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wilhelm-vocabulary

	Wilhelm Vocabulary
	==================

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	The data that serves [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/). They are written in YAML format, because

	1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
	2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to modify
	3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for data of natural languages

	<!-- TOC -->

	- [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary)
	- [German](#german)
	- [YAML Schema](#yaml-schema)
	- [German Noun Declension](#german-noun-declension)
	- [German (Attributive) Adjective Declension](#german-attributive-adjective-declension)
	- [German Verb Conjugation](#german-verb-conjugation)
	- [Korean](#korean)
	- [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon)
	- [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek)
	- [Latin](#latin)
	- [License](#license)

	<!-- TOC -->

	[German](./german.yaml)
	-----------------------

	### YAML Schema

	```yaml
	vocabulary:
	- term: string
	definition: list
	plural: string
	declension/conjugation: application-specific table
	```

	- The `conjugation` is the inflection paradigm for a German verb and `declension` the inflection for nouns and
	adjectives. Only one of the two is present for a term.
	- The type of the word can be inferred using the following rule

	- `term` with a _definite article_ of __der__/__die__/__das__ signifies a __noun__. For instance

	```yaml
	- term: die Wissenschaft
	definition: the Science
	```

	- Those with `conjugation` field denotes a __verb__; its definition also begins with an _indefinite form_, i.e.
	"to ..."
	- The rests are explicitly stated in the `definition` field. For example,

	```yaml
	- term: ob
	definition:
	- (conj.) if
	- (conj.) whether
	```

	means "ob" is a conjunction in this case and

	```yaml
	- term: denn
	definition:
	- (adv.) then, thus
	- (conj.) because
	```

	tells that "denn" can be __adverb__ or __conjunction__

	> [!TIP]
	>
	> The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the
	> relationship between `term` and `defintion` in graph database loaded by
	> [Wilhelm SDK](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-graphdb-python). For example, both German words
	>
	> ```yaml
	> - term: denn
	> definition:
	> - (adv.) then, thus
	> - (conj.) because
	> ```
	>
	> and
	>
	> ```yaml
	> - term: nämlich
	> definition:
	> - (adj.) same
	> - (adv.) namely
	> - (adv.) because
	> ```
	>
	> can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:
	>
	> ![error loading example.png](./example.png)
	>
	> __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing
	> patterns

	### German Noun Declension

	The declension table employees an [application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following:

	```yaml
	- term: ein
	definition: (article) a, an
	declension:
	- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, plural]
	- [nominative, ein, eine, ein, N/A ]
	- [genitive, eines, einer, eines, N/A ]
	- [dative, einem, einer, einem, N/A ]
	- [accusative, einen, eine, ein, N/A ]
	```

	The declension table above is equivalent to

	\| \| masculine \| feminine \| neuter \| plural \|
	\|:--------------:\|:---------:\|:--------:\|:------:\|:------:\|
	\| __nominative__ \| ein \| eine \| ein \| N/A \|
	\| __genitive__ \| eines \| einer \| eines \| N/A \|
	\| __dative__ \| einem \| einer \| einem \| N/A \|
	\| __accusative__ \| einen \| eine \| ein \| N/A \|

	> [!NOTE]
	>
	> - A list under `declension` is a table row
	> - All rows have the same number of columns
	> - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell

	> [!TIP]
	>
	> __The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from
	> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ein#Declension_2)__

	### German (Attributive) Adjective Declension

	> [!TIP]
	>
	> - Predicate adjectives (e.g. kalt in mir ist kalt "I am _cold_") are undeclined
	> - An adjective can both be predicative (a _brave_ boy) or attributive (The boy is _brave_). Only attributive
	> adjectives are declined.

	There are 3 types of declensions for German adjectives

	1. [strong declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Strong_inflection),
	2. [week declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Weak_inflection), and
	3. [mixed declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Mixed_inflection)

	Each type bears a separate declension table. __To master German adjectives, we will need to memorize all of the three__.

	There is also [adjective comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Adjective_comparison) which throws
	in potentially 6 more tables. But the
	[rules for comparative and superlative forms are quite universal](https://www.reddit.com/r/German/comments/i5mfrq/how_do_you_remember_adjective_declension/)
	so we __ignore the two and focus only on the positive form__, which is the basic form of the adjective.

	Here is an example of the adjective declension used in this repository:

	```yaml
	- term: unterschiedlich
	definition: (adj.) different
	declension:
	- strong declension (without article):
	- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ]
	- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ]
	- [nominative, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ]
	- [genitive, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher]
	- [dative, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlichen]
	- [accusative, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ]
	- weak declension (with definite article):
	- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ]
	- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ]
	- [nominative, der unterschiedliche, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen]
	- [genitive, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen]
	- [dative, dem unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, dem unterschiedlichen, den unterschiedlichen]
	- [accusative, den unterschiedlichen, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen]
	- mixed declension (with indefinite article):
	- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ]
	- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ]
	- [nominative, ein unterschiedlicher, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ]
	- [genitive, eines unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, eines unterschiedlichen, (keiner) unterschiedlichen]
	- [dative, einem unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, einem unterschiedlichen, (keinen) unterschiedlichen]
	- [accusative, einen unterschiedlichen, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ]
	```

	> [!TIP]
	>
	> __The declension tables for all adjectives are sourced from
	> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unterschiedlich#Declension)__

	### German Verb Conjugation

	There are __3__ persons, __2__ numbers, and __4__ moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to
	consider in conjugation. There are __6__ tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four
	compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German:
	[weak and strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb)[^1]. In addition,
	[strong verbs are grouped into 7 "classes"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb#Strong_verb_classes)

	[^1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_verbs#Conjugation

	The conjugation table of German verb on Wiktionary is hard to interpret for German beginner. It does, however, presents
	a very good Philology reference. For example, it tells us which of the 7 "classes" a strong verb belongs to. __We,
	therefore, leave the Wiktionary links to the conjugation table of that verb for data processing in the future__, for
	example,

	```yaml
	- term: aufwachsen
	definition: to grow up
	conjugation: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aufwachsen#Conjugation
	```

	and advise user to employ a much more practical method to learn daily conjugation as follows. We take "__aufwachsen__"
	as an example.

	> [!IMPORTANT]
	> I'm not advertising for any organizations. I'm simply sharing good resources.

	[Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) is the best German dictionary _targeting the vocabulary inflections_.
	[Search for "aufwachsen"](https://www.verbformen.com/?w=aufwachsen) and we will see much more intuitive conjugation
	tables listed.

	This pretty much serves our needs, but what makes Netzverb unpenetrable by other alternatives is that _every_ verb comes
	with

	1. [A printable version that looks much better than the browser's Control+P export](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/aufwachsen.pdf)

	- There is also a "Sentences with German verb aufwachsen" section with a
	[link](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/examples/aufwachsen.htm) that offer a fruitful number of conjugated
	examples getting us familiar with the inflections of the verb

	2. [An on-the-fly generated flashcard sheet](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/worksheets-exercises/lernkarten/aufwachsen.pdf)
	which allows us to make a better usage of our random free time
	3. [A YouTube video that offers audios of almost every conjugated form](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCtUrSn030A),
	which helps with pronunciations a lot

	> [!TIP]
	> - __It is, thus, strongly recommended to study the conjugation through
	> [Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) separately__
	> - Netzverb Dictionary, however, lacks a programmable API. Wiktionary [has a good one](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/)
	> instead. This is why we left the conjugation link to Wiktionary for now and it will definitely serve us well as I'm
	> trying to make it happen

	[Korean](./korean.yaml)
	-----------------------

	中国人学习韩语有先天优势，加之韩语本身也是一门相当简单的语言，所以这里将语法和词汇合并在一起；
	每一项也只由 `term`（韩）和 `definition`（中）组成，

	```yaml
	vocabulary:
	- term: string
	definition: list
	```

	不用费太多功夫记牢简单的语法和词汇，剩下的就是拿韩语字幕剧不停练习听说读写既成。

	Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)
	------------------------------

	The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A
	[complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation.

	[Ancient Greek](./greek.yaml)
	-----------------------------

	```yaml
	vocabulary:
	- term: string
	definition: list
	```

	[Latin](./latin.yaml)
	---------------------

	```yaml
	vocabulary:
	- term: string
	definition: list
	```

	License
	-------

	The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0].

	[Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white
	[Apache License, Version 2.0]: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html

	[GitHub last commit]: https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/master?logo=github&style=for-the-badge
	[GitHub workflow status]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&logo=github&style=for-the-badge