. Restaurant contracts at the airport are worth about $3 billion and complaints over the contracts fit into a historical pattern of allegations of "cronyism and political influence" at the airport.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Concession company SSP America sued the City of Atlanta to challenge the methods used to award contracts, but this suit was dropped in 2012. Contracts are awarded on a preferential basis if a business qualifies as an "airport concessions disadvantaged business enterprise".

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) challenged the disadvantaged business status of four businesses—Mack II's, Hojeij Branded Foods, Atlanta Restaurant Partners and Vida Concessions—though a review by the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) in 2012 concluded that the evidence did not support decertifying the businesses, and the FAA said it will review the GDOT documents before possibly appealing to the U.S. Department of Transportation. An internal GDOT audit found calculation errors in 27 of 40 cases it reviewed for disadvantaged status.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] As the dominant airport in the Southern United States and the nation's (and world's) busiest in terms of passengers handled (mainly due to being Delta's flagship hub), an old joke in the South quips that, upon one's death, regardless of whether one goes to Heaven or Hell one will connect in Atlanta to get there.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Scenes from the movies "Due Date" and "Life as We Know It", both released in 2010, were filmed and had scenes take place on location at Hartsfield Airport. Also, the films "Unaccompanied Minors" and "Cabin Fever", released in 2006 and 2002 respectively, similarly featured Hartsfield Airport. In a parody Star Wars episode of "Family Guy" entitled "It's a Trap!",

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [SEP] Stewie Griffin, playing Darth Vader, joked that "Even though we're in a galaxy far, far away, we still have to change in Atlanta."

Odense River [SEP] The Odense River () is a river located on the island of Funen, in central Denmark. It is about long and is named after the Funish capital, Odense, which it passes through. Boats can be rented by the river, offering a scenic ride to Fruens Bøge. Excursion boats offer rides to Carlslund, with jazz music some Saturdays during the Summer. During the Viking Age, the fortress Nonnebakken ensured its controller supremacy over the river.

Plateau-des-Petites-Roches [SEP] Plateau-des-Petites-Roches is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Saint-Hilaire (the seat), Saint-Bernard and Saint-Pancrasse.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Ursaab, also known as 92001 and X9248, was the first of four prototype cars made by Saab AB, which at that time was solely an aeroplane manufacturer, leading to production of the first Saab car, the Saab 92 in 1949. The car is now in the Saab Car Museum in Trollhättan. The name "Ursaab" means "original Saab". The model was developed by a 16-person team led by engineer Gunnar Ljungström and designer Sixten Sason.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] An automobile design project was started in 1945 by Saab AB, a manufacturer of warplanes, with the internal name X9248. The design project became formally known as Project 92; the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91, a single engine trainer aircraft. The aim was to design a car that would compete with small German cars like Opel Kadett, DKW and Adler. The target consumer price was 3200 SEK.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Bror Bjurströmer, who was then head of the design department, developed a 1:25 scale sketch and the overall design specifications, which included the following: a wheelbase of and total length of ; employment of a monocoque design; 50% less drag than other cars; 800 kilogram maximum weight; power from a transverse-mounted two-stroke engine; and front-wheel drive.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] The choice of rear-hinged doors was made by Gunnar Ljungström (head of the development team) as he wanted to lessen the risk of damaging doors whilst driving out of a garage. The company made four prototypes, 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92, in 1949. Development was started in Linköping by a 16-person team led by engineer Gunnar Ljungström and designer Sixten Sason. The immediately preceding Saab production code was for an aeroplane - the Saab 91 Safir.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] It was for this reason that the first car project was called the Saab 92. Normally the development would have been handled by the testing workshop, but it was busy with the Saab 91 Safir and the Saab 90 Scandia. Thus the tool workshop, which had a lighter workload at that juncture, was given the assignment. The engineers responsible for making the prototype had no prior experience in making cars, and out of the 16 engineers only two had a driving licence.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] They needed information about the car manufacturing process, but had to simultaneously keep the project secret. A few visits were made to "Nyköpings Automobilfabrik" (later ANA), but as the extent of their work involved the simple installation of bodies on imported ladder frame chassis, the engineers were not able to gather as much information as they had hoped. Also, since all available literature only described how cars were made before the war, they realised that much of the manufacturing process would have to be learned on their own.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Close to SAAB's factory a junkyard provided the engineers with both parts and inspiration. They also purchased a number of cars to study, including a DKW, a Hanomag, an Opel Kadett and a Volkswagen. Structural integrity concerns led to other design decisions. The team tasked with that portion of the project was used to building aircraft where every opening was covered with a load-bearing hatch.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Since this was not viable on an automobile, it was decided that the body structure should be strengthened through the use of a rear window that was as small as possible and which used a split-window design, and omission of a rear bootlid. Because the car had to have a very low drag coefficient,0.3, which even today is considered very impressive, aerodynamic tests were part of the early evaluations.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Thus, the body was of novel design and, with safety in mind, it provided damage-resistance in the event of an accident. Winter driving capability was enhanced via front-wheel-drive and wide wheel arches which allowed for snow accumulation without obstruction of the wheels. Using some carpenters from Motala, a full size mock-up in alder wood was built in the spring of 1946. The model was coloured black using shoe polish.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Some extra workers were recruited from "Thorells Kylarfabrik" in Linköping for building the steel body. Hand-shaping the 1.2 mm thick steel sheets proved to be difficult work. By summer 1946 the first prototype body was ready, hand beaten on a wooden jig. Shaping of the metal was done in Saab's secret factory 30 metres below ground. The colour was a problem - the Managing Director wanted it painted black, but the vice MD wanted it blue.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] But the workshop had already purchased black paint, making it a moot point. The SAAB paint workshop did not have the capacity to handle the paint job so the builders contacted "Aktiebolaget Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna" (ASJ), the Swedish railroad works in Arlöv. This firm was experienced in painting railway cars and buses.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Having been told that their assistance was needed in painting a car, the company was initially reluctant to help since it was thought that the vehicle was a management car such as a DeSoto or something that would take a lot of time. However, when it was learned that the vehicle was a prototype of a new car, ASJ quickly took the job. The prototype had a borrowed 13 kW (18 hp) two-cylinder two-stroke engine, which was placed transversely in the front of the vehicle.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] The first engine and gearbox came from a DKW vehicle, but they were later replaced with an engine and gearbox designed by Gunnar Ljungström. The prototype engine blocks were made by Albinmotor. The head of the firm, Albin Larsson, was hesitant to take work since the cooling pipes in the engine block were considered to be complicated. After test driving the prototype, however, Larsson changed his mind.

Saab Ursaab [SEP] Ursaab was driven over , typically in utter secrecy, and usually on narrow and muddy forest roads and in early mornings or late nights. Today it is in the Saab museum in Trollhättan, with a cleaned grille and more roadworthy headlights. The name "Ursaab" means "original Saab". The Ursaab design was improved by Sixten Sason in 1947, resulting in another prototype: the 92002. The most remarkable difference between 92001 and 92002 is the hood (bonnet).

Saab Ursaab [SEP] The earlier hood design and the use of a hood mechanism from an Opel Kadett made removal of the engine difficult, as one would have to turn it 90 degrees and bring out the drive package with the gearbox first. Inspired by American cars that had cascading front-ends, the redesigned hood allowed for improved access to the engine bay. After an additional four prototypes the design was ready for production as the Saab 92. Ursaab was first shown to the press on June 10, 1947 at Saab AB's headquarters.

Barbie [SEP] Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration. Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls.

Barbie [SEP] Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and most profitable line. However, sales have declined sharply since 2014.

Barbie [SEP] The doll transformed the toy business in affluent communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related merchandise (accessories, clothes, friends of Barbie, etc.). She had a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life-style that can be shared with affluent friends. Starting in 1987, Barbie has expanded into a media franchise, including animated films, television specials, , and music.

Barbie [SEP] Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.

Barbie [SEP] During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper "Bild".

Barbie [SEP] Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.

Barbie [SEP] Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll (with help from engineer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, "Barbie", after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959. This date is also used as Barbie's official birthday. The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blonde or brunette.

Barbie [SEP] The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model," with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production. Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1961.

Barbie [SEP] After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had “infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli’s hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct take-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963.

Barbie [SEP] In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600. Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model.

Barbie [SEP] Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second. The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately , which is also known as "playscale". The standard dolls are approximately 11½ inches tall.

Barbie [SEP] Barbie products include not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a large range of Barbie branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics, and . Barbie has had a media franchise starting in 1987, when she began appearing in a series of animated films. Barbie's direct-to-DVD animated films have sold over 110million units worldwide, as of 2013.

Barbie [SEP] In addition, the brand has had two television specials, "" and "", as well as a hit song, "Barbie Girl" (1997) by Aqua. She is also a supporting character in the Pixar films "Toy Story 2" and "Toy Story 3". Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974, a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week.

Barbie [SEP] The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie. In 1986, the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie's, London for $1.1 million. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.

Barbie [SEP] Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in various settings. Carbee was the subject of the feature-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee's collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie. In 2013, in Taiwan, the first Barbie-themed restaurant called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.

Barbie [SEP] The "Economist" has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination: In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin. Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts.

Barbie [SEP] In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin. In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the "Generation Girl" books, published by Golden Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City (based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School).

Barbie [SEP] She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken ("Ken Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover. Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra.

Barbie [SEP] She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including "Miss Astronaut Barbie" (1965), "Doctor Barbie" (1988), and "Nascar Barbie" (1998).

Barbie [SEP] Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004. From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body image to girls."

Barbie [SEP] Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches at .

Barbie [SEP] Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a woman to menstruate. In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled "How to Lose Weight" which advised: "Don't eat!".

Barbie [SEP] The same book was included in another ensemble called "Slumber Party" in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale permanently set at 110 lbs., which would be around 35 lbs. underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches tall. Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.

Barbie [SEP] In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs. In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new body types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy'. ' Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention and even made the cover of Time magazine with the headline 'Now Can We Stop Talking About My Body?'.

Barbie [SEP] Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a US size 4 in clothing, many children regard her as 'fat'. Complaints also point to a lack of diversity in the line. Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the globe. For example, in 2007, it introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled red, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). "

Barbie [SEP] Hispanic" magazine reports that: "Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first African American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968. Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had Caucasian features.

Barbie [SEP] In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African American children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, skin tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes looked different, but the proportions were the same to ensure clothing and accessories were interchangeable.

Barbie [SEP] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African American people than previous dolls. In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones, twenty-two eye colors, and twenty-four hairstyles. Part of the reason for this change was due to declining sales. Mattel teamed up with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. "

Barbie [SEP] Oreo Fun Barbie" was marketed as someone with whom young girls could play after class and share "America's favorite cookie." As had become the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version. Critics argued that in the African American community, "Oreo" is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the outside and white on the inside," like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought after by collectors.

Barbie [SEP] In May 1997, Mattel introduced "Share a Smile Becky", a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school student in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the doll.

Barbie [SEP] In July 1992, Mattel released "Teen Talk Barbie", which spoke a number of phrases including "Will we ever have enough clothes?", " I love shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same. One of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!".

Barbie [SEP] Although only about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phrase, it led to criticism from the American Association of University Women. In October 1992, Mattel announced that "Teen Talk Barbie" would no longer say the phrase, and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did. In September 2003, the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam.

Barbie [SEP] The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful." In Muslim-majority nations, there is an alternative doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, but is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values.

Barbie [SEP] Fulla is not manufactured by the Mattel Corporation (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (as of April 2019) the "Jewish" Barbie brand is still available in other Muslim-majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia. In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available as an alternative to Barbie, even though they have not been as successful.

Barbie [SEP] In April 2009, the launch of a "Totally Tattoos Barbie" with a range of tattoos that could be applied to the doll, including a lower-back tattoo, led to controversy. Mattel's promotional material read "Customize the fashions and apply the fun temporary tattoos on you too", but Ed Mayo, chief executive of Consumer Focus, argued that children might want to get tattooed themselves.

Barbie [SEP] In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the book "I Can Be a Computer Engineer", which depicted Barbie as being inept at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she downloads a virus onto both of them. Critics complained that the book was sexist, as other books in the "I Can Be..." series depicted Barbie as someone who was competent in those jobs and did not require outside assistance from others.

Barbie [SEP] Mattel later removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism. In March 2000, stories appeared in the media claiming that the hard vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modern Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the head is made from soft PVC.

Barbie [SEP] In July 2010, Mattel released "Barbie Video Girl", a Barbie doll with a pinhole video camera in its chest, enabling clips of up to 30 minutes to be recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cable. On November 30, 2010, the FBI issued a warning in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that there was "no reported evidence that the doll had been used in any way other than intended."