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Outline of Australia

Multi-state regions Barkly Tableland Capital Country Eastern states of Australia East Coast of Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray–Darling basin Northern Australia The Nullarbor Outback Southern Australia

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Administrative divisions States and territories of Australia

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States New South Wales Victoria Queensland Western Australia South Australia Tasmania

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Territories Mainland territories Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory Jervis Bay Territory

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External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Norfolk Island Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Territory Heard and McDonald Islands

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Municipalities Local government in Australia

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Cities of Australia

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Demography Demographics of Australia

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Government and politics Form of government: Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy Capital of Australia: Canberra Elections in Australia 1901 – 1972 – 1974 – 1975 – 1977 – 1980 – 1983 – 1984 – 1987 – 1990 – 1993 – 1996 – 1998 – 2001 – 2004 – 2007 – 2010 – 2013 – 2016 – 2019 – 2022 Australian electoral system Compulsory voting Preferential voting Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives Human rights in Australia Political parties in Australia Liberal Party of Australia Australian Labor Party National Party of Australia Australian Democrats Australian Greens Political scandals of Australia Republicanism in Australia Taxation in Australia

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Federal government Government of Australia

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Branches of the government Separation of powers in Australia

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Executive branch Head of state: King of Australia (King Charles III) Head of state's representative: Governor-General (David Hurley) Head of government: Prime Minister of Australia (Anthony Albanese) Cabinet Federal Executive Council

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Legislative branch Parliament of Australia Australian monarch Australian Senate Australian House of Representatives Opposition Leader (currently: Peter Dutton)

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Judicial branch Judiciary of Australia

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High Court of Australia Australian court hierarchy Constitution of Australia

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Military Australian Defence Force (ADF)

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Command Commander-in-chief: Governor-General as the King's representative. Minister for Defence of Australia (Richard Marles) Forces Army of Australia: Australian Army Navy of Australia: Royal Australian Navy Air force of Australia: Royal Australian Air Force Special forces of Australia Military history of Australia Australian Defence Force ranks

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Foreign relations ANZUS Australia–United States relations Australia–New Zealand relations Australia–Indonesia relations Australia–China relations Australia–Japan relations Anglo-Australian relations Australia and the United Nations

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International organisation membership The Commonwealth of Australia is a member of the:

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Law and order Law of Australia

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Citizenship Cannabis in Australia Constitution of Australia Crime in Australia Law enforcement in Australia National law enforcement agencies Australian Border Force (ABF) Australian Federal Police (AFP) Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) Australian Crime Commission (ACC) Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) Australian Taxation Office (ATO) Regional law enforcement agencies – the following policing agencies are regulated by their respective State or Territory Government and are highly visible: Australian Capital Territory Police New South Wales Police Force Northern Territory Police Queensland Police Service South Australia Police Tasmania Police Victoria Police Western Australia Police

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State and territory governments Governors of the Australian states Parliaments of the Australian states and territories Premiers of the Australian states Government of New South Wales Government of Queensland Government of South Australia Government of Tasmania Government of Victoria Government of Western Australia Government of the Australian Capital Territory Government of the Northern Territory

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Local government Local government in Australia

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History Prehistory of Australia Australian archaeology European exploration of Australia History of Australia (1788–1850) History of Australia (1851–1900) History of Australia (1901–1945) Australian Federation Australia in World War I Australia in World War II Stolen Generations History of Australia since 1945 Constitutional history of Australia Immigration history of Australia Postage stamps and postal history of Australia

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History of states History of New South Wales History of Queensland History of South Australia History of Tasmania History of Victoria History of Western Australia

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Culture Culture of Australia

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Architecture of Australia Architecture of Western Australia Australian architectural styles Australian art Indigenous Australian art Cinema of Australia Australian cuisine Dance in Australia Festivals in Australia Australian folklore Humour in Australia Languages of Australia Australian Aboriginal languages Australian Aboriginal English Australian English Australian literature Media of Australia Television in Australia Cinema of Australia Music of Australia Australian music charts Australian country music Australian hip hop Australian jazz Australian rock Indigenous Australian music Music of immigrant communities in Australia National symbols of Australia Coat of arms of Australia Flag of Australia National anthems: Official national anthem: Advance Australia Fair Royal anthem: God Save the King People of Australia Australian diaspora Australian of the Year Prostitution in Australia Public holidays in Australia World Heritage Sites in Australia Theatre of Australia

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Economy and infrastructure Economy of Australia

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Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 14th (fourteenth) Agriculture in Australia Telecommunications in Australia Internet in Australia Reserve Bank of Australia List of pizzerias in Australia List of restaurant chains in Australia Currency of Australia: Dollar ISO 4217: AUD Economic history of Australia Energy in Australia Energy in Australia Energy policy of Australia Effects of global warming on Australia Garnaut Climate Change Review Coal in Australia Carbon capture and storage in Australia Geothermal power in Australia Solar power in Australia Wind power in Australia Health care in Australia Median household income in Australia and New Zealand Mining in Australia Coal mining in Australia Australian Securities Exchange Tourism in Australia Visa policy of Australia Transport in Australia Airports in Australia Rail transport in Australia Road transport in Australia Tunnels in Australia Water supply and sanitation in Australia

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State economies Economy of New South Wales Economy of Queensland Economy of South Australia Economy of Tasmania Economy of Victoria Economy of Western Australia

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Education Homeschooling and distance education in Australia Public and private education in Australia Universities in Australia Group of Eight

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States education Education in New South Wales Education in Queensland Education in South Australia Education in Tasmania Education in Victoria Education in Western Australia Education in the Australian Capital Territory

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Religion and belief systems in Australia Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology Irreligion in Australia Religion in Australia Buddhism in Australia Christianity in Australia Catholicism in Australia Protestantism in Australia Hinduism in Australia Islam in Australia Judaism in Australia History of the Jews in Australia Sikhism in Australia

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Sport Sport in Australia

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Australia at the Olympics Australia at the Commonwealth Games Football in Australia Soccer in Australia Australian rules football in Australia Rugby union in Australia Rugby league in Australia Cricket in Australia Golf in Australia Field hockey in Australia Motorsport in Australia Tennis in Australia Basketball in Australia Netball in Australia Swimming in Australia Swimming Australia List of Australian records in swimming Women's swimming in Australia Skiing in Australia Australian horse racing Winter sport in Australia

Outline of Australia

See also All pages with titles beginning with Australia All pages with titles beginning with Australian All pages with titles containing Australia All pages with titles containing Australian Index of Australia-related articles List of Australia-related topics List of articles about Australia and New Zealand jointly Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Members states of the Group of Twenty Member states of the United Nations Outline of geography Outline of Oceania List of place names of Dutch origin

Outline of Australia

References External links Wikimedia Atlas of Australia

Outline of Australia

Detailed map of Australia

Australian New Wave

The Australian New Wave (also known as the Australian Film Revival, Australian Film Renaissance, or New Australian Cinema) was an era of resurgence in worldwide popularity of Australian cinema, particularly in the United States. It began in the early 1970s and lasted until the mid-late 1980s. The era also marked the emergence of Ozploitation, a film genre characterised by the exploitation of colloquial Australian culture.

Australian New Wave

Background The Australian film industry declined after World War II, coming to a virtual stop by the early 1960s. The Gorton (1968–71) and Whitlam governments (1972–75) intervened and rescued the industry from its expected oblivion. The federal and several state governments established bodies to assist with the funding of film production and the training of film makers through the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, which fostered a new generation of Australian filmmakers who were able to bring their visions to the screen. The 1970s saw a huge renaissance of the Australian film industry. Australia produced nearly 400 films between 1970 and 1985, more than had been made in the history of the Australian film industry. In contrast to pre-New Wave films, New Wave films are often viewed as fresh and creative, possessing "a vitality, a love of open spaces and a propensity for sudden violence and languorous sexuality". The "straight-ahead narrative style" of many Australian New Wave films reminded American audiences of "the Hollywood-maverick period of the late 1960s and early '70s that had just about run its course".

Australian New Wave

Notable films 1970s 1980s Notable figures Many filmmakers and actors launched international careers through their work in the Australian New Wave.

Australian New Wave

Legacy Several films of the Australian New Wave are regarded as classics of world cinema and have been ranked among films considered the best. Published in 2004, The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made includes Walkabout, Mad Max, Breaker Morant, Gallipoli, Mad Max 2, The Year of Living Dangerously and Dead Calm. In 2008, Empire magazine chose Mad Max 2 and The Year of Living Dangerously as two of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, ranking in at #280 and #161 respectively. The 2011 book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die features Walkabout, Picnic at Hanging Rock, The Last Wave, The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, My Brilliant Career, Mad Max and Gallipoli (winner of multiple AACTA Awards). Since its re-release in 2009, Wake in Fright has been assessed as one of, if not the greatest, Australian New Wave film. The term "glitter cycle" refers to a subgenre of eccentric Australian comedies that came to prominence in the early 1990s, spurning a post-new wave revival of Australian film. These films are noted for their celebration of Australian popular culture, camp aesthetic, colourful makeup and costuming, and musical performance pieces. Prominent glitter films include Strictly Ballroom (1992), Muriel's Wedding (1994), The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994) and Love Serenade (1996). Other prominent post-new wave revival films of the 1990s include The Big Steal (1990), Proof (1991), Romper Stomper (1992), Babe (1995), Shine (1996), Kiss or Kill (1997), and The Castle (1997). In 2008, director Mark Hartley released Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!, a documentary film celebrating the romps of the Australian New Wave of 1970s and 1980s low-budget cinema and includes George Miller, Quentin Tarantino and Barry Humphries. Media theorist Theodore Scheckles argues that the post-1970 period of Australian cinema attempted to "revise the traditional Australian hero and problematize that revision" asserting the best films of this era will be viewed "as films, not as pieces of Australiana". Likewise Michael Walsh argues that the period represents not an "over nationalist" period of Australian cinema, but an adaption of Australian cultural tropes, culture and history to an American mass market.

Australian New Wave

See also List of New Wave movements

Australian New Wave

References External links Film Reference Encyclopedia – "Australian New Wave: The Comedies" New York Times – "Australia Prides Its 'New Wave' of Films" article, 15 February 1981

Deserts of Australia

The deserts of Australia or the Australian deserts cover about 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland, but about 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain, it is practically desert. Collectively known as the Great Australian desert, they are primarily distributed throughout the Western Plateau and interior lowlands of the country, covering areas from South West Queensland, Far West region of New South Wales, Sunraysia in Victoria and Spencer Gulf in South Australia to the Barkly Tableland in Northern Territory and the Kimberley region in Western Australia. By international standards, the Great Australian desert receives relatively high rates of rainfall or around 250 mm (9.84 in) on average, but due to the high evapotranspiration it would be correspondingly arid. No Australian weather stations situated in an arid region record less than 100 mm (3.94 in) of average annual rainfall. The deserts in the interior and south lack any significant summer rains. The desert in western Australia is well explained by the little evaporation of the cold sea current of the West Australian Current, of polar origin, which prevents significant rainfall in the interior of the continent. About 40% of Australia is covered by dunes. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. In addition to being mostly uninhabited, the Great Australian Desert is diverse, where it consists of semi-desert grassy or mountainous landscapes, xeric shrubs, salt pans, gibber (stony) deserts, red sand dunes, sandstone mesas, rocky plains, open tree savannahs and bushland with a few rivers and salt lakes, which are mostly seasonally dry and often have no outflow in the east. The 3 million km2 (1.2 million sq mi) desert is among the least modified in the world. The Australian desert has the largest population of feral camels in the world.

Deserts of Australia

History Geological The area's geology spans a geological time period of over 3.8 billion years, therefore featuring some of the oldest rocks on earth. There are three main cratonic shields of recognised Archaean age within the Australian landmass: The Yilgarn, the Pilbara and the Gawler cratons. Several other Archaean-Proterozoic orogenic belts exist, usually sandwiched around the edges of these major cratonic shields. The history of the Archaean cratons is extremely complex and protracted. The cratons appear to have been accumulated to form the greater Australian landmass in the late Archaean to meso-Proterozoic, (~2400 Ma to 1,600 Ma). Chiefly the Capricorn Orogeny is partly responsible for the assembly of the West Australian landmass by connecting the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons. The Capricorn Orogeny is exposed in the rocks of the Bangemall Basin, Gascoyne Complex granite-gneisses and the Glengarry, Yerrida and Padbury basins. Unknown Proterozoic orogenic belts, possibly similar to the Albany Complex in southern Western Australia and the Musgrave Block, represent the Proterozoic link between the Yilgarn and Gawler cratons, covered by the Proterozoic-Palaeozoic Officer and Amadeus basins.

Deserts of Australia

Aboriginal Indigenous Australians have lived in the desert for at least 50,000 years and occupied all Outback regions, including the driest deserts, when Europeans first entered central Australia in the 1800s. Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional country and are legally recognised as the traditional owners of large parts of the Outback under Commonwealth Native Title legislation. Aboriginal tribes and clans have been nomadic in the desert areas for thousands of years. They subsisted on the local flora and fauna, now known as bush food, and made sure that their sources of drinking water remained intact. The nomads moved in clearly demarcated tribal areas. For example, important tribes living in the desert areas include the Arrernte, Luritja and Pitjantjatjara. The latter tribe's sphere of influence extended from Uluṟu to the Nullarbor Plain. The Dieri tribe lives in a large area of the Simpson, Strzelecki and Tirari deserts. The rock art and archaeological site at Karnatukul was, until recently, estimated to have been inhabited for up to 25,000 years, and known as the site of the oldest continuous recorded occupation in the Western Desert cultural region. Karnakatul shows one of the earliest uses of firewood, and habitation continued through times of extreme climate change, when the desertification occurred as the polar ice sheets expanded. The oldest examples of rock art, in Western Australia's Pilbara region and the Olary district of South Australia, are estimated to be up to around 40,000 years old. The oldest firmly dated evidence of rock art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a small rock fragment found during the excavation of the Narwala Gabarnmang rock shelter in south-western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. The isolated desert areas remained undeveloped for a long time. For example, the Spinifex people first had contact with whites in the 1950s, when they were expelled from their tribal lands because of nuclear weapons testing (1950–1963) by the British and Australian governments. The Pintupi Nine, a group of nine Aboriginal people of the Pintupi tribe, lived a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle in the Gibson Desert until October 1984, when they first encountered whites as they left the desert. Both discoveries were sensations at the time. Large parts of the Australian desert areas are part of the Desert Cultural Area. Important cultural sites include Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. Aboriginal Australians of the desert produced many important artists, one of the first and most famous being Albert Namatjira, who was born in Hermannsburg in the Great Sandy Desert. About a third of Australia's deserts are now Aboriginal lands. A very large part of it is managed by them as a nature reserve. A number of tribes have land use rights for almost all other desert regions. Today, numerous Aboriginal peoples live in settlements in the deserts.

Deserts of Australia

European The Strzelecki Desert was named in 1845 by explorer Charles Sturt after Polish explorer Paul Edmund Strzelecki. The first European to cross the Great Sandy Desert was Peter Egerton Warburton. He arrived on the Western Australian coast badly exhausted and blind in one eye. He owed his survival to Charley, an Aboriginal tracker. The British explorer Ernest Giles, who crossed the desert in 1875, gave it the name Great Victoria Desert. It is dedicated to Queen Victoria. From 1858 onwards, the so-called "Afghan" cameleers and their beasts played an instrumental role in opening up the Outback and helping to build infrastructure. The Sturt Stony Desert was named by Charles Sturt in 1844, while he was trying to find the inland sea which he believed lay at the centre of Australia. In 1866 Peter Egerton Warburton's expedition reached the Tirari desert from the west. The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart. In 1865 the surveyor George Goyder, using changes in vegetation patterns, mapped a line in South Australia, north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture. British explorer Ernest Giles named the Gibson Desert in memory of Alfred Gibson, who went missing during an 1873–74 expedition. The Tanami Desert was named by explorer and prospector Allan Davidson. He only assigned the name on his second expedition to this desert region, which ended in 1900. "Tanami" was the original Aboriginal name for two rock caves with clear drinking water. The Simpson Desert got its name from Allen Simpson, a geographer who ventured into this desert in 1845. The name was suggested by explorer and geologist Cecil Madigan. In 1936, Edmund Colson became the first white man to cross the Simpson Desert. Before that, the great Australian explorers Charles Sturt and David Lindsay had failed. While the early explorers used horses to cross the Outback, the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley, who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006. The nuclear weapons trials carried out by the United Kingdom at Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s and early 1960s have left areas contaminated with plutonium-239 and other radioactive material.

Deserts of Australia

Regions A large contiguous desert area is formed by the Tanami, Greater Sands, Lesser Sands, Gibson and Greater Victoria Sands in western Australia and a smaller one by the Simpson, Sturt, Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts in the east. Spatially isolated between Great Victoria Sand and Simpson lies the small Pedirka Desert, which spreads out over the geological Pedirka Sedimentary Basin. The Small Sandy Desert connects to the Great Sandy Desert and is similar in terms of landscape and vegetation. The Western Desert, which describes a cultural region of Australia's indigenous people, includes the Gibson, Great Victoria, Great Sand and Small Sand deserts in the states of Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. Most of the inhabitants of the area are Indigenous Australians. There are other areas in Australia designated as desert that are not related to the Australian deserts mentioned above. On Kangaroo Island off the coast of South Australia is an area of two square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) called the Little Sahara, a formation of several sand dunes on its south coast. In Victoria, about 375 km (235 mi) west of Melbourne, there is still the Little Desert National Park. The Painted Desert is 121 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Coober Pedy in South Australia. The almost treeless Nullarbor Plain in southern Australia, made of limestone, are also known as the Nullarbor Desert.

Deserts of Australia

Geography There are four known types of terrestrial deserts:

Deserts of Australia

continental (or remote) deserts tropical (or zonal) deserts shelter deserts coastal deserts Australian deserts generally meet the first three criteria, although some coastal desert areas exist in Western Australia. The great ocean circulation in the south of the continent and the cold sea currents in the southern zone play the fourth crucial role, indirectly at the origin of the long periods of continental drought by imposing high atmospheric pressures. As for the fifth hypothesis of cold or frozen deserts, as absurd as this assertion may appear in present-day Australia, they existed several million years ago. Geomorphologists thus explain a number of spectacular rock formations, from the Mount Olga or Uluru to the over-deepened wave of the wind rocks, by involving a thaw of (peri)glacial formations followed by wind action over a long period. The sand ridges have a trend of SSE-NNW and continue parallel for great distances. Areas of the formerly desert outback, deserts such as the Simpson Desert from west to east or mountainous regions such as the Arckaringa Hills are characterized by ocean landscapes of charred rocks, called gibberss. As noted by early Australian explorers such as Ernest Giles large portions of the desert are characterized by gravel-covered terrains covered in thin desert grasses and it also contains extensive areas of undulating red sand plains and dunefields, low rocky/gravelly ridges and substantial upland portions with a high degree of laterite formation. The sandy soil of the lateritic buckshot plains is rich in iron in the Gibson Desert. Several isolated salt-water lakes occur in the centre of the region and to the southwest a system of small lakes follow paleo-drainage features. The desert proper is uninhabitable and the environment remains unmarred, while the greener fringe is used for sheep grazing.

Deserts of Australia

Waterbodies Lakes in the regions (most of which are dried up saline lakes), include:

Deserts of Australia

Rivers and creeks, which are sparse and generally ephemeral, in the Australian desert include:

Deserts of Australia

Biodiversity Vegetation Two types of semi-desert, referred to as "grassland" in Australia, occur in the Australian deserts: Tussock – or Mitchell grasslands are found in the desert areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia and western Queensland. The annual precipitation that falls on these marl and alluvial soils covered with grasses of the Astrebla genus ranges from 150 to 500 mm (6 to 19.5 in). Trees cannot take root on the heavy clay soils, and they are riddled with bushfires. Spinifex or hummock semi-desert grows spiny- headed grasses (Spinifex) in clumps, next to free areas as green Triodia pungens and blue-grey Triodia basedowii. Zygochloa dominates on the sand dunes of the Simpson, Strzelecki and Tirari deserts. In large areas of desert, semi-desert grasslands with mulga bushes (Acacia aneura) predominate. Semi-desert savannas with low-growing acacia species cover large areas in the south of the arid zone, where 200 to 500 mm of precipitation falls in winter and summer. The acacia species, called mulga, grow on the plains, mountain slopes and hills of the deserts. In connection with the bushfires, which are mainly ignited by the spinifex grasses, the non-resistant mulga bushes burn, which then no longer grow back. There is evidence that Aboriginal people did not start bushfires in mulga landscapes. The desert areas covered by mulga are also threatened by deforestation, extensive livestock farming and fuel wood production. At the eastern end of the arid zone is the so-called Witchetty Bush. This area is home to the endemic species of acacia, Acacia kempeana, which feeds the wood borer larva, the witchetty maggot, up to three inches in size. It is high in protein and was an important part of the Aboriginal diet. Eucalyptus woodland thrives along the dry riverbeds. Grasses grow on the soil under the eucalypts. Chenopodiaceae shrubs, which usually do not exceed 1.5 m (5 ft) in height, are found in the southern desert areas. They are salt plants that grow on both dry and saline soils. In the deserts there are permanent or percolating patches of freshwater formed in rocky areas or in sandstone canyons. Bluebush and saltbush species grow in heavier soils. Between the sand ridges, the areas of wooded steppe consist of Eucalyptus gongylocarpa, Eucalyptus youngiana, and Acacia aneura (mulga) shrubs scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses, particularly Triodia basedowii. Most of the area is covered by hummock grasslands (Triodia spp.), with a few eucalypts, acacias, grevilleas, and bloodwoods (Corymbia chippendalei and Corymbia opaca) are found on sand hills. The vegetation of the dunefields of the Tirari Desert is dominated by either Sandhill Wattle (Acacia ligulata) or Sandhill Cane-grass (Zygochloa paradoxa) which occur on the crests and slopes of dunes. Tall, open shrubland also occurs on the slopes. In drier areas, species including Old Man Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), Cottonbush (Maireana aphylla) and Queensland Bluebush (Chenopodium auricomum) form a sparse, open shrubland, whereas swamps and depressions are frequently associated with Swamp Cane-grass (Eragrostis australasica) and Lignum (Muehlenbeckia florulenta). The intermittent watercourses and permanent waterholes associated with tributaries of Cooper Creek support woodland dominated by River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Coolibah (Eucalyptus coolabah). Numerous salt lakes form after heavy rainfall and at times fill the underlying salt flats. The salt lakes occupy relatively small areas in the desert areas. For example, a major salt lake is Lake Eyre, which spans areas of the Gibson and Tirari deserts and fills up completely and then dries up about once every 25 years. Seventeen headwaters have formed in the deserts as a result of the subsurface Great Artesian Basin, one of the largest freshwater basins in the world. The water coming out of the springs is rich in minerals. The springs partially form the habitat of endemic fish and the spring area is overgrown with rare plants. Numerous springs have dried up due to extensive agricultural use in the last 100 years. Threats to biodiversity include wildfires, feral animals, weeds, and uncontrolled grazing.

Deserts of Australia

Wildlife Significantly fewer animals live in the Australian deserts than in the Australian coastal regions. The most common creatures in Australia's arid regions are insects, such as termites and ants, which are of great importance to the ecology. Animals in the desert include feral camels, dingoes, goannas (including the large perentie) and numerous species of lizards and birds. Mammals include bilbies, mulgara, common brushtail possum, rufous hare-wallaby, burrowing bettong, the black-flanked rock-wallaby, marsupial moles, rufous hare-wallabies, yellow-footed rock wallaby, western grey kangaroos, and red kangaroos. Some of the bird-life found within the desert include the rare Alexandra's parrot, wedge-tailed eagles, Australian bustard, the mulga parrot, the scarlet-chested parrot and the chestnut-breasted whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) found on the eastern edge of the Great Victoria Desert and the malleefowl of Mamungari Conservation Park. About 103 species of mammals lived there at the time of European colonization, of which 19 are extinct, such as the desert bandicoot (Perameles eremiana), the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) and the long-tailed bouncy mouse (Notomys longicaudatus). The main survivors are small rodents, insectivorous bats, marsupials, kangaroos and wallabies. A major threat to vegetation are the free-roaming camels in the desert. Over 300 species of birds live in the desert areas, including emus, ratites, parrots, cockatoos, owls and raptors. The desert includes many types of lizards, including the vulnerable great desert skink (Egernia kintorei), the Central Ranges taipan (discovered in 2007), and a number of small marsupials, including the endangered sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila) and the crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda). One way to survive here is to burrow into the sands, as a number of the desert's animals, including the southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops), and the water-holding frog do. Reptiles live in large numbers in the deserts, for example the woma python, thorny devil, bearded dragon, monitor lizard, frilled dragon and geckos. Frog species that have adapted to drought, such as the Desert Trilling Frog (Neobatrachus centralis) and the Desert Tree Frog (Litoria rubella), can also occur. The most numerous species of lizards in the world can be found in the Australian desert, there are over 40 species of them there. In addition to fish, the few permanent freshwater holes are also home to mussels, crustaceans and insects. 34 species of fish occur in Lake Eyre and others at the artesian springs (e.g. at Dalhousie Springs in South Australia). Over 40 species of frogs have been observed after heavy rains. The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent. Predators of the desert include the dingo (as the desert is north of the Dingo Fence) and two large monitor lizards, the perentie (Varanus giganteus) and the sand goanna (Varanus gouldii). Many introduced species have affected the fauna and flora of Australia's desert regions. The Australian feral camel affects native vegetation, partly because Australian desert vegetation evolved without any major herbivores present. Uncontrolled access to more sensitive areas by four-wheel-drive vehicles is also an issue. Feral cats have reduced the populations of bilbies and mulgara.

Deserts of Australia

Climate Australia's climate is mostly determined by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high-pressure belt (i.e. Australian High). Dry conditions are associated with an El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia. Vegetation in arid areas is primarily dependent upon soil type. The average annual rainfall in the Australian desert ranges from 81 to 250 mm (3.2 to 9.8 in), which would make it a semi-arid climate. But a massive evaporation rate makes up for the higher than normal desert rainfall. Central Australia is arid, with the driest areas averaging 150 mm (5.91 in) of rainfall each year. Thunderstorms are relatively common in the region, with an annual average of 15 to 20 thunderstorms. Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 50 °C (90 to 122 °F); winter maximum temperatures average between 18 and 23 °C (64 and 73 °F), though will be more warmer in the north. Extensive areas are covered by longitudinal dunes. The northwestern region of the desert is one which gives rise to the heat lows which help drive the NW monsoon. There, almost all rain comes from monsoon thunderstorms or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression. Frost does not occur in most of the area in the far north. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far southeast may record a light frost or two every year, with frost being more prevalent in the Tanami region. Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days. Minimum winter temperatures dip to 6 °C (43 °F) in most parts of the desert.

Deserts of Australia

Tourism Tourism is a major industry across the Great Australian desert, and commonwealth and state tourism agencies explicitly target Outback Australia as a sought after destination for domestic and international travelers. Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature-based and Indigenous-led experiences to tourists. In the 2015–2016 financial year, 815,000 visitors spent $988 million while on holidays in the Northern Territory alone. At Katjarra, there are two camping spots, with shed tanks and long-drop toilets, and Indigenous rangers are available to show tourists the part of the range that is open to the public. Riversleigh, in Queensland, is one of Australia's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994. The 100 km2 (39 sq mi) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age. There are several popular tourist attractions in the desert, which include:

Deserts of Australia

Mining Other than agriculture and tourism, the primary economic activity in the vast and sparsely settled desert is mining. Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian (in many areas since the Cambrian) ages, the outback is extremely rich in iron, aluminum, manganese and uranium ores, and also contains major deposits of gold, nickel, copper, lead and zinc ores. Because of its size, the value of grazing and mining is considerable. Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy, Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs, metals at Broken Hill, Tennant Creek, Olympic Dam and the remote Challenger Mine. Oil and gas are extracted in the Cooper Basin around Moomba. The Tanami Desert features The Granites gold mine and Coyote Gold Mine. In Western Australia the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley is the world's biggest producer of natural diamonds and contributes approximately one-third of the world's natural supply. The Pilbara region's economy is dominated by mining and petroleum industries. Most of Australia's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the world's major manganese mines.

Deserts of Australia

Transport The outback is reticulated by historic tracks with excellent bitumen surface and well-maintained dirt roads. The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through the centre of the continent, roughly paralleled by the Tarcoola-Darwin railway line. There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south-west to the north-east to create an all-weather road named the Outback Highway, crossing the continent diagonally from Laverton, Western Australia (north of Kalgoorlie), through the Northern Territory to Winton, in Queensland. Air transport is relied on for mail delivery in some areas, owing to sparse settlement and wet-season road closures. Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly-in fly-out workforce. Roads in the desert include:

Deserts of Australia

Towns Although the desert covers about three-quarters of the continent, it only supports around 800,000 residents – less than 5% of the Australian population. In addition, there are approximately 1,200 small Indigenous communities, of which almost half have a population of fewer than 100 people. The Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) started service in 1928 and helps people who live in the outback of Australia. In former times, serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper medical facilities and trained personnel. Young Indigenous adults from the Gibson Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture. Indigenous Australians in the desert regions include the Kogara, the Mirning and the Pitjantjatjara. Aboriginal populations have been increasing in this region.

Deserts of Australia

Inhabited areas within the Great Australian desert include many towns and as well as some cities, such as:

Deserts of Australia

Northern Territory

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New South Wales/Victoria

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Western Australia

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Queensland

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South Australia

Deserts of Australia

Languages and people The Aboriginal languages with the most speakers today in the desert include Upper Arrernte, Walmajarri, Warlpiri, and the Western Desert languages within the Western Desert cultural bloc, such as the Wati languages, the Panyjima language, Wangkatha, Noongar language, the Yankunytjatjara dialect and the Pitjantjatjara dialect. There is also the Adnyamathanha language in South Australia. Other (extant) language clusters include the Kalkatungic languages, Ngarna languages Arandic languages, Ngumpin–Yapa languages, Warumungu languages, Ngayarda languages, Kanyara-Mantharta languages and Thura-Yura languages. Most of these languages belong in the Pama–Nyungan language family. Ethnic groups include the Kartudjara, Warumungu people, Pitjantjatjara, Panyjima people, Kuyani, Yankunytjatjara, Kunapa, Manjiljarra, Ayerrereng, Yuruwinga, Yulparija and the Maduwongga.

Deserts of Australia

Popular culture Popular movies set or filmed in the Australian desert include:

Deserts of Australia

See also Bushland Irrigation in Australia Outback The bush

Deserts of Australia

References Further reading Johnson, John & Catherine de Courcy.(1998) Desert Tracks Port Melbourne, Vic. Lothian Books. ISBN 0-85091-811-1

Deserts of Australia

External links

Deserts of Australia

The Australian Landscape, A Cultural History – A four-part program exploring the way Europeans and Aboriginal people have engaged with the desert, through art, science and religion, from ABC Radio National Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31) World Book World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Simpson desert". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.

Australian wine

The Australian wine industry is one of the world's largest exporters of wine, with approximately 800 million out of the 1.2 to 1.3 billion litres produced annually exported to overseas markets. The wine industry is a significant contributor to the Australian economy through production, employment, export, and tourism. There is a $3.5 billion domestic market for Australian wines, with Australians consuming approximately 500 million litres annually. Norfolk Islanders are the second biggest per capita wine consumers in the world with 54 litres. Only 16.6% of wine sold domestically is imported. Wine is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares; however Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, with vineyards located in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania and Queensland. The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of the particular Terroir such as: climatic differences, topography and soil types. The major varieties are predominantly Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Semillon, Pinot noir, Riesling, and Sauvignon blanc. Wines are often labelled with the name of their grape variety, which must constitute at least 85 percent of the wine.

Australian wine

History Vine cuttings from the Cape of Good Hope were brought to the penal colony of New South Wales by Governor Phillip on the First Fleet (1788). Wine produced from this was initially for household use. An attempt at wine making from these first vines failed, but with perseverance, other settlers managed to successfully cultivate vines for winemaking, and Australian made wine was available for sale domestically by the 1820s. In 1822 Gregory Blaxland became the first person to export Australian wine, and was the first winemaker to win an overseas award. In 1830 vineyards were established in the Hunter Valley. In 1833 James Busby returned from France and Spain with a serious selection of grape varieties including most classic French grapes and a good selection of grapes for fortified wine production. Wine from the Adelaide Hills was sent to Queen Victoria in 1844, but there is no evidence that she placed an order as a result. The production and quality of Australian wine was much improved by the arrival of free settlers from various parts of Europe, who used their skills and knowledge to establish some of Australia's premier wine regions. For example, emigrants from Prussia in the mid-1850s were important in establishing South Australia's Barossa Valley as a winemaking region. In smaller scale, winemakers from Switzerland also helped in establishing Geelong wine region in Victoria in 1842. In 1853, Australia had less than six hundred hectares of grapes, with only a portion used for winemaking. Early Australian winemakers faced many difficulties, particularly due to the unfamiliar Australian climate. But because it is also warm, dry, and Mediterranean overall, making Australia ideal for wine production, they eventually achieved considerable success. "At the 1873 Vienna Exhibition the French judges, tasting blind, praised some wines from Victoria, but withdrew in protest when the provenance of the wine was revealed, on the grounds that wines of that quality must clearly be French." Australian wines continued to win high honours in French competitions. A Victorian Syrah (also called Shiraz) competing in the 1878 Paris Exhibition was likened to Château Margaux and "its taste completed its trinity of perfection." One Australian wine won a gold medal "first class" at the 1882 Bordeaux International Exhibition and another won a gold medal "against the world" at the 1889 Paris International Exhibition. That was all before the destructive effects on the industry of the phylloxera epidemic. Australia has rapidly become a world leader in both the quantity and quality of wines it produces. For example, Australian wine exports to the US rose from 578,000 cases in 1990 to 20,000,000 cases in 2004 and in 2000 it exported more wine than France to the UK for the first time in history. The industry has at times suffered from its own productivity. In the late 1980s, governments sponsored growers to pull out their vines when Australia was a net importer of wine. Low grape prices in 2005 and 2006 have led to calls for another sponsored vine pull. Cleanskin wines were introduced into Australia during the 1960s as a means to combat oversupply and poor sales. During the Black Summer bushfires of 2019 to 2020, winemaking was adversely affected in production areas struck by fire or smoke, which affects flavour through smoke taint. The Adelaide Hills wine region was particularly badly hit, losing up to 30% of is vineyards. Some winemakers found innovative ways to get around the problem of tainted grapes. In 2020, China placed taxes of more than 200% on Australian wines at a time when China was Australia's most lucrative market. As relations between the two countries improved the tariffs were removed in March 2024. In 2024, in part due to overproduction as well as falling consumption, Australian vignerons uprooted millions of vines.

Australian wine

Grape varieties Major grape varieties are Shiraz, Pinot noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Riesling. The country has no native grapes, and Vitis vinifera varieties were introduced from Europe and South Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some varieties have been bred by Australian viticulturists, for example Cienna and Tarrango. The most widely cultivated grape variety in Australia is Shiraz. About 130 different grape varieties are used by commercial winemakers in Australia. Over recent years many winemakers have been rediscovering so-called "alternative varieties" other than those listed above. Many varieties from France, Italy and Spain, for example Petit Verdot, Pinot grigio, Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Nebbiolo, Malbec, Barbera, Arneis, Fiano (grape) and Viognier are becoming more common. Wines from many other varieties are being produced. Australian winemaking results have been impressive and it has established benchmarks for a number of varietals, such as Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Shiraz. Moreover, Australians have innovated in canopy management and other viticultural and in wine-making techniques, and they have a general attitude toward their work that sets them apart from producers in Europe. Australian wine-makers travel the wine world as highly skilled seasonal workers, relocating to the northern hemisphere during the off-season at home. They are an important resource in the globalisation of wine and wine critic Matt Kramer notes that "the most powerful influence in wine today" comes from Australia.

Australian wine

GSM blends GSM is a name commonly used for a red wine consisting of a blend of Grenache, Shiraz (Syrah), and Mourvèdre. Blends where Shiraz is the main component are sometimes referred to instead as SGM. This blend originated from those used in some Southern Rhône wines, including Châteauneuf-du-Pape, though it is also found in South Australia, California (particularly Paso Robles, originating with Tablas Creek Vineyard), and Washington (Columbia Valley); smaller production exists in Argentina and South Africa. A very similar blend is traditional to Priorat (in Catalonia, Spain), still based on Garnacha (Grenache), but adding Mazuelo (Carignan), Syrah, and Merlot (same GS, different M's). Grenache is the lightest of the three grapes, producing a pale red juice with soft berry scents and a bit of spiciness. As a blending component, it contributes alcohol, warmth and fruitiness without added tannins. Shiraz can contribute full-bodied, fleshy flavours of black fruits and pepper. It adds colour, backbone and tannins and provides the sense of balance such blends require. Mourvèdre contributes elegance, structure and acidity to the blend, producing flavours of sweet plums, roasted game and hints of tobacco.

Australian wine

Production Australia's most famous wine is Penfolds Grange. The great 1955 vintage was submitted to competitions beginning in 1962 and over the years has won more than 50 gold medals. The vintage of 1971 won first prize in Syrah/Shiraz at the Wine Olympics in Paris. The 1990 vintage was named 'Red Wine of the Year' by the Wine Spectator magazine in 1995, which later rated the 1998 vintage 99 points out of a possible 100. Wine critic Hugh Johnson has called Grange the only First Growth of the Southern Hemisphere. The influential wine critic Robert Parker, who is well known for his love of Bordeaux wines, has written that Grange "has replaced Bordeaux's Pétrus as the world's most exotic and concentrated wine". Other red wines to garner international attention include Henschke Hill of Grace, Clarendon Hills Astralis, D'Arenberg Dead Arm, Torbreck Run Rig and other high-end Penfolds wines such as St Henri shiraz. Australia has almost 2000 wine producers, most of whom are small winery operations. The market is dominated by a small number of major wine companies. The largest wineries are the Casella winery in Yenda, NSW (Yellow Tail wines) and the Berri Estates winery in Glossop, SA. The ownership of wineries varies but their location has largely been the same since the introduction of stainless steel tanks in the 1990s, there was a major change in the wine industry in the 1980s when local winegrower cooperatives ceased operations or were privatised. The majority of grapes are grown in warm climate regions, including the Riverina, Murray Valley and Riverland wine regions, located in southern NSW, north western Victoria and South Australia. A 2019 report by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission examined grape production in these areas and the myriad competition and consumer issues facing growers.

Australian wine

Major wine regions The information included on wine labels is strictly regulated. One aspect of this is that the label must not make any false or misleading statements about the source of the grapes. Many names (called geographic indications) are protected. These are divided into "South Eastern Australia", the state names, zones (shown in the map), regions, and subregions. The largest volume of wine is produced from grapes grown in the warm climate Murray-Darling Basin zones of Lower Murray, North Western Victoria and Big Rivers. In general, the higher-value premium wines are made from smaller and cooler-climate regions. The South Australian wine industry is responsible for most of the production of wine in Australia. In recent years, the Tasmanian wine industry has emerged as a producer of high quality wines. In particular, the Tamar Valley has developed a reputation for its Chardonnay and Pinot noir, which are well suited to the cooler Tasmanian climate. Queensland is also developing a wine industry with over 100 vineyards registered in the state. Some notable wines are produced in the high-altitude Granite Belt region in the state's extreme south, production is centred on the towns of Stanthorpe and Ballandean.

Australian wine

Some well-known wine-producing regions include:

Australian wine

South Australia wine regions

Australian wine

Victoria wine regions

Australian wine

New South Wales wine regions

Australian wine

Western Australia wine regions Greater Perth:

Australian wine

South Western Australia:

Australian wine

Great Southern:

Australian wine

Tasmania wine regions

Australian wine

Queensland wine

Australian wine

Export markets The Australian Wine export market was worth 2.8 billion Australian dollars (A$) a year in June 2007, having grown at 9%pa. Of this about A$2 billion is accounted for by North America and the UK. 2007 statistics for the North American market show that Australian wine accounted for a 17% share of the total value of US imported wine, behind France with 31% and Italy with 28%. New marketing strategies developed for the key UK market encouraged customers to explore premium Australian brands while maintaining sales of the lower-margin high-volume brands, following research that indicated a celebratory dinner was more likely to be accompanied by an inferior French wine than a premium Australian wine. This is partly due to exchange rate fluctuations, making Australian wines appear much cheaper than French wines in the UK and hence perceived as being of poorer quality. While this situation may be somewhat mitigated by the continued rise in the Australian dollar during 2010, the stronger currency threatens to weaken Australian exports to the crucial US market. Australian wine accounts for a very large imported wine market share in South Asian countries and is the second largest imported wine in India with a market share of 16%. Australia was China's largest supplier of imported wine, a standing achieved in part by free-trade agreements established between the two countries. However, in retaliation for the Australian government's support of an inquiry into the origins of Covid-19, China imposed tariffs of over 200% on Australian wine in October 2020. These tariffs have been lifted as of April 2024 following an improvement in relations between the two countries. Canada is the fourth-largest export market for Australian wines with the major exporting provinces being British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. With the restrictions on the sale of Australian wine being removed in British Columbia, Australian wine will be on more shelves in the province with lower tariffs.

Australian wine

Government spending Australian wine research and production is supported by the government through partnerships with the publicly funded CSIRO and Wine Australia worth $18 million. In an average year, alcohol production in Australia is estimated to produce between $3.3 and $5.5 billion in taxable income.

Australian wine

See also References Sources External links Wine Australia

Telephone numbers in Australia

The Australian telephone numbering plan governs the allocation of telephone numbers in Australia. It has changed many times, the most recent major reorganisation by the Australian Communications and Media Authority taking place between 1994 and 1998.

Telephone numbers in Australia

Overview For landline telephony, Australia is geographically divided into four areas, three of which cover more than one state or territory. All local telephone numbers within the four areas have eight digits, consisting (mainly) of a four-digit exchange code and a four-digit local line number. The national significant number consists of a single-digit area code followed by the local eight-digit number, a total of nine digits. Calling within Australia a landline telephone in an area other than that of the caller, the telephone number is preceded by the Australian trunk prefix 0 and the area code: 0x xxxx xxxx.

Telephone numbers in Australia

00 International and Emergency access (see below for details) 01 Alternative phone services 014 Satellite phones 0163 Pager numbers 0198 Data numbers (e.g. 0198 308 888 is the dial-up PoP number for Telstra) 02 Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT, small parts of Victoria) 03 Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS) 04 Digital Mobile services (3G, 4G, 5G and GSM) 0550 Location Independent Communication Services 07 Geographic: North-east region (QLD) 08 Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA, small part of NSW) 1 Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only; see below for details) The current numbering plan would appear to be sufficient to cope with potential increase in demand for services for quite some time to come. The 06 and 09 area codes are unused. In addition, each other area code has large number ranges unallocated. When dialling from outside Australia, after dialling the appropriate international access code, it is necessary to dial the country code for Australia (61) followed by the nine digit national significant number. (The + symbol is used to represent the International Access Code, e.g. +61 3 xxxx xxxx for a number in Victoria/Tasmania or +61 4xx xxx xxx for a mobile number). Some numbers beginning with a 1 may be dialled without any replacement, after dialling the required international access code and the country code. Australian local numbers have eight digits, conventionally written in the form xxxx xxxx. Mobile numbers are written in the form of ten digits, when dialed within Australia, the 0 must be included, and 4, which indicates the service required is a mobile number. Mobile numbers are conventionally written 04xx xxx xxx. If a landline or mobile number is written where it may be viewed by an international audience (e.g. in an email signature or on a website) then the number is often written as +61 x xxxx xxxx or +61 4xx xxx xxx respectively. The Australian national trunk access code, 0, is not used for calls originated from locations outside Australia.

Telephone numbers in Australia

Geographic numbers Fixed-line telephone numbers Within Australia, dialing a number in another area requires dialing the trunk code 0, followed by the area code, and then the local number. In major centres, the first four digits specify the CCA (Call Collection Area, also known as an exchange), and the remaining digits specify a number at that exchange, up to 10,000 of which may be connected. Smaller exchanges in more remote areas may mean that no more than 100 numbers could be connected to such exchanges. To access numbers in the same area, it is necessary only to dial the eight digits concerned. To access a number in another area it is first necessary to dial the trunk code of 0, followed by the area code (2, 3, 7 or 8) and then the specific local number. The area codes do not exactly match state/territory boundaries. Notable are the part of New South Wales around Broken Hill (a large part of the state's area but less than 1% of its population), which uses (08) 80xx numbers, and Wodonga, which is in Victoria but is within the New South Wales (02) area code. Similarly New South Wales border towns including Deniliquin and Buronga are within the South East (Victorian) (03) area code, and Tweed Heads within the North East (Queensland) (07) area code. Physical exchanges can be allocated one or more prefixes and modern technology allows sub-sets of these number ranges to be allocated to switching entities physically located at a distance from the exchange in which their controlling terminal is located. (Thus, the concept of what a "telephone exchange" is can become somewhat blurred.) Landlines use an open dialling plan: if the caller's phone shares the same area code as the called phone, the area code may be omitted. For example, a call from the number (02) 5551 5678, to the number (02) 7010 1111, will be connected if the caller dials only 7010 1111. Similarly, a person who dials 7010 5678 on a land-line or mobile phone in Melbourne (i.e., within the 03 area) will be connected to 03 7010 5678. For this reason, landline numbers are often specified without the area code. If a person's number and the destination number share the same area code, then the area code is not required, even if it is not a local (untimed) call. However, the full international number must always be dialled, since the Australian telephone network has the capability to recognise when the destination required is either international, in a different national area or within the local area and to switch and charge the call accordingly. Thus, it is strongly recommended that telephone numbers should be stored in mobile phones in the form of the full international number, should the owner of the phone be likely to use the phone concerned in an area away from home, either within Australia or internationally.

Telephone numbers in Australia

Mobile phones Within Australia, mobile phone numbers begin with 04 or 05 – the Australian national trunk code 0, plus the mobile indicator 4 or 5 – followed by eight digits. This is generally written as 04XX XXX XXX within Australia, or as +61 4XX XXX XXX for an international audience. This format is the result of mobile carriers advertising numbers in such a way so as to clearly identify the owning telco prior to mobile number portability, introduced on 25 September 2001. Prior to MNP, mobile operators generally reserved number ranges in blocks of 04 xy z. The xy-digit codes (sometimes xy z) are allocated per network. Since the introduction of number portability, there is no longer a fixed relationship between the mobile phone number and the network it uses. In 2015 the 05 prefix (other than 0550) was also reserved for digital mobile phones as a part of the Telecommunications Numbering Plan 2015. However, as of 2019 no numbers have been allocated with this prefix. Within Australia, mobile numbers must always be dialed with all 10 digits, regardless of the caller's location.

Telephone numbers in Australia

List of geographic numbers Geographical areas are identified by the first few digits of the local number:

Telephone numbers in Australia

Central-East region (02) 02 37 Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands 02 38 Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan 02 39 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina 02 40 Newcastle, Lower Hunter 02 41 Newcastle, Lower Hunter 02 42 Wollongong 02 43 Gosford, Central Coast 02 44 Batemans Bay, Moruya, Nowra 02 45 Windsor, Richmond 02 46 Campbelltown 02 47 Penrith, Blue Mountains 02 48 Bowral, Crookwell, Goulburn, Marulan 02 49 Newcastle, Lower Hunter 02 50 Albury, Corryong, Wodonga 02 51 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass 02 52 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass 02 53 Bathurst, Orange 02 54 Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma 02 55 Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook 02 56 Murwillumbah, Grafton, Lismore 02 57 Armidale, Tamworth, Northern Tablelands 02 58 Bourke, Dubbo, Far West 02 59 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina 02 60 Albury, Corryong, Wodonga 02 61 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass 02 62 Canberra, Queanbeyan, Yass 02 63 Bathurst, Orange, Cowra 02 64 Bega, Merimbula, Tathra, Cooma 02 65 Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Taree, Lord Howe Island, Muswellbrook 02 66 Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Lismore, Murwillumbah 02 67 Armidale, Glen Innes, Gunnedah, Inverell, Moree, Narrabri, Tamworth 02 68 Bourke, Dubbo, Cobar 02 69 Griffith, Wagga Wagga, Riverina 02 7 Sydney 02 8 Sydney 02 9 Sydney

Telephone numbers in Australia

South-east region (03) 03 32 Geelong, Colac 03 33 Ballarat 03 34 Bendigo 03 40 Mildura, Balranald 03 41 Traralgon, Bairnsdale 03 42 Geelong, Colac 03 43 Ballarat 03 44 Bendigo 03 45 Warrnambool 03 47 Wangaratta 03 48 Deniliquin, Numurkah, Shepparton 03 49 Mornington 03 50 Mildura, Balranald 03 51 Traralgon, Bairnsdale 03 52 Colac, Geelong 03 53 Ballarat 03 54 Bendigo 03 55 Warrnambool, Casterton, Portland 03 56 Drouin, Foster, Warragul, Wonthaggi 03 57 Wangaratta 03 58 Deniliquin, Shepparton 03 59 Mornington, Pakenham, Rosebud, Warburton, Yarra Ranges 03 61 Hobart 03 62 Hobart 03 63 Launceston 03 64 Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown 03 65 Devonport, Burnie, Queenstown 03 67 Launceston 03 7 Melbourne 03 8 Melbourne 03 9 Melbourne

Telephone numbers in Australia

North-east region (07) 07 2 Brisbane, Bribie Island 07 3 Brisbane, Bribie Island 07 40 Cairns, Far North Queensland 07 41 Bundaberg, Kingaroy, Maryborough 07 42 Cairns 07 43 Bundaberg, Kingaroy 07 44 Townsville, North Queensland 07 45 Toowoomba, Roma, south-west 07 46 Toowoomba, Roma, South West 07 47 Townsville, North Queensland 07 48 Rockhampton, Mackay 07 49 Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone 07 52 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture 07 53 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture 07 54 Sunshine Coast, Esk, Nambour, Gatton, Caboolture 07 55 Gold Coast, Tweed Heads (NSW), Beaudesert 07 56 Gold Coast, Beaudesert 07 57 Gold Coast, Beaudesert 07 70 Cairns, Far North Queensland 07 75 Inglewood, Toowoomba 07 76 Inglewood, Toowoomba 07 77 Townsville, North Queensland 07 79 Rockhampton, Mackay, Gladstone

Telephone numbers in Australia

Central and West region (08) 08 25 Riverland, Murraylands 08 26 Ceduna 08 51 Port Hedland 08 52 Perth 08 53 Perth 08 54 Perth 08 55 Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah) 08 58 Albany 08 60 Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Goldfields-Esperance 08 61 Perth 08 62 Perth 08 63 Perth 08 64 Perth 08 65 Perth 08 66 Moora 08 67 Bridgetown, Bunbury 08 68 Albany 08 69 Geraldton 08 70 Adelaide 08 71 Adelaide 08 72 Adelaide 08 73 Adelaide 08 74 Adelaide 08 75 Riverland, Murraylands 08 76 Ceduna 08 77 South East 08 78 Mid North 08 79 Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin) 08 80 Broken Hill (NSW) 08 81 Adelaide 08 82 Adelaide 08 83 Adelaide 08 84 Adelaide 08 85 Riverland, Murraylands, Barossa Valley 08 86 Ceduna 08 87 South East 08 88 Mid North 08 89 Northern Territory (Alice Springs, Darwin) 08 90 Kalgoorlie 08 91 Derby [inc. Cocos/Keeling & Christmas Islands.] 08 92 Perth 08 93 Perth 08 94 Perth 08 95 Bullsbrook East, Northam, Pinjarra (Mandurah) 08 96 Moora 08 97 Bunbury, Busselton, Bridgetown, Collie, Harvey 08 98 Albany 08 99 Geraldton