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[ { "id": "4466", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of systemic lidocaine on pain and secondary hyperalgesia associated with the heat/capsaicin sensitization model in healthy volunteers . UNLABELLED Although effective in neuropathic pain , the efficacy of systemic lidocaine in non-neuropathic pain remains uncertain . We investigated the analgesic effect of systemic lidocaine on the heat/capsaicin sensitization model of experimental pain in 24 volunteers . Sensitization was produced by heating the skin to 45 degrees C for 5 min , followed by a 30-min application of 0.075 % capsaicin cream , and maintained by periodically reheating the sensitized skin . Subjects received IV lidocaine ( bolus 2 mg/kg , then infusion 3 mg. kg . h ) , or saline for 85 min . Areas of secondary hyperalgesia , heat pain detection thresholds , and painfulness of stimulation with 45 degrees C for 1 min ( long thermal stimulation ) were quantified . Systemic lidocaine reduced the area of secondary hyperalgesia to brush , but not to von Frey hair stimulation . Lidocaine did not alter heat pain detection thresholds or painfulness of long thermal stimulation in normal skin . We conclude that , at infusion rates in the low- to mid-antiarrhythmic range , lidocaine has no effect on acute nociceptive pain but does have a limited and selective effect on secondary hyperalgesia . IMPLICATIONS The efficacy of systemic lidocaine in nonneuropathic pain remains uncertain . This study investigates the effect of systemic lidocaine on experimental-induced hyperalgesia in 25 volunteers . Hyperalgesia was induced by using an experimental pain model that uses heat and capsaicin in combination . Systemic lidocaine showed a selective effect on secondary hyperalgesia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1707 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4467", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4468", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4469", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "systemic lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4470", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "heating the skin" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4471", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "capsaicin cream" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4472", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4473", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 702, 708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4474", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4475", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1007, 1016 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4476", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4477", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4478", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4479", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4480", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "secondary hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4481", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "secondary hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4482", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "heat pain detection thresholds" ], "offsets": [ [ 756, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4483", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "painfulness of long thermal stimulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4484", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "acute nociceptive pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1228, 1250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4485", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "secondary hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4486", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 203, 211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4487", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "nonneuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4488", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "experimental-induced hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1475, 1508 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4489", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1528, 1540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4490", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pain and secondary hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4491", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "in healthy volunteers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4492", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 237, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4493", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "experimental pain in 24 volunteers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 418 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4495", "type": "document", "text": [ "Phase III comparative study of high-dose cisplatin versus a combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . PURPOSE New effective chemotherapy is needed to improve the outcome of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . Paclitaxel administered as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin has been shown to be a potentially new useful agent for the treatment of NSCLC . PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1995 and April 1996 , 414 patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were randomized to received either a control arm of high-dose cisplatin ( 100 mg/m ( 2 ) ) or a combination of paclitaxel ( 175 mg/m ( 2 ) , 3-hour infusion ) and cisplatin ( 80 mg/m ( 2 ) ) every 21 days . RESULTS Compared with the cisplatin-only arm , there was a 9 % improvement ( 95 % confidence interval , 0 % to 19 % ) in overall response rate for the paclitaxel/cisplatin arm ( 17 % v 26 % , respectively ; P=.028 ) . Median time to progression was 2.7 and 4.1 months in the control and paclitaxel/cisplatin arm , respectively ( P=.026 ) . The study , however , failed to show a significant improvement in median survival for the paclitaxel/cisplatin arm ( 8.6 months in the control arm v 8.1 months in the paclitaxel/cisplatin arm , P=.862 ) . There was more hematotoxicity , peripheral neuropathy , and arthralgia/myalgia on the paclitaxel/cisplatin arm , whereas the high-dose cisplatin arm produced more ototoxicity , nausea , vomiting , and nephrotoxicity . Quality of life ( QOL ) was similar overall between the two arms . CONCLUSION This large randomized phase III trial failed to show a significant improvement in survival for the paclitaxel/cisplatin combination compared with high-dose cisplatin in patients with advanced NSCLC . However , the paclitaxel/cisplatin combination did produce a better clinical response , resulting in an increased time to progression while providing a similar QOL ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1957 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4496", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4497", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel and cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4498", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4499", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4500", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4501", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination of paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4502", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4503", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4504", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4505", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4506", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4507", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4508", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4509", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4510", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel/cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4511", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 872, 893 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4512", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Median time to progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 995 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4513", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4514", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hematotoxicity , peripheral neuropathy , and arthralgia/myalgia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1311, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4515", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "ototoxicity , nausea , vomiting , and nephrotoxicity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1513 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4516", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Quality of life ( QOL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1514, 1537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4517", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4518", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 226, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4520", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of brain metastases of small-cell lung cancer : comparing teniposide and teniposide with whole-brain radiotherapy -- a phase III study of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group . PURPOSE Approximately 60 % of patients with small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC ) develop brain metastases . Whole-brain radiotherapy ( WBRT ) gives symptomatic improvement in more than 50 % of these patients . Because brain metastases are a sign of systemic progression , and chemotherapy was found to be effective as well , it becomes questionable whether WBRT is the only appropriate therapy in this situation . PATIENTS AND METHODS In a phase III study , SCLC patients with brain metastases were randomized to receive teniposide with or without WBRT . Teniposide 120 mg/m ( 2 ) was given intravenously three times a week , every 3 weeks . WBRT ( 10 fractions of 3 Gy ) had to start within 3 weeks from the start of chemotherapy . Response was measured clinically and by computed tomography of the brain . RESULTS One hundred twenty eligible patients were randomized . A 57 % response rate was seen in the combined-modality arm ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 43 % to 69 % ) , and a 22 % response rate was seen in the teniposide-alone arm ( 95 % CI , 12 % to 34 % ) ( P < .001 ) . Time to progression in the brain was longer in the combined-modality group ( P=.005 ) . Clinical response and response outside the brain were not different . The median survival time was 3.5 months in the combined-modality arm and 3.2 months in the teniposide-alone arm . Overall survival in both groups was not different ( P=.087 ) . CONCLUSION Adding WBRT to teniposide results in a much higher response rate of brain metastases and in a longer time to progression of brain metastases than teniposide alone . Survival was poor in both groups and not significantly different ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1906 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4521", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4522", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4523", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "with whole-brain radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4524", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Whole-brain radiotherapy ( WBRT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4525", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "WBRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4526", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4527", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "WBRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4528", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Teniposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 807 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4529", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "WBRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4530", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4531", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide-alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4532", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide-alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4533", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "WBRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4534", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "teniposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4535", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinically" ], "offsets": [ [ 997, 1007 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4536", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "computed tomography of the brain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1015, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4537", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1120, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4538", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1120, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4539", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Time to progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1329, 1348 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4540", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "in the brain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1349, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4541", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "longer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1366, 1372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4542", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Clinical response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1417, 1434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4543", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "median survival time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1491, 1511 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4544", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1120, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4545", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1840, 1848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4546", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4547", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "One hundred twenty eligible patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4549", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Effectiveness of morphine by periarticular injections after shoulder arthroscopy ] . Peripheral opioid receptors have been found in inflamed synovia and the analgesic effect of intra-articularly administered morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery has been proven . There is controversy about efficacy of intraarticular morphine after shoulder arthroscopy . Thirty-two patients with impingement syndrome underwent subacromial decompression in the course of arthroscopic shoulder surgery . At the end of the operation morphine ( 5 mg ) or saline was injected periarticularly . Pain intensity ( rest and passive mobilisation ) was recorded after recovery and after 1,2,4 , and 24 hours ( Numeric Rating Scale ) ; the use of rescue medication ( piritramide by patient controlled analgesia ) was noted . No relevant pain reduction was apparent in the morphine group . Piritramide consumption was identical in both groups ( 19.7 +/- 16 mg vs. 19.8 +/- 19 mg ) . We conclude that periarticularly administered morphine in arthroscopic subacromial decompression in the dosage applied in this study does exert no relevant analgesic effect . This is possibly due to the fact that either subacromial tissue , despite of chronic inflammation , does not show the same reagibility as synovia or it is a problem of the nearly complete resection of the subacromial bursa ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1359 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4550", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4551", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4552", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4553", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "arthroscopic shoulder surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4554", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "operation morphine ( 5 mg )" ], "offsets": [ [ 510, 537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4555", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 547 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4556", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piritramide" ], "offsets": [ [ 745, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4557", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Piritramide" ], "offsets": [ [ 867, 878 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4558", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4559", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain intensity ( rest and passive mobilisation )" ], "offsets": [ [ 579, 627 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4560", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "rescue medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 725, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4561", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "piritramide" ], "offsets": [ [ 745, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4562", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "patient controlled analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4563", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 815, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4564", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Piritramide consumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 867, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4565", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "analgesic effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 175 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4567", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cost-effectiveness of clozapine compared with conventional antipsychotic medication for patients in state hospitals . BACKGROUND An open-label , randomized controlled trial compared clozapine with physicians'-choice medications among long-term state hospital inpatients in Connecticut . The goal was to examine clozapine 's cost-effectiveness in routine practice for people experiencing lengthy hospitalizations . METHODS Long-stay patients with schizophrenia in a state hospital were randomly assigned to begin open-label clozapine ( n = 138 ) or to continue receiving conventional antipsychotic medications ( n = 89 ) . We interviewed study participants every 4 months for 2 years to assess psychiatric symptoms and functional status , and we collected continuous measures of prescribed medications , service utilization , and other costs . We used both parametric and nonparametric techniques to examine changes in cost and parametric analyses to examine changes in effectiveness . We used bootstrap techniques to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and create cost-effectiveness acceptability curves . RESULTS Both groups incurred similar costs during the 2-year study period , with a trend for clozapine to be less costly than usual care in the second study year . Clozapine was more effective than usual care on many but not all measures . With the use of effectiveness measures that favored clozapine ( extrapyramidal side effects , disruptiveness ) , bootstrap techniques indicated that , even when a payer is unwilling to incur any additional cost for gains in effectiveness , the probability that clozapine is more cost-effective than usual care is at least 0.80 . These findings were not as evident when outcomes where clozapine was not clearly superior ( psychotic symptoms , weight gain ) were examined . CONCLUSION Clozapine demonstrated cost-effectiveness on some but not all measures of effectiveness when the alternative was a range of conventional antipsychotic medications ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2004 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4568", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4569", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4570", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "continue receiving conventional antipsychotic medications" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4571", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4572", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4573", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4574", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost-effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4575", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "assess psychiatric symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4576", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional status" ], "offsets": [ [ 718, 735 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4577", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "changes in cost" ], "offsets": [ [ 907, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4578", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parametric analyses" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 946 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4579", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "changes in effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 982 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4580", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1063 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4581", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost-effectiveness acceptability curves" ], "offsets": [ [ 1075, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4582", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 5, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4583", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effectiveness measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1373, 1395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4584", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "more cost-effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 1631, 1650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4585", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychotic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1778, 1796 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4586", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight gain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1799, 1810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4587", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost-effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4588", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients in state hospitals" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4589", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "long-term state hospital inpatients" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4590", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "people experiencing lengthy hospitalizations" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4591", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "138" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4592", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "89" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 617 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4594", "type": "document", "text": [ "Beta radiation as an adjunct to low-risk trabeculectomy . PURPOSE To assess a single dose of intraoperative beta radiation used to enhance the success rate of trabeculectomy in a population of low-risk glaucoma patients in whom antimetabolites might not be indicated . METHODS A prospective randomized trial of 65 eyes was designed , with 31 eyes receiving 750 rads of intraoperative beta radiation ( group 1 ) , and 34 eyes receiving no supplementation ( group 2 ) . RESULTS Mean follow-up time was 24 months . Mean postoperative intraocular pressure was 12.2 mmHg in group 1 , and 13.7 mmHg in group 2 ( P = 0.16 ) . Mean decrease in intraocular pressure was 10.3 mmHg in group 1 , and 9.3 mmHg in group 2 ( P = 0.49 ) . The two groups were not significantly different in terms of surgical complications . CONCLUSION For this population of low-risk patients , there was no significant difference in outcome after applications of a single intraoperative dose of beta radiation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 979 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4595", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Beta radiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4596", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "intraoperative beta radiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4597", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "750 rads of intraoperative beta radiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 398 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4598", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "receiving no supplementation" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 453 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4599", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "beta radiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4600", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean postoperative intraocular pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4601", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intraocular pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4602", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "surgical complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 783, 805 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4603", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "trabeculectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4604", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "glaucoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 202, 210 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4605", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "65" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4606", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "31" ], "offsets": [ [ 339, 341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4607", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "34" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 419 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4608", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low-risk patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 842, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4610", "type": "document", "text": [ "Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms . A prospective randomized study . BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This prospective study was conducted to compare the outcomes of surgical clipping and endovascular treatment in acute ( < 72 hours ) aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) . METHODS One hundred nine consecutive patients were randomly assigned to either surgical ( n=57 ) or endovascular ( n=52 ) treatment . Clinical and neuropsychological outcome was assessed at 3 and 12 months after treatment ; MRI of the brain was performed at 12 months . Follow-up angiography was scheduled after clipping and 3 and 12 months after endovascular treatment . RESULTS One year postoperatively , 43/41 ( surgical/endovascular ) patients had good or moderate recovery , 5/4 had severe disability or were in a vegetative state , and 9/7 had died ( NS ) according to intention to treat . Patients with good clinical recovery did not differ in their neuropsychological test scores . Symptomatic vasospasm ( OR 2.47 ; 95 % CI 1.45 to 4.19 ; P < 0.001 ) , poorer Hunt and Hess grade ( OR 2.50 ; 95 % CI 1.31 to 4.75 ; P=0.005 ) , need for permanent shunt ( OR 8.90 ; 95 % CI 1.80 to 44.15 ; P=0.008 ) , and larger size of the aneurysm ( OR 1 . 22 ; 95 % CI 1.02 to 1.45 ; P=0.032 ) independently predicted worsened clinical outcome regardless of the treatment modality . In MRI , superficial brain retraction deficits ( P < 0.001 ) and ischemic lesions in the territory of the ruptured aneurysm ( P=0.025 ) were more frequent in the surgical group . Kaplan-Meier analysis ( mean+/-SD follow-up 39+/-18 months ) revealed equal survival in both treatment groups . No late rebleedings have occurred . CONCLUSIONS One-year clinical and neuropsychological outcomes seem comparable after early surgical and endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms . The long-term efficacy of endovascular treatment in preventing rebleeding remains open ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1978 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4611", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4612", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical clipping and endovascular treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 210, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4613", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4614", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "endovascular" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4615", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Follow-up angiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4616", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "MRI" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4617", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4618", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cerebral aneurysms ." ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4619", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 801 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4620", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severe disability or were in a vegetative state" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4621", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "died" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 878 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4622", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 801 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4623", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "neuropsychological test scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4624", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ ". Symptomatic vasospasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1035 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4625", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Hunt and Hess grade" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4626", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "need for permanent shunt" ], "offsets": [ [ 1159, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4627", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "larger size of the aneurysm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1236, 1263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4628", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical outcome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1344, 1360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4629", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "superficial brain retraction deficits" ], "offsets": [ [ 1409, 1446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4630", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ischemic lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1465, 1481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4631", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ruptured aneurysm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1506, 1523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4632", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1655, 1663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4633", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "late rebleedings" ], "offsets": [ [ 1694, 1710 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4634", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rebleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1699, 1709 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4635", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "One hundred nine" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 348 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4637", "type": "document", "text": [ "Short- and long-term results after thrombolytic treatment of deep venous thrombosis . OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the short- and long-term efficacy of different thrombolytic therapy regimens in patients with leg or pelvic deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) . BACKGROUND It is unclear whether locoregional or systemic thrombolysis is superior in treating acute leg DVT or even whether lysis is more effective than anticoagulation therapy in preventing postthrombotic syndrome . METHODS A total of 250 patients averaging 40 years of age with acute DVT were randomized into five groups to receive full heparinization ( 1,000 IU/h ) and compression treatment , with four groups also administered locoregional tissue plasminogen activator ( 20 mg/day ) or urokinase ( 100,000 IU/day ) or systemic streptokinase ( 3,000,000 IU daily ) or urokinase ( 5,000,000 IU daily ) . All groups then received anticoagulation and compression treatment for one year . Primary efficacy criteria included the change after one year in the number of closed vein segments and the occurrence of postthrombotic syndrome . RESULTS Systemic thrombolytic therapy significantly reduced the number of closed vein segments after 12 months in patients with acute DVT compared with conventional treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Postthrombotic syndrome also occurred with less frequency in systemically treated patients versus controls ( p < 0.001 ) . High-dose thrombolysis led to better rates of complete recanalization after seven days ( p < 0.01 ) than locoregional lysis . However , 12 patients receiving thrombolysis ( 9 systemic , 3 local ) suffered major bleeding complications ; 9 patients on systemic treatment developed pulmonary emboli . CONCLUSIONS Systemic thrombolytic treatment for acute DVT achieved a significantly better short- and long-term clinical outcome than conventional heparin/anticoagulation therapy but at the expense of a serious increase in major bleeding and pulmonary emboli . Given the inherent risks for such serious complications , systemic thrombolysis , although effective , should be used selectively in limb-threatening thrombotic situations ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2156 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4638", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "thrombolytic treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4639", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "thrombolytic therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4640", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "full heparinization ( 1,000 IU/h ) and compression treatment , with four groups" ], "offsets": [ [ 610, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4641", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "locoregional tissue plasminogen activator ( 20 mg/day )" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 763 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4642", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "urokinase ( 100,000 IU/day )" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4643", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "systemic streptokinase ( 3,000,000 IU daily )" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4644", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "urokinase ( 5,000,000 IU daily )" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 880 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4645", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "anticoagulation and compression treatment for one year" ], "offsets": [ [ 908, 962 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4646", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Systemic thrombolytic therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1120, 1149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4647", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "Systemic thrombolytic treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1735, 1766 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4648", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "closed vein segments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1043, 1063 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4649", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "closed vein segments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1043, 1063 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4650", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Postthrombotic syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1302, 1325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4651", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complete recanalization" ], "offsets": [ [ 1471, 1494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4652", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "major bleeding complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1630, 1658 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4653", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "pulmonary emboli" ], "offsets": [ [ 1704, 1720 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4655", "type": "document", "text": [ "Tromethamine buffer modifies the depressant effect of permissive hypercapnia on myocardial contractility in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome . In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , permissive hypercapnia is a strategy to decrease airway pressures to prevent ventilator-induced lung damage by lowering tidal volumes and tolerating higher arterial carbon dioxide tension . However , in experimental studies hypercapnia impairs myocardial contractility and hemodynamic function . We investigated the effect of short-term permissive hypercapnia on myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in patients with ARDS . We hypothesized that the administration of tromethamine ( THAM ) , a buffer which does not increase carbon dioxide production , would modify these changes . In 12 patients with ARDS , permissive hypercapnia was implemented for 2 h with a target Pa ( CO ( 2 ) ) of 80 mm Hg . Patients were randomized to have respiratory acidosis corrected by THAM ( pH-corrected group ) , or not corrected ( pH-uncorrected group ) . Hemodynamic responses were measured , and transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE ) was used to determine myocardial contractility . Permissive hypercapnia resulted in significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance ( SVR ) and increases in cardiac output ( Q ) . Myocardial contractility decreased in both groups but significantly less in the pH-corrected group ( approximately 10 % ) than in the pH-uncorrected group ( approximately 18 % , p < 0.05 ) . Mean arterial pressure decreased and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly only in the pH-uncorrected group . All values returned to baseline conditions 1 h after permissive hypercapnia was terminated . Our study demonstrates a reversible depression of myocardial contractility and hemodynamic alterations during rapid permissive hypercapnia which were attenuated by buffering with THAM . This may have applicability to the clinical strategy of permissive hypercapnia and allow the benefit of decreased airway pressures to be realized while minimizing the adverse hemodynamic effects of hypercapnic acidosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2157 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4656", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Tromethamine buffer" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4657", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tromethamine ( THAM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4658", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "THAM" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4659", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "THAM" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4660", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "depressant effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4661", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Hemodynamic responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 1069, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4662", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systemic vascular resistance ( SVR ) and increases in cardiac output ( Q ) . Myocardial contractility" ], "offsets": [ [ 1261, 1362 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4663", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1529, 1551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4664", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean pulmonary arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1566, 1598 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4665", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "myocardial contractility" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4666", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hemodynamic alterations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1830, 1853 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4667", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "airway pressures" ], "offsets": [ [ 273, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4668", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute respiratory distress syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 157 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4669", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4670", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 813, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4672", "type": "document", "text": [ "Epidural fentanyl-bupivacaine compared with clonidine-bupivacaine for analgesia in labour . Alpha-adrenergic agonists produce pain relief through an opioid independent mechanism and may be alternatives to opioids for combination with local anaesthetics for analgesia during labour . We studied 41 pregnant women . Epidural block was performed with 75 microg clonidine ( n = 20 ) or 50 microg fentanyl ( n = 21 ) combined with 0.125 % bupivacaine ( 10 mL ) . Maternal vital parameters were measured . Analgesia was evaluated using a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) ; sedation was scored using a five-point scale . There were no differences in maternal vital parameters , fetal heart rate ( FHR ) or Apgar scores between the groups . Analgesia lasted longer in the bupivacaine-clonidine group ( 139.4 +/- 31 min ) compared with the bupivacaine-fentanyl group ( 127.9 +/- 48 min ) ( P = 0.42 ) . Additional analgesic requirement was more often in the fentanyl-bupivacaine group and total bupivacaine requirement was less in the clonidine-bupivacaine group ( 22.5 +/- 12.5 mg vs. 30.9 +/- 12.8 mg ) ( P = 0.04 ) . This small study confirms that this combination of bupivacaine and clonidine provides satisfactory analgesia for first-stage labour , and of longer duration than bupivacaine-fentanyl ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1292 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4673", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Epidural fentanyl-bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4674", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine-bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4675", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4676", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "50 microg fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4677", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combined with 0.125 % bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4678", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine-clonidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 782 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4679", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine-fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4680", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl-bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4681", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine-bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4682", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4683", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4684", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine-fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4685", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4686", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Maternal vital parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4687", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 500, 509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4688", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sedation" ], "offsets": [ [ 564, 572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4689", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maternal vital parameters , fetal heart rate ( FHR ) or Apgar scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4690", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Additional analgesic requirement" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4691", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "satisfactory analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4692", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1256, 1264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4693", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "analgesia in labour" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4694", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "41" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 296 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4695", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 306, 311 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4697", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomized , placebo-controlled trial of oral phytonadione for excessive anticoagulation . STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of managing excessive anticoagulation in the absence of bleeding by either omitting warfarin therapy alone or administering oral phytonadione in addition to omitting warfarin therapy . DESIGN Randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . SETTING Clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service in a group model health maintenance organization . SUBJECTS Thirty nonbleeding patients with international normalized ratios ( INRs ) ranging from 6.0-10.0 . INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of phytonadione 2.5 mg or placebo . Both groups omitted warfarin doses until the INR became less than or equal to 4.0 . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The mean calculated time to reach an INR of 4.0 was significantly greater in the placebo than the phytonadione group ( 2.6 vs 1.4 days , p=0.006 ) . Overcorrection of anticoagulation was significantly more common in patients receiving phytonadione . Overt warfarin resistance was not observed in either group after reinitiating warfarin therapy . No major bleeding or thromboembolic complications occurred , and minor bleeding episodes were similar in both groups . CONCLUSION The addition of oral phytonadione 2.5 mg reduced the time to achieve an INR of 4.0 by approximately 1 day compared with omitting warfarin therapy alone . Adverse events did not differ between the two groups . Both strategies were effective in managing asymptomatic patients with INRs of 6.0-10.0 . Oral phytonadione may be most appropriate for patients at high risk for bleeding in whom the benefit of prompt INR reduction would outweigh the thromboembolic risk associated with INR overcorrection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1782 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4698", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phytonadione" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4699", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phytonadione" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4700", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "single oral dose of phytonadione 2.5 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 645, 684 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4701", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4702", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omitted warfarin doses until the INR became less than or equal to 4.0" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4703", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "excessive anticoagulation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4704", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean calculated time to reach an INR of 4.0" ], "offsets": [ [ 811, 854 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4705", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Overcorrection of anticoagulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 956, 989 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4706", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Overt warfarin resistance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1057, 1082 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4707", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "major bleeding or thromboembolic complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4708", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4709", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "INR reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1693, 1706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4710", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "INR overcorrection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1762, 1782 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4711", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty" ], "offsets": [ [ 488, 494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4712", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nonbleeding patients with international normalized ratios ( INRs ) ranging from 6.0-10.0 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4713", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Patients were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of phytonadione 2.5 mg or placebo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 697 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4715", "type": "document", "text": [ "VLDL , apolipoproteins B , CIII , and E , and risk of recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events ( CARE ) trial . BACKGROUND Plasma triglyceride concentration has been an inconsistent independent risk factor for coronary heart disease , perhaps because of the metabolic heterogeneity among VLDL particles , the main carriers of triglycerides in plasma . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a prospective , nested case-control study in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events ( CARE ) trial , a randomized placebo-controlled trial of pravastatin in 4159 patients with myocardial infarction and average LDL concentrations at baseline ( 115 to 174 mg/dL , mean 139 mg/dL ) . Baseline concentrations of VLDL-apolipoprotein ( apo ) B ( the VLDL particle concentration ) , VLDL lipids , and apoCIII and apoE in VLDL+LDL and in HDL were compared in patients who had either a myocardial infarction or coronary death ( cases , n=418 ) with those in patients who did not have a cardiovascular event ( control subjects , n=370 ) in 5 years of follow-up . VLDL-cholesterol , VLDL-triglyceride , VLDL-apoB , apoCIII and apoE in VLDL+LDL and apoE in HDL were all interrelated , and each was a univariate predictor of subsequent coronary events . The significant independent predictors were VLDL-apoB ( relative risk [ RR ] 3.2 for highest to lowest quintiles , P : =0.04 ) , apoCIII in VLDL+LDL ( RR 2.3 , P : =0.04 ) , and apoE in HDL ( RR 1.8 , P : =0.02 ) . Plasma triglycerides , a univariate predictor of coronary events ( RR 1.6 , P : =0.03 ) , was not related to coronary events ( RR 1.3 , P : =0.6 ) when apoCIII in VLDL+LDL was included in the model , whereas apoCIII remained significant . Adjustment for LDL- and HDL-cholesterol did not affect these results . CONCLUSIONS The plasma concentrations of VLDL particles and apoCIII in VLDL and LDL are more specific measures of coronary heart disease risk than plasma triglycerides perhaps because their known metabolic properties link them more closely to atherosclerosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2034 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4716", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 550, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4718", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 4 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4719", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apolipoproteins B" ], "offsets": [ [ 7, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4720", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CIII" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4721", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "E" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4722", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrent coronary events" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4723", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL-apolipoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 735 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4724", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "B ( the VLDL particle concentration )" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4725", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL lipids" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4726", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoCIII and apoE in VLDL+LDL and in HDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4727", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL-cholesterol , VLDL-triglyceride" ], "offsets": [ [ 1061, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4728", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL-apoB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4729", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoCIII and apoE in VLDL+LDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4730", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoE in HDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1145, 1156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4731", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL-apoB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4732", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoCIII in VLDL+LDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1378, 1397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4733", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoE in HDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1145, 1156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4734", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma triglycerides" ], "offsets": [ [ 1464, 1484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4735", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "coronary events" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4736", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "coronary events" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4737", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoCIII in VLDL+LDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1378, 1397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4738", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apoCIII" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4739", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL- and HDL-cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1718, 1742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4740", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VLDL particles and apoCIII in VLDL and LDL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1815, 1857 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4741", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "4159" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4742", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with myocardial infarction and average LDL concentrations at baseline ( 115 to 174 mg/dL , mean 139 mg/dL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4743", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients who had either a myocardial infarction or coronary death" ], "offsets": [ [ 859, 924 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4744", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "n=418" ], "offsets": [ [ 935, 940 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4745", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients who did not have a cardiovascular event" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 1005 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4746", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "n=370" ], "offsets": [ [ 1027, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4748", "type": "document", "text": [ "An evaluation of chemical arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse by using monoiodoacetate . The use of monoiodoacetate ( MIA ) for arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint ( PIJ ) and the effect of exercise on the degree of fusion were investigated . Eight horses received 3 injections ( Weeks 0 , 3 , 6 ) of MIA ( 2 mL ; 60 mg/mL ) into the right or left front PIJ . Peri-operatively , the horses received phenylbutazone , butorphanol , and abaxial sesamoidean nerve blocks to relieve pain . During the study , the horses were monitored for general health , lameness , and swelling around the injection area . Radiographs were taken biweekly to evaluate bony fusion . Horses were randomly divided into non-exercised and exercised groups . Exercise consisted of 20 minutes of trotting on a treadmill ( 4 m/s ) , 3 days per week for 13 weeks . The horses were euthanized at 24 weeks . Slab sections of the PIJ were evaluated grossly and radiographically for bony fusion . Histologic examinations were performed to evaluate articular cartilage . Three horses were excluded from the study after developing soft tissue necrosis around the injection site , septic arthritis , and necrotic tendinitis . The remaining horses remained healthy , developed a grade 1 to 4 lameness with minimal to severe swelling in the PIJ region . All 5 horses showed radiographic evidence of bony fusion , however , no fusion was present when injected joints were examined on postmortem examination . Histologic examination revealed thinning of the cartilage , diffuse necrosis of chondrocytes , with the calcified zone intact . Subjectively , exercise did not influence the degree of cartilage destruction . Based on this study , chemical arthrodesis can not be advocated in clinical cases because of the high complication rate and lack of bony fusion ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1863 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4749", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "monoiodoacetate" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4750", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "monoiodoacetate ( MIA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 127, 150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4751", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MIA" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4752", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenylbutazone" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4753", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "butorphanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4754", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "abaxial sesamoidean" ], "offsets": [ [ 475, 494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4755", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "nerve blocks" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 507 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4756", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 773, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4757", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemical arthrodesis" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4758", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bony fusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4759", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thinning of the cartilage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1542, 1567 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4760", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diffuse necrosis of chondrocytes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1570, 1602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4761", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "degree of cartilage destruction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1684, 1715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4762", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complication rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1820, 1837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4763", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bony fusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4764", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4765", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 284, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4766", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "horses" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 296 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4768", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomized trial of fenretinide in superficial bladder cancer using DNA flow cytometry as an intermediate end point . Retinoids have shown a potential activity in preventing tumor recurrence in superficial bladder cancer . We assessed the activity of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide in superficial bladder cancer using DNA flow cytometry and conventional cytology as surrogate biomarkers . A total of 99 subjects with resected superficial bladder cancer ( pTa , pT1 ) were randomized to either fenretinide ( 200 mg day p.o . for 24 months ) or no intervention . Cystoscopy and bladder washing for DNA flow cytometry end points ( proportion of DNA aneuploid histograms , hyperdiploid fraction , and percentage of apoptotic cells ) and proportion of abnormal cytological examinations were repeated every 4 months for up to 36 months . The primary study end point was the proportion of DNA aneuploid histograms after 12 months . This figure was 48.9 % in the fenretinide arm and 41.9 % in the control arm ( odds ratio , 1.16 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.44-3.07 ) . There was no difference in any other response biomarker between the two groups up to 36 months , nor was any biomarker able to predict recurrence risk . Recurrence-free survival was comparable between the arms ( 27 events in the fenretinide arm versus 21 in the control arm ; P = 0.36 ) . Twelve subjects in the fenretinide arm complained of diminished dark adaptability , and nine subjects in the fenretinide arm versus one control subject had mild dermatological alterations . We conclude that fenretinide showed a lack of effect on the DNA content distribution and the morphology of urothelial cells obtained in serial bladder washings . Recurrence-free survival was comparable between groups . Because our data are hampered by the lack of predictivity of the selected biomarkers , additional studies are necessary to assess the activity of fenretinide in preventing bladder cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1954 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4769", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenretinide" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4770", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "synthetic retinoid fenretinide" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4771", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenretinide ( 200 mg day p.o ." ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4772", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "no intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 562 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4773", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenretinide" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4774", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "abnormal cytological examinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 784 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4775", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proportion of DNA aneuploid histograms" ], "offsets": [ [ 632, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4776", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response biomarker" ], "offsets": [ [ 1105, 1123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4777", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Recurrence-free survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1221, 1245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4778", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "dark adaptability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1421, 1438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4779", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "mild dermatological alterations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1513, 1544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4780", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "content distribution" ], "offsets": [ [ 1611, 1631 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4781", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "morphology of urothelial cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1640, 1670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4782", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Recurrence-free survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1221, 1245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4783", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "superficial bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4785", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of systemic nitric oxide synthase inhibition on postexercise hypotension in humans . An acute bout of aerobic exercise results in a reduced blood pressure that lasts several hours . Animal studies suggest this response is mediated by increased production of nitric oxide . We tested the extent to which systemic nitric oxide synthase inhibition [ N ( G ) -monomethyl-L-arginine ( L-NMMA ) ] can reverse the drop in blood pressure that occurs after exercise in humans . Eight healthy subjects underwent parallel experiments on 2 separate days . The order of the experiments was randomized between sham ( 60 min of seated upright rest ) and exercise ( 60 min of upright cycling at 60 % peak aerobic capacity ) . After both sham and exercise , subjects received , in sequence , systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade ( phentolamine ) and L-NMMA . Phentolamine was given first to isolate the contribution of nitric oxide to postexercise hypotension by preventing reflex changes in sympathetic tone that result from systemic nitric oxide synthase inhibition and to control for alterations in resting sympathetic activity after exercise . During each condition , systemic and regional hemodynamics were measured . Throughout the study , arterial pressure and vascular resistances remained lower postexercise vs. postsham despite nitric oxide synthase inhibition ( e.g. , mean arterial pressure after L-NMMA was 108.0+/-2.4 mmHg postsham vs. 102.1+/-3.3 mmHg postexercise ; P < 0.05 ) . Thus it does not appear that postexercise hypotension is dependent on increased production of nitric oxide in humans ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1601 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4786", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric oxide synthase" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4787", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "( 60 min of seated upright rest" ], "offsets": [ [ 608, 639 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4788", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "( 60 min of upright cycling at 60 % peak aerobic capacity )" ], "offsets": [ [ 655, 714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4789", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4790", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4791", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systemic and regional hemodynamics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1160, 1194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4792", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arterial pressure and vascular resistances" ], "offsets": [ [ 1234, 1276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4793", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "nitric oxide synthase" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4794", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean arterial pressure after L-NMMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1368, 1403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4795", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "postexercise hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4796", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "production of nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 251, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4797", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postexercise hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4798", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4800", "type": "document", "text": [ "Depressive mood symptoms associated with ovarian suppression . OBJECTIVE To determine if sertraline is helpful in the management of depressive symptoms associated with ovarian suppression during GnRH agonist therapy as compared with a placebo-controlled group . DESIGN Double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study design . SETTING An obstetrics/gynecological office specializing in infertility in an academic environment . PATIENT ( S ) Premenstrual women with laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis who required GnRH agonist therapy for treatment and did not have significant depressive or premenstrual mood symptoms at baseline . INTERVENTION ( S ) Participants were randomly assigned to either the sertraline treatment group or to the placebo group for the 3-month duration of the GnRH agonist therapy . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE ( S ) The 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HRSD ) , which is an instrument designed to assess depressive symptomatology . RESULT ( S ) A Hotellings T ( 2 ) test for repeated measure analysis indicated a statistically significant ( P < .05 ) between-group difference across time for the HRSD ( T ( 2 ) = 13.3 ; F [ 3 , 28 ] = 4.1 ; P=.02 ) with the sertraline treatment group manifesting significantly fewer depressive symptoms than the control group . CONCLUSION ( S ) The results indicate that sertraline is an effective option in the management of depressive mood symptoms associated with ovarian suppression during GnRH agonist therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1489 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4801", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4802", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GnRH agonist therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4803", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 235, 253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4804", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GnRH agonist therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4805", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "sertraline treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4806", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GnRH agonist therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4807", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4808", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4809", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GnRH agonist therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4810", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "The 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HRSD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 841, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4811", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "depressive symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4812", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 455, 460 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4813", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4814", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "required GnRH agonist therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4815", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "did not have significant depressive or premenstrual mood symptoms at baseline ." ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 638 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4817", "type": "document", "text": [ "Update on tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer . The Italian Tamoxifen Prevention Study ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 87 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4818", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tamoxifen" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4819", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Tamoxifen" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4820", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4821", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Italian Tamoxifen Prevention Study" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4823", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy and safety of recombinant human nerve growth factor in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy : A randomized controlled trial . rhNGF Clinical Investigator Group . CONTEXT Nerve growth factor is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of small fiber sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons in the peripheral nervous system . Recombinant human nerve growth factor ( rhNGF ) has demonstrated efficacy as treatment for peripheral neuropathy in experimental models and phase 2 clinical trials . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 12-month regimen of rhNGF in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy . DESIGN Randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled phase 3 trial conducted from July 1997 through May 1999 . SETTING Eighty-four outpatient centers throughout the United States . PATIENTS A total of 1019 men and women aged 18 to 74 years with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes and a sensory polyneuropathy attributable to diabetes . INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive either rhNGF , 0.1 microg/kg ( n = 504 ) , or placebo ( n = 515 ) by subcutaneous injection 3 times per week for 48 weeks . Patients were assessed at baseline , 12 weeks , 24 weeks , and 48 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was a change in neuropathy between baseline and week 48 , demonstrated by the Neuropathy Impairment Score for the Lower Limbs , compared between the 2 groups . Secondary outcome measures included quantitative sensory tests using the CASE IV System , the Neuropathy Symptom and Change questionnaire , the Patient Benefit Questionnaire ( PBQ ) , and a global symptom assessment , as well as nerve conduction studies and occurrence of new plantar foot ulcers . Patients also were evaluated for presence of adverse events . RESULTS Among patients who received rhNGF , 418 ( 83 % ) completed the regimen compared with 461 ( 90 % ) who received placebo . Administration of rhNGF was safe , with few adverse events attributed to treatment apart from injection site pain/hyperalgesia and other pain syndromes . However , neither the primary end point ( P =.25 ) nor most of the secondary end points demonstrated a significant benefit of rhNGF . Exceptions were the global symptom assessment ( P =.03 ) and 2 of 32 comparisons within the PBQ , which showed a modest but significant benefit of rhNGF ( P =.05 for severity of pain in the legs and P =.003 for 6-month symptoms in the feet and legs ) . CONCLUSION Unlike previous phase 2 trials , this phase 3 clinical trial failed to demonstrate a significant beneficial effect of rhNGF on diabetic polyneuropathy . JAMA . 2000 ; 284:2215-2221 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2651 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4824", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "recombinant human nerve growth factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4825", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Recombinant human nerve growth factor ( rhNGF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4826", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 681 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4827", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rhNGF" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4828", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4829", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "rhNGF" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4830", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4831", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rhNGF" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4832", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rhNGF" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4833", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rhNGF" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4834", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4835", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 534, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4836", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in neuropathy between baseline and week 48 , demonstrated by the Neuropathy Impairment Score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1274, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4837", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "quantitative sensory tests using the CASE IV System , the Neuropathy Symptom and Change questionnaire , the Patient Benefit Questionnaire ( PBQ ) , and a global symptom assessment , as well as nerve conduction studies and occurrence of new plantar foot ulcers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1464, 1723 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4838", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1771, 1787 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4839", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1771, 1785 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4840", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "site pain/hyperalgesia and other pain syndromes" ], "offsets": [ [ 2021, 2068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4841", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "global symptom assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1618, 1643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4842", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "diabetic polyneuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4843", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "diabetic polyneuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4844", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1019" ], "offsets": [ [ 830, 834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4845", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4846", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4847", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "18 to 74" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4848", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 1 or type 2 diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 881, 906 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4849", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sensory polyneuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 913, 935 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4850", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 906 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4852", "type": "document", "text": [ "Commentary on \" cytoreduction nephrectomy in metastatic renal cancer : the results of Southwest Oncology Group Trial 8949 \" ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 125 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4853", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "cytoreduction nephrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4854", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "\" cytoreduction nephrectomy in metastatic renal cancer :" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4855", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Southwest Oncology Group Trial" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4857", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of alfentanil , fentanyl and sufentanil for total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery . We have studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfentanil , fentanyl and sufentanil together with propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( CABG ) . Sixty patients ( age 40-73 yr , 56 male ) were assigned randomly to receive alfentanil , fentanyl or sufentanil and propofol . Plasma concentrations of these drugs and times for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50 % ( t50 ) and 80 % ( t80 ) after cessation of the infusion were determined . Times were recorded to awakening and tracheal extubation . Total dose and plasma concentrations of propofol were similar in all groups . Mean total doses of alfentanil , fentanyl and sufentanil were 443 , 45 and 4.4 micrograms kg-1 , respectively . Time to awakening did not differ significantly . In patients receiving fentanyl , the trachea was extubated on average 2 h later than in those receiving sufentanil and 3 h later than in those receiving alfentanil ( P < 0.05 ) . The t80 of fentanyl was longer ( P < 0.05 ) than that of alfentanil or sufentanil , and there was a linear correlation between the t80 of the opioid and the time to tracheal extubation ( r = 0.51 ; P < 0.01 ) . However , the t50 values for these opioids were similar and did not correlate with recovery time . In conclusion , patients undergoing CABG and who were anaesthetized with fentanyl and propofol needed mechanical ventilatory support for a significantly longer time than those receiving alfentanil or sufentanil and propofol . On the basis of the interindividual variation observed , the time to tracheal extubation was most predictable in patients receiving alfentanil and most variable in patients receiving fentanyl , a finding which may be important if the patients are transferred to a step-down unit on the evening of the operation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1970 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4858", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4859", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4860", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4861", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4862", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4863", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4864", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4865", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4866", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4867", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4868", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4869", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4870", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4871", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4872", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4873", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4874", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4875", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4876", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4877", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4878", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4879", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4880", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4881", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4882", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sufentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4883", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4884", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4885", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4886", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4887", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 474, 495 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4888", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "times for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50 %" ], "offsets": [ [ 515, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4889", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total dose and plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 704, 740 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4890", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Mean total doses" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4891", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Time to awakening" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 911 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4892", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "trachea" ], "offsets": [ [ 682, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4893", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "t80" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4894", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "t80" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4895", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time to tracheal extubation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1279, 1306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4896", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "t50 values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1347, 1357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4897", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "recovery time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1416, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4898", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mechanical ventilatory support" ], "offsets": [ [ 1534, 1564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4899", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time to tracheal extubation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1279, 1306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4900", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4901", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( CABG ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4903", "type": "document", "text": [ "Magnetic resonance angiography for monitoring prophylactic endoscopic treatment of high risk esophageal varices . BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy ( EIS ) and endoscopic variceal ligation ( EVL ) are used worldwide as the treatment for esophageal varices . We evaluated portal hemodynamics using magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA ) in these two forms of treatment . PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was carried out in 50 cirrhotic patients . MRA was performed to identify the hepatofugal supply vein selectively for esophageal varices . Those who showed a positive MR angiogram for the supply vein were randomly allocated to one of two groups , using the sealed envelope method , and underwent either EIS or EVL . On the other hand , those with a negative angiogram received only EVL . EIS was done to embolize esophageal varices as well as their feeders by intravariceal injection of sclerosant under fluoroscopic guidance . RESULTS A positive MR angiogram of the hepatofugal left gastric vein as the supply vein was observed in 41 patients . Nine patients showed negative MRA results . Among those with positive angiograms , the rate of eradication of the left gastric vein was higher in the EIS-treated group than in the EVL treated group ( 50 % vs. 8.6 % ) . After either treatment , the recurrence-free rate for high risk esophageal varices was higher in patients with complete eradication of the left gastric vein than in those without ( 88 % vs. 35 % ) . In patients with negative angiogram results , who only underwent EVL , high risk esophageal varices did not reappear over a long period . CONCLUSION MRA is useful for evaluating portal hemodynamics . With the aim of avoiding recurrence of esophageal varices , EIS was suitable for patients who had a hepatofugal supply vein for the varices because recurrence could be prevented by embolization of the supply vein . EVL may be expected to be efficacious in patients where no image of a hepatofugal supply vein is found on MRA ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2017 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4904", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy ( EIS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 182 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4905", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "endoscopic variceal ligation ( EVL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4906", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4907", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "EVL" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4908", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4909", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of eradication of the left gastric vein" ], "offsets": [ [ 1160, 1204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4910", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence-free rate for high risk esophageal varices" ], "offsets": [ [ 1321, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4911", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk esophageal varices" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4912", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "50" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4913", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cirrhotic" ], "offsets": [ [ 450, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4914", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "esophageal varices ." ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4915", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "41" ], "offsets": [ [ 1059, 1061 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4916", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Nine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1073, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4917", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "negative MRA results ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1094, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4919", "type": "document", "text": [ "Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema . BACKGROUND Over the last two decades the incidence of allergic diseases has increased in industrialized countries , and consequently new approaches have to be explored . OBJECTIVE The potential of probiotics to control allergic inflammation at an early age was assessed in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study . METHODS A total of 27 infants , mean age 4.6 months , who manifested atopic eczema during exclusive breast-feeding and who have had no exposure to any infant or substitute formula were weaned to probiotic-supplemented , Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 or Lactobacillus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , extensively hydrolysed whey formulas or to the same formula without probiotics . The extent and severity of atopic eczema , the growth and nutrition of infants , and concentrations of circulating cytokines/chemokines and soluble cell surface adhesion molecules in serum and methyl-histamine and eosinophilic protein X in urine were determined . RESULTS The SCORAD score reflecting the extent and severity of atopic eczema was 16 ( 7-25 ) during breast-feeding , median ( interquartile range ) . After 2 months , a significant improvement in skin condition occurred in patients given probiotic-supplemented formulas , as compared to the unsupplemented group ; chi ( 2 ) = 12.27 , P = 0.002 . SCORAD decreased in the Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 group to 0 ( 0-3.8 ) , and in the Lactobacillus GG group to 1 ( 0.1-8.7 ) , vs unsupplemented 13.4 ( 4.5-18.2 ) , median ( interquartile range ) , in parallel with a reduction in the concentration of soluble CD4 in serum and eosinophilic protein X in urine . CONCLUSION The results provide the first clinical demonstration of specific probiotic strains modifying the changes related to allergic inflammation . The data further indicate that probiotics may counteract inflammatory responses beyond the intestinal milieu . The combined effects of these probiotic strains will guide infants through the weaning period , when sensitization to newly encountered antigens is initiated . The probiotic approach may thus offer a new direction in the search for future foods for allergy treatment and prevention strategies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2226 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4920", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Probiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4921", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "probiotic-supplemented" ], "offsets": [ [ 569, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4922", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 622 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4923", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lactobacillus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , extensively hydrolysed whey formulas" ], "offsets": [ [ 626, 703 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4924", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "same formula without probiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 714, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4925", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allergic inflammation" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4926", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SCORAD score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4927", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "extent and severity of atopic eczema" ], "offsets": [ [ 752, 788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4928", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "skin condition" ], "offsets": [ [ 1208, 1222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4929", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SCORAD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1030 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4930", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4" ], "offsets": [ [ 1619, 1622 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4931", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allergic inflammation" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4932", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inflammatory responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 1878, 1900 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4933", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atopic eczema ." ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4934", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "allergic inflammation at an early age" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 304 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4936", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ New therapeutic approaches in irritable bowel syndrome ] ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 60 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4937", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "New therapeutic approaches" ], "offsets": [ [ 2, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4938", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "irritable bowel syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4940", "type": "document", "text": [ "Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence : a randomised intervention trial . European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group . BACKGROUND Some epidemiological studies have suggested that high dietary intake of calcium and fibre reduces colorectal carcinogenesis . Available data are not sufficient to serve as a basis for firm dietary advice . We undertook a multicentre randomised trial to test the effect of diet supplementation with calcium and fibre on adenoma recurrence . METHODS We randomly assigned 665 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas to three treatment groups , in a parallel design : calcium gluconolactate and carbonate ( 2 g elemental calcium daily ) , fibre ( 3.5 g ispaghula husk ) , or placebo . Participants had colonoscopy after 3 years of follow-up . The primary endpoint was adenoma recurrence . Analyses were by intention to treat . FINDINGS 23 patients died , 15 were lost to follow-up , 45 refused repeat colonoscopy , and five developed severe contraindications to colonoscopy . Among the 552 participants who completed the follow-up examination , 94 stopped treatment early . At least one adenoma developed in 28 ( 15.9 % ) of 176 patients in the calcium group , 58 ( 29.3 % ) of 198 in the fibre group , and 36 ( 20.2 % ) of 178 in the placebo group . The adjusted odds ratio for recurrence was 0.66 ( 95 % CI 0.38-1.17 ; p=0.16 ) for calcium treatment and 1.67 ( 1.01-2.76 , p=0.042 ) for the fibre treatment . The odds ratio associated with the fibre treatment was significantly higher in participants with baseline dietary calcium intake above the median than in those with intake below the median ( interaction test , p=0.028 ) INTERPRETATION Supplementation with fibre as ispaghula husk may have adverse effects on colorectal adenoma recurrence , especially in patients with high dietary calcium intake . Calcium supplementation was associated with a modest but not significant reduction in the risk of adenoma recurrence ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2012 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4941", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Calcium and fibre supplementation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4942", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcium" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 261 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4943", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fibre" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4944", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diet supplementation with calcium and fibre" ], "offsets": [ [ 454, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4945", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "calcium gluconolactate and carbonate ( 2 g elemental calcium daily )" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4946", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "fibre ( 3.5 g ispaghula husk )" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 754 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4947", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4948", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "colorectal adenoma recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4949", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severe contraindications to colonoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1019, 1058 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4950", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adenoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4951", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4952", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "odds ratio associated with the fibre treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1500, 1546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4953", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse effects on colorectal adenoma recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1785, 1833 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4954", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "adenoma recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4955", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "665" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4956", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colorectal adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 582, 601 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4957", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "23" ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4958", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "15" ], "offsets": [ [ 940, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4959", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "45" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4960", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "five" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1008 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4961", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "552" ], "offsets": [ [ 1071, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4962", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "94" ], "offsets": [ [ 1130, 1132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4963", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "28" ], "offsets": [ [ 1193, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4964", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "176" ], "offsets": [ [ 1210, 1213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4965", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "58" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4966", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "198" ], "offsets": [ [ 1263, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4967", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "36" ], "offsets": [ [ 1292, 1294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4968", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "178" ], "offsets": [ [ 1309, 1312 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4969", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "high dietary calcium intake" ], "offsets": [ [ 1864, 1891 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4971", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of nicotine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake resting tobacco smokers . Eleven healthy tobacco smoking adult male volunteers of mixed race were tobacco abstinent overnight for this study . In each subject , positron emission tomographic images of regional cerebral metabolism of glucose with [ 18F ] fluorodeoxyglucose were obtained in two conditions in the morning on different days : about 3min after approximately 1-2mg of nasal nicotine spray and after an equivalent volume of an active placebo spray of oleoresin of pepper in a random counterbalanced design . A Siemens/CTI 931/08-12 scanner with the capability of 15 horizontal brain slices was used . The images were further converted into a standard uniform brain format in which the mean data of all 11 subjects were obtained . Images were analysed in stereotactic coordinates using pixel-wise t statistics and a smoothed Gaussian model . Peak plasma nicotine levels varied three-fold and the areas under the curve ( 0-30min ) varied seven-fold among the individual subjects . Nicotine caused a small overall reduction in global cerebral metabolism of glucose but , when the data were normalized , several brain regions showed relative increases in activity . Cerebral structures specifically activated by nicotine ( nicotine minus pepper , Z score > 4.0 ) included : left inferior frontal gyrus , left posterior cingulate gyrus and right thalamus . The visual cortex , including the right and left cuneus and left lateral occipito-temporal gyrus fusiformis , also showed an increase in regional cerebral metabolism of glucose with Z scores > 3 . 6 . Structures with a decrease in regional cerebral metabolism of glucose ( pepper minus nicotine ) were the left insula and right inferior occipital gyrus , with Z scores > 3.5 . Especially important is the fact that the thalamus is activated by nicotine . This is consistent with the high density of nicotinic cholinoceptors in that brain region . However , not all brain regions affected by nicotine are known to have many nicotinic cholinoceptors . The results are discussed in relation to the cognitive effects of nicotine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2158 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4972", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4973", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "tobacco abstinent" ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4974", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "1-2mg of nasal nicotine spray" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 469 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4975", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "after an equivalent volume of an active placebo spray of oleoresin of pepper" ], "offsets": [ [ 474, 550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4976", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4977", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1059, 1067 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4978", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4979", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4980", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4981", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "regional cerebral glucose metabolism" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4982", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "positron emission tomographic images" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4983", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cerebral metabolism of glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4984", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peak plasma nicotine levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4985", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "global cerebral metabolism of glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1104, 1141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4986", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "regional cerebral metabolism of glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4987", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "regional cerebral metabolism of glucose ( pepper" ], "offsets": [ [ 1663, 1711 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4988", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4990", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of systemic penicillin on pain in untreated irreversible pulpitis . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this prospective , randomized , double-blind study was to determine the effect of penicillin on pain in untreated teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis . STUDY DESIGN Forty emergency patients participated , and each had a clinical diagnosis of an irreversible pulpitis . Patients randomly received a 7-day oral dose ( 28 capsules , 500 mg each , to be taken every 6 hours ) of either penicillin or a placebo control in a double-blind manner . No endodontic treatment was performed . Each patient also received ibuprofen ; acetaminophen with codeine ( 30 mg ) ; and a 7-day diary to record pain , percussion pain , and number and type of pain medication taken . RESULTS The administration of penicillin did not significantly ( P > .05 ) reduce pain , percussion pain , or the number of analgesic medications taken by patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis . The majority of patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis had significant pain and required analgesics to manage this pain . CONCLUSION Penicillin should not be prescribed for untreated irreversible pulpitis because penicillin is ineffective for pain relief ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1232 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4991", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "systemic penicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4992", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "penicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4993", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "penicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4994", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4995", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 624 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4996", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen with codeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 653 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4997", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "diary to record pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4998", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "penicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4999", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "7-day diary to record pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5000", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "percussion pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5001", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "number and type of pain medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 723, 757 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5002", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5003", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "percussion pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5004", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of analgesic medications" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 911 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5005", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "significant pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1051 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5006", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pulpitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5007", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty" ], "offsets": [ [ 272, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5009", "type": "document", "text": [ "Percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients : a prospective , randomized comparison of two techniques . OBJECTIVE To prospectively compare two commonly used methods for percutaneous dilational tracheostomy ( PDT ) in critically ill patients . DESIGN Prospective , randomized , clinical trial . SETTING Trauma and general intensive care units of a university tertiary teaching hospital , which is also a level 1 trauma center . PATIENTS One hundred critically ill patients with an indication for PDT . INTERVENTIONS PDT with the Ciaglia technique using the Ciaglia PDT introducer set and the Griggs technique using a Griggs PDT kit and guidewire dilating forceps . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Surgical time , difficulties , and surgical and anesthesia complications were measured at 0-2 hrs , 24 hrs , and 7 days postprocedure . Groups were well matched , and there were no differences between the two methods in surgical time or in anesthesia complications . Major bleeding complications were 4.4 times more frequent with the Griggs PDT kit . With the Ciaglia PDT kit , both intraoperative and at 2 and 24 hrs , surgical complications were less common ( p = .023 ) and the procedure was more often completed without expert assistance ( p = .013 ) . Tracheostomy bleeding was not associated with either anticoagulant therapy or an abnormal clotting profile . Multivariate analysis identified the predictors of PDT complications as the Griggs PDT kit ( p = .027 ) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation ( APACHE ) II score ( p = .041 ) . The significant predictors of time required to complete PDT were the APACHE II score ( p = .041 ) , a less experienced operator ( p = .0001 ) , and a female patient ( p = .013 ) . CONCLUSIONS Patients experiencing PDT with the Ciaglia PDT kit had a lower surgical complication rate ( 2 % vs. 25 % ) , less operative and postoperative bleeding , and less overall technical difficulties than did patients undergoing PDT with the Griggs PDT kit . Ciaglia PDT is , therefore , the preferred technique for percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2118 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5010", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "percutaneous dilational tracheostomy ( PDT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5011", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5012", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "PDT with the Ciaglia technique using the Ciaglia PDT introducer set" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5013", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Griggs technique using a Griggs PDT kit" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 639 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5014", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "guidewire dilating forceps" ], "offsets": [ [ 644, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5015", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Griggs PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 625, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5016", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Ciaglia PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5017", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5018", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5019", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Griggs PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 625, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5020", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Ciaglia PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5021", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Surgical time , difficulties , and surgical and anesthesia complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 703, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5022", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "surgical time" ], "offsets": [ [ 923, 936 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5023", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "anesthesia complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5024", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Major bleeding complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 970, 998 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5025", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "surgical complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1123, 1145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5026", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Tracheostomy bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1260, 1281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5027", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation ( APACHE ) II score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1481, 1547 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5028", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "APACHE II score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1632, 1647 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5029", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lower surgical complication rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1812, 1844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5030", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "less operative and postoperative bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1864, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5031", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall technical difficulties" ], "offsets": [ [ 1917, 1947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5032", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "percutaneous dilational tracheostomy ( PDT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5033", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5034", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "percutaneous tracheostomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 2064, 2089 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5036", "type": "document", "text": [ "Somatostatin and ranitidine in the treatment of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding : a prospective , randomized , double-blind , controlled study . BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of somatostatin vs. ranitidine in controlling acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding . METHODOLOGY A total of 48 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenal or gastric ulcer were divided into 2 groups . Group I consisted of 15 patients with Forrest IB and Group II consisted of 30 patients with Forrest II . Two regimens were randomly allocated to all patients within half an hour after the endoscopic procedure : 1 ) somatostatin-UCB 250 mcg i.v . bolus followed by continuous i.v . infusion at a rate of 6 mg/d for 72 h , or 2 ) ranitidine 300 mg/d by continuous i.v . infusion for 72 h. RESULTS In Group I , although mean blood transfusion requirements ( no . of units ) were lower in patients treated with somatostatin than in those treated with ranitidine , this was not statistically significant ( mean +/- SD : 2.56 +/- 3.05 vs. 5.17 +/- 4.96 , respectively ; P > 0.05 ) ; the time of bleeding stop was shorter in the somatostatin group than in the ranitidine group ( mean +/- SD : 3.24 +/- 2.45 vs. 11.25 +/- 11.63 , respectively ; P = 0.0383 ) . The rebleeding and the mortality rates did not differ between the treatment groups in both Group I and Group II . CONCLUSIONS Somatostatin is more effective than ranitidine in controlling acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Forrest IB bleeding activity . Somatostatin has no additional benefit in those with Forrest II bleeding activity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1673 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5037", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Somatostatin and ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5038", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "somatostatin vs. ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5039", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "somatostatin-UCB" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5040", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5041", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "somatostatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5042", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5043", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "somatostatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5044", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Somatostatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5045", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Somatostatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5046", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5047", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5048", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood transfusion requirements" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 909 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5049", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "time of bleeding stop" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5050", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rebleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1313, 1323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5051", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1332, 1347 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5052", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 1456, 1465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5053", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5054", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "additional benefit" ], "offsets": [ [ 1610, 1628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5055", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5056", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5057", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "duodenal or gastric ulcer" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 427 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5059", "type": "document", "text": [ "Perioperative enteral nutrition and quality of life of severely malnourished head and neck cancer patients : a randomized clinical trial . BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study evaluated the use of perioperative nutritional support on Quality of Life ( QOL ) in malnourished head and neck cancer patients undergoing surgery . METHODS 49 Malnourished ( weight loss > 10 % ) head and neck cancer patients who were included in a nutrition intervention trial were randomized to receive either no preoperative and standard postoperative tube-feeding ( group I ) , standard preoperative and postoperative tube-feeding ( group II ) or arginine-supplemented preoperative and postoperative tube-feeding ( group III ) . Of these patients , 31 completed a full QOL assessment on the first day of preoperative nutritional support , one day before surgery , and 6 months after surgery . Both a disease-specific ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) and a generic questionnaire ( COOP-WONCA ) were used . One way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and the Kruskal-Wallis test were applied for testing differences in scores between groups . RESULTS Between baseline and the day before surgery , both preoperatively fed groups revealed a positive change for the dimensions physical and emotional functioning and dyspnea ( with significance in group II , P=0.050,0.031,0.045 respectively ) . Group III showed a negative change in appetite ( P=0.049 ) . Between baseline and 6 months after surgery , there were no differences between group I and both pre-fed groups . There were no differences in favour of group III compared to group II . CONCLUSION Enteral nutrition improves QOL of severely malnourished head and neck cancer patients in the period preceding surgery . No benefit of preoperative enteral feeding on QOL could be demonstrated 6 months after surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1818 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5060", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "perioperative nutritional support" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5061", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "no preoperative and standard postoperative tube-feeding ( group I ) , standard preoperative and postoperative tube-feeding ( group II )" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 617 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5062", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "arginine-supplemented preoperative" ], "offsets": [ [ 621, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5063", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "postoperative tube-feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5064", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "preoperatively fed" ], "offsets": [ [ 1154, 1172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5065", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "both pre-fed groups" ], "offsets": [ [ 1497, 1516 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5066", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Enteral nutrition" ], "offsets": [ [ 1602, 1619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5067", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "preoperative enteral feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1736, 1764 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5068", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "quality of life" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5069", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Quality of Life ( QOL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5070", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "QOL assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 757 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5071", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "physical and emotional functioning" ], "offsets": [ [ 1226, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5072", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dyspnea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1272 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5073", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "appetite" ], "offsets": [ [ 1382, 1390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5074", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "QOL" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5075", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "QOL" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5076", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "head and neck cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5077", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "head and neck cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5078", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "49" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5079", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "head and neck cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5081", "type": "document", "text": [ "Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia : randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy . BACKGROUND Previous research has identified a high risk of gastric carcinoma as well as a high prevalence of cancer precursor lesions in rural populations living in the province of Nariño , Colombia , in the Andes Mountains . METHODS A randomized , controlled chemoprevention trial was conducted in subjects with confirmed histologic diagnoses of multifocal nonmetaplastic atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia , two precancerous lesions . Individuals were assigned to receive anti-Helicobacter pylori triple therapy and/or dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid , beta-carotene , or their corresponding placebos . Gastric biopsy specimens taken at baseline were compared with those taken at 72 months . Relative risks of progression , no change , and regression from multifocal nonmetaplastic atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were analyzed with multivariate polytomous logistic regression models to estimate treatment effects . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS All three basic interventions resulted in statistically significant increases in the rates of regression : Relative risks were 4.8 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.6-14.2 ) for anti-H. pylori treatment , 5 . 1 ( 95 % CI = 1.7-15.0 ) for beta-carotene treatment , and 5.0 ( 95 % CI = 1.7-14.4 ) for ascorbic acid treatment in subjects with atrophy . Corresponding relative risks of regression in subjects with intestinal metaplasia were 3.1 ( 95 % CI = 1.0-9.3 ) , 3.4 ( 95 % CI = 1.1-9.8 ) , and 3.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.1-9.5 ) . Combinations of treatments did not statistically significantly increase the regression rates . Curing the H. pylori infection ( which occurred in 74 % of the treated subjects ) produced a marked and statistically significant increase in the rate of regression of the precursor lesions ( relative risks = 8.7 [ 95 % CI = 2.7-28.2 ] for subjects with atrophy and 5.4 [ 95 % CI = 1.7-17.6 ] for subjects with intestinal metaplasia ) . CONCLUSIONS In the very high-risk population studied , effective anti-H. pylori treatment and dietary supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients may interfere with the precancerous process , mostly by increasing the rate of regression of cancer precursor lesions , and may be an effective strategy to prevent gastric carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2396 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5082", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5083", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "rural populations living in the province of Nariño , Colombia , in the Andes Mountains" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5084", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subjects with confirmed histologic diagnoses of multifocal nonmetaplastic atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia , two precancerous lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 558 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5085", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "for subjects with atrophy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1962, 1987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5086", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subjects with intestinal metaplasia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1502, 1537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5087", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "the very high-risk population" ], "offsets": [ [ 2078, 2107 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5089", "type": "document", "text": [ "Measurement of peptidase activity and evaluation of effectiveness of administration of minocycline for treatment of dogs with periodontitis . OBJECTIVE To determine clinical , enzymatic , and microbiologic effects of controlled-release localized administration of minocycline on dogs with periodontitis . ANIMALS Five adult Beagles with periodontitis . PROCEDURE After tooth scaling and root planing , 2 treatment , 1 placebo , and 1 control site were selected for each dog . Treatment sites ( n = 10 ) received a periodontal formulation of minocycline hydrochloride , placebo sites ( 5 ) received ointment without minocycline , and control sites ( 5 ) did not receive ointment . Treatments were administered 4 times at weekly intervals . Peptidase activity and clinical and microbiologic effects were evaluated and compared among sites for 17 weeks . RESULTS Bleeding of the gums on probing ( BOP ) and pocket depth ( PD ) improved at the treatment site and were maintained for 13 weeks after treatment . However , BOP and PD in placebo and control sites increased from weeks 9 to 17 Peptidase activity in the periodontal pocket decreased noticeably from week 1 to 17 , compared with baseline values for the treatment site . However , peptidase activity for placebo and control sites increased and were above baseline values on week 9 and week 13 , respectively . Total bacterial counts decreased by 90 % for treatment sites and remained at that value for 13 weeks . However , for placebo and control sites , bacterial counts increased and reached the baseline value on week 17 . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased peptidase activity is correlated with the progression of periodontitis in dogs . Treatment with minocycline , using a localized delivery system , was effective in dogs for at least 13 weeks after cessation of drug administration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1856 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5090", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "minocycline" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5091", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "minocycline" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5092", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "periodontal formulation of minocycline hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 514, 566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5093", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5094", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "received ointment without minocycline" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 626 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5095", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "control sites ( 5 ) did not receive ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 633, 677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5096", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "minocycline" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5097", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peptidase activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5098", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical , enzymatic" ], "offsets": [ [ 165, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5099", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "microbiologic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5100", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Peptidase activity and clinical and microbiologic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 796 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5101", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bleeding of the gums on probing ( BOP ) and pocket depth ( PD ) improved" ], "offsets": [ [ 860, 932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5102", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BOP" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 897 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5103", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PD" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5104", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peptidase activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 757 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5105", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peptidase activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5106", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total bacterial counts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5107", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacterial counts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1371, 1387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5108", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Increased peptidase activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1616, 1644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5109", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dogs" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5110", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "periodontitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5111", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dogs" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5112", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "periodontitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5113", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Five" ], "offsets": [ [ 313, 317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5114", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5115", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Beagles" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5116", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "periodontitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5117", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "periodontitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5118", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dogs" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5120", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of secretin on children with autism : a randomized controlled trial . To determine the effect of intravenous porcine secretin on autistic behaviours in children aged 2 to 7 years , the effects of secretin on ( 1 ) performance on a standardized language measure , and ( 2 ) autistic behaviours , as rated by parents and child development professionals was examined . Employing a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled design , 95 participants were assigned to one of two groups and administered a single dose of either secretin or placebo . A follow-up assessment was conducted 3 weeks after the injection . No significant differences in language or autistic behaviour measures were observed at the 3-week follow-up between the groups . Also , there was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals who improved by > or = 6 points on the language measure at follow-up . This study showed no significant effects of secretin on children with autism . Our results are consistent with a systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of secretin in children with autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1120 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5121", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5122", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intravenous porcine secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5123", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5124", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5125", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "language or autistic behaviour measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 652, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5126", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "> or = 6 points on the language measure" ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5127", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "children with autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5128", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children aged 2 to 7 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5129", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "95" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 443 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5130", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5131", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5133", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomized trial in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation : portal versus systemic venous drainage of the pancreas allograft ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 135 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5134", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "pancreas-kidney transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5135", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "portal versus systemic venous drainage of the pancreas allograft" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5136", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systemic venous drainage" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5137", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5139", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without heart disease : breast cancer prevention trial . National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Investigators . BACKGROUND The overall effect of prophylactic tamoxifen in women depends on the balance between the effects of the drug , which include preventing breast cancer and altering cardiovascular risk . In a recent clinical trial , postmenopausal estrogen-progestin therapy was shown to increase the risk of early cardiovascular events among women with a history of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . The cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without CHD are not known . The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial ( BCPT ) is the only clinical trial that provides data to assess the cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without CHD . METHODS A total of 13 388 women at increased risk for breast cancer were randomly assigned in the BCPT to receive either tamoxifen ( 20 mg/day ) or placebo . Cardiovascular follow-up was available for 13 194 women , 1048 of whom had prior clinical CHD . Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction , unstable angina , and severe angina were tabulated ( mean follow-up : 49 months ) . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS Cardiovascular event rates were not statistically significantly different between women assigned to receive tamoxifen and those assigned to receive placebo , independent of pre-existing CHD . Among women without CHD ( 6074 on tamoxifen versus 6072 on placebo ) , risk ratios ( 95 % confidence intervals [ CIs ] ) for tamoxifen users were 1.75 ( 0.44 to 8.13 ) for fatal myocardial infarction , 1.11 ( 0.55 to 2.28 ) for nonfatal myocardial infarction , 0.69 ( 0.29 to 1.57 ) for unstable angina , and 0.83 ( 0.32 to 2.10 ) for severe angina . In women with CHD ( 516 on tamoxifen versus 532 on placebo ) , risk ratios ( 95 % CIs ) for tamoxifen users were 0.00 ( 0 to 1.58 ) for fatal myocardial infarction , 1.25 ( 0.32 to 5.18 ) for nonfatal myocardial infarction , 2.26 ( 0.87 to 6.55 ) for unstable angina , and 1.39 ( 0.23 to 9.47 ) for severe angina . There was no evidence that the lack of association between tamoxifen and cardiovascular events was related to an early increase in risk that may have been offset by a late decrease in risk . CONCLUSION When used for breast cancer prevention in women with or without heart disease , tamoxifen is not associated with beneficial or adverse cardiovascular effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2559 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5140", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tamoxifen" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5141", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tamoxifen ( 20 mg/day )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1033, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5142", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1067 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5143", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "preventing breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 346, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5144", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular risk" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5145", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "early cardiovascular events" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5146", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "cardiovascular effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5147", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "cardiovascular effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5148", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1166, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5149", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "unstable angina , and severe angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1209, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5150", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cardiovascular event rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1340, 1366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5151", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "fatal myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1179, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5152", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonfatal myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1176, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5153", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "unstable angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1209, 1224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5154", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severe angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5155", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "risk ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1603, 1614 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5156", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "fatal myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1179, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5157", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonfatal myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1176, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5158", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "unstable angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1209, 1224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5159", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severe angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5160", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular events" ], "offsets": [ [ 517, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5161", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increase in risk" ], "offsets": [ [ 2317, 2333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5162", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "cardiovascular effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5164", "type": "document", "text": [ "Do heavier women benefit from a higher dose of leuprolide acetate for suppression of serum estradiol ? OBJECTIVE To determine if heavier women benefit from a higher dose of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue leuprolide acetate ( LA ) depot in terms of suppression of serum estradiol . METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the effect of LA depot 3.75 mg and 7.5 mg on serum estradiol from a multicenter , double-blind , parallel-group , 12-week study of women with anemia due to bleeding from uterine leiomyomata . Serum estradiol levels were obtained at baseline and at week 12 . Patients were divided into weight quartiles according to their baseline weight in kilograms : 46- < 64 , 64- < 72 , 72- < 89 , 89-159 ( pounds-102- < 140 , 140- < 159 , 159- < 196 , 196-350 ) . RESULTS At baseline there was no statistically significant difference in estradiol level between groups as a whole or within weight quartiles . Within each group there was no relationship between weight and baseline estradiol . At week 12 , whereas estradiol levels were significantly greater in the heavier patients in each of the groups ( LA 3.75 mg , p = 0.044 ; LA 7.5 mg , p = 0.002 ) , there was no significant difference in estradiol between groups as a whole or within any of the weight quartiles . Moreover , at week 12 there was no significant difference between groups in the percentage of patients with estradiol suppressed to the menopausal range . CONCLUSION Heavier women do not benefit from a higher dose of LA depot ( 7.5 vs. 3.75 mg ) for suppression of serum levels of estradiol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1590 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5165", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leuprolide acetate" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5166", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue leuprolide acetate ( LA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5167", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LA depot" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5168", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "serum estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5169", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LA" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5170", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serum estradiol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5171", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "no statistically significant difference" ], "offsets": [ [ 821, 860 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5172", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "estradiol level" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5173", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "estradiol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5174", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significantly greater" ], "offsets": [ [ 1062, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5175", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "no significant difference in estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1193, 1231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5176", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "no significant difference" ], "offsets": [ [ 1193, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5177", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of patients with estradiol suppressed to the menopausal range ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1378, 1452 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5178", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5179", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5180", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5181", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 487 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5182", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5183", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "uterine leiomyomata" ], "offsets": [ [ 509, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5184", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5186", "type": "document", "text": [ "Unopposed estrogen increases total plasma factor VII , but not active factor VII -- a short-term placebo-controlled study in healthy postmenopausal women . Estrogen therapy may increase the risk of arterial thromboembolism , at least in the short term . In a randomized , double-blind and placebo-controlled study in 25 healthy postmenopausal women ( 52.5 +/- 2.8 years ) , we therefore examined the short-term effect of unopposed estrogen on the fasting and fat-load-stimulated plasma levels of total factor VII versus active factor VII . Plasma total factor VII was measured by use of a chromogenic assay ; plasma active FVII by a recently developed method using truncated tissue factor . As compared to placebo , 8 weeks of oral 17beta-estradiol ( 2 mg daily ) increased the mean fasting and postprandial plasma levels of total factor VII by 17 and 21 % points , respectively ( both P < 0.01 ) , but did not affect the fasting and/or postprandial plasma levels of active factor VII ( mean change both 0.05 ng/mL ; P > 0.35 ) . Furthermore , the change in the fasting level of total factor VII after therapy was not associated with the change in the fasting level of active factor VII ( r = 0.27 ; P = 0.21 ) . These findings argue against the idea that elevated levels of total factor VII underlie an increased risk of arterial thromboembolism in postmenopausal women using unopposed estrogen replacement ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1409 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5187", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Unopposed estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5188", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5189", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Estrogen therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5190", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "unopposed estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 439 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5191", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5192", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral 17beta-estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 748 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5193", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "unopposed estrogen replacement ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1377, 1409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5194", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma total factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 563 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5195", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean fasting and postprandial plasma levels of total factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 778, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5196", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fasting and/or postprandial plasma levels of active factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 922, 984 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5197", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in the fasting level of total factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1095 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5198", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in the fasting level of active factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5199", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "levels of total factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5200", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk of arterial thromboembolism" ], "offsets": [ [ 190, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5201", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 125, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5202", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5203", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "25" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5204", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 125, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5205", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5206", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "52.5 +/- 2.8" ], "offsets": [ [ 351, 363 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5207", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 133, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5208", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5210", "type": "document", "text": [ "Sertraline treatment of generalized social phobia : a 20-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of sertraline , a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor , in the treatment of generalized social phobia . METHOD Adult outpatients with generalized social phobia ( N=204 ) from 10 Canadian centers were randomly assigned to receive sertraline or placebo in a 2:1 ratio for a 20-week double-blind study following a 1-week , single-blind , placebo run-in . The initial dose of sertraline was 50 mg/day with increases of 50 mg/day every 3 weeks permitted after the fourth week of treatment ( dosing was flexible up to a maximum of 200 mg/day ) . Primary efficacy assessments were the percentage of patients rated much or very much improved on the Clinical Global Impression ( CGI ) improvement item and the mean changes from baseline to study endpoint in total score on the social phobia subscale of the Marks Fear Questionnaire and total score on the Brief Social Phobia Scale . RESULTS In intent-to-treat endpoint analyses of 203 of the patients , significantly more of the 134 patients given sertraline ( N=71 [ 53 % ] ) than of the 69 patients receiving placebo ( N=20 [ 29 % ] ) were considered responders according to their CGI improvement scores at the end of treatment . The mean reductions in the social phobia subscale of the Marks Fear Questionnaire and in the total score on the Brief Social Phobia Scale were 32.6 % and 34.3 % in the sertraline group and 10.8 % and 18.6 % in the placebo group , respectively . Analysis of covariance showed superiority of sertraline over placebo on all primary and secondary efficacy measures . Sertraline was well tolerated : 103 ( 76 % ) of the 135 sertraline-treated patients and 54 ( 78 % ) of the 69 placebo-treated patients completed the study . CONCLUSIONS Sertraline is an effective treatment for patients with generalized social phobia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1969 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5211", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5212", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5213", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5214", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5215", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5216", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5217", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5218", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5219", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5220", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5221", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5222", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5223", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1774, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5224", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1828, 1843 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5225", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5226", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "generalized social phobia :" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5227", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy , safety , and tolerability of sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5228", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "generalized social phobia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5229", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy assessments" ], "offsets": [ [ 730, 750 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5230", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Clinical Global Impression ( CGI ) improvement item and the mean changes from baseline to study endpoint in total score on the social phobia subscale of the Marks Fear Questionnaire and total score on the Brief Social Phobia Scale ." ], "offsets": [ [ 823, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5231", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "CGI improvement scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1306, 1328 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5232", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "social phobia subscale of the Marks Fear Questionnaire" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5233", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "total score on the Brief Social Phobia Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1053 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5234", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy measures ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1698, 1717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5235", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "generalized social phobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5236", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "generalized social phobia :" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5237", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 293, 298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5238", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "generalized social phobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5239", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "N=204" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5240", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "134" ], "offsets": [ [ 1152, 1155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5241", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "69" ], "offsets": [ [ 1212, 1214 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5243", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effects of treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the inflamed synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist ( IL-1Ra ) on synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . METHODS Twelve patients with RA entering a randomized clinical trial of human recombinant IL-1Ra underwent synovial biopsies before and after treatment . Cellular infiltration and adhesion molecule expression were evaluated after immunohistochemical staining . RESULTS There was a notable reduction in intimal layer macrophages and subintimal macrophages and lymphocytes after treatment with IL-1Ra at 150 mg/day ( n=3 ) . Increased cellular infiltration was observed in all patients receiving placebo ( n=3 ) ; variable changes were observed after IL-1Ra 30 mg/day ( n=6 ) . In a limited study of adhesion molecule expression , down-regulation of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was observed after treatment with IL-1Ra 150 mg/day , but not after IL-1Ra 30 mg/day or placebo . The apparent arrest of progressive joint damage seen in four patients after treatment with IL-1Ra was associated with reduced intimal layer macrophage accumulation in all patients . CONCLUSION Treatment of RA with IL-1Ra resulted in reduced mononuclear cell infiltration of synovial membrane , which may represent the in vivo inhibition of biologically relevant IL-1ss-mediated pathogenic effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1466 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5244", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interleukin-1 receptor antagonist" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5245", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interleukin-1 receptor antagonist ( IL-1Ra )" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5246", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "human recombinant IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 369 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5247", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "synovial biopsies" ], "offsets": [ [ 380, 397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5248", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5249", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 774 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5250", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5251", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5252", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5253", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 774 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5254", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5255", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IL-1Ra" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5256", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Cellular infiltration and adhesion molecule expression" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5257", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction in intimal layer macrophages and subintimal macrophages and lymphocytes" ], "offsets": [ [ 562, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5258", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cellular infiltration" ], "offsets": [ [ 706, 727 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5259", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "down-regulation of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 969 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5260", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arrest of progressive joint damage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1081, 1115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5261", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "rheumatoid arthritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5262", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twelve patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 296 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5264", "type": "document", "text": [ "The response of neuropathic pain and pain in complex regional pain syndrome I to carbamazepine and sustained-release morphine in patients pretreated with spinal cord stimulation : a double-blinded randomized study . Forty-three patients with peripheral neuropathic pain , exclusively pain reduced by spinal cord stimulation ( SCS ) , were switched into a painful state after SCS inactivation . This mode was used to assess the pain-relieving effect of carbamazepine ( CMZ ) and opioids in a double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial . In Phase 1 , the patients were randomly allocated to receive either CMZ ( 600 mg/d ) or placebo during an SCS-free period of 8 days . In Phase 2 , after a CMZ elimination interval of 7 days , 38 patients received either sustained-release morphine ( 90 mg/d ) or placebo for 8 days . In cases of intolerable pain , the patients were authorized to reactivate their SCS . The pain intensity was rated on a numeric analog scale . In 38 patients who completed Phase 1 , significant delay in pain increase was observed in the CMZ group as compared with placebo ( P = 0.038 ) . In Phase 2 , the trend observed with morphine was insignificant ( P = 0.41 ) . Two CMZ patients and one morphine patient showed complete pain relief and preferred to continue the medication . Thirty-five patients returned to SCS . We conclude that CMZ is effective in peripheral neuropathic pain . Morphine obviously requires larger individually titrated dosages than those used in this study for results to be adequately interpreted ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1541 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5265", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5266", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sustained-release morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5267", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine ( CMZ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 452, 473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5268", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "opioids" ], "offsets": [ [ 478, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5269", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5270", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CMZ ( 600 mg/d )" ], "offsets": [ [ 603, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5271", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5272", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CMZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 471 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5273", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sustained-release morphine ( 90 mg/d )" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 793 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5274", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5275", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "SCS ." ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 903 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5276", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5277", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain in complex regional pain syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5278", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "intolerable pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 830, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5279", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 908, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5280", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "numeric analog scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 938, 958 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5281", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "delay in pain increase" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1034 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5282", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "complete pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 1234, 1254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5283", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5284", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "complex regional pain syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5285", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pretreated with spinal cord stimulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5286", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-three" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 227 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5287", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "peripheral neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5288", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pain reduced by spinal cord stimulation ( SCS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 284, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5289", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "painful state after SCS inactivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 355, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5291", "type": "document", "text": [ "Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting . BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of an interactive expert system intervention for smoking cessation for a general population . The intervention provides individualized feedback that guides participants through the stages of change for cessation . Enhancing the expert system by adding proactive telephone counseling or a stimulus control computer designed to produce nicotine fading could produce preventive programs with greater population impacts . METHODS Four interventions were compared : ( a ) the interactive expert system intervention ; ( b ) the expert system intervention plus counselor calls ; ( c ) the expert system intervention plus the stimulus control computer ; and ( d ) an assessment only condition . A 4 ( intervention ) x 4 ( occasions ) ( 0,6,12 , and 18 months ) design was used . Smokers were contacted at home via telephone or mail . The initial subject pool was the 24,178 members of a managed care company . Screening was completed for 19,236 members ( 79.6 % ) , of whom 4,653 were smokers ; 85.3 % of the smokers were enrolled . RESULTS Thirty-eight percent were in the precontemplation stage , 45 % in the contemplation stage , and only 17 % in the preparation stage . At 18 months , the expert system resulted in 23.2 % point prevalence abstinence , which was 33 % greater than that of assessment only . The counselor enhancement produced increased cessation at 12 months but not at 18 months . The stimulus control computer produced no improvement , resulting in 20 % worse cessation rates than the assessment only condition . CONCLUSIONS The enhanced conditions failed to outperform the expert system alone . The study also demonstrated the ability of the interactive expert system to produce significantly greater cessation in a population of smokers than assessment alone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1964 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5292", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "stage-matched expert system intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5293", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "interactive expert system intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5294", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "the interactive expert system intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5295", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "expert system intervention plus counselor calls" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 758 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5296", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "expert system intervention plus the stimulus control computer" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 832 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5297", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "assessment only condition" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 873 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5298", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "interactive expert system" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5299", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5300", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5301", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "prevalence abstinence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5302", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5303", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1624, 1635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5304", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5305", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "outperform" ], "offsets": [ [ 1761, 1771 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5306", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "expert system" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5307", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5308", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "smokers" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5309", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "24,178" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1054 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5310", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "19,236" ], "offsets": [ [ 1119, 1125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5311", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "4,653" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5313", "type": "document", "text": [ "Perioperative blood transfusions , with or without allogeneic leucocytes , relate to survival , not to cancer recurrence . BACKGROUND Perioperative blood transfusions are reported to be related to cancer recurrence and reduced survival . Different underlying mechanisms have been proposed , and allogeneic leucocytes in transfused blood have been suggested to contribute to this phenomenon . METHODS Packed red cells without buffy coat ( PC group ) were compared with filtered , leucoreduced , red cells ( LD group ) in a randomized trial of 697 patients with colorectal carcinoma . Five-year survival and cancer recurrence rates were determined , with special emphasis on the location of recurrence . RESULTS The intention-to-treat analysis showed a survival rate of 63.6 per cent in the PC group and 65.3 per cent in the LD group ( P = 0.69 ) , with recurrence rates of 27.8 and 27.9 per cent respectively . The observational analysis showed a significant difference in survival between transfused and non-transfused patients ( 59.6 versus 72.9 per cent ; P < 0.001 ) . The difference in cancer recurrence rate between transfused and non-transfused patients was not statistically significant ( 29.8 versus 24.3 per cent ; P = 0.13 ) . Local recurrences were more frequent in transfused than non-transfused patients ( 11.9 versus 7.6 per cent ; P = 0.09 ) . CONCLUSION Leucocyte depletion of perioperative transfused blood has no effect on long-term survival and/or cancer recurrence . Perioperative blood transfusions are associated with impaired survival , but not with cancer recurrence . The slight increase in local recurrence rate in transfused patients appears to be related to complicated , in particular rectal , surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1732 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5314", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Perioperative blood transfusions , with or without allogeneic leucocytes" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5315", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Perioperative blood transfusions" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5316", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Packed red cells without buffy coat ( PC group )" ], "offsets": [ [ 400, 448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5317", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "filtered , leucoreduced , red cells ( LD group" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5318", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "perioperative transfused blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 1393, 1423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5319", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5320", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cancer recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cancer recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5322", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "reduced survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 219, 235 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5323", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Five-year survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 601 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5324", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cancer recurrence rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5325", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "location of recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 677, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5326", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 764 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5327", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5328", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "difference in survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 980 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5329", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "difference in cancer recurrence rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1076, 1112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5330", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Local recurrences" ], "offsets": [ [ 1237, 1254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5331", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "long-term survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1441, 1459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5332", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cancer recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5333", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5335", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Diphtheria antitoxin level 2 years after booster vaccination ] . In a prospective , controlled , randomized , multicenter study the immunogenicity of a single ( day 0 ) and two ( day 0 , 28 ) booster vaccination against diphtheria were compared in subjects who had received their last diphtheria vaccination more than 10 years ago . Both short-term and long-term immunogenicity was assessed by determining diphtheria antitoxin levels four weeks after vaccination and after one and two years . 102 subjects received the first booster vaccination , and 83 were vaccinated twice . Prior to the first vaccination 27 % of the subjects had a diphtheria antitoxin level below 0.01 I.U./ml ; after the first booster only 5 % were unprotected . The second booster did not show a significant effect , however , in 1 of the 5 subjects who were still unprotected after the first booster the second elicited an antitoxin level of more than 0.01 I.U./ml . After one and two years 7 % and 8 % of the subjects had diphtheria antitoxin level below 0.01 I.U./ml . A serological effect of a second booster vaccination four weeks after the first one could not be demonstrated neither after one nor after two years ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1197 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5336", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "booster vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5337", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "booster vaccination against diphtheria" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5338", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diphtheria vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 287, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5339", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diphtheria antitoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 428 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5340", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "first booster vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5341", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "vaccinated" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5342", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "twice" ], "offsets": [ [ 572, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5343", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "booster" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5344", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "booster vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5345", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diphtheria antitoxin levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 435 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5346", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diphtheria antitoxin level" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5347", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antitoxin level" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5348", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diphtheria antitoxin level" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5349", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subjects who had received their last diphtheria vaccination more than 10 years ago ." ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 334 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5351", "type": "document", "text": [ "Increasing the reach of health sponsorship : using a \" sponsorship kit \" to promote health . In Australia , a tobacco tax provides funding for Healthway , the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation . Healthway provides sponsorships for the arts and racing and sporting events to replace funds previously provided by tobacco companies . These sponsorships provide visibility for Healthway and positive health messages . Normally , Healthway staff attends these events to help promote health messages . To reduce Healthway staff time spent helping event organizers promote health messages , Healthway developed a sponsor kit of promotional materials which communicate health messages without requiring Healthway staff to attend events . Recognition , awareness , comprehension , and acceptance of health messages was comparable at events that featured Healthway staff versus the sponsor kits , but the average cost of the sponsorship kits was only 40 % of the cost when Healthway staff was featured ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1006 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5352", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "sponsor kit of promotional materials" ], "offsets": [ [ 619, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5353", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "sponsorship kits" ], "offsets": [ [ 928, 944 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5354", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "health" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5355", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Recognition , awareness , comprehension , and acceptance of health messages" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5357", "type": "document", "text": [ "Spatial orientation adjustments in children with autism in Hong Kong . Abnormal spatial orientation and body postures in children with autism often interfere with visual abilities to attend tasks and social interactions . Twenty-four children diagnosed with autism from Kowloon , Hong Kong were assessed for spatial orientation and spatial management abilities . Positive changes in spatial orientation were evident when the children wore ambient prism lenses and included changes in posture from slanted to erect . Adjustments in spatial management were evident in improved ball catching ability , a task requiring visual tracking and eye-hand coordination . The findings suggest that alterations to the sensory systems may lead to behavioral change in some children ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 769 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5358", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Spatial orientation adjustments" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5359", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "wore" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5360", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "ambient prism lenses" ], "offsets": [ [ 439, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5361", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "alterations to the sensory systems" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 720 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5362", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spatial orientation and body postures" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5363", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spatial orientation" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5364", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spatial management" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5365", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Positive changes" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 379 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5366", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spatial orientation" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5367", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "changes in posture" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 491 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5368", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spatial management" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5369", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "catching ability" ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 596 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5370", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5371", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5372", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5373", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5374", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5375", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5376", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5378", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of the efficacy of fluoxetine alone vs. fluoxetine plus local lidocaine ointment in the treatment of premature ejaculation . OBJECTIVE The present study compares the efficacy and side effects of fluoxetine alone vs. fluoxetine plus local lidocaine ointment in the treatment of premature ejaculation . METHODS Forty-three patients suffering from premature ejaculation were studied . The exclusion criteria were erectile dysfunction , loss of libido , alcohol and substance abuse , mental retardation , diabetes mellitus , thyroid disease , hypotension , previous use of these drugs and urogenital infections . The patients ' ages ranged from 19 to 48 years ( mean age 28 +/- 1.6 ) . They had regular sexual lives . They had normal psychiatric consultation and the Glombock Rast Sexual Satisfactory Test ( GRISS ) psychiatric test were in accordance with premature ejaculation . RESULTS The patients were assigned to two groups . Twenty-six patients , aged 21 to 36 years ( mean age 27 ) , received only fluoxetine 20 mg/day ( 1 capsule ) for a week which was later increased to 40 mg/day ( 2 capsules ) . Seventeen patients , aged 19 to 48 years ( mean age 31 ) , were given fluoxetine 20 mg/day plus local application of lidocaine ointment . The patients and partners were re-evaluated 8 weeks after the treatment . The results were classified as unsuccessful , improvement and cure . The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis . In the fluoxetine group , 8 ( 30.8 % ) patients cured , 11 ( 42.2 % ) showed improvement and there were 7 failures ( 26.9 % ) . In the combination treatment group , 9 ( 52.9 % ) patients cured , improvement was observed in 5 ( 29.4 % ) and failure in 3 ( 17.6 % ) . Side effects in group I were observed in 6 patients ( 23 % ) and in 5 ( 29.4 % ) in group II . There were no statistical differences between the two groups according to the side effects ( p > 0.01 ) . No patients were excluded from the study due to side effects . CONCLUSION The combination of fluoxetine plus local application of lidocaine ointment was found to be more effective than fluoxetine alone in the treatment of premature ejaculation . However , the results should be confirmed in further studies with a placebo group to rule out the placebo effect ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2279 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5379", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5380", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5381", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "local lidocaine ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5382", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5383", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5384", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "local lidocaine ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5385", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5386", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5387", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5388", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5389", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5390", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5391", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Glombock Rast Sexual Satisfactory Test ( GRISS ) psychiatric test" ], "offsets": [ [ 774, 839 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5392", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "unsuccessful" ], "offsets": [ [ 1358, 1370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5393", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1373, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5394", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5395", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "chi-square test" ], "offsets": [ [ 1400, 1415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5396", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cured" ], "offsets": [ [ 1500, 1505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5397", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1373, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5398", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1558, 1566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5399", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "premature ejaculation" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5400", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "premature ejaculation" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5401", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-three" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5402", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "19 to 48 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 652, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5403", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "28 +/- 1.6" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5405", "type": "document", "text": [ "The injured colon : therapeutic considerations . A prospective randomized study was carried out at the Detroit General Hospital over a two year period to evaluate methods of management in 165 patients with colonic injuries . Results of the study show that primary closure is a safe and reiable method of management when rigid criteria are incorporated in an ongoing protocol . Moreover , the technic of exteriorization is a safe adjunct to management and is recommended in any patient with a colonic injury above 18 cm in which one suture line is required and in which the additional operating time of twenty minutes will not compromise the management of secondary injuries . Patients not fulfilling these criteria should have primary colostomy . These principles make it possible to reduce the need for primary colostomy to approximately 50 per cent in a large ongoing group of patients with colonic injury ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 909 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5406", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "colonic injuries" ], "offsets": [ [ 206, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5407", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "primary closure" ], "offsets": [ [ 256, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5408", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exteriorization" ], "offsets": [ [ 403, 418 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5409", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "primary colostomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5410", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "primary colostomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5411", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5412", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reiable" ], "offsets": [ [ 286, 293 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5413", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5414", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "primary colostomy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 746 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5415", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "primary colostomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5416", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "injured colon :" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5417", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "165" ], "offsets": [ [ 188, 191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5418", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colonic injuries" ], "offsets": [ [ 206, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5419", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "any patient with a colonic injury above 18 cm" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 518 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5420", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with colonic injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 907 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5422", "type": "document", "text": [ "Is hands-on experience more effective than didactic workshops in postgraduate cancer pain education ? BACKGROUND This study examined the nurse outcomes of a cancer pain education program for nurses of patients from 11 different ethnic groups . METHODS Four hundred ninety six home , hospital , and hospice nurses participated in a one-day workshop or two half-day workshops on cancer pain assessment and management . Of these , 116 were randomized to participate in a bedside-precepted visit with an oncology nurse specialist with pain specialization and a focus group to discuss attitudinal issues . Eighty-six nurses served as controls . Pre- , post- and one-year follow-up tests were administered . RESULTS Attitudes , knowledge , and application skills significantly improved for workshop-only and enriched-model nurses relative to controls . CONCLUSION For postgraduate nurses , daylong cancer pain education workshops were , in the group studied , as effective as hands-on experience in improving cancer pain knowledge and changing attitudes . Both the workshop-only and the enriched-model nurses relative to controls had significantly improved knowledge and changed attitudes towards optimal pain management ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1216 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5423", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "one-day workshop or two half-day workshops" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5424", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "cancer pain assessment and management" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5425", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "bedside-precepted visit with an oncology nurse specialist with pain specialization and a focus group to discuss attitudinal issues" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 598 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5426", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "nurse outcomes" ], "offsets": [ [ 137, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5427", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Attitudes , knowledge , and application skills" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5428", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cancer pain knowledge and changing attitudes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1003, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5429", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5430", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5431", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "11 different ethnic groups" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5432", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Four hundred ninety six" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5433", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer pain assessment and management" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5434", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eighty-six" ], "offsets": [ [ 601, 611 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5436", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cognitive performance and serotonergic function in users of ecstasy . RATIONALE ( +/- ) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA or \" ecstasy \" ) has been shown to cause long term damage to serotonergic cerebral neurons in animals . The neurotoxic effects in humans are less clear and little is known about the functional consequences , although some studies suggest memory impairment . Given the widespread use of MDMA , our lack of knowledge raises concerns . OBJECTIVE We investigated , in humans , the relation between past use of ecstasy and cognitive performance as well as serotonergic function . METHODS Two groups of 21 males with moderate and heavy recreational use of MDMA , respectively , and a control group of 20 males without use of MDMA were compared . All were from the same subculture . Reaction time , direct recall , and recognition were assessed . Serotonergic function was measured by the neuro-endocrine response to a placebo-controlled , crossover challenge with dexfenfluramine . RESULTS Ecstasy users showed a broad pattern of statistically significant , but clinically small , impairment of memory and prolonged reaction times . Heavy users were affected stronger than moderate users . Release of cortisol but not of prolactin after dexfenfluramine administration was significantly reduced in both groups of ecstasy users compared with the controls . Analyses of covariance showed that likely confounding variables including recent exposure to ecstasy , psychosocial profiles and use of other drugs did not explain the differences found between the groups . CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that use of ecstasy may be associated with impairment of memory and of serotonergic function . These findings are compatible with neurotoxicity of ecstasy as shown in animals ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1812 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5437", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA or \" ecstasy \" )" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5438", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MDMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5439", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MDMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5440", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MDMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5441", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 959 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5442", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dexfenfluramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5443", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dexfenfluramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5444", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Cognitive performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5445", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "serotonergic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5446", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neurotoxic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 237, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5447", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Reaction time , direct recall" ], "offsets": [ [ 805, 834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5448", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "recognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 841, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5449", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serotonergic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5450", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "small , impairment of memory and prolonged reaction times" ], "offsets": [ [ 1096, 1153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5451", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Release of cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1213, 1232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5452", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prolactin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1244, 1253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5453", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "impairment of memory and of serotonergic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 1679, 1728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5454", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1766, 1779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5455", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ecstasy" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5456", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "males" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5457", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate and heavy recreational use of MDMA , respectively" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5459", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of aging on circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines during septic shock . Norasept II Study Investigators . BACKGROUND As the proportion of the population that is older continues to rise , infection in older people has become an important healthcare problem . Although aging is associated with multiple abnormalities in immune function , the effect of aging on the production of proinflammatory cytokines has not been well studied under conditions of clinical stress . OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aging on circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines in a large cohort of septic shock patients . We hypothesized that aging would be associated with a diminished proinflammatory cytokine response to sepsis . DESIGN Patients with septic shock who were enrolled in the placebo limb of the North American Sepsis Trial ( NORASEPT II ) study were analyzed . SETTING The intensive care units of 105 hospitals in the United States and Canada . PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred and thirty patients presenting to hospital within 12 hours of the onset of septic shock . MEASUREMENTS Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-55 ( sTNF-R55 ) , and soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-75 ( sTNF-R75 ) concentrations were measured at enrollment . The study population was broken down into five age groups as follows : less than 50 years ( group one ) , 50 to 64 years ( group two ) , 65 to 74 years ( group three ) , 75 to 84 years ( group four ) , and 85 or older ( group five ) . Clinical , demographic , and cytokine data were extracted to describe each age group . RESULTS Data were available for 930 patients . The patients ' mean age ( +/- SD ) was 59 +/- 17 years ( range , 18 to 102 ) . There were 280 patients in group one , 242 in group two , 210 in group three , 150 in group four , and 48 in group five . The primary diagnoses ; clinical characteristics ; and IL-6 , sTNF-R55 , and sTNF-R75 levels were similar among the five age groups . The TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher , however , in the oldest group of patients ( group five ) . The 28-day survival was 49 % in patients over the age of 75 and 58 % in those under 75 years ( P = .03 ) . There was no gender difference in survival or cytokine levels . CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our expectations , we found that aging was not associated with a decline in the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2491 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5460", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Norasept II" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5461", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 826, 833 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5462", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "North American Sepsis Trial ( NORASEPT II )" ], "offsets": [ [ 846, 889 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5463", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5464", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proinflammatory" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5465", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines" ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 610 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5466", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Interleukin-6 ( IL-6" ], "offsets": [ [ 1125, 1145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5467", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1150, 1191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5468", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-55 ( sTNF-R55 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5469", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-75 ( sTNF-R75 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1255, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5470", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Clinical , demographic , and cytokine data" ], "offsets": [ [ 1590, 1632 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5471", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "primary diagnoses" ], "offsets": [ [ 1929, 1946 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5472", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical characteristics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1949, 1973 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5473", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-6" ], "offsets": [ [ 1141, 1145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5474", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sTNF-R55" ], "offsets": [ [ 1238, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5475", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sTNF-R75 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2002, 2017 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5476", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TNF-alpha levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2063, 2079 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5477", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "28-day survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2171, 2186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5478", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "gender difference" ], "offsets": [ [ 2287, 2304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5479", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2178, 2186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5480", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cytokine levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2320, 2335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5481", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "septic shock" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5482", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "older" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5483", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "septic shock" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5484", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "septic shock" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5485", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Nine hundred and thirty" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5486", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "septic shock" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5487", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "less than 50 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1426, 1444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5488", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "50 to 64 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1461, 1475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5489", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "65 to 74 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1492, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5490", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "75 to 84 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1525, 1539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5491", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "85 or older" ], "offsets": [ [ 1561, 1572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5492", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "930" ], "offsets": [ [ 1709, 1712 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5493", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "59 +/- 17 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1763, 1778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5494", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "280" ], "offsets": [ [ 1814, 1817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5495", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "242" ], "offsets": [ [ 1842, 1845 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5496", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "210" ], "offsets": [ [ 1861, 1864 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5497", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "150" ], "offsets": [ [ 1882, 1885 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5498", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "48" ], "offsets": [ [ 1906, 1908 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5500", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of surgical technique in subtotal and bilateral thyroidectomy on risk of postoperative parathyroid insufficiency development -- our experience . One of the postoperative complications after strumectomy is hypoparathyroidism . Therefore , the purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of the surgical technique on the development of parathyroid gland insufficiency in our group of patients . Subtotal , bilateral strumectomies were performed according to Rothmund 's suggestions . Randomized controlled trial was performed in two groups . In the first group of 19 patients , main trunk of the inferior thyroid artery was ligated and in the second one consisting of 18 patients , only the branches of this artery were ligated . Total calcium and PTH levels were evaluated pre- and postoperatively . Based on the biochemical and clinical data , no statistically significant differences in the development of postoperative hypoparathyroidism in relation to performed surgical techniques were observed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1011 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5501", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5502", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "subtotal and bilateral thyroidectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5503", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5504", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "bilateral strumectomies" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5505", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "main trunk of the inferior thyroid artery was ligated" ], "offsets": [ [ 587, 640 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5506", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "only the branches of this artery were ligated ." ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 738 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5507", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical techniques" ], "offsets": [ [ 976, 995 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5508", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "development of parathyroid gland insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5509", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total calcium and PTH levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5510", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "development of postoperative hypoparathyroidism" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 950 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5511", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "parathyroid gland insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5512", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "19 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 573, 584 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5513", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "18 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 677, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5515", "type": "document", "text": [ "Alternative voice after laryngectomy using a sound-producing voice prosthesis . OBJECTIVE To improve the voice quality of female laryngectomees and/or laryngectomees with a hypotonic pharyngoesophageal ( PE ) segment by means of a pneumatic artificial source of voice incorporated in a regular tracheoesophageal ( TE ) shunt valve . STUDY DESIGN Experimental , randomized , crossover trial . METHODS The new sound source consists of a single silicone lip , which performs an oscillatory movement driven by expired pulmonary air flowing along the outward-striking lip through the TE shunt valve . A prototype of this pneumatic sound source is evaluated in vitro and in six laryngectomees . In vivo evaluation includes speech rate , maximal phonation time , perceptual voice evaluation of read-aloud prose by an expert listener , speech intelligibility measurements with 12 listeners , and self-assessment by the patients . Moreover , extensive acoustical and aerodynamic in vivo registrations are performed using a newly developed data acquisition system . RESULTS The current prototype seems beneficial in female laryngectomees with a hypotonic PE segment only . For them the sound-producing voice prosthesis improves voice quality and increases the average pitch of voice , without decreasing intelligibility or necessitating other pressure and airflow rates than regular TE shunt speech . Pitch regulation of this prosthetic voice is possible , yet limited . CONCLUSIONS The mechanism is feasible and does not result in unacceptable airflow resistance . For this new mechanism of alaryngeal voice to become an established technique for postlaryngectomy voice restoration , a voice suitably pitched for male laryngectomees has to be generated and a large part of the melodic and dynamic range of the sound source has to be attainable within physiological airflow rates ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1871 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5516", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laryngectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5517", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "sound-producing voice prosthesis" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5518", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "pneumatic artificial source of voice incorporated in a regular tracheoesophageal ( TE ) shunt valve" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5519", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "pneumatic sound source" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 638 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5520", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "sound-producing voice prosthesis" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5521", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improve the voice quality" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5522", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pneumatic artificial source of voice incorporated in a regular tracheoesophageal ( TE ) shunt valve ." ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5523", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "speech rate , maximal phonation time , perceptual voice evaluation of read-aloud prose by an expert listener , speech intelligibility measurements with 12 listeners , and self-assessment by the patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5524", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "extensive acoustical and" ], "offsets": [ [ 933, 957 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5525", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "aerodynamic in vivo registrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5526", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "newly developed data acquisition system ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5527", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improves voice quality and increases the average pitch of voice , without decreasing intelligibility or necessitating other pressure and airflow rates than regular TE shunt speech . Pitch regulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1209, 1407 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5528", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasible" ], "offsets": [ [ 1490, 1498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5529", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5530", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5531", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomees" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5532", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomees with a hypotonic pharyngoesophageal ( PE ) segment" ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5533", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "six" ], "offsets": [ [ 668, 671 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5534", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomees" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5535", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "speech intelligibility measurements" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5536", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5537", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomees with a hypotonic PE segment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1113, 1155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5538", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5539", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laryngectomees" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5541", "type": "document", "text": [ "Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects . OBJECTIVE Consumption of soy protein has recently been shown to improve the blood lipid levels in nondiabetic subjects . The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a dietary supplement of soy protein , isoflavones , and cotyledon fiber ( Abalon ) affects cardiovascular risk markers , blood glucose , and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic subjects . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty type 2 diabetic subjects participated in a crossover trial . They were randomized to double-blind supplementation for 6 weeks with Abalon ( soy protein [ 50 g/day ] with high levels of isoflavones [ minimum 165 mg/day ] and cotyledon fiber [ 20 g/day ] ) or placebo ( casein [ 50 g/day ] and cellulose [ 20 g/day ] ) , separated by a 3-week wash-out period . RESULTS The results are expressed as means +/- SD . The percentage mean treatment difference between Abalon and placebo demonstrated significantly lower mean values after Abalon for LDL cholesterol ( 10 +/- 15 % , P < 0.05 ) , LDL/UHDL ratio ( 12 +/- 18 % , P < 0.05 ) , apolipoprotein ( apo ) B100 ( 30 +/- 38 % , P < 0.01 ) , triglycerides ( 22 +/- 10 % , P < 0.05 ) , and homocysteine ( 14 +/- 21 % , P < 0.01 ) , whereas the total cholesterol value tended to be less significant but still lower ( 8 +/- 15 % , P < 0.08 ) . No change occurred in HDL cholesterol , apo B100/apo A1 ratio , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 , factor VIIc , von Willebrand factor , fibrinogen , lipoprotein ( a ) , glucose , HbA1c , or 24-h blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with Abalon on cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects . This improvement is seen even in individuals with near-normal lipid values ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1848 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5542", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "soy-based dietary supplement" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5543", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "soy protein" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5544", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflavones" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5545", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cotyledon fiber ( Abalon )" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 379 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5546", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "6 weeks with Abalon ( soy protein" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 669 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5547", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflavones" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5548", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cotyledon fiber" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5549", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 776, 783 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5550", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Abalon" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5551", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 776, 783 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5552", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Abalon" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5553", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Abalon" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5554", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lipid levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5555", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular risk markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5556", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood lipid levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5557", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular risk markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5558", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5559", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 438, 452 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5560", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1059, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5561", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL/UHDL ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1104, 1118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5562", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apolipoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 1148, 1162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5563", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "triglycerides" ], "offsets": [ [ 1205, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5564", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "homocysteine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1252, 1264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5565", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total cholesterol value" ], "offsets": [ [ 1306, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5566", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HDL cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1426, 1441 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5567", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "apo B100/apo A1 ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1444, 1465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5568", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasminogen activator inhibitor 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1468, 1501 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5569", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "factor VIIc" ], "offsets": [ [ 1504, 1515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5570", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "von Willebrand factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1518, 1539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5571", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fibrinogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1542, 1552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5572", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lipoprotein ( a )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1555, 1572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5573", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5574", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HbA1c" ], "offsets": [ [ 1585, 1590 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5575", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24-h blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1596, 1615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5576", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular risk markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5577", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetic subjects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5578", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5579", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5581", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of allopurinol on myocardial oxygen free radical production in coronary bypass surgery . OBJECTIVES Allopurinol protects the heart from reperfusion injury . The aim of this study was to investigate myocardial free radical production during reperfusion with and without allopurinol treatment in coronary artery bypass grafting patients randomized into allopurinol ( n = 14 ) or placebo ( n = 13 ) groups . DESIGN Allopurinol ( 1 g ) was given blind prior to cardiopulmonary bypass and prior to opening the aorta . Oxygen free radicals were measured before anesthesia in arterial blood , before cross-clamping and 1 and 10 min after reperfusion in arterial and coronary sinus blood . Levels were measured as relative concentrations by the electron spin resonance method . RESULTS One minute after reperfusion the level of spin-trapped radicals in arterial blood was elevated significantly ( p = 0.016 ) in the allopurinol group , from 7.7 ( SE : 0.8 ) to 8.6 ( 1.4 ) and non-significantly ( p = 0.074 ) in the placebo group , from 7.3 ( 0.7 ) to 8.3 ( 0.8 ) . Ten minutes after reperfusion the arterial values were 8.6 ( 1.5 ) in the allopurinol and 7.6 ( 0.7 ) in the placebo group , the sinus values being 7.6 ( 1.3 ) and 8.3 ( 0.8 ) , respectively . Myocardial free radical production was -0.94 ( 1.21 ) in the allopurinol and +0.79 ( 0.96 ) in the placebo group after 10 min reperfusion , the difference being significant ( p = 0.043 ) . CONCLUSIONS All patients in both groups had an increasing tendency to free radical production during early reperfusion . Patients treated with allopurinol showed less myocardial production of free radicals , indicating that its protective effect may be due to its antioxidative properties ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1737 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5582", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "allopurinol" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5583", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Allopurinol" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5584", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "allopurinol" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5585", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5586", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Allopurinol ( 1 g )" ], "offsets": [ [ 419, 438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5587", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Levels were measured as relative concentrations by the electron spin resonance method" ], "offsets": [ [ 689, 774 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5588", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen free radical production" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5589", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "myocardial free radical production" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5590", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Oxygen free radicals" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5591", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "spin-trapped radicals in arterial blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 827, 866 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5592", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arterial values were" ], "offsets": [ [ 1099, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5593", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "the sinus values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5594", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "myocardial production of free radicals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1614, 1652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5595", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "coronary artery bypass grafting" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5596", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "14" ], "offsets": [ [ 376, 378 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5597", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "13" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5599", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of splinting of teeth in combination with reconstructive periodontal surgery in humans . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of splinting teeth on the results of periodontal reconstructive surgery using a specific carbonate bone replacement graft ( BRG ) material . Forty-five patients were randomly treated with a periodontal surgery approach . Natural coral calcium BRG was utilised in 33 patients . This 33-patient group was divided into three equal groups . In the presplint group , teeth were splinted to at least two rigid teeth before surgery , in the postsplint group , teeth were splinted at suture removal , and in the nonsplint group , the treated teeth were not splinted at all . In 12 patients , teeth were treated with surgical debridement ( DEBR ) alone and not splinted . Periodontal probing depth ( PPD ) , clinical probing attachment level ( CPAL ) , and tooth mobility were measured using desmodontometry ( DDM ) and periotest ( PTV ) with reproducible methods before surgery and at various periods up to 1 year afterwards . A decrease in PPD ( 5.4 mm , SD 1.4 mm ) and tooth mobility ( DDM-horizontal 257 microns , SD 60 microns ) and a gain of CPAL ( 5.1 mm , SD 1.4 mm ) were seen following the use of BRG in presplint teeth . In the same group , PPD and tooth mobility were significantly reduced compared to nonsplint teeth . DEBR alone showed reductions in tooth mobility and PPD and a significantly smaller gain in CPAL than in presplint teeth treated with BRG . The less favourable improvement in periodontal function of postsplint or nonsplint teeth seemed to be due to the loss of BRG material caused by tooth mobility . These results indicate that an undisturbed wound healing process using BRG together with tooth stability is beneficial to overall clinical success ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1825 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5600", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "splinting of teeth" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5601", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "reconstructive periodontal surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5602", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "splinting teeth" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5603", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "periodontal reconstructive surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 190, 224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5604", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "periodontal surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5605", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "splinted to at least two rigid teeth before surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5606", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "splinted at suture removal" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5607", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treated teeth were not splinted at all" ], "offsets": [ [ 679, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5608", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Periodontal probing depth ( PPD ) , clinical probing attachment level ( CPAL ) , and tooth mobility" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5609", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "decrease in PPD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1089 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5610", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tooth mobility" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5611", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "gain of CPAL" ], "offsets": [ [ 1185, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5612", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "PPD" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 847 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5613", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tooth mobility" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5614", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tooth mobility" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5615", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "PPD" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 847 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5616", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "CPAL" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 892 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5617", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "loss of BRG material" ], "offsets": [ [ 1629, 1649 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5618", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tooth mobility" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5619", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall clinical success ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1799, 1825 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5620", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "reconstructive periodontal surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5621", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "humans" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5622", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-five" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5623", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "periodontal surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5624", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "33" ], "offsets": [ [ 416, 418 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5626", "type": "document", "text": [ "Simplified subjective workload assessment technique . Although the subjective workload assessment technique ( SWAT ) has been widely used , it has two main problems : it is not very sensitive for low mental workloads and it requires a time-consuming card sorting pretask procedure . In this study are presented five variations of SWAT in an effort to overcome the limitations . Four of the variants used the continuous SWAT subscales while one used the discrete SWAT subscale . Fifteen subjects participated in the experiment . The scales were compared with the original SWAT scale in terms of sensitivity and pretask procedure completion time when performing arithmetic tasks . The results show that all four variants are more sensitive than the conventional SWAT scale and that the pairwise comparison procedure takes significantly less pretask completion time compared with the original SWAT scale . Thus , the conventional pretask procedure can be replaced by a simple unweighted averaging to yield a scale of high sensitivity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1032 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5627", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Simplified subjective workload assessment technique ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5628", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "subjective workload assessment technique ( SWAT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5629", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "five variations of SWAT" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5630", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "continuous SWAT subscales" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 433 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5631", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "discrete SWAT subscale ." ], "offsets": [ [ 453, 477 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5632", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "SWAT" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5633", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "conventional SWAT scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 747, 770 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5634", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "original SWAT scale ." ], "offsets": [ [ 881, 902 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5635", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "conventional pretask procedure" ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 944 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5636", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "subjective workload assessment technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5637", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5638", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sensitive" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5639", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "conventional SWAT scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 747, 770 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5640", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pretask completion time" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5641", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 478, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5643", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of acarbose on additional insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients with late failure of sulphonylurea therapy . AIM The present study investigated the effect of acarbose on insulin requirements and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving exogenous insulin due to secondary failure of maximum dose sulphonylurea therapy . METHODS A single-centre , double-blind , randomized , placebo-controlled study was performed in 48 type 2 diabetic patients with late-term failure following at least 3 years of sulphonylurea therapy requiring additional insulin therapy to determine the impact of acarbose on glycaemic control and insulin requirements . The primary end points were glycaemic response rate ( responders being predefined as patients who achieve a decrease in HbA1c to less than 8 % or a reduction by at least 15 % as compared to the baseline values ) and the daily insulin dose at 6 months . Secondary parameters assessed included postprandial changes in blood glucose , serum insulin and C-peptide during the treatment period . RESULTS There were significantly more responders in the acarbose-treated group compared with the placebo group ( 20/24 patients vs. 10/19 patients ; p < 0.05 ) . The mean daily insulin dose after 24 weeks of treatment was 16.4 +/- 10.1 IU in the acarbose group and 22.4 +/- 12.2 IU in the placebo group ( mean +/- s.d . ; p < 0.07 ) . Postprandial increases in blood glucose , insulin and C-peptide were consistently lower in the acarbose-treated group than in the placebo group . For example , the mean increase in 2-h postprandial serum insulin remained almost unchanged in the acarbose group at the end of 24 weeks of treatment compared to an increase to 43 +/- 29 microU/ml ( mean +/- s.d . ) at the end of the study period for the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the addition of acarbose to sulphonylurea/insulin combination therapy can improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients . Acarbose may also reduce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2063 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5644", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5645", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5646", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5647", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5648", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5649", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sulphonylurea" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5650", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5651", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5652", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5653", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5654", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5655", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5656", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5657", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5658", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5659", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5660", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5661", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sulphonylurea/insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1894, 1915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5662", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acarbose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1996, 2004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5663", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin requirements" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5664", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glycaemic control" ], "offsets": [ [ 208, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5665", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glycaemic response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 700, 723 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5666", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "daily insulin dose" ], "offsets": [ [ 892, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5667", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "postprandial changes in blood glucose , serum insulin and C-peptide" ], "offsets": [ [ 964, 1031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5668", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean daily insulin dose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1228, 1251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5669", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Postprandial increases in blood glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1397, 1436 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5670", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5671", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "C-peptide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1022, 1031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5672", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean increase in 2-h postprandial serum insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1561, 1608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5673", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glycaemic control" ], "offsets": [ [ 208, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5674", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2021, 2063 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5675", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5676", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "late failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5677", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sulphonylurea therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5678", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5679", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "exogenous insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5680", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5681", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sulphonylurea therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5682", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "48" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5683", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5684", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "late-term failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5685", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sulphonylurea therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5686", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "insulin therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5687", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5689", "type": "document", "text": [ "Phase-dependent modulation of the soleus H-reflex during rhythmical arm swing in humans . The purpose of this study is to investigate modulation of the soleus H-reflex during rhythmic arm swing in humans . Significant depression of the soleus H-reflex was observed when subjects swung their ipsilateral arms or both arms reciprocally during testing . The degree of soleus H-reflex depression appeared directly proportional to the speed of the arm swing . This depression was observed in the conditioning-testing intervals of 400 , 500 , and 600 msec during the ipsilateral backward arm swing and at the onset of the ipsilateral arm forward swing . This phase of depression partially overlapped the phase of depression of the soleus H-reflex during walking . However , the pattern of modulation during arm swing was not exactly the same as that during walking . Therefore , we concluded that the ipsilateral arm swing may partially affect the depression of the soleus H-reflex during the arm swing phase of walking but is not responsible for depression of the soleus H-reflex throughout the entire walking cycle ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1112 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5690", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "rhythmical arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5691", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "soleus H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5692", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "rhythmic arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5693", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "soleus H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5694", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ipsilateral backward arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5695", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ipsilateral arm forward swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5696", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ipsilateral arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 895, 916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "soleus H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5698", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "modulation of the soleus H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5699", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5700", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "soleus H-reflex depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 365, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5701", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5702", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5703", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "depression of the soleus H-reflex" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5704", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5705", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "arm swing" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5706", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ipsilateral" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 302 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5708", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of provocative tests for unexplained syncope : isoprenaline and glyceryl trinitrate for diagnosing vasovagal syncope . AIMS To compare the sensitivity , specificity and adverse event profile of glyceryl trinitrate head-up tilt with isoprenaline head-up tilt in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope in patients with unexplained syncope and healthy controls . METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-eight patients with unexplained syncope and negative passive head-up tilt at 70 degrees for 40 min , and 14 healthy controls underwent glyceryl trinitrate head-up tilt and isoprenaline head-up tilt ( maximum dose 5 microg x min ( -1 ) ) one week apart in random order . Outcome measures were production of symptoms ( syncope , pre-syncope ) with development of hypotension . In those with negative passive head-up tilt , the sensitivity of glyceryl trinitrate for diagnosing vasovagal syncope was 48 % and the specificity was 71 % . Glyceryl trinitrate was well tolerated . Isoprenaline sensitivity was 21 % with specificity 64 % . Side-effects prevented completion of the test in 68 % . Commonest adverse events were the development of hypertension or tachycardia and intolerable flushing or nausea . CONCLUSIONS Glyceryl trinitrate head-up tilt is as effective as isoprenaline head-up tilt as a provocative agent for vasovagal syncope and has a lower incidence of adverse events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1375 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5709", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoprenaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5710", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glyceryl trinitrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5711", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glyceryl trinitrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoprenaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5713", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glyceryl trinitrate head-up tilt" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoprenaline head-up tilt" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 268 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glyceryl trinitrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5716", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Isoprenaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 967, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Glyceryl trinitrate head-up tilt" ], "offsets": [ [ 1207, 1239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5718", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoprenaline head-up tilt" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 268 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5719", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vasovagal syncope ." ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5720", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "production of symptoms ( syncope , pre-syncope ) with development of hypotension ." ], "offsets": [ [ 685, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5721", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sensitivity of glyceryl trinitrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 818, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5722", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vasovagal syncope" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5723", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 955, 964 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5724", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Isoprenaline sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 967, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5725", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Side-effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1025, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5726", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "development of hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1115, 1142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5727", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "or" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5728", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1146, 1157 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5729", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5730", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intolerable flushing" ], "offsets": [ [ 1162, 1182 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5731", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "or" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5732", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1186, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5733", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 128, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5734", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5735", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vasovagal syncope and has a lower incidence of adverse events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1312, 1375 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5737", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose appearance rate in people with type 2 diabetes . Amino acids derived from ingested protein are potential substrates for gluconeogenesis . However , several laboratories have reported that protein ingestion does not result in an increase in the circulating glucose concentration in people with or without type 2 diabetes . The reason for this has remained unclear . In people without diabetes it seems to be due to less glucose being produced and entering the circulation than the calculated theoretical amount . Therefore , we were interested in determining whether this also was the case in people with type 2 diabetes . Ten male subjects with untreated type 2 diabetes were given , in random sequence , 50 g protein in the form of very lean beef or only water at 0800 h and studied over the subsequent 8 h. Protein ingestion resulted in an increase in circulating insulin , C-peptide , glucagon , alpha amino and urea nitrogen , and triglycerides ; a decrease in nonesterified fatty acids ; and a modest increase in respiratory quotient . The total amount of protein deaminated and the amino groups incorporated into urea was calculated to be approximately 20-23 g. The net amount of glucose estimated to be produced , based on the quantity of amino acids deaminated , was approximately 11-13 g. However , the amount of glucose appearing in the circulation was only approximately 2 g. The peripheral plasma glucose concentration decreased by approximately 1 mM after ingestion of either protein or water , confirming that ingested protein does not result in a net increase in glucose concentration , and results in only a modest increase in the rate of glucose disappearance ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1721 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5738", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "protein ingestion" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5739", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "50 g" ], "offsets": [ [ 748, 752 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5740", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "protein" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5741", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "in the form of very lean beef" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5742", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "only water" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 804 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5743", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Protein" ], "offsets": [ [ 852, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5744", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucose appearance rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5745", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "circulating glucose concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 287, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5746", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "circulating insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 897, 916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5747", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "C-peptide" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 928 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5748", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucagon" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5749", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "alpha amino and urea nitrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 971 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5750", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "triglycerides" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5751", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonesterified fatty acids" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1033 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5752", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "respiratory quotient" ], "offsets": [ [ 1061, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5753", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "protein deaminated and the amino groups incorporated into urea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1104, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5754", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5755", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "amount of glucose appearing in the circulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1355, 1401 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5756", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peripheral plasma glucose concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1434, 1473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5757", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucose concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5758", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of glucose disappearance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1690, 1719 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5759", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "people with type 2 diabetes ." ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5760", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes ." ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5761", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Ten" ], "offsets": [ [ 665, 668 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5763", "type": "document", "text": [ "Work-related stress and early atherosclerosis . The purpose of this study was to examine the link between work-related stress and early atherosclerosis as measured by common carotid artery intima-media thickness and focal lesions in the common carotid artery and bifurcation . Four hundred sixty-seven members of an occupational cohort ( total N = 573 ) were examined via questionnaires and B-mode ultrasound . We used multiple linear and logistic models to regress lesion risk and intima-media thickness on work-related stress scores from a questionnaire administered at an 18-month follow-up examination . In an age-adjusted model , the prevalence of carotid lesions among men scoring in the highest stress quintile was 36 % compared with 21 % among men in the lowest quintile . We also observed an increase in intima-media thickness in the highest quintile relative to the lowest ( difference = 0.048 +/- 0.025 mm ) among men . Among women , stress was not related to the prevalence of lesions or intima-media thickness . These findings suggest that men with greater work-related stress are at increased risk for atherosclerotic disease . Women in this age group may be protected from such effects , or current work-place questionnaires may not accurately assess stress in women ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1283 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5764", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "questionnaires" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5765", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "B-mode ultrasound" ], "offsets": [ [ 391, 408 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5766", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "work-related stress scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5767", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prevalence of carotid lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 639, 668 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5768", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intima-media thickness" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5769", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "stress" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5770", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prevalence of lesions or intima-media thickness" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 1022 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5771", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "work-related stress" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5772", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "atherosclerotic disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1116, 1139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5773", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Work-related stress and early atherosclerosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5774", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "early atherosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5775", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Four hundred sixty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5776", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "573" ], "offsets": [ [ 348, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5777", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women ," ], "offsets": [ [ 937, 944 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5778", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 675, 678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5779", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "work-related stress" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5781", "type": "document", "text": [ "Sun protection behaviors and stages of change for the primary prevention of skin cancers among beachgoers in southeastern New England . Sun exposure is the most important avoidable cause of skin cancers . We report characteristics of a representative sample ( N = 2,324 ) of beachgoers in Southeastern New England during the summer of 1995 . This sample was not employing adequate sun protection behaviors ( 83 % did not often avoid the sun during midday and only 45 % often used sunscreen ) . Important demographic and skin cancer risk factor differences in sun protective behaviors and stages of change for sun protection were found , especially differences based on age , gender , and degree of sun sensitivity . Consistent with previous research , increased age , female gender , and greater sun sensitivity were each independently associated with more sun protective behaviors . These findings underscore the need for interventions targeting high-risk populations , such as those receiving high-intensity sun exposures at the beach ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1038 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5782", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Sun protection behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5783", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "sun protection behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5784", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "avoid the sun during midday" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5785", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "sunscreen" ], "offsets": [ [ 480, 489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5786", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "sun protective behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 583 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5787", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "sun protective behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 583 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5788", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "skin cancers" ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5789", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2,324" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5791", "type": "document", "text": [ "RAB-plate versus sliding hip screw for unstable trochanteric hip fractures : stability of the fixation and modes of failure -- radiographic analysis of 218 fractures . BACKGROUND The sliding hip screw has gained considerable acceptance in the treatment of unstable trochanteric fractures . However , the new type of 120 degrees fixed angle blade-plate with a buttress rod ( RAB-plate ) showed encouraging clinical results . The purpose of this study was to assess stability of fixation and analyze modes of failure in unstable trochanteric hip fractures treated with these devices . METHODS A retrospective radiographic review of 218 unstable fractures was performed . Linear and angular displacements of the major fragments and implant migration into the femoral head during healing were assessed . Additionally , adequacy of the reduction and the location of the implant within the femoral head as predictors of fixation failure were evaluated . RESULTS The postreduction neck-shaft angle was maintained in the majority of the fractures in both groups . However , there was a significantly higher incidence of varus angulation by 10 degrees or more by the completion of healing among fractures treated with the sliding hip screw ( p = 0.04 ) . There was no statistically significant difference in vertical migration of the device into the femoral head between the implants used ( p = 0.3 ) . There was a significant relationship between failure of the fixation and varus reduction ( p = 0.04 ) as well as screw/neck angle deviation more than 20 degrees in the lateral projection ( p = 0.005 ) or if the implant was in a superior or posterior position ( p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION The RAB-plate provided a more stable fixation , especially with regard to maintained postoperative alignment . However , positive predictors for fixation failure were identical for both devices . Here , the screw/neck angle deviation has had the strongest significance for prediction of fixation failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1984 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5792", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "RAB-plate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5793", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "sliding hip screw" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5794", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "sliding hip screw" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5795", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "120 degrees fixed angle blade-plate with a buttress rod" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5796", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "sliding hip screw" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5797", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "RAB-plate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5798", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "implant migration into the femoral head" ], "offsets": [ [ 729, 768 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5799", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vertical migration of the device into the femoral head" ], "offsets": [ [ 1299, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5800", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fixation failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 930 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5802", "type": "document", "text": [ "A single-center open label randomized trial of the safety and efficacy of the use of sirolimus versus azathioprine in one-haplotype living related kidney transplant recipients-preliminary results ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 197 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5803", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sirolimus versus azathioprine" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5804", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety and efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5806", "type": "document", "text": [ "Oral rizatriptan versus oral sumatriptan : a direct comparative study in the acute treatment of migraine . Rizatriptan 030 Study Group . Rizatriptan is a potent , oral , 5-HT1B/1D agonist with more rapid absorption and higher bioavailability than oral sumatriptan . It was postulated that this would result in more rapid onset of effect . This randomized , double-blind , triple-dummy , parallel-groups study compared rizatriptan 5 mg , rizatriptan 10 mg , sumatriptan 100 mg , and placebo in 1268 outpatients treating a single migraine attack . Headache relief rates after rizatriptan 10 mg were consistently higher than sumatriptan at all time points up to 2 hours , with significance at 1 hour ( 37 % versus 28 % , P = 0.010 ) . All active agents were significantly superior to placebo with regard to headache relief and pain freedom at 2 hours ( P < or = 0.001 ) . The primary efficacy endpoint of time to pain relief through 2 hours demonstrated that , after adjustment for age imbalance , rizatriptan 10 mg had earlier onset than sumatriptan 100 mg ( P = 0.032 ; hazard ratio 1.21 ) . Rizatriptan 10 mg was also superior to sumatriptan on pain-free response ( P = 0.032 ) , reduction in functional disability ( P = 0.015 ) , and relief of nausea at 2 hours ( P = 0.010 ) . Significantly fewer drug-related clinical adverse events were reported after rizatriptan 10 mg ( 33 % , P = 0.014 ) compared with sumatriptan 100 mg ( 41 % ) . We conclude that rizatriptan 10 mg has a rapid onset of action and relieves headache and associated symptoms more effectively than sumatriptan 100 mg ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1590 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5807", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rizatriptan 5 mg , rizatriptan 10 mg , sumatriptan 100 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5808", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5809", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Headache relief rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 546, 567 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5810", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "headache relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 804, 819 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5811", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain freedom" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5812", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "time to pain relief through 2" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 931 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5813", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction in functional disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5814", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relief of nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1235, 1251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5815", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "drug-related clinical adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1299, 1335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5816", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute treatment of migraine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5817", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "1268 outpatients treating a single migraine attack ." ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 545 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5819", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical implications of a reduction in psychological distress on cardiac prognosis in patients participating in a psychosocial intervention program . OBJECTIVE The objective of this secondary analysis was to examine the relationships between a reduction in psychological distress and long-term cardiac and psychological outcomes in post-myocardial infarction patients who participated in a randomized trial of home-based psychosocial nursing interventions ( the Montreal Heart Attack Readjustment Trial [ M-HART ] ) . Gender differences were considered . METHODS We studied 433 patients ( 36.0 % women ) from the M-HART treatment group who received two home visits after achieving a high psychological distress score ( ie , > or =5 ) on the General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ ) . Short-term GHQ success was determined by a return to a normal GHQ score ( < 5 ) or a reduction of > or =50 % after the two visits . Patients with short-term successful and unsuccessful GHQ outcomes were compared for mid-term maintenance of success , 1-year death and readmission rates , and 1-year depression and anxiety symptoms . RESULTS Patients with short-term GHQ success were more likely to show mid-term GHQ success ( p < .001 ) , marginally less likely to die of any causes ( p = .087 ) , less likely to die of cardiac causes ( p = .043 ) , less likely to be readmitted for any reason ( p < .001 ) and for cardiac reasons ( p < .001 ) , and less likely to have high depression ( p < .001 ) and anxiety ( p < .001 ) at 1-year than patients with short-term unsuccessful GHQ outcomes . Results held for men and women and were not altered by controlling for potential confounders . However , the number of deaths prevented analysis with statistical controls . CONCLUSIONS Post-myocardial infarction interventions that reduce psychological distress have the potential to improve long-term prognosis and psychological status for both men and women ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1932 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5820", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "psychosocial intervention program" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5821", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "studied 433 patients ( 36.0 % women ) from the M-HART treatment group who received two home visits after achieving a high psychological distress score ( ie , > or =5 ) on the General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 567, 778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5822", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GHQ success" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5823", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GHQ score" ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5824", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mid-term GHQ success" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5825", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "die of any causes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1245, 1262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5826", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "die of cardiac causes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5827", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "readmitted" ], "offsets": [ [ 1348, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5828", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "high" ], "offsets": [ [ 684, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5829", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1079, 1089 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5830", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 1094, 1101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5831", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GHQ outcomes" ], "offsets": [ [ 966, 978 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5832", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1691, 1697 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5833", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "long-term prognosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1863, 1882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5834", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "psychological status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1887, 1907 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5835", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "psychosocial intervention program" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5836", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "post-myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5837", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Montreal Heart Attack" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5838", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "433" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 578 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5839", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5840", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 496 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5841", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5842", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 496 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5843", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 602 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5845", "type": "document", "text": [ "Central nervous system serotonin function and cardiovascular responses to stress . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of indices of central nervous system ( CNS ) serotonin function on cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress . METHODS Lumbar puncture was performed on 54 healthy volunteers to obtain cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) for determination of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( 5HIAA ) levels . Genotypes were determined with respect to a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region ( 5HTTLPR ) . Subjects then underwent mental stress testing . RESULTS Persons with one or two long ( l ) 5HTTLPR alleles had CSF levels of the major serotonin metabolite , 5HIAA , that were 50 % higher than those of persons with the s/s 5HTTLPR genotype . Persons with one or two l alleles or higher CSF 5HIAA levels also exhibited greater blood pressure and heart rate responses to a mental stress protocol . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the 5HTTLPR polymorphism affects CNS serotonin function , and they are consistent with the general hypothesis that CNS serotonin function is involved in the regulation of potentially health-damaging biobehavioral characteristics . In particular , the l allele could contribute , through its association with increased cardiovascular reactivity to stress , to increased risk of cardiovascular disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1392 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5846", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Lumbar puncture" ], "offsets": [ [ 268, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5847", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5848", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular reactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5849", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CSF levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 681 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5850", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CSF 5HIAA levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 846, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5851", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure and heart rate responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 886, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5852", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular reactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5853", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "54" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5854", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "5HTTLPR alleles" ], "offsets": [ [ 651, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5855", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "5HTTLPR genotype" ], "offsets": [ [ 783, 799 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5857", "type": "document", "text": [ "Interferential therapy electrode placement technique in acute low back pain : a preliminary investigation . OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of interferential therapy ( IFT ) electrode placement technique compared with a control treatment in subjects with acute low back pain ( LBP ) . DESIGN Single-blind , randomized , controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up . SETTING Outpatient physiotherapy departments in hospital and university settings . PATIENTS A random sample of 60 eligible patients with back pain ( 28 men , 32 women ) were recruited by general practitioners and self-referral for physiotherapy treatment and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups . INTERVENTIONS ( 1 ) \" IFT painful area \" and The Back Book , ( 2 ) \" IFT spinal nerve \" and The Back Book , and ( 3 ) \" Control , \" The Back Book only . Standardized IFT stimulation parameters were used : carrier frequency 3.85 kHz ; 140 Hz constant ; pulse duration 130 micros ; 30 minutes ' duration . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pain Rating Index , Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire ( RMDQ ) , and EuroQol were completed by subjects pretreatment , at discharge , and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS All groups had significant improvements in all outcomes at follow-up . Subjects managed by IFT spinal nerve and The Back Book displayed both a statistically significant ( p = .030 ) and clinically meaningful reduction in functional disability ( RMDQ ) , compared with management via IFT painful area and The Back Book combined or The Back Book alone . CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that IFT electrode placement technique affects LBP-specific functional disability , providing preliminary implications for future clinical studies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1693 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5858", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Interferential therapy electrode placement technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5859", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "interferential therapy ( IFT ) electrode placement technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5860", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5861", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFT painful area \" and The Back Book" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5862", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "\" IFT spinal nerve \"" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 751 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5863", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5864", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "The Back Book" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5865", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "\" Control , \" The Back Book" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5866", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFT" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5867", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "IFT electrode placement technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 1550, 1583 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5868", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Pain Rating Index , Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire ( RMDQ ) , and EuroQol" ], "offsets": [ [ 990, 1071 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5869", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction in functional disability ( RMDQ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1369, 1412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5870", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute low back pain :" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5872", "type": "document", "text": [ "Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa . BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa is an often chronic disorder with high morbidity and mortality . Many people relapse after weight restoration . This study was designed to determine whether a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor would improve outcome and reduce relapse after weight restoration by contributing to maintenance of a healthy normal weight and a reduction of symptoms . METHODS We administered a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine to 35 patients with restricting-type anorexia nervosa . Anorexics were randomly assigned to fluoxetine ( n = 16 ) or a placebo ( n = 19 ) after inpatient weight gain and then were observed as outpatients for 1 year . RESULTS Ten of 16 ( 63 % ) subjects remained on fluoxetine for a year , whereas only three of 19 ( 16 % ) remained on the placebo for a year ( p =.006 ) . Those subjects remaining on fluoxetine for a year had reduced relapse as determined by a significant increase in weight and reduction in symptoms . CONCLUSIONS This study offers preliminary evidence that fluoxetine may be useful in improving outcome and preventing relapse of patients with anorexia nervosa after weight restoration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1288 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5873", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5874", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5875", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5876", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5877", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5878", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5879", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5880", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5881", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5882", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5883", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5884", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight restoration by contributing to maintenance of a healthy normal weight and a reduction of symptoms ." ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5885", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "reduced relapse" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1024 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5886", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "significant increase in weight and reduction in symptoms ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1044, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5887", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relapse" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5888", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "restricting- and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa ." ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5889", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with anorexia nervosa" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1261 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5891", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effectiveness of the school dental screening programme in stimulating dental attendance for children in need of treatment in Northern Ireland . UNLABELLED The school dental screening programme has been in existence from the beginning of the 20th century yet its value in encouraging attendance among children with a dental health need is not fully established . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of school dental screening in promoting dental attendance among children with a treatment need and to examine the relative importance of screening , social class and other factors in dental attendance . METHODS Sixty-four participating schools were assigned to study and control groups using a stratified , blocked randomisation technique . The study group children received the standard school dental screening and the dental attendance of those with a positive screening result was assessed after 2 months by means of a questionnaire issued to the children 's parents . The control group children were not , at this stage , screened , yet their parents received the same questionnaire assessing dental attendance over the 2-month period . However , only questionnaires from control group children who had a positive result at a subsequent screening were retained for analysis . RESULTS A total of 2,321 children were screened , with 980 having a positive result . The mean dmft of those screening positive was 4.85 . In all , 664 completed questionnaires were returned , giving a response rate of 67.8 % . Dental attendance was reported among 45.5 % of the study group ( n=352 ) in the 2 months following screening . In the same period , 27.6 % of the control group ( n=312 ) claimed attendance . The effect was found to be significant among the high employed group ( P < 0.01 ) and the unemployed group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION School dental screening was capable of stimulating dental attendance . The strong effect among the lowest socio-economic group shows that school dental screening may be used to decrease dental health inequalities ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2048 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5892", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "school dental screening programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5893", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "school dental screening" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5894", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "standard school dental screening" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5895", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "group children were not , at this stage , screened" ], "offsets": [ [ 986, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5896", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5897", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "stimulating dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5898", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5899", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5900", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5901", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5902", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1510, 1527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5903", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5904", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dental health inequalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 2020, 2046 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5905", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5906", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dental health" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5907", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5908", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 623 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5909", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2,321 children" ], "offsets": [ [ 1301, 1315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5910", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "980" ], "offsets": [ [ 1337, 1340 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5911", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "664" ], "offsets": [ [ 1430, 1433 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5913", "type": "document", "text": [ "Psychosocial nursing therapy following sudden cardiac arrest : impact on two-year survival . BACKGROUND Although psychosocial therapy has been shown to reduce mortality after myocardial infarction , it is unknown whether the benefits of psychosocial therapy on mortality reduction extend to out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest , a main cause of cardiovascular mortality . OBJECTIVE Describe efficacy of psychosocial therapy on two-year cardiovascular mortality in sudden cardiac arrest survivors . METHOD Survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or asystole ( N = 129 ) , documented by electrocardiograms from registries of a citywide Medic One unit and two countywide emergency units , were randomized into a two group , experimental , longitudinal design . The intervention consisted of 11 individual sessions , implementing three components : physiologic relaxation with biofeedback training focused on altering autonomic tone ; cognitive behavioral therapy aimed at self-management and coping strategies for depression , anxiety , and anger ; and cardiovascular health education . The primary outcome measure was cardiovascular mortality . RESULTS Risk of cardiovascular death was significantly reduced 86 % by psychosocial therapy , p = .03 . Six of the seven cardiovascular deaths in the control group were caused by ventricular arrhythmias . The cardiovascular death in the therapy group was due to stroke . Controlling for depression , previous myocardial infarction , low ejection fraction , decreased heart rate variability , and ventricular ectopic beats had little impact on estimated treatment effect . The risk of all-cause mortality was reduced by 62 % in the therapy group , p = .13 . There were a total of three deaths in the therapy group and eight deaths in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial therapy significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death in sudden cardiac arrest survivors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1936 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5914", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "Psychosocial nursing therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5915", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "psychosocial therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5916", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "psychosocial therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5917", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "psychosocial therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5918", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "cognitive behavioral therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5919", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control" ], "offsets": [ [ 1309, 1316 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5920", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "Psychosocial therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1824, 1844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5921", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "two-year survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5922", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5923", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 261, 280 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5924", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiovascular mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5925", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiovascular mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5926", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiovascular mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5927", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Risk of cardiovascular death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1167, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5928", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiovascular deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1280, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5929", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "The cardiovascular death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1364, 1388 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5930", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "depression , previous myocardial infarction , low ejection fraction , decreased heart rate variability , and ventricular ectopic beats" ], "offsets": [ [ 1446, 1580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5931", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "risk of all-cause mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1635, 1662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5932", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1295, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5933", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1295, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5934", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiovascular death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1175, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5935", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "following sudden cardiac arrest :" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5936", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sudden cardiac arrest survivors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 499 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5937", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "129" ], "offsets": [ [ 579, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5939", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effectiveness of N , N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder . N , N-dimethylglycine , a dietary supplement , has been reported to be beneficial in children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder . We examined the effectiveness of dimethylglycine in children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder in a double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Thirty-seven children between 3 and 11 years of age with a diagnosis of autism and/or pervasive developmental disorder were gender and age matched and randomly assigned to receive either placebo or dimethylglycine for 4 weeks . All children were assessed before and after treatment on two behavioral measures , the Vineland Maladaptive Behavior Domain and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist . Standardized neurologic examinations before and after treatment on 33 children showed no change . An overall improvement on all behavioral measures was observed for both the placebo and the dimethylglycine groups . However , the improvement among the children who received dimethylglycine was not statistically different from the improvement observed among the children who received the placebo . The children who participated in this study were a heterogeneous group , and their apparent responses to the dimethylglycine varied . Some children appeared to respond positively to the dimethylglycine , and there was a smaller proportion of negative changes in the dimethylglycine group , but the quantitative changes in the dimethylglycine behavioral assessments were not significantly different from what was observed among children who received placebo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1635 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5940", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "N , N-dimethylglycine" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5941", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "receive either placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 562, 584 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5942", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dimethylglycine for 4 weeks" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5943", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "two behavioral measures , the Vineland Maladaptive Behavior Domain and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist" ], "offsets": [ [ 675, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5944", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5945", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Vineland Maladaptive Behavior Domain" ], "offsets": [ [ 705, 741 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5946", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Aberrant Behavior Checklist" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5947", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Standardized neurologic examinations before and after treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 780, 843 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5948", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavioral measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 679, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5949", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism and pervasive developmental disorder ." ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5950", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder ." ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5951", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 230 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5952", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Thirty-seven children between 3 and 11 years of age with a diagnosis of autism and/or pervasive developmental disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 508 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5954", "type": "document", "text": [ "Children with persistent conduct problems who dropout of treatment . Dropout of treatment is one of the key issues in outcome in a child and adolescent mental health service . We report two studies focusing on the treatment process and the dropout rate of children with persistent conduct problems presenting to a community mental health service , using a prospective design . The first study included 32 children and used a randomised controlled treatment design comparing a CBT approach with conjoint family therapy and an eclectic approach . The overall dropout rate was 36 % . Dropout occurred significantly less frequently in the CBT group . The dropout group was associated with mothers who were younger and less educated , a poorer rating by the clinicians at the last meeting , parental dissatisfaction with the treatment service and perception that the treatment was less organised and having less behavioural tasks . In the second study we used a naturalistic follow-up design . Forty-six children were included . The overall dropout rate was 48 % . Again , the children who defaulted were rated by clinicians as less likely to have improved and dropout was also significantly associated with parental perception of a less organised treatment . In both studies dropout usually occurred after assessment and at the early phase of treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1350 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5955", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "CBT approach with conjoint family therapy and an eclectic approach ." ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5956", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "CBT" ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 479 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5957", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "naturalistic follow-up" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5958", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Dropout" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5959", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dropout rate of children" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5960", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall dropout rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5961", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Dropout" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5962", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "parental dissatisfaction with the treatment service" ], "offsets": [ [ 786, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5963", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall dropout rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5964", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "parental perception of a less organised treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1203, 1252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5965", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dropout" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5966", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Children" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 8 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5967", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with persistent conduct problems who dropout of treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5968", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "32" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 404 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5969", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-six" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 998 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5971", "type": "document", "text": [ "Double hearing protection and speech intelligibility-room for improvement . INTRODUCTION Double hearing protection is used in many air forces around the world for protection in noisy aircraft environments , particularly in helicopters . The usual combination is foam ear plugs under headset or helmet muffs . Much of the research that spurred the introduction of foam earplugs indicated little change in speech intelligibility in persons with normal hearing . However , aircrew often complain about having to maximize intercom volume for speech understanding , causing a situation with no reserve volume and bad sound quality . In recent years , further developments have included so-called hi-fi plugs and custom made ear plugs which are claimed to improve speech communication . The aim of the present project was to investigate different types of ear plugs and their effect on speech intelligibility in helicopter noise . METHODS Each of nine normal-hearing pilot subjects were placed in an environment of recorded helicopter noise from a BO-105 helicopter . Speech audiometry was performed under four different conditions : headset only , and three different ear plugs worn under the headset . Fitting of the ear plugs was performed by an ear , nose and throat specialist to ensure similar conditions . The sequence of test conditions was randomized and double-blind . In addition , a subjective rating scale was used . RESULTS Wearing foam ear plugs under the headset decreased speech intelligibility dramatically . The \" hi-fi \" plug was somewhat better than foam plugs , and the custom made ear plug provided a speech intelligibility close to the headset-only situation . Subjective rating scores coincided with these findings . DISCUSSION In helicopter noise , custom made ear plugs may provide a much improved speech intelligibility over conventional plugs when worn under a headset , while maintaining improved noise protection over the headset-alone situation . Custom made ear plugs might therefore be a good alternative to other forms of enhanced noise protection in helicopters ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2093 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5972", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "an environment of recorded helicopter noise from a BO-105 helicopter" ], "offsets": [ [ 991, 1059 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5973", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Speech audiometry was performed under four different conditions : headset only , and three different ear plugs worn under the headset" ], "offsets": [ [ 1062, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5974", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Fitting of the ear plugs was performed by an ear , nose and throat specialist to ensure similar conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1198, 1304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5975", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "subjective rating scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5976", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "speech intelligibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5977", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "speech intelligibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5978", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Subjective rating scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1679, 1703 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5979", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "speech intelligibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5980", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "noise protection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1921, 1937 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5981", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "enhanced noise protection" ], "offsets": [ [ 2051, 2076 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5983", "type": "document", "text": [ "Variability in isochronous tapping : higher order dependencies as a function of intertap interval . Isochronous serial interval production ( ISIP ) data , as from unpaced finger tapping , exhibit higher order dependencies ( drift ) . This fact has largely been ignored by the timing literature , one reason probably being that influential timing models assume random variability . Men and women , 22-36 years old , performed a synchronization-continuation task with intertap intervals ( ITI ) from 0.4 s to 2.2 s. ISIP variability was partitioned into components attributable to drift and 1st-order serial correlation , and the results indicate that ( a ) drift contributes substantially to the dispersion for longer ITIs , ( b ) drift and 1st-order correlation are different functions of the ITI , and ( c ) drift exhibits break close to 1.0 s and 1.4 s ITI . These breaks correspond to qualitative changes in performance for other temporal tasks , which suggests common timing processes across modalities and tasks ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1018 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5984", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "isochronous tapping" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5985", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "unpaced finger tapping" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5986", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "synchronization-continuation task with intertap intervals ( ITI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5987", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "isochronous tapping" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5988", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Isochronous serial interval production ( ISIP" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5989", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "Men" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5990", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5991", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "22-36 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 397, 408 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "5993", "type": "document", "text": [ "Physiologic modeling of the intravenous glucose tolerance test in type 2 diabetes : a new approach to the insulin compartment . The minimal model of Bergman et al has been used to yield estimates of insulin sensitivity ( Si ) and glucose effectiveness ( Sg ) in type 2 diabetes by incorporating exogenous insulin protocols into the regular intravenous glucose tolerance test ( IVGTT ) . These estimates , however , are influenced by the degree to which the dose of exogenous insulin is greater than the physiologic response to a glucose load . Moreover , most studies have related to type 2 diabetes subjects whose diabetes was relatively mild in terms of therapeutic requirements . To develop a \" minimal disturbance \" approach in estimating Si and Sg in type 2 diabetes , we have used a reduced glucose load ( 200 mg/kg ) and a \" physiologic \" insulin infusion throughout the IVGTT in a series of 8 patients , 5 of whom were insulin-requiring . Data from this approach were analyzed using the modelling program CONSAM to apply the Bergman model , either unmodified ( BMM ) , or incorporating an additional delay element between the plasma and \" remote \" insulin compartments ( MMD ) . Application of the MMD and extension of the IVGTT from 3 to 5 hours improved successful resolution of Si and Sg from 37.5 % ( BMM , 3-hour IVGTT ) to 100 % ( MMD , 5-hour IVGTT ) . Si was reduced in these type 2 diabetes patients compared with normal subjects ( 1.86 +/- 0.60 v. 8.65 +/- 2.27 min ( -1 ) x microU ( -1 ) x mL x 10 ( 4 ) P < .01 ) . The results were validated in the type 2 diabetes group using a 2-stage euglycemic clamp ( ( Si ) CLAMP = 2.02 +/- 0.42 min ( -1 ) x microU ( -1 ) x mL x 10 ( 4 ) P > .4 ) . Sg was not significantly reduced ( 2.00 +/- 0.25 type 2 diabetes v. 1.55 +/- 0.26 normal min ( -1 ) x 10 ( 2 ) ) . Data from a group of normal nondiabetic subjects was then analyzed using the MMD , but this approach did not enhance the fit of the model compared with the BMM . This result indicates that the delay in insulin action in type 2 diabetes represents an abnormality whereby the onset of insulin action can not be described as a single phase in the transfer of insulin from plasma to the remote compartment . It is postulated that the physiologic basis for this delayed action may relate to transcapillary endothelial transfer of insulin , this process limiting the rate of onset of insulin action ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2418 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "5994", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "exogenous insulin protocols" ], "offsets": [ [ 295, 322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5995", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "exogenous insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 295, 312 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5996", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "reduced glucose load" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5997", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "\" physiologic \" insulin infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 830, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5998", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intravenous glucose tolerance test" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5999", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin sensitivity ( Si )" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6000", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glucose effectiveness ( Sg )" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6001", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Si" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6002", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sg" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6003", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "resolution of Si and Sg" ], "offsets": [ [ 1275, 1298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6004", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Si" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6005", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sg" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6006", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes :" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6007", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 608 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6009", "type": "document", "text": [ "A pharmacy discharge plan for hospitalized elderly patients -- a randomized controlled trial . OBJECTIVES to investigate the effectiveness of a pharmacy discharge plan in elderly hospitalized patients . DESIGN randomized controlled trial . SUBJECTS AND SETTINGS we randomized patients aged 75 years and older on four or more medicines who had been discharged from three acute general and one long-stay hospital to a pharmacy intervention or usual care . INTERVENTIONS the hospital pharmacist developed discharge plans which gave details of medication and support required by the patient . A copy was given to the patient and to all relevant professionals and carers . This was followed by a domiciliary assessment by a community pharmacist . In the control group , patients were discharged from hospital following standard procedures that included a discharge letter to the general practitioner listing current medications . OUTCOMES the primary outcome was re-admission to hospital within 6 months . Secondary outcomes included the number of deaths , attendance at hospital outpatient clinics and general practice and proportion of days in hospital over the follow-up period , together with patients ' general well-being , satisfaction with the service and knowledge of and adherence to prescribed medication . RESULTS we recruited 362 patients , of whom 181 were randomized to each group . We collected hospital and general practice data on at least 91 and 72 % of patients respectively at each follow-up point and interviewed between 43 and 90 % of the study subjects . There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportion of patients re-admitted to hospital between baseline and 3 months or 3 and 6 months . There were no significant differences in any of the secondary outcomes . CONCLUSIONS we found no evidence to suggest that the co-ordinated hospital and community pharmacy care discharge plans in elderly patients in this study influence outcomes ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1980 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6010", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "pharmacy discharge plan" ], "offsets": [ [ 2, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6011", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "pharmacy discharge" ], "offsets": [ [ 2, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6012", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "hospital pharmacist developed discharge plans" ], "offsets": [ [ 472, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6013", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "discharged from hospital following standard procedures" ], "offsets": [ [ 779, 833 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6014", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "community pharmacy care discharge plans" ], "offsets": [ [ 1886, 1925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6015", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effectiveness of a pharmacy discharge plan" ], "offsets": [ [ 125, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6016", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "re-admission to hospital within 6 months" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 998 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6017", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "number of deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1033, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6018", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "attendance at hospital outpatient clinics and general practice" ], "offsets": [ [ 1052, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6019", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "proportion of days in hospital over the follow-up period" ], "offsets": [ [ 1119, 1175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6020", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "general well-being" ], "offsets": [ [ 1203, 1221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6021", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "satisfaction with the service" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6022", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "knowledge" ], "offsets": [ [ 1258, 1267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6023", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "adherence to prescribed medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1275, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6024", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "proportion of patients re-admitted to hospital" ], "offsets": [ [ 1637, 1683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6025", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "elderly patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6026", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "elderly" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6027", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "75 years and older" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6028", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "362 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6029", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "181 were randomized to each group" ], "offsets": [ [ 1356, 1389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6030", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "at least 91" ], "offsets": [ [ 1443, 1454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6031", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "72 % of patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6032", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "between 43" ], "offsets": [ [ 1529, 1539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6033", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "90 % of the study subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1544, 1570 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6035", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparative evaluation of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol as root canal filling materials for primary molars : a clinical and radiographic study . Calcium hydroxide , a material widely used for the treatment of permanent teeth has not been used frequently for pulpectomy in primary teeth . A comparative evaluation of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol used as root canal filling materials in primary molars is presented ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 437 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6036", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcium hydroxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6037", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "zinc oxide eugenol" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6038", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "root canal filling" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6039", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Calcium hydroxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6040", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcium hydroxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6041", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "zinc oxide eugenol" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6042", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "root canal filling materials" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6043", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "root canal filling materials" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6044", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "root canal filling materials" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6045", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "root canal filling" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6046", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary molars" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6047", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary molars" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6049", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomized controlled trial assessing the health economics of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care : an urban versus rural perspective . A randomized controlled trial was carried out to measure the cost-effectiveness of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional outpatient dermatology care for patients from urban and rural areas . One urban and one rural health centre were linked to a regional hospital in Northern Ireland by ISDN at 128 kbit/s . Over two years , 274 patients required a hospital outpatient dermatology referral -- 126 patients ( 46 % ) were randomized to a telemedicine consultation and 148 ( 54 % ) to a conventional hospital outpatient consultation . Of those seen by telemedicine , 61 % were registered with an urban practice , compared with 71 % of those seen conventionally . The clinical outcomes of the two types of consultation were similar -- almost half the patients were managed after a single consultation with the dermatologist . The observed marginal cost per patient of the initial realtime teledermatology consultation was 52.85 Pounds for those in urban areas and 59.93 Pounds per patient for those from rural areas . The observed marginal cost of the initial conventional consultation was 47.13 Pounds for urban patients and 48.77 Pounds for rural patients . The total observed costs of teledermatology were higher than the costs of conventional care in both urban and rural areas , mainly because of the fixed equipment costs . Sensitivity analysis using a real-world scenario showed that in urban areas the average costs of the telemedicine and conventional consultations were about equal , while in rural areas the average cost of the telemedicine consultation was less than that of the conventional consultation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1787 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6050", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "realtime teledermatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6051", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional care" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6052", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "realtime teledermatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6053", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "conventional outpatient dermatology care" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6054", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "telemedicine consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6055", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "conventional hospital outpatient consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6056", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "telemedicine" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6057", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "conventionally" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6058", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "realtime teledermatology consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1086 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6059", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "conventional consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1229, 1254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6060", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "teledermatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6061", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional care" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6062", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "telemedicine" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6063", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional consultations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1617, 1643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6064", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "telemedicine consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6065", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1229, 1254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6066", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "health economics of realtime teledermatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6067", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost-effectiveness of realtime teledermatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 220, 266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6068", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical outcomes" ], "offsets": [ [ 837, 854 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6069", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "consultation" ], "offsets": [ [ 622, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6070", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "observed marginal cost per patient" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1033 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6071", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "observed marginal cost" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6072", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "total observed costs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6073", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "average costs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1579, 1592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6074", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "274" ], "offsets": [ [ 498, 501 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6075", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "126" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6077", "type": "document", "text": [ "Repeated doses of porcine secretin in the treatment of autism : a randomized , placebo-controlled trial . BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anecdotal reports on the efficacy of secretin in autism raised great hopes for the treatment of children with this disorder . Initial single-dose , randomized , controlled trials failed to demonstrate any therapeutic effects of secretin . The present study is the first to test the outcome of repeated doses and to examine whether there is a subgroup of children who are more likely to achieve positive effects . METHOD Sixty-four children with autism ( ages 2-7 years ; 55 boys and 9 girls ) with a range of intelligence quotient and verbal ability were randomly assigned , in a double-blind manner , to secretin or placebo groups . Children received 2 doses of placebo or porcine secretin , 6 weeks apart . Assessments were performed at baseline and 3 weeks after each injection using several outcome measures . RESULTS There were no group differences on formal measures of language , cognition , or autistic symptomatology . Subgroupings based on cognitive level , the presence or absence of diarrhea , or a history of regression failed to show any significant therapeutic effects of secretin . CONCLUSION No evidence is provided for the efficacy of repeated doses of porcine secretin in the treatment of children with autism . The possible relationship between relief of biological symptoms and enhanced skill performance is discussed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1472 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6078", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "porcine secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6079", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6080", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6081", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6082", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6083", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6084", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "porcine secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6085", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6086", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6087", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "porcine secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6088", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "formal measures of language , cognition , or autistic symptomatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1057 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6089", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cognitive level" ], "offsets": [ [ 1082, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6090", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "presence or absence of diarrhea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1104, 1135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6091", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "regression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1154, 1164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6092", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6093", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "biological symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1407, 1426 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6094", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "skill performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1440, 1457 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6095", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6096", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6097", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 552, 562 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6098", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "55" ], "offsets": [ [ 603, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6099", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "boys" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 610 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6100", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "9" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 616 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6101", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "girls" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 622 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6103", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comments on \" Comparison of gastrointestinal tolerance feeding proctocols in critically ill patients : a prospective , randomized controlled clinical trial \" ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 159 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6104", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "tolerance feeding proctocols" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6105", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "gastrointestinal tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6106", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "critically ill patients :" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6107", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "randomized controlled clinical trial \"" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 157 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6109", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of single-dose intravenous secretin as treatment for children with autism . OBJECTIVE To determine whether a single injection of intravenous secretin results in measurable improvements in socialization and/or communication skills in children with autism . STUDY DESIGN Sixty subjects with autism were randomly selected and assigned to either treatment or placebo group . Subjects in the treatment group received 2.0 clinical units of secretin per kilogram of body weight as a single intravenous dose . Subjects in the placebo group received normal saline solution . Neurodevelopmental and behavioral assessments were performed for all subjects before injection and at 3 and 6 weeks after injection . RESULTS Assessment of language skills and parents ' behavioral assessments revealed no significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups . Raters ' assessments of severity of autistic symptoms did not differ for the 2 groups at 6 weeks after injection . A marginally statistically significant improvement in autistic behaviors was seen in the treatment group at 3 weeks after injection ( P =.051 ) . CONCLUSIONS A single dose of intravenous secretin does not appear to have significant effects on either parents ' perception of autistic behaviors or language skills at 6 weeks after injection . Transient , marginally significant improvements in autistic behaviors may occur in some children ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1463 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6110", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6111", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6112", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6113", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2.0 clinical units of secretin per kilogram of body weight" ], "offsets": [ [ 467, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6114", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6115", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "normal saline solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 596, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6116", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6117", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Assessment of language skills and parents ' behavioral assessments" ], "offsets": [ [ 763, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6118", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Raters ' assessments of" ], "offsets": [ [ 909, 932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6119", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "severity of autistic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 933, 962 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6120", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6121", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6122", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6123", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6124", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6125", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6127", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical and microbial evaluation of a histatin-containing mouthrinse in humans with experimental gingivitis . OBJECTIVE P-113 , a 12 amino acid histatin-based peptide , was evaluated in a mouthrinse formulation for safety , prevention of the development of experimental gingivitis , and for its effects on periodontal flora . METHOD 159 periodontally healthy subjects abstained from oral hygiene procedures and self-administered either 0.005 % , 0.01 % , 0.05 % P-113 or placebo mouthrinse formulations twice daily over a four week treatment period . During this time , the safety , anti-plaque , and anti-gingivitis effects of P-113 were evaluated . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in plaque ( p=0.046 ) and a reduction in gingivitis ( p=0.086 ) for subjects using 0.01 % P-113 mouthrinse . Significantly more subjects in the 0.01 % and 0.05 % treatment groups showed a small increase in plaque index of < 0.25 as compared to the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . Similar trends were noted for changes in the % of sites with bleeding on probing in the 0.01 % P-113 group . There were no treatment-related adverse events , and there were no adverse shifts in supragingival microflora during the study . CONCLUSION These data suggest that P-113 mouthrinse is safe and reduces plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding in the human experimental gingivitis model ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1367 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6128", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "histatin-containing mouthrinse" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6129", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "P-113 , a 12 amino acid histatin-based peptide" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6130", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mouthrinse formulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6131", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "self-administered either 0.005 % , 0.01 % , 0.05 % P-113" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6132", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 472, 479 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6133", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "P-113 mouthrinse" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 800 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6134", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "P-113" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6135", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "P-113 mouthrinse" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 800 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6136", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "safety , anti-plaque , and anti-gingivitis effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 625 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6137", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plaque" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 595 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6138", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction in gingivitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6139", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plaque" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 595 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6140", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bleeding on probing" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1051 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6141", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1112, 1126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6142", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "shifts in supragingival microflora" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6143", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1322 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6145", "type": "document", "text": [ "L-arginine and S-nitrosoglutathione reduce embolization in humans . BACKGROUND L-Arginine reduces platelet aggregation and adhesion in ex vivo studies , but there is no evidence as yet that it has a therapeutic effect on clinical end points . Doppler ultrasound can detect cerebral emboli noninvasively . Such embolic signals are common after carotid endarterectomy , and their frequency predicts risk of stroke recurrence . We used this situation to determine the antiplatelet efficacy of L-arginine and S-nitrosoglutathione ( GSNO ) , a physiological nitric oxide donor with possible platelet specificity . METHODS AND RESULTS Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were randomized in a double-blind manner between L-arginine ( n=14 ) , GSNO ( n=14 ) , or placebo ( n=14 ) administered intravenously for 90 minutes , starting 30 minutes after skin closure . All patients were pretreated with aspirin and given heparin during surgery . Transcranial Doppler recordings were made from the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery for 4 hours after surgery , beginning 30 minutes after skin closure , and also at 6 and 24 hours . There were highly significant reductions in the number of Doppler embolic signals in the L-arginine and GSNO groups ; first 4 hours , median ( range ) number of embolic signals , placebo 44.7 ( 6 to 778 ) , L-arginine 9.5 ( 0 to 225 ) , and GSNO 0.8 ( 0 to 8 ) , both P < 0.001 versus control values . The reduction in the signals persisted at the 24-hour recording . CONCLUSIONS Intravenous L-arginine and GSNO attenuate Doppler embolic signals in humans . Modulation of the NO system with these agents may have applications in the treatment of thromboembolic disease . This study demonstrates the potential application of ultrasonic embolic signal detection to examine the efficacy of new antiplatelet agents in relatively small numbers of patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1878 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6146", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6147", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "S-nitrosoglutathione" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6148", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-Arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6149", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6150", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "S-nitrosoglutathione ( GSNO )" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6151", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6152", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GSNO" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6153", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 762, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6154", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6155", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6156", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6157", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GSNO" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6158", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6159", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GSNO" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6160", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6161", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GSNO" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6162", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "embolization" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6163", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet aggregation and adhesion" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6164", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "antiplatelet efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6165", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of Doppler embolic signals in the L-arginine and GSNO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6166", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of embolic signals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6167", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reduction in the signals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1432, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6168", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "attenuate Doppler embolic signals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1538, 1571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6169", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "undergoing carotid endarterectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 638, 671 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6171", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Clinical and experimental research of Epimedium brevicornum in relieving neuroendocrino-immunological effect inhibited by exogenous glucocorticoid ] . OBJECTIVE To study protective effect of Epimedium brevicornum ( EB ) on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-thymus ( HPAT ) axis inhibited by exogenous glucocorticoid . METHODS In clinical research , variation of cortisol , adrenocorticotrophin ( ACTH ) , lymphocyte proliferative reaction were observed before and after medication in 65 patients took prednisone , and were randomly divided into Fufang prednisone group ( mixture of prednisone and EB ) and prednisone group . An experimental model of HPAT axis inhibited by corticosterone ( CORT ) was established to observe the effect of EB on relevant indices of HPAT axis . RESULTS The level of ACTH and CORT in plasma decreased and lymphocyte proliferative reaction reduced in patients ( P < 0.05 ) . In experimental study , monoaminic transmitters activated in hypothalamus ; weight of pituitary , adrenal and thymus decreased ; number of CRH positive neurons in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus , CRH positive neurofibrilin median eminence and anterior pituitary ACTH positive secretory cells decreased ; adrenal fasciculate zone and thymus cortex atrophies ; NK cell cytotoxicity and the level of IL-2 and gamma-IFN which were produced by lymphocytes reduced in CORT-rats ( P < 0.05 ) . There were significant difference between Fufang prednisone group ( clinical research ) or EB group ( experimental research ) and CORT control groups , P < 0.05 . CONCLUSION EB could relieve neuroendocrino-immunological effect inhibited by exogenous glucocorticoid ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1662 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6172", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Epimedium brevicornum" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6173", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Epimedium brevicornum ( EB )" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6174", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 500, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6175", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Fufang prednisone group ( mixture of prednisone and EB )" ], "offsets": [ [ 544, 600 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6176", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone group" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 567 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6177", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neuroendocrino-immunological effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6178", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "level of ACTH and CORT in plasma" ], "offsets": [ [ 787, 819 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6179", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lymphocyte proliferative reaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 404, 437 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6180", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "monoaminic transmitters" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 950 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6181", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight of pituitary , adrenal and thymus" ], "offsets": [ [ 979, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6182", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of CRH positive neurons in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus , CRH positive neurofibrilin median eminence and anterior pituitary ACTH positive secretory cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6183", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "adrenal fasciculate zone and thymus cortex atrophies" ], "offsets": [ [ 1213, 1265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6184", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NK cell cytotoxicity and the level of IL-2 and gamma-IFN" ], "offsets": [ [ 1268, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6185", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neuroendocrino-immunological effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6186", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "neuroendocrino-immunological effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6187", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "65" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6189", "type": "document", "text": [ "Thalidomide : an alternative therapy for treatment of apthous ulcers ( canker sores ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 87 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6190", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Thalidomide" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6191", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "treatment of apthous ulcers" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6193", "type": "document", "text": [ "\" Confirmatory \" trials : symptom reduction as efficacy measure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 65 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6194", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "symptom reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6195", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptom reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6196", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6197", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "trials : symptom reduction as efficacy measure" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6199", "type": "document", "text": [ "Peptide T : negative trial result ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6200", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Peptide T" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6201", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peptide T : negative trial result" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6203", "type": "document", "text": [ "Immune reconstitution after allogeneic marrow transplantation compared with blood stem cell transplantation . Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell grafts contain about 10 times more T and B cells than marrow grafts . Because these cells may survive in transplant recipients for a long time , recipients of blood stem cells may be less immunocompromised than recipients of marrow . Immune reconstitution was studied in 115 patients randomly assigned to receive either allogeneic marrow or filgrastim-mobilized blood stem cell transplantation . Between day 30 and 365 after transplantation , counts of most lymphocyte subsets were higher in the blood stem cell recipients . The difference was most striking for CD4 T cells ( about 4-fold higher counts for CD45RA ( high ) CD4 T cells and about 2-fold higher counts for CD45RA ( low/- ) CD4 T cells ; P < .05 ) . On assessment using phytohemagglutinin and herpesvirus antigen-stimulated proliferation , T cells in the 2 groups of patients appeared equally functional . Median serum IgG levels were similar in the 2 groups . The rate of definite infections after engraftment was 1.7-fold higher in marrow recipients ( P =.001 ) . The rate of severe ( inpatient treatment required ) definite infections after engraftment was 2.4-fold higher in marrow recipients ( P =.002 ) . The difference in the rates of definite infections was greatest for fungal infections , intermediate for bacterial infections , and lowest for viral infections . Death associated with a fungal or bacterial infection occurred between day 30 and day 365 after transplantation in 9 marrow recipients and no blood stem cell recipients ( P =.008 ) . In conclusion , blood stem cell recipients have higher lymphocyte-subset counts and this appears to result in fewer infections . ( Blood . 2001 ; 97:3380-3389 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1827 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6204", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "allogeneic marrow transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6205", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "blood stem cell transplantation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6206", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "allogeneic marrow or filgrastim-mobilized blood stem cell transplantation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 543 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6207", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6208", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6209", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "marrow" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6210", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "blood stem cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6211", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "counts of most lymphocyte subsets" ], "offsets": [ [ 591, 624 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6212", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4 T cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6213", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD45RA" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 761 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6214", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4 T cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6215", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "T cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 714, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6216", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "appeared equally functional" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 1014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6217", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Median serum IgG levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1040 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6218", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of definite infections after engraftment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1076, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6219", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of severe ( inpatient treatment required ) definite infections after engraftment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1181, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6220", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "difference in the rates of definite infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 1326, 1372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6221", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1484, 1489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6222", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lymphocyte-subset counts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1722, 1746 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6223", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "allogeneic marrow transplantation compared with blood stem cell transplantation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6225", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Advantages of video assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax ] . Spontaneous pneumothorax ( SP ) is a disabling condition mostly affecting young , thin and otherwise healthy males . It is usually caused by ruptured pleural blebs . The first treatment is the insertion of a chest tube ( ICT ) but in a great number of patients there is recurrence of the disease . We believe that the video assisted thoracoscopy ( VATS ) is the best treatment possible because it allows us to treat the ruptured bleb radically avoiding any recurrence . In order to prove it , 40 patients admitted in a five-year period , with a SP , were randomly assigned to be treated by ICT or VATS . The ICT patients were in the hospital a mean time of 7.5 ( 4 to 15 ) days and the VATS patients , 5.3 ( 2 to 7 ) days ( P < .05 ) . ICT patients required analgesic drugs during 76.8 +/- 31 hours and VATS patients 38.4 +/- 13 hours ( p < .05 ) . From the ICT group , 8 ( 53 % ) patients had recurrence of the disease and 6 ( 40 % ) had a prolonged air leak , while none of the patients of the VATS group had any complication ( < .001 ) . Cost of ICT and VATS were $ 850 and $ 1730 , respectively . According to these results , VATS should be the treatment of choice in SP patients . It treats the cause of the disease . It also reduces the hospitalization time , the use of analgesic drugs post surgery , decreases recurrence of the disease and the cost of the treatment . Moreover , the patients were back to work in less than 10 days ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1537 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6226", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "video assisted thoracic surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6227", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "insertion of a chest tube ( ICT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6228", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "video assisted thoracoscopy ( VATS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6229", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "ICT" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6230", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6231", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "ICT" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6232", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6233", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "ICT" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6234", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6235", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "ICT" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6236", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6237", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "ICT" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6238", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6239", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6240", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean time" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 750 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6241", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "analgesic drugs" ], "offsets": [ [ 855, 870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6242", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence of the disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 392 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6243", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "air leak" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6244", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1112, 1124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6245", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cost of ICT and VATS" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1158 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6246", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospitalization time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1340, 1360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6247", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence of the disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 392 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6248", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost of the treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1449, 1470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6249", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "spontaneous pneumothorax ]" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6251", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of irrigation fluid temperature on core body temperature during transurethral resection of the prostate . OBJECTIVES To determine the effect irrigation fluid temperature has on core body temperature changes in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) . METHODS Fifty-six male patients ( mean age 71.2 +/- 8.2 years ) scheduled for TURP were enrolled in the study . Patients were randomized to one of two groups . Group 1 consisted of 27 patients who received room temperature irrigation fluid ( 70 degrees F ) throughout TURP ; group 2 consisted of 29 patients whose procedure was performed with warmed irrigation fluid ( 91.5 degrees F ) . The irrigation fluid used for both groups was glycine . The baseline temperature , final temperature , total time in the operating room , and amount of irrigation fluid used during the procedure were recorded for each patient . RESULTS No significant difference in the average time spent in the operating room or in the total irrigation fluid used between the two groups was observed . Of the 27 patients who received room temperature irrigation fluid , 15 ( 55.6 % ) had a decrease in body temperature . A decrease in temperature was observed in 21 ( 72.4 % ) of the 29 patients who received warm irrigation fluid . Groups 1 and 2 had 12 ( 44.4 % ) of 27 and 8 ( 27.6 % ) of 29 patients , respectively , who demonstrated an elevation in their core body temperature . CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that irrigation fluid temperature is not a factor responsible for altering the core body temperature in patients undergoing TURP ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1620 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6252", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "transurethral resection" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6253", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6254", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "room temperature irrigation fluid ( 70 degrees F ) throughout" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 556 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6255", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "TURP" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6256", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "warmed irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 632, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6257", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "room temperature irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6258", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "warm irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 1270, 1291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6259", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "average time spent in the operating room" ], "offsets": [ [ 946, 986 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6260", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "the total irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 993, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6261", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "room temperature irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6262", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "body temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6263", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6264", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "irrigation fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6265", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "core body temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6266", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "body temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6267", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "transurethral resection of the prostate" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6268", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "TURP" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6269", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifty-six" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6270", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 311 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6271", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "71.2 +/- 8.2" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 344 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6272", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "TURP" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6273", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "27" ], "offsets": [ [ 470, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6274", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "29" ], "offsets": [ [ 585, 587 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6276", "type": "document", "text": [ "Carvedilol increases plasma vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) in patients with chronic heart failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 112 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6277", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Carvedilol" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6278", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6279", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with chronic heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6281", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dose response effect of cyclical medroxyprogesterone on blood pressure in postmenopausal women . OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare with placebo the dose-response effect of cyclical doses of the C21 progestogen , medroxyprogesterone acetate ( MPA ) on blood pressure ( BP ) when administered to normotensive postmenopausal women receiving a fixed mid-range daily dose of conjugated equine oestrogen ( CEE ) . MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty normotensive postmenopausal women ( median age 53 years ) participated in the study which used a double-blind crossover design . There were four randomised treatment phases , each of 4 weeks duration . The four blinded treatments were MPA 2.5 mg , MPA 5 mg , MPA 10 mg and matching placebo , taken for the last 14 days of each 28 day treatment cycle . CEE 0.625 mg was also administered once daily as open labelled tablets to all subjects throughout the study . Clinic BP was measured weekly with the mean values of weeks 3 and 4 of each phase used for analysis . Ambulatory BP was performed in the final week of each phase . RESULTS Compared with the placebo phase , end of phase clinic BP was unchanged by any of the progestogen treatments . There was a dose-dependent decrease in ambulatory daytime diastolic and mean arterial BP with the progestogen treatments compared with placebo ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION In a regimen of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy with a fixed mid-range daily dose of CEE combined with a cyclical regimen of a C21 progestogen spanning the current clinical dose range , the progestogen has either no effect or a small dose-dependent reduction in clinic and ambulatory BPs over one treatment cycle ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1686 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6282", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclical medroxyprogesterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6283", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6284", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "C21 progestogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6285", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "medroxyprogesterone acetate" ], "offsets": [ [ 223, 250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6286", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "conjugated equine oestrogen ( CEE" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6287", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6288", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MPA 2.5 mg , MPA 5 mg , MPA 10 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6289", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6290", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CEE" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6291", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "progestogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6292", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6293", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Clinic BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 910, 919 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6294", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Ambulatory BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1025 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6295", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinic BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1129, 1138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6296", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "decrease in ambulatory daytime diastolic and mean arterial BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1219, 1280 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6297", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinic and ambulatory BPs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1634, 1659 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6298", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6299", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6300", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6301", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normotensive postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 305, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6302", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6303", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "receiving a fixed mid-range daily dose of conjugated equine oestrogen ( CEE )" ], "offsets": [ [ 339, 416 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6304", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normotensive postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 305, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6305", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "median age 53 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 484, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6307", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy and tolerability of antibiotics in patients undergoing H. pylori eradication . BACKGROUND/AIMS Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases . An increasing number of people undergo different treatment options . Unfortunately , H. pylori therapy may be troublesome for drug side effects and inefficacious for resistance to antibiotics . METHODOLOGY One hundred and ninety-three ( 193 ) H. pylori-positive patients were randomly assigned to one of the following 7-day treatments : Group A ( N = 64 ) : amoxicillin , clarithromycin and rabeprazole ; Group B ( N = 64 ) : tinidazole , clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate ; Group C ( N = 65 ) : tinidazole , clarithromycin and rabeprazole Eradication was assessed by 13C-Urea Breath Test 6-8 weeks after the end of the therapy . Not-eradicated patients underwent a second cycle with tinidazole , tetracycline , bismuth and rabeprazole . All patients were asked to complete a validated questionnaire regarding presence and intensity of drug side effects . RESULTS One hundred and eighty-eight out of the 193 H. pylori-positive patients ( 96 % ) completed therapy . No significant difference in eradication rates was observed among the three groups both in intention to treat analysis and in per protocol analysis . No significant difference in incidence of side effects occurred among groups after the first-line regimens : 48 % in group A , 44 % in group B and 46 % in group C. Twenty-two out of the 193 enrolled subjects ( 11 % ) were not eradicated after the first-line therapy . Among them , 86 % were successfully eradicated by the tinidazole , tetracycline , bismuth and rabeprazole therapy . Moreover , during quadruple therapy , a higher prevalence and intensity of side effects than in each one of the groups submitted to the first-line triple therapy was observed . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that triple rabeprazole-based eradicating regimens are effective and safe . Incidence of side effects seems low and similar in different three-drug regimens used . Quadruple therapy , which appear highly efficacious as a second line therapy , is associated with a significantly higher incidence of side effects when compared to first-line treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2269 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6308", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6309", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6310", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amoxicillin , clarithromycin and rabeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 604 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6311", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tinidazole , clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 628, 686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6312", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tinidazole , clarithromycin and rabeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6313", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tinidazole , tetracycline , bismuth and rabeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 949 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6314", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tinidazole , tetracycline , bismuth" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 933 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6315", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rabeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 604 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6316", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "triple rabeprazole-based eradicating regimens" ], "offsets": [ [ 1924, 1969 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6317", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Quadruple therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 2083, 2100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6318", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy and tolerability" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6319", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eradication rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1208, 1225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6320", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1358, 1383 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eradicated" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 858 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6322", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eradicated" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 858 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6323", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "prevalence and intensity of side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1760, 1800 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6324", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective and safe ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1974, 1994 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6325", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6326", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "One hundred and ninety-three ( 193 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6327", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "H. pylori-positive patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6328", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Group A" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6329", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "64" ], "offsets": [ [ 553, 555 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6330", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Group B" ], "offsets": [ [ 607, 614 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6331", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "64 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 553, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6332", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Group C" ], "offsets": [ [ 689, 696 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6333", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "65" ], "offsets": [ [ 703, 705 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6335", "type": "document", "text": [ "Rehabilitation outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCI ) . This prospective study evaluated the effect of an individualized , comprehensive , home-based cardiac rehabilitation program combining exercise training with risk factor modification and psychosocial counseling on risk factors , psychological well-being , functional capacity , and work resumption in 99 post-percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCI ) patients randomized to control ( standard care plus telephone follow-up , n=49 ) or intervention ( individualized , comprehensive , home-based cardiac rehabilitation , n=50 ) groups . Data were collected at time 1 ( T ( 1 ) ) during hospital admission , time 2 ( T ( 2 ) ) approximately 2 months post-PCI , and time 3 ( T ( 3 ) ) approximately 12 months post-PCI . Results suggest that the allocation to an individualized , comprehensive , home-based cardiac rehabilitation program provided more advantageous outcomes . At both follow-ups , the intervention group showed within-group improvement in serum cholesterol levels ( P < 0.02 ; P < 0.01 ) and exercise participation ( P < 0.001 ; P < 0.001 ) with differences in exercise participation favoring the intervention group ( P < 0.01 ) at T ( 2 ) . Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant improvements over time in body mass index ( BMI ) ( P < 0.01 ) , psychological well-being ( P < 0.001 ) , and functional capacity ( P < 0.001 ) for both groups . More patients in the intervention group had returned to work at T ( 2 ) ( P < 0.001 ) and did so more quickly ( P < 0.01 ) . These findings suggest that an individualized , comprehensive , home-based cardiac rehabilitation program improves risk factor profiles and work resumption patterns for patients following PCI ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1758 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6336", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "post-percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6337", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control ( standard care plus telephone follow-up" ], "offsets": [ [ 456, 504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6338", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6339", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "post-PCI" ], "offsets": [ [ 729, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6340", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Rehabilitation outcomes" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6341", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "risk factors" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6342", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychological well-being" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6343", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "functional capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6344", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "work resumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6345", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum cholesterol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6346", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exercise participation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1085, 1107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6347", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exercise participation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1085, 1107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6348", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "body mass index ( BMI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1304, 1327 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6349", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "psychological well-being" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6350", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6351", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "returned to work" ], "offsets": [ [ 1484, 1500 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6352", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "risk factor profiles and work resumption patterns" ], "offsets": [ [ 1680, 1729 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6354", "type": "document", "text": [ "Double-blind , placebo-controlled study of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with autistic disorder . OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that amantadine hydrochloride is a safe and effective treatment for behavioral disturbances -- for example , hyperactivity and irritability -- in children with autism . METHOD Thirty-nine subjects ( intent to treat ; 5-19 years old ; IQ > 35 ) had autism diagnosed according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic . The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Version ( ABC-CV ) and Clinical Global Impressions ( CGI ) scale were used as outcome variables . After a 1-week , single-blind placebo run-in , patients received a single daily dose of amantadine ( 2.5 mg/kg per day ) or placebo for the next week , and then bid dosing ( 5.0 mg/kg per day ) for the subsequent 3 weeks . RESULTS When assessed on the basis of parent-rated ABC-CV ratings of irritability and hyperactivity , the mean placebo response rate was 37 % versus amantadine at 47 % ( not significant ) . However , in the amantadine-treated group there were statistically significant improvements in absolute changes in clinician-rated ABC-CVs for hyperactivity ( amantadine -6.4 versus placebo -2.1 ; p = .046 ) and inappropriate speech ( -1.9 versus 0.4 ; p = .008 ) . CGI scale ratings were higher in the amantadine group : 53 % improved versus 25 % ( p = .076 ) . Amantadine was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Parents did not report statistically significant behavioral change with amantadine . However , clinician-rated improvements in behavioral ratings following treatment with amantadine suggest that further studies with this or other drugs acting on the glutamatergic system are warranted . The design of these and similar drug trials in children with autistic disorder must take into account the possibility of a large placebo response ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1957 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6355", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6356", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amantadine hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6357", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6358", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6359", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6360", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amantadine-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1133, 1151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6361", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1479, 1489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6362", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6363", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavioral disturbances" ], "offsets": [ [ 223, 246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6364", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "hyperactivity and irritability" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6365", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Version ( ABC-CV ) and Clinical Global Impressions ( CGI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 567, 663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6366", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "irritability" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6367", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6368", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6369", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "inappropriate speech" ], "offsets": [ [ 1328, 1348 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6370", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "CGI scale ratings" ], "offsets": [ [ 1382, 1399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6371", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavioral change" ], "offsets": [ [ 1572, 1589 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6372", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavioral ratings" ], "offsets": [ [ 1650, 1668 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6373", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6374", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 315, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6375", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-nine subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6376", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism diagnosed according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic" ], "offsets": [ [ 403, 560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6377", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6379", "type": "document", "text": [ "Laparoscopic vs open appendectomy in overweight patients . BACKGROUND Laparoscopic appendectomy ( LA ) has been associated with a faster recovery and less postoperative pain than the open technique . However , few data are available on the clinical outcome of LA in overweight patients . METHODS A group of 106 patients with a body mass index ( BMI ) > 26.4 , representing the upper quintile of 500 prospectively randomized patients , were included in the study . They were randomized to undergo either laparoscopic or open appendectomy ( OA ) . Operating and anesthesia times , postoperative pain , complications , hospital stay , functional index ( 1 week postoperatively ) , sick leave , and time to full recovery were documented . RESULTS In OA , the operating time for overweight patients was significantly longer than that for patients in the normal weight range ( 40 vs 35 min , p < 0.05 ) . In LA , there was no difference in operating time between the normal and overweight patients . Overweight patients who underwent LA had longer operating and anesthesia times than their OA counterparts ( 55 vs 40 min , p < 0.001 ; and 125 vs 100 min , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Postoperative pain was significantly greater in overweight patients who underwent OA than in those treated with the laparoscopic technique . Postoperative pain was also significantly greater in overweight patients subjected to OA than in patients of normal weight after 4 weeks ; the clinical significance may , however , be of less importance since the values are low ( 0.26 vs 0.09 , p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the two operating techniques in terms of complications . Hospital stay was longer for overweight patients than for normal-weight patients undergoing OA ( 3.0 vs 2.0 , p < 0.01 ) . The functional index did not differ between any group of patients . Sick leave was longer for overweight patients who underwent OA than for normal-weight patients treated with the same technique ( 17 vs 13 days , p < 0.01 ) . In the laparoscopic group , however , there were no differences between the overweight and normal-weight patients . Time to full recovery was greater in overweight patients subjected to OA than in the overweight patients in the LA group ( 22 vs 15 days , p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION In this study , overweight patients who were submitted to LA had less postoperative pain and a faster postoperative recovery than overweight patients who had OA . LA also abolished some of the negative effects that overweight had on operating time , hospital stay , and sick leave with the open technique . However , anesthesia and operating times were significantly longer in LA for both overweight patients and those with a normal BMI ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2748 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6380", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Laparoscopic" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6381", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "open appendectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6382", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Laparoscopic appendectomy ( LA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6383", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LA" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6384", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopic or open appendectomy ( OA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 543 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6385", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "OA" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6386", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LA" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6387", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "OA" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6388", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "OA" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6389", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopic technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 1295, 1317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6390", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Operating and anesthesia times" ], "offsets": [ [ 546, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6391", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "postoperative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 155, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6392", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6393", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6394", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional index" ], "offsets": [ [ 632, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6395", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sick leave" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6396", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time to full recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6397", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6398", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6399", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating and anesthesia times" ], "offsets": [ [ 1042, 1072 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6400", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Postoperative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1179, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6401", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Postoperative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1179, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6402", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 1681, 1694 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6403", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Sick leave" ], "offsets": [ [ 1872, 1882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6404", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Time to full recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 2146, 2167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6405", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "postoperative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 155, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6406", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "postoperative recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 2412, 2434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6407", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6408", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6409", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sick leave" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6410", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "overweight" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6411", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "106" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6413", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparative study of caudal bupivacaine and midazolam-bupivacaine mixture for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing genitourinary surgery . OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of caudal midazolam-bupivacaine combination in providing post-operative pain relief in children undergoing genitourinary surgery and to study the occurrence of adverse effects . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty children , aged 2 to 8 years , scheduled for genitourinary surgery were allocated randomly to receive either 0.25 % bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg ( group B ; n = 15 ) or 0.25 % bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg with 50 microg/kg midazolam ( group BM ; n = 15 ) by the caudal route immediately after induction of general anesthesia . Heart rate , arterial blood pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored throughout the study period . Postoperative pain was assessed at regular intervals for 12 hours using an objective pain score . Analgesia was supplemented whenever the pain score was > or = 4 . Duration of analgesia , as well as the requirement of additional analgesics , were noted . RESULTS Lowest pain scores were observed with the addition of midazolam to caudal bupivacaine ( p < 0.01 ) . Duration of analgesia was longer in group BM ( 11 +/- 0.5 h ) as compared to group B ( 7.4 +/- 2.1 hours ) ( p < 0.05 ) . Fewer children ( 26.6 % ) required additional analgesia in the combination group whereas in group B , 60 % of the children received analgesic supplements within 6 hours after surgery ( p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant changes in heart rate , blood pressure and oxygen saturation in both groups . We observed no untoward event in either of the groups . CONCLUSION Caudal administration of bupivacaine-midazolam mixture prolongs post-operative analgesia compared to bupivacaine alone without causing any adverse effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1855 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6414", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "caudal bupivacaine and midazolam-bupivacaine mixture" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6415", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "caudal midazolam-bupivacaine combination" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6416", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6417", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg with 50 microg/kg midazolam" ], "offsets": [ [ 596, 645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6418", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "midazolam to caudal bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1161, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6419", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Caudal administration of bupivacaine-midazolam mixture" ], "offsets": [ [ 1699, 1753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6420", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6421", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 750 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6422", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arterial blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 753, 776 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6423", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen saturation" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6424", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Postoperative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6425", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain score" ], "offsets": [ [ 929, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6426", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 951 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6427", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain score" ], "offsets": [ [ 929, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6428", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Duration of analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6429", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1114, 1125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6430", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Duration of analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6431", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "additional analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1385 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6432", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "analgesic supplements" ], "offsets": [ [ 1462, 1483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6433", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1565, 1575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6434", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 762, 776 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6435", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen saturation" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6436", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "untoward event" ], "offsets": [ [ 1647, 1661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6437", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "children undergoing genitourinary surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6439", "type": "document", "text": [ "In vivo effect of clarithromycin on multiple cytochrome P450s . The in vivo effects of oral clarithromycin administration on the in vivo activity of cytochrome P450 1A2 , 2C9 , and 2D6 were determined . The cytochrome P450 probes caffeine ( CYP1A2 ) , tolbutamide ( CYP2C9 ) , and dextromethorphan ( CYP2D6 ) were administered as an oral cocktail prior to and 7 days after oral clarithromycin ( 500 mg twice daily ) administration to 12 healthy male subjects . Blood and urine samples were collected and assayed for each of the compounds and their metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography . The CYP1A2 indices , oral caffeine clearance ( 6.2 +/- 3.3 l/h before and 5.7 +/- 4.2 l/h after , p > 0.05 ) and the 6-h paraxanthine to caffeine serum concentration ratio ( 0.49 +/- 0.3 before and 0.44 +/- 0.3 after , p > 0.05 ) , were unchanged following clarithromycin dosing . Neither the tolbutamide oral clearance ( 0.77 +/- 0.28 l/h before and 0.72 +/-0.24 l/h after , p > 0.05 ) nor the tolbutamide urinary metabolic ratio ( 779 +/- 294 before and 681 +/- 416 after , p > 0.05 ) indices of CYP2C9 were altered by clarithromycin administration . In the case of CYP2D6 , the dextromethorphan to dextrorphan urinary ratio was not significantly different before ( 0.021 +/- 0.04 ) and after ( 0.024 +/- 0.06 ) clarithromycin dosing . In conclusion , clarithromycin does not appear to alter the in vivo catalytic activity of CYP1A2 , CYP2C9 , and CYP2D6 in healthy individuals as assessed by caffeine , tolbutamide , and dextromethorphan , respectively ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1564 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6440", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6441", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6442", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 238 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6443", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tolbutamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6444", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextromethorphan" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 297 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6445", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6446", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tolbutamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6447", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tolbutamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6448", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6449", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextromethorphan" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 297 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6450", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6451", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6452", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood and urine samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 461, 484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6453", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CYP1A2 indices" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 625 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6454", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oral caffeine clearance" ], "offsets": [ [ 628, 651 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6455", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "6-h paraxanthine to caffeine serum concentration ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6456", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tolbutamide oral clearance" ], "offsets": [ [ 900, 926 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6457", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tolbutamide urinary metabolic ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1002, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6458", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dextromethorphan" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 297 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6459", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dextrorphan urinary ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1208, 1233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6460", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significantly different" ], "offsets": [ [ 1242, 1265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6461", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vivo catalytic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1408, 1431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6462", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 436 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6463", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6464", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6466", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treating the substance-abusing suicidal patient . Studies concerning the treatment of substance-abusing suicidal patients are scarce despite the frequent presence of suicidal behavior among this population . Indeed , suicidality ( ideation or behavior ) is generally an exclusion criterion for participation in treatment studies of subjects with alcohol or drug abuse . Consequently , to date , little is known about the optimal treatment of this population . The first study involving substance-abusing suicidal patients was an open-label trial conducted in the early 1990s . This study involved 12 patients , all of whom demonstrated recent suicidal ideations and had made a lifetime suicide attempt . The results of that open-label study demonstrated significant within-group improvement in both depressive symptoms ( including suicidal ideations ) and level of drinking . However , substantial residual depressive symptoms and drinking persisted at the end of the trial . Also , because no placebo control group was utilized , the authors of that study could not rule out the possibility that the apparent therapeutic effect from fluoxetine was the result of the placebo effect . To date , only one double-blind , placebo-controlled study of subjects with alcohol or substance abuse has included substantial numbers of suicidal patients . The study involved 51 subjects , of whom 20 ( 39 % ) had made a suicide attempt in the current depressive episode , 31 ( 61 % ) had made a suicide attempt in their lifetime , and 46 ( 90 % ) had reported suicidal ideations in the week before hospitalization . The results of that double-blind , placebo-controlled study suggest that fluoxetine was effective in decreasing but not eliminating both the depressive symptoms ( including suicidal ideations ) and the level of alcohol consumption among a study group of subjects with comorbid major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence , many of whom displayed suicidal ideations . A secondary data analysis from that study suggested that cigarette smoking is also significantly decreased by fluoxetine , but the magnitude of the decrease is limited and few of these patients totally quit smoking with fluoxetine treatment alone . Another secondary data analysis from that study suggested that marijuana smoking was also significantly decreased in a subgroup of subjects who demonstrated cannabis abuse and that the magnitude of this improvement was robust . A third secondary data analysis from that study suggested that cocaine abuse acts as a predictor of poor outcome for both depressive symptoms ( including suicidality ) and level of alcohol use in this population . The results of a 1-year naturalistic follow-up study involving the patients from that study suggest that the benefits of fluoxetine in decreasing depressive symptoms and level of drinking persist 1 year after entering the treatment program . To date , no other double-blind , placebo-controlled studies involving substantial numbers of substance-abusing suicidal patients have been reported to either confirm or refute these findings . Further studies are clearly warranted to evaluate the efficacy of various pharmacotherapeutic agents and various psychotherapies in the treatment of substance-abusing suicidal patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3288 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6467", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "open-label study" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 740 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6468", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 1001 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6469", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6470", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 1001 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6471", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 1218, 1236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6472", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 1218, 1236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6473", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6474", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoxetine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6475", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 1218, 1236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6476", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "depressive symptoms and drinking" ], "offsets": [ [ 907, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6477", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "depressive symptoms ( including suicidal ideations ) and the level of alcohol consumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 1744, 1833 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6478", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cigarette smoking" ], "offsets": [ [ 2032, 2049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6479", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "marijuana smoking" ], "offsets": [ [ 2287, 2304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6480", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cocaine abuse" ], "offsets": [ [ 2515, 2528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6481", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "depressive symptoms ( including suicidality ) and level of alcohol use" ], "offsets": [ [ 2574, 2644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6482", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "substance-abusing suicidal" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6483", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "substance-abusing suicidal" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6484", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "alcohol or drug abuse" ], "offsets": [ [ 346, 367 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6485", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "substance-abusing suicidal" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6486", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 599 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6487", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "recent suicidal ideations" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6488", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "had made a lifetime suicide attempt" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 701 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6489", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "alcohol or substance abuse" ], "offsets": [ [ 1260, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6490", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "51" ], "offsets": [ [ 1362, 1364 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6491", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 1384, 1386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6492", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "suicide attempt in the current depressive episode" ], "offsets": [ [ 1407, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6493", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "31" ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1461 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6494", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "suicide attempt in their lifetime" ], "offsets": [ [ 1482, 1515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6495", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "46" ], "offsets": [ [ 1522, 1524 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6496", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "suicidal ideations" ], "offsets": [ [ 643, 661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6497", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "substance-abusing suicidal" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6498", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "substance-abusing suicidal" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "6500", "type": "document", "text": [ "Gabapentin but not vigabatrin is effective in the treatment of acquired nystagmus in multiple sclerosis : How valid is the GABAergic hypothesis ? Acquired nystagmus occurs frequently in patients with multiple sclerosis and is often the cause of illusory motion of the environment ( oscillopsia ) , and blurring of vision . Based primarily on the beneficial effect of gabapentin on acquired pendular nystagmus ( APN ) , a GABAergic mechanism in controlling nystagmus has been hypothesised . If increasing GABA concentrations in the CNS are critical for the treatment of nystagmus , then a selective GABAergic drug should be highly successful . However , as gabapentin is not a selective GABAergic agent , vigabatrin , a \" pure \" GABAergic medication , and gabapentin , were compared in a single blind cross over trial in eight patients with definite multiple sclerosis . Patients were randomly assigned to begin with gabapentin ( 1200 mg daily ) or vigabatrin ( 2000 mg daily ) . Neuro-ophthalmological and electro-oculographic ( EOG ) evaluations were performed four and three times , respectively . Treatment efficacy was based on improving visual acuity and EOG indices ( amplitude or frequency of nystagmus , or both ) by at least 50 % of pretreatment values . Three out of eight patients dropped out due to adverse effects . In the remaining five patients gabapentin improved symptomatic pendular or gaze evoked jerk nystagmus in four . Three patients decided to continue gabapentin therapy . Importantly , vigabatrin proved useful in only one out of five patients , suggesting that gabapentin effectiveness may be related to additional non-GABAergic mechanisms of action . Interaction with cerebral glutamate transmission by inhibition of NMDA receptor might be an alternative hypothesis for the therapeutic action of gabapentin ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1835 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "6501", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "gabapentin ( 1200 mg daily ) or vigabatrin ( 2000 mg daily )" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 976 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6502", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1110, 1118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6503", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1142, 1155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6504", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EOG indices ( amplitude or frequency of nystagmus , or both )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1160, 1221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6505", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1311, 1326 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6506", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptomatic pendular or gaze evoked jerk nystagmus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1380, 1430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6507", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acquired nystagmus" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6508", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "multiple sclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6509", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 820, 825 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6510", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "definite multiple sclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6511", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dropped out due to adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1292, 1326 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6512", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Three" ], "offsets": [ [ 1264, 1269 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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