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Future Telephone t-Room An Audio and Video Wonder Space Transcending the Barriers of Space and Time The t-Room is a video communication system, the approach of which is to build rooms with an identical layout, including walls of display screens on which users and physical or virtual objects are all shown at life size, and to provide symmetry of awareness and immersion in each other’s physical space. The t-Room consists of eight large-sized LCD panels and eight cameras, which enclose a user space. Remote users‘ images are presented at lifesize on the LCD panels. With this setup, users can freely move around and point to physical objects within the t-Room as if they are were in the same room. Remote and local users can naturally share gaze, gestures, body orientation, and spatial cues, just as they would in face-to-face communication. Then, users can freely enter and leave each others' space, there being no spatial barrier such as the screen of a conventional videoconferencing system. Any number of the t-Room systems can be connected to overlay user spaces. Furthermore, since t-Room allows recording and playback to be iterated as many times as desired, users can exchange video messages like in the manner of e-mail, thus creating communications independent of time. By overlaying the t-Room space with other spaces, for example, a distant office, a living room, or a restaurant, spatial barriers can be overcome. Moreover, by overlaying the t-Room space onto recorded past spaces and rooms, people can overcome the barriers of time, as well. Photo:Demonstrating a t-Room made from eight Monoliths arranged decagonally, connecting three locations. Five central Monoliths shown in this photo. Asynchronous golf lesson by the recording and playback capability enables, for example, a cycle of lessons as follows: the teacher showing sample swings, the student responding with practice shots. The cycle looks like exchanging messages of email. Since there is no need the instructor is always on site, t-Room saves time and travel distances. Figure 1 illustrates our method for reproducing face-to-face interaction among persons A, B, and C; we duplicate a space and project remote users’ images to surrounding back screens . For each room, In the figure, we alternatively arrange three screens and three cameras to surround a user, who stands just in front of a screen. The preprocessing denoted by and in the figure is needed. The function of is to extract only the light from real objects in front of the opposite screen and to cancel the light from the screen (visual echo canceller). That of iis to overlaying or superimposing more than two images captured in Rooms 1 and 2 to correctly place images where they should be projected (overlayer). Detailed illustration of the entire wiring is omitted for simplicity. For recording and playback capability, the output of a visual echo canceller is stored. When later accessed, the stored data is put into an overlayer. Figures 2 and 3 show the hardware configuration of the current t-Room system. A single t-Room consists of eight building modules (called Monoliths) arranged polygonally. With this setup, t-Room encloses a user space with surrounding LCD displays showing life-sized images. The enclosed space is shared with other enclosed spaces by overlaying it onto them. As a result, users can freely come from and go into others’ spaces, since there is no spatial barrier separating users such as the screen in a conventional videoconferencing system. Consequently, the overlaying enclosed spaces can provide full sharedness and minimum exclusiveness. We installed three nearly identical t-Rooms in our labs located in Atsugi City and Kyoto Prefecture (Atsugi is in the Tokyo area, and Kyoto is approximately 400 km away from Tokyo). Currently, commercially available 100-Mbps optical fiber lines connect the one at Atsugi and the two at Kyoto. Hirata, K., Harada, Y., Takada, T., Yamashita, N., Aoyagi, S., Shirai, Y., Kaji, K., Yamato, J., and Nakazawa, K. Video Communication System Supporting Spatial Cues of Mobile Users. In Proceedings of CollabTech 2008, pp.122-127, IPSJ.

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Target: U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar Goal: Thank Mr. Salazar for designating Northern California’s Drakes Estero as a marine wilderness Recently, Ken Salazar, the U.S. Interior Secretary, designated Drakes Estero, an estuary located in Northern California’s Point Reyes National Seashore, as a marine wilderness. Mr. Salazar’s decision makes Drakes Estero the only marine wilderness in the continental United States. Thank him for this important action. Salazar’s decision is very beneficial for the animals that live in and around Drakes Estero. The estuary and surrounding land is home to harbor seals, sharks, oysters, elk, osprey, and countless other species. Dolphin pods have been seen just outside the inlet, and gray whale mothers often visit the estuary with their young. Now that the area has been designated a wilderness, these species are protected from further human development and disruption. Although the establishment of the wilderness is beneficial for the wildlife of Drakes Estero, Salazar’s decision was highly contentious. The Drakes Bay Oyster Company fought very hard to prevent the estuary from becoming an official wilderness. For decades, the company has farmed the waters around Drakes Estero for oysters, and the product is very popular in both restaurants and supermarkets around the San Francisco Bay Area. Now that the estuary has been deemed a wilderness, the Drakes Bay Oyster Company must cease its operations permanently, leaving 30 people out of work. While the closing of this business is not ideal, the employees of the company are not being ignored. As part of his decision, Salazar stipulates that the U.S. government must make every effort to help the employees find new jobs. There are several cattle ranches and other business around the Point Reyes Seashore area that can use more help. With the government’s financial and administrative aid, these employees will hopefully be transitioned to these new companies with little difficulty. Although the oyster company had to close, Mr. Salazar’s decision to establish Drakes Estero as a wilderness is an overall victory for Northern California. The estuary, and its many wild inhabitants, will be protected for years to come. Thank Ken Salazar for his decision. Dear Mr. Salazar, Thank you so much for establishing Drakes Estero as a marine wilderness. Your decision could not have been easy, and I applaud the care and attention you gave to all parties involved before announcing the fate of the estuary. With this decision, you protect numerous wildlife species. Harbor seals, sharks, oysters, elk, and many other animals inhabit the areas in and around Drakes Estero. Now that the estuary is an official wilderness, these animals face fewer threats from human encroachment. They are protected, and will remain protected for years to come. Furthermore, your efforts to compensate the workers of the Drakes Bay Oyster Company are admirable. The company has been farming Drakes Estero for decades, and the many staff members deserve new places of employment. If the government closes a business to protect the environment, the government must also help those who were dependent upon that business. Again, thank you so much for your decision. Drakes Estero will now remain a beautiful natural home for its many wild inhabitants. [Your Name Here] Photo credit: Marcel Burkhard via WikiCommons

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Maximilien Robespirre, a unique member of the Jacobin Club, formed the Republic of Virtue. He was a radical that wanted to wipe all traces of France's past monarchy and nobility. Whether he was doing this for the good of the country or not, it did not help the people. All it brought was havoc and problems to France. This merciless period is called the Reign of Terror. The radicals brought changes quickly to the people. They created a calendar with no Sundays for the evilness of religion. Cards were changed from kings and queens to liberties and equalities. In other words, they blew the revolution out of proportion. Robespierre went crazy with his power; he judged who was an enemy and guillotined them. Robespierre was accusing revolutionaries that helped bring the government down as enemies. In October 1793, the republic executed many of the leaders who once created this government. The Republic of Virtue brought strict laws and rules to the people and sentenced many to death if they were broken. An 18-year-old boy was killed for sawing down a tree that was planted for liberty. It's ironic how liberty is stated when all the republic does is guillotine people for minor charges. On July 1794, members of the National Convention met to discuss the Reign of Terror. They did not wish to die with their ex-revolutionaries nor did they want the following government to ruin France. Thus, they demanded Robespierre's arrest. Delegates from both sides, radicals and conservative politicians, voted him down and wished him guillotined just like he did to so many other people. Within two days, he was executed and the Reign of Terror finally ended.

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Brucellosis causes pregnant cows to abort their calves. It had been largely eradicated from livestock in the United States before Monday's report of an infection near the town of Pray. The disease has persisted in wildlife in and around Yellowstone National Park. The infected cow came from the ranch of Art Burns, who said Tuesday that he was aware of the potential dangers of running cattle near the nation's last reservoir of brucellosis. Pray is about 30 miles north of Yellowstone National Park and adjacent to the Gallatin National Forest. "We feel terribly about this, but it's part of what comes with living here and being engaged in the business," Burns said in an interview. "You very much want to dodge the bullet. But you have to assume the risk." His experience underscores the difficulty researchers and livestock officials face in coming up with a solution to brucellosis. Experts say existing vaccines are only about 60 percent to 70 percent effective. "Ranchers had really made an effort in earlier years to make sure they did not have brucellosis in their herds. Now we're going back to square one and starting over," said John Paterson, a cattle expert with the Montana State University Extension Service. Although the diseased cow has been destroyed, the discovery will cost the state its federal brucellosis-free status. That will force livestock producers across Montana to undergo costly disease testing and possibly a vaccination program. Burns said the infected cow had been vaccinated twice before a preliminary test six weeks ago first indicated a possible problem. Confirmation of the disease came on Monday. Livestock officials said Burns had taken all the appropriate steps to guard against a transmission – by vaccinating and testing his cows frequently for disease. "I'm working, as my neighbors are and everyone else in this valley is, to manage the situation and move forward with a solution," Burns said. The cost of containing the disease – including testing all cows intended for out-of-state shipment – could be from $3 to $7 million, Paterson said. Meanwhile, some other livestock producers already are calling for the state to step up efforts to control brucellosis on another front – in wildlife. State officials insist its too early to tell if wildlife or cattle were the source of the disease. "Right now everybody is focused on getting through the testing period and making sure we don't have any more (infected cattle)," said Christian Mackay with the Montana Department of Livestock. Mackay said Burns was in discussions with federal agriculture officials about whether the rest of his herd will have to be slaughtered. That happened last year to a rancher near Bridger who lost almost 600 cows, bulls and calves after seven of his animals tested positive for the disease. The May 2007, outbreak put Montana on probation if another infection was reported within two years. It will now be at least a year before Montana regains its disease-free status. Burns said he would not speculate on the source of the disease but would continue to cooperate with state and federal livestock officials conducting the investigation.

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Chronology of Jewish Persecution: 1938 In Holland, a collaborationist organization, National-Socialistische Vrouwen Organisatie (National Socialist Women’s Organization), is established. The Swedish government institutes strict immigration standards. Hitler names himself supreme commander of the Wehrmacht. Hitler’s Cabinet meets for the final time. Austrian Nazis prepare to take over every Jewish business in the nation. The German Army enters Vienna, Austria. Austria is annexed (the Anschluss) by Germany and is immediately subject to all antisemitic laws in effect in Germany. Jewish organizations and congregations are subsequently forbidden. Law pertaining to the legal rights of Jewish cultural (ethnic) organizations. Jewish community organizations are no longer legal entities enjoying civil rights; instead, they can only be legally created associations. Anti-Jewish riots spread across Poland. Germany issues a decree that effectively eliminates Jews from the nation’s economy and provides for the seizure of Jewish assets. The German government demands that all Jews register with the authorities all real estate and other assets exceeding 5000 marks. This is the first step toward expropriation of Jewish property; that is, Aryanization, a process whereby the Reich government seizes Jewish property and auctions it off to gentiles. Following the Anschluss, Austrians force Jewish men and women to scrub the streets with small brushes and with the women’s fur coats. Hungary adopts its first law restricting the rights of Jews. Hungary restricts the proportion of Jews holding jobs in commerce, industry, the liberal professions, and the Hungarian government to 20 percent. Hitler announces to his general staff that he has decided to destroy Czechoslovakia. He says it is his “unalterable decision to destroy Czechoslovakia.” Chief of Staff General Ludwig Beck vehemently opposes Hitle’s ambitions and lobbies other top brass to put up a united front against aggression. German legislation outlaws “decadent art.” World-famous therapist Sigmund Freud flees Austria for England. Nazis destroy the Munich Synagogue. They burn it to the ground. Decree requiring the registration and identification of Jewish industrial enterprises. Creation of lists of wealthy Jews at treasury offices and police districts. All Jewish businesses that have not already been registered and marked must now comply with the Reich requirement. AsocialAction: Arrest of all previously convicted Jews, including those prosecuted for traffic violations, and committing them to concentration camps (approx. 1,500 persons). German-Jewish doctors are allowed to treat only Jewish patients. Under a proposal called the Sosua Project, the Dominican Republic offers to accept 100,000 European Jewish refugees, to be settled in an area near Santo Domingo, in return for payment of millions of dollars from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC). (Under the plan, only about 500 Jews will be admitted to the Dominican Republic before the country halts immigration in 1940.) An international conference at Evian-les-Bains, France, is called by United States President Franklin Roosevelt to deal with the Jewish refugee problem. Roosevelt’s aims, some say, are to deflect American Jewish appeals to help the German Jews. Aside from Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic, which want enormous sums of money to allow a small number of Jews to immigrate, the 32 nations attending the conference decide that they will not permit large numbers of Jews to enter their countries. The first 50 inmates arrive at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, about 20 miles from Berlin. Following Kristallnacht, 1,800 Jews are jailed here and subsequently murdered. By September 1939, the camp held 8,000 prisoners. In April 1940, the first crematorium was built. In March 1943, a gas chamber was added. In April 1945, as the Soviet Army advanced, 33,000 prisoners began a Death March. The Soviet Army found 3,000 survivors in the camp. American radio broadcaster Father Charles Coughlin calls for the establishment of an American Christian Front to combat Communists and Jews. The Christian Front, which will come to fruition, will consist of mostly working-class Irish and German Americans. The organization will adhere to the beliefs that America is a Christian nation and that Catholics should march along with Protestants in a united Christian Front against the Jews. Decree for the cancellation of the medical certification of all Jewish physicians effective September 30. Thereafter, Jewish physicians are only allowed to function as nurses for Jewish patients. Henry Ford, an American industrialist and a leading antisemite, accepts the Third Reich’s medal of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle. A year later, at the outset of World War II, Ford will claim that “the Jew bankers” are responsible for the war. Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels introduces a new radio for the German people, the German Mini-Receiver also known as the Goebbels Schnauze (Goebbels’s Snout). The first Austrian concentration camp is established at Mauthausen. Destruction of the Great Synagogue in Nuremberg. Decree to carry out the law pertaining to the change of first and last names. Effective January 1, 1939, all Jews must add to their name either Israel (for a Jewish male) or Sara (for a Jewish female). The Swiss government denies entry to Jews. However, Paul Grüninger, local police commandant of St. Gall on the Austrian frontier, disobeys his superiors and allows 3600 Jews to pass the border from August through December 1938. Unable to enlist General Staff into resigning en masse and unable to dissuade Hitler from carving up Czechoslovakia, Beck resigns as Chief of Staff. The conspiracy to overthrow Hitler has begun with Beck as the main architect of the plot. Throughout August, co-conspirators on the General Staff have been secretly sent by Beck and Abwehr Chief Admiral Wilhelm Canaris to London to persuade the British government to back their impending coup attempt by standing up to Hitler over Czechoslovakia. The Berlin Putsch, with the aim of overthrowing Hitler and tossing him into an insane asylum, is planned by generals and influential civilians, but it never comes off because of poor organization and wavering leadership. Pope Pius XII informally tells Belgian pilgrims that antisemitism is a movement in which Christians should not involve themselves. However, Pius says, each Christian has the right “to defend himself, to take means to protect himself against all that threatens his legitimate interest.” Jews forbidden to attend public cultural events. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, Germany, to discuss the Sudeten crisis. Hitler has demanded that the Sudetenland, which was part of Austria up through the end of World War I, be ceded by Czechoslovakia to Germany. Army Chief of Staff General Franz Halder with the full knowledge of General Walther von Brauchitsch (Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces) has a commando force assembled and on stand-by notice ready to launch the first coup attempt. Conspirators General Hans Oster and Major Wilhelm Heinz secretly agree to have Hitler killed. The conspirators await Britain’s and France’s next move. British and French governments advise Czechoslovakia to accept Hitler’s terms. Hitler promises that the Sudetenland will be his last territorial demand in Europe. Decree for the cancellation of the license to practice for all Jewish lawyers, effective November 30. Thereafter, Jewish lawyers can only practice in special instances as Jewish Consultants for Jews. Hitler threatens to march into Czechoslovakia without further delay. Halder anxiously expects Britain’s ultimatum to Hitler which will allow him to launch the coup. Major Heinz and 50 commandos are secretly cloistered in safehouses throughout Berlin waiting for orders to storm the Chancellory. The Munich Conference is attended by French Premier Edouard Daladier, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, and Hitler. Climaxing the Allies’ appeasement policy, France and Great Britain permit Germany to illegally annex the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. Most of Europe breathes a sigh of relief because war is averted. Daladier, observing the huge crowds awaiting him at the Orly airport near Paris, fears that they will tear him apart for betraying France’s Czech ally. After he lands, he is relieved when his people throw roses at him. The Czech representatives to the conference, who had been forced to wait helplessly in the corridor outside the conference hall, break down into sobs after hearing the news of the Allied concessions to Germany. Also at the conference, Chamberlain signs a Friendship Treaty with Germany without informing his French ally. Arriving home, he triumphantly holds this scrap of paper up to the crowd that surrounds his airplane and promises “peace in our time.” First coup attempt falls apart with Chamberlain’s decision to negotiate away the Sudentenland. Civiltá Cattolica, the foremost Jesuit journal, which is published in Rome and controlled by the Vatican, calls Judaism sinister and accuses Jews of trying to control the world through money and secularism. The journal says that the devil is the Jews’ master; Judaism is evil and “a standing menace to the world.” The German Wehrmacht occupies the Czech Sudetenland under stipulations of the Munich Pact. Following a request by Heinrich Rothmund, head of the Swiss federal police, the German government recalls all Jewish passports and marks them with a large, colored “J.” This is to prevent German Jews from passing as Christians and smuggling themselves into Switzerland. Germany expels Jews with Polish citizenship to the Polish border. Poles refuse to admit them; Germans refuse to allow them back into Germany. Seventeen thousand are stranded in the frontier town of Zbaszyn, Poland. Father Bernhard Lichtenberg, a Roman Catholic priest in Berlin, condemns the German assault on Jews. One of the few German Catholics to denounce the immoral behavior of the government, Father Lichtenberg sermonizes: “Outside the synagogue is burning, and that also is a house of God.” Germany anounces the “Vienna Award” in which Germany cedes large parts of Czechoslovakia to Hungary and Italy. Sections of Slovakia as well as the Transcarpathian Ukraine are annexed by Hungary. Hitler has now directly violated the Munich Pact. A distraught young Jew named Herschel Grynszpan, whose family has just been deported to Zbaszyn, enters the German Embassy in Paris and mortally wounds Third Secretary of Legation Ernst vom Rath. Academics often cite this as the beginning of the Holocaust. The Nazis will exploit this event by instigating a long-planned terror campaign against all Jews in Germany and Austria. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) occurs across Germany and Austria. Ninety-one Jews are killed; others are beaten. Thirty thousand male Jews are sent to concentration camps (Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen), though most will be released in a few weeks. 267 synagogues are desecrated and destroyed (almost all of the synagogues of Germany and Austria). SS Security Service chief Reinhard Heydrich instructs security agencies to burn the synagogues unless German lives or property are endangered. Jewish businesses are looted and destroyed, including 7500 shops. Hitler mentions to Hermann Göring that he would like to see all German Jews forcibly resettled on the island of Madagascar. Opportunistically chosen by the Nazi leadership, the date of the pogrom is of great symbolic importance. It coincides with two important national holidays, the Nazi Blood Witness Day of November 9 and Martin Luther’s birthday of November 10. Blood Witness Day commemorates the Nazi “martyrs” who died for their cause. Martin Luther advocated the destruction of Jewish homes and synagogues as well as the impoverishment, forced labor, exile, and death of Jews. Hermann Göring leads a discussion of German officials that results in a one-billion-mark ($400-million) fine against the German-Jewish community to pay for Kristallnacht. Göring calls this extortion an “expiation payment.” Seizing the money German insurance companies were paying the Jews for their damages, the Nazis require the Jews to pay for the repair of their own properties damaged in Kristallnacht. The Nazis decide on a decree to remove all Jews from the German economy, society, and culture. Reinhard Heydrich suggests that every Jew be forced to wear a badge. Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels suggests that Jews be kept from using public parks. Hermann Göring mentions that Hitler told him on the phone on November 9 that if war breaks out, Germany “will first of all make sure of settling accounts with the Jews. [Hitler] is going to ask the other nations: ‘Why do you keep talking about the Jews? Take them!’” In the Nazi Party’s principal newspaper, Goebbels writes: “We want only one thing, that the world loves the Jews enough to rid us of them all.” Decree for the atonement payments by German Jews in the amount of one billion marks; decree for the elimination of German Jews from involvement in the economy; decree for the reconstruction of the facades of all Jewish shops (Jews have to pay for all damage caused during Kristallnacht); Jews prohibited from attending movies, concerts, and other cultural performances. All Jewish children are expelled from German schools. From now on, they may only attend Jewish schools. The American Virgin Islands Assembly offers the islands as a haven for Jewish refugees. The American government does not explore this possibility. Using Nazi documents, American radio commentator Father Charles Coughlin contends that Jews are responsible for Russian communism and for Germany’s problems. All of Coughlin’s radio programs are approved by his archdiocese as not contradicting Catholic faith or morals. Some Catholics protest Coughlin’s broadcasts, including Chicago’s Cardinal George Mundelein, but most of the American Church is silent. The British House of Commons objects to German persecution of minorities. The SS transfers 500 male concentration camp prisoners to the village of Ravensbrück, north of Berlin, Germany. The prisoners begin the construction of the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Ravensbrück will serve as the main camp for women prisoners in Germany. Police decree pertaining to the appearance of Jews in public: Restrictions in the freedom of movement and travel, etc. Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht travels to London to propose to George Rublee, of the Intergovernmental Committee for Political Refugees, an extortionate scheme: German Jews could emigrate if they put up cash assets that would be transferred to the Reich upon emigration. This Schacht-Rublee plan will be abandoned in January 1939, when Schacht will be dismissed by Hitler after Schacht objects to the high cost of Germany’s rearmament. The British Cabinet allows 10,000 unaccompanied Jewish children into Britain in an action called the Kindertransport. (Britain, however, refuses to allow 21,000 more Jewish children into Palestine.) The rescued children come from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia with the help of British, Jewish, and Quaker welfare organizations. Because of the Holocaust, most of the children will never see their parents again, and many of the Jewish children will be converted to Christianity. Confiscation of Jewish drivers’ licenses. Creation of a Ban Against Jews in Berlin; decree pertaining to the forced disposal (Aryanization) of Jewish industrial enterprises and businesses; directives concerning the ousting of Jews from German economic life. Thousands of Father Charles Coughlin’s followers take to the streets of New York City, chanting, “Send Jews back where they came from in leaky boats!” and “Wait until Hitler comes over here!” Many Christian policemen are sympathetic to the Coughlinites. The protests will last until April 1939. They are opposed by other Catholic organizations and by leftists and liberals. Several members of the American Catholic hierarchy and leading Protestants sign a Christmas resolution expressing “horror and shame” in response to the Kristallnacht pogrom. 1938: Other imporant events The first issue of Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt (Jewish Newsletter), a Nazi-controlled publication, keeps German citizens abreast of Nazi regulations regarding Jews. Ludwig Schemann, a leading German advocate of racism, dies. Adolf Hitler tells Minister of Justice Hans Frank that he has come to fulfill the curse imposed by the Jews themselves in the New Testament: “His [Jesus’s] blood be upon us and upon our children.” Hitler, born and raised as a Roman Catholic, observes that had Martin Luther, the founder of Protestantism, been fully aware of the Jewish threat, he would not have criticized Catholicism; instead, he would have put all of his energy into attacking the Jews. Sources: Various books and chronologies related to World War II and the Holocaust Memorial Center

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Katahdin's Biomass Boiler - Recycle and reduce. Now our 14 million BTU boiler cuts costs two ways: it has replaced 90 % of our fuel oil consumption and completely recycles our waste wood into steam heat. The state-of-the-art computer controlled 4,000-gallon boiler burns wood shavings produced during our manufacturing process to steam heat most of the buildings on the mill site. Since the biomass boiler has come on line, we've recycled more than 5,500 tons of sawdust each year. - How much heat? The industrial-sized boiler could heat approximately 140 average homes. We've designed the biomass boiler with 50 percent more capacity than our current needs to allow us to expand. - How does it work? The sawdust is collected from various locations on the mill site and moved to the boiler complex through a series of feeder tubes. The tubes lift the sawdust to a large hopper on the roof of the biomass building. The hopper then feeds a constant amount of sawdust into the firebox of the boiler to maintain a consistent heat and create steam. The steam is distributed among the mill buildings through a network of pipes. Computer sensors all along the production chain ensure that all parts of the biomass boiler system operate efficiently. - Meeting Clean Air Standards. Oxygen sensors in the firebox maintain efficient combustion. A Multicyclone particulate collector captures coarser particulate matter before the smoke enters the 76-foot high stack. These devices result in minimal smoke, well below the maximum rates set by Maine law. Katahdin keeps close daily records of fuel combustion to meet both federal and state air quality regulations. - Multiple applications. Little did we realize just how useful our biomass boiler would become. We can now utilize the steam from the boiler to "defrost" icy logs in the winter and use it to heat our finishing kiln. The boiler will also provide energy to run our ethanol distiller which (once it's fully functional) converts local waste potatoes into fuel for our vehicles. It seems like every week we discover a new, inexpensive use for the steam!

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To order a canvas print start by sending Delivery is free to mainland UK addresses. You can't get better value than free! Once your order has been placed, you will receive a proof via email the next working day Sepia effect is used when adding shades of brown tones to make the picture look old fashioned. Sepia tends to make the picture look softer than it would in black and white. Sepia canvas prints are a great way to turn ordinary images into stunning artworks. Sepia might be ideal for posed or portrait photographs but it might not be so well suited to other images types. Traditionally photographers use sepia toning to create a warm tone to the picture. The development of photographs requires a long process of using different chemicals to get the desired dark brown grey colour. Sepia was made by pigments from the ink sac of a sepia officinalis cuttlefish off the English Channel. Chemicals in the sepia pigments have a more resistance to the environmental pollution than black and white prints. Therefore this allows the photograph to last longer, even for over 150 years. This is why sepia prints are associated with the old age feel to the photograph. Period photography in the 1880s and wild west movies used sepia as a special effect. This style has become a genre in it self. Now a days, many of this toning effect can be done digitally. Many digitally cameras have built in pre-sets to convert your pictures into sepia. Software such as Photoshop and Gimp allows you to personalise your own photographs into stunning masterpieces. Compared to the conventional method this would have taken the entire day to produce. There are other effects that we offer such as colour splash, black and white and more. Why not try the effects of red-ize, blue-ize, green-ize? Each effect works in a similar way to a sepia transformation but adds a tint of each specific colour to the image.

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This article is the fourth of a five part series based on this post: The Eight Limbs of Yoga (Part 2 – Niyama) The fourth of the five Niyamas is Svadhyaya – a compound Sanskrit word literally translated sva, meaning “one’s own”, and adhyaya, “study”; therefore Svadhyaya would mean study of one’s self. Svadhyaya also is interpreted as studying the Vedas, Yoga Sutras and other scriptures, basically the source materials of yoga practice. Self-study is very important for students and practitioners of Patanjali’s “classical” Yoga (Raja Yoga) and it would include reflection on sacred texts. Patanjali says of Svadhyaya: “From self-study and reflection on sacred words (svadhyaya), one attains contact, communion, or concert with that underlying natural reality or force.” (Yoga sutra 2.44 – svadhyayat ishta samprayogah). Through deep inquiry into the self, comes an acknowledgment of the oneness of that self with all that is arises naturally. In other words, when practicing Svadhyaya our boundaries begin to melt and the illusion of separateness we feel from ourselves, those around us, and our world begins to dissolve. To practice Svadhyaya is to find the Divine appearing in us (and as us) at this very moment. Yogis throughout the ages have practiced Svadhyaya by asking the simple question, “Who am I.” Sri Ramana Maharishi often spoke of self-enquiry as the “direct path” meaning it was the fastest path to moksha (liberation from Maya [illusion] and samskara [the cycle of death and rebirth] including all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence). Svadhyaya is purposefully preceded by Tapas (fiery discipline) because it takes an enormous amount of discipline to move beyond the material world that defines, binds and shrouds us in Maya (ignorance). In the practice of Svadhyaya, prayers, mantras, japa, meditation, purposeful intent and other devotional practices, including ancient yogic methods are used to strip away the ego and unveil truth, layer by layer. In the study of one’s self, the student becomes the witness of their thoughts, emotions, actions and life. During this witnessing process the distance between the real and unreal is unveiled. The incessantly chattering mind, unsettled emotions and physical limitations of the body are no longer seen as the “Self”, but instead are viewed as an experience of Self. In this recognition and realization of Truth, the practice of Svadhyaya brings a resounding peace. In yoga practice, Svadhyaya has most traditionally been concerned with the study of various scriptures. But in truth, any practice that brings us to the point of recognizing our interconnection with all that is, is Svadhyaya. Svadhyaya could be studying Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, practicing asana, chanting, or even reading this blog. In the study of Svadhyaya, as with all of our sadhanas, there is a natural, organic movement towards becoming more and more present. Along with this movement, there is an automatic falling away of fear. A sense of peace emerges along with the knowledge that love (presence) permeates all that is and ever was. Through the recognition of our inherent goodness and divinity, we realize that everything occurs for both the good of the individual and the good whole. In this state there are no random events, in fact, it would appear as if from your very first breath you were meant to find that you are loved far more than you could ever possibly imagine. Final thoughts: Incorporating the practice of Svadhyaya into your everyday life is an effective way to experience life more fully. It’s about getting to know yourself better. And as we begin to truly understand who we are, we identify with the connectedness (union) that yoga is really all about. The next article will continue this series with: The Five Niyamas (Part 5 – Ishvara Pranidhana)

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- Circular brown lesions form on both sides of leaflets - Lesions are smaller than a pencil tip and surrounded by a yellow area - Infected leaves turn yellow, then brown on the margins, and eventually fall off - Smaller but similar spots form on nut husks, interfering with nut development and causing premature drop - More information on Walnut Anthracnose...

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Natural and Man-Made Disasters Natural or man-made disasters never seem to be far from Iran, and as a consequence there are millions of shattered lives. So today we want to bring these precious people before the throne of grace. In terms of caring for refugees, Iran is actually one of the world's unsung heroes. Because of various wars since the 1980’s in neighbouring Afghanistan and Iraq, more than 2 million Afghans and Iraqi Kurds have fled to Iran as refugees, and for some time now Iran has hosted the second largest refugee population in the world, after Pakistan. It has done this with little assistance from the international community. Iran has always provided good camps for the refugees to live, and the Iranian Red Crescent has often co-operated with the Iranian church to help provide for the needs of these displaced people. While most Kurds were able to return to Iraq after the end of the first Gulf war, most Afghan’s have remained in Iran. Iran has also experienced several major earthquakes in recent years. In December 2003, a huge earthquake in Bam killed over 40,000 people in just 12 seconds. In February 2005, a devastating earthquake in Zarand left 612 people dead and thousands injured and homeless, while in March of this year 70 people were killed and tens of thousands made homeless by an earthquake in Lorestan. Iran lies on numerous faults and earthquakes seem increasingly commonplace. According to official figures there have been 17 earthquakes in the last 12 months of magnitude five or greater. The major concern is for Tehran, and experts expect an earthquake will hit the capital city. If it is powerful enough, they believe more than one million people could be killed. Finally, we cannot forget the 1980-1988 war with Iraq which killed one million people. Thousands that were severely injured or maimed, and left with deep psychological scars are still suffering. So let us now pray for refugees and the victims of wars and disasters in Iran: - Pray that the God of all comfort will touch the lives of those who are still suffering. Pray they will not be forgotten and ask the Lord to send His people to bring comfort, hope and healing. - Pray for all aid workers in Iran and emergency services such as the Red Crescent that they would be effective in their work and be prepared for any future disasters. - Pray that the Church will continue to provide bold and compassionate service to refugees and victims of disasters. Pray that those who are suffering will come to know the Lord God as their refuge and strength, an ever present help in trouble. - Pray for Tehran, that God in His mercy will spare the city from great disaster.

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Megan Parker, Executive Director and co-founder of Working Dogs for Conservation, talks about using detection dogs for wildlife conservation. She tells “The WildLife” host Laurel Neme how she trains dogs to detect wildlife samples, including plants, animals, seeds and scat. The dogs are often able to uncover what wildlife biologists can’t easily see or find, and they do so more efficiently and in a non-intrusive way—that is, without the baiting, luring, trapping, handling or radio-collaring the animals. The dogs at Working Dogs for Conservation have sniffed out dwindling populations of cheetahs in Kenya, helped with population surveys of endangered snow leopards in eastern Russia and uncovered invasive cannibal snails in Hawaii. Megan Parker grew up in Montana, where she began training dogs when she was just 10 years old. She received her B.A. from Middlebury College in Vermont and her M.S. from Boise State University in raptor ecology, studying falcons in Guatemala. She has worked as a biologist in many states in the U.S., Canada, Central America, Asia and Africa. Her Ph.D. at the University of Montana focused on researching scent marking behavior and chemistry for conservation of African wild dogs in northern Botswana. Beginning in 1996, Megan started exploring the wider potential for dogs in non-intrusive wildlife research. Her idea of training dogs to find scat of specific species in the wild coincided with the increasing capacity of biologists in the mid-1990s to extract viable DNA samples from tissue particles contained in animal scat. She is particularly interested in the international application of working dogs in conservation to help developing countries and under funded projects acquire excellent samples and reduce costs. This episode of “The WildLife” aired on The Radiator, WOMM-LP, 105.9 FM in Burlington, Vermont on January 3, 2010.

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A new telecommunications satellite to be used by the UK military has blasted off into space on an Ariane rocket launched from a spaceport in French Guiana. The Skynet-5D platform weighs five tonnes. There are already three other satellites in orbit and this will complement them, allowing British forces to communicate with each other around the globe. The Skynet system is the largest space project of the UK. The program also includes radio equipment deployed on ships and held by troops. The program is contracted out to two private firms Astrium and Paradigm Secure Communications.. The arrangement is called a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) with the Ministry of Defence (MoD). Over a period of twenty years the contract is valued at 3.6 billion pounds. This is just one more of many examples of a symbiotic relationship between the military and private capital. The UK military pays an annual fee for which they receive a guaranteed bandwidth. Any excess capacity is sold to other "friendly forces" usually NATO members. The Skynet 5D will be dropped off 27 minutes after takeoff on the east coast of Africa. The 5D will then use its own propulsion system to move into a geostationary position at a 36,000 km altitude. The other three units in the Skynet series were launched back in 2007 and 2008. The Skynet spacecraft are as sophisticated as any satellite civilian platforms that can pass phone, Internet, or TV signals. However, they are "hardened" for military purposes. They are able to foil attempts to disable the craft through laser attacks and also able to thwart any attempts to jam the operations with signals. The 5D system is almost a clone of the first three 5A, 5B, and 5C. Skynet program manager at Astrium said: "From a distance you would not be able to tell the difference between them all. It is inside though that there have been some subtle changes in terms of the configuration - particularly the UHF payload. We were able to introduce some design changes to be able to provide more than double the number of channels compared with 5A, 5B and 5C." UHF is used by soldiers with backpack radios among others. Key encrypted data passes through a Super High Frequency band. Skynet has some civilian uses as well. The High Integrity Telecommunication System of the UK Cabinet uses Skynet. HITS is a national-disaster-response capability that has a network running through police strategic command centers into crisis management centers. The use of these satellites for military purposes represents another aspect of the militarization of space Skynet is used byRAF pilots to connect to their drones. This opinion article was written by an independent writer. The opinions and views expressed herein are those of the author and are not necessarily intended to reflect those of DigitalJournal.com

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Liddell, C, Barrett, L and Henzi, P (2003) Parental investment in schooling: Evidence from a subsistence farming community in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 38 (1). pp. 54-63. [Journal article] Full text not available from this repository. Interviews were carried out amongst a cohort of 488 parents who lived as subsistence farmers in a remote and very poorly resourced region of South Africa. The majority of respondents had invested heavily in the education of their children, contrary to what might have been predicted from large family sizes and the economic and ecological pressures that families faced. There was little evidence of child specialization, in which educational investment might have been targeted more to some children than others in a family. However, relatively wide birth spacing may have made the financial and opportunity costs of schooling more manageable. This speculation is given some support by two findings: first, that the number of grades of schooling children complete before leaving increases significantly as birth spacing increases; second, that children who are still in school progress more rapidly as birth interval increases. Greater opportunities for the schooling of sons (made possible by low rates of migrant labour in the community), coupled with high opportunity costs associated with the schooling of daughters, made it likely that sons would be educated to a higher level than daughters. However, there was consistent evidence for gender equity in schooling patterns. This is attributed to the lower risk of financial and opportunity losses that are associated with rearing daughters in this particular community. Birth order exerted only modest effects on the decisions parents made about schooling their offspring. The investment strategy as a whole could be interpreted as ``bet-hedging'' under conditions where events outside parental control prevented them from targeting investment to children who could be readily identified as having favourable educational and employment prospects. It is concluded that parents invest in their sons and daughters in a manner that can only be understood when the complexities of their particular social, economic, and ecological contexts are taken into account. |Item Type:||Journal article| |Faculties and Schools:||Faculty of Life and Health Sciences| Faculty of Life and Health Sciences > School of Psychology |Research Institutes and Groups:||Psychology Research Institute| Psychology Research Institute > Peace, Conflict & Equality |Deposited By:||Mrs Fiona Harkin| |Deposited On:||23 Dec 2009 09:37| |Last Modified:||15 Mar 2012 15:52| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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Apples ripen in late summer and well into fall, depending upon the variety. But did you know that new varieties of apples can be created by accident? In 1996, Chuck McSpadden was walking through his family’s Apple Valley Orchards when he noticed something odd. The apples on the upper branches of one tree were twice the size of those below. “I’d used a chainsaw to cut off a major limb,” he recalls, “and it must have messed up the genetics of the tree.” Sure enough, the McSpaddens had discovered a new variety of Gala apple. They made some grafts, got a patent and named the cultivar after his daughter, Caitlin. Today, the variety is sold by Stark Bros., the Missouri nursery that discovered the Red Delicious. The 40-acre farm in East Tennessee has more than 12,000 trees and 25 different varieties of apples. Galas are the first major variety of the season, ready around mid-August. Midseason brings Golden Delicious and Mutsu, while Fuji and Stayman come later in the season. It’s a huge growth from the two leftover trees his father, Charles, bought from the Sears & Roebuck garden department where he worked. He enjoyed them so much that he planted more than 400 trees, and in the early 1970s started selling apples to the public. Like many apple farms throughout the country, Apple Valley Orchards has expanded over the years to include a bakery and gift shop.

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trick or treat, candy for kids, Many kids (and parents) look forward to Halloween for the candy treats more than the festive costumes. For some fun facts on your favorite Halloween food including snack-size bars, gum, and candy corn, read on. You might be surprised by how many other parents are dipping into their kids' trick-or-treat stashes. With 93 percent of kids trick-or-treating, candy remains the cornerstone of most ghoulish gatherings. Adults love taking part in trick-or-treat action too. In fact, 90 percent of parents admit to sneaking goodies from their children’s candy collections! Here are some more fun facts about this favorite festivity: • Halloween night nibbles. Bite-sized chocolate candies are the most popular type of candy to be included in Halloween activities (76 percent), followed by bite-sized non-chocolate candies (30 percent). • Favorite finds. Eighty-four percent of kids say candy and gum are their favorite treats to receive • Snack-size snitches. Parents admit that their favorite treats to sneak from their kids’ trick-or-treat bags are snack-size chocolate bars (70 percent sneak these), candy-coated chocolate pieces (40 percent), caramels (37 percent), and gum (26 percent). • Sweets for the sweet. Only 7 percent of kids (6-11 years) say they would keep their candy all to themselves if they received lots of Halloween treats. Instead, most would either share some with their family (66 percent), their friends (64 percent), or their teachers (26 percent). • Candy corn is born. Candy corn has been around for more than 100 years. George Renninger, an employee of the Wunderle Candy Company, invented candy corn in the 1880s. In 1900, the Goelitz Candy Company (now Jelly Belly Candy Company) started producing candy corn and still produces it today. • A farmer’s favorite? Because of its agricultural appearance, candy corn was an immediate favorite among farmers. The tri-colored design was considered revolutionary for its time and the public • Christmas and Cupid Corn. Today, candy corn is not just for Halloween any more. Candy makers have made Reindeer Corn for Christmas, Cupid Corn for Valentine’s Day and Bunny Corn for Easter. • Enough to go around (and around)! More than 35 million pounds of candy corn will be produced this year. That equates to nine billion pieces- enough to circle the moon nearly four times if laid end-to-end. How to Throw a Festive Halloween Party for Kids and Adults Tips for a Healthy, Happy Halloween Will your child be our next cover model? Enter the 2013 Cover Contest! More Halloween Articles Articles Take Pumpkin Carving Lessons Among Dinos at Field Station Halloween Events in the NYC Area After Hurricane Sandy Win 3 Scary Movies on Blu-ray Test Your Halloween Knowledge: Top 10 Facts and Figures Plan a Fun Halloween in Any Weather Be a good fellow parent and share this with a friend who would be interested Local Halloween Articles Sponsors See Our Halloween Articles Directory 1134 Wantagh Ave Learning is Childs Play at Thinkertots. Thinkertot...

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Preschool lesson plans on Japan can be used to teach children about different cultures. Japan has a very rich culture that will be fun for children to explore. There are many resources available to teach children about other countries and the people who live in them. It is important to teach children the many different ways that other people live and then things that they might do differently then us. As they get older, they will become more exposed to other people and other heritages, it is essential that you teach them about these things early so they will learn to accept people who are different from themselves. This article will give teachers ideas for resources that they can use while teaching their preschool class about the Japanese culture. Japan has is one of the oldest cultures in our society and they are most famous for origami, their food and their respect for one another. Children will thoroughly enjoy learning about this culture and its rich beauty. Many books available teach children how to do very simple origami. Many of these books come with origami paper. However, it is easy to find in craft stores as well. If you cannot locate a book to help you with this activity, try looking for instructions online. You can then practice origami with your students. They will really enjoy the simplicity of creating something very beautiful out of paper. You should practice the design ahead of time so that you can help your student if they become frustrated. There is a great recipe that you can use with your preschool class for snack time while learning about Japan. In order for them to understand the metaphor in this snack you will first have to teach them what sushi is. Once that are familiar with what it is you can make your own pretend sushi. You will need rice crispy treats (that have been slightly warmed up), fruit roll ups and tooth picks. It might be easier for you to prepare these and bring them into your classroom instead of making them while at school. First, open the fruit roll up and lay it out flat. Take the slightly warmed up rice crispy and squish it onto the fruit roll up so that it covers the whole roll up. Take another fruit roll up and put it on top of the rice crispy treat. At this point, you should have a rice crispy treat sandwiched between two fruit roll ups. Starting from one side, begin rolling into a cylinder. Hold it closed with toothpicks and then cut into circles. The result should be a dessert snack that is similar to sushi. Teach the children how they greet each other in Japan. You should research this completely first so that you do not misinform the children. Compare that with how Americans greet each other. You can discuss the many ways that our culture greets one another. Have the children act out the different ways that the two cultures say hello.

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BIG RAPIDS – Why does Johnny struggle with reading? Maybe it’s because of eye problems – or maybe not. A new initiative involving Ferris State University’s Michigan College of Optometry and College of Education and Human Services is helping students and parents in West Michigan answer that question. The collaboration began in 2007. Dr. Mark Swan of the MCO discovered that many of the elementary-age students getting eye exams also had reading problems. “Optometry is unique in that so much of learning and academics is dependent upon vision,” Swan said. “Optometrists work to optimize the visual system and teachers work to inform and teach children to learn, but in the past we have not worked together to help make sure the different systems are being effectively integrated.” To help make these systems work more closely together, Swan contacted COEHS Dean Michelle Johnston and Interim Associate Dean Paul Blake, which has resulted in students receiving both eye examinations and evaluations of slow progress in learning to read. Whether or not the problem requires corrective eye care, finding out what is hindering the learning process is often a great relief. “What we’re getting is a bunch of bright kids and a lot of scared parents who don’t need to be scared, necessarily,” Blake said. “Some of the kids are doing all the right things and they just need validation of that. A lot of it has been teaching parents what they need to do at home.” Such problems as misalignment of the eyes, which can make a patient’s peripheral vision dominant, or eyes that don’t properly “track” a line of text can cause reading ability to lag. One particular student that Blake has worked with has benefited by having both the cause of his eye problem addressed, and being taught new reading strategies. “As Optometry continues to work with his tracking problem, this student is learning to read in bigger and bigger chunks,” Blake said. “His problem is directly related to short-term memory, because if he comes across a sight word he doesn’t know by the time he gets that word sounded out, he’s forgotten everything he had read up to that point. So, reading becomes really slow, laborious and frustrating.” For the inaugural year of the program, Blake has worked directly with these young learners. Starting this fall, however, students from Ferris’ Elementary Education program will act as tutors under the supervision of Blake and Marlene Braunius, assistant professor School of Education. In addition to helping young readers, Blake sees Ferris Education students preparing to head their own classrooms gaining a broader understanding of some of the barriers to reading. Like Blake, Swan also believes there is a value to his students. “The College of Optometry has taught about this integration between vision and learning for years. This is an opportunity to develop a deeper relationship with the School of Education and expand the level of care that we can provide, while at the same time demonstrating to our students how to successfully integrate optometric care with other professions,” he said. Information about the MCO’s clinics is available at www.ferris.edu/mco. 09 April, 2008

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Hydroponics is the means by which plants can be raised without soil. This includes planting them in containers filled with water, or any one of a number of non-soil mediums, including gravel, sand or vermiculite, as well as "exotic" mediums like crushed rocks or bricks, shards of cinder blocks and even Styrofoam. This system of growing allows one to have greater control over plants, thus insuring uniform results. By replacing soil with a sterile medium, soil-borne pests and diseases immediately are eliminated, as are weeds, which reduces the labor involved in tending plants. Another plus: Water can be reused, and thus is conserved. Hydroponics not only allows one to grow more plants in a limited amount of space, food crops mature more rapidly and can produce greater yields. Not long ago, when I was planning on doing a sensory stimulation class at Community Resources, I grew herbs for my demonstration using an AeroGarden hydroponic planter, a small kitchen appliance that enables one to grow fresh herbs, vegetables, salad greens or flowers on a countertop "super fast" without soil. (Available at Target for $149, with a $20 rebate.) The kit contains everything you need, including seeds and nutrients; chili peppers, cherry tomatoes, snowpeas, green beans, miniature roses and petunias are among the plants available. The AeroGarden's computerized dome-shaped lighting system has a built-in reminder -- a blinking light -- that automatically alerts you to add water and nutrients; a timer turns the plant light on and off. I started by inserting pre-seeded, plug-shaped "grow pods" into the growing surface according to the recommended herb planting layout, which provides for optimal spacing and light exposure. I placed a tiny "dome" over each plug, in effect creating miniature greenhouses. The herbs germinated within a few days and I removed the domes shortly afterward. Every two weeks, I added two nutrient tablets and water and pressed the "reset" button to restart the nutrient timer. The lights were raised as the plants grew. The herbs were harvested five weeks after planting. I never removed more than one-third of the leaves from any one plant at a time. WHAT PLANTS NEED Hydroponics shows us that it is not soil that plants need, but the nutrients and moisture contained in soil and the support the soil renders. In hydroponics, necessary nutrients are dissolved in water and the solution applied to plants in exact, prescribed intervals. The essential principles of hydroponics have been known for over 100 years. Formed from two Greek words, hydroponics translates as "water working." It was one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century and made some of the traditional methods of farming obsolete. However, disillusionment and the Depression soon made it unpopular. Until 1936, raising plants in a water-and-nutrient solution was practiced only in laboratories. Dr. W. F. Gericke at the University of California succeeded in growing 205-foot tomato vines in large basins containing water and a nutrient solution. During World War II, the concept became more sophisticated. American soldiers stationed on a number of harsh, isolated islands raised their own vegetables using hydroponics. In Japan, after the war, hydroponics was used to feed American occupation forces. Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Israel, Japan, India and Europe have large-scale hydroponic units. In the United States, this type of planting is becoming big business. Because plants grown in hydroponic units are given very exact nutrient doses, their roots are able to absorb them entirely without having to constantly search for nutrients. Fruits and vegetables grown in a hydroponic unit are generally superior in flavor, appearance and nutritive value. First District Federated Garden Clubs of New York State will host a Standard Flower Show, "Natural Fitness, a Growing Concern," at the Greenbelt Recreation Center 501 Brielle Ave., Sea View, Saturday, from 1 to 3 p.m. and Sunday, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The competitive show, which is free and open to the public, will feature horticulture, floral designs and exhibits. Non-members may enter their container-grown plants in the horticulture division. For additional information, call 718-984-0885. Eileen Torricelli is a member of the Annadale Garden Club and is Garden Therapy chairman of First District Federated Garden Clubs of New York State.

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When a head of state was assassinated, it set an example to ruling governments in the neighboring countries to step aside and allow the Ashkenazim to run the entire region according to their whims. The good news is that, throughout last quarter of the 20th century, relative calm and stability was maintained in the Middle East. Well, okay, not really. Iran had its revolution. Two Gulf Wars erupted. Lebanon and Syria muffled with internal conflicts, and the majority of Arabs in the entire region – said my Jordanian university lecturer – earn an income that is lower than Italy (which, he bitterly emphasized, is a region with the lowest income compared to other EU states). But, I repeat myself, as far as the Ashkenazim were concerned, the Middle Eastern countries never dared to vote unanimously about anything, ever again. Not Having the Right to Vote is GOOD The anecdote explains to me why Saudis are okay with gender inequality. Why the government does not allow voting for legal amendments, or public representation in king’s courts. And why women don’t drive. Some folks just aren’t smart or ready enough to cast intelligent votes, or decide for themselves where their taking their lives and the lives of their fellow citizens. The only snag is that, trusting others to control our lives and laws infuriates the more intelligent and unsatisfied flock. Not everybody is happy to have the boundaries of their personal freedoms be decided by others. After all, voting for legal amendments requires that exact kind kind of intelligence that (at worst) might cause the assassination of another king, or a revolution of some sort. Is a revolution in Saudi possible? In 1989, half a million Czechs and Slovaks gently asked the government in Prague to switch from being communist to non-communist. And the government bowed to that democracy. And the Velvet Revolution sets a rare example, because in most cases, when the masses are too desperate to think straight, dramatic change comes at a dear and almost random cost of human sacrifice. Is change necessary? Do Saudis really need gender equality? Do the women of Saudi really want to “gain custody of children, travel, work, study, drive cars and live on an equal footing with men”? If yes, then how many of those women are willing to have all of that at the price of their current comforts? In Saudi, women don’t desperately need to drive. Women don’t desperately need to work outside of home if they don’t want to. They don’t even need to go to school, and if they do, they can go as far and as highly educated as they want. If the majority of women in Saudi are not starving and homeless and uneducated…I’ll rephrase, if the women in Saudi have their basic and security needs provided for them, doesn’t annul the need for a revolution? Doesn’t that mean that the Saudi economy is stable enough to afford engaging just one half of her working force? Doesn’t that mean that the Saudi government has been generous and protective with her citizens, both male and female? Saudis are stupid and that’s okay Yes, comfort dulls survival instinct and motivation to achieve. No writer or impressive body of art could ever be created from excessive indulgence. As a group, stupidest of my classmates in Jordan were Saudis. (And I wonder how the Saudi students in other countries are academically doing). And that’s okay too; because in Saudi, people are still being fed and clothed and have roofs over their heads whatever their academic results may show. In fact, it’s okay that Saudis are the stupidest of all the Arabs in the Middle East, because we know that, when the time comes, Saudis can always rely on the amazingly stubborn human ability to adapt in the cruelest desert draught, since the days of Abraham.

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Requests: If you need specific information on this remedy - e.g. a proving or a case info on toxicology or whatsoever, please post a message in the Request area www.homeovision.org/forum/ so that all users may contribute. Rubus = red in Latin Idaeus = Mount Ida where it was very common Common names. Common Red Raspberry. Raspbis. Hindberry. Bramble of Mount Ida. (Danish) Hindebar. (Dutch) Braamboss. (German) Hindbur. (Saxon) Hindbeer. Lampone (Italian) Trituration of the fresh buds. Plantae; Spermatophyta, Angiospermae - Flowering Plants; Dicotyledonae; Rosiflorae / Rosidae; Rosales; Rosaceae - Rose Family Description of the substance The well-known Raspberry, grown so largely for its fruit, grows wild in some parts of Great Britain. It is a native of many parts of Europe. The stems are erect and shrubby, biennial, with creeping perennial roots. It flowers in May and June. The plant is generally propagated by suckers, though those raisedfrom layers should be preferred, because they will be better rooted and not so liable to send out suckers. In preparing these plants their fibres should be shortened, but the buds which are placed at a small distance from the stem of the plant must not be cut off, as they produce the new shoots the following summer. Place the plants about 2 feet apart in the rows, allowing 4 or 5 feet between the rows. If planted too closely, without plenty of air between the rows, the fruit will not be so fine. The most suitable soil is a good, strong loam. They do not thrive so well in a light soil. In October, cut down all the old wood that has produced fruit in the summer and shorten the young shoots to about 2 feet in length. Dig the spaces between the rows well and dress with a little manure. Beyond weeding during the summer, no further care is needed. It is wise to form new plantations every three or four years, as the fruit on old plants is apt to deteriorate. The Wild Raspberry differs from the cultivated variety mainly in its size. Rubus Idaeus. This plant grows to a height of 6 feet. The young branches are glaucous, somewhat bristly and spinous, with odd-pinnate leaves, bearing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of serrate, ovate, sessile, whitish, pubescent leaflets. The flower-petals are white, about the length of the calyx-lobes, and 5 in number. The plant is believed to be derived from the following plant. [King's American Dispensatory] This plant grows to a height of 6 feet. The young branches are glaucous, somewhat bristly and spinous, with odd-pinnate leaves, bearing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of serrate, ovate, sessile, whitish, pubescent leaflets. The flower-petals are white, about the length of the calyx-lobes, and 5 in number. (http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/rubus.html) There are probably 250 species of this genus occurring around the Northern Hemisphere, and all are potentially edible. They are mostly trailing shrubs with thorny emergences along the stem and leaf axes, and often times these plants are collectively referred to as brambles. Raspberries are generally propagated via suckers. In nature the canes become layered and root easily, but plants also spread by creeping perennial roots. Sharp projections do not stop us from harvesting the delicious, sweet fruits, which are a type of aggregate fruit. Each one of the juicy spheres comprising a raspberry is a small drupe that developed from one of the pistils in the flower, so this is in reality an aggregate of drupelets (quite a mouthful)! The origins of the species and the many horticultural forms are very complex, and involved hybridization and polyploidy, all too confusing to present here. Even the pure form of raspberry, Rubus idaeus, normally red, can have white or yellow forms. Other fruits from this genus include black raspberry, boysenberry, dewberry, wineberry (Japanese), loganberry, tayberry, and so forth. Realize only that none of these is truly a berry in a botanical sense--they are drupes. (http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Rubus) Labrador to British Columbia, south to West Virginia, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Wyoming. (http://www.yale.edu/fes505b/redrasp.html) The well-known Raspberry, grown so largely for its fruit, grows wild in some parts of Great Britain. It is a native of many parts of Europe. The stems are erect and shrubby, biennial, with creeping perennial roots. It flowers in May and June. [A Modern Herbal; Mrs. M. Grieve] Rubus Idaeus, or cultivated raspberry, is indigenous to Europe and to Asia, eastward to Japan, where the red raspberry is likewise found. The Red raspberry grows wild, and is common to Canada and the northern United States, growing in hedges, neglected fields, thickets, and hills, flowering in May, and ripening its fruit from June to August. The U. S. P. describes Rubus Idaeus fruit as follows: "Deprived of the conical receptacle, and, therefore, hollow at the base; hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of from 20 to 30 coalesced, small drupes, each one crowned with the withered style; juice red; of an agreeable odor, and a pleasant, acidulous taste. The closely allied, light-red fruit of Rubus strigosus, Michaux, and the purplish-black fruit of Rubus occidentalis, LinnÈ, may be employed in place of the above"-(U. S. P.). The Rubus occidentalis is the Black raspberry, or Thimbleberry, common in waste places and fence corners from Canada to Georgia, and west. Its fruit is inferior to that of the preceding varieties. [King's American Dispensatory] Raspberries are grown in backyards and gardens throughout most of the United States, because fruits can be produced just about anywhere, but commercial production is concentrated where the climate is not too cold in the winter but summers are relatively cool. Oregon, northern California, Washington, and southern British Columbia (especially near Abbotsford) are where most red raspberries (R. idaeus) are produced. (http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Rubus)

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Nanocarbon production by arc discharge in water ABSTRACT Carbon nanostructures (onions, nanotubes and encapsulates) were generated by arc discharge in water between pure and catalyst-doped graphite electrodes. These structures were of fine quality and crystalline morphology, similar to those formed in He arc plasma. Emission spectroscopy was performed to assess the plasma components (H, O, C and C2) and temperature values. C2 radicals were determined quantitatively, between 1015 and 1016 cm−2 depending on graphite anode composition.The temperature was between 4000 and 6500 K. Article: Onion-like carbon-encapsulated Co, Ni, and Fe magnetic nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity synthesized by a pulsed plasma in a liquid[show abstract] [hide abstract] ABSTRACT: We synthesized onion-like carbon-encapsulated Co, Ni, and Fe (Co–C, Ni–C, and Fe–C) mag-netic nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity using pulsed plasma in a liquid. The pulsed plasma is induced by a low-voltage spark discharge submerged in a dielectric liquid. The face-centered cubic Co and Ni, and body-centered cubic Fe core nanoparticles showed good crystalline structures with an average size between 20 and 30 nm were encapsulated in onion-like carbon coatings with a thickness of 2–10 nm. Vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements revealed the ferromagnetic properties of as-synthesized samples at room temperature (Co–C = 360 Oe, Fe–C = 380 Oe, and Ni–C = 211 Oe). Raman-spectroscopy analy-sis found onion-like carbon shells composed of well-organized graphitic structures. Ther-mal gravimetric analysis showed a high stability of the as-synthesized samples under thermal treatment and oxidation. Cytotoxicity measurements showed higher cancer cell viability than samples synthesized by different methods.Carbon 04/2012; · 5.38 Impact Factor

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Czechoslovakia had its share of heroes during the 40-plus years the Eastern European nation endured Soviet domination — most notably the reformers crushed during the infamous Prague Spring of 1968 and the protesters whose nonviolent Velvet Revolution ended that domination in 1989. Their stories have been well documented, and such figures as Alexander Dubcek and Vaclav Havel have achieved worldwide fame. Less renowned, however, were the men and women who struggled against the iron-fisted rule thorough the 1950s and early 1960s — intellectuals, the religious, even everyday citizens who were interrogated and sent to slave-labor camps, often merely for being perceived as a threat to the established order. Jana Kopelentova was born in Czechoslovakia in 1968; 26 years later, she left what had become the Czech Republic for the U.S., marrying Baltimore photographer Frank Rehak. But while she lived through the Prague Spring and the Velvet Revolution, she had been a part of neither. And that bothered her. "I was born in '68, so I missed '68," says Rehak, whose father and grandfather, both professional photographers, had their movements and their livelihoods restricted by the Communist authorities. "And when the revolution happened, I was very young; I wasn't formed. I was in the underground, but I wasn't in a position and place to do anything, to fight or to resist." During a return visit in 1995, Rehak found her way to contribute. A chance meeting with a group of '50s-era camp survivors — known collectively as mukls — led to a years-long research project. She interviewed dozens and photographed them, chronicling a chapter of Czech history she came to believe had been forgotten by many Czechs. The result is her book, "Czech Political Prisoners." Rehak, 44, has lived in Baltimore since 1994; she is currently a visiting assistant professor of anthropology at Loyola University Maryland and also teaches at Towson University. The Rehaks live in Tuscany-Canterbury with their daughters Frances, 14, and Ester, 6. What prompted you to write this book? I returned to Prague in the summer of 1995. … One Sunday morning, we're in one of these Prague cafes, and I saw this group of older men — perhaps 10, I guess. They were all dressed up. They looked formal. They were in their 70s, 80s. And I was curious about them. There was this question about who they were, and what was this occasion? I asked, 'Can I ask you who you are and what makes you collect here?' They sort of looked at each other, and they said, 'Well, we worked together in the '50s. And slowly, they started to tell me that they worked together in the uranium mines, and it tuned out they were political prisoners. Right after '48, when the Communists took over, they were the people who were arrested as the resistance and sent to basically the Czech version of the Soviet gulag. This group that I met ... they were not in high positions. They were just ordinary men involved in the resistance. They started to tell me fragments, bits and pieces, of their time in this work camp. Do you have the sense that the world at large didn't understand what was going on in Czechoslovakia? I thought theirs was an important story to tell, as an addition to what is known about '68 and Dubcek, about the Prague Spring. That story has been told by people who were allowed to publish and write — like Havel, for example. Not to say that Havel didn't suffer, but he was a different generation; there was a great support form outside intellectuals. The '50s generation was trapped in a sort of dark isolation from the rest. Did you come away from this process optimistic about the future of your native country? When I wrote the first draft, there was a sense of future hope, I guess. I would spend time with them, and I saw their acts of reconciliation, of possible future hope. But now, in finishing the book, I wrote about this sense of tragic continuity. They lived through the Velvet Revolution; they lived to the point where they could express, in front of me and in front of the rest of the country, their pain. But they also had this sense that nobody wants to listen, there's a denial. There are still the Communists, who were actual guards in the prison, alive. And they deny. And the rest of the country, the middle-aged people — [the mukls] had a sense that they were not interested. What was life like inside those camps? When I spent time with them, they would tell me snippets, segments of various experiences — how they were mining, and how they were coming out of the mine covered in dust, and of course uranium as well. Then, all of a sudden, in the middle of a conversation, they would switch to joking. They would talk about these horrible experiences of being hungry, being called to interrogations, working many hours. But then, they would tell me a lot about how they re-enacted theater to each other, how they joked, how they marched. They would talk about these horrible things that they had to go through, And yet always in their speech to me, mentioned either poetic moments or joking moments. I heard from many of them that, as horrible and as dehumanizing as this experience was, after many years, it was what they knew. It was scary to return back to the world outside. Do you see your book as a reminder of what that period was like, so it doesn't become romanticized? I don't want to oversimplify it, but that is one of the reasons I wrote it. There is a balance between wanting this to be an academic book and a personal story that I felt I needed, to reconcile my own feelings. About the book "Czech Political Prisoners: Recovering Face" was published Dec. 14 by Lexington Books, 161 pages, $60.

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African Mammals HD Are zebra's white with black stripes or black with white stripes ? Learn to tell your Bongo from your Bonobo - or find out what these animals are. African Mammals includes all the large mammals of Africa including carnivores, hoofed mammals, mongeese, pigs, porcupines, squirrels and primates as well as larger and more prominent rodents found in the safari parks of East and Southern Africa and includes over 300 full screen photos to show off the best of the African mammals and there is also a check list to mark off animals you have seen. Wherever possible there are photos of the Male, female and juveniles for identification as well as spoor illustrations and distribution maps and an incite into their lives. Improved downloading system, 20 Additional animals from North and West Africa and in-depth essays on prominent species Share with Others - Last changed: - Mar 09, 2013 - Average Rating: - 4.50 (16) - 355.7 MB

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Canada is the world's second-largest country by area, occupying most of northern North America from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific. Canada borders the United States to the south. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms addresses the acts of government. The Human Rights Act provides protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation to individuals. Canada allows homosexuals in its military.

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Update: Influenza Activity --- United States and Worldwide, May--September 2001 During October 2000--May 2001, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses were identified in the Northern Hemisphere. Influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses circulated widely; influenza A (H3N2) viruses were reported infrequently and were not associated with widespread outbreaks in any country during October 2000--May 2001. Since May 2001, influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses have predominated in Asia and Oceania; influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses have predominated in Africa and South America. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States* (1) and worldwide during May--September 25; influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses continued to circulate worldwide and were associated with mild to moderate levels of activity. This activity underscores the need to follow the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (2,3) for the timely vaccination of persons at high risk for influenza-related complications. Influenza B viruses were reported more frequently than influenza A viruses during May 2001. Unsubtyped influenza A viruses were reported from Alaska and Missouri during June; influenza A (H1N1) viruses were reported from one case in Michigan and one case in Texas in June and July, respectively. In Hawaii, an influenza A (H3N2) virus was isolated from one case during June and two A (H1N1) viruses were isolated in July and August. Influenza B viruses were isolated in Hawaii each month during May-- July. During May--September 25, influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses circulated in Asia and Oceania; influenza A (H3N2) viruses were identified less frequently than influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses and were not associated with widespread activity. In Africa, influenza A (H3N2) viruses were reported from Senegal and South Africa, and influenza B viruses were reported from Mauritius and South Africa. In South America, influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses circulated widely, and influenza A (H1N1) viruses have been identified less frequently. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated in Argentina and Chile; in Brazil and Paraguay, influenza type B viruses were reported more frequently than influenza type A viruses. Both influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses also were reported from Uruguay. In Canada, influenza A and B viruses were identified during May--August. The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza at CDC analyzes isolates from laboratories worldwide. This report describes the antigenic characteristics of influenza isolates collected during May--September 25, including isolates from the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Of the 25 influenza A (H1N1) isolates antigenically characterized, 24 (96%) were similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2001--02 influenza vaccine, and one (4%) showed reduced titers with A/New Caledonia/20/99 antisera. Of the 25 influenza A (H1N1) isolates, six were from Asia, 10 were from Oceania, eight were from South America, and one was from the United States. Of the 67 influenza A (H3N2) viruses antigenically characterized, 61 (91%) were similar to A/Panama/2007/99, the H3N2 component of the 2001--02 influenza vaccine, and six (9%) showed reduced titers with A/Panama/2007/99 antisera. Of the 67 influenza A (H3N2) viruses, 17 were from Asia, two were from Oceania, 47 were from South America, and one was from the United States. Circulating influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenic and genetic groups represented by B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/2/87 reference strains (Table 1). B/Victoria/2/87 group viruses circulated widely before 1991; however, during 1991--2000, these viruses were identified only in Asia (China, Hong Kong/China, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand). Since 1990, B/Yamagata/16/88 group viruses have circulated worldwide. The recommended influenza B vaccine strain, B/Sichuan/379/99, belongs to the B/Yamagata/16/88 group. Most of the viruses in the B/Victoria/2/87 group are represented by the reference strain B/Hong Kong/22/2001. Of the 54 antigenically characterized influenza B viruses collected worldwide during May--September 25, 37 (69%) belong to the B/Yamagata/16/88 group, and 17 (31%) belong to the B/Victoria/2/87 group. Of 37 B/Yamagata/16/88 group viruses, 35 (95%) were similar to recommended vaccine strain B/Sichuan/379/99, and two (5%) showed reduced titers with B/Sichuan/379/99 antisera. These B/Sichuan/379/99-like viruses were from the United States (Hawaii and Massachusetts), Asia (China, Hong Kong/China, Japan, and Thailand), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Costa Rica) and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand). The influenza B/Victoria/2/87 group viruses collected during May--September 25 were isolated in Hawaii and Hong Kong/China. During March, one B/Victoria/2/87 group virus was reported in Canada from a patient who recently had traveled in Asia. No B/Victoria/2/87 group viruses have been identified in Europe, Oceania, or South America. Reported by: World Health Organization National Influenza Centers, Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. A Hay, PhD, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Medical Research, London, England. I Gust, MD, A Hampson, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Parkville, Australia. M Tashiro, MD, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. R Ueki, S Nagaue, L Muus, G Kunimoto, Virology Section, State Laboratories Div; T Tom, MS, M Ieong, MPH, Epidemiology Br, Hawaii Dept of Health, Honolulu. WHO collaborating laboratories. National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories. WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Influenza Br and Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Br, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC. Influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses circulated during the winter in the Southern Hemisphere (May--mid-September) and summer (May--mid-September) in the Northern Hemisphere. The identification of influenza cases and sporadic influenza outbreaks during summer and fall are not unusual. From June through mid-September, few influenza isolates were identified in Alaska, Canada, and the continental United States. Most of the viruses identified were influenza type A; two influenza A viruses were subtyped (H1N1). The most frequently isolated influenza viruses in Hawaii were influenza B viruses and both of the antigenic groups have been identified. Most of the viruses isolated worldwide since May are well matched to the current vaccine strains. For the 2001--02 season in the Northern Hemisphere, the type(s) and subtype(s) of influenza virus that will circulate and the onset, peak, and severity of disease activity cannot be predicted. The optimal time for persons at increased risk for influenza-related complications to receive annual influenza vaccination is October and November; vaccination of other persons should continue through December and later as long as vaccine is available (2,3). The three influenza vaccine manufacturers distributing in the United States are expected to produce and distribute approximately 79 million doses combined. Distribution of 44.6 million doses (56% of projected season totals) may be delayed until the end of October; the remaining 35 million doses are expected to be distributed in November and December. During July 2001, ACIP issued recommendations to address an anticipated delay in influenza vaccine availability (3). The primary recommendations for health-care providers were 1) to target vaccine available in September and October to persons at increased risk for influenza complications and to health-care workers, 2) beginning in November, also to offer vaccine to contacts of high-risk persons, healthy persons aged 50--64 years, and others who want to reduce their risk for influenza, and 3) to continue vaccinating patients, especially those at high risk and in other target groups, in December and throughout the influenza season as long as vaccine is available. Recommendations for influenza vaccine manufacturers and distributors were 1) to delay until November distribution of vaccine to worksites, where campaigns primarily vaccinate healthy persons, and 2) to process orders so that all providers who have ordered vaccine receive some early season vaccine. Previously, ACIP extended the recommended optimal time for vaccination from October through the end of November (2). Each February, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends influenza virus strains for inclusion in the following season's Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (4). The regulatory authorities in each country then determine the actual viruses to be used for vaccine production. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee is responsible for the selection of vaccine strains to be used by U.S. vaccine manufacturers. The regulatory authorities in a country frequently will substitute an antigenically equivalent virus for one or more of the WHO recommended viruses because of better growth or processing properties. For the 2001--02 influenza season, WHO recommended A/New Caledonia/20/99-like (H1N1), A/Moscow/10/99-like (H3N2), and B/Sichuan/379/99-like viruses for inclusion in the Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (4). Influenza vaccines sold in North America will use A/New Caledonia/20/99 for the H1N1 component and the antigenically equivalent stains of A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) for the A/Moscow/10/99-like strain and B/Johannesburg/5/99, B/Victoria/504/2000, or B/Guangdong/120/2000 for the B/Sichuan/379/99-like strain. Updated information about vaccine availability is available at <http://www.cdc.gov/nip/flu/>. This site also has patient education materials, suggestions on establishing a patient reminder/recall system, and other information that may assist providers in distributing influenza vaccine. Formal surveillance for influenza in the United States and reporting by CDC is conducted during October--May. This information is updated weekly and is available through CDC's voice information system, telephone (888) 232-3228, the fax information system, telephone (888) 232-3299, by requesting document number 361100, or at <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/weekly.htm>. *The four components of the influenza surveillance system have been described (1). Return to top. Disclaimer All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to firstname.lastname@example.org. Page converted: 9/28/2001 This page last reviewed 9/28/2001

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So what are Snowshoes? Snowshoes are footwear for walking over deep snow. They work by distributing your weight over a larger area so that the person's foot doesn’t sink completely into the snow. The heel is left ‘free’ as on cross-country skis, as this makes walking easier. On modern snowshoes a series of straps are used to fasten your normal walking boots to the snowshoe. The only additional equipment used are ski or walking poles, as these help with both rhythm and balance. If you can walk, then you can snowshoe – it really is as simple as that! Of course there are a few techniques that your Tour Leader will show you regarding turning, climbing and descending, but within minutes you will have it mastered and be ready to explore. Find out more about the history of snowshoes Before humans built snowshoes, nature provided examples. Several animals, most notably the snowshoe hare, had evolved over the years with oversized feet enabling them to move more quickly through deep snow. The origin and age of snowshoes are not precisely known, although historians believe they were invented from 4,000 to 6,000 years ago, probably starting in Central Europe. Inhabitants of the Caucasus used to attach flat surfaces of leather under their feet and the Armenians used round wooden surfaces, something akin to blocks, instead. However, the traditional ‘webbed’ snowshoe as we know it today had direct origins to North American indigenous Indians. Nearly every Native American tribe developed its own particular shape of shoe, the simplest and most primitive being those of the far north. The Inuit have two styles, one being triangular in shape and the other almost circular, both reflecting the need for high flotation in deep, loose and powdery snow. However, the Inuit did not use their snowshoes much since they did most of their foot travel in winter over sea ice or on the tundra, where snow does not pile up deeply. The Plains Indians wore snowshoes on their wintertime bison hunts before horses were introduced. Despite their great diversity in form, snowshoes were, in fact, one of the few cultural elements common to all tribes that lived where the winters were snowy. Traditional snowshoes are made of a single strip of some tough wood, curved round and fastened together at the ends and supported in the middle by a light cross-bar, the space within the frame is filled with a close webbing of caribou hide strips. They were then fastened to their moccasins by leather thongs or sometimes by simple buckles.

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Reading Jonathan Edwards; an annotated bibliography in three parts, 1729-2005.9780802862433 Reading Jonathan Edwards; an annotated bibliography An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been done. It is still an alphabetical list of research sources. In addition to bibliographic data, an annotated bibliography provides a brief summary or annotation. in three parts, 1729-2005. This annotated bibliography of commentary written from 1729 to 2005 on the works of theologian the·o·lo·gi·an One who is learned in theology. a person versed in the study of theology Noun 1. Jonathan Edwards is presented in three parts, two of which were previously published by Lesser: Jonathan Edwards: A Reference Guide (1981) and Jonathan Edwards: An Annotated Bibliography (1994). Added to these two works are about 140 entries, with a new third section comprised of about 700. Annotations are of articles, books, parts of books, dissertations, fugitive references, reviews, and reprints. A chronology chronology, n the arrangement of events in a time sequence, usually from the beginning to the end of an event. of Edwards's works is included. Each section has its own critical introduction and entries are arranged chronologically chron·o·log·i·cal also chron·o·log·ic 1. Arranged in order of time of occurrence. 2. Relating to or in accordance with chronology. and alphabetically al·pha·bet·i·cal also al·pha·bet·ic 1. Arranged in the customary order of the letters of a language. 2. Of, relating to, or expressed by an alphabet. by author. Authors and titles, subjects, and additions are separately indexed. ([c]20082005 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR)

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HOW CAN WE DETECT AND MONITOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? Because most physicians are not looking for chronic inflammation in the patients they see, there are very few laboratory tests available which accurately detect it. Many times the patient first learns that he or she has a chronic illness when the symptoms become noticeable or their doctor informs them that they have heart disease, diabetes, allergies, arthritis or other forms of chronic disease. Early detection and treatment of chronic disease would be more common if certain laboratory tests were requested by physicians during patient physicals or complaints of pain and discomfort. Dr. Torelli believes the following diagnostic tests are the best available today for screening patients who may have, or be developing, chronic inflammation. This test, often called simply CRP, is the most common and inexpensive laboratory test for detecting chronic inflammation. In recent years the traditional medical community has become more accepting of the significance of this test, although it remains dramatically under-utilized. CRP is critically important in determining if chronic inflammation exists, but it is not specific as to where in the body the inflammation is located. High insulin levels are a signal of injury to tissues in the body. Of all the insulin tests available today, fasting insulin is the most suitable for the risk assessment of certain chronic diseases. Abnormal levels are an indicator of the possible onset of diabetes or heart disease. There are a variety of laboratory tests that can provide additional insight on inflammation status. These include ferritin, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. A new generation of tissue-specific inflammation biomarkers is now being utilized in medical research laboratories. A few of these are available to the public through a physician’s request, although their cost may be higher than traditional biomarkers. One test of particular interest is Lp-PLA2, which measures inflammation in the endothelial lining of the arteries.

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Where is Mr. Jefferson when we need him? If only these principles held true today: Jefferson lays down the following principles: The people, the only source of legitimate power. The absolute and lasting severance of church and state. The freedom, sovereignty and independence of the respective States. The Union, a confederacy, a compact neither a consolidation nor a centralization. The constitution of the Union, a special written grant of powers, limited and definite. The civil paramount to the military power. The representative to obey the instructions of his constituents. Elections free, and suffrage universal. No hereditary office, nor order, nor title. No taxation beyond the public wants. No national debt, if possible. No costly splendor of administration. No proscription of opinion, nor of public discussion. No unnecessary interference with individual conduct, property, or speech. No favored classes, and no monopolies. No public moneys expended except by warrant of specific appropriation. No mysteries in government inaccessible to the public eye. Public compensation for public services, moderate salaries, and pervading economy and accountability. The Experiment (Norwalk, Ohio) Oct 11, 1843

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Hearing loss (commonly known as deafness) is the term for an individual’s inability to hear with either of his ears. At times the loss can be somewhat fixed with the aid of a hearing aid, which increases sound as it goes through the ear canal. A healthcare professional will have to operate some tests and discover the root cause of hearing difficulties before it can effectively be treated. Tinnitus Miracle Conductive Hearing Loss When sound has difficulty going to the internal ear, it’s referred to as conductive loss. This sort can easily be remedied clinically or with surgery treatment. If not, an aid will be effective since the music from the outside ear needs to be amplified in order to get to the inside of the ear. This kind of loss is most often brought on by troubles with the ear canal, the eardrum, the middle-ear cavity, the entrances that lead to the inside of the ear, or the Eustachian tubes. Sensorineural Hearing Loss The cochlea of the inner ear has close to 30,000 nerve endings, which are essential for listening to numerous types of noises. Hearing problem due to ruining these nerve endings is irreparable in most cases. Medical practitioners consider this sort as “nerve deafness’ or “retrocochlear” loss. Central Hearing Troubles Strangely enough central hearing issue does not really signify typical hearing problem, rather a hearing condition. Individuals with this issue have no issue with their ability to hear; in fact, their ears operate over time! They have a tough time filtering out back ground sound or concentrating on reading or their own interaction when others are speaking around them, the stereo is actively playing, or a film’s playing on the television. At present there is no treatment solution for central hearing issue, and a hearing device will only amplify the issue! The easiest method to handle this auditory processing issue is to ensure that the person has a silent location to study , read or carry on a talk. Functional Hearing Loss When hearing “loss” is caused by a mental or emotional matter, it’s referred to as functional hearing loss. An individual experiencing this condition can actually hear perfectly, but they often don’t respond to the one who is talking to them – thus it looks that they cannot hear sound. In fact, no harm has been done to the hearing pathway; the individual’s feelings and thoughts have captured him, so he is typically not able to respond in even the simplest of discussions. Tinnitus Miracle Review and beneath my scarf is a... Baby is bundled in a mountain of clothes! Peek under the flaps of clothing to find out what's underneath, and play this fun peekaboo book again and again! Every day, we are surrounded by millions of sounds - am... Read More >

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Once again this spring, the Adams County Master Gardeners will be offering our "Gardening In Your Environment" series featuring edible gardening. This year we will walk you through the growing season beginning with preparing the soil and planting your vegetable seeds. What amendments should I be adding to my soil? How do I know which ones and how much? When do I plant my seeds? Should I buy seeds or bedding plants? Does the way I combine plants in my garden make a difference? How do I know which insects are good and which are bad? Can I protect my plants from pests without using chemicals? These are just a few of the questions that will be addressed. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced gardener, there is always something new to learn. The great thing about gardening is that you can make a lot of mistakes and still be generally successful. However, the more you learn, the less trial and error you have to go through, and the more successful you should be. For instance, more than 40 years ago when I first decided to plant vegetables, I knew nothing about gardening. I lived on a horse farm and had literally tons of horse manure. I recognized my garden as a good place to use up some of our manure mountain. I didn't know it has to be rotted, I just used the old stuff because it didn't smell so bad. I had beautiful vegetables and flowers. I didn't really know why, but I was happy. I later learned that rotted barnyard manure is an Do you know how to rotate your crops? Do you know when to plant fall crops to get as much distance out of your garden as possible? How do you know when your potatoes are ready to dig, or when to pick your cantaloupe? How do you protect your tomatoes from the birds? Besides the instructor, there are always other master gardeners who are present at each session to help answer your specific questions. All you need to do is approach them. One of the first things you will learn in any gardening course is the importance of good soil. Soil needs to be amended with lots of organic matter. This can come in many forms, but the most common are shredded leaves, compost or rotted manure. The more organic material you can pile on your soon-to-be vegetable garden, the better. The organic matter improves the health of your soil by feeding the microscopic life forms along with earthworms and small insects who live there. They, in turn, make it possible for your plants to make better use of the nutrients already present in the soil thus encouraging healthy roots and more vigorous growth. Healthy plants are naturally more resistant to damage from pests and disease. Do you know how to check the pH of your soil? Did you know that not all garden plants require the same pH? PH refers to the amount of acid or alkalinity in the soil. A pH of 6.5 to 7.0 will be good for most common vegetable plants, but there are some that require a more acid soil, and some that want an alkaline or "sweet" soil. If you try to grow vegetables in a soil pH which is not right for them, they will be stunted and unhealthy, and not produce properly. For instance, sweet potatoes and strawberries both require a more acid soil than your average garden soil, while squash, peas, and cucumbers like a sweeter soil. It's actually very easy to do all this, you just need to learn the facts. So come to our vegetable gardening series and see how much you can learn. Besides theeducational value, it's always fun to meet and interact with people of similar interests. Class numbers are limited, so sign up today. Get ready to enjoy either your first vegetable gardening season, or your best one. See you in class! If you go What: Six-week vegetable gardening course When: 6-7:30 p.m. Wednesdays, Feb. 20-March 27 Where: The Guthrie Memorial Library, Hanover Cost: $60 for all 6 classes if registered by Feb. 13, and $75 after that Registration Deadline: No registrations accepted after Feb. 19. No registrations at the door. How to Register: Call Penn State Extension, 717-334-6271 or stop by at 670 Old Harrisburg Road, Suite 204, Gettysburg. Barbara Mgrich is a Penn State Master Gardener from Adams County. Penn State Cooperative Extension of Adams County is at 670 Old Harrisburg Road, Suite 204, Gettysburg, call 717-334-6271.

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Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane Tuesday, June 23 2009 A room-temperature electrocatalytic process that effects the overall chemical reaction CO2 + 2H2O → CH4 + 2O2 has been investigated as a means of removing carbon dioxide from air and restoring oxygen to the air. The process was originally intended for use in a spacecraft life-support system, in which the methane would be vented to outer space. The process may also have potential utility in terrestrial applications in which either or both of the methane and oxygen produced might be utilized or vented to the atmosphere. A typical cell used to implement the process includes a polymer solid-electrolyte membrane, onto which are deposited cathode and anode films. The cathode film is catalytic for electrolytic reduction of CO2 at low overpotential. The anode film is typically made of platinum. When CO2 is circulated past the cathode, water is circulated past the anode, and a suitable potential is applied, the anode half-cell reaction is 4H2O → 2O2 + 8H+ + 8e–. The H+ ions travel through the membrane to the cathode, where they participate in the half-cell reaction CO2 + 8H+ + 8e–→CH4 + 2H2O. This work was done by Anthony F. Sammells and Ella F. Spiegel of Eltron Research, Inc. for Johnson Space Center. This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP). Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane (reference MSC-23097-1) is currently available for download from the TSP library. Please Login at the top of the page to download.

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ALA/AECT. Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning. Prepared by the American Library Association and Association for Educational Communications and Technology. ALA. 1998. Ambrose, D.W. The effects of hypermedia on learning: A literature review. Educational Technology, 31(12): 51-54. 1991. Ames, C. & Ames, R. Research in Motivation in Education, Vol 3. San Diego: Academic Press. 1989. Armstrong, Thomas. Seven Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Multiple Intelligences. Plume. 1999 Arnheim, Rudolf. Virtual Thinking. University of California Press. 1969 Alvarado, Amy Edmonds & Herr, Patricia R. Inquiry-based Learning Using Everyday Objects: Hands-on Instructional Strategies that Promote Active Learning in Grades 3-8. Corwin Press. Arbaugh, F., Scholten, C. M., & Essex, N. K. Data in the middle grades: A probability WebQuest. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 7(2), October 2001. 90-95. Atkinson, J. & Raynor, O. Motivation and Achievement. 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Harvard University Press. Callison, Daniel. Key Words, Concepts and Methods for Information Age Instruction: A Guide to Teaching Information Literacy. LMS Associates. 2003. Available through Libraries Unlimited. Search "Callison" . Look for the revised edition in 2006. Callison, Daniel. Bias. School Library Media Activities Monthly. 21:5. (January). 2005. 34-6. Callison, Daniel. Inquiry, Literacy and the Learning Laboratory. In New Millennium, New Horizons, edited by Lyn Hay, Kylie Hanson and James Henri. Centre for Studies in Teacher Librarianship. Charles Sturt University. 2000. 55-64. Callison, Daniel. Scaffolding. School Library Media Activities Monthly. 17:6. (February). 2001. 37-9. Callison, Daniel and Annette Lamb. Audience Analysis. School Library Media Activities Monthly. 21:1. (September). 2004. 34-9. Chandler, H. Concept mapping: WebQuests in Social Studies. Media & Methods, 39(3), 2003. 38-39. Chatel, R.G. Developing literacy in the technical age: Expanding the boundaries of reader-text interactions. The New England Reading Association Journal, 39(2), 2003. 67-73. Cleary, T., & Zimmerman, B.J. Self-regulation differences during athletic practice by experts, non-experts, and novices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 13. 2000. 61–82. Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt. Anchored instruction and situated cognition revisited. Educational Technology, 33(3), 1993. 52-70. Cooper, R.A. & Smarkola, C. (2001). WebQuests: Online inquiry instructional activities for teachers. MARTEC Technobrief, 117. Available: http://www.temple.edu/martec/technobrief/tbrief17.html Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Basic Books. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1997). Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. Basic Books. Dalbotten, Mary S. Inquiry in the National Content Standards. In Instructional Interventions for Information Use: Papers of Treasure Mountain VI edited by Daniel Callison, Joy H. McGregor, and Ruth Small. Hi Willow Research. 1997. 246-304. Reprinted in Information Literacy: Essential skills for the Information Age, edited by Michael B. Eisenberg, Carrie A. Lowe and Kathleen L. Spitzer. Libraries Unlimited. 2004. 221-231. Dewey (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Boston: Henry Holt. Dudeney, G. The quest for practical web usage. TESL-EJ, 6(4). March 2003. Available: http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej24/int.html Dutt-Doner, K., Wilmer, M., Stevens, C., & Hartmann, L. Actively engaging learners in interdisciplinary curriculum through the integration of technology. Computer in the Schools, 16(3/4), 151-166. 2000. Ficklen, E. & Muscara, C. Harnessing technology in the classroom. American Educator, 25(3), 22-29. 2001. Fisher, Douglas, and Nancy Frey. Better Learning Through Structured Teaching: A Framework for the Gradual Release of Responsibility. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2008. Gardner, H. The unschooled mind: How children think and how schools should teach. New York: Basic Books. 1991. Gordon, Carol A. Methods for Measuring the Influence of Concept Mapping on Student Information Literacy. School Library Media Research. Volume 5. 2002. www.ala.org/aasl/SLMR Guild, Sandy L. Modeling Recursion in Research Process Instruction. In Curriculum Connections through the Library, edited by Barbara K. Stripling and Sandra Hughes-Hassell. Libraries Unlimited. 2003. 141-155. Halpern, D. A cognitive approach to improving thinking skills in the sciences and mathematics. In D. Halpern (Ed.), Enhancing thinking skills in the sciences and mathematics. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1992. 1-14. Harada, Violet H. Empowered Learning: Fostering thinking across the curriculum. 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Available: http://www.fno.org/feb01/pl.html McLellan, H. Situated Learning Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. 1995. Malone, T. Towards a theory of instrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Science, 4, 333-369. 1981. Milson, A.J. Fostering civic virtue in a high-tech world. International Journal of Social Education, 16(1), 87-93. 2001. Milson, A.J. & Downey, P. WebQuest: Using Internet resources for cooperative inquiry. Social Education, 65(3), 144-146. 2001. Milson, A.J. The Internet and inquiry learning: integrating medium and method in a sixth grade social studies classroom. Theory and Research in Social Education, 30(3), 2002. 330-353. Pappas, M. & Tep, Ann (2002). Pathways to Knowledge and Inquiry Learning. Greenwood Village: CO: Libraries Unlimited. Perkins, B. & McKnight, M. What are teacher’s attitudes toward Web Quests as a method of teaching? Paper presented at the Eastern Educational Research Association Conference, Hilton Head, SC, February 28-2003. Available: http://arachne.cofc.edu/faculty/Perkins/PerkinsEERA%20WQPaper.doc Peterson, C., Caverly, D.C., & MacDonald, L. Developing academic literacy through WebQuests. Journal of Developmental Education, 26(3), 2003. 38-39. Peterson, C.L. & Koeck, D.C.. When students create their own WebQuests. Learning & Leading with Technology, 29(1), 2001. 10-15. Schiefele, U., Krapp, A., & Winteler, A. Interest as predictor of academic achievement: A meta-analysis of research. In K.A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.), The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 183-212). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. 1992. Selverstone, Harriet. Encouraging and Supporting Student Inquiry: Researching Controversial Issues. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. 2007. Shernoff, David. Flow States and Student Engagement in the Classroom. Statement to the California State Assembly Education Committee State Capitol • February 27, 2002 Available: http://www.amersports.org/library/reports/8.html Stinson, A.D. (March 2003). Encouraging the use of technology in the classroom: The WebQuest connection. Reading Online, 6(7). Available: http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=stinson/ Teclehaimanot, Berhane, & Lamb, Annette. Reading, technology, and inquiry-based learning through literature-rich WebQuests. Reading Online, 7(4), 2004. Available: http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=teclehaimanot/index.html Truett, Carol. Sherlock Holmes on the Internet: Language Arts teams up with the computing librarian. Learning & Leading with Technology, 29(2), October 2001. 36-41. Thompson, J., Licklider, B., & Jungst, S. Learner-Centered Teaching Postsecondary Strategies That Promote "Thinking Like A Professional." Theory Into Practice. 42:2. Spring 2003. 133-112. (AN 9923531) Zimmerman, B.J., & Schunk, D.H. (Eds.). Self-regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 2001. Available IUPUI. Learning Science through Inquiry - Available Streaming Online: http://learner.org/resources/series129.html

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Ancient traditions across the globe view time as a never-ending dance of cycles – great waves of energy sweep across the universe perpetually; past and future, waves without beginning and end, creating what in Yogic Cosmology is called Kalpas. Cycles of immense duration; each translating into 4.3 billion human years (which is surprisingly close to calculations for our solar system, by modern science). In the language of physics time and space merge creating a unit we call ‘space-time continuum’, which are the ripples on the quantum ocean that makes our universe possible. There are re-occurring ideas, across cultures, that these waves of time and the history that happens within them, repeat as cycles within cycles. Now let’s look at an other angle. If an artist creates a beautiful sculpture, he destroys at the same time the block of marble, the tree trunk or the lump of clay that he is working with. One form one shape is destroyed while another is created. Creation and dissolution go hand in hand in permanent motion. We are trained to only look at Creation – a part of this dance; the dance of time, the dance of Kala we call Kali! The waves creating the cycles through which our universe moves, expand and contract, creating and dissolving; being in permanent motion. I like the simple but impressive story, that tells of the breath of Brahman, with the exhalation leaving his throat - the breath creates the universe until the Turning point, when the in-breath dissolves creation back into the throat of Brahman hence it came. This cycle of time, this cycle of creation, this cycle of existence is repeated on many levels: by the simple breath in us; by the breath of the earth, the breath of the universe, the breath of Kalpas. A pioneering Astronomer (C. Sagan) said about Indian thoughts, that it is rooted in the idea that “the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite number, of death and rebirths”. J.M. Jenkins, a cosmologist said: “our distant ancestors understood the true astronomical meaning behind the doctrine of World Ages”. Indeed, we live in an ever changing universe of cycles…not as we, in modern times, have been led to believe,- in a linear world! We breath in cycles, the ocean rises and falls in cycles, the birds migrate in cycles, women live by their cycles, the phases of the moon appear in cycles etc. etc. Within the great cycles of time, are ever smaller cycles within cycles within cycles of existence. Ancient traditions have always known this, whether we look at the Mahabhharata or the oral traditions of the American Indians, who honor the cycles of life in numerous ways; as for example in the sacred hoop or the medicine wheel. There are numerous cultures which mark the cycles with rites of passage. Change, permanent change….that is the nature of the manifesting power of existence, of the Goddess Chit-Shakti. We call HER in ‘Yoga-speak’ Prakriti; the female Principle. The awareness of this permanent change from - form to form; transition of times and the events that happen within, includes transitions of cultures and marks the rise and fall of civilizations. All of this has always been on the mind of the Wise. From ancient times Indian Wise ones have talked about the Yugas, (you all heard of the Kali Yuga); Mayans talked of the “long Count”; South American Indians and Africans talk of Ages ruled by one of the five Elements etc…all these mark cycles of time. But these waves or cycles are not finite, as dissolution and beginning happens at the same time. Such times of transition have their scientific counterpart. Our solar system is moving through the shortest part of an orbit that looks like a flattened circle. At the most distant point of this oval, it turns. Wherever we are on this orbit determines how the cosmic energies effect this globe, i.e. the rise and fall of life and conditions on earth; the expansion and contraction for example of its energy-fields, its magnetic fields etc. These cycles have a natural rhythm, they happen according to cosmic laws; these laws we call sanathana dharma; science refers to them as “the urge to Symmetry”! one of the three major powers that manifest our universe. On a small scale modern science calls this repetition of pattern “fractals”. We acknowledge this, but wear blinkers when it applies to us, to our time, our lives. We don’t even acknowledge the changes in our own lives, living as though we are permanent, much less acknowledging the changes in the big cycles, the cycles of universes and aeons… Energies move in patterns, in waves in cycles. Because they are repetitive, follow laws, we can study them. In fact the Nobel prize-winning physicist Paul Dirac captured this by saying: “God used beautiful mathematics in creating the world”. A notion we have heard from Swami Veda, pointing out that mathematics began with ancient Meditators of India. They discovered the patterns of the universe, became aware of the symmetry and therefore knew and saw that, what we call “the Ages of the world”. These cycles mean: we live in a world of permanent change and we have to change with Her if we want to survive, its called adaptation; or evolution, if you prefer - spiraling upwards so as to become truly human! Earth in its long existence has gone through reoccurring phases of dramatic change…. Two simple examples: a core examples in the mud of the river Thames in London, have shown that London used to have a climate like Malaysia, with umple tropical plants! Scientists have taken core examples of the Antarctic and thus found records of periodic changes of the earth-magnetic-field! Now this is exciting!!!! Without going into great theories about pole-shifts, cosmic rays and sun-winds of the ever changing universe, we understand, that, when these cosmic events happen more sun-energy reaches the earth’s surface; lands, ocean and the atmosphere, heat up which sets events into motion, we call climate change. That happens periodically- in cycles! The warmer temperatures begin to melt the polar ice, so that huge amounts of water are released changing the ocean levels, their temperature and their salt content . This happens on a cyclic basis, even when there is no human activity to contribute. The effect of those happenings on the life we know…depends on what forms/societies/ environments/living-conditions - we have created that are able to deal with this. Just like we can predict the course of a star or a planet, or the seasons – the cycle nature means, we can predict the conditions that will effect us. But HOW they will effect us, depends on how we are prepared to deal with it. What seems to be certain , is that we live in times of a Turning-point! That means we have to consider, two major issues: One: There is permanent change and transformation of the universe, which we are part of. Secondly: We, humans - play a part in how these changes will effect us. In short, our world is changing, and possibly with greater intensity than in recent history! Yet we seem blind to it, because our societies /we suffer from collective “acedia” – a word borrowed from St. Benedict’s insights. (Latin for carelessness and apathy – not caring to know) We seem to have collectively lost the inclination to be aware/ self-aware! Awareness is the highest human component; yet we neglect it, choose to be blind! That is scary!!! Pretending it’s not there –we can’t work with it- BUT , you might say: there are more people then ever aware of the situation, the movements to safe our environment, i.e. the call for Sustainability! Is greater than ever. OK; let’s look at it; what does it mean? Sustainability = sustain = to keep up, to hold, to support, to endure….(Oxford dictionary) Thus sustainability is preserving the status Quo! What status Quo? Swami Rama of the Himalayas, says we must not be afraid to “ask uncomfortable questions”; What does it mean to preserve in an ever-changing world? To hold on to what? What we have???? “WE” means who? If you live in a nice environment, amongst healthy tall trees, butterflies and bees, birds singing and the sea looking beautiful and iridescent blue… “We” have enough to eat, a house a car or two or three! Yes, I will work for sustainability …may many generations after me enjoy the same! However, if I live in a devastated part of Palestine, in a draught-ridden part of Africa or Australia - unable to grow the food I and my children need to live…what is there to sustain? Sustainability becomes an easily accepted concept for well off people! “I am alright Jack, and I want to keep it that way! We want to keep living as we are used to! But what does sustainability mean to those who have not ? Sustain their misery, their barren fields or flooded villages! Their poverty? We forget that there are more refugees from areas that cannot produce their own food anymore due to environmental changes, than refugees from wars! At present, there are 25 million people environmental refugees! Almost 2 (1.8) billion people live in areas of severe water shortage; that’s nearly 1/3 of people! In Gansu province, China 4000 villages are at present in the process of being buried under sand, because of the expanding Gobi desert. We know about the Sahara…but cut parts of the world simply from our awareness! And the media- do their best to support our ignorance and acedia! On the other hand floods and rising ocean levels threaten to erase whole nations, causing its people to become refugees. Further the rising temperatures melt the Tundra in Alaska and Siberia; this lets houses, streets, even towns sink into Bog – as well as freeing billions of tons of Methan Gas; it bubbles up like “soda from a can” in vast areas, forming Greenhouses gases on a larger scale than any human caused emission. (That is scary!) A natural event! A slow motion time-bomb and we can’t shut it off! All of the above cause humans to move, and yes, the movements of people has always happened - but never on the present scale, simply because of the masses of population! 6.8 Billion and counting. And they are by no means evenly distributed… so which corner of the globe do we have in mind when we talk about sustainability…! We want to sustain a standard that We/ I /you have reached…but what about the rest of humanity? So, what do we mean when we talk about stustainability? Wikepedia talks about sustainability in 2 ways: In ecology the word describes how “biological systems REMAIN diverse and productive over time. –“ which means for humans, it is “the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which in turn depends on the well being of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources.” Which part of the globe is “maintaining long term well –being? – wellbeing on who’s scale? What is the state of the natural resources and the biological systems that we want to maintain… … the acid oceans producing poisoned fish ? Wikipedia continues : “There is abundant scientific evidence that humanity is living unsustainably,” Which part of humanity is living un- sustainable ? They that have? What about the rest, the vast majority! We need to change /“re-organising living conditions etc.” NOT SUSTAIN - but change! First become aware, than adapt to changed conditions! We need to adjust our individual lifestyles to conserve and share natural resources. And that on an unprecedented scale! The call to Sustainability is seriously questionable. What is there to sustain, our world is in peril! “For hundreds of millions of people in countries from Brazil, to India, to China economic expansion and globalization has meant freedom from grinding poverty” However that process is now threatened because of the way some nations use resources, excessive, damaging the global ecosystem! “We must seek not only to preserve ...but extend hope and sufficient resources to all of humanity. NOT just those that have!!!!” (but all of Humanity!) (National Geographic, 2010) . We must seriously RETHINK and learn how to share! It’s not about keeping, holding and supporting what is – but finding out where to go from here? (This was the problem vented at the Conference in Kopenhagen last year!) And yet, sustainability is defined as meaning “certain policies and strategies that maintain the present need of certain societies without compromising “the ability of future generations to meet their needs. “ This is manipulative eye-wash….by rich countries around the globe!!!! From a global perspective of One HUMANITY we don’t even meet the needs of the present generation….! Swami Rama writes in his book: Call to humanity: “ Humanity is suffering from its ego-born differences and inequalities!”…” Humanity needs a moral and intellectual revitalization!” BUT like our Status Quo: we, the wealthy and healthy want to keep what we got, and cultivate blindness to the changes of Nature and conveniently discard that human activity contributes and accelerates these natural changes. – The amazing root of this attitude is, that we separate Nature and human beings… not getting it, that we are ONE! We are Nature!!!! One extraordinary observation of Nature concerns the magnetic fields of the earth. It wraps around the world shielding it from harmful cosmic rays; it emanates from the iron-rich core of the earth; it influences many things including temperature differences between inner and outer layers of the earth. Recent research shows that this magnetic core is rapidly changing its shape! These shifts happen periodically and have a strong impact on humans. The iron rich platelets in our blood react to magnetism, effecting the human brain and nervous system. This too, happens naturally; and you know it - magnetic shifts associated with the moon, have an effect on human brains, moods etc. Satellite observations and recordings in recent history have shown two extraordinary peaks of increased electromagnetic fields of the earth. The two dates were the death of princess Diana in 1997 and “9/11/ 2001” .The human heart generates the strongest magnetic field in the body; hence times of “strong collective emotions have a measurable impact on the earth’s magnetic field.” (G.Rein; M Atkinson; R Mcraty: Physiological and Psycholiogical effects of compassion and Anger”Journal of advanced medicine / website update 2008) So far by-en-large, humans have developed their body and educated the left part of their brain, may be it is time to develop our Emotions! The Heart! The Yogis knew the importance of this …. The above observation proves that , if we as humanity unite, we can change the world. (Full-moon meditation , our “Peace on Earth Meditation” have a serious effect on the betterment of our globe. see Global Coherence Project/Global Consciousness project/ Princeton University) Listen to this: We are born with the power to harmonize our bodies with the life-sustaining fields of the earth in such a way that we can aliviate suffering…the way to do so is through the silent language of the heart.”(Gregg Braden” Fractal Time). So what do we get from all these different threads: Firstly, (put into ‘Yoga-speak’): Nature, the power of manifestation we call Prakriti or the feminine Principle, is permanently moving in cycles of evolution and devolution. We have little influence on HER cycles.; yet - we are part of them, part of this Nature, part of the “Movement of Life”- and not above it, as Masters that “have dominion over….” As such we need to know where in the cycle we are and with that awareness take the next step.!!!! Meaning: It is time for us “to move beyond a world of separate little egos fighting for their slice of the pie --- to a world based on our deep interconnection, infused with grace, magic, and beauty.” (The Shift) Or in the words of Swami Rama: “Today personal salvation cannot be dissociated from salvation of humanity” We need to change ourselves to flow with the movement. The foundations we lay, the way we behave has an effect on how tomorrow will take shape. We have great influence in how we, as humanity equip ourselves to live in this ever-changing world. “No matter what culture or tradition we come from…we need to cultivate forbearance, self-control; generosity and compassion…the essence of civilization lies in cultivating these VIRTUES” (SR.) So what is the state of the world, where are we in the present cycle? According to NASA scientists, the blue sphere we remember from the first astronaut’s pictures and lovingly call our blue planet…. Is no more! The ancient Sage Vashista, described that same globe to Rama – 1600 years ago! However THIS WAS the Globe! In the four decades since taking the photo the earth has changed profoundly. Earth has in fact become a different planet…We observe : There is 40 % less Ice on the “blue and white marble” than when the Apollo capsule took the picture! With larger areas , some as big as California, already bare rock. In 2009 the first Tundra fires (lands of permanent frozen earth) were recorded! Now, 2010 - vast areas of brown discolor that “blue planet! i.e. signs of deforestation, whether naturally through fires or man made; increasing areas of draught and desertification. Across the planet there is a Water problem; icecaps shrinking means rivers dry up; in the Himalayas the temperature rises annually, an area where temperatures hadn’t changed for ten millennia! (1/4 of food-producing soil has been degraded or misused.) A couple of weeks ago: “The Times” run a story of how the Ganga is in danger of drying up. The same picture of melting glaciers, heated bare rock and drying river beds we find in all major mountain regions. This means : if rivers are drying - the supply of water to grow food…is not there, i.e. millions and billions of people starve as a result! More Refugees of climate changes! On the other hand ocean levels rise, … that not only because of polar-ice melting (In 2008 in the Northwest passage the ice opened for the first time in human history!)- but because it rains more often due to water evaporating faster, (Good news for the water issue?- NO - because most of the heavy rains fall over the sea (I.e salt water) as a NASA study of 2008 reveals! Rising oceans mean millions and millions of people of low-lying areas around the world are increasingly without homes (Bangadesh is one example, the Maledives another) and food; Food? Yes - Oceans get acidified as they absorb the carbon dioxide released in the air, (man made or natural is not any more the question!) Already the ocean is more acid than anytime in the last 800 000 years…and mounting! Desalitation of ocean water ( although in its infancy…is already not enough anymore…) Acid Oceans mean less fish, less food! Meaning: More refugees of Climate Change..and mounting!!! Anyway you can read all this in books and computers. What is important here is to see, that the WORLD IS NOT ANYMORE what we are used to! Have you woken up to this YET? This not unprecedented… Think of the Harappa civilizations along the Saraswati - we read so much about in our Yoga books! It was buried in sands and the people wandered off to settle in the Valley of the Ganga .…Take into account the overpopulation, 7 Billion people (estimated in 10 years to go up to 11 billion)..where will we find a “ green valley to start again??? Don’t just read this data – allow yourself to think…what this means for us!!!! and our Children and future generations. Tomorrow begins with US! We have as human beings this tendency to keep Truth at an arm’s length and not take it to heart! Because we don’t want to change!!!! Krishnamurti kept pointing out.. ”You understand, you know…but you don’t want to see the consequences. You don’t want to make it reality for yourself, you like being blind!” So we resort to little measures : i.e. changing our light-bulbs and think we done our bit. We appeal to the politicians and their never ending conferences…to help! We appeal to industry to cut carbon emission… very well great! As long as I can still operate my washing machine, and the Air-CON; drive the car and fly on holidays ! Did you know that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Washington released a report in 2009 where physicists have proved: Changes in surface temperature, rainfall and sea-levels are largely irreversible for more than a thousand years after carbon dioxide emissions are completely stopped!” (never mind limiting them to a safe level of 350 ; and we are far from that! From which ever angle we look --- man made or cosmic cycle -- our world has changed and will continue to change….! Infact we do not only live on a world of change, but “a world on FAST FORWARD”. Only for the blind and deaf… the world is as it always was! Matter, World always changes! The cyclic nature of existence means ultimately Shakti will return to Shiva, Prakriti to Purusha ; the manifest universe into Divine consciousness which is unchanging, ever free…. Form will always return to formless; there always will be Cycles within Cycles … And YES; Consciousness will prevail: I read a beautiful book called “the World without Us”… The conclusion, even without us, Dvine Consciousness remains and HE/SHE will find a new form of expressing herself! Agreed…. But meanwhile, down at the Ranch: we live, our children live…How? What ever happens – we, humans have to co-operate, we are the instruments of the Divine Shakti have great influence in how, we as humanity equip ourselves to live with a changing world. Once we see – we have the right vision, the right knowing, we can act in the right way! - And there are many projects: i.e. innovative, often spiritual communities that try other ways of life, and they exists already across the globe from Danemark to Brazil; - there are countries and legislation to curtail production of life-stock and the meat industry.; - there are huge attempts to use alternative sources of power: i.e. solar and wind power. In China two entire cities are build from scratch using naught but solar power! - There are business which invest especially into ethical and green projects; - there are drives to stop deforestation of ancient forest, by planting harvestable forests; - there are great efforts to cut carbon emission an many ways; and so on. - there are many courses offered in colleges and universities on sustainability; BUT all of these attempts are “trying to fix” the problem… Not change ourselves, or equip ourselves to live within an ever-changing world! What can we do? Yoga has a unique contribution to make! Yoga and Buddhism have studied the human mind for thousands of years. They developed ways how to re-educate it, how to evolve the human potential. How to bring benevolent change! The Silas of Buddhism, and the Yamas and Niyamas of Yoga are of great help, to prepare the mind….to live from a sense of ONE-Ness. Not separate from the happenings of the earth…but one in the knowledge that we are all embodiment of the Divine Powers that act out their play . The Tradition of the Himalayan Masters prepares our minds, to bringing harmony and peace to the mind, so that we can experience and live through what ever we meet in life, with peace, grace and beauty! As there will be more challenges, as there will be more people, as there will be more extreme situations to deal with, is your mind prepared? Is your Ego ready to let go? And put humanity first? As the Australian Aboriginals Say: For the Good of ALL! “Are you willing to change to love others…rather than yourself?” Are you working at making your mind a beautiful place? To beautify that instrument the practice of Yamas and Niyamas is essential! The first and foremost principal of these is ahimsa; it is crucial for the goal of an undisturbed peaceful mind; practicing Ahimsa is the core; are we checking ourselves each day – as to the practice of non- hurting. Avoiding anything that hurts others? Avoiding anything that brings imbalance, disharmony to anyone – including the planet!!!!! and yourself! It starts and ends with realizing that we are all One…All is interconnected…people, animals, plants planet! How we behave, what we buy; what we eat; how we move about…all effects the entirety. Move, eat live, with that awareness! How do you interact with a beggar, a boss, a family member, a dog, a mosquito, a tree...how do you act and communicate? with Ahimsa? From Truth? How often do you think one way and act in another? How aware are you of not acting according to the right knowledge you have? What is your state of acedia? To practice truth needs the highest awareness of your own actions and the words we utter; they must be free from deceit, from creating deliberate illusions (what is said must be what is meant). We all know about people starving- but do we act true to that knowledge? Truth is not only in words – it’s in your integrity between knowing and doing! Thirdly there is: taking things unlawfully; What does it mean? We don’t steal…or do we? When we buy the cheapest goods, to safe our money…but the third-world person who produced the goods, has not enough to feed her children – do we then not steel from her children’s mouth? When we invest money in a company, that works to make profit by exploiting the mine-workers in South Africa…under conditions that cut short their lives - do we not practice violence and take things unlawfully? Fourth: brahmacharya – the word actually refers to knowing and focusing on the highest Truth. Knowing we are ONE, there is only focus on the Presence of God in All, there is no separation, hence there is no sexual desire for “the other”. Do you realize how our societies exploit the most animalistic urge in us for commercial reason? Trying to pull us away from seeing the ONE! From pushing us towards seeing others as separate, with separateness comes conflict, comes desire…it disappears in One-ness. Cultivating brahmacharya is living within the awareness of one humanity with love and respect, at all times! Fifth:not to desire, not to want more than we need (Greed).Aparigraha is wanting or taking things we don’t need; This addresses the eternal wanting that pushes all of us! The world economy has increased 14 fold in the last century; industrial output nearly doubled!-wealth increased, lifting nearly 300 Million people in China and India out of poverty –But at a dramatic cost. Increased wealth (without social virtues) creates more appetite, more demand for luxury goods, excess food etc. NOW forests are not only cleared for raising cattle but planting Soya and Oil palms! There are not just more people, but more wanting- meaning more mines, more energy, more livestock, more fertilizer, more cars, factories, airplanes etc. A heavy acceleration –rooted in Human desire /greed. Modern society exploits our tendency towards greed. It encourages us to shop for things that we have no need for. Pushed by advertisement we acquire things we don’t need – and with it take away from those that don’t have! It’s this which has largely led to the destructive part we humans have played in the state our world is in. With this Greed we have brought tremendous problems on humanity! We must stop to identify with our imagined needs and desires; seriously exam what you need – and what not! Remember: Our greed is fed on the pain of others. The Yamas are focusing on our relationship with the external;- they show the way how to behave in an ever- changing world… the Niyamas show us how to prepare ourselves for that: In the first instance we are called to Cleanliness ; a cleanliness that in our context refers to removal of impurities from the mind! For that we need AWARENESS ! AWARENESS , alertness to choose right behavior: a) Observing friendship towards contemporaries; helping each others with the new challenges, supporting and building communities… b) Practising compassion towards the unfortunate; i.e. sharing and caring for those millions that are environmental refugees c) Practising reverence, share in the happiness of those that are wiser, more evolved, and support their work. and d) by indifference to undesirables. Not getting sucked in to the propaganda of those that want to keep exploiting the globe and its people! This means a change of attitude from “My self importance” it means: cleaning the mind from all arrogance, conceit or malice; - keeping the mind positive, cool and tranquil. Jappa is a great help in that as you all know. The second Niyama, Contentment refers to the absence of desire; i.e. “what I have got is enough - what ever it is”. ENOUGH! Whether in business or private, we are brought up, educated to the tune of “striving forever upwards to better yourself! This is a conditioning of a material exploitive society! Its build on exploitation of resources….and people! Swami Rama says: We are born as human all else is learned!!!!! We have to change gear and learn how to shrink! Shrink in order to share… for the Good of All. We have to learn not only about enough, but about living simpler, living on less! That means we have to make a complete turn and let go of the base principal of the society in which we grew up!!!!!! We need to learn to live with the least, we need to take the least and give the Most! At the core of the new Society must be Sharing….sharing our possessions, our time and our love. One-ness can only be lived, if there is no separation. Not “I need”…but WE will be fine! We all are living in the fold of HER Garment of light, there is no need to worry; Trust that we are One in the Divine! Stop worrying!! Cultivate contentment and tell yourself! Enough! Now for the final three Niyamas: Austerities-mental and physical discipline. Cultivate the ability to withstand wants and wishes; even to bear pains of hunger or thirst, heat or cold, standing or sitting in posture. The study of scriptures increases right knowledge; right understanding in turn purifies the mind. It empowers us; worldly thoughts decrease. But Swami Rama even points to studying “the ethical principals of spirituality and integrate them with Science!” The final Niyama: Ishwara pranidhana means surrender to God! Basically it means knowing that ‘I’ exist only in God; I am One with the entire Existence! This brings a sense of belonging brings a great sense of safety and a peaceful mind. It is controversial and difficult for us, because it seems against what we have been taught. The biblical God’s command to “be caretakers of the earth” changed - to being “masters and exploiters of the earth”. We have been taught that “the I” is in charge! “I”, the crown of creation… now we have to eat humble PIE and see that the Earth we live on, the universe we are part of, has its own rules, its own momentum, its own cycles… We are parts of a body of existence; We are true individuals! (Originally the word ‘in-dividual’ is Latin and means un-dividable!) We are part of ONE EARTH; SHE changes, we change… we are One. The more we surrender and accept the change, the more we flow with the Tao, the more we “ride the wave of Change”,(Marcus Aurelius) the more we can be at peace . For that: Letting go of your wants and desires; even the idea of “I need”. Let go of your competitiveness at the cost of others, Letting go of violence and anger. Let go of mental patterns and conditioning Let go of that part that thinks itself as the separate me, the Ego. Instead embrace all, people, plants animals, the world and all its facets, with love and respect, live simple – and focus on what matters most; take the least and give the most. SR: The whole world is looking for balance and harmony in society.The balance can be found by bringing together the two great forces: spirituality and Science! Live in the awareness of the indescribable energy we call God - this whole universe is HER body. Take Care of HER as you would Take Care of your Mother!

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http://www.athayoga.info/articles/tomorrow-begins-with-us

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Lines and patterns can be used in art journaling to add emphasis or embellish. Pen and ink strokes such as contour lines, parallel lines, cross-hatching, stippling, scribbling, wavy lines and criss-cross lines are described in Art Teachers Resource. In All at Once, Jennifer emphasizes the sense of frustration and chaos using scribbles, cross-hatching, etc. It really pops on the dark background, giving the feel of graffiti or sidewalk chalk. The process is described at her blog, Life in the Arizona Desert. Shared with permission. Lots of line love in Randi Feuerhelm-Watts Journal Pages and Joei Lau's My Moleskine B-3. In his illustration of Oregan Nut Brown Ale, it's clear that Kurt Hollomon is a master of the line. I learned of his art through Danny Gregory's Illustrated Life Podcasts. Please share what you create!

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Master of Arts (MA) Primary Subject Area This study utilizes Cara A. Finnegan’s approach to text-in-context analysis of visual communication and rhetoric and applies the framework to a Sephardic Jewish site. The purpose of this study is to better understand the ways by which visual communication is employed to maintain, affirm, and communicate identity and cultural norms and values through a text-incontext case study of the Sephardic Bikur Cholim Cemetery. The text is analyzed in terms of sacred and profane space, hierarchy creation, as a voice for the historically voiceless, as a storage device for memories, and communication device for transmitting cultural values and norms to future generations. Analysis revealed four significant findings: 1) The cemetery relies on an American, left-to-right orientation, which indicates a conflict or a blending between two competing identities; 2) Mircea Eliade’s concept of sacred and profane spaces was applied and confirmed in the cemetery; 3) Traditional Jewish roles are communicated and affirmed through imagery on the headstones, and 4) Living visitors are able to participate in their heritage by leaving stones on grave markers. The study argues that messages, both intentional and unintentional, are created visually with a future audience in mind. Specifically, the existence of Bikur Cholim Cemetery communicates to the larger Seattle community that Sephardic history and the Sephardic people are worthy of commemoration and that the historically powerless group has gained the power necessary to enact their desire to memorialize. It also furthers Eliade’s work concerning sacred and profane spaces by the application of his framework to an actual space. Second, the findings indicate how identity is communicated across generations in a time when traditional methods and social structures meant for that type of communication are disintegrating. Third, identity changes are occurring within a historic and traditional culture; this is demonstrated by the cemetery’s American orientation, the “Men of Valor” panel on the memorial wall, etc. What is not yet clear is whether one identity (American or Sephardic) is primary, or if an entirely new identity is being formed that integrates traits from both. If that is the case, it is something new and significant. It may also partially confirm Carole Blair’s assertion that modern memorials will necessarily incorporate multiple voices. Fourth and finally, the findings of this study indicate that there is a type of memorializing communication that occurs within a group that shares a common religious and ethnic background; this type of communication dictates what is and is not appropriate for the cemetery messages.

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One Billion Seconds Date: 09/27/98 at 20:54:08 From: Galaxy Girl Subject: Word problem I'm trying to figure out how to solve this problem. If I was born on 01/02/84, on what day, month, and year will I have been alive for a billion seconds? I already figured out that it would be 31.7 years but I don't understand how to get it down to the exact date. Date: 09/28/98 at 12:58:31 From: Doctor Rick Subject: Re: Word problem Hi. You've taken the right first step, dividing by the number of seconds in a year, which is 60*60*24*365 = 31,536,000 seconds. I want *you* to do your problem, so I will find when *I* turned 1 billion seconds old. I was born on Sept. 9, 1952. You can work out your problem the same way. We need to figure out approximately when is 31.7 years after 9/9/52, so we can find how many leap years there are in that time period. Add 31.7 to 1952.67 (that's approximately Sept. 9, 2/3 of the way through the year), and you get 1984.37, which is roughly May 1984. With a leap year every 4 years, there were 8 leap years (1956, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 84). I count 1984 because Feb. 29 is before May, but not 1952 because Feb. 29 is before September. Now we can figure exactly how many days there were up to Sept. 9, 1983 (my birthday before the special day). It was 365*31 + 7 (an extra day for each leap year). That makes 11,322 days. (That 8th leap day will be used later.) Let's go back now and figure how many days in a billion seconds. It is 1,000,000,000 / (60*60*24) = 11574.074 days. So on Sept. 9, 1983, I had used up 11,322 days and there were 11574.074 - 11322 = 252.074 days left. Now we just need to add up the days in each month. We think the special day was in May. Let's see ... the days in September through March are: Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 29 + 31 + 30 = 243 days Notice that I counted a leap day in Feb. Now we're up to April 9 (remember we started on Sept. 9) We have 252 - 243 = 9 days left. That puts the special day on April 18, 1984. If I were going to do a lot of these calculations, I would find a faster way. Some calendars tell you the day of the year, for instance, Feb. 2 is the 33rd day of the year. If I found what day Sept. 9 was, then added the number of days left and looked up what day that was, it would make the last part go faster. But it's good to do it the way I did at least once. Now you do it with your birthdate. Your problem starts a few months before mine ended. (And if you're 12, then your own birthday is a year or two after that. I hope you'll figure it out your own billion-second day, too.) - Doctor Rick, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ Search the Dr. Math Library: Ask Dr. MathTM © 1994-2013 The Math Forum

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marbleArticle Free Pass marble, granular limestone or dolomite (i.e., rock composed of calcium-magnesium carbonate) that has been recrystallized under the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions. Commercially, it includes all decorative calcium-rich rocks that can be polished, as well as certain serpentines (verd antiques). Petrographically marbles are massive rather than thin-layered and consist of a mosaic of calcite grains that rarely show any traces of crystalline form under the microscope. They are traversed by minute cracks that accord with the rhombohedral cleavage (planes of fracture that intersect to yield rhombic forms) of calcite. In the more severely deformed rocks, the grains show stripes and may be elongated in a particular direction or even crushed. Marbles often occur interbedded with such metamorphic rocks as mica schists, phyllites, gneisses, and granulites and are most common in the older layers of the Earth’s crust that have been deeply buried in regions of extreme folding and igneous intrusion. The change from limestones rich in fossils into true marbles in such metamorphic regions is a common phenomenon; occasionally, as at Carrara, Italy, and at Bergen, Nor., recrystallization of the rock has not completely obliterated the organic structures. Most of the white and gray marbles of Alabama, Georgia, and western New England, and that from Yule, Colo., are recrystallized rocks, as are a number of Greek and Italian statuary marbles famous from antiquity, which are still quarried. These include the Parian marble, the Pentelic marble of Attica in which Phidias, Praxiteles, and other Greek sculptors executed their principal works, and the snow-white Carrara marble used by Michelangelo and Antonio Canova and favoured by modern sculptors. The exterior of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., is of Tennessee marble, and the Lincoln Memorial contains marbles from Yule, Colo., Alabama (roof transparencies), and Georgia (Lincoln statue). Even the purest of the metamorphic marbles, such as that from Carrara, contain some accessory minerals, which, in many cases, form a considerable proportion of the mass. The commonest are quartz in small rounded grains, scales of colourless or pale-yellow mica (muscovite and phlogopite), dark shining flakes of graphite, iron oxides, and small crystals of pyrite. Many marbles contain other minerals that are usually silicates of lime or magnesia. Diopside is very frequent and may be white or pale green; white bladed tremolite and pale-green actinolite also occur; the feldspar encountered may be a potassium variety but is more commonly a plagioclase (sodium-rich to calcium-rich) such as albite, labradorite, or anorthite. Scapolite, various kinds of garnet, vesuvianite, spinel, forsterite, periclase, brucite, talc, zoisite, wollastonite, chlorite, tourmaline, epidote, chondrodite, biotite, titanite, and apatite are all possible accessory minerals. Pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite also may be present in small amounts. These minerals represent impurities in the original limestone, which reacted during metamorphism to form new compounds. The alumina represents an admixture of clay; the silicates derive their silica from quartz and from clay; the iron came from limonite, hematite, or pyrite in the original sedimentary rock. In some cases the original bedding of the calcareous sediments can be detected by mineral banding in the marble. The silicate minerals, if present in any considerable amount, may colour the marble; e.g., green in the case of green pyroxenes and amphiboles; brown in that of garnet and vesuvianite; and yellow in that of epidote, chondrodite, and titanite. Black and gray colours result from the presence of fine scales of graphite. Bands of calc-silicate rock may alternate with bands of marble or form nodules and patches, sometimes producing interesting decorative effects, but these rocks are particularly difficult to finish because of the great difference in hardness between the silicates and carbonate minerals. Later physical deformation and chemical decomposition of the metamorphic marbles often produces attractive coloured and variegated varieties. Decomposition yields hematite, brown limonite, pale-green talc, and, in particular, the green or yellow serpentine derived from forsterite and diopside, which is characteristic of the ophicalcites or verd antiques. Earth movements may shatter the rocks, producing fissures that are afterward filled with veins of calcite; in this way the beautiful brecciated, or veined, marbles are produced. Sometimes the broken fragments are rolled and rounded by the flow of marble under pressure. The so-called onyx marbles consist of concentric zones of calcite or aragonite deposited from cold-water solutions in caves and crevices and around the exits of springs. They are, in the strict sense, neither marble nor onyx, for true onyx is a banded chalcedony composed largely of silicon dioxide. Onyx marble was the “alabaster” of the ancients, but alabaster is now defined as gypsum, a calcium sulfate rock. These marbles are usually brown or yellow because of the presence of iron oxide. Well-known examples include the giallo antico (“antique yellow marble”) of the Italian antiquaries, the reddish-mottled Siena marble from Tuscany, the large Mexican deposits at Tecali near Mexico City and at El Marmol, Calif., and the Algerian onyx marble used in the buildings of Carthage and Rome and rediscovered near Oued-Abdallah in 1849. Unmetamorphosed limestones showing interesting colour contrasts or fossil remains are used extensively for architectural purposes. The Paleozoic rocks (from 251 million to 542 million years in age) of Great Britain, for example, include “madrepore marbles” rich in fossil corals and “encrinital marble” containing crinoid stem and arm plates with characteristic circular cross sections. The shelly limestones of the Purbeck Beds, Eng., and the Sussex marble, both of Mesozoic Era (from 251 million to 65.5 million years ago), consist of masses of shells of freshwater snails embedded in blue, gray, or greenish limestone. They were a favourite material of medieval architects and may be seen in Westminster Abbey and a number of English cathedrals. Black limestones containing bituminous matter, which commonly emit a fetid odour when struck, are widely used; the well-known petit granit of Belgium is a black marble containing crinoid stem plates, derived from fossil echinoderms (invertebrate marine animals). What made you want to look up "marble"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Happy Earth Day! Every year we celebrate Earth Day on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. There are many things you do to celebrate the day and help the earth. You can even do some of these activities every day to contribute to a safer and healthier planet! Things You Can Do on Earth Day: • Donate directly to Earth Day Network – through this network, activists connect, interact with and impact their communities, creating positive change in local, national, and global policies. • E-Waste – You can safely get rid of any electronics collecting dust in your home. These items include: cell phones, computers, laptops, televisions and printers. If not properly recycled, these items end up in landfills or are incinerated and can cause major environmental problems. Visit E-Stewards to find the closest e-waste recycling center closest to you. • Clean Up – Planning on taking a nice spring walk today? Help the environment while you enjoy the fresh air. Take a garbage bag and some gloves with you and pick up any trash you see along your walk. Any little bit will help! • Switch to online bill pay – Save some paper and get your bills delivered to your email and pay them online. It also saves you a stamp and an email is harder to lose than a piece of paper buried in the rest of your documents. And you can set up a payment schedule so you don’t miss any payments! • Plant a tree – Not only does it increase the value of your yard (and your home along with that), but over a 50-year lifetime a tree generates $31,250 worth of oxygen, provides $62,000 worth of air pollution control, recycles $37,500 worth of water and controls $31,2500 worth of soil erosion! Plant one you’ll enjoy and can sit under the shade on a hot day. Today should be a reminder of the things you can do every day to help the Earth. The Earth Day Network is a great place to go to on a regular basis to see what you can do in your everyday life. By doing things like turning off the water while you brush your teeth, filling up your bin every week with recyclables, taking the bus or a bike when you can and switching all the lights in your house to energy friendly bulbs will have a great impact. Inlanta Mortgage is proudly celebrating twenty years in business. Learn more about Inlanta’s twenty year history here. Inlanta Mortgage offers Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac agency products, as well as a full suite of jumbo and portfolio programs. The company is fully delegated HUD-FHA including FHA 203K, VA, and USDA approved. Inlanta Mortgage also offers numerous state bond agency programs. Review Inlanta’s mortgage loan programs here. Inlanta Mortgage is a multi-state mortgage banker based out of Brookfield, Wisconsin. NMLS# 1016. Inlanta Mortgage is proud to be a recent recipient of a 2012 Top Workplace Award.

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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education What additional steps can be taken to reduce exposure? If the above suggestions for improving indoor air quality have been followed, the air in the house has been tested, and the air sample results are high, structural modifications may be useful to further reduce the level of chlordane. For homes that were treated properly, modifications are probably not worth the high expense. Modifications must be designed on a case-by-case basis, but may include replacing or relocating air ducts, replacing furnaces or ventilation systems with air exchangers, using barrier coatings of polyvinylidene chloride (e.g., Saranex) or polyamide (e.g., Capran-C), or sealing crawl-space soil with a layer of concrete. Decontamination measures or other mitigation methods should not be undertaken without professional advice. How can one dispose of unwanted chlordane? Chlordane can be a serious hazard to the environment as well as to human health. It is illegal to dump chlordane into sinks, toilets, storm drains, or any body of water. Any unused pesticide or its container must be disposed of according to both the instructions on the label and state laws. For clarification of label directions or additional guidance, call NPTN or contact your state pesticide or environmental control agency or a hazardous waste representative at the nearest EPA regional office. Are any alternatives to chlordane available? As of July 1987, two alternative termiticides, chlorpyrifos (e.g., Dursban) and permethrin (i.e., Torpedo and Dragnet) were registered with EPA and are available commercially. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide (see Case Studies in Environmental Medicine:Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity), and permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide. EPA has concluded that these termiticides, when used according to label directions, do not pose unreasonable risks.

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by Swami Krishnananda Meditation on Brahman leads to its realisation, as in the case of Samvadi-bhrama, or erroneous notion of a thing leading to a successful result in relation to that thing. Hence in the Upanishads various kinds of Upasanas, or meditations, are described. Take the instance of a person seeing from a distance the ray of a light, situated within the walls of a room. He sees a gleam of light passing through the window of a house and getting reflected outside, and mistakes the ray of the light seen outside for a gem shining. He commits this error in his mind because he has not seen the source of the light, but only its reflection outside. Suppose this person runs after that reflection thinking that it is a gem. We can imagine the mistake that he is making in cherishing that notion. But, suppose, at another place, there is a gem kept inside a room at a distance and the light emanating from it through an aperture is also reflected outside. If this reflection of light outside is mistaken for the gem itself, there is, naturally an erroneous perception, for the light of the gem is not the gem. In the two instances cited, where one person sees the gleam of the lamp and takes it for a gem, and another where one sees the ray of light emanating from a gem and thinks it is the gem itself, though there is similarity in so far as there is a mistaken notion regarding the gem, yet, there is a difference in the results that they would achieve in pursuing the objects of their quests. While the one who has mistaken the light of the lamp for the gem would not acquire the gem by approaching it, the other who has mistaken the light of the gem for the gem itself would, by going near it, obtain it. This is an illusion in perception called Samvadi, because, though initial perception is a mistake, the end reached is the desired one. Where the end reached is something quite different from the desired one, the mistaken perception is called Visamvadi-bhrama. We have also instances of Samvadi error in inference and also acts based on scriptural injunctions. It is likely that by seeing mist at some place we may mistake it for smoke emanating from fire and move towards it in search of fire, and by chance, find fire there, though what was perceived originally was not the smoke emanating from the fire. This is an instance where there is Samvadi in inference. If a person sprinkles some water over himself thinking that it is from the holy Ganga, and gets purified, but it so happens that the water is not of the Ganga but of the Godavari, which is also holy, it is again the mistake known as Samvadi, where the mind thinks something different from the actual fact and yet reaches the desired result. If one is affected by high fever and utters in a delirious mood the holy name of Narayana, and reaches spiritual exaltation in the higher planes of existence thereby, it should be considered as an instance of Samvadi error. And so on, there can be hundreds of instances of such errors in respect of perception, inference and scriptural testimony, which lead to the desired end, nevertheless. All types of meditation on images, such as those made of earth, or wood or stone, and also meditations on such concepts as prescribed in the Panchagni Vidya of the Chhandogya and Brihadaranyaka Upanishads, come under Samvadi ideas, because, here, the desired object is attained even though the means employed is a knowledge which does not really and directly correspond to the whole nature of the object. As in the example of the Samvadi-bhrama cited, an incorrect knowledge leads to a proper realisation of the end; so Upasana, or meditational concepts on the reality of Brahman lead to the final liberation of the soul because of the intense habituation of the mind to the sublime concepts of universal Existence, Consciousness etc., by which the Vedanta texts describe Brahman. By acquiring such indirect knowledge, the aspirant begins to intensely feel within himself the communion of his innermost ‘I’ with Brahman and recognises the presence of Brahman in his innermost being. This is the highest type of meditation, whereby the highest Reality is asserted in each and everything in the universe, including one’s own Self, but as long as there is only an idea of Brahman in the mind, as Existence, and there is no direct inward realisation in one’s own experience, as in the case of indirect knowledge of the deities like Lord Vishnu gathered from scriptures, this general knowledge acquired has to be regarded as conceptual (Paroksha) alone, notwithstanding that by the study of scriptures one has a clear notion of the Divine Being, Vishnu. This is just indirect knowledge, because, here, the Divine Being is not directly seen, but only visualised; but because of this, it cannot be said that indirect knowledge is an illusion, for, what makes knowledge an illusion is not its indirectness but the absence of the object to which it relates. A Divinity like Lord Vishnu is not a non-existent being, because his existence is affirmed in the scriptures which are valid proofs of knowledge, though in the present state of knowledge we have no direct realisation of such a Divine Being. Similarly, though we hear from the scriptures that Brahman is Existence-Consciousness-Bliss, etc., since this has not yet become an actual experience within, it cannot be equated with realisation or direct knowledge of Brahman. Yet, this knowledge of an indirect nature is not illusory, because it has a relevance to reality, though indirectly. Though there are instructions in the Upanishads such as, Tat-Tvam-Asi (That Thou Art), where direct experience of Brahman is indicated, yet, merely on hearing such sentences, no immediate realisation comes to the seekers because of the absence of proper discrimination, reflection and profound meditation subsequent to hearing or studying. So long as there is the strong erroneous feeling that one is only a body or an individual, and there is the consequent relationship with the objects of the world, no amount of force applied on the mind will ever succeed in coming to the realisation of the Oneness of the Atman with Brahman, because here, after all, the impurity of the mind still persists, which accounts for its dullness and incapacity to grasp deeper truths. The faithful disciple and the student who knows the true meaning of the scripture has an adequate indirect knowledge of Brahman, but this indirect knowledge is not opposed to the direct knowledge of the dualistic world which he sees simultaneously. There is no opposition between the indirect feeling of the Divinity in an image and the direct perception of an ordinary object in it; naturally, no one can prevent the mind from visualising Beings like Lord Vishnu in images, though to the ordinary mind the image is only a physical object. Here the instance of the faithless need not be brought in as an argument, because the faithful alone are competent to undertake these arduous processes of practice prescribed in the Vedas and the Upanishads. Once this faith is acquired, there is an immediate rising of devout knowledge of the objective of meditation by means of instruction from the Preceptor, and this instruction in regard to meditation does not need any argumentation. Due to a possible diversity likely to be seen in the instructions, and the variety of Karmas and Upasanas mentioned in the scriptures, which are hard to understand for the ordinary minds of mortals, sages have taken the trouble of bringing all these teachings together and collating them in a suitable manner in such works as the Kalpa-Sutras, Brahma-Sutras, etc. With the help of these guides, the faithful aspirant can, even without further rational investigation, undertake the practice directly, with confidence in the words of the teachers. The sages of yore have described the practice of various Upasanas (devout meditations) in their works, and those who have not the capacity to conduct self-enquiry and investigation for themselves can study these and grasp these under the instruction of a preceptor and then directly engage themselves in meditation. No doubt, a thorough investigation and enquiry may be required in the case of those who are aiming at ascertaining the true meaning of the scripture such as the Vedas, but the practice of Upasana does not require such arduous investigations. What is necessary is a mere implicit confidence in the words of the teacher and an immediate resorting to its practice. However, Brahma-Sakshatkara, or the realisation of Brahman, is not a question merely of faith or belief in what others say about it. It is a question of direct experience for oneself in one’s own deepest understanding and conscience. What prevents success in putting into practice all the indirect knowledge acquired through the scripture or the teacher is faithlessness, and the obstacle to direct realisation is non-discrimination. Though it may be that a person has practised self-enquiry for a very long time, if he has not yet realised Brahman, the duty here of the aspirant is not to discontinue meditation and enquiry, but proceed with it again till the attainment of direct experience. Sadhana (practice) concludes only in experience and never before. It is also possible that even though one practises enquiry and meditation till death, yet, the Atman has not been realised. But this should not be the cause for any dissatisfaction, because it only means that the obstructing Karmas have not yet come to an end, but it is certain that on their cessation realisation shall be attained in some future birth. In the Brahmasutras, too, it has been corroborated that one can attain knowledge either in this birth or in a future birth and it shall be attained the moment the obstacles have come to an end. This is also the reason why many people, though they have heard and studied much on the nature of the Atman, have no real knowledge of it. In the case of Sage Vamadeva, the obstacles to knowledge came to an end even while he was in the womb of his mother, and he had illumination then and there due to the force of the previous spiritual practices which he had undergone in past lives. As in the case of studying one may not be able to commit to memory a particular part of a text, for example, even after repeated reading of it, and it may be that on the next day the memory of it comes of its own accord, so in the case of knowledge, it reveals itself as a consequence of intense practice for a very protracted period, when the impediments are over. Knowledge matures gradually and not immediately, as in the case of the harvest. A child in the womb matures gradually, and Nature always goes by stages, and never by leaps and bounds. Yet, it is likely that on account of the threefold obstacles mentioned previously, knowledge may not dawn at all even after continued practice. These obstacles have to be overcome first in order that there may be final success on the path.

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ELLIOTT BROTHERS SKIS In 1915 Carmen (1885-1965) and Warner (1890-1960) Elliott came to Sioux Lookout to work in the Canadian National Railway roundhouse but soon decided to go into business for themselves. They opened a workshop, built and repaired boats, canoes, paddles, toboggans, snowshoes or anything made of wood for trappers, miners, and adventurers heading into the bush. In 1927 Harold (Doc) Oaks had become the first managing Director of Western Canada Airways Ltd. That year he approached Warner and Carmen about manufacturing skis for his airplanes. The Elliott brothers designed and built a ski that would handle the rugged conditions encountered in Canada’s bush during winter flying. Over the next twenty years their business and reputation for grew along with the expansion of air travel. The quality of their workmanship soon made them famous as their skis were used by Admiral Richard Byrd for Antarctic explorations in the 1930s. During World War II the British Commonwealth Air Training Program trained pilots for the war. Much of the flying was done in the winter necessitating ski equipped airplanes. When asked to supply planes for this program, de Havilland placed and order for 400 hundred skis for their trainers. To help fill this order, the Elliott brothers talked Bill Fuller into converting the service bays in his gas station into workshops to manufacture skis. At the height of the war, Elliott Bros. employed up to 25 men. Elliott boards, as they became commonly known, where constructed of three layers of seasoned white ash, each layer smaller than the one below. A center runner and one on each edge was attached to the bottom board. Flat brass sheeting covered the entire bottom and was formed over the runners then rolled up around the edges of the lower board and secured with copper rivets. The boards were not glued to each other, rather they remained separate allowing them to act like a giant spring. This not only gave the ski added strength but also greatly aided flexibility to gave a smoother ride and the ability to absorb severe punishment in rough snow and ice. Their only drawback to this design was the weight. What really made Elliott boards one of the best skis for bush use was the addition of M&C pedestals. “M & C pedestals were originally designed, tested, and manufactured in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan by Mason and Campbell Aviation. In 1947 the government took over the company, renaming it Saskatchewan Government Airways. SGA continued to manufacture these pedestals for the aviation market. M & C pedestals were simply a steel housing attached to the ski capturing an air bag. Landing forces were absorbed by this heavy rubber, cylindrical, bladder, ranging from sixteen to eighteen inches long, eight inches in diameter. This was manufactured much like a tire with cord reinforcements. Inside was a sausage-shaped tube inflated to 30 psi. The weight of the aircraft was transferred to the air bag by a metal foot resting on it which cushioned the landing forces placed on the skis. Both the P4D and P4E pedestals were used in conjunction with Elliott skis on Norseman aircraft. The E series had a larger bad area.” From- Ontario Central Airlines - The Kenora years

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The Zoo began as Wade Park in 1882 after Jeptha H. Wade donated 73-acres of land and 14 American deer to the City of Cleveland. By 1907, however, Cleveland City Council had laid plans to build the Cleveland Museum of Art and decided to move the Zoo to its current location. Did you know... The Zoo was originally located near Wade Oval in Cleveland's University Circle? The animals kept in the early Zoo were mostly of local origin, but the next thirty years saw the building of the Zoo's first Monkey Island, Sea Lion Pools and bear exhibit before the Cleveland Natural History Museum assumed control in 1940. In November 1940,a new Asian elephant arrived at the Zoo. The Cleveland News sponsored an elephant naming contest, with the winning name "Osa" submitted by a 12-year-old boy from Cleveland Heights. However, the elephant had a name, "Frieda," to which she had responded for many years. It's extremely difficult to change names in the middle of an elephant's life. A few years after the elephant had been living at the Zoo, one of her ex-trainers happened to visit her, and called to her by her original name. She responded in dramatic fashion and from then on, everyone called her Frieda. Frieda, the beloved Indian elephant, died on November 27, 1956. Accounts of her age varied from 56 to 72. She was one of the older elephants in the country and succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1955, Zoo staff and supporters organized an African safari and obtained three elephants, two hippos, two rhinos, three giraffes, and many smaller animals. A year later, the Zoo's Pachyderm Building opened to house many of the animals acquired on the safari. Did you know... Breeding and conservation programs supply the world's zoos with enough animals for almost all new exhibits? In 1957, the Cleveland Zoological Society assumed control of the Zoo. In January of 1959, heavy rains and melting snow caused Big Creek to overflow, and the resulting flood wiped out the Zoo's reptile collection and damaged many buildings. The Zoo recovered by 1962, however, and moated lion and tiger exhibits were added. In 1968, the City of Cleveland transferred ownership of the Zoo to the Cleveland Metropolitan Park District, and the Cleveland Zoological Society transferred management of the Zoo to Cleveland Metroparks in 1975. Also in 1975, construction began on The Primate & Cat Building, and it was during this time the Zoo's original building, the Wade Park Deer Barn, was moved from Wade Park and placed on Zoo grounds. Did you know... Wade Memorial Hall, located next to Waterfowl Lake, is the old Wade Park Deer Barn? Today it is a Victorian-styled ice cream parlor. In 1982, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo received accreditation from the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA). In 1985, a portion of the Cat and Primate Building was renovated after the Cleveland Aquarium in Gordon Park announced it was closing permanently, and its collection of fishes and invertebrates was moved to the Zoo. Since 1989, many themed exhibits have opened under the leadership of Zoo Director Emeritus Steve Taylor. In 1992, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo welcomed The RainForest, followed by Wolf Wilderness in 1997, Australian Adventure in 2000, and The Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine in 2004. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's newest exhibit, African Elephant Crossing, opened on May 5, 2011. Spread over five acres of lightly wooded grasslands, African Elephant Crossing features two large yards for roaming, ponds for swimming, expanded sleeping quarters and a heated outdoor range. The naturalistic habitat is capable of housing up to 10 elephants at a time, including at least one bull and eventually calves. African Elephant Crossing is also home to meerkats, naked mole rats, an African rock python and a spectacular collection of colorful birds. After 24 years, several multi-million dollar exhibits and countless animal encounters, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Director Steve Taylor retired at the end of 2012. Cleveland Metroparks named Christopher Kuhar, Ph.D. the new director of the Zoo. He becomes the tenth director in Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's 130-year history. Did you know... When The RainForest opened in 1992, it featured the Zoo's first permanent reptile collection since the flood of 1959? Did you know...Willy, the first adult male elephant in Cleveland since 1962, has one tusk and is also the largest animal ever on exhibit at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo at 11-feet tall at the shoulder and 13,000 pounds.

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Preserving Natural Landscapes Garth Lenz Keynotes - Owner and founder of Lenz Photography, photographer Garth Lenz's keynotes discuss the importance of... Throughout the past few years Canada has transformed into the third largest contributor of carbon gas per person due to the increase in tar sand extraction. The tailings ponds that result from this production are the largest toxic impoundments on the planet. Even in areas where the less repugnant method of extraction is used there has been up to a 90 percent decrease in the wildlife population. Ending his keynote, Garth Lenz says that, "Canada needs to respect the amounts of fresh water and natural landscape it holds," and to stop increasing the methods in which those precious resources are threatened.

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See Michael Brajkovich's additional observations in this thread of members' forum. Take a look at the results of an absolutely fascinating study of the ambient yeasts involved in making wine at Michael Brajkovich's Kumeu River winery outside Auckland. This report published today in New Zealand under the rather jingoistic headline 'Unique New Zealand Yeasts Discovered', suggests that the great discovery is further proof of Kiwi superiority. But I would humbly submit that even more interesting than this is what the researchers established about how yeasts travel. They counted over 100 different yeast strains in the yeast found in a Mate's Vineyard Chardonnay ferment at Kumeu River winery (which has been dependent on wild rather than cultured yeast for over 20 years), many of them highly individual. 'The Kumeu River yeast population was surprisingly diverse and distinctive, and we wanted to know where the strains came from', said Dr Mat Goddard, who led the research. Further genetic analyses indicated that the Kumeu population comprised six different but interbreeding groups. 'None was related to commercial yeast strains, so they couldn't have "escaped" from a local winery. Nor could we detect any Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the winery before harvest, so the yeast must have come from an outside source.' This led the researchers to examine the yeast in the soil, bark and flowers of a Matua Valley vineyard (next to native bush), where they found some correlation, and eventually established that honey bees must have transported the yeast between wineries. Perhaps even more revealing was the discovery that another group of yeast strains had been introduced via a new oak barrel imported from France, thereby proving that humans can distribute yeast by accident. The full report is published here online (and will follow in print, subscription needed for both) in the prestigious journal Environmental Microbiology and should help us understand something of the complex relationship, or not, between yeast and terroir.

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Perry, Lawrence, and Niagara streets, Lake and Erie, Decatur and Hamilton— these seven street names commemorate commanders, ships, and a decisive naval battle of the War of 1812. Who named the streets? Why those names? What did the war have to do with Cambridgeport? Download this PDF to explore the history of these streets. Please visit again — new information will be added. The Cambridge Historical Commission and the City of Cambridge are pleased to install new historic markers commemorating "the 1812 Streets" during the war's bicentennial year.

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con‧struc‧tion S3 W2 the process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc the construction of a new airport under construction (=being built) The hotel is currently under construction. a road construction project the process of making something using many parts: making something from many parts[uncountable]TI Work out the exact design before you start construction. the materials used to build or make something, or its design and structure: way something is made[uncountable] The houses were partly timber in construction. External doors should be of robust construction. something that has been built: a building/structure[countable] formal a modern construction the way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc: difficult grammatical constructions the process of forming something from knowledge or ideas: the construction of sociological theory to think that a statement has a particular meaning or that something was done for a particular reason: The judge put an entirely different construction on his remarks.

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|Product #: EMC4531011_TQ| Johnny Appleseed (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 3 Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required. This unit contains a two-page biographical article about John Chapman, known as Johnny Appleseed, plus a one-page overview of 'The Apple Year.' Includes seven Skill Sharpeners on comprehension (sequencing, predicting), vocabulary (figures of speech), phonics (short and long a), structural analysis (suffix), grammar (pronouns), and writing sentences. Submit a review

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Sunroot (Jerusalem Artichoke) Growing Information Cultural Directions for Sunroot (Jerusalem Artichoke) Southern Exposure Seed Exchange does not currently sell Jerusalem Artichokes Jerusalem artichoke is a relative of the sunflower that produces underground white-fleshed tubers. Used by some Native Americans as a food plant, it has been cultivated, selected and improved over the years. Plants are 6 to 8' tall, perennial, very hardy,and widely adapted to various soil types and cultural conditions. The tubers taste like water chestnuts and are used fresh in salads or they can be cooked and used like potatoes. Tubers are available in different shapes, sizes, and colors. CULTURE: In the late Fall or early Spring, plant tubers 3"-4" deep, 12"-16" apart in rows 3' apart. Since they are vigorous spreaders, they are best planted in a permanent location. If you can not plant them within a week, store them in the refrigerator until planting time. HARVEST: Tubers are best dug starting after the first killing frost. Continue harvesting throughout the winter and spring whenever the ground is soft enough to dig. STORAGE: Tubers are best left in the garden and dug as needed, but small amounts can be stored in the refrigerator or root cellar provided that they are not allowed to dry out. FLAVOR AND NUTRITION NOTES: Jerusalem artichoke stores carbohydrates as inulin, a form of carbohydrate safe for diabetics. During storage the inulin is converted to other starches and acquires a sweetness over time. The sweetest tubers are harvested in late winter. Cooking Jerusalem artichoke breaks down the inulin into sugars and makes them easier to digest. Your IP Address is: 22.214.171.124 Copyright © 2013 Southern Exposure Seed Exchange

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How College Now Prepares Students College Now is a free program designed to prepare New York City’s public high school students for success in college. The College Now mission is to promote college awareness and strengthen the academic preparation of NYC public high school students by providing courses and activities aligned with first-year study at CUNY. Experience (and research) has shown us that there is also another goal: To help high school students see themselves as college students If we want to be sure that students are ready to graduate from high school and move on to college-level work, we must see to it that they are academically strong. When students don’t do well in school, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the material is too hard. In fact, the opposite may be true; students often rise to a challenge. We want our courses to make students reach for understanding. In doing so, they will build their inner resources and their concrete academic skills. Many high school students can do college work. Careful Course Sequencing Of course, we realize that not all students will be ready for college-level courses right away. For that reason, many of our programs have students take their courses in a specific order. The following is a typical course sequence: College Advisory Workshop → Pre-college Course or Gateway Course → College Credit Course The pre-college and Gateway courses build in extra academic and social supports (“scaffolding”) to help students achieve their potential. Interesting Subjects, Dedicated Teachers Another way to strengthen academics is to teach students what they want to learn in relevant and engaging ways. We encourage our programs to design courses that have students do things and go places. We encourage our teachers to continue their own education by participating in ongoing staff development. Sometimes the material really is too hard. Fortunately, most of our programs offer students access to college tutors and learning centers. Sampling College Life An important part of College Now’s mission is creating opportunities for high school students to experience college life. This experience might be limited—an afternoon poetry reading on a college campus, for example—or something considerably more involved, like enrolling in a college course alongside college undergraduates. There are 2 major reasons that we encourage high school students to check out the physical, cultural, and academic aspects of college: Opening Up to Possibility Spending time on the campus or with college students can be exciting to high schoolers. They may see that there are things they can do with their lives that they never dreamed of. They can see others, like them, only a bit older, who are enjoying the commitment they’ve made to their futures. They can get a glimpse of the independence and respect for individuality that higher education offers. Hopefully, they will ultimately come to picture themselves as future college students. Getting a Realistic Preview More young Americans than ever are entering college. Unfortunately, they don’t all make it to graduation. Students drop out for lots of reasons, some of which are hard to control: illness, family obligations, financial strain. But sometimes students struggle simply because they didn’t know what to expect beforehand and then just get overwhelmed. Getting some sense of college while still in high school should impress upon students the extent to which they are responsible for themselves in college. Of course, they should learn that colleges provide students with academic, social, and psychological support services as well. Ways for College Now Students to Sample College Life There are many ways for students to experience college life through College Now including: - Campus orientation/tour - Cultural event on campus (concert, film, play, poetry slam, etc.) - Non-credit course offered on a college campus - College-level course (even CN courses which meet at the high school must follow the academic standards and teaching methods established by college faculty.) - Working with mentors or tutors who are themselves college students - receiving a campus ID (most CN programs issue IDs which allow students to take advantage of campus sports, library, and computing facilities.)

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Sustainable Travel is an overall definition for promoting sustainable tourism, ecotourism, and geotourism . Within each of these characteristics, we want to work toward protecting the local people, cultures and places and promoting prosperity of the places we love. - Sustainable Tourism Attempting to make a low impact on the environment and local culture while promoting responsible travel and positive change. Protect and preserve. - Eco tourism Responsible travel to national areas and making a conscious effort to leave little to no impact on local communities. Supports the livelihood of local people. Educate vs impact. - Geo Tourism Sustains and enhances the character of a place such as its culture, environment, heritage, and the well-being of its residents. Our plan for protecting the places we love depends on you. As we promote and share these destinations, our plan to protect them includes positive changes in behavior for:

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Regular readers of my blog know I am really invested in backward design (Understanding by Design or UbD). I have several UbD units posted over at the UbD Educators wiki, but I decided maybe I should explain them a little bit more just in case you are interested in using them. After I wrote my UbD unit for Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, I was really excited to explore it with my students. At the time, I had either just finished or was in the midst of reading Thomas Friedman’s The World is Flat. Friedman actually mentions Willy Loman in the book, and it occurred to me the play could appeal to my students if we looked at it through a modern lens — outsourcing, or what Friedman refers to as “the Death of the Salesmen.” I tied one of the themes of the play — that the world has passed Willy by and gradually made him obsolete as he failed to keep up — with a very real phenomenon in our society. Outsourcing is a huge concern in America, and over the last few decades in particular, we have also seen some jobs eliminated by technology. My essential questions for the unit are as follows: - What is the American Dream? Why do some achieve it while others are cut out? - What is the importance of being “well liked” and popular? - How do we form our identities? - How do capitalism and modernization affect American workers? Through exploring these question, I hoped my students would come to the following understandings: - The American dream is an undercurrent of American society, but is not attainable by all in our society. - Popularity and being well-liked do not necessarily equal success. - Our identities are formed in a variety of ways, including our family of origin, our career choice(s), and our hopes and dreams. - Capitalism and modernization are forces that have great impact on American society. By the end of the unit, I hoped my students would be able to do the following: - Analyze the impact of globalization and modernization on society and compare it to the “outsourcing” of Willy Loman. - Synthesize information about globalization and modernization from various sources. - Determine what skills 21st century workers will need in order to be successful in a global economy. - Evaluate how globalization and modernization will impact the concept of the American Dream, how we form our identities, and how we define success or become successful. - Relate Death of a Salesman‘s themes and message to American life in the 21st century. First, we read the play, all the while having discussings about how Willy could be a modern character. The 1940′s, when the play was written, seem very far away from our students today, but I think this play is very modern in many ways, which I addressed in my essential questions. After we read the play, we watched Karl Fisch and Scott McLeod’s video “Did You Know?” and discussed the ideas it presents: We watched an episode of The Simpsons about outsourcing called “Kiss Kiss Bang Bangalore”: Finally, we viewed a Discovery Times special featuring Thomas Friedman called “The Other Side of Outsourcing”: I have discussion questions for each of these videos, and it occurs to me I probably should have put them on my flash drive so I could upload them here. I will update this post in the future and attach the proper documents to the bottom of the post. We also read excerpts of The World is Flat; specifically, we read “Death of the Salesmen” (256-259) from chapter four “The Great Sorting Out” and chapter six “The Untouchables” (278-307). Page number refer to the edition of the book I linked. Again, there are guided study questions. Finally we synthesized all we had seen and read in a discussion that centered around the following questions: - How can outsourcing possibly produce more Willy Lomans? - What do Americans need to do in the 21st century to avoid the fate of Willy Loman? - What sort of shift do you think will happen in the concept of the American Dream? Then I gave my students their job, which was to explore these questions in a handbook created for either high school graduates or college graduates (I assigned them randomly on the suggestion of our Learning Specialist) that would be a helpful guide for young people navigating our increasingly flattening world. I asked the students to consider the following in their handbooks: - What will the graduates need to do to ensure they always have a job? - What will they need to do to compete in a global economy? What skills will they need? - What do you recommend they do to stand out, to become “untouchable”? - How is Death of a Salesman a cautionary tale in a flat world? — Draw a parallel betweeen the fate of Willy Loman and the possible fate of many other American workers today. What can readers of your handbook do to avoid his fate? I am not going to lie and say the assignment was a blazing success. I will say the reason it wasn’t was most likely due to the particular makeup of students I had and the fact that they were seniors who were checked out. I do believe it would be engaging for different students. It wasn’t a total failure either. I do think the students enjoyed examining these questions and thinking about them. Only about half of them really wanted to do the assignment, though. That half did a really nice job. Given the time of year and particular makeup of the class, I consider the unit as a whole a success, and I would definitely do it again. What I like about the assignment is that it enables students to examine literature through a modern lens, and I think they enjoyed it more than they otherwise would have. Here is a link to the UbD unit over at the wiki, and here is a printer-friendly link.

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On this date in 1969, Linus Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland. He started using computers when he was about 10 year old, and soon began designing simple computer programs. Torvalds earned his M.S. in computer science from the University of Helsinki in 1996, where he was introduced to the Unix operating system. In 1991, Torvalds began creating the innovative Linux, an operating system similar to Unix. Later in the year, he released Linux for free as an open source operating system, allowing anyone to edit its source code with Torvalds’ permission. Linux’s open source nature has contributed to its popularity and reliability, since it is regularly updated and improved by dedicated users. For his work with Linux, Torvalds received the 2008 Computer History Fellow Award and the 2005 Vollum Award for Distinguished Accomplishment in Science and Technology. The asteroid 9793 Torvalds was named after him. After developing Linux, Torvalds worked for Transmeta Corporation from 1997 to 2003. He appeared in the 2001 documentary “Revolution OS,” and authored an autobiography titled Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary (2001). He is married to Tove Torvalds, who also attended the University of Helsinki for Computer Science. They live in the U.S. and have three daughters, Patricia, born in 1996, Daniela, born in 1998, and Celeste, born in 2000. In a Nov. 1, 1999 interview with Linux Journal, Torvalds described himself as “completely a-religious” and “atheist.” He explained his reasons for being an atheist: “I find it kind of distasteful having religions that tell you what you can do and what you can’t do.” He also believes in the separation of church and state, telling Linux Journal, “In practice, religion has absolutely nothing to do with everyday life.”

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Several medieval personages Arnold, name of several medieval personages. —ARNOLD AMALRICUS, Cistercian monk, Abbot of Citeaux (1201), inquisitor and legate (1204), Archbishop of Narbonne (1212); d. September 29, 1225. For a bibliography of his alleged order to slay indiscriminately both Catholics and Albigenses at the siege of Beziers (1209) see Chevalier, "Repertoire" (Bio-Bibl., I, 319). The accusation has been amply refuted by Ph. Tamizey de Larroque, "Revue des quest. hilt." (Paris, 1866), I, 179-186. —ARNOLD OF BADETO, Prior of the Dominican convent of Limoux, general inquisitor at Toulouse (1531), d. 1536; author of a "Breviarium de mirabilibus mundi" (Avignon, 1499), "Destructorium haeresum" (Paris, 1532), etc., —ARNOLD OF BONNEVAL, a Benedictine abbey in the diocese of Chartres (1144-56), correspondent and biographer of St. Bernard, and author of other works of a spiritual and edifying character (P.L., CLXXXIX, 1507-1760). —ARNOLD OF COLOGNE, the second master-architect of the cathedral of Cologne, successor of Meister Gerhard (1295-1301). To him and his son John are owing the upper part of the apse and the completion of the choir. The change from three to five naves is said to have been made by his advice. His strength lay in the thoroughness and precision with which he carried out the details of the great architectonic plan of the cathedral. —ARNOLD OF CORBIE, Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery of St. Matthias near Trier (c. 1063), author of a treatise on the manner of calculating the Easter festival, made a Latin metrical version of the Book of Proverbs, and of a "Cyclus Paschalis". —ARNOLD OF HALBERSTADT (996-1023), one of the principal feudal bishops of Germany, and leader of the imperial forces against Boleslaw of Poland. —ARNOLD OF HARFF, b. about 1400, in the Duchy of Julich, author of a pilgrim's journey (1496-99) to the holy places and the Orient (ed. Groote, 1860). —ARNOLD OF LUBECK (d. 1211-14), a Benedictine abbot, author of an important "Chronica Slavorum" (1172-1209) and advocate of the papal cause in the Hohenstaufen conflict (Michael, Gesch. d. deutsch. Volkes iin Mittelalter, III, 374). —ARNOLD OF LUBECK, bishop of that see (1449-66), a learned canonist, zealous prelate, and peacemaker, especially (1465) between Poland and the Teutonic Order. —ARNOLD OF MONTANERI, a Franciscan, condemned for his extreme ideas concerning the poverty of Christ and the Apostles, flourished about the middle of the fourteenth century (Wadding, Ann. Minor., VIII, 245). —ARNOLD OF QUEDLINBURG, German chronicler of the thirteenth century, d. after 1265 (Potthast, Bibl. Hist. Med. Aevi, 2d ed., I, 120)., —ARNOLD OF SELEHOFEN, Archbishop of Mainz (1153-60), slain by the rival municipal faction of the Meingote (Kirchenlexikon, I, 1424). —ARNOLD OF TONGRES (Luydius, a Lude), canon regular, b. at Tongres; d. 1540, at Leyden; dean (1494) of the faculty of arts at Cologne, professor of theology, canon of the cathedral of Cologne, author of a commentary on Juvenal, and of a work "Contra Sacerdotes Concubinarios". He displeased the humanists by his attitude in the Reuchlin conflict, and was made the butt of Hutten's satire (Janssen, Gesch. d. deutschen Volkes., etc., I, 111, 18th ed.; II, 47, 18th ed.)., —ARNOLD OF VILLANUEVA, See Arnaldus Villanovanus. —ARNOLD OF VOHBURG, Benedictine Prior of St. Emmeram at Regensburg (1084), author of a life of St. Emmeram. [" Patrologia Latina," CXLI; Wattenbach, "Deutsche Geschichtsquellen" (6th ed.), I, 64 sq.]. THOMAS J. SHAHAN

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Blessed John Henry Newman and Catholic Education Sr. Marianne Farina, CSC Cardinal John Henry Newman was an innovative educator and pastor of the Church in 19th century England. Born in London on February 21, 1801, he began his academic career at the age of 15, at Trinity College of Oxford University, followed by a fellowship at Oriel, one of Oxford's most intellectually vibrant colleges. As a leader in the 1845 movement to restore Anglicanism back to its Catholic roots, he became drawn to Catholicism. Officially received into the Church on October 9, 1846, he was ordained a priest later that year. In 1848, Newman introduced the idea of an oratory to England, establishing the prayer–study center of St. Philip Neri near Birmingham. Seven years later, he was appointed rector of the new Catholic University of Ireland, a ministry he anticipated in his famous treatise The Idea of a University. In this work, Newman introduced his ideas about Catholic education, many still bear relevance for today. Cardinal Newman believed that knowledge was valuable in itself and that its primary end was the cultivation of the mind, rather than professional training for a profession: “A university… educates the intellect to reason well in all matters, to reach out towards truth and to grasp it…” (Newman 1854: 6). He maintained that classical literary and philosophical learning strengthens, refines, and enriches the mind for such expansive thinking (Pope 2007: 18). Therefore, Newman contended that the university exists for the purposes of teaching. For him this did not mean excluding academic research and discovery, for indeed these efforts produce good teachers (Buckley 2006: 3). However, he proposed that the “academy” (our notion of graduate school), was the primary research institution (ibid: 17). Newman also emphasized communal dimensions of learning. Two points are essential to his understanding of the common life at the university. First, he gave great importance to the relationship between teacher and student because by this interchange students would catch “the living presence” of information contained in their texts. Such animated learning was critical to the education of the whole person: concern for acquiring knowledge and forming character. This required attentiveness to the spiritual as well as intellectual development of students (ibid: 13) Newman proposed that the residential college, where faculty and students shared life and learning, was the ideal environment. Secondly, Newman was troubled by the fragmentation or compartmentalization of learning at the university. He thought that it limited creative exchange among departments. The various fields of inquiry, he noted, should be united under the meta-discipline of philosophy, because of its universal method of exercising reason upon knowledge. In this way, philosophy has an unlimited horizon capable of fostering cooperation among diverse and complex truths (Dulles 2001: 3). Newman viewed the life of the university as a stimulating collective of colleges, libraries, prayer centers, along with the needed buildings, fields, as a collaborative endeavor striving for a common purpose: expanding minds. Another aspect of fragmentation for Newman was the secularization of higher learning. He argued for a unity of all truth and did not endorse a separation or contest between truth of revelation, reason, or science (ibid: 5). Crucial to his view was the need for laity to be well instructed, to know their "creed and be able to give account of it" in the public square. (Newman 1851: ix ) In this way, he proposed a truly "catholic" learning, universal in its content and interiorly connected in its grasp of reality. Throughout his lifetime, Newman was a prodigious writer, educator, and compassionate leader who recognized the need for the church to engage society. His motto “heart speaks to heart” describes his commitment to persons and community in his varied ministries. Even in his Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864), his classic work of spiritual autobiography, he continues to instruct and to guide "heart to heart." Cardinal Newman died on August 11, 1890. He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI on September 10, 2010. Pope Benedict's homily for the beatification liturgy summarizes well the gift Cardinal John Henry Newman was for his time and for us today: His gentle scholarship, deep human wisdom, and profound love of the Lord has born rich fruit, [and] is a sign of the abiding presence of the Holy spirit deep within the heart of God's people, bringing forth abundant gifts of holiness…(Pope Benedict XVI 2010: 2).

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en

Prediction of parturition in dairy cattle using a 2D accelerometer to measure lying behaviour – a preliminary observational field study The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of automatic assessment of lying behaviour to predict the onset of calving in dairy cattle. Year of Publication2009 There is a trend in the UK towards larger dairy herds increasing the number of cows per stockperson and reducing available time for routine observations. A slightly difficult calving can have an economic loss of £110 with up to £400 for a difficult calving (McGuirk et al, 2007). These losses are incurred in lost milk production, increased labour costs and delayed calving to conception interval. Therefore, it would be advantageous for the stockpersons to have an automated alert of the onset of calving as soon as possible to allow assistance to be given if required and to highlight cows for observation. Miedema et al (2008) and Huzzey et al (2005) indicated that the frequency of transitions between standing and lying changes in the hours preceding calving. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of automatic assessment of lying behaviour to predict the onset of calving in dairy cattle. This item is categorised as follows - Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Dairy production - Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Animal health & welfare This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.

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Make your ‘Marking Policy’ a ‘Feedback Policy’ Marking workload getting on top of you? Many schools, and departments, have been reflecting about their marking policies ever since OFSTED declared more than a healthy interest in scrutinising books. Progress over time has rightly been identified as more important than single lesson snap shots – of course, that evidence if best found in ongoing student work and the attendant formative assessments. This has combined with greater scrutiny of standards of literacy, particularly writing. I have no problem with this; as you would expect from an English teacher. I think it is of paramount importance to have the highest standards for writing across the curriculum. Unfortunately, it appears that in many schools OFSTED fear has fuelled a misguided obsessed with marking, resulting in draconian whole-school marking policies that are less about learning and more about monitoring teachers. Marking and assessment must be the servant, and not the master, of our pedagogy and our profession. Firstly, I think it is important to understand the OFSTED context, so I can then move beyond it to the more important context: the pedagogy and the learning. In the recent guidance to OFSTED inspectors for judging literacy standards in schools – see here – it relates some specific guidance: “A basic way of reviewing pupils’ work is to select an extended piece of writing from near the beginning of a pupil’s book (or folder of work). This can then be compared with a piece from the middle and one nearer the end. Is there a discernible difference in length, presentation, sophistication (e.g. paragraphing or length of paragraphs), common errors, use of vocabulary and variation in style? Look at the teacher’s marking. Are the same issues highlighted in the later pieces as in the earlier ones? Has the teacher identified any developing strengths or commented on improvement? When looking at books from other subjects, it is important to form a view of what it is reasonable to expect. If pupils are writing in a form that would be taught in English, it is reasonable to expect that they would draw on what they have learnt already. This is often the case in primary schools. In secondary schools, there is considerably more variety. Do teachers identify important errors (such as some of those contained in questions about literacy in lessons above). Key subject terms should be spelt correctly. Basic sentence punctuation should be accurate. If it is not and is not identified, how will pupils improve?” This extract outlines that OFSTED inspectors are guided towards a scrutiny that is selective and one that recognises “variety“, whilst maintaining high expectations of formative feedback. Ultimately, the goal is to successfully recognise written feedback that combines high expectations of literacy and guides students towards making progressive improvement in their writing (reflecting their knowledge and understanding). It is therefore key that we do not overreact with a marking policy that has teachers poring over every written word by students, but instead we need one that recognises the importance of formative written and spoken feedback with a “view to what is reasonable to expect“. We can still maintain the highest of standards, whilst marking reasonably and not to excess. We will maintain the highest of standards not by doing more and more writing assessments, but by slowing down the whole process and getting students actively engaging in drafting and proof reading their writing. We must avoid the tyranny of content coverage at the expense of in depth, quality learning. A wealth of great research and evidence has lauded the impact of feedback and of assessment for learning strategies for decades. Luminaries such as Dylan Wiliam have guided the way. We must use this valid focus on literacy and high standards of formative assessment as positive leverage to improve our pedagogy and refine our use of assessment for learning strategies. Yes, teachers should give written feedback to a high standard, but we must be reasonable regarding what we can expect is realistic and sustainable for teachers. The answer is a balance of quality, selective formative feedback with well trained peer and self-assessment. If we want great lessons planned and executed consistently then marking must be selective; with a process that builds in reflection time for students – not a roller coaster of internal assessment points, arbitrarily set to give the impression of high standards. This national context has informed, but not misdirected or narrowed, our redesign of the policy for assessment and marking in our English and Media faculty. We have consciously renamed it our ‘feedback policy’. The relabelling of our policy from ‘marking’ to the broader term ‘feedback’ is more than just window dressing. It is a realignment of priorities currently skewed by a fear of OFSTED. Marking quite obviously presupposes a ‘mark’ on the page; whereas much of our daily pedagogy consists of oral formative feedback. Oral feedback has the unassailable strength of being instantaneous in comparison to the delay of written feedback. Regardless of what teaching and learning activity are being undertaken, oral feedback is integral to learning and progression. We have therefore foregrounded its importance in our feedback policy – placing it on par with written feedback (personally, I think it actually has greater impact on learning). Indeed, our policy is an attempt to unite the two and to enhance our pedagogy, rather than arbitrarily tighten our accountability measures. Our feedback policy can be found here: 2013 English and Media Faculty Feedback policy We mark students’ summative work using a separate portfolio approach, with five major end assessments, each supported by a formative mini-task: Crucially, we have adapted our feedback policy to serve our students and to help them improve, not to tick the OFSTED box; however, by creating a system that records oral feedback more systematically in the students’ books we have managed to meet both requirements. Our approach to feedback is precisely selective and measured. We are also aiming to use assessment and feedback as the servant, not master of our pedagogy. We are using ‘Dedicated Improvement and Reflection Time’ (the label borrowed from the outstanding Jackie Breere), as a continuous formative process within lesson time to raise standards of literacy through a targeted and smart use of peer and self-assessment, combined with skilled oral feedback: Teachers take the opportunities during lesson to monitor and formatively guide their writing, using our stamp system and getting students to record our comments to identify issues and to set targets. We are not carting home bags of books on a weekly basis, on top of our already thorough and rigorous marking regime, that see students take a little more than cursory glance at, or struggle to find value in even when given time. The oral feedback becomes the written feedback and students are engaged actively in the process. Students also undertake the standard proof reading exercises, of their own writing and of their peers, using highlighters, but in a systematic and highly consistent way. We are building good habits for students, whilst maximising lesson time. When students are writing, or undertaking other activities, teachers can be constantly having dialogues about their work and how they can best improve. Here are some examples of using our stamp system simply and effectively during classwork, whilst the students are completing their writing so they can improve instantaneously (well, we hope they improve!): We view that dialogue as so important that we now have ‘one-to-one weeks’ in each term when we undertake ‘dedicated improvement and reflection time‘ (we must remember that students often struggle with written feedback alone, therefore finding time to discuss their progress is typically more effective – as well as being more effective in terms of teacher workload). They are once more guided through peer proof reading and self-regulating strategies (with some valuable extended reading time), whilst the teacher has a crucial conversation about their progress. In those often five minute conversations we can identify issues and/or targets, as well as reviewing their preparatory book work and their portfolio of finished work. The most important part of ‘dedicated improvement and reflection time’ (DIRT) is the time given to students. They need time to reflect on feedback; to analyse and grasp their targets and to ask questions to illuminate how they can progress further. By doing less writing in this manner we will work slower, but ultimately standards will likely be higher. I would reiterate that OFSTED’s focus upon the evidence of written marking has made us reflect upon the efficacy of our practice and attempt to improve it, but we have not forgotten that assessment and marking – rebranded more holistically as feedback – should be the servant of the classroom teacher, not our master. Its very function is to support students – it should not be used as a stick to beat teachers. My key messages about the current ‘marking’ focus for me are as follows: - We should remember that oral feedback is as valuable as written feedback and we should shape our pedagogy with that in mind – closing the gap between the two. The gap should also be closed between the teacher giving feedback, both orally and in the written form, and students self-assessing their own writing and peers giving effective feedback; - We should remember that peer and self-assessment done well takes careful training and scaffolding, but we must not ignore decades of research about the impact of AFL, taking the retrograde step of relying solely on written teacher feedback; - We should undertake written feedback that is selective, targeted and uses precise language; - We should dedicate more than adequate time for students to act upon feedback; - We should devote time to engage in dialogue with students to ensure they understand what they need to do to improve. A great post by Tom Sherrington, with useful strategies to ‘close the marking gap’: http://headguruteacher.com/2012/06/17/264/ Useful OFSTED case study: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/resources/good-practice-resource-making-marking-matter The original research about AFL that is still required reading for teachers: Inside the Black Box’, by Black and Wiliam – https://www.measuredprogress.org/documents/10157/15653/InsideBlackBox.pdf

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McDonald’s Fossil Prep Lab Peek behind the scenes to see Museum staff at work, carefully chipping away stone to reveal nature’s treasures for scientific research. This working lab is fully equipped with tables that hold 2,000-pound rocks, microscopes, mini-jackhammers, mini-circular saws, and mini-sandblasters that shoot baking soda (strong enough to whittle away rock, soft enough to not damage precious fossils). A special exhaust system removes the resulting dust from the air. At the Fossil Prep Lab and in the surrounding gallery, you can: - Discover how scientists in the field remove chunks of earth that contain fossils and transport them back to the lab. - Watch fossil preparators at work and see what it takes to extract the remnants of ancient life from the stone matrix that has trapped them for millions of years. - See Sue’s gastralia, a group fossil bones so rare and unusual that scientists aren’t sure how they fit onto Sue’s skeleton. Among the most fragile of T. rex bones, they are most often incomplete, badly damaged, or missing altogether from fossil finds.

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en

By Andrew Liszewski While his blog hasn’t been updated in a while, Kenji Ko’s experimental media project Digiti, or Digital Graffiti, might have saved quite a few buildings from the hands of vandals. The prototype uses a laptop, webcam, projector and a small collection of custom electronic spraycans to create virtual graffiti. Instead of blasting out paint, the cans have a colored LED on the nozzle which is turned on when you push it down. As the can moves across the display, the webcam tracks its motion and uses that data to recreate the virtual version of the paint on the wall. While I don’t think having systems like this will deter everyone from ‘tagging’ various landmarks with real paint, it could give those who are more interested in the artistic aspect a better place to showcase their talents.

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http://www.ohgizmo.com/2008/01/09/digiti-digital-graffiti/

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en

Terra preta means ‘black earth’ in Portuguese and refers to dark, rich, regenerative soils that were created by humans in the Amazon basin in pre-Columbian times. Areas of active Terra preta deposits 6 or 7 feet deep lie in the midst of highly infertile soils. Terra preta contains biochar, plant residues, animal feces, fish and animal bones, and nutrients such as N,P,& K. In late 2011, the World Toilet Organization and the Hamburg University of Technology announced a TPS competition to design a $50 toilet that uses micro aerobic terra preta sanitation and vermiculture. Building on the current work of PHLUSH Productive Sanitation Researcher Jeff Holiman, which is outlined in Evolution of Simple, Modified, DIY Terra Preta Sanitation for the Home, we are putting out a call for people skilled in engineering and design. If you’re interested in joining Jeff’s team, please email us. “Terra Preta Toilets” In Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM) Toolkit. by Dorothee Spuhler and Robert Gensch Terra Preta Sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation – integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture. Water Science and Technology. Key 2010 article by Factura, H., Bettendorf, T., Buzie, C., Pieplow, H., Reckin, J. and Otterpohl, R. Dissertation: Development of a continuous single chamber vermicomposting toilet with urine diversion for on-site application. Hamburger Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Bd. 76. Hrsg. GFEU e.V. ISBN 978-3-942768-01-6 Terra Preta Sanitation. Profusely illustrated slide presentation by R. Otterpohl. Terra Preta Sanitation (TPS) Workshop, April 5-8, 2010, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Websites, videos, magazine articles Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology. Leading research center for terra preta. Magazine article in German that shows simple toilet and household system. Xavier University Sustainable Sanitation Center Multidisciplinary center in the Philippines research terra preta among other sanitation technologies; member of Cewas. Revolutionary designs from Paul Polak’s Out of Poverty Development of a continuous single chamber vermicomposting toilet with urine diversion for onsite application. Christopher A. Buzie, M.Sc. (Environmental Sanitation), Prof. Dr.Ing. Ralf Otterpohl. See also Development of a Continuous Single Chamber Vermicomposting Toilet with Urine Diversion for On-site Application. Christopher Azaah Buzie-Fru. Doctor of Engineering Dissertation. Illustrated. 157 pp. Combined Lactic Acid Fermentation and Vermi-humification Processes for Safe and More Efficient Recycling of Human Excreta in Terra Preta Sanitation Asrat Yemaneh (MSc), Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection Hamburg University of Technology. Low -Cost Plant Nutrients and Organic Matter Recovery from Human Urine in Terra Preta Sanitation. Mammo Beriso, Ralf Otterpohl. TUHH, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection

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Municipium (pl. municipia), the prototype of English municipality, was the Latin term for a town or city. Etymologically the municipium was a social contract between municipes, the "duty holders," or citizens of the town. The duties, or munera, were a communal obligation assumed by the municipes in exchange for the privileges and protections of citizenship. Every citizen was a municeps. The distinction of municipia was not made in the Roman kingdom; instead, the immediate neighbors of the city were invited or compelled to transfer their populations to the urban structure of Rome, where they took up residence in neighborhoods and became Romans per se. Under the Roman Republic the practical considerations of incorporating communities into the city-state of Rome forced the Roman to devise the concept of municipium, a distinct state under the jurisdiction of Rome. It was necessary to distinguish various types of municipia and other settlements, such as the colony. In the early Roman Empire these distinctions began to disappear; for example, when Pliny the Elder served in the Roman army, the distinctions were only nominal. In the final stage of development, all citizens of all cities and towns throughout the empire were equally citizens of Rome. The municipium then simply meant municipality, the lowest level of local government. Creation of a municipium The munera and the citizenship and its rights and protections were specific to the community. No matter where a person lived, at home or abroad, or what his status or class, he was a citizen of the locality in which he was born. The distinguishing characteristic of the municipium was self-governance. Like any ancient city-state, the municipium was created by an official act of synoecism, or founding. This act removed the sovereignty and independence from the signatory local communities, replacing them with the jurisdiction of a common government. This government was then called the respublica, "public affair" or in the Greek world the koinon, "common affair." The term municipium began to be used with reference to the city-states of Italy brought into the city-state of Rome but not incorporated into the city. The city of Romulus synoecized the nearby settlements of Latium, transferring their populations to the seven hills, where they resided in typically distinct neighborhoods. And yet, Sabines continued to live in the Sabine Hills and Alba Longa continued even though synoecized. The exact sequence of events is not known, whether the populace was given a choice or the synoecized sites were reoccupied. As it is unlikely that all the Sabines were invited to Rome, where facilities to feed and house them did not yet exist, it seems clear that population transfer was only offered to some. The rest continued on as independent localites under the ultimate governance of Rome. Under the Roman Republic the impracticality of transferring numerous large city-states to Rome was manifest. The answer to the problem was the municipium. The town would be partially synoecized. The local government would remain but to its munera would be added munera due to the city of Rome. The partial synoecism took the form of a charter granting incorporation into the city of Rome and defining the rights and responsibilities of the citizens. The first municipium was Tusculum. Two orders of the municipia The citizens of municipia of the first order held full Roman citizenship and their rights (civitas optimo iure) included the right to vote, which was the ultimate right in Rome, and a sure sign of full rights. The second order of municipia comprised important tribal centres which had come under Roman control. Residents of these did not become full Roman citizens (although their magistrates could become so after retirement). They were given the duties of full citizens in terms of liability to taxes and military service, but not all of the rights: most significantly, they had no right to vote. Executive power in municipium was held by four annually elected officials, composed of two duumvirs and two aediles, all under the thumb of Roman rule. Advisory powers were held by the decurions, appointed members of the local equivalent to the senate. In later years, these became hereditary. Grants of Municipia - Volubilis in the province of Mauretania (modern day Morocco) was promoted to a municipium by the Emperor Claudius as a reward for its help in a revolt in AD 40-41 - The Emperor Vespasian granted 'Latin Rights' to the provinces of Hispania (Tarraconensis, Baetica, Lusitania) in AD 73/4 - One Marcus Servilius Draco Albucianus, from Tripolitania successfully petitioned Rome to grant the status of municipium on his town Municipia in Britain According to the forgery De Situ Britanniae by Charles Bertram, forged under the name of Richard of Cirencester, there were two municipia in Brittania: Verulamium (now St. Albans) and Eboracum (now York), with the latter having become a municipium under Antoninus Pius. An assertion was made in the 19th century that York was changed to a colonia by Severus, based upon a coin, supposedly inscribed "COL. EBORACVM LEGIO vi. VICTRIX". However, many antiquarians at the time doubted the existence of this coin, the evidence for whose existence came solely from the testimony of Goltzius, which they regarded as suspect. Several, such as Ruding and Akerman, doubted that any coinage had been minted in Britain. However, similar doubts were raised about De Situ Britanniae, and its assertions about York being anything other than a colonia. For example: The Reverend J. Kenrick, writing in the proceedings of the Yorkshire philosophical society in 1849, said "I must declare my adherence to the opinion of those critics, who hold that Richard's Description of Britain is no genuine work.", noting that "the latinity of the Description appears to me to be to be the same as that of the preface which Bertram has prefixed to it". Kenrick further went on to note that the distinction between colonia and municipium "are hardly applicable to Britain", observing that "I am not aware that any inscription exists, in which the name of municipium is given to a town in Roman Britain". In fact, the evidence for Verulamium being a municpium comes not from an inscription but from book 14 of the Annals of Tacitus. The difference between Colonia and Municipium is that the latter was a town of which the inhabitants, being friendly to Rome, were left in undisturbed possession of their property and their local laws and political rights, and obtained moreover the Roman citizenship, either with or without the right of suffrage... The colonies, on the contrary, were all governed according to the Roman laws. The Municipia were foreign limbs engrafted on the Roman stock, while the colonies were branches of that stock transported, to a foreign soil. — Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, Volume 7, Charles Knight , 1837 |Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Municipium.| - Frank Frost Abbott, Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire (1926), Read Books, 2007, p.8 - Edmundson, J., 2006, “Cities and urban life in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire, 30BC- 250AD”, in Potter, D.S, A Companion to the Roman Empire, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, p250-280 - Alexander Graham (1971). "Africa under the Cæsars". Roman Africa. Ayer Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 0-8369-8807-8. More than one of - Henry Francis Lockwood and Adolphus H. Cates (1834). The History and Antiquities of the Fortifications to the City of York. London: J. Weale. p. 5. - Charles Wellbeloved (1842). Eburacum, or York under the Romans. York: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 103. - Thomas Allen (1851). A New and Complete History of the County of York. I.T. Hinton. p. 22. - Rogers Ruding and John Yonge Akerman (1840). Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain and Its Dependencies. London: John Hearne. p. 231. - J. Kenrick (1849). "On the Sarcophagus of M. Vecundus Diogenes, and the Civil Administration of Roman York". In Yorkshire philosophical society. Proceedings. York: Henry Sotheran.

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Li Liu, MD Last Modified: November 1, 2001 Dear OncoLink "Ask the Experts," Could you please answer me why the heart is the only organ in the human body which is not attacked by cancer. What does the heart have to protect itself that the other organs don't? Li Liu, MD, OncoLink Editorial Assistant, responds: Thank you for your interest and question. Unfortunately, just like almost all the other tissues and organs, malignant tumors do occur in the heart. In addition, malignant tumors can spread to the heart from other sites (metastasis). Metastatic tumors to the heart are more prevalent than primary cardiac tumors, and the incidence is increasing as antineoplastic treatment results in longer survival (Cancer 1980; 45:2659). Primary malignant tumors of the lining of the heart (pericardium) are exceedingly rare. However, tumors of the heart muscle do sometimes develop. Sarcomas are by far the most prevalent malignant tumors of the heart muscles (myocardium), angiosarcoma being the most common. Other malignant cardiac tumors that have been reported in the literature include rhabdomyosarcomas, mesotheliomas, fibrosarcomas, malignant fibrous histiocytomas, and lymphomas (Cancer 1992; 69:387). Establishing the diagnosis of a cardiac malignancy is sometimes difficult because of their nonspecific clinical presentation. Surgery is the treatment of choice for most primary malignant cardiac tumors. Because the resection is often incomplete due to the extent and invasiveness of the tumor, radiation therapy can be used in conjunction with surgical resection. In general, the prognosis of a cardiac malignant tumor is poor.

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Research paper topics, free example research papers You are welcome to search thousands of free research papers and essays. Search for your research paper topic now! Research paper topic: The Life Of Jonas Salk - 616 words NOTE: The research paper or essay you see on this page is a free essay, available to anyone. You can use any paper as a sample on how to write research papers or as a source of information. We strongly discourage you to directly copy/paste any essay and turn it in for credit. If your school uses any plagiarism detecting software, you might be caught and accused of plagiarism. If you need a custom term paper, research paper or essay, written from scratch exclusively for you, please, use our paid research papers writing service! The Life of Jonas Salk In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. This burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research. Jonas Salk was born in New York City. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who, although they themselves lacked formal education, were determined to see their children succeed, and encouraged them to study hard. Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college. He entered the City College of New York intending to study law, but soon became intrigued by medical science. While attending medical school at New York University, Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza. The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect, while still giving immunity to the illness. Salk succeeded in this attempt, which became the basis of his later work on polio. After completing medical school and his internship, Salk returned to the study of influenza, the flu virus. World War II had begun, and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed millions in the wake of the First World War. The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. While working there, with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio, and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years. In 1955 Salk's years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible. Salk's vaccine was composed of "killed" polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting the patient. A few years later, a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed, which could be administered orally, while Salk's vaccine required injection. Further, there was some evidence that the "killed" vaccine failed to completely immunize the patient. In the U.S., public health authorities elected to distribute the "live" oral vaccine instead of Salk's. Tragically, the preparation of live virus infected some patients with the disease, rather than immunizing them. Since the introduction of the original vaccine, the few new cases of polio reported in the United States were probably caused by the "live" vaccine which was intended to prevent them. In countries where Salk's vaccine has remained in use, the disease has been virtually eradicated. In 1963, Salk founded the Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies, an innovative center for medical and scientific research. Jonas Salk continued to conduct research and publish books, some written in collaboration with one or more of his sons, who are also medical scientists. Salk's published books include Man Unfolding (1972), The Survival of the Wisest (1973), World Population and Human Values: A New Reality (1981), and Anatomy of Reality (1983). Dr. Salk's last years were spent searching for a vaccine against AIDS. Jonas Salk died on June 23, 1995. He was 80 years old. Research paper topics, free term papers, essays, sample research papers on The Life Of Jonas Salk

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Cuba and Children and young people Check the most recent online additions, updated daily. Content from selected partners can be found by following the relevant links in the central panel below - or check out our editor's selection of the best sector specific information from other websites. - The BLDS children & young people collection - Search for the latest children & young people-related print documents on this country from the British Library for Development Studies collection - Lessons learned on integrating disaster risk education into national school curricula - International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), 2007 - This report presents an overview of the campaign “Disaster risk reduction begins at school” and the lessons learned from good practice in different countries affected by various natural and man-made disasters. Children are... - Cuban case study demonstrates that high quality education is linked to mobilisation of national income - L. Gasperini / Global Education Reform [World Bank], 2001 - This article discusses the high performance of the Cuban educational system. Such high levels of performance are particularly striking in reference to the severe resource constraints of the past decade. The article suggests that it is... - Cuba needs to maintain and sustain its impressive human capital - C. Brundenius / Danish Institute for International Studies, 2000 - This article stresses that one of the great achievements of the Cuban Revolution is its sustained commitment to investment in human capital. This historical development is discussed in this paper. The article indicates that: ...

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Liturgical Colour: Red Reflection for the Day of Pentecost The Easter acclamations continue through to the evening of the Day of Pentecost. The Paschal Candle is lit at ordinary services for the last time on the Day of Pentecost. Thereafter it is moved from the sanctuary to the baptistery and is lit during baptisms and funerals (when it is usually moved near to the casket), reminding us that we are baptised into Christ's death and resurrection. Everyone carried a candle lit from the Paschal Candle during the Easter vigil, symbolically sharing the light of the risen Christ. Perhaps on the Day of Pentecost, during the period of reflection after receiving communion, these candles could be relit from the Paschal Candle. The Pentecostal fire is thereby visibly divided and shared by everyone (cf. Acts 2:1-4; first reading for the Day of Pentecost, Three Year Series). The Paschal Candle can then be extinguished, vividly concluding the Fifty Days. The risen and ascended Christ, gone from our sight, is still present by the Spirit and we are commissioned to go out into the world to spread the light of Christ. (This might be symbolised by all processing out with the lit candles). Water is also a rich symbol of the Spirit. Hence, sprinkling with water while singing a dynamic, vibrant song after the renewal of our baptism on the Day of Pentecost could also be very powerful. Online service material can follow that of the Easter Season

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This new picture from ESO’s Very Large Telescope shows NGC 3521, a spiral galaxy located about 35 million light years away in the constellation of Leo (The Lion). Spanning about 50 000 light-years, this spectacular object has a bright and compact nucleus, surrounded by richly detailed spiral structure. The most distinctive features of the bright galaxy NGC 3521 are its long spiral arms that are dotted with star-forming regions and interspersed with veins of dust. The arms are rather irregular and patchy, making NGC 3521 a typical example of a flocculent spiral galaxy. These galaxies have “fluffy” spiral arms that contrast with the sweeping arms of grand-design spirals such as the famous Whirlpool galaxy or M 51, discovered by Charles Messier. NGC 3521 – click for 1280×1280 image Actually, NGC 3521 looks a lot like NGC 2841. Links to this post:

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E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. properly means a serpent (Latin, colubrinus, the coluber), but is applied to a long, slender piece of artillery employed in the sixteenth century to carry balls to a great distance. Queen Elizabeths Pocket Pistol in Dover Castle is a culverin.

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|April 12, 2011, 22:17|| Join Date: May 2010 Posts: 22Rep Power: 5 I just want to know how to create turbulence in a simulation before it hits the actual object. I am testing a section of a bridge deck in a wind tunnel and trying to reproduce it in ANSYS Fluent. In the wind tunnel, they had small objects on the floor to produce turbulent wind. How do I recreate that in ANSYS. The use of LES model makes it turbulent after hitting the deck but I don't know how to put the flow turbulent even before reaching the deck. Any suggestions ?? |April 17, 2011, 14:44|| Join Date: Apr 2010 Posts: 42Rep Power: 5 I am sure if your question is clear enough. But, I think you might be missing "virtual/simulation" with reality, despite I have no experience with LES modeling. In fluid dynamics, there is no such thing as "creating turbulence". "creating turbulence" is a layman term, as a flight attendant always mentioned in the plane. I suggest you get yourself some tutorials/educations on CFD before proceeding on this project. In LES, you're basically interested with large eddies (is that what you called turbulence?) and somehow indirectly accounts for the small eddies. Depending on the "model" use, you might missed out the actual flow physics which you have indicated. In a wind tunnel, it's an experiment and you typically have NO foreknowledge about the flow. Usually, if you don't "trip" the flow (putting small object or sometimes sand paper), your incoming flow can be laminar or low turbulent intensity. In CFD, you don't need to trip the flow. You do that by specifying the boundary conditions (BCs). For eddy-viscosity based models, BCs required that you specify the inlet (incoming Wind/air) turbulent properties such as turbulent intensity, eddy viscosity ratio or eddy length scale, etc. In cases, where there's NO experimental data available for this inlet conditions, you use some of the available analytical/empirical formula in literature to estimate them. Here, you need to BC sensitivity tests. However, you can create a rectangular bump/plate at the flow domain similar to your experiment. Not only this is a waste of resources since it is NOT necessary in CFD, it creates different flow physics which can lead to wrong results. Refer to the ANSYS CFX/Fluent manual on the "Theory of LES models" and check your boundary conditions. CFX has a well-documented theories on using LES to model turbulent flows. You might want to check your solution initialization also. |Thread||Thread Starter||Forum||Replies||Last Post| |Question on Turbulence Intensity||Eric||FLUENT||1||March 7, 2012 04:30| |Turbulent Kinetic Energy||Jabe||FLUENT||3||February 27, 2011 18:40| |Turbulence length scale and integral length scale||rizhang||CFX||1||September 10, 2009 06:38| |Discussion: Reason of Turbulence!!||Wen Long||Main CFD Forum||3||May 15, 2009 09:52| |Code release: Flow Transition and Turbulence||Chaoqun Liu||Main CFD Forum||0||September 26, 2008 17:15|

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When trying to make sense of complex concepts, we like to use metaphors. We frequently think of money having the properties of water, as in “cash flow” and “liquidity”. These metaphors have important consequences, because they make certain decisions and policies more plausible. Take for example how that once we think of the drug problem as a “war” rather than an “epidemic” certain policy solutions become more plausible (wars are won by armies, not public health professionals, and methadone programs don’t fit). When we consider corporate trust, one of the most influential metaphors is the “bank account”. Companies “make deposits”, and can “make withdrawals” if necessary. This seems plausible enough, but it suggests certain inferences that are not supported by evidence. For example, if today I put $100 into my checking account, I can take $100 out tomorrow. Putting aside bank failures and the like, the money will be available when I need it. In some of our recent research based on laboratory experiments, however, we find little evidence for these claims. In a crisis context, previous “good deeds” are swamped by current actions (good or bad). Trust it seems can’t easily be deposited, it must be earned. But there is another way to think of the potential benefits of a long-term record of trust. That approach works more like a currency (the fact that currencies require trust adds another interesting wrinkle to this idea). Currencies act like multipliers (not “linearly” as the bank account suggests). That is, if a currency is strong, purchasing power increases for all sorts of goods. So, what does this mean in the context of trust? The idea is that the same statement carries more weight, has more impact, if it comes from a trusted company. Or alternatively, a company with a strong record of trust (“strong currency”) will need to do less than a company with a lower record of trust (“weak currency”). Some recent evidence from the 2011 Edelman Trust Barometer 2011 Edelman Trust Barometer supports this intuition. |Company Trusted||Will believe negative information if hearing 1-2 times||Will believe positive information if hearing 1-2 times| In case of “low trust” we find the well-known negativity bias. A negative message has roughly 4 times as much impact as a positive message. But, strikingly, the situation is reversed in the “high trust” case. Now a negative message has only half as much impact as a positive one. So, by moving from a high to a low trust “currency,” a company gets an eight-fold increase of positive information impact. Not bad, right? Now, these results are to be treated with some caution. Ideally, one would want to replicate this intended behavior in a controlled laboratory setting. I would be surprised if the absence of negativity bias (indeed a positivity bias) in the “high trust” case would hold up with experimental subjects, but the prospects are intriguing. Perhaps this approach also can explain Apple’s (and to a lesser extent, Google’s) “Teflon” effect: The apparent limited impact of issues such as the iPhones’ dropped calls/antenna problem and smartphones’ transmission of consumer data. What’s more, survey data from Harris Interactive consistently puts the high-tech industry on top of the most trusted industries. So, even a less than stellar response strategy may have a stronger impact than a comparable (or even better) strategy by a less trusted bank or insurer. Bottom line: If the results survive in other research contexts, the case for investing in trust is strong. And don’t think about it as a bank account, but as maintaining the strength of your currency through a record of trusted actions.

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By Jeff Kurrus Colorado waterfowl hunters are facing tough conditions this season due to low water levels. With more ducks and geese moving south with each cold front, some migrants may pass by traditional areas that are currently dry. "If you can find water, you can find birds," says Greg Kernohan, DU’s manager of conservation programs in Colorado. "We’ve had a historically dry year with little precipitation or runoff from the mountains, and many of our state wildlife areas are completely dry." Fortunately, irrigation companies near Fort Collins are beginning to pump water into local reservoirs including Jackson Lake, Riverside, North Sterling, and Prewitt, giving migrating ducks and geese a reason to stay in the area. "We are starting to see some birds on these reservoirs," Kernohan says, "and hunting has been good for some people." With current temperatures in the 60s and 70s and no significant precipitation in the forecast, these reservoirs will likely hold the largest concentrations of waterfowl in the region this fall. Another option is the South Platte River. This shallow, meandering river provides vital habitat for waterfowl, and DU projects along the Platte will be especially important to waterfowl this year. "Restored wetlands along the river will be oases for migrating and wintering birds," Kernohan says. While dry years are challenging for waterfowl hunters, drought is not necessarily a bad thing for wetlands. "Periodic drought allows wetland basins to dry out, which helps maintain their productivity and gives wetland managers the opportunity to perform important maintenance work," Kernohan says. "In the meantime, we can always hope for more precipitation." Until then, Colorado waterfowl hunters should do everything they can to find water. Jeff Kurrus is a writer/photographer whose work has appeared in In-Fisherman, Field & Stream, Buckmasters, Ducks Unlimited, and others. He is currently a staffer for Nebraskaland Magazine. Find migration reports in your area

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The substr() method extracts the characters from a string, beginning at “start” and through the specified number of character, and returns the new sub string. Start – Required. The index where to start the extraction. First character is at index 0. Length- Optional. The number of characters to extract. If omitted, it extracts the rest of the string. In the example First character of “Welcome to www.ispsd.Com” w is removed as seen in output. First 3 characters of “Welcome to www.ispsd.Com” wel will be removed and after 9 characters rest of the words will be omitted too. elcome to www.ispsd.Com come to w

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Washington, D.C. : National Geographic, c2010 Series: National geographic kids. Everything series 64 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 29 cm ISBN/ISSN: 9781426307683 (hbk.), 1426307683 (hbk.), 9781426308017 (lib. bdg.), 1426308019 (lib. bdg.), 1426308019 :, Language: This book describes how rocks and minerals are formed by geological processes, and how they are used in our lives World of rocks -- The life and death of rocks -- Gems of the rock world -- Fun with rocks & minerals Login to write a review of your own. Reviews by AHML cardholders Reviews from other readers to add this item to your list. Lists can be used to compile collections of items that you may be interested in checking out at a later date. You may also create public lists and share your favorites with other AHML customers. No tags, currently.Login to add tags. To create a multiple word tag such as Science Fiction, enclose both words in quotes, like: "Science Fiction"

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551. Mary Kirkpatrick was born in 1815 in Chester Co., South Carolina.209 She died on 17 February 1907 at the age of 92 in Bay Springs, Jasper Co., Mississippi. She was also known as Polly Kirkpatrick. Mary Kirkpatrick married 14 May 1839, in Chester District, South Carolina, to Robert G. Boothe, the son of Isaac and Nancy Boothe. Robert was worn 19 April 1815 in Montgomery County, Virginia. As a young man Robert left home and rode south to try his fortune. He obtained employment on the farm of Samuel Kirkpatrick in South Carolina. In May 1839 he and Samuel's daughter Mary eloped and were married. They lived for a while in Chester County, South Carolina. Between June and October 1842 they move to Choctaw County, Mississippi. Later they moved to Fulton, Mississippi, in Itawamba County. By 1850 they were in Aberdeen in Monroe County. By 1860 they were in Corinth, Mississippi, in what is now Alcorn County, but was then Tishomingo County. There Robert ran a hotel until his death, which occurred on 29 January 1862. Mary died at Bay Springs, Choctaw County, Mississippi on 17 February 1907. Mary Kirkpatrick and Robert Boothe were married on 14 May 1839 in Chester Co., South Carolina. Robert Boothe, son of Isaac Boothe and Nancy ???, was born on 19 April 1815 in Montgomery Co., Virginia. He died on 29 January 1862 at the age of 46 in Corinth, Alcorn Co., Mississippi. Mary Kirkpatrick and Robert Boothe had the following children:

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Already at the end of 1917, in Jewish leadership circles, the question had been raised of calling a Jewish-Austrian congress similar to the Jewish-American congress held at the beginning of 1917, at which the request of the Jewish people to the Vienna government dealing mainly with the question of national autonomy should be discussed and corresponding decisions should be made. At the head of the initiators, stood the respected Zionists Adolf Stand and Robert Stricker, the parliament members, Dr. Benno Straucher (for Bukovina) and Heinrich Reizes (for Galicia) and moreover, representatives of the Austrian countries with a sizable Jewish population. It soon became obvious, that the Austrian Jews, partly because of opposing business interests and partly because of resistance to Jewish Nationalism, to which the Zionist oriented Jews of Galicia and Bukovina were dedicated, couldn't come to a unified decision. Vienna turned the balance. Because of the negative position of the Vienna Community1, and their president, Dr. Adolf Stern a congress was not called but the Zionist organizations never gave up trying to make the congress a reality. In September 1918, a Zionist party convention took place in Lemberg at which in the name of the Jews of Bukovina, Dr. Martin Kraemer introduced the following resolution with four demands: The party convention views in the granting of national cultural autonomy in Austria, the only way to remove the friction between the individual peoples of the monarchy and in this way to bring about a positive solution to the political crisis. In connection with this, the following points should be included in the future constitution. a) Constitutional recognition of the Jewish nationality as a body subject to public law with all rights of national autonomy. b) All citizens born as Jews belong to the autonomous Jewish nationality as long as they do not separate themselves from it. c) In addition to religious affairs, education, social services and business activity belong to the areas of activity of the Jewish community. d) If in the framework of the monarchy, new states are created, Jews in these states should enjoy full political, civil and national equality as well as national cultural autonomy. This resolution was greeted by all the Zionist state organizations in Austria, Bukovina included and adopted as the basis for their future demands. Dr. Jakob Pistiner wrote in the name of the Jewish Social Democrat Party (Bund) the guiding principals for the creating of the Jewish nation as an equal member in the brotherhood of nations. Dr. Myer Ebener developed the political program of the Jewish State Party and the Zionistic State Party and Dr. Meier Rosner created the theses for Poale Zion. All agreed after a comprehensive discussion on a common platform and published a manifest written by the leaders of the four organizations. The framework of the old monarchy started to tremble. Kaiser Karl's manifest of October 22, 1918, through which the monarchy was to be changed into a federation of states spelled the death knell of the several century old monarchy. The National Councils adopted for the separate states in the sprit of the manifesto proclaimed the independence of these states as nation-states. In Bukovina, the conditions were different than in Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, and Croatia. This eastern province of the Monarchy was inhabited by five nationalities of which the Ruthinians and the Romanians demanded national sovereignty for themselves. There was the threat of armed conflict between the Romanians and the Ruthinians when the Ukrainian National Council in Lemberg in November, 1918, declared that Bukovina would be an integral part of the future West Ukrainian Republic. A Jewish self defense had to be created which would ensure the protection of Jewish life and property. This was accomplished at the initiative of the Czernowitz Chief Doctor, Dr. Ferdinand Sternlieb on October, 1918 and this organization maintained close contact with the leaders of the Jewish National Council. The Ukrainian (Ruthinian) National Council under leadership of the School Inspector Emilian Popowicz called for a national assembly in Czernowitz on November 5, 1918 to which approximately 5,000 participants, mostly farmers were invited. The Jewish Self Defense made all preparations to forestall any excesses or plundering that would endanger the Jews. But already on November 4, 1918, the last act in the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire took place, an event which presented the Jewish National Council with new and serious problems. An anarchic situation began that lasted eight days. Soldiers left their barracks and plundered the military depots. It was the Jewish Self Defense which prevented these degenerate soldiers from attacking the Jewish quarter and forced them to gradual withdraw from the city. On November 5, 1918 in the early morning hours, masses of Ukrainian farmers from the surrounding villages began streaming toward Czernowitz. Around midday, they occupied the central squares and streets. The Ukrainian National Assembly left quietly. At the request of these constituents the Regierunggeschaefte took over the Ukrainian National Council after the last Austrian State President, Graf Josef Ezdorf resigned from his office. Also, all public offices were taken over by the Ukrainians. The new chief executive, Emilian Popowicz und the new mayor Bespalko (a Ukrainian Social Democrat) were informed by the Jewish Self Defense during the conference of the National Council that eventually, there was going to be an attack with weapons against the Jewish population. This warning didn't fail to have its effect on the Ukrainian leaders. They told the farmers to observe the great hour in a dignified manner and to leave the city in peace and order. The Ukrainian National Council was not up to the tasks of running the government. It also did not have the military power to enforce its laws and decrees. Everywhere the feeling of uncertainty reigned, especially at night. The rabble in the suburbs had weapons and shooting was heard everywhere. The Jewish Self Defense proved its worth in those difficult days. Thanks to that organization, the Czernowitz Jewish population was protected against rape and pillage. Meanwhile, the leaders of the Jewish National Council formed at the October 22, 1918 meeting decided at their meeting of November 10, 1918 to take over the Jewish Communities of the land and to turn them into Jewish Peoples Communities2 The Jews of Bukovina were stunned. They had seen better days and couldn't reconcile themselves to the new conditions. They thought on past days when they enjoyed full rights as citizens while in Romania, at best they would be second class citizens of the ruling nation a concept that was unknown in Austria. They had fought step by step for their political position and were the most grateful and best Austrian citizens, while the Romanian population saw their political goals beyond the border and some of the Ruthenians were Panslavists. Because of their patriotism, they bore patiently all the hardships the war had brought, since they had hoped for Austria's victory. The Romanian occupation of the land which threatened their future like a specter brought still unsuspected dangers with it. Dr. Jancu Flondor, the president of the new Bukovina government, called a meeting of the Congress of Bukovina Nationalities for November 28, 1918 which was to finalize the unconditional annexation of Bukovina by Romania. He also conferred with the Jewish National Council which was the third largest national group in the land. On November 26, 1918, the Jewish National Council met in order to formulate its position for the upcoming Congress. All the Jewish politicians who took part in this conference of the National Council were aware of the gravity of the situation and decided after long debate to stay away from the Congress and to maintain a neutral position. This decision which was passed with a small majority was influenced by the fact that the Bukovina Jews had no political or economic rights. The two presidents of the National Council, Dr. Mayer Ebner and Dr. Jakob Pistiner, about midnight of the 26th to the 27th of November, 1918 mailed the decision of the Jewish National Council, that they would not take part in the Congress to the leader of the government. This position of the Bukovina Jews was caused by the fact that the government leader Dr. Jancu Flondor demanded unconditional annexation and was not willing in the proclamation to be issued by the Bukovina Congress to make a declaration of the full enfranchisement of the Jews and of their national autonomy as well as proclaiming equality for the Jews of Old Romania. Only the representatives of the German and Polish minorities came to the Congress of Bukovina Nationalities which approved the unconditional annexation of Bukovina to Romania. Because of the Manifesto of the Copenhagen Zionistic Office, published on October 25, 1918, in which the demands of the Jewish people for a national Jewish home in Eretz3 Israel and full enfranchisement including national autonomy in the Galuth4 lands with large Jewish settlements were laid out, the Zionist World Organization began preparations for Jewish representation in the Peace Conference which was to take place in Paris. Leo Motzkin was entrusted with the organizing. Meanwhile, the Jewish National Council delegations from Germany-Austria, East Galicia, West Galicia, Czechoslovakia Bukovina, Transylvania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Italy, Romania, Bessarabia and Eretz Israel at the initiative of Motzkin had traveled to Bern where a pre-conference had taken place and from there to Paris (The Austrian delegation couldn't get a visa from Paris). The Bukovina Jewish National Council delegated dr. Benno Straucher, Dr. Max Diamant and Dr. Markus Kraemerr. Straucher, however didn't go along and remained in Vienna. Starting January 18, 1919 the Zionists Sokolow and Motzkin as well as the Americans, Judge Mack and Louis Marshal negotiated with the representatives of the English delegation, Lucien Wolff and Montefiore and the president of the Israelite Alliance, Eugen Sue in order to create a unified Jewish peace delegation. The negotiations failed because the Alliance and the English delegation didn't want to accept the national demands of the Jewish National Council. The representatives of the American-Jewish Committee and the Middle and East European National Councils organized themselves on March 23, 1919 as the Comite des delegations privees aupres la Conference de la Paiz, under the presidium of Julian M. Mack, Louis Marshal, Nahum Sokolow, Leon Reich, Israel Rosoff, Menachem Usischkin with Leo Motzkin as secretary general. The Bukovina delegation was a member of the Committee and took an active part in its work. On May 10, 1919 the Committee presented a comprehensive document with the demands of the Jewish delegation to the Peace Conference. The Bukovina delegation worked together with the Romanian delegation to determine Jewish rights in the peace treaty with Romania. In numerous conversations with leading politicians, they championed the demands of the Bukovina Jews. Together with Nahum Sokolow and Leo Motzkin they worked on all the memorandums, outlines and proposals for the minority requirements for the treaty to be entered with Romania. In addition to insuring the Jewish minority rights, the problem of granting citizenship for the Jews from the new territories of Bessarabia, Transylvania and Bukovina had to be resolved. This was to be guaranteed in the peace treaty, which however the Romanian Minister President Bratianu refused to do. Only under the pressure of the council of four, which threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Romania did Bratianu's successor, Dr. Vajda-Voievod, sign on August 30, 1920 the treaty which was published on September 25, 1920 in the Romanian government newspaper, the Monitorul Oficial. In numerous parleys as well as through the French press, the representatives of the Great Powers were informed about the situation of the Jews in Bukovina under the Romanian occupation. On May 1, 1919, the Peace Conference created the Commission des nouveaux Etats et de la protection des minortees which consisted of representatives from England, France, Italy, Japan and the United States and had the task of finding the solution of the national and also the Jewish questions. The Jewish representatives from Bukovina stayed in constant communication with this commission. While the Peace Conference in Paris conferred on the guaranteeing of the rights and the protection of national minorities, the Romanian officials in Bukovina continued their traditional anti-Jewish policies. This persecution was expressed by the mass deportation of numerous people with the excuse that they were not legal citizens. There followed restrictions in commerce without number. Many Jewish public servants were dismissed and others had to work for their former subordinates. In addition, Jewish officials had only a few months to prove they spoke and wrote the Romanian language perfectly and had knowledge of Romanian history. The State Testing Commission mercilessly reprimanded the candidates who didn't please them and then showed them the door. Many existences were victims of these unjust examinations by the officials. For example, they didn't hesitate to arrest Dr. Jakob Pistiner, the leader of the Social Democratic Party. Only after the intervention by his Romanian friends, Critescu and Sion with the Foreign Minister was he released. This attitude of the government to the Jewish minority was one of the reasons the Jews decided not to vote in the Fall of 1919 for the Constituent Assembly. The press organ of the national Jewish parties was the East Jewish Newspaper, which in courageous and open language represented the rights of the Jewish minority. Dr. Mayer Ebner became its chief editor The newspaper most hated by the Romanian chauvinists was a voice for Bukovina Jews and in many respects also a voice for the Jews of Greater Romania. The Ukrainians also boycotted the election. The government for reasons of prestige needed a Jewish candidate and found him in the person of the industrialist, Jakob Hecht who against the will of the National Council ran for the Senate and was elected. The fresh baked senator, published shortly after his election, in the government organ, L'independence Poumaine an explanation, according to which, the Bukovina Jews would be willing to join Greater Romania and were satisfied with the current situation. The Jewish National Council declared that Senator Hecht did not have the right to speak in the name of the Jews of Bukovina and through its delegate to the Comite des Delegations Juives aupres de la Conference de la Paix, made a formal protest which the Peace Conference officially acknowledged and had published in the foreign press. The Jewish National Council, in 1919 worked intensively to protect the rights of the Jewish population. It campaigned for an independent Jewish school system. Up till then, Jewish school children had attended German schools; now the language of instruction (Yiddish or Hebrew) was in dispute. The left oriented worker parties demanded that Hebrew and Yiddish be introduced as instructional languages in the lower classes of the middle school. Gradually, the two national languages would be also be used in the upper classes. The middle-of-the-road parties opposed this idea on pedagogical grounds and proposed to use only Hebrew as the instructional language in the lower gymnasium and German and Yiddish would be reserved for use as pedagogical aids. Yiddish was to be taught as an optional subject in elementary school. This proposal was accepted with 28 to 27 votes and as a consequence, the Jewish Social Democratic Party and the Poale Zion Party struck off in their direction in cultural questions. In July 1919, the Romanian government confirmed the leadership of the Czernowitz Jewish Community which had been installed by the National Council. In this manner, the autonomy of the old Community was restored. A government edict of December 25, 1919 decreed the dissolution of all national councils in Bukovina. Also the Jewish National Council saw itself forced to end its activities. The parties that had worked together in the Council went their own political ways. On 25 and 26 October, 1919 in Czernowitz, a state Zionist conference was held at which for the first time, delegates from Old Romania, Bessarabia, and Siebenbuergen attended. The conference concerned itself with questions dealing with Zionist-political, cultural and Eretz Israel and chose Dr. Mayer Ebner as president of the organization. At this conference, Dr. Salomon Kassner was elected as vice president. He later had differences with Dr. Ebner and the Zionistic leadership and resigned his post. As Fildermann, the president of the U.E.R. (Union of Romanian Jews) tried to establish branch locations of the U.E.R. in the new province; he met heavy resistance, especially from the nationalist oriented Jews of Bukovina. There was an unbridgeable gap between the Zionist oriented Bukovina Jews and the majority of Jews who were more or less resigned to their roll as beneficiaries of the Romanian government. Finally Fildermann used the conflict between Dr. Ebner and Dr. Kassner and established Dr. Kassner in 1927 with a German language weekly newspaper, the Bukowiner Volksblatt (Bukovina Peoples Newspaper) and as president of the Bukovina branch of the U.E.R. which remained politically meaningless. Dr. Theodor Weisselberger managed the Zionist State Organization for over two decades. The political fight absorbed much of the energy of the Zionist movement. In spite of that, the Zionist movement was more vital in Bukovina than in any other Romanian province. The youth were taken into Zionist organizations and were trained in sports. The Blue White movement was the center of the nationally5 organized youth. These youth groups soon merged into the newly created Maccabi Sports Union. The leaders of this movement wanted to train the youth in all branches of sport and to give them a national education. Engineer Michael Schindler who was the leader of the Bukovina Maccabi for about 20 years dedicated all his organizational talent and his feeling of national responsibility to this effort. Since 1920 there was an intensive Chalute (pioneer) movement which trained the youth in farming skills for use in Eretz Israel. Hundreds of Chaluzim went to Eretz Israel to help with the building up of the land. The Zionist Woman's' Movement under the leadership of Mrs. Klara Klinger educated a generation of Zionist girls in the love of Zion and Palestine work. First in 1920, Dr. Benno Straucher returned to Czernowitz. His time had run out, but he hoped that with the help of the Romanian government he could silence his Zionist opponents. After Bukovina had been included in the Romanian peace treaty Dr. Straucher sought out and found a connection with Bukovina Minister Prof. Nistor who facilitated his return to Bukovina, probably because of the expectation of using him as a willing tool, since the Zionists under the leadership of dr. Ebner were not inclined or willing to accept the oppressive measures of the Romanian government without resistance. Among the Jews, there was the need to combine the Zionist State Organization, which had become the strongest Jewish party and the group led by Dr. Straucher. The Jewish National Organization was founded with Dr. Straucher and Dr. Ebner as equal presidents, an attempt which floundered on the intransigence of Straucher and his personal ambitions. In 1920 Dori Popovici, a supporter of the first Averescu government won the election in Bukovina. Dr. Straucher intrigued and torpedoed Dr. Ebner's try for the Romanian Senate. Although Dr. Straucher with the help of the first Averescu government was elected to the Romanian Chamber of Deputies, he had lost ground among the Bukovina Jews, the more so since he joined the Liberals after the short-lived Averescu regime. He now became an ally of the notorious Jew haters of the Liberal party and whenever they came to power he was put on their list and was, against the will of the Jewish people, elected to Parliament. After the occupation of Bukovina by the Romanians, the repatriation of Jewish war refugees who streamed back from Austria ran into difficulties, since most of the Jewish communities had been seriously damaged by the events of the war. The Jewish National Committee seized the initiative and through its delegates in Paris turned to the Alliance Israelite Universelle and to the representatives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in New York for help. The representative of the Joint, Lieutenant Becker of the American Army came to Bukovina, visited the destroyed settlements, talked with the Provisional Relief Committee led by Chief Rabbi Dr. Josef Rosenfeld and made considerable sums available for immediate relief. In Czernowitz, an inter-party Joint Committee was organized and Karl Klueger was elected as chairman. This committee had sufficient money to help rebuild Jewish houses in Sadagura, Waschkoutz and Wiznitz in such numbers that all the residents of these three cities were given the opportunity to reestablish normal business activity. In addition to this constructive work, the Joint engaged in helpful activity in all areas of Jewish life. It founded a bank, established branches in all provincial cities and offered long term loans which allowed craftsmen and businessmen to take up their work again. All the social organizations of the land were supported by the Joint. Karl Klueger was the initiator for this work. He was the man who combined a deep social understanding with a long range political outlook. ORT, OSE6 and the Jewish World Help Conference started their activity immediately in Bukovina, mainly in the area of caring for the refugees streaming out of Russia. The world organizations started their activity at the initiative of Dr. Markus Kraemer. HIAS7 also opened its offices. Over 6000 refugees from the Ukraine alone gathered in Czernowitz, who the Jews of the city had to care for. With the change in government, there came an appreciable change in business life whose difficulties were naturally first felt by the Jews. In Austrian Bukovina, the Jews were the mainstays of commerce. Even in agriculture, in contrast to the Old Monarchy, with the exceptions of Marmarosch and Karpathorussland, the Jews played an important role. After 1867 when the Jews of Austria were allowed to buy and own land, many Jews in Bukovina dedicated themselves to farming. In 1910, 42% of the large estates in total 10.34% of the total farming land in Bukovina - was owned by Jews. On these Jewish estates, many Jews leased land or were employed as farmers. Also even non-Jewish land was leased to Jews and farmed by them. Now in Romania, agrarian reform was imposed which above all was intended to have the effect in Bukovina and Siebenbuergen of ruining Jewish tenants and land owners and through expropriation to make the large Jewish estates unprofitable. With that, all the Jewish owned industries which thanks to Jewish initiative were associated with agriculture, like brick works, mills, breweries tanneries, saw mills, distilleries yeast factories and potash production, were endangered. In all these industries, the Jews as producers and sellers were leaders, especially in export. The war had destroyed or severely damaged many undertakings. The Romanian government resisted giving the Jews any compensation. It was necessary after 1918, to secure the necessary capital and to rebuild. Also, trade which was mainly in Jewish hands from farmers to grain and cattle exporters, wholesalers and shop owners in Czernowitz and the provinces was throttled and the major part that Jews had in hand work was artificially restricted. Now came measures of the new government administrators in connection with the granting of citizenship, confirmation of earlier concessions, business and work licenses which were intended to stop the activities of Jews. Jewish officials were dismissed, Step-by-step, the lives of Jewish lawyers (85% of all lawyers in Czernowitz), Jewish doctors (68% of all doctors in Czernowitz) were made more difficult. In the cities, Jewish monopoly license holders for tobacco, salt and moreover movies and coffee houses where no longer granted licenses. It now remained to fight politically for the handling of Jews as equal factors in business life. This fight was, in view of the fact that the emancipation of the Jews in Romania - in contradiction to the Paris treaty - still hadn't become reality- not easy to conduct. Under the ministry of Mihai Pherekyde, on May 22, 1919 a new law concerning the granting of citizen to Jews in Romania was proclaimed. This law however contained a series of special conditions and didn't provide for a general naturalization of the Jews. This form of emancipation of the Romanian Jews satisfied neither the Jewish nor the non-Jewish worlds. Final granting of citizenship to the Jews was supposed to be guaranteed by the treaty between the Allies and the associated main powers and Romania, which was signed in Paris on December 9, 1919. In 1921, the Liberal Party, under leadership of Ion Bratianus came into power again. Bratianu declared the Parliament as in session, which gave the country a new constitution. A great debate began in the chamber. On March 16, 1923, the Jewish representative, Dr. Adolphe Stern, the old fighter for full Jewish emancipation in Bukovina categorically demanded that in article 133 of the new constitution which governed the political emancipation of the Jews of Old Romania, article 7 of the Paris treaty of December 9, 1919 which Bratianu refused to finish at the Paris Peace Conference, should be included. After long negotiations between the government and the Jewish Parliamentary representatives Dr. Adolphe Stern, Dr. Benno Straucher and Dr. Salo von Weisselberger of the Liberal Party on March 28, 1923, an agreement was reached in which the Jewish Parliamentarians accepted the new version of article 133. Instead of the incorporation of article 7 of the Paris Peace Treaty, article 5 of the constitution was accepted as the basis: Romanians, without regard to birth, language and religion shall enjoy the freedom of the constitution, the freedom of education and the freedom of the press, freedom of association and all freedoms and rights which are allowed by the law. Of the citizens and political rights of the Jews in the annexed areas, there was no mention. The Jews in these territories had to wait for the determination of their status. According to the provisions of the laws concerning the acquiring of citizenship published in the official gazette, Monitorul Oficial, No. 41 of February 23, 1924, the following people were granted Romanian citizenship: a) All those Jews in Bessarabia who took up residence there before November 18, 1918.For Regat (Old Kingdom), the requirements of article 133 of the constitution apply. b) In Siebenbuergen (Banat), all those persons who were resident in this territory on November 18, 1914 c) In Bukovina, only those persons who took up residence before November 18, 1908, insofar as they didn't have residence rights in a Community. The law seemed to be most favorable for Bessarabia because the Russian monarchy didn't recognize the concept of residence rights. On the other hand, the decree conflicted in Bukovina with the Austrian residence law of 1896 which contained the provision that every Austrian who willingly lived in a Community continuously for 10 years could claim residence rights in that Community. According to this new law, the following people would loose Romanian citizenship: All those former Austrian citizens who took up residence in Bukovina after 1908, in Siebenbuergen after 1914 and in Bessarabia after 1918. Also, anyone who took up residence before these dates, but hadn't reached their majority. Finally, Jews born in the above mentioned territories, whose mother came from another, previously Austrian area and who had only been married according to Jewish ritual. It should also be mentioned that in many Communities, as a result of the Russian invasion, birth records had been lost and because of this, it was almost impossible to provide proof. The determination of citizenship was regulated by the provisional law of April 15, 1924, no. 744 (Monitorul Oficial, no. 85 of April 17, 1924). According to articles 19 and 21 of the law, the first level in this determination process was handled by administrative officials, and appeals would be directed to the Appeals Commission and a final appeal would be made to the Kassationshof, the highest court in the land (art. 64 and 65 of the law). It is now clear that this law was in crass contradiction to art. 7 of the Paris treaty and to the amendment of art. 3 concerning minorities. It should also be pointed out that when the Paris treaty came into effect, Romanian officials gave citizenship certificates to all those who at that time had their domicile in the provinces of Romania and elected to become citizens and all these people became full Romanian citizens. Since that time, those citizens had sent representatives to three Parliaments, served in the military, paid taxes and now because of the new law, they lost their citizenship without the possibility of opting for another country. Thusly, the Romanian government caused thousands of Jews to miss the opportunity to opt for Polish, Czechoslovakian, or German-Austrian citizenship because they justly believed that according to the Paris treaty, they had the right to opt for Romanian citizenship. They became subjects (supusi) and weren't able to enjoy the rights of full citizens (cetateni). Aside from the Minority Protection Accord, this law stood in crass contrast to the general concept of international rights that an individual cannot loose his citizenship without receiving another. Further, it was unjust that when a territory previously belonging to another state was occupied if the citizens don't retain the rights they had acquired earlier. The new Romanian citizenship law of 1924 became a source of nameless suffering for the Jews, because in their profession as merchants their residence changed frequently and in the course of years they lost the connection with their original home town in old Austria without finding it necessary to secure resident privileges in a new Community in Bukovina. More as 20 years during the whole time Bukovina belonged to Romania the Jews fought a difficult fight for their citizenship. As stateless people, the Jew was a stranger subject to expulsion and the loss of his existence without notice. In this fight for their citizenship, the Jews had a courageous representative in the person of Dr. Mayer Ebner. He fought for their rights as a publicist in the Ostjedischen newspaper and also as a representative in the Romanian Chamber and the Senate. When the Liberals stepped down in 1926, General Averscu took over the government. The Bukovian Minister, Dori Popovici made voting cartel agreements with the ethnic minorities in which they agreed to vote as a unit at elections but which didn't obligated them to join any political party. In the parliamentary elections which were held in accordance with the new voting law, Dr. Mayer Ebner in the city of Czernowitz was elected to the Chamber8 and Karl Klueger to the Curie of the States in the Senate. Several months earlier, the Jews in Popovici's opposition block to the Liberals, took part in the City Council elections in Czernowitz. The Jews comprised a relative majority in Czernowitz, who was led by Dr. Mayer Ebner. The Jewish followers of the Liberals under the leadership of Dr. Benno Straucher were small in numbers. In spit of this, he was installed by the Liberals at the head of the Community. Dr. Mayer Ebner's election to Parliament brought a change in the political fortunes of the Bukovina Jews. The followers of Straucher, along with his chief flag carrier, Bernhard Fleminger left him. The State Zionist Party resolved to separate Zionism from state politics which should be conducted by a special party. The Zionists and Fleminger's followers founded the Einheitspartei (Unity Party) which was to work evenhandedly until the dissolution was completed. Dr. Straucher was abandoned by the political leadership. He remained a hanger-on of the Liberal Party, however but was ignored by them in the 1932 Parliamentary elections and was replaced by the Jew Michelsohn who the Party added to its list. After Michelsohn's election victory, Dr. Straucher had to give up the leadership of the Community. Dr. Ebner and Flelminger took over the leadership of the Community. The election law became democratic. With the election supported by the new democratic election law, the Einheitspartei remained the strongest party in the Jewish Community. It was only contested by the Bund and under Dr. Ebner's leadership remained the Jewish party. Dr. Ebner's Parliamentary activity took place in a period in which the anti-Semitic movement in Romania celebrated triumphs and manifested itself in demonstrations, in attacks on Jewish life and property, and in anti-Semitic laws and regulations. The catastrophe of the Jews in Romania projected its shadow. It was in 1926 that the tragedy of the Jewish student Fallik occurred in the Justice Building in Czernowitz when he was shot by a Romanian school boy. The Dr. Ebner's deputy brought up the case of Fallik in a sitting of the Chamber on November 6, 1926 and asked the Justice Minister Stelian Popescu which steps he intended to take to prevent future murders and which measures he would take to give the murderer his just punishment. The government set December 2, 1926 as a deadline for the reply to these questions. Then, Dr.Cuza, the leader of the Romanian anti-Semites spoke out, rudely insulting Jews and Judaism. Then Dr. Ebner further developed his request, uncovered all the events leading to the Fallik affair and demanded an end to the government's campaign against the Jewish minority and asked that it set an example by giving the murderer the punishment he deserved. In the Senate, Karl Klueger made a similar request. The answer of the Interior Minister Octavian Goga was a slap in the face for the Jews. The process against the 15 accused students, by order of the Bucharest Court of Cassation, was assigned to the Tribunal of Suceava. By order of the Averescu-Goga government, the Suceava Tribunal carried the process no further. In 1928 the Liberals who had come into power in the meantime, ordered the process to be taken up again and after some time, because of domestic and external political pressures, the process was dropped. The murderer, Nicolai Totu was turned over to the Kimpolung Court and then released. This judgment encouraged the Romanian students to further acts of heroism. On December 4, 1927 a student congress which had a definite political character was held in the city of Orade-Mare which was situated on the Hungarian border. The congress was planed as a national demonstration of Romanian youth against Hungarian aspirations to take over the Siebenbuergen area. The government provided extra trains for the use of the students and financed the undertaking. 5000 students accepted the invitation to the congress. The Under Secretary of State, Gheorghe Tartarescu acted as godfather for the congress. The polemic against the Imperialist Magyars only filled a small part of the daily schedule. The main thrust of the proceedings was directed at the Jewish danger. The existence of Greater Romania was endangered. Wild diatribes were held against the Jewish minority. The Minister General Mosoiu challenged the students to take action. The result was immediately apparent. Under the eyes of the officials in Oradea-Mare, Jews were attacked and Jewish stores were plundered. On December 5, 1927, the Synagogue was ravaged, the furnishings were destroyed and the Torah scrolls were desecrated and in a solemn procession the holy books and sacramental objects were taken to the main square where an auto-da-fe was staged. After the completion of the deed, the officials placed trains for the return trip at the disposal of the students, which stopped at all the larger cities waiting according to schedule until the students had completed their work of destruction on Jewish property. These anti-Jewish actions had their parliamentary sequel. In the Chamber, Dr. Wilhelm Fildermann and in the Senate, Horia Carp introduced a motion criticizing sharply the behavior of the officials, demanding punishment of the perpetrators and compensation for the damages. The Interior Minister Duca in his answer expressed regret for these incidents and assured Dr. Fildermann that in the future, the government would not tolerate these anti-Semitic outbreaks. With this debate in Parliament, the affair of Oradea-Mare was far from concluded. At the convention of the Voelkerbundliga in Brussels in March 1928, the Jewish delegates talked about the events at Oradea-Mare and presented a paper which illuminated the situation of the Jewish minority in Romania and which contained documentation of the occurrences in Siebenbuergen. The Romanian delegates at this conference, Prof. Pangrati and Prof. Juvara in their talks vainly attempted to put the situation of the Jews in a better light. They had a difficult time doing this in view of the proof presented in the Jewish paper. When the Romanian Farmer's Party (Partidul National-Taranesc), under the leadership of Dr. Iuliu Manius came to power after a hard fought election, the Jews had high expectations. The Farmer's Party whose followers were chiefly recruited from Transylvania, had already at their conference in 1918 at Alba-Julia which proclaimed the annexation of Transylvania to Romania, called for the basic principals of Democracy and respect for the rights of ethnic minorities. The National Jews in Romania joined with this party in a voting cartel9. On the government list, three National Jews, Dr. Theodor Fischer, Dr. Josef Fischer and Michael Landau in the Chamber and Dr. Mayer Ebner in the Senate were elected.. All four together with Dr. Mayer Ebner as chairman, constituted in 1929 the first Jewish club in the Romanian parliament. They the Jewish club went about consolidating the inter-Jewish political relationships. As was previously mentioned, in Bukovina in 1926, the fusion of the Jewish State Party with the Zionist State Organization created a platform which found its expression in the Unity Party. It was obvious that spreading from Bukovina, the total union of all nationally aware Jews of Romania was imminent. After long consultations, it was agreed to create the General Council of the Jews of Romania (Sfatul General al Evreilor din Romania) which was to function as the highest representative of the nationally aware Jews of Greater Romania. It was a political instrument which lacked the organizational foundations. Never-the-less the General Council created the initiative for the founding of a unified Jewish party in Romania. On May 4, 1931 at the party congress in Bucharest attended by delegates from the Unity Party (Partidul Unitar) from Bukovina, the National Union of the Jews of Transylvania, the Bessarabian Jews and the Jewish National Party from the Old Kingdom, it was decided to form the Jewish Party of Romania (Partidul Evreesc din Romania). The new party entered united in the same year in the election fight for the law giving bodies of the land, won 64,193 votes which was 25% of the Jewish votes and so conquered 5 seats in Parliament. The Bukovina Jews voted in an overwhelming majority for the new party and even though they represented only one eighth of the Romanian Jews, sent 3 representatives to Parliament, Dr. Max Diamanat, Dr. Mayer Ebner and Dr. Manfred Reifer. In Transylvania, Dr. Theodor Fischer and Dr. Joseph Fischer were elected. No Jews were elected in Regat and Bessarabia. Dr. Mayer Ebner declined in favor of Dr. Samuel Singer (Bucharest) who had been with him on the same list. Dr. Theodor Fischer gave up his mandate to Michael Landau (Bessarabia). The Jewish Parliamentary Club was composed of the five Jewish members of Parliament with Dr. Joseph Fischer as their representative and it set out to address the needs of the Jewish ethnic minority. These were based on the fundamental principals of the Minority Treaties and concerned Community autonomy and a national school system. The fight of the Jewish Parliamentary Club ran into stiff resistance. The notorious leader of the Iron Guard terror organization, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu used the Chamber as a platform as a platform for his anti-Semitic rhetoric. The majority of the Chamber members were united in their hate of the Jews, even though they wanted to use different methods to suppress the Jewish minority. The Romanian-ization of the minority schools won out. In vain, it was pointed out to the government in the Chamber, which dealt with the school question, that this violated the Minority Treaties. The minister of education at that time, Prof. Petrovici forced the Romanian-ization and as a result, the elementary and middle schools of the Bukovina minorities lost their national character. At an international forum in 1932, the minority problem in Romania was discussed. The conference of the Inter-Parliamentary Union which was held in Bucharest provided this opportunity. Dr. Reifer conferred with Paul Loebe, the president of the German Reichstag and asked him to bring the school problem of the national minorities up in the Political Committee. In the debate, Minister President Prof. Jorga made certain concessions, which remained, however only on paper. The anti-Semitic wave engulfed ever widening circles of the Romanian population and influenced the domestic policies of the government. The Minority Congresses in Geneva which were attended by a delegation representing the Bukovina Jews gradually lost their meaning. No European government concerned itself about the Geneva resolutions. Even the League of Nations failed. The European minorities had to fall back on their own resources and negotiate with the individual governments to rescue the last scraps of the autonomy promised them in the peace treaties. The Jewish Party of Romania was aware of the political situation of the Jews in the country and attempted to lead a unified Jewish politics. It called for a general congress in Bucharest on November 7, 1933, at which the basic principals of Jewish politics were to be laid out. The party congress declared that the Jews of Romania were an ethnic minority which was entitled to individual and collective minority rights. The Jewish Party conceived of the Romanian government as a collective, higher entity which was to unite all citizens without regard to ethnic origin. The party congress loyally declared the spiritual connection of the Jewish minority with the Romanian people which found its expression in the love of dynasty and of fatherland. Expanding from this principal, the congress asked for the collective emancipation of the Jews and the possibility for the development of a normal life. In the Parliamentary elections of 1932, the Jewish Party won a larger number of votes (75,00 votes) and got 5 seats in the Chamber, Dr. Mayer Ebner, Dr. Joseph Fischer, Michael Landau, Dr. Ernest Marton and Misu Weissmann. The anti-Jewish fight took on more vicious forms. The delegates who followed Cuza didn't hesitate to attack their Jewish colleagues. It was no longer a question of enforcing the Minority Laws, but preventing the passing of laws hostile to the Jews. The Jewish parliamentary club with Dr. Ebner as chairman was forced to switch from the offensive to the defensive. The political situation of the Romanian Jews grew worse from day to day. All insightful Jewish politicians knew that Romanian Jewry was heading for a catastrophe. In the parliamentary elections of 1933 from which the Liberals emerged as victors, the Jewish Party because of its internal splintering received only 40,000 votes and won no seats. In January 1936, under the pressure of the spreading anti-Semitic movement, all the Jewish parities of Romania combined in a single political body, the Central Council of Romanian Jews, led by the president of the Union of Romanian Jews (Uniunea Evreilor din Romania), Dr. Wilhelm Fildermann. The anticipated catastrophe broke over the Romanian Jews at the end of 1937. Carol II wanted to shore up his shaky throne and entrusted one of the theoreticians of the anti-Semitic movement, Octavian Goga with forming his Cabinet. He also wanted A.C. Cuza's party to have an appropriate roll in advising the Crown. Octavio Goga achieved an absolute majority in the Parliamentary elections and immediately set about realizing his anti-Semitic program. He appointed well known anti-Semitic rabble rousers as prefects, who initiated their taking office with riots against the Jews. In Bukovina, the Jews were chased from the villages, mishandled and their assets were seized. In Czernowitz, a brown house was set up in which arrested Jews were treated in Gestapo fashion. The military formation of the Goga-Cuza regime was the Lance Carriers (lancieri) who carried out their work on the pattern of the German SS. In addition to this activity in practical anti-Semitism, the legal machine worked in an anti-Jewish spirit. In the official gazette of February 23, 1938 appeared a royal decree which dealt with reviewing the citizenship of the Jews. The lawmakers started with the assumption that many Romanian Jews had circumvented the law of February 23, 1924 and had illegally established their citizenship. Therefore, a review of this citizenship was ordered. The reply to this royal decree which appeared on March 10, 1938 was signed by the king and the minority president and had legal power. Only a part of the Romanian Jews was exempt from this citizenship review, namely those who were citizens before the war in the Old Kingdom or those who were already acknowledged as citizens by a court judgment. This anti-Jewish law also contained the provision, that if denounced, any Jew exempt from citizenship review had to be examined. Also, those converted Jews who were baptized after December 1, 1918 were viewed as being Jewish and their citizenship was subject to review. Of the 800,000 Jews living in Romania only approximately 650,000 had obtained citizenship based on the law of February 23, 1924. Now, they had to have their citizenship again be reviewed by the courts. In accordance with the royal decree and the new law, the citizenship of all Jews was suspended. a move which affected most lawyers offices. As a consequence, the right of Jewish lawyers to appear before a court was removed until their citizenship was reviewed. The Goga-Cuza regime, which only lasted a few months brought the country into discredit with its Jewish politics. The general uncertainty in the country crippled industry, commerce and business. The attitude of the democratic powers toward this government was instrumental in Goga's demise. The Cabinet of Armand Calinescu again established peace and order in the land and stressed the close relationship of Romania to the democratic states, especially to its French sister nation. In spite of this, thousands and ten thousands of Romanian Jews had lost their citizenship under this regime. After the murder of Minister President Calinescu, and a short interim regime, Giugurtu was entrusted with establishing a Cabinet. He planned to reconcile the Iron Guard, whose leader Codreanu was deposed after Calinescu's murder, with the king and solidify his position with their help. As a reward for this loyalty, the Jews were thrown upon the mercy of the radical anti-Semitic element. They were blamed for the loss of North Bukovina and Bessarabia to Russia (1940). Looking back at the situation of the Jews in Bukovina for the past 25 years, it can be seen that since the land was annexed by Old Romania, their business fortunes had a steep upswing. In this period, they acquired large estates and enlarged the Jewish large holdings. The agrarian reform instituted in 1926 led to breaking up of a large portion of these estates without significantly reducing the agricultural output of the Jews. Cattle and poultry production stood at a particularly high level. Also, in this quarter century industrial production took an upswing. Numerous textile factories were established. A capable metallurgical industry emerged. Factories for rubber and rubber products were built by Lithuanian Jews in Czernowitz In Itzkany, the border city between Austrian Bukovina and Old Romania the fourth largest sugar factory in Romania was built using Jewish capital. Two starch factories and chicken and egg canning factory were founded. The lumber industry, especially export in this period also lay mostly in Jewish hands. Through export, mainly driven by Jews an active balance of trade was established. This industrial development was behind the founding of many banks which were a significant factor in economic development and which were mostly in Jewish hands. The cities grew in this period and became more beautiful. The flow of workers into industrialized Bukovina from the rest of the kingdom encouraged capital rich Jews to increased building activity. Business and commerce experienced further growth. Czernowitz became a center for grain, fruit and raw material export. A large majority of the members of the Chamber of Commerce were Jewish and the stock exchange was almost exclusively their domain. The Jewish workers in the individual factories were specialists with great knowledge of their crafts. Soon, however, business was badly shaken because of various official measures. The Conversion Law gave agriculture a moratorium and a kind of easier debt relief, but caused a liability for commerce in general. Commerce and industry, especially banking was hit hard by this law. It came to a collapse of banks which especially hurt small pensioners. Jewish business, especially the privately owned ones, experienced a further burden because of a government regulation stipulating that in all Jewish concerns, offices and shops, native Romanians had to hired in addition to Jewish officers and workers. This Romanian element was to be educated in Jewish businesses and later take them over. Also in social areas the Bukovina Jews, under Romanian rule created more institutions for the general good. The Joint Distribution Committee (The Joint) supported social work generously. Care for orphans was given special attention. At the initiative of the married couple, Nathan and Josefine Horowitz, the Czernowitz Bnai Brith lodge, Orient founded the Children's Protection Society and with the help of the Joint acquired a building in the center of Czernowitz in which orphans could be brought up and taught a profession. The Jewish Tuberculosis Hospital which owed its creation to the husband and wife, Dr. Gustav and Zunia Schifter was also built by the Orient Lodge and the Joint and set up as a model institution. The Yiddish School Society dedicated itself to care of children by establishing a children's vacation home called Elizer Steinbarg on Cecina, a wooded hill near Czernowitz. The brothers Jakob and Josef Peretz founded, mainly with their own money, a modern apprentice home which was directed in an exemplary way by Prof. I. Chessid. Mrs. Karoline Leiter, the widow of the former vice president of the Community, Dr. Adolf Leiter was the initiator for the building of a modern maternity home and Mrs. Sarina Fokschaner for a day care center that was named, Regina Maria. The Jewish Infirmary was enlarged with a new building and equipped with the newest medical apparatus. Dr. Wolfgang Fokschaner made the largest part of the necessary money available. The president of the Bukovina Joint, Karl Klueger made possible the construction of a university dormitory which had a cafeteria associated with it. An existing dormitory in the city for students of all nations, paid for with Jewish money, by the way, was illegally seized by the Romanian government and barred to Jewish students. In addition to these great institutions, there were numerous organizations in the land, one of the leading ones being the Jewish Woman's Help Society directed by Mrs. Gusti Weich which concerned itself with constructive charity. The private Hebrew school, Safa Iwria expanded itself to a state wide Hebrew school society which represented all the private Hebrew schools and kindergartens in Bukovina. Orthodox Jews exerted themselves to expand and improve their traditional school system. In Czernowitz, Daniel Sternfeld opened the yeshiva Ez Chajim and orthodox Rabbi Benjamin Katz founded a Talmud Torah school. His successor, Gaon Meschulem Rath laid the cornerstone for a rabbi seminar. In Wiznitz Rabbi Leiser Hagar built a modern yeshiva funded by a grant from the heirs of the merchant, Chaim Iwanier, in which the students in addition to the obligatory Talmud study, were trained in various trades and in agriculture. The Yiddishists moved in parallel with this cultural trend. In 1919, the Yiddish School Society was formed for the purpose of building schools and nurturing the Yiddish language and culture as well as publishing works of Yiddish authors. Its initiators, Dr. Jakob Pistiner and Dr. Gabriel Rosenrauch came from the tradition of the Bund and the left leaning Poal Zion. The poet, Eliezer Steinbarg was the spiritual leader of this movement. The Yiddish School Society had its own publishing house which since 1921 had the name Culture. Over the years, it brought out a number of pedagogical, cultural-historical and literary works, among them a number of the writings left by the poet E. Steinbarg with drawings and wood cuts by A. Kolnik. The organization, Morgenroit, founded a vocational school in 1924 with support of the Joint and from private sources for the purpose of general and professional education of children of both sexes. A second structure with a theater was built from whose income, the school was supported. The Morgenroit library, Wladimir Medem was also housed in this building. The Yiddish theater, which since the debut of Goldfaden had its home in Czernowitz experienced rapid growth in that period. Non-resident troupes (Mali Picon, Nelly Kessmann, Mischu Fischson, Paul Baratoff) appeared every season in Czernowitz and found an enthusiastic but critical public. The Wilnaer troupe, had its best performances in Czernowitz. The Jewish population showed deep understanding for music. The Music Society founded in 1878 always had sponsors and active musicians. From this milieu came the Jewish composer Norbert Gingold and the world master of song, Joseph Schmidt, who had belonged to the Czernowitz temple choir. Important painters and sculptors (Moses Barasch, Jakob Eisenscher, Arthur Kolnik, Schlomo Lerner, Bernhard Reder) enriched the artistic life in Bukovina with their works. A young generation of talented poets in part, first showed their works in Czernowitz. The ballad poet Itzig Manger, Alfred Margul-Sperber, Moses Rosenkranz, Alfred Kittner, Rudolf Kommer from Czernowitz (died 1943 in New York) acquired excellent reputations as translators and dramatists. Jews were leaders in the press. Of the daily newspapers run by Jews in Czernowitz, the Allgemeine Zeitung (edited by Dr. Philipp Menczel, later by Arnold Schwarz and finally by Dr. Adolf Niederhoffer), the Czernowitzer Morgenblatt published by Julius Weber and Dr. Ellias Weinstein, Vorwarts (Social Democratic edited by Dr. Jakob Pistiner) and Der Tag edited by Arnold Schwarz and Dr. Ernst Maria Flinker were printed in German. Numerous weekly and bi-weekly publications gave witness to a lively intellectual activity, which was even able to develop under the Romanian regime. The follow publications should also be mentioned: The Zionist Jiddische Volksblatt edited by Schamschon Schaechter (Yiddish), Arbeiter-Zeitung (Poale Zion) edited by S.L. Steinmetz (Yiddish), Aufbau edited by B. Engler (Yiddish), Das Naje Leben (supporting the Bund), edited by Dr. Josef Kissman and Sarah Kissman (Yidish), Czernowitzer Bletter (no party) edited by S. A. Soifer (Yiddish), Osstjuedische Zeitung (Zionist) edited by Dr. Mayer Ebner (German), Das Frei Wort (Zeire Zion) edited by Dr. Benjamin Fuch (German), Neue Juedische Rundschau (Zionist) edited by Dr. Manfried Reifer (German), Bukowiner Volkszeitung (organ of the Union of Romanian Jews) edited by Dr. Salomon Kassner (German), Sonn und Montagszeitung edited by Dr. M. Kraemer (German). There were many important writers and journalists among the Jews of Bukovina. From the previous century was Karl Emil Franzos (Halbasien) and in more recent times, Leo Ebermann (playwright, the Athenerin), Dr. Jakob Benkendorf, Dr. Schlomo Bickel (New York), Klara Blum (Moscow), Dr. M. Ebner, Dr. Berthold Frucht, M. Fried, Weininger (New York), Dr. Salomon Kasner, Dr. Josef Kissman, Karl Klueger, Josef Koller, Friedrich Leiter, Dr. Philipp Menczel, Hermann Menkes, Wilhelmine Mohr, Konrad Peckelman, Dr. Jakob Pistiner, Mathias Roll, Arnold Schwarz, Moritz Stekel, Julius Weber, Adolf Wallstein, Dr. Elias Weinstein, Micahael Wurmbrand, among others. The 7 volume Jewish National Biography by S. Wininger appeared in Czernowitz in the years 1925-1936. The Zionist organizations dedicated their main effort to educating the youth. People's High School courses deepened and widened the youth's understanding of Jewish history and culture. The youth organizations prepared them with spiritual and physical Hachschara (Hebrew word for preparation) for Eretz Israel (the Land of Israel). The Zionist woman's organization Deborah founded in 1906 which was transformed into Wizo in 1924 accomplished excellent work in cultural and social arenas under the leadership of Mrs. Klara Klinger. Mrs. Klara Klinger was also a member of the Czernowitz City Council. The important Zionist leaders like Weizmann, Sokolow, Buber, Ussischkin, Jabotinsky, Lewin and Ruppin visited Bukovina and held lectures in Czernowitz. They helped make Zionism which in the Austrian period, men like Prof. Leon Kellner and Dr. Mayer Ebner had brought close to the people's awareness into the strongest people's movement among the Bukovina Jews. Since 1919, Jewish politics was in a constant defensive battle against the chauvinism of the Romanian government. The drive for Romanianization and the preference for Romanians by birth gradually pushed the Jews out of state and city positions. In the election of December, 1937 Codreanu's party received 16% (70 mandates), and the Christian Party 10% of all votes. After the collapse of the Goga-Cuza regime (December 1937 February 1938 and the murder of the Minister President Calinescu, King Carol appointed an authoritarian government (one sees the influence of Nazi Germany) with the patriarch Miron Christoa at the helm. Codreanu was sentenced to 10 years at hard labor and on November 30, 1938 was shot along with other Legionnaires while escaping. In 1940 the king named the industrialist Gigurtu as minister president. In Germany the Nazi leaders knew that Romania would be the first nation they would win with their policy of exterminating the Jews. The ground had been prepared by Cuza and his band of rioting students. The words of Hitler before the Reichstag on January 30, 1939 which predicted the annihilation of European Jewry found a lively echo in the land. When the first refugees arrived in Czernowitz soon after the German army marched into Poland, the spontaneous help which the Jewish population of the city gave them was not merely an act of humanity, but also the result of the recognition that in the not to distant future they would be in the same situation. The departure of the short lived Goga-Cuza regime was still followed with efforts to convince the Western allies, especially France, the great Latin sister of one's worthiness, but when the friend, France didn't take steps to prevent the occupation of Bessarabia and North Bukovina by Russia (194) who had a non-aggression treaty with Germany, Romania's interest in public appearances ceased. From then on, the Romanian governments were concerned only with completely fulfilling Germany's wishes. The Romanians saw in Hitler, the only ally against Stalin's lust for expansion. The war events in Europe strongly reinforced this opinion. After Bessarabia and North Bukovina were occupied by the Russians without a fight, Romania had to give a part of Sibenbuergen to Hungary because of the August 30, 1940 Vienna arbitration agreement and because of the September 6, 1940 Crajova agreement, they lost Sueddobrudscha to Bulgaria. Under the pressure of the collapse of the Greater Romania state, King Carol abdicated. His follower, Mihai confirmed Marschall Antonescu with Hitler's approval as minister president and Sima as his deputy. Approximately 250,000 Romanian refugees from the lost areas streamed back into Romania. Their integration caused great difficulties. In order to solve the problem economically and financially, measures were taken against the Jews in the style of Nazi Germany. The Jewish population was to give the Romanian refugees a place to live and give them their homes and assets. Gigurtu had already started the disenfranchisement of the Jews when he, supposedly in the national interest, removed the Jews from public service. The Romanian Jewish politics prepared systematically for the final solution of the Jewish question. The law of August 8, 1940 concerning the legal status of the Jews defined three categories which were to be handled differently. The decree of October 4, 1940 removed the Jew's right to own estates and on November 17, 1940 they lost the right to own forest and ships and on December 4, 1940 they no longer were obligated to serve in the army and were forced into labor service, on March 28, 1941 their city land holdings were taken. In the fall of 1941, the National Center for Romanianization was created at which, the confiscated Jewish assets would be administered for the benefit of party fat cats. On December 16, 1941the existing federation of Jewish Communities was dissolved and a Jewish Central was created which was to assist in the liquidation of the Jews. In the Jewish Central in Bucharest and in many cities in which Jews lived, the officials were creatures chosen by the Romanians, mostly men without backbones and without conscience who sold and betrayed their fellow Jews. In all questions concerning Jews, Germany made the decisions. The German ambassador Fabricius was recalled and in his place came the SA group leader Killinger (he died by suicide in Bucharest in 1944) who conducted the final solution of the Jewish problem in accordance with the wishes of his master, Hitler. Under his direction the notorious Gustav Richter brutally managed Jewish affairs. On January 31, 1941, a revolt of the Legionnaires, initiated by the German secret police took place. Nevertheless, in order not to endanger his plans, Hitler let them fail and decided to support Antonescu whose help he needed for the war he intended to wage against Russia. The activity of the Jewish Affairs Advisor, Richter was now restricted to the Old Kingdom and for Bukovina and Bessarabia Lecca of the Romanian government was named to handle Jewish affairs. On June 21, 1941 Romania entered the war against Russia. Until July 18, 1941, Antonescu had the supreme command. He was in charge of the 2nd German Army. On July 4, 1941 Czernowitz was conquered by units of the III Romanian Army. On July 7, the Romanian units were followed by SD divisions whose leader quartered himself in the Black Eagle in Czernowitz. On July 8, 1941 Antonescu declared in Buckarest, minister advisor, in reference to the Jewish question and Nazi Germany, It makes no difference to me if we go down in history as barbarians. He was to remember these words when in Bucharest in 1945 a People's Court condemned him along with other war criminals to death for their crimes. On August 19, 1941 the Romanian government decreed that Transnistrien, the area between the Bug and Dniester rivers, occupied by Romanian and German armies was to be administered by Romanian administrative organs. In the treaty of Tighina of August 30, 1941, the Germans objected on security grounds to the Romanian's intention to delay the deportation of the Jews over the Bug and demanded that the Jews be assembled in concentration camps in Transnistrien. According to the express wishes of Antonescu the deportation was to begin on September 15, 1941. Through this measure, Antonescu wanted to show the Germans his cooperation, since he knew that the chief of the Gestapo and the SD Heydreich von Goering were told on July 31, 1941 to make all necessary preparations for the final solution of the Jewish problem in German areas of influence. Also the decisions made at the Wansee Conference of January 21, 1942 in regard to the physical destruction of the Jews laid further plans for this effort. Only on June 9, 1944, the Romanian government influenced by the state of the war, as the defeat of Germany seemed inevitable, decided on their own law concerning the Jews, independent of Germany and shortly thereafter on August 13, 1944 had King Mihai Antonescu arrested and declared war against Germany on the side of Russia. King Mihai's abdication of the Romanian throne, force by Russia in 1948 ushered in the Communization of the country. JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions. Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. History of Jews in Bukowina Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page Copyright © 1999-2013 by JewishGen, Inc. Updated 10 Apr 2005 by LA

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Activities: Context Activities The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl Back to Context Activities Dorothea Lange, People Living in Miserable Poverty, Elm Grove, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma (1936), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USF34-009695-E]. The New York Stock Exchange collapse in October of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, which lasted until America entered World War II in the early 1940s. The longest and most severe economic depression in American history, the Great Depression caused untold economic hardship and great social upheaval throughout the United States and the world. From 1929 to 1932, stock prices fell dramatically in the United States, with many stocks losing over 80 percent of their value. Banks closed, unemployment skyrocketed, and factory and industrial production fell sharply. By 1932 nearly a third of the workforce in America was unable to find jobs. Many Americans lost their savings, their homes, and their livelihoods. Adding to the nation's difficulties, the ecological disaster of the Dust Bowl descended on the Midwest between 1935 and 1939. Constant drought and poor land management led to arid, lifeless growing conditions for struggling farmers and sharecroppers and ruined the little livelihood they had during the depression. Over 300,000 people were forced to leave the afflicted area and migrate to the West to look for employment. The advanced mechanization of industry, factory, and farm work also adversely affected some American workers during this period. Many work functions were taken over by machines, causing widespread worker displacement and relocation. The Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and other factors caused a massive worker migration to alternate professions and alternate areas of the country. The Great Depression shaped the psyches of an entire generation; those who lived through the depression became acutely aware of the power of broad economic forces to impact individual lives. The Great Depression helped Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, unseat Herbert Hoover to win the presidency in 1932. Roosevelt quickly enacted major legislative initiatives to help Americans endure and recover from the economic downturn. Increased government regulations, extensive public-works projects, and other measures helped bolster public confidence that the economy would pull out of the depression. Roosevelt's "New Deal" included a broad range of legislation, such as the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect the savings of individuals, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to better regulate the stock market and other areas of investment, and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to better ensure the security of mortgages and home loans. The Roosevelt administration also created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to provide work relief and jobs to thousands of out-of-work men and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to assist with flood control and electricity generation. Nineteen thirty-three saw even more New Deal legislation, including an Agricultural Adjustment Act, a National Industrial Recovery Act, the Rural Electrification Administration, and a much-expanded public works effort, managed by the Public Works Administration. Under Roosevelt's guidance, the National Labor Relations Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act were passed. These two acts guaranteed the rights of workers to organize and bargain through unions and mandated maximum weekly work hours and minimum wages for many types of employees. The Social Security Act of 1935 helped guarantee unemployment insurance, created a retirement program for all American citizens, and instituted mechanisms to provide aid to dependent children. The unique combination of economic stagnation and disillusionment with big business and laissez-faire capitalism allowed Roosevelt to create and enact an impressive series of liberal reforms and social programs to assist a broad spectrum of the American public. The effects of the depression were far-reaching on the arts in general and on literature in particular. The sense of loss, alienation, and fragmentation that developed after World War I increased. As the energy of the Roaring '20s dissipated, literature reflected new enervation and despair. For example, the lighthearted, optimistic tone of many of F. Scott Fitzgerald's earlier stories is absent from "Babylon Revisited" (1935). The depression also stifled the Harlem Renaissance. As economic resources to support African American writers, musicians, and artists dried up, African American writers and artists became increasingly disillusioned. Such works as Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man reflect this pessimistic outlook. - Comprehension: What were the major effects of the Great Depression on the country? - Comprehension: How did the Dust Bowl worsen conditions for many workers? - Comprehension: What was the Roosevelt administration's response to the Great Depression? - Context: Technology and mechanization helped reduce reliance on unskilled labor in many areas, and many people had to change professions or relocate. At the same time, as the literary works discussed in this unit show, migrant workers were often treated as easily replaceable pieces of equipment and forced to move from location to location. How do the authors in this unit allude to and implicitly or explicitly critique such treatment of humans? You might start with Bulosan's descriptions of Filipino migrants and compare them to the descriptions of Mexican Americans in Vira-montes's and Rivera's works. - Exploration: Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning suggests that humor can be an important survival strategy. How does American literature develop humor as a strategy for dealing with oppression? Is there a tie between the works of Mark Twain or Flannery O'Connor and those of writers in this unit, such as Rudolfo Anaya or Tomas Rivera? Anonymous, Aaron Douglas with Arthur Schomburg and the Song of Towers Mural (1934), courtesy of the Arthur Schomburg Photograph Collection, Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Aaron Douglas was commissioned to paint murals for the New York Public Library under the Works Progress Administration. This mural represents the massive migration of African Americans from the South to the urban North during the early twentieth century. Anonymous, The Trading Floor of the New York Stock Exchange Just After the Crash of 1929 (1929), courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration [1930-67B]. Photograph taken from above the stock exchange floor. The crash and ensuing depression brought many expatriate artists back to the United States and diverted the focus of some away from wealth and luxury. Dorothea Lange, People Living in Miserable Poverty, Elm Grove, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma (1936), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USF34-009695-E]. In The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck depicts the life of Oklahoma farmers during the Dust Bowl, when terrible droughts killed crops and pushed families like the Joads west to California seeking better land and a better life. Arthur Rothstein, Farm Sale, Pettis County, Missouri (1939), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USF33-003448-M2]. Rothstein began his photography career while at Columbia University. After graduation, he became the first staff photographer for the Farm Security Administration. He is known mainly for his Dust Bowl images. By documenting the problems of the depression, he helped justify New Deal legislation. He went on to be a photographer for and director of Look magazine. As a child, author Tomas Rivera traveled throughout the Midwest with his parents, who were migrant farm laborers. Arthur Rothstein, Erosion on a Missouri Farm (1936), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USF34-001875-E]. Historian Donald Worster's book Dust Bowl opened people's eyes to the human causes of the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Now ranked among the greatest manmade ecological disasters, the Dust Bowl worsened the effects of the Great Depression. Ben Shahn, Men Loafing in Crossville, Tennessee (1937), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USF33-OO6224-M4 DLC]. Unemployed men outside storefront in rural Tennessee during the Great Depression. Eventually, New Deal programs like the Civil Conservation Corps put many back to work on national projects such as road building and maintaining national parks. Dorothea Lange, Depression (1935), courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration. Unemployed man leaning against vacant storefront with "for lease" signs. Many lost their jobs and savings during the Great Depression. New Deal photographer Dorothea Lange captured images of the hardships during this time. This tool builds multimedia presentations for classrooms or assignments. An online collection of 3000 artifacts for classroom use. Download the Instructor Guide PDF for this Unit.

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Looked Back and Lost His Wife ( Originally Published Early 1900's ) EURYDICE, the wife of Orpheus, was killed by the bite of a serpent. Her husband, heart-broken at her death, determined to make his way into the lower world, and, if possible, persuade its rulers to allow his loving companion to return to him. With nothing but a lyre in his hand, he entered the palace of Pluto, and played with such exquisite beauty upon it, that the inhabitants of Hades were charmed. " The wheel of Ixion stopped, Tantalus forgot the thirst that tormented him, the vulture ceased to prey on the vitals of Tityos, and Pluto and Proserpine lent a favoring ear to his prayer." He was promised that his wife should return with him, but only on the condition that he should not look back until he had gotten beyond the boundaries of Hades. He broke the condition, and his wife, who had gotten part of the way with him, vanished from his sight forever. So many prizes in life are lost by looking backward. The precious things of life are given to those who look forward. There is great peril in the divine life in turning backward. In getting away from the regions of darkness and sin and misery, there is everything to lose in looking behind. In leaving Sodom, it is unsafe to turn around ; in escaping from a life of sin, it is absolutely necessary to keep the eyes steadily ahead. He who will keep his eyes ahead upon the Cross of Christ will have all the treasures of earth that are of any value, and those of immortality as well.

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The paper below describes how we at NIST created this program to encourage interest in science in our local middle school community. If you're a teacher, we encourage you to reach out to local laboratories for resources. If you're a scientist, we encourage you to build something similar at your laboratory, and reach out to the schools around you. The NIST Summer Institute for Middle School Science Teachers: Translating NIST Research into Activities for the Middle School Classroom; by Mary Satterfield, NIST and Susan Heller-Zeisler, NIST NIST selected middle schools as an area of interest because we noticed that many middle school teachers are asked to teach science topics in ever-changing and expanding fields. Our program introduces teachable ideas in line with school curricula, with lessons that can be immediately implemented. Benefits from this program include:

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Drug Shortages Exist Across the Board Drug Shortages Exist Across the Board Ongoing shortages of several psychotropic medications have wreaked havoc among patients and their families, caused frustration and reluctant prescription switches among physicians, and prompted investigations by Congress. Drug shortages reached an all-time high in 2011. According to the University of Utah Drug Information Service, 267 drugs—primarily injectables—were in short supply, up from 211 in 2010 and 58 in 2004. While numerous press reports have publicized the shortage of medications for ADHD, there are also shortages of drugs for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction. Ann Richards, PharmD, BCPP, a past President of the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists and the Pharmacy Director for the Texas Department of State Health Services, said that according to data collected by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, there are shortages of diazepam injection, diphenhydramine hydrochloride for injection, haloper-idol decanoate injection (Haldol), haloperidol lactate injection, lorazepam injection (Ativan), naltrexone oral tablets (Revia), and thiothixene capsules (Navane).1 Adelaide Robb, MD, Chair of the Pediatric Psychopharmacology Initiative of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), told Psychiatric Times, “We are having shortages of most if not all of the stimulants, and it’s nationwide.” Patients and their families are experiencing diffi-culty in obtaining mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall), methylphenidate immediate-release (Ritalin, Concerta, and Daytrana), and dexmethylphenidate (Focalin). “Even Dexedrine spansules [dextroamphetamine], which is one of the oldest ADHD drugs besides Ritalin, has been in short supply. The only one that is still fairly easy to get is Vyvanse [lisdexamfetamine], which is not available in a generic form,” says Robb. A benzodiazepine shortage is causing problems for alcohol and substance abuse detoxification programs. Last year, there were shortages of such mood stabilizers as divalproex (Depakote) and lamotrigine (Lamictal), and of the first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol. Ruth Hughes, PhD, psychologist and Chief Executive Officer of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), a nonprofit educational and advocacy organization, said the shortages in ADHD medications that began with a shortage of short-acting generic versions of Adderall “have been going on for more than a year.” A January survey of CHADD members revealed that nearly half (49.9%) of the 5500 respondents were having difficulty in getting their medications and of that group, 37% had to switch medications. “In our survey, every single stimulant medication, name-brand and generic, long-acting and short-acting, was named as a medication that was difficult to obtain,” said Hughes. With 15 million people who have ADHD in the United States, “we have a very significant segment of the population that can’t get their medications.” The ADHD medication shortage has serious life ramifications for children and adults with the disorder, Hughes explained. CHADD has “received a dozen reports of adults who tried to tough it out without medication, made serious mistakes on their jobs and were subsequently fired,” she said. “We have reports of college students who were kicked out of school. We have reports of children with ADHD doing very poorly in school or being suspended or expelled, because their parents were unable to get their medication.” In addition, adolescents who are driving automobiles and are unable to get their ADHD medications are of great concern because they are 3 times more likely to have car accidents than are teens without ADHD and 4 times more likely to have fatal accidents. Reports of price gouging have also emerged. “Some CHADD members have gone to pharmacies for generic ADHD medications and been told it would be more than $1000 for a month’s supply. Yet pharmaceutical manufacturers have told me they have not increased their prices,” said Hughes. Medication shortages are influencing prescribing patterns. The best medication for the individual may not be the one that is being prescribed, according to both Robb and Richards. In the DC metropolitan area (Washington, DC; Maryland; and Virginia), some parents of children with ADHD cannot get a 30-day supply of their child’s medicine at local pharmacies or a 90-day supply through large mail-order companies, Robb said. “So then we have to either switch medications or the parents have to run around to 5 or 6 different pharmacies, trying to find enough to fill a 30-day prescription,” she said. The shortage of benzodiazepines has also caused a change in detoxification treatments for adolescents and young adults, Robb said. “Normally, what we would do is have a benzodiazepine taper and now those medicines are in short supply, so we have to use very old-fashioned medications like phenobarbital.” Richards reported that most hospitals in her system “will use either diphenhydramine injection, lorazepam injection, haloperidol injection, or a combination of these products to treat adults experiencing behavioral emergencies. But all 3 drugs are in a shortage situation. Thus, we are looking for alternative treatments for these emergencies.” Clinicians who would ordinarily prescribe haloperidol decanoate for a patient with adherence issues, she added, are forced to determine whether a switch to another long-acting injection might be more beneficial than prescribing oral haloperidol. “Switching to another long-acting injection can lead to therapeutic failure or side effects, but adherence is guaranteed if the medication is administered. On the other hand, switching to an oral product of the same medication ideally leads to a similar response, but if the individual has adherence issues, then the medication may not be taken as prescribed. Furthermore, the dosing of the oral product may be challenging, as the blood concentration of the long-acting medication will slowly decline.”

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Now is the golden crown like a deep well That owes two buckets, filling one another, The emptier ever dancing in the air... King Richard II witnesses Henry Bolingbroke accuse Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, of murdering Richard's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. The King initially decrees that to settle the matter the accuser and accused will meet in individual combat, but then changes his mind and banishes both men. When Bolingbroke's father dies, the King seizes his land for the country's benefit. Bolingbroke returns from exile to find his father's estate gone, England unsettled, and the king's subjects dissatisfied. He allies himself with the other dissatisfied lords, including York, and disperses the King's army while killing two of his closest allies, Bushy and Green. The King must flee to Ireland for his safety. Bolingbroke seeks out Richard in Ireland and brings him back to England. Before Parliament, the King gives a forced confession to crimes against the state and is forced to abdicate his throne to Bolingbroke. The new King Henry IV is immediately the target of another conspiracy from the Duke of York's son, Aumerle. Aumerle's intentions are revealed and after he confesses, Aumerle is pardoned. Richard, however, is imprisoned and murdered by Sir Pierce of Exton, who believed he is acting on the new King's wishes. Exton is banished for his mistake, and King Henry IV plans a pilgrimage to atone for the former king's death.

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New Hope for Alzheimer's Disease No magic spell can prevent the devastating effects of Alzheimer's disease on thinking and memory. And scientists have yet to find a pill that can cure it. But positive news is out there: Research is shedding light on ways to cut risk, and treatments are making life easier and more comfortable after a diagnosis. Age and certain other risk factors for Alzheimer's disease can't be controlled. But you can reduce your odds of developing the condition. The latest findings show you can reduce risk by: Not smoking. People who light up in midlife have more than double the chances of developing dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, later in life. Controlling your cholesterol. High levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, may harm your brain as well as your heart. And an HDL or "good" cholesterol of 55 mg/dL or higher might protect you from Alzheimer's disease. Other conditions that damage the heart and blood vessels—such as diabetes and high blood pressure—may also contribute to the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Drinking in moderation. About 10 percent of all cases of dementia are alcohol-related. In contrast to heavy drinking, which damages the brain, moderate sipping might have brain benefits. Delaying its progress As Alzheimer's disease progresses, changes to the brain cause symptoms such as memory loss, changes in mood, and trouble sleeping. Doctors can't halt or reverse these alterations. But the newest therapies for Alzheimer's disease help by: Slowing the disease's progress. Several drugs reduce or stabilize symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, and problems with reasoning to a limited degree. They work by altering different chemicals in your brain, and each has different benefits and risks. Your doctor will usually suggest trying low doses and assessing their effects, potentially adding higher doses or other drugs others later on. Managing behavior. Sometimes, changing the environment can help ease symptoms like irritability and anger. Other times, medications to treat anxiety, stress, or depression can help, but these too can have risks, such as sedation or falls. Improving sleep. Better sleep habits, such as maintaining a regular schedule and cutting back on TV, usually help, as does getting regular exercise. If not, doctors may turn to sleep-inducing medications. Clinical trials continue to test new drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Scientists are now looking at medicines that already treat diabetes and heart disease, immunizations, and brain-training programs.

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- Students & Postdocs - Education & Outreach - About JILA It’s easy to make X-rays. Physicians and dentists make them routinely in their offices with a Roentgen X-ray tube, which emits X-rays every which way — just like a light bulb, which is nothing like a laser. What’s hard is to make X-rays march in step in the same direction — in other words, act like a coherent beam of laser light. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the first reasonable proposal to build an X-ray laser, but scientists have found it challenging to translate this idea into a practical device. Because most of today’s X-ray lasers require so much power, they must rely on large fusion laser facilities, or even a nuclear weapon, to generate laserlike X-ray beams. Not surprisingly, very few fusion laser facilities have been built, and access to them is limited. Research physicists who require a low-power–optics-table-sized X-ray laser have been patiently waiting for decades. The long wait for a reasonably sized X-ray laser could be drawing to a close, however, thanks to a clever new idea developed by graduate students Xiaoshi Zhang and Amy Lytle working with Fellows Margaret Murnane and Henry Kapteyn and Senior Research Associate Oren Cohen. “We’ve come up with a good end run around the requirement for a monstrous power source,” says Kapteyn. The researchers use a powerful visible laser to pluck electrons from atoms of argon (Ar) inside a waveguide. Then, the electrons are slammed back into the same atoms (like boomerangs), generating X-rays in a directed, but weak, beam. The challenge is adding together the X-ray waves emitted from a large number of atoms to make a beam bright enough to be useful. Unfortunately, the waves of X-rays don’t all come out marching in step (with their wave crests and troughs aligned) because the visible laser light and X-rays travel at different speeds through the Ar gas. This means that while some of the emitted X-ray waves add constructively and become stronger, X-ray waves from other regions add destructively and cancel out the net X-ray emission. The researchers cleverly opt to cancel the X-ray emission from regions causing destructive interference. They accomplish this by sending weak pulses of laser light into the gas-filled waveguide from the opposite direction to the laser beam generating the X-rays. The laser beam traveling backwards through the gas forms a “crystal structure” made of light. This “light crystal” makes it possible to scramble the out-of-sync electrons plucked from atoms so that they slam back into the atoms at random times. In this way, the researchers are able to eliminate the X-ray waves that weaken the X-ray output anywhere that the crystal structure made from light is present. With this ingenious trick, the researchers can intensify the strength of the laserlike X-ray beam by over a hundredfold at photon energies of around 70 eV. And, they do it on an ordinary optics bench without fusion power! Once they have strengthened the X-ray beam, they find that they can select exactly which X-ray energy to intensify. Then, they can manipulate the orbiting electrons in a time frame of a billionth of a billionth of a second — in effect controlling not only when an electron boomerang returns to an atom, but also which electron is manipulated. Murnane says that, in theory, it should be possible to extend this technique all the way into the hard X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. “This is a problem we’re itching to solve,” she says. Kapteyn adds, “If we can do this, it might make it possible to improve X-ray imaging resolution by a thousandfold, with impacts in medicine, biology, and nanotechnology.” - Julie Phillips Xiaoshi Zhang, Amy L. Lytle, Tenio Popmintchev, Xibin Zhou, Henry C. Kapteyn, Margaret M. Murnane, and Oren Cohen, Nature Physics 3, 270 (2007).

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A Century of Fire Standards The History of Committee E05, 1904-2004 by John R. Hall, Jr. On Feb. 7, 1904, Baltimore suffered direct fire losses of $50 million worth roughly $1 billion today in the third costliest U.S. fire to date. By spotlighting the continuing problem of building-to-building fire spread, the Baltimore conflagration led to a new committee in the eight-year-old ASTM, initially designated Committee P on Fireproofing Materials. By 1910, it was Committee C-5, which would be its name for a third of a century. Its early history is an important part of the history of tests for fire resistance. (1,2) As high-rise buildings grew taller in the late 19th century, there was a move to skeleton frame construction using iron columns, a technology developed in the 1880s. Meanwhile, flooring was shifting from heavier to lighter brick and other lightweight materials like terra cotta. Through the 1890s, evaluation of the fire performance of these new technologies was largely limited to post-mortems after a major fire. Serious testing work began in Germany in the 1880s, then spread to the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1890s. Woolson, Miller, and the First Quarter-Century 1904 - 1928 With the largest share of high-rise buildings in the United States, New York City became the early focus for the new technologies and testing related to them. In 1902, Professor Ira H. Woolson of Columbia Universitys Department of Mechanical Engineering established the first permanent U.S. station for testing building component fire resistance. Woolsons laboratory focused not on basic research but on practical tests for the New York Bureau of Buildings, which wanted to reduce the need for subjective judgment. The first test standard was adopted by the New York Building Code in 1899. Not surprisingly, then, when the members of ASTMs new committee on fireproofing materials met to organize in 1905, they chose Woolson as chair and then-New York Superintendent of Buildings Rudolph H. Miller as secretary. Miller would serve as secretary until Woolsons death, then serve as chair in his own right from 1927 to 1943. In 1906, Committee P began assembling results of relevant U.S. and U.K. fire tests. By 1907, the committee had issued its first standard, C 2, Method of Test for Fireproof Floor Construction, unchanged in all essentials from Woolsons specifications for New York City. A wall partition standard, C 3, followed in 1909. Meanwhile, other countries were lining up behind an alternative standard promulgated in 1903 by the British Fire Protection Committee. In 1916 and 1917, ASTM and the National Fire Protection Association sponsored a series of meetings to revisit the standards. Participants came from several U.S. and Canadian professional societies, major organizations that were performing the existing tests including Underwriters Laboratories, the National Bureau of Standards, and Factory Mutual and the National Board of Fire Underwriters, to which Woolson had relocated. The resulting Standard C 19 (later and now designated as E 119, Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials) superseded standards C 2 and C 3 and also provided a standard time-temperature curve. The latter was already a feature of the British standard, but the ASTM standards mandated only a minimum threshold for the average temperature during the test. Compared to the British curve, the new ASTM curve had a steeper rise in temperature in the early fire stages. Ingberg, Steiner, and the Second Quarter-Century 1929 - 1953 Simon H. Ingberg of the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) burst onto the scene as program manager of an unprecedented series of column fire tests at standard temperature. The 1917 to 1920 tests were conducted at UL, with participation by Factory Mutual, NBS, and the National Board of Fire Underwriters. With Ingberg as champion, these tests led directly to an expansion of standard C 19 to include columns in 1922. The same year, Ingberg began the first systematic U.S. effort to measure fire temperatures, with the opening of the NBS test burnout building. Previously, Standard C 19 and its 1918 standard time-temperature curve had developed by consensus, without benefit of data on the temperatures achieved during a full burnout, even though burnout tests had already been conducted and reported in Europe. Ingbergs results, which began appearing in 1927, also provided better scientific underpinnings for the time-temperature curve approach. He showed that fire load governs fire intensity in a burnout and that the structural effects resulting from a fire of a given intensity will be roughly the same, regardless of other variations (e.g., temperature) during the course of the fire. Therefore, use of a constant temperature, while unrealistic in itself, captured the fire characteristics that mattered and their impact on the outcomes of interest. By 1933, Ingberg had enough new knowledge to support the first major revision to standard C 19 since 1918. He also began his tenure as the second person to chair Subcommittee C-5-I, the antecedent to todays E05.11 on Fire Resistance. In 1940, Ingberg became the first person to serve as vice chair of Committee C-5. He ascended to the post of chair in 1944, the first chair since Woolson and Miller. In 1963, Ingberg became only the second person sponsored by Committee E05 for the Award of Merit. In 1965, he and A.L. Brown of Factory Mutual became the first honorary members of Committee E05. In 1970, the S.H. Ingberg Award was established to honor others who would do what Ingberg himself did so well for so long develop new science and use it to create important new standards. In 1971, at age 93, Ingberg died, active to the end. The other major innovation in the second quarter-century of Committee E05 was standard E 84, Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, which was universally, if unofficially, known as the tunnel test or the Steiner tunnel test after the test methods principal developer, Albert L. Steiner of Underwriters Laboratories. Standard E 84 was first adopted in 1950. Robertson, FTC, E39, and the Third Quarter-Century 1954 - 1978 In 1958, Alexander F. Robertson of NBS became the first chairman of Subcommittee E05-X on Research. Robertson took Ingbergs efforts to increase the scientific basis for ASTM E05 standards and raised them to a new level by creating a forum periodic, often annual, seminars to bring the best of research on ASTM E05 issues to the committee. In 1969, Subcommittee E05-X delivered a wide-ranging set of recommendations on test methods and research studies. (3) In fewer than four pages, the subcommittee identified a list of assumptions in current tests that, the subcommittee asserted, had not been well substantiated, as well as variations in real-world fire conditions that were not being systematically incorporated, and alarming field observations that had not yet been addressed. ASTM records give no indication of any immediate, substantive response to this catalog of flaws and gaps. But a different source was about to weigh in with criticisms impossible to ignore. In 1974 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission issued a consent order, (4) including the following: To cease using, or permitting or acquiescing in the use of ASTM D 1692 and ASTM E 84, or any other small scale test standards, in the marketing of plastics products. The order found implied or stated claims through such phrases as non-burning and self-extinguishing, with ASTM standard tests as the cited basis for the claims. The year before, Committee E05 had held two special meetings, one directly on the FTC complaint and the other on the 1973 ASTM Policy Defining Fire Hazard Standards, Limiting the Scope of PropertiesDescription Standards, and Establishing a Committee on Fire Hazard Standards, usually referred to as the ASTM Fire Policy for short. The referenced new committee would be Committee E39, established in 1973, filled with officers in 1976, and dissolved by merger into Committee E05, now with the broader name of Fire Standards, in 1978. In the 1973 meetings, Committee E05 had advised the ASTM board of directors that none of the E-5 fire tests ... individually assess the fire hazard of materials. (5) They further advised that only an analysis of relevant test results under relevant conditions could determine fire hazard. The Fire Policy drew a clear line between fire-test-performance characteristics, the results of small-scale tests of Committee E05, and the fire hazard or risk associated with materials, products, or assemblies, which were recognized as dependent upon the manner and environment of use. An Explosion of Standards and the Fourth Quarter-Century 1979 - 2003 Forty of the 49 standards maintained today by Committee E05 were first issued in the last quarter-century. More standards were issued in just the last four years (2000-2003) than in the first 75 years of the committee. The latest quarter-century has not been dominated by one or two giants but has become a broad-based effort by a team. Some of the new standards represent the newest response to the committees traditional concerns. New standards apply the E 119 technique to new components, including standards E 814, Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops; E 1725, Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components; and E 1966, Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems. There is still a task group devoted to improvements in standard E 84. Most new standards, however, represent new concerns either fire performance characteristics other than fire resistance and fire endurance, or methods necessary to the calculation of fire hazard or fire risk. Examples of the former include tests for resistance to ignition by cigarettes, such as standards E 1352, Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies, and E 1353, Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture, on furniture composites and upholstered furniture components. There is even a standard for testing the strength of cigarettes as an ignition source, which is the new standard E 2187, Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes. Flaming ignition of upholstered furniture or mattresses is addressed by standards E 1537, Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture; E 1590, Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses; and E 1822, Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs. Smoke and toxicity have been added to the list of important fire characteristics with associated standard tests. These include standards E 662, Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials; E 1995, Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally; E 800, Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires; and E 1678, Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Use in Fire Hazard Analysis. Perhaps the most dramatic change in the fire testing landscape has been the emergence of tests for heat release. Standard E 906, Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products, the so-called Ohio State University calorimeter, came first, followed by the most widely used test, standard E 1354, Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, the so-called cone calorimeter. Standard E 1623, Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), and standard E 2067, Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests, were also developed at this time. Tests that are not subject to the scale limitations of traditional bench-scale tests, and are therefore also useful for fire safety engineering calculations, include standard E 2257, Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies. Four standards exist on different aspects of deterministic fire effects modeling. They are standards E 1355, Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models; E 1472, Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fire Models; E 1591, Guide for Obtaining Data for Deterministic Fire Models; and E 1895, Guide for Determining Uses and Limitations of Deterministic Fire Models. Standards for fire hazard assessment are E 1546, Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards, and E 1776, Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards. While it is difficult to see the influence of the FTC consent order in the form of specific new standards, every small-scale test is on trial until or unless it has been demonstrated to be a valid reflection of fire behavior in full scale. Today, it seems clear that the priorities of Committee E05 are well directed toward its goals providing the evaluation tools that markets require in order to serve the cause of safety with minimal disruption to the other desirable characteristics of products. From Woolsons leadership on the needs of fire safety for a new generation of tall buildings to the innovation and leadership of nearly 500 volunteers today on the needs of fire safety for a new generation of products of all types, ASTM Committee E05 has identified and met the challenges within its scope. // 1. Vytenis Babrauskas and Robert Brady Williamson, The Historical Basis of Fire Resistance Testing Parts I and II, Fire Technology, Volume 14, 1978, pp. 184-194 and 304-316. 2 A.F. Robertson, Roots and History of Committee E-5, ASTM Standardization News, December 1981, pp. 14-20. 3 Test Methods and Research Studies Recommended by E-5 Subcommittee X, ASTM Proceedings, Volume 69, 1969, Committee Reports, pp. 394-397. 4 Consent Order, Federal Trade Commission Act, Docket C-2596, November 4, 1974, Paragraph 22(a). 5 Report of Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction, ASTM Proceedings, Volume 74, 1974, Committee Reports, p. 385. Copyright 2004, ASTM International

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Poverty, Religion, and Military Base Closures This clipping comes from a long conversation in which President Johnson and Speaker of the House John McCormack discussed the intransigence of the House Rules Committee and the controversy surrounding possible federal funding of parochial schools under the economic opportunity bill (which provided the legislative basis for the War on Poverty). The latter issue had emerged when Representative Hugh L. Carey of New York and other northeastern Catholic Democrats offered an amendment that would have authorized direct federal support for parochial schools under the bill's community action titles. The National Education Association, the largest of the two major teachers' unions, bitterly opposed any form of federal aid to religious schools. McCormack, a Massachusetts Democrat and a Catholic, had led an attempt to secure federal aid for parochial schools during the House fight over President Kennedy’s 1961 education bill. In doing so, he had been an ally of the same Catholic congressmen who had inserted the religious issue into the War on Poverty debate in 1964. As Speaker, however, he chose not to challenge the President on such an important piece of legislation. Earlier in the conversation, Johnson had reacted angrily to an attempt by Massachusetts Democrat (and Catholic) Tip O’Neill's to trade support of the poverty bill for a guarantee that the Boston Navy Yard would remain open. In this clip, the President returned to the subject of the navy yards and touched more sympathetically on the pressing economic issue of automation and unemployment in the industrial northeast. Date: May 11, 1964 Participants: Lyndon Johnson, John McCormack, Bill Moyers Conversation Number: WH6405.04-3393, 3394

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The question is sometimes asked, why is it important to preserve the ritual and tradition of Buddhism? Buddhism, in this case the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, originated in an Asian culture that is very foreign to Western ways. So why is it important to preserve the traditions and rituals that developed in that culture? What is their significance? That is a very important question to answer, but it is not so easy to answer. For one thing, Buddhism adapted to whatever culture it came to. One only has to compare the look of Buddhism practiced in different Asian countries, such as Tibet, Japan, Thailand or Sri Lanka, to see that Buddhism has taken many forms since the Dharma was originally taught by Lord Buddha some 2,500 years ago. Now that Buddhism has come to the West in its many different forms, surely its practice will change and adapt to Western needs and values. Indeed, such changes have already begun. But it is important to understand that one must not throw out the baby with the bath water, so to speak. The rituals and traditions of the Nyingma School are fundamental to the practice of Buddhism in this lineage. The same is true of other Buddhist lineages. There are some things that cannot be changed without fundamentally altering the teachings and thus destroying the validity of the lineage. They might be termed the core values of the lineage. So while the outward forms may appear different in some cases, as long as the core values are maintained, the heart of the lineage remains pure and unchanged. This is vital to the survival of Buddhism in the West because without pure lineage there is no path and no attainment. It is through ritual that we are able to stimulate the latent seed of enlightenment in our mindstream. It is through tradition that we are able to keep the lineage pure and uncorrupted. It should be remembered that these rituals and traditions come directly from the mind of enlightenment for the benefit of sentient beings. Many of the rituals and traditions of the Nyingma school that are now being practiced in the West are from termas which were hidden by Guru Rinpoche and Yeshe Tsogyal specifically for the times in which we now live. They are not relics of some dusty, half-forgotten tradition half a world away. The Buddha laid out the basics of proper conduct in the Eightfold Path. These are also important to understand and to observe when one enters the path. They form the basis for moral conduct that is vital to staying on the path and to avoiding the creation of negative karma that would create obstacles on the path. The basic moral dictum of Buddhism is to do no harm. This is the foundation of the Eightfold Path and a good test of whether one’s behavior is in accord with it. Without moral integrity, there is no merit, and without merit, there is no path, and this morality must extend to all areas of one’s life. There are some in the West who question the core values of Buddhism and who fail to practice moral integrity in their lives but who still claim to be Buddhists. This is like the infamous flying pig. Of course, no Buddhist practitioner is perfect in his or her morality. We are sentient beings and thus imperfect. The difference is in realizing when one has made an error and confessing it rather than delighting in one’s errors and being prideful of them. One of the greatest tests of morality on the path in the West is working in the business world, where Buddhist principles of morality and behavior are rarely observed nor rewarded. It is important for the practitioner to find work in a business that does not violate the basic Buddhist precepts, such as not killing and not lying, and it is important to treat both coworkers and customers with integrity and honesty. A Buddhist physician who is more interested in the bottom line than the welfare of his patients is a dysfunctional Buddhist as he is putting greed over the welfare of others. A Buddhist journalist who fails to follow the practices of journalistic integrity is a dysfunctional Buddhist as he is guilty, essentially, of lying. A Buddhist who works for an arms dealer is a dysfunctional Buddhist as his business contributes to the killing of humans. Such situations are to be avoided. Adapting Buddhism to the West will be a lengthy process that will take lifetimes. It is essential to guard against those who place more value in their own limited vision and moral poisons than in the tried and true teachings of enlightened masters. To paraphrase an old saying, eternal vigilance is the price of liberation! There is a school of thought amongst a few Western Buddhists who think that devotion to the teacher should be replaced by some sort of democratic institution in which the role of the teacher is diminished to be replaced by the “collective wisdom of the sangha.” Much of this stems from an interview with Dungse Thinley Norbu published in Tricycle in 1996. Unfortunately, the interview was heavily edited and distorted Thinley Norbu Rinpoche’s intent, leaving a great deal of confusion and misinformation in the minds of many students who read the interview as it seems as though Rinpoche is dismissing Western ideas completely. The point of what Rinpoche actually said is that while democracy and Western philosophical and political legacies have value in a samsaric, ordinary sense, they should never be confused with the essence of the Dharma, nor can they replace the wisdom mind of the teacher who holds both lineage and realization. As he puts it, collecting the opinions of confused beings (in other words, all those who have not attained enlightenment) results in a larger heap of confusion. This is not a recipe for success on the path. Reliance upon a pure teacher who teaches pure Dharma has been proven again and again to result in realization for the student. Simply because Buddhism is now being practiced in the West does not mean that the essence of the Dharma should be forgotten. As Jetsunma Ahkön Lhamo puts it, why would a practitioner try to cross the ocean of samsara with a captain who has never made the trip even ONCE? While Buddhism will certainly change in the West as it has always changed whenever it was introduced into a new country, a new culture, we must be careful not to throw the baby out with the bath water. The form or forms Buddhism adopts in its new homes in the West will be external only; the essence must remain the same as it has always been or it will become something else, not a path to enlightenment. We must never forget that these beings who are our teachers are bodhisattvas who emanate impartially for the benefit of sentient beings. They have no other agenda than that. The problem with devotion in our culture is basically one of ego attachment. We feel that turning over control to another will destroy us, so our reaction comes from fear for self. Of course, Buddhism is all about cutting through ego attachment to achieve liberation, but the habit of ego-clinging is a deeply rooted one, especially in the West where self is spelled with a capital S. Actually the objective of devotion is just that, to move us away from the position of self-attachment, which is ultimately self-destructive because it results in the dualistic mind of samsara. Devotion is an essential part of the Vajrayana path, and devotion does not equal democracy. It is more like the Alcoholics Anonymous approach in which the alcoholic turns over his power to his higher power and to his sponsor, who acts as his or her guide to sobriety. The alcoholic discovers that he/she cannot trust his own mind. This realization is based on a long history of disastrous results when the alcoholic depends on his/her own mind to try to attain sobriety and control over his/her own life. So he/she learns to follow the advice of one who has already made the journey to sobriety through the 12 Step Path. The same basic approach is followed when practicing Guru Yoga. One admits that one has never been able to free oneself from the Wheel of Death and Rebirth on one’s own and therefore turns over one’s power to the lama who has already made the journey. This is where the power of the Vajrayana path comes from, not the collective knowledge of samsaric beings, which is worse than useless on the path. We must always be vigilant in protecting the essence of the Dharma from our own deluded minds. Karma is one of the principle teachings of the Buddha, but it is also one of the most misunderstood, particularly here in the West. What exactly is meant by karma, and why is it important to understand how it works? Simply put, karma is the law of cause and effect. Dropping a ball and having it bounce back up is a very simple example of karma. But the law of karma extends into all of our physical and mental activities. The Buddha taught that what binds us in samsara, the endless cycle of death and rebirth and suffering, are the defilements or poisons, which can be summarized as hatred, greed and ignorance. Ignorance specifically means ignorance of the law of karma, the fact that our actions have consequences that are exacting. The conditions of our present life are due to the karma we have created in our past lives and in this life. If one is wealthy, it is due to the generosity shown in past lives. If one is poor, it is due to a lack of generosity in past lives. Please note that the teaching of karma is not judgmental. This is not a good and evil thing, but rather an explanation of why things happen. We create the conditions of our own life. It is never a case of somebody doing something to us, despite external appearances. The Buddha taught that nothing happens without a cause. If we suffer, it is because of we created the causes for suffering. Since all sentient beings suffer as a result of the causes they themselves have created, there can be no judgment of others as we are all in the same boat. Karma also does not equal fate or predestination. Karma means simply “action”. Thus karma is dynamic. It is in a state of constant flux. Action here means voluntary, intentional, deliberate action, not unconscious or involuntary action. It is action that we consciously take and thus must bear the consequences of. Newton stated that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, any action we take will produce a karmic effect that produces, sooner or later, a reaction. The reaction may be experienced as good, such as being born into wealth, or it may be experienced as bad, such as being born into poverty, but in reality it is simply a reaction to an action, cause and effect. As the Buddha taught, if we plant an apple seed, we get an apple tree. We don’t get an orange tree. The reaction always matches the original action. For example, if one were to kill another human being, the karmic effect of that would be that that person would be killed him- or herself. But that effect may not be experienced for lifetimes as the effect will only ripen when the appropriate scenario presents itself. That is, the karmic effect will only manifest in a way and at a time that matches the original cause. The problem with this is that as sentient beings we cannot recall our past lives, so if something like that happens to us, seemingly out of the blue, we have no idea what the original cause is. We cannot see the connection between the cause and the effect. Therefore we have no way of understanding karma unless we hear the teachings of the Buddha who realized how karma works as he meditated under the Bo Tree on the night of his enlightenment. It is because of his enlightenment and subsequent teaching that we can learn how karma works and how to create the conditions that we wish to have in our lives. We gain happiness when we engage in intelligent or skillful means, and we suffer when we engage in unintelligent or unskillful means. It really is that simple. What then are the unwholesome actions we wish to avoid doing so that we can experience happiness rather than suffering? There are said to be ten unwholesome acts in general, three of the body, four of speech, and three of the mind. The three of the body are killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct. The four of the speech are lying, slander, harsh speech, and malicious gossip. The three of the mind are greed, anger, and delusion. Of course, these ten unwholesome actions manifest in numerous ways, but they generally fall into these ten categories. The unwholesome actions have suffering as their fruit. They often lead to rebirth in the lower realms, the hell, hungry ghost, and animal realms, where suffering is intense and overwhelming. One cannot achieve enlightenment in the face of the suffering of the lower realms. Wholesome actions can take two forms. One form is simply not performing unwholesome actions. While not creating negative karma, this approach also does not accumulate much positive karma either. It is more productive to engage in positive actions as opposed to negative ones, such as generosity, virtuous conduct, meditation, reverence, helping others, dedicating merit to others, rejoicing in the merit of others rather than feeling jealousy, hearing the Dharma, and teaching the Dharma. Such actions produce merit, which results in happiness. All of these actions produce tangible benefits. For example, hearing the Dharma results in wisdom, generosity results in wealth, and so forth. The intent behind a particular action, whether wholesome or unwholesome, affects the weight of the karma accrued as a result. If the intent of an action is to cause harm to another, harm is caused to another, and there is no remorse, the action will carry the heaviest weight. If all of these conditions are not present, then the weight will be less, though there will still be an effect. Thus karma is not a matter of strict black and white, that if you do such-and-such an action, such-and-such a result will ensue. It is never that simple. And it should also be mentioned that not every action produces karma. Sleeping, walking, breathing, etc., have no moral consequence as there is no motivation associated with them that would produce karma. The teaching of karma should not be thought of as a teaching on how we are punished for evil deeds. Rather it is more productive to think of the teaching of karma as the method by which we can become masters of our own lives, how we can create happiness time and time again and ultimately create the conditions that will result in our enlightenment and the enlightenment of all sentient beings. Buddha in the palm of our hand. According to the teachings on the bardos in Tibetan Buddhism, when we die we enter what is known as the bardo of the intermediate state. This is the period between the end of one life and the beginning of the next. The Buddha taught that sentient beings are continually revolving endlessly on the Wheel of Death and Rebirth, and this is the teaching that explains how that actually happens. Just to dispel any misperception that this is an invention of Vajrayana Buddhism, the first bardo teachings appeared soon after the Buddha’s death in various Theravadan schools, so it has a long history. What is a bardo exactly? Bardo simply means “becoming”. In other words, a transitional state. In fact, we are always in one bardo or the other. There are traditionally four types of bardos that we as sentient beings experience, the bardo of life, the bardo of dying, the bardo of the intermediate state or death, and the bardo of entering a new life. Two other states are often included in the list of bardos, the bardo of meditation and the bardo of the dream state. Basically these are six different states of mind. When a person dies, they go through a series of distinct phases of outer and inner signs preceding actual death. This is when the elements that came together in life dissolve and move apart. Thus when the white bindu (the male element) separates, the person experiences the brilliant white light that people who undergo near death experiences (NDEs) describe when they are revived. When the red bindu (female element) rises from the navel area up the central channel, the person experiences red light. Finally the person experiences what is perceived as utter blackness but is actually a direct experience of the clear light of dharmadhatu, the primordial wisdom state. It is at this point that most beings pass out and remain unconscious for a time, thus missing a golden opportunity at instantaneous enlightenment. It is when the inner breath stops that one enters the bardo of the intermediate state in which one experiences visions that are perceived according to the karma of one’s mindstream created in past lives, including the one just ended. This can therefore either be a very peaceful experience or a terrifying one. One sees visions of the peaceful and wrathful deities, and to the practitioner who has visualized these deities in his or her life, they are not threatening. But to the person who has never had the benefit of an introduction to these deities, they may appear as terrifying demons and devils. The experience of the bardo of the intermediate state, as described in great detail in the famous book, The Bardo Thodol, sometimes erroneously referred to as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, is a time when having a connection to a teacher who can guide one through this time, which is fraught with danger and the imminent threat of rebirth in the lower realms, is invaluable. We sentient beings, even those who have practiced, are usually simply overwhelmed by the experience and can easily be led astray on the journey to the next life. A teacher trained in the bardo teachings and experienced in the practice of Phowa, the transference of consciousness at the moment of death, however, has the ability to guide the person through this experience and achieve the auspicious result of a precious human rebirth, meaning a human rebirth in which one is able to practice without obstacles and has the potential to achieve liberation in one life. For the practitioner who has practiced Phowa extensively, it is possible, with the assistance of the teacher, to attain instantaneous enlightenment at the moment he or she encounters the clear light state. This is the aspiration of all those who desire enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings. Without the assistance of a guide, however, sentient beings are blown by the winds of karma to their next life with no possibility of altering the outcome. This is what keeps beings trapped on the Wheel for lifetime after lifetime, experiencing the suffering that is the result of their own actions. Therefore the importance of having a pure guide and teacher in the present life cannot be underestimated. Simply living blindly, following our desires, is a sure way to spend countless lifetimes lost in the six realms of existence. This is the true value of the pure teacher. There are those who suggest that all sentient beings are already enlightened and that they do not need such silliness as practicing and a teacher. Anyone who says this simply does not know what they are talking about and are trying to lure people away from the truth. Is the suffering experienced by sentient beings, all sentient beings, an enlightened state? Are sentient beings able to experience lasting happiness on their own? The answer to both questions is a resounding “No!” Sentient beings are unable to get off the Wheel on their own. Having a qualified teacher is the fastest and best way to accomplish this. One of our readers who wishes to remain anonymous recently shared a story with us that seems appropriate here. It is about a lama who was riding in a car with a man who falsely claimed he was a tulku. They came upon an elk that had apparently fallen on the road they were on and was still moving slightly. They stopped, and the lama began to do Phowa for the creature. However, the false tulku stepped up to the elk and kicked it in its back to show that it was indeed dead. Then he played a tape of another lama making prayers. The lama was dumbfounded. Anyone who knows even the slightest thing about the practice of Phowa knows that one never touches the dead being anywhere except for tugging on the hair on its head to direct its attention upward so that its consciousness can exit the body upwards and go directly to Amitabha’s Pure Realm. Kicking it is just about the worst thing anyone can do. After this performance of sheer ignorance, the false tulku pulled the lama back into the car and drove off. Fortunately for the elk, as soon as she got home, the real lama performed Phowa for it. This story illustrates how important it is to find an authentic lama in whom one can entrust one’s life and death. Trusting a false lama like this one would clearly have no good result, only disaster. Choose carefully, your future literally depends on it! Accept no substitutes! As we have pointed out before, there is a movement afoot amongst certain Western Buddhists who study in the Tibetan tradition to do away with the tulku system of reincarnated lamas, those highly realized teachers who take birth again and again for the benefit of sentient beings. They claim this system is a relic of old Tibet that has no relevance in the West and opens the door to abuse. Is this a valid statement? Do tulkus no longer matter or have relevance? Let us examine the case of one Western tulku who is no stranger to controversy and who has received more than her share of abuse from the doubters. We are speaking, of course, of Jetsunma Ahkön Lhamo, the first Western woman recognized as a tulku, the reincarnation of Genyenma Ahkön Lhamo, a Tibetan saint who, along with her brother, Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab, founded the Palyul lineage of Nyingma over 300 years ago. This was a difficult pill to swallow for some people. First of all, Jetsunma is a woman, a Western woman, with no formal training in Buddhism. She didn’t look like what some people thought a lama should look like, nor did she always behave like they thought a lama should behave. She could be earthy and blunt, which some people, especially men, found threatening. She taught directly from her mindstream, which upset those who think that the only way to gain knowledge is through formal education and who don’t really believe in the Buddha’s teachings on rebirth. But what do other Tibetan lamas think? Jetsunma was recognized by none other than His Holiness Penor Rinpoche, the head of the Palyul lineage at the time and later the head of the entire Nyingma school. She was also recognized by His Holiness Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, then head of the Nyingma, and the recognition was also confirmed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. These lamas, widely respected by all practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism, expressed complete confidence in Jetsunma and her ability to teach without receiving any formal training in this life. They recognized that she had incorporated the Dharma into her mindstream in previous lives to such a degree that it made up the very fabric of her mindstream and would survive even death. They knew what is beyond the ken of ordinary sentient beings because they themselves have attained enlightenment. What it boils down to is you either believe that the teachings of Lord Buddha can produce something we call enlightenment or you don’t. That is the root of it. If you do accept the teachings of Lord Buddha as true, then there can be no doubt in your mind as to the authenticity of a tulku like Jetsunma or anyone else who carries the title and who has been recognized by an authentic lineage holder. Jetsunma has invited many Tibetan lamas to come to her center, Kunzang Palyul Chöling (KPC), and teach. Many of these lamas are featured in a new video we found on You Tube called Got Devotion? We have embedded the video here for your enjoyment. Featured in the video are His Holiness Penor Rinpoche and the Venerable Gyaltrul Rinpoche (who was Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab in a past life, Jetsunma’s brother). They both are Jetsunma’s root teachers in this life and have always supported her activities fully. Gyaltrul Rinpoche in particular guided Jetsunma as she adjusted to life as a recognized tulku after growing up as an American woman. He visited KPC many times, including coming to Sedona in 2000, 2002, and 2005. In 2002 he gave an extensive teaching on Peaceful Calm Abiding, a teaching which his translator and close student Sangye Khandro described as the most comprehensive teaching she had ever heard him give. Other well-known and well respected lamas who have visited over the years are also shown, including His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Mugsang Kuchen Rinpoche (one of the three Heart Sons of His Holiness Penor Rinpoche), His Holiness Jigmey Phuntsok (a major tertön, or treasure revealer, who visited on his only trip to the West during his lifetime), Tulku Rigdzin Pema (a master stupa builder who guided the construction of the Migyur Dorje Stupa at KPC), Dzongnang Tulku (a classmate of His Holiness Penor Rinpoche), Tulku Tubsang (another classmate of His Holiness and current abbot of Palyul Monastery in Tibet/China), His Holiness Chetsang Rinpoche (throneholder of the Drikung Kagyu lineage), His Holiness Kusum Lingpa Rinpoche (another tertön who revealed a terma about Jetsunma the moment he set foot in the temple), Ngakpa Yeshe Dorje (the “Dalai Lama’s weatherman”), Dhungse Thinley Norbu (son of His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and an outstanding lama in his own right), and His Holiness Ngawang Tenzin (the Dorje Loppön of all Drukpa Kagyu monasteries in Bhutan). And this is just a sampling of the lamas who have visited KPC to teach over the years. These lamas came to KPC not out of a sense of duty, nor a desire to get rich from speaker fees. They came because they wished to support Jetsunma in her activity in bringing Dharma to the West. They had no problem with the fact that she is a woman or that her teaching methods are at times nontraditional. They understood that the activity of the dakini (female enlightened being) is nontraditional by nature and that Jetsunma was engaged in such activity. They also understood that the Dharma cannot be properly established in a new country without the activity of the dakini. And they further understood that Jetsunma’s activity was always dedicated to the liberation and salvation of sentient beings, not to personal agendas or the desire to bilk her students, as is true of some who claim to be tulkus but who lack any credibility or lineage. It is true that in Tibet the tulku system was at times abused for political or personal gain. It is also true that there have been those in the West who have also tried to abuse the tulku system for the same reasons. That is why the Buddha taught that each student should examine their teacher carefully so that authentic confidence and devotion can arise in their minds. It doesn’t matter who a tulku is, what kinds of honors they have accrued, who they know, how famous they are, or any ordinary things like that; what is important is that their teacher leads them to enlightenment, the end of suffering. With a teacher such as Jetsunma Ahkön Lhamo, her students will attest that she is that kind of lama. This is the true meaning of Guru Yoga. Never one to leave well enough alone, Bill Cassidy has now entered the fray in yet another “controversy” (his words). This time he is taking on the Karmapa, or rather the Karmapas as there have been two separate recognitions of the 17th Karmapa, one, Thaye Dorje, by the Sharmapa, the Karmapa’s regent, and the other, Urgyen Trinley, by Tai Situ Rinpoche, the Dalai Lama, and just about everybody else. Specifically Cassidy brought up an unpleasant dispute involving a well-known Hong Kong singer and actress, Anita Mui, who died in 2003 at age 40 and bequeathed her estate, worth about $13 million, to the New Horizon Buddhist Association, an organization in Thaye Dorje’s camp. The will was contested by Anita Mui’s mother and was only just resolved in favor of the will, leaving her mother only a relatively small monthly stipend. While this may seem like a relatively none newsworthy event, particularly for anyone living outside of Hong Kong, Cassidy plays it up as if he were the National Enquirer. He even brags about it. It is not necessary to go into the details of the two Karmapa controversy here. Much has been written about it, and while it was initially a hot controversy, it is very much yesterday’s news nowadays. Basically both camps have agreed to disagree, and while some hard feelings no doubt remain, nearly everyone defers to Urgyen Trinley as the authentic Karmapa. This is an issue that concerns the Kagyu lineage and should remain so. It should not become fodder for Cassidy’s continuing attacks on Buddhism in general, nor should the legal battle over Anita Mui’s will be tied in any way to the two Karmapa controversy. They are two very separate issues, and the issue of the will really is not a Buddhist issue at all. Attempting to tie them together is, at the very least, repugnant. But that’s what Mr. Cassidy is all about, injecting doubt into students’ minds, trying to stir up discontent and schism where there is none, judging pure teachers when he himself is nothing but a con man and convicted felon. So how does that work, Bill? How do you get off judging anybody? It would be ludicrous if it wasn’t so pathetic. Can he possibly not realize the immense damage he is causing to himself? It is particularly ironic that Cassidy would carp about a lineage controversy when he himself, who claims to be a tulku, of all things, has no lineage at all. All he has is a bag of hot air. For some time now, one of Bill Cassidy’s attack sock puppets on Twitter has been threatening their favorite target, Jetsunma Ahkön Lhamo, Spiritual Director of Kunzang Palyul Chöling, with magical attacks. What is specifically referred to is the statement “owl and raven feathers separate”. This appeared to refer to some sort of tantric magical invocation to cause harm to the “enemy”. Recently this has been confirmed. “Owl and raven feathers separate” refers to a specific tantric magical invocation to “separate” (i.e., remove) the defenses of the enemy so that the enemy is then left defenseless against attack. This probably stems from the ancient belief in many aboriginal cultures that owls and ravens represent the two poles of “good” and “evil”, based on white owl feathers and black raven feathers seen as symbols of polar opposites. Owl and raven feathers are also symbols of various protector deities in Vajrayana Buddhism. By performing a separation mudra while holding an owl feather and a raven feather, the defenses protecting the enemy could be separated. While the idea of magical attack is widely discounted in these so-called modern times, there are many stories attesting to the power of tantric magic practitioners in Tibet. In the hands of a true master, such attacks, usually in the form of Vajrakilaya, the “Vajra nail”, could be devastating and sometimes fatal. Of course, the operative phrase here is “true master”, which Bill Cassidy patently is not. Let us pray that his attacks remain impotent. The first question that should be asked is, what is mental illness? In Buddhism mental illness refers to the mind that cannot see reality, one that incorrectly perceives the person or object it senses. This always causes problems to arise. This would not be considered mental illness from a Western perspective; in Western society perception is too narrow. In the West, if a person is obviously emotionally disturbed, this is considered a mental problem, but not for a person with a fundamental inability to see reality, to understand his or her true nature. That is considered normal. And in a way it is as all unenlightened sentient beings share that problem. Problems with emotions or disturbed relations are in reality small problems. Imagine a huge ocean of problems, but all we are able to see are small problems on the surface, like ripples on the surface of a lake. Thus we ignore the actual root causes of mental illness. One way of treating mental illness from a Buddhist perspective is to teach a method whereby the student can treat him or herself, a form of analytical or checking meditation. Using this method, every time the person experiences something, a feeling, a perception, whatever, he begins asking himself questions. Why do I feel this way? What experiences in the past caused me to feel this way? What feelings do I associate with this person or thing? The reason we do this is because the Buddhist approach is that all our feelings, perceptions, experiences are all products of our own minds. Therefore if we trace back the feeling or perception or experience to its root we can find why we are experiencing what we are. Usually when we do this we find our feelings or perceptions or experiences stem from fundamentally flawed analysis on our part. When we view the original experience coolly and objectively, it loses much of the power it once had and we can, with practice, break through this conditioned response and learn to experience each event in our life just as it is. Once they find out that there is no one else to blame for their problems they become much happier, respectful of society, their parents, their teachers, and all other people because they know that they are not to blame for him feeling unhappy or afraid or angry or whatever. The reason people cannot see this for themselves is that they do not understand their own true nature. They live on the basic of habitual tendencies that have accumulated over countless lifetimes, so much so that most of our reactions to things are purely habitual. We don’t even have to think about it. Serious mental illness where the person becomes delusional or catatonic or sociopathic or severely depressed or any of the other manifestations of mental illness arises from the same basic causes. As Jetsunma Ahkön Lhamo, spiritual director of Kunzang Palyul Chöling, has taught, mental illness is the result of severe self-absorption to the point where contact with reality is completely lost. The problem then becomes reconnecting to the person to help him or her emerge out of his/her own delusions so that they can once again deal with the world as it is. In conclusion, mental illness arises when there is a conflict between our ordinary, confused , ignorant mind, the mind of samsara, and the primordial wisdom mind that we all possess but pay little attention to. As has been noted here previously, there is a feeling amongst a certain segment of Western Vajrayana practitioners who feel that devotion to the guru is simply Lamaism, not Buddhism, that it is wrong to venerate another person so much as it becomes all about the teacher and is not Buddhism. In a 1998 interview with Chagdud Khadro, wife to His Eminence Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche (1930-2002), teacher of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism, she speaks about her life history with HE Chagdud Rinpoche, discussing many topics including her personal journey, her name given by His Eminence himself, and what that meant to her, the many blessings of meeting great Lamas, the definition of Sangha and Mandala, and lastly her perspective on Dharma in the West and Guru Yoga. “From the bottom of my heart, I hope every Buddhist practitioner finds the teachers with whom he or she has a karmic connection. Of course, there are some false teachers in the Dharma and some mishaps in teacher-student relationships. This means we should thoroughly explore our connection with a teacher before making a full commitment, not that we should allow our fears to cut us off from avenues to liberation. Those who deny the primary importance of a teacher can only be ignorant of what an authentic teacher-student relationship is. Through guru yoga, intellectual understanding evolves into meditative realization, and transitory meditative experiences evolve into recognition of mind’s absolute nature. Along that trajectory faith blossoms. We see that the greatest lamas demonstrate the greatest devotion to their gurus.” It is this special relationship with the guru that makes Vajrayana known as the speedy path to enlightenment. If a student wholeheartedly supplicates a guru who has gone beyond dualism, then he or she can achieve the very same state in an instant. His Eminence Chagdud Rinpoche often spoke about the many women who have achieved profound spiritual realization over lifetimes through dedicated practice and mind training. He often spoke about the life stories of Machik Labdron, Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava, and his own mother, Delog Dawa Drolma. He would discuss with his students, to include his wife, especially in those early years of their marriage, that women and men alike, “…anyone who diligently exerts enthusiastic and one-pointed effort can attain enlightenment.” In an intimate teaching that he gave in 1997, his last visit to the United States, His Eminence offered spiritual advice focusing his own guru yoga and devotion, and the profound impact his teacher’s advice had on his life. Many great Buddhist Masters have discussed how vast the teachings of the Buddha are, and in fact, so vast that a person probably could not even read them all in one lifetime, much less accomplish them. But in Vajrayana, it is not necessary to do all that. The entire path can be accomplished in less time than it takes to read the sutras. In fact, it can be achieved in a single instant because of the relationship with the guru. Why would anyone put their faith in an ordinary samsaric being when such a relationship is possible? In the interview with Chagdud Khadro, she eloquently described the story of when Padmasambhava departed for Ngayab, leaving Yeshe Tsogyal behind to hide treasure text and continue her dharma activities on earth, and how Yeshe Tsogyal wept, screeching and crying out to him as he departed into the sky. She was completely grief-stricken. Guru Padmasambhava made a bequest to Yeshe Tsogyal three times before complete confidence of absolute guru yoga rose in her heart, “…and she realizes the illusion of being together or apart from the teacher. But also, by the spontaneous wisdom of her conduct, she has three more gifts from Guru Rinpoche to use for the benefit of beings.” Many great Buddhist Lamas have talked and written about the extraordinariness of Guru Rinpoche. It is said that he literally sleeps outside the door of anyone with faith in him. His emanations have been innumerable, and his blessings are without end. But no matter how great a guru is, in the final analysis the ball is still in our court. Attainment comes because of our devotion, our love and compassion for sentient beings, and unfluctuating and ruthless honesty. It is not the guru’s fault if we fall away from the path or fail to receive the blessing. It is always up to us, but the guru is always there, waiting for us. E Ma Ho! Remain relaxed, without clinging or contrivance Within mind’s nature, like space, Free from any reference point And with the vigor of vivid, mindful awareness. Whatever outward or inward movement of thought arises, Don’t lose hold of the vital inner glow of the expanse of mindfulness. Don’t fabricate [mental states]. Rest your mind as it is - It will be liberated into the absolute expanse. Mahamudra, chagchen in Tibetan, translates as Great Seal or Great Symbol. It is a body of teaching and practice that is practiced by all new translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism, i.e., Kagyu, Shakya and Gelugpa. Mudra refers to the vivid way phenomena appear, and Maha indicates that the way they appear is beyond concept, beyond imagination, beyond perception. The teachings closely resemble those of Dzogchen as practiced by the Nyingma (old translation) School with very minor differences. It is a completion stage practice that focuses on manipulating the mental and physical forces of the subtle body to attain the enlightened state. Like Dzogchen, it is necessary to complete this practice under the close guidance of one’s teacher. This is not a practice that can or should be done on one’s own as it is too easy to go off the path and end up more confused than one started or insane. Mahamudra meditation, as described by the great 20th Century master Kalu Rinpoche of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage founded by the female Bodhisattva Niguma, involves resting in awareness, no point of reference, no discursive thought involving “this” and “that”. It is not just zoning out. Awareness is the key, just resting in the experience of whatever is happening, either externally or internally. When one is able to just rest in luminous emptiness without grasping, knowing will arise of its own accord, and liberation is right there. The practice of Mahamudra begins with basic shamatha (shi-ne)/vipasyana (lhag-tong) meditation to cultivate tranquility and insight into the nature of reality. When one gains a glimpse of Mahamudra as a result of this practice, the four faults naturally dissolve, allowing one to progress further in the practice. In the final stage practice, one manifests the Trikaya (the three bodies of the Buddha) spontaneously and the Mahamudra becomes fully manifest. The Buddha is said to have taught 84,000 teachings, which is equivalent to the number of afflictive emotions of sentient beings. In truth there is no limit to the Buddha’s teaching, just as the nature of mind is limitless. Through such teachings and practices as Mahamudra and Dzogchen we ourselves have the possibility of experiencing the limitlessness of primordial wisdom mind in this life. Eh Ma Ho!

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These are the monuments which receive most attention from the visitor to Avebury but there are others which are equally important. The early settlement of Windmill Hill lies on the higher ground to the north-west of the henge and the remnants of two enormous enclosures lie buried in the valley between Silbury Hill and the Sanctuary. Lesser sites of note are Falkner's Circle and the long barrows of South Street and Beckhampton. There are many round barrows in the area, some of the most prominent being on Overton Hill next to the Ridgeway. However, these are products of the Bronze Age and were built several centuries later than the massive creations that had been constructed during the Neolithic period. Considering Avebury's historical importance much of it has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Archaeological research requires substantial funding and much is consumed these days by the need to investigate the potential history being devoured by new building development and road construction. New investigation of protected sites tends, therefore, to lack priority. Fortunately, for those of us with an enduring interest in Avebury, recent years have brought much fresh research and excavation to the monuments which is helping to resolve some long disputed questions and revealing the existence of some previously unknown features. Geophysical surveys and aerial photography have shown a number within the henge itself and investigation of these in the near future is under negotiation. Several stones of the elusive Beckhampton Avenue have also been found since 1999 and recent surveys have confirmed that many stones of the outer circle still lie buried within the henge. The present time holds the promise of some exciting new discoveries which will hopefully expand our knowledge of this remarkable pre-historic complex. The following pages will hopefully give the reader some interesting information about Avebury and its components, though anyone reading the available Avebury literature will soon realise that much is still the domain of the theorist and qualified researchers continue to be fluid about many aspects of its history. We can only marvel at its existence and acknowledge that the real truth about it is likely to remain beyond reach. About a mile to the south of the Avebury circle lies the biggest man-made mound in Europe. Silbury Hill remains one of the most enigmatic objects that our ancestors have left us to ponder over. Despite various attempts using tunnels to try and discover the secrets of this 130 feet high wonder of prehistoric engineering it still continues in its awesome way to baffle and impress us. Beyond Silbury Hill and on the other side of the main A4 road a walk of about 1/2 a mile brings you to the West Kennet Long Barrow which is the largest example in the country that is accessible to the public. Situated on the sky-line it is well worth the walk as it has its own special atmosphere which more than anywhere at Avebury seems to bridge the years. Almost a mile to the south-east can be glimpsed the tree-covered East Kennet Long Barrow..... Slightly larger in size it still awaits thorough investigation. At the heart of pre-historic Avebury is the henge. Compared with other henges it is massive and though erosion and vandalism have reduced it considerably it still remains an impressive spectacle. Its construction was spread over several centuries beginning about 3000 BC when the Cove and the earliest stage of the Sanctuary were built. It would be another 600 years before the final form was achieved when the avenues were added about 2400 BC. It consists of a circle of land surrounded by a ditch and bank, the bank being outermost. The area covered by the circle is about 28.5 acres and the circumference is approximately 0.8 of a mile. Around the outside of the circle once stood 98 large sarsen stones some of which weighed as much as 60 tons and perhaps more. Within this large outer ring are the remains of two smaller stone circles one of which originally consisted of 27 stones and was about 320 feet in diameter (northern circle) and the other which was about 340 feet in diameter and consisted of 29 stones (southern circle). Both of these inner circles are each much larger than the circle of stones at Stonehenge. It has been calculated that the area occupied by the stone circle at Stonehenge would fit into the outer stone circle at Avebury around 130 times. This gives some idea of how vast the Avebury Henge is. There are four entrances to the circle each roughly at the cardinal points of the compass. From the south and west entrances going away from the henge are the remains of two stone avenues. The Beckhampton Avenue which runs from the west entrance is barely evident to-day although, almost a mile from the henge, the two Longstones still stand to reveal where it once existed. The West Kennet Avenue which runs from the southern entrance has survived much better and still presents a spectacle as it stretches across the countryside on its way to joining with the small circle of the mysterious but now destroyed Sanctuary a mile and a half distant.

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Kari Rossvale had a dark and difficult start in life. Born to a German father and Norwegian mother, she was part of the Nazi programme to perfect a Master race, the Lebensborn programme. German officers were encouraged by Himmler to impregnate Aryan women, (Norwegians were a particular target), in order to create perfect Aryan offspring. At ten days these tiny babies were taken from their mothers to castles in Germany for "education" and rearing. When the Nazis were defeated in 1945, these children became outcasts, reminders of Norwegian collaboration with the enemy. Kari was placed in an orphanage in Sweden, but at school she was made aware of her despised origin. After a turbulent life, much of it spent searching for her mother and father, Kari has found happiness with her husband Sven in Ballinteer in Dublin. "At last I have come home," she says. This is a heart-rending story of how women and children are often the tragic victims of war. It also marks a fitting start to RTÉ's contribution to multi-cultural week which runs from April 6th to 12th. This Would You Believe programme is being broadcast in support of Interculturalism and Anti-Racism Week, (April 7th-14th). This week is part of the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue (EYID), see ( http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ ) and is being organised by the National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism (NCCRI), see ( http://www.nccri.ie/index.html).

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Great Britain’s Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), which oversees fertility treatments and embryo research in that nation, recently approved fertility procedures that would amount to the genetic engineering of children through cloning (nuclear transfer) technology and germ-line modification, resulting in a “three-parent embryo” that would have genetic material from two mothers and one father. Proponents of such an unprecedented step provide a therapeutic rationale to justify taking it: the fertility procedures envisioned are aimed at creating embryos free from mitochondrial defects which can give rise to serious diseases and defects after birth. Researchers in Great Britain have developed a method that attempts to remedy this and create an embryo free of mitochondrial defects it would otherwise contain. To achieve this, researchers use a cloning technique called pro-nuclear transfer (PNT): the father’s sperm is used to fertilize the mother’s egg which contains the defective mitochondria, creating one embryo. However, a second egg from a donor, containing healthy mitochondria, is also fertilized, producing a second embryo. The nuclei from both embryos are removed, thus destroying them both. The nucleus from the embryo with the defective mtDNA is placed in the de-nucleated embryo “shell” with the healthy mtDNA. The resulting third embryo, which is then implanted in the mother, thus has genetic materials from two mothers and one father, thus the phrase “three-parent embryo”. The procedure itself is currently illegal in Britain, as British law prohibits implantation of embryos that have been genetically modified, as this procedure does. The HFEA now favors changing the law to allow this procedure to eventually become a routine part of fertility treatments there. While the goal of trying to prevent mitochondrial-caused diseases is of course a worthwhile one, the ethical alarms set off by this way of doing so are numerous. Most obviously, the procedure destroys two embryos in order to produce a genetically modified third one. And because this is a new technology, there is no way of knowing what the impact will be on the child created through this experimental three-parent technique. The child would be born with the DNA from the father, the mother and the woman who donates (or sells) her egg. This is human experimentation on progeny who are incapable of giving consent. Finally, there is the problem of the risks to otherwise healthy young women who are being asked to donate their eggs. Should the “three-parent” procedure prove effective and become routine, the amount of eggs this procedure would require would be considerable, in addition to the large number of eggs that would be needed to carry out the research needed to get to that point. The risks entailed by getting eggs outside of a woman’s body are present in the short and long term, as women must undergo injections of powerful hormones to cause the ovaries to produce many eggs in one cycle. Among the many known risks to this procedure, the most severe is ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS), which in rare cases causes death. The medical literature indicates that young women are more at risk for developing OHSS, just the target audience for this practice. In addition, there are the risks associated with anesthesia and the surgery necessary to remove the eggs. Longer-term risks, such as the risk of harm to the donors’ own fertility or the risk of later developing cancer, are more unknown because of the lack of long-term follow-up and study of the women. The health risks of egg donation are serious and not fully understood. Because of the lack of follow-up and tracking of egg donors, those who do suffer complications are not reported in the medical literature; therefore the risks are underestimated. This lack of academic study and peer-reviewed publications on the aftermath for these women clearly makes informed consent impossible. Coupled with the payment-for-eggs plan, informed consent is even more coercive. Women who have financial need, even if told the risks, will assume that risk because of their financial need. The goal of eliminating mitochondrial disease is praiseworthy. Yet advances in science should not come at the expense of our core humanity. To allow this procedure would do far more damage to that humanity in the long run, as it would be a major step toward the engineering and commodification of human life. By Jennifer Lahl, President of the Center for Bioethics and Culture Networ, and Gene Tame, senior analyst for the Charlotte Lozier Institute. Excerpted from article published by LifeNews.com. Volumes have been written about the murder trial of late-term abortionist Kermit Gosnell by pro-life writers. Not so much by the broader media. Fox News has covered the trial piecemeal and it just hit the conservative talk show circuits this week, even though the trial is into its fifth week. There was a breakthrough this week when major news sources, such as the New York Times and Washington Post, were shamed into sending reporters to the trial. Some “liberal” commentators have admitted they are deliberately avoiding coverage of the trial because they don’t want to damage the abortion “right.” Pro-abortion groups have been silent, basically refusing to condemn Gosnell’s atrocities. They call his abortion practice an “outlier” which does not happen in other abortion clinics. Planned Parenthood — its lips are sealed. The President has been silent. When mouthpiece Jay Carney was finally confronted by a reporter, Carney said: “The president is aware of it. The president does not and cannot take a position on an ongoing trial, so I won’t as well.” So much for any credible commitment on the part of the President to human rights. Eyewitnesses to Gosnell’s grisly practice have testified to so many gruesome activities in the clinic that it’s difficult to find space to put them into one piece. The American people deserve to know about the atrocities committed, as difficult as they are to hear. It is only then that we will expose the abortion “right” for what it is — the deliberate, brutal killing of the most helpless members of the human family. Gosnell and his staff made inadequate efforts to resuscitate Mrs. Mongar. Sherry West told detectives that, some time after Williams had sedated Mrs. Mongar, Williams came out of the procedure room, yelling that “she needed help.” Liz Hampton testified that she was in the room next to the procedure room when Williams emerged and said that she was having a problem. Although Hampton could not remember if Gosnell was in the procedure room when Williams came out, West said that when she subsequently entered the procedure room, Gosnell was there performing what she thought was CPR on Mrs. Mongar. Eileen O’Neill eventually came in to assist Gosnell, according to West. O’Neill testified that Lynda Williams summoned her from her second-floor office. The unlicensed “doctor” told the Grand Jury that she thought Mrs. Mongar was already dead by the time she got to the procedure room. Nevertheless, she took over administering CPR to the lifeless body because, she said, Gosnell was not doing the CPR correctly. Gosnell, meanwhile, left to retrieve the clinic’s only “crash cart” from the third floor. A crash cart is usually a set of drawers or shelves that contains the tools and drugs needed to treat a person in or near cardiac arrest. After returning several minutes later with the medicine case, however, Gosnell did not use any of the drugs in it to try to save Mrs. Mongar’s life. O’Neill said that she tried to use the defibrillator “paddles” to revive Mrs. Mongar, but that they did not work. Still no one called 911. Even though an overdose was immediately suspected as the cause of Mrs. Mongar’s cardiac arrest, O’Neill testified that Gosnell instructed her not to administer Narcan, a drug that could have reversed the effects of the Demerol. She said that Gosnell told her it would not work on Demerol– which is not true according to the toxicology expert who appeared before the Grand Jury. O’Neill testified that Gosnell took the time to look through the case of medicines and that he was “thrilled” to find it was up-to-date. This is puzzling, since he seemed to have no intent of actually using the drugs to try to save Mrs. Mongar. Gosnell and his staff attempted to cover up the cause of Mrs. Mongar’s death before paramedics arrived. Gosnell’s odd behavior–retrieving the clinic’s case of emergency medicines from the third floor, appearing thrilled that the case supposedly was up to date, and then making no effort to use the supplies to resuscitate his patient –can only be explained as a cover-up: He simply wanted to have a “crash cart” on hand when the paramedics were finally summoned. Gosnell clearly knew it was a violation of the law–as well as of the standards of the medical profession–to sedate a patient without having resuscitation drugs and equipment ready for use. In fact, when the ambulance was finally called, the paramedics noted that the patient had no IV access for administering life-saving drugs. Someone had evidently taken out the IV access that had been used that afternoon and evening to administer sedatives. No one told the paramedics that Mrs. Mongar had been given heavy doses of Demerol before her heart stopped. There is no other explanation than that Gosnell was trying to hide from the paramedics the cause of Mrs. Mongar’s cardiac arrest. The effect of this deception was to further delay potentially effective efforts to save the patient’s life. It is also odd that Gosnell placed Karnamaya Mongar’s feet in the stirrups of the procedure table before the paramedics arrived. Eileen O’Neill and Ashley Baldwin both testified that they remembered clearly that the patient’s legs were dangling off the table when they saw her lifeless body before the paramedics were called. Yet, when the paramedics arrived, her feet were in the stirrups, as if she had just undergone the abortion procedure. This action by Gosnell was, again, entirely for appearances – an effort to prevent the paramedics from noticing that the monitor was unplugged. Ashley said that Gosnell knew the machine was broken and had been for months. He had said he would get it fixed, but he never did. She said it shocked her when she tried to plug it in the night Mrs. Mongar died. Just when you thought the murder trial of abortionist Kermit Gosnell could not be more stomach-turning, Sherry West, a former employee, testified Monday that she recalled hearing one child “screaming” after the baby was delivered alive during an abortion at Gosnell’s West Philadelphia Women’s Medical Society abortion clinic. The Philadelphia Inquirer’s Joseph A. Slobodzian reported that four years ago West was asked to help out with a problem. Questioned by Assistant District Attorney Joanne Pescatore, West explained. “There was this clear glass pan and I saw it and I thought, ‘What do you expect me to do?’” West testified today at Gosnell’s murder trial. “It wasn’t fully developed,” West told the Common Pleas Court jury, referring to the 18- to 24-inch long newborn in the pan. It didn’t have eyes or a mouth but it was like screeching, making this noise. It was weird, it sounded like a little alien.” So what happened to the baby (whom West testified she called the “specimen” because “it was easier to deal with mentally.”)? West said she didn’t know. The child was one of the largest babies she had seen delivered during abortion procedures at Gosnell’s clinic, West told the jury. “It really freaked me out and I said call Dr. Gosnell and I went back out front,” West added. West said that although she lacked training, she learned to perform ultrasound exams on pregnant women, and administer oral and IV sedatives and medication. (She said she learned from other staff members, including a 16-year-old.) According to Slobodzian, when 41-year-old Karnamaya Mongar, of Virginia, went into cardiac arrest during an abortion procedure on November 19, 2009, West was there. Mongar died that night at a local hospital, because of an overdose administered by Gosnell’s untrained staff, the prosecution charges. West testified about what happened when paramedics were called. It took time to get into the building because no one had the key to the back door which was padlocked. Sean O’Sullivan of The [Delaware] News Journal reported “Prosecutor Pescatore also walked her through the incomplete and conflicting medical records from Gosnell’s clinic where it is not clear what drugs were administered, by who and when. She testified that at least one notation by Gosnell – that Mongar was feeling no pain afterward – was completely wrong. “However, West, who now has long hair pulled back in a ponytail and uses glasses to read, often answered ‘I don’t know’ to prosecution questions and often had to re-read previous statements she made to police before recalling important details.” West also testified that there was a staff meeting several days after Mongar died. But “It was not to review medical protocols to prevent a reoccurrence,” Slobodzian reported. “Instead, Gosnell instructed them on what to say to police or other investigators. West did as she was told and also relayed back to Gosnell information about what was asked of her during police interrogations.” Gosnell is also on trial on seven counts of 1st degree murder in the deaths of seven viable babies allegedly aborted alive and then killed when their spinal cords were cut. “New prenatal tests for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome are reshaping care for expectant mothers, but their rapid rollout has raised fears that poorly understood results could lead to confusion among patients and doctors managing high-risk pregnancies,” according to Christoper Weaver reporting in the Wall StreetJournal. A new market is emerging which “examines traces of fetal DNA in the mother’s bloodstream.” One company conducted over 61,000 tests in 2012 to feed the insatiable quest to learn about an unborn child, with one of the primary goals to prevent children with Down syndrome or other anomalies from being born. There is confusion in the research community as to whether these should be called “tests” or “screenings” because they assess risk rather than provide a definitive result. There is also confusion about results which could “contribute to the abortion of healthy babies,” states Weaver. The screening is desired because it is simpler than the more conclusive amniocentesis and can be done earlier in pregnancy, at around 10 weeks. Some insurers are covering the screening which could cost as much as $2,700. The FDA, which has been working on proposals to regulate these types of tests, is asking the companies who are marketing the screenings to provide more information. A new era indeed, and one that is not favorable to babies with anomalies. A Brazilian doctor has been charged with killing seven patients by administering muscle-relaxing drugs and then reducing their oxygen supply with asphyxia as the resulting cause of death. Why? Prosecutors who charged Dr. Virginia Soares de Souza listened to wiretaps of her conversations and learned that her motive was to free up hospital beds in the intensive care unit for other patients. “I want to clear the intensive care unit. It’s making me itch…Unfortunately, our mission is to be go-betweens on the springboard to the next life.” De Souza said in the recordings. Authorities are combing over 1,700 medical records of patients who died over the past seven years in the intensive care unit managed by De Souza and estimate the number of suspicious deaths may reach up to 300 cases. According to a Reuters article, “If prosecutors prove that De Souza killed 300 patients, this could be one of the world’s worst serial killings……” Last week, a Florida Planned Parenthood lobbyist publicly endorsed infanticide. It is the logical outcome of abortion on demand for the full nine months of pregnancy — the ability to decide whether the baby who survives an abortion attempt should live or die. The lobbyist’s comments came at an exchange with a Florida legislator at a committee hearing on a bill which would provide medical care and legal protection for infants born alive after a failed abortion. “So, um, it is just really hard for me to even ask you this question because I’m almost in disbelief,” said Rep. Jim Boyd to the Planned Parenthood lobbyist. “If a baby is born on a table as a result of a botched abortion, what would Planned Parenthood want to have happen to that child that is struggling for life?” “We believe that any decision that’s made should be left up to the woman, her family, and the physician,” said Planned Parenthood lobbyist Alisa Snow. Essentially, Planned Parenthood believes that the abortion “right” is so paramount, that it gives the woman the right to a dead baby. If you think promotion of infanticide is just an isolated instance, think again. Planned Parenthood has prominent allies that flirt with infanticide. Then Senator Russ Feingold, in responding to direct questioning during debate on a federal partial-birth abortion ban about a baby born alive in a botched abortion, said pretty much what Snow said at the hearing. When President Obama was a State Senator in Illinois, he blocked passage of and voted numerous times against a bill similar to the Florida legislation. And so the culture of death marches on to its logical conclusion — that vulnerable human life can be protected only when those closest to the person decide his/her life is worth saving. It was in late March eight years ago when the nation and the world watched in disbelief as Terri Schindler Schiavo was starved and dehydrated to her death. Her crime for receiving such a harsh and heartless sentence? She had severe disabilities. Terri did not go quietly. Her family fought for years in court to become her caregivers. Terri’s husband fought just as hard for her death, claiming that Terri verbally stated she would not wish to live as a person with disabilities. Sadly, the courts agreed with the husband. Terri’s story put a name and face to the growing practice in the United States of depriving very sick or disabled people of food and water, and attempting to call it humane. Terri is not forgotten in the hearts and minds of all who followed this case with sadness and horror, and certainly not by her family who has established a foundation in her name. The foundation responds to pleas for assistance for people in similar circumstances. Rest in peace, Terri, knowing that your story and legacy live on to help others in your circumstances. It has been a busy winter for Compassion and Choices (C & C), the leading pro-euthanasia group in the country. Undaunted by its November 2012 loss when Massachusetts voters failed to endorse a ballot measure to legalize assisted suicide, C & C is clearly targeting other northeastern states, working to gain a major foothold in that part of the country. Here is an update on what is occurring in the U.S. regarding assisted suicide: Vermont: The Vermont Senate passed a bill which replaces the original Oregon-style assisted suicide law with one that does the following, according to the Vermont Alliance for Ethical Care: Last week the Vermont Senate approved the Galbraith/Cummings amendment which effectively ended (at least in the Senate) the original physician assisted suicide bill (S.77) introduced by the Senate Health and Welfare Committee. The original bill was replaced entirely by a one page piece of legislation that accepts current practice in which a physician may prescribe pain medication in order to relieve physical symptoms in terminally ill patients. The bill also provides immunity for physicians if a patient self-administers a sufficient number of pills to end his/her life. The bill also provides immunity for family members who may be present and witness this act. The bill, S. 77, is now in the House which is expected to take it up on April 2 for hearings and action. New Jersey: A 3328, a bill to legalize assisted suicide, passed in a House committee and could be taken up by the full House at any time. Connecticut: A public hearing was held last week on H.B. No. 6645, a bill to legalize assisted suicide. Maine: A bill to legalize assisted suicide, LD 1065, was just introduced. Montana: A bill to prohibit assisted suicide, HB 505, passed in the House and had a Senate hearing yesterday. Hawaii: A bill to legalize assisted suicide has been introduced. Kansas: A bill to legalize assisted suicide has been introduced. Minnesota: In a court case involving an official of Final Exit Network, a judge (Asphaug) ruled that the “advising” portion of the state law prohibiting assisted suicide was overbroad and therefore unconstitutional, while “encouraging” can be narrowly construed and passes constitutional muster. In another Minnesota court case, an ex-nurse is asking the State Supreme Court to overturn his conviction for aiding the suicide of a young woman over the Internet. New Mexico: A case brought by two doctors asking the court to declare the New Mexico law prohibiting assisted suicide unconstitutional is pending. Assisted suicide (also called doctor-prescribed suicide) is a “sleeper” issue that is creeping into targeted states with a goal by C & C to corner the northwestern and northeastern states and then move inward. Watch for the latest developments here, because you won’t read or hear about them in the media. The reported acts of Kermit Gosnell, Philadelphia abortionist, are unspeakable. Now he is on trial for seven counts of 1st degree murder for allegedly performing very late-term abortions, delivering live babies, and then killing them by “sticking scissors into the back of the baby’s neck and cutting the spinal cord,” according to the Grand Jury report which led to his indictment. Gosnell is also charged with one count of 3rd degree murder in the death of one of the women he aborted. In all, he faces 43 criminal counts which include drug delivery resulting in death, corruption of minors, evidence tampering, theft by deception, abuse of corpse, and corruption. Here are some reported descriptions of Gosnell’s horrendous a actions: 1. Gosnell hired unlicensed, untrained workers who worked in his filthy, unsanitary facility which operated with utter disregard for the health and safety of women. Gosnell himself was not qualified under Pennsylvania law to perform abortions. His clinic was not inspected for 17 years, despite registered complaints. 2. When an inspection finally took place, authorities found bags and bottles scattered around the clinic which housed the bodies of aborted babies and baby parts. 3. Gosnell took in $10,000 to $15,000 a night for the few hours he spent performing abortions. 4. Gosnell also operated an illegal OxyContin drug clinic. 5. A lethal overdose of drugs killed one of his patients. 6. An employee witness testified at his trial that “she snipped the spines of at least 10 babies during unorthodox abortions at a West Philadelphia clinic,” as reported by the Associated Press. The employee, Adrienne Moton, “…sobbed as she described her work at the clinic….She once had to kill a baby delivered in a toilet, cutting its neck with scissors….” 7. Employees reported that Gosnell cracked jokes after slitting the neck of a baby. 8 When Gosnell’s employees wanted abortions, they went elsewhere, knowing they would fare better than in their employer’s clinic. Gosnell’s attorney, Jack McMahon, played “the race card” at trial, according to a Philadelphia Inquirer reporter, and accused city officials of a “prosecutorial lynching” because Gosnell is black. It’s difficult to report about what occurred in what has been called the Gosnell “House of Horrors,” and hard to believe this could happen in America.

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reasonable suspicion n: an objectively justifiable suspicion that is based on specific facts or circumstances and that justifies stopping and sometimes searching (as by frisking) a person thought to be involved in criminal activity at the time see also reasonable cause at cause compare probable cause at cause, terry stop NOTE: A police officer stopping a person must be able to point to specific facts or circumstances even though the level of suspicion need not rise to that of the belief that is supported by probable cause. A reasonable suspicion is more than a hunch. Source: Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law ©1996. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Published under license with Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Subscribe to Term of the Day See More Criminal Law Terms See Other Legal Glossaries »

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||This article has an unclear citation style. (May 2012)| Neurophilosophy or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy that explores the relevance of neuroscientific studies to the arguments traditionally categorized as philosophy of mind. The philosophy of neuroscience attempts to clarify neuroscientific methods and results using the conceptual rigor and methods of philosophy of science. While the issue of brain-mind is still open for debate, from the perspective of neurophilosophy, an understanding of the philosophical applications of neuroscience discoveries is nevertheless relevant. Even if neuroscience eventually found that there is no casual relationship between brain and mind, the mind would still remain an epiphenomenon of the brain, and as such neuroscience would still be relevant for the philosophy of the mind. At the other end of the spectrum, if neuroscience will eventually demonstrate a perfect overlap between brain and mind phenomena, neuroscience would become indispensable for the study of the mind. Clearly, regardless of the status of the brain-mind debate, the study of neuroscience is relevant for philosophy. Below is a list of specific issues important to Philosophy of neuroscience: - "The indirectness of studies of mind and brain" - "Computational or representational analysis of brain processing" - "Relations between psychological and neuroscientific inquiries" - Modularity of Mind - What constitutes adequate explanation in Neuroscience? - "Location of Cognitive function" The indirectness of studies of mind and brain Many of the methods and techniques central to neuroscientific discovery rely on assumptions that can limit the interpretation of the data. Philosophers of Neuroscience have discussed such assumptions in the use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dissociation in Cognitive Neuropsychology, single unit recording, and computational neuroscience. Following are descriptions of many of the current controversies and debates about the methods employed in neuroscience. Many fMRI studies rely heavily on the assumption of "localization of function"(same as functional specialization). Localization of function means that many cognitive functions can be localized to specific brain regions. A good example of functional localization comes from studies of the motor cortex. There seem to be different groups of cells in the motor cortex responsible for controlling different groups of muscles. Many philosophers of neuroscience criticize fMRI for relying too heavily on this assumption. Michael Anderson points out that subtraction method fMRI misses a lot of brain information that is important to the cognitive processes. Subtraction fMRI only shows the differences between the task activation and the control activation, but many of the brain areas activated in the control are obviously important for the task as well. Some philosophers entirely reject any notion of localization of function and thus believe fMRI studies to be profoundly misguided. These philosophers maintain that brain processing acts holistically, that large sections of the brain are involved in processing most cognitive tasks (see holism in neurology and the modularity section below). One way to understand their objection to the idea of localization of function is the radio repair man thought experiment. In this thought experiment, a radio repair man opens up a radio and rips out a tube. The radio begins whistling loudly and the radio repair man declares that he must have ripped out the anti-whistling tube. There is not really any anti-whistling tube in the radio and it is obvious that the radio repair man has confounded function with effect. This criticism was originally targeted at the logic used by neuropsychological brain lesion experiments, but the criticism is still applicable to neuroimaging. These considerations are similar to Van Orden's and Paap's criticism of circularity in neuroimaging logic. According to them, neuroimagers assume that there their theory of cognitive component parcellation is correct and that these components divide cleanly into feed-forward modules. These assumptions are necessary to justify their inference of brain localization. The logic is circular if the researcher then use the appearance of brain region activation as proof of the correctness of their cognitive theories. A different problematic methodological assumption within fMRI research is the use of reverse inference A reverse inference is when the activation of a brain region is used to infer the presence of a given cognitive process. Poldrack points out that the strength of this inference depends critically on the likelihood that a given task employs a given cognitive process and the likelihood of that pattern of brain activation given that cognitive process. In other words, the strength of reverse inference is based upon the selectivity of the task used as well as the selectivity of the brain region activation. A 2011 article published in the NY times has been heavily criticized for misusing reverse inference. In the study, participants were shown pictures of their iPhones and the researchers measured activation of the insula. The researches took insula activation as evidence of feelings of love and concluded that people loved their iPhones. Critics were quick to point out that the insula is not a very selective piece of cortex, and therefore not amenable to reverse inference. The Neuropsychologist Max Coltheart took the problems with reverse inference a step further and challenged neuroimagers to give one instance in which neuroimaging had informed psychological theory Coltheart takes the burden of proof to be an instance where the brain imaging data is consistent with one theory but inconsistent with another theory. Rooskies maintains that Coltheart's ultra cognitive position makes his challenge unwinnable. Since Coltheart maintains that the implementation of a cognitive state has no bearing on the function of that cognitive state, then it is impossible to find neuroimaging data that will be able to comment on psychological theories in the way Coltheart demands. Neuroimaging data will always be relegated to the lower level of implementation and be unable to selectively determine one or another cognitive theory. In an 2006 article, Richard Henson suggests that forward inference can be used to infer dissociation of function at the psychological level. He suggests that these kinds of inferences can be made when there is crossing activations between two task types in two brain regions and there is no change in activation in a mutual control region. One final assumption worth mentioning is the assumption of pure insertion in fMRI. The assumption of pure insertion is the assumption that a single cognitive process can be inserted into another set of cognitive process without effecting the functioning of the rest. For example, if you wanted to find the reading comprehension area of the brain, you might scan participants while they were presented with a word and while they were presented with a non-word (e.g. "Floob"). If you infer that the resulting difference in brain pattern represents the regions of the brain involved in reading comprehension, you have assumed that these changes are not reflective of changes in task difficulty or differential recruitment between tasks. The term pure insertion was coined by Donders as a criticism of reaction time methods. Recently, researchers have began using a new functional imaging technique called resting state functional connectivity MRI. Subjects' brains are scanned while the subject sits idly in the scanner. By looking at the natural fluctuations in the bold pattern while the subject is at rest, the researchers can see which brain regions co-vary in activation together. They can use the patterns of covariance to construct maps of functionally linked brain areas. It is worth noting that the name "functional connectivity" is somewhat misleading since the data only indicates co-variation. Still, this is a powerful method for studying large networks throughout the brain. There are a couple of important methodological issues that need to be addressed. Firstly, there are many different possible brain mappings that could be used to define the brain regions for the network. The results could vary significantly depending on the brain region chosen. Secondly, what mathematical techniques are best about to characterize these brain regions? The brain regions of interest are somewhat constrained by the size of the voxels. Rs-fcMRI uses voxels that are few millimeters cubed so the brain regions will have to be defined on a larger scale. Two of the statistical methods that are commonly applied to network analysis can work on the single voxel spacial scale, but graph theory methods are extremely sensitive to the way nodes are defined. Brains regions can be divided according to their cellular architectural, according to their connectivity, or according to physiological measures. Alternatively, you could take a theory neutral approach and randomly divide the cortex into partitions of the size of your choosing. As mentioned earlier, there are several approaches to network analysis once the your brain regions have been defined. Seed based analysis begins with an a prior defined seed region and finds all of the regions that are functionally connected to that region. Wig et al. caution that the resulting network structure will not give any information concerning the inter-connectivity of the identified regions or the relations of those regions to regions other than the seed region. Another approach is to use independent component analysis to create spatio-temporal component maps and the components are sorted by components that carry information of interest and those that are caused by noise. Wigs et al. once again warns that inference of functional brain region communities is difficult under ICA. ICA also has the issue of imposing orthogonality on the data. Graph theory uses a matrix to characterize covariance between regions which is then transformed into a network map. The problem with graph theory analysis is that network mapping is heavily influenced by a priori brain region and connectivity (nodes and edges), thus the researcher is at risk for cherry picking regions and connections according to their own theories. However, graph theory analysis is extremely valuable since it is the only method that gives pair-wise relationships between nodes. ICA has the added advantage of being a fairly principled method. It seems that using both methods will be important in uncovering the network connectivity of the brain. Mumford et al. hoped to avoid these issues and use a principled approach that could determine pair-wise relationships using a statistical technique adopted from analysis of gene co-expression networks. Dissociation in cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive Neuropsychology studies brain damaged patients and uses the patterns of selective impairment in order to make inferences on the underlying cognitive structure. Dissociation between cognitive functions is taken to be evidence that these functions are independent. Theorists have identified several key assumptions that are needed to justify these inferences: 1) Functional Modularity- the mind is organized into functionally separate cognitive modules. 2). Anatomical Modularity- the brain is organized into functionally separate modules. This assumption is very similar to the assumption of functional localization. These assumptions differ from the assumption of functional modularity, because it is possible to have separable cognitive modules that are implemented by diffuse patterns of brain activation. 3)Universality- The basic organization of functional and anatomical modularity is the same for all normal humans. This assumption is needed if we are to make any claim about functional organization based on dissociation that extrapolates from the instance of a case study to the population. 4) Transparency / Subtractivity- the mind does not undergo substantial reorganization following brain damage. It is possible to remove one functional module without significantly altering the overall structure of the system. This assumption is necessary in order to justify using brain damaged patients in order to make inferences about the cognitive architecture of healthy people. There are three principal types of evidence in cognitive neuropsychology: association, single dissociation and double dissociation. Association inferences observe that certain deficits are likely to co-occur. For example, there are many cases who have deficits in both abstract and concrete word comprehension following brain damage. Association studies are considered the weakest form of evidence, because the results could be accounted for by damage to neighboring brain regions and not damage to a single cognitive system. Single Dissociation inferences observe that one cognitive faculty can be spared while another can be damaged following brain damage. This pattern indicates that a) the two tasks employ different cognitive systems b) the two tasks occupy the same system and the damaged task is downstream from the spared task or c) that the spared task requires fewer cognitive resources than the damaged task. The "gold standard" for cognitive neuropsychology is the double dissociation. Double dissociation occur when brain damage impairs task A in Patient1 but spares task B and brain damage spares task A in Patient 2 but damages task B. It is assumed that one instance of double dissociation is sufficient proof to infer separate cognitive modules in the performance of the tasks. Many theorists criticize cognitive neuropsychology for its dependence on double dissociations. In one widely cited study, Joula and Plunkett used a model connectionist system to demonstrate that double dissociation behavioral patterns can occur through random lesions of a single module. They created a multilayer connectionist system trained to pronounce words. They repeatedly simulated random destruction of nodes and connections in the system and plotted the resulting performance on a scatter plot. The results showed deficits in irregular noun pronunciation with spared regular verb pronunciation in some cases and deficits in regular verb pronunciation with spared irregular noun pronunciation. These results suggest that a single instance of double dissociation is insufficient to justify inference to multiple systems. Charter offers a theoretical case in which double dissociation logic can be faulty. If two tasks, task A and task B, use almost all of the same systems but differ by one mutually exclusive module apiece, then the selective lesioning of those two modules would seem to indicate that A and B use different systems. Charter uses the example of someone who is allergic to peanuts but not shrimp and someone who is allergic to shrimp and not peanuts. He argues that double dissociation logic leads one to infer that peanuts and shrimp are digested by different systems. John Dunn offers another objection to double dissociation. He claims that it is easy to demonstrate the existence of a true deficit but difficult to show that another function is truly spared. As more data is accumulated, the value of your results will converge on an effect size of zero, but there will always be a positive value greater than zero that has more statistical power than zero. Therefore, it is impossible to be fully confident that a given double dissociation actually exists. On a different note, Alphonso Caramazza has given a principled reason for rejecting the use of group studies in cognitive neuropsychology. Studies of brain damaged patients can either take the form of a single case study, in which an individual's behavior is characterized and used as evidence, or group studies, in which a group of patients displaying the same deficit have their behavior characterized and averaged. In order to justify grouping a set of patient data together, the researcher must know that the group is homogenous, that their behavior is equivalent in every theoretically meaningful way. In brain damaged patients, this can only be accomplished a posteriori by analyzing the behavior patterns of all the individuals in the group. Thus according to Caramazza, any group study is either the equivalent of a set of single case studies or is theoretically unjustified. Newcombe and Marshall pointed out that there are some cases (they use Geschwind's syndrome as an example) and that group studies might still serve as a useful heuristic in cognitive neuropsychological studies. Single unit recordings It is commonly understood in neuroscience that information is encoded in the brain by the firing patterns of neurons. Many of the philosophical questions surrounding the neural code are related to questions about representation and computation that are discussed below. There are other methodological questions including whether neurons represent information through an average firing rate or whether there is information represented by the temporal dynamics. There are similar questions about whether neurons represent information individually or as a population. Many of the philosophical controversies surrounding computational neuroscience involve the role of simulation and modeling as explanation. Carl Craver has been especially vocal about such interpretations. Jones and Love wrote an especially critical article targeted at Bayesian behavioral modeling that did not constrain the modeling parameters by psychological or neurological considerations Eric Winsberg has written about the role of computer modeling and simulation in science generally, but his characterization is applicable to computational neuroscience. Computation and representation in the brain The computational theory of mind has been widespread in neuroscience since the cognitive revolution in 1960s. This section will begin with a historical overview of computational neuroscience and then discuss various competing theories and controversies within the field. Computational neuroscience began in 1930s and '40s with two groups of researchers. The first group consisted of Alan Turing, Alonzo Church and Otto Von Newman, who were working to develop computing machines and the mathematical underpinnings of computer science. This work culminated in the theoretical development of so-called Turing machines and the Church–Turing thesis, which formalized the mathematics underlying computability theory. The second group consisted of Warren McChulloch and Walter Pitts who were working to develop the first artificial neural networks. McCulloch and Pitts were the first to hypothesize that neurons could be used to implement a logical calculus that could explain cognition. They used their toy neurons to develop logic gates that could make computations. However these developments failed to take hold in the psychological sciences and neuroscience until the mid-1950s and 1960s. Behaviorism had dominated the psychology until 1950s when new developments in a variety of fields overturned behaviorist theory in favor of a cognitive theory. From the beginning of the cognitive revolution, computational theory played a major role in theoretical developments. Minsky and McCarthy's work in artificial intelligence, Newell and Simon's computer simulations, and Noam Chomsky's importation of information theory into linguistics were all heavily reliant on computational assumptions. By the early 1960s, Hilary Putnam was arguing in favor of machine functionalism in which the brain instantiated Turing machines. By this point computational theories were firmly fixed in psychology and neuroscience. By the mid-1980s, a group of researchers began using multilayer feed-forward analog neural networks that could be trained to perform a variety of tasks. The work by researchers like Sejnowski, Rosenberg, Rumelhart, and McClelland were labeled as connectionism, and the discipline has continued since then. The connectionist mindset was embraced by Paul and Patricia Churchland who then developed their "state space semantics" using concepts from connectionist theory. Connectionism was also condemned by researchers such as Fodor, Pylyshyn, and Pinkner. The tension between the connectionists and the classicists is still being debated today. One of the reasons that computational theories are appealing is that computers have the ability to manipulate representations to give meaningful output. Digital computers use strings of 1s and 0s in order to represent the content such as this Wikipedia page. Most cognitive scientists posit that our brains use some form of representational code that is carried in the firing patterns of neurons. Computational accounts seem to offer an easy way of explaining how our brains carry and manipulate the perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and actions that make up our everyday experience. While most theorists maintain that representation is an important part of cognition, the exact nature of that representation is highly debated. The two main arguments come from advocates of symbolic representations and advocates of associationist representations. Symbolic representational accounts have been famously championed by Fodor and Pinkner. Symbolic representation means that the objects are represented by symbols and are processed through rule governed manipulations that are sensation to the constitutive structure. The fact that symbolic representation is sensitive to the structure of the representations is a major part of its appeal. Fodor proposed the Language of Thought Hypothesis in which mental representations manipulated in the same way that language is syntactically manipulated in order to produce thought. According to Fodor, the language of thought hypothesis explains the systematicity and productivity seen in both language and thought. Associativist representations are most often described with connectionist systems. In connectionist systems, representations are distributed across all the nodes and connection weights of the system and thus are said to be sub symbolic. It is worth noting that a connectionist system is capable of implementing a symbolic system. There are several important aspects of neural nets that suggest that distributed parallel processing provides a better basis for cognitive functions than symbolic processing. Firstly, the inspiration for these systems came from the brain itself indicating biological relevance. Secondly, these systems are capable of storing content addressable memory, which is far more efficient then memory searches in symbolic systems. Thirdly, neural nets are resilient to damage while even minor damage can disable a symbolic system. Lastly, soft constraints and generalization when processing novel stimuli allow nets to behave more flexibly than symbolic systems. The Churchlands described representation in a connectionist system in terms of state space. The content of the system is represented by an n-dimensional vector where the n= the number of nodes in the system and the direction of the vector is determined by the activation pattern of the nodes. Fodor rejected this method of representation on the grounds that two different connectionist systems could not have the same content. Further mathematical analysis of connectionist system relieved that connectionist systems that could contain similar content could be mapped graphically to reveal clusters of nodes that were important to representing the content. Unfortunately for the Churchlands, state space vector comparison was not amenable to this type of analysis. Recently, Nicholas Shea has offered his own account for content within connectionist systems that employs the concepts developed through cluster analysis. Views on computation Computational neuroscience is committed to the position that the brain is some sort of computer, but what does it mean to be a computer? The definition of a computation must be narrow enough so that we limit the number of objects that can be called computers. For example, it might seem problematic to have a definition wide enough to allow stomachs and weather systems to be involved in computations. However, it is also necessary to have a definition broad enough to allow all of the wide varieties of computational systems to compute. For example, if the definition of computation is limited to syntactic manipulation of symbolic representations, then most connectionist systems would not be able to compute. Rick Grush distinguishes between computation as a tool for simulation and computation as a theoretical stance in cognitive neuroscience. For the former, anything that can be computationally modeled counts as computing. In the latter case, the brain is a computing function that is distinct from systems like fluid dynamic systems and the planetary orbits in this regard. The challenge for any computational definition is to keep the two senses distinct. Alternatively, some theorists choose to accept a narrow or wide definition for theoretical reasons. Pancomputationalism is the position that everything can be said to compute. This view has been criticized by Piccinini on the grounds that such a definition makes computation trivial to the point where it is robbed of its explanatory value. The simplest definition of computations is that a system can be said to be computing when a computational description can be mapped onto the physical description. This is an extremely broad definition of computation and it ends up endorsing a form of pancomputationalism. Putnam and Searle, who are often credited with this view, maintain that computation is observer-related. In other words, if you want to view a system as computing then you can say that it is computing. Piccinini points out that, in this view, not only is everything computing, but also everything is computing in an indefinite number of ways. Since it is possible to apply an indefinite number of computational descriptions to a given system, the system ends up computing an indefinite number of tasks. The most common view of computation is the semantic account of computation. Semantic approaches use a similar notion of computation as the mapping approaches with the added constrain that the system must manipulate representations with semantic content. Note from the earlier discussion of representation that both the Churchlands' connectionist systems and Fodor's symbolic systems use this notion of computation. In fact, Fodor is famously cerdited as saying "No computation without representation". Computational states can be individuated by an externalized appeal to content in a broad sense (i.e. the object in the external world) or by internalist appeal to the narrow sense content (content defined by the properties of the system). In order to fix the content of the representation, it is often necessary to appeal to the information contained within the system. Grush provides a criticism of the semantic account. He points out that appeal to the informational content of a system to demonstrate representation by the system. He uses his coffee cup as an example of a system that contains information, such as the heat conductance of the coffee cup and the time since the coffee was poured, but is too mundane to compute in any robust sense. Semantic computationalists try to escape this criticism by appealing to the evolutionary history of system. This is called the biosemantic account. Grush uses the example of his feet, saying that by this account his feet would not be computing the amount of food he had eaten because their structure had not been evolutionarily selected for that purpose. Grush replies to the appeal to biosemantics with a thought experiment. Imagine that lightning strikes a swamp somewhere and creates an exact copy of you. According to the biosemantic account, this swamp-you would be incapable of computation because there is no evolutionary history with which to justify assigning representational content. The idea that for two physically identical structures one can be said to be computing while the other is not should be disturbing to any physicalist. There are also syntactic or structural accounts for computation. These accounts do not need to rely on representation. However, it is possible to use both structure and representation as constrains on computational mapping. Shagrir identifies several philosophers of neuroscience who espouse structural accounts. According to him, Fodor and Pylyshyn require some sort of syntactic constraint on their theory of computation. This is consistent with their rejection of connectionist systems on the grounds of systematicity. He also identifies Piccinini as a structuralist quoting his 2008 paper: "the generation of output strings of digits from input strings of digits in accordance with a general rule that depends on the properties of the strings and (possibly) on the internal state of the system". Though Piccinini undoubtedly espouses structuralist views in that paper, he claims that mechanistic accounts of computation avoid reference to either syntax or representation. It is possible that Piccinini thinks that there are differences between syntactic and structural accounts of computation that Shagrir does not respect. In his view of mechanistic computation, Piccinini asserts that functional mechanisms process vehicles in a manner sensitive to the differences between different portions of the vehicle, and thus can be said to generically compute. He claims that these vehicles are medium-independent, meaning that the mapping function will be the same regardless of the physical implementation. Computing systems can be differentiated based upon the vehicle structure and the mechanistic perspective can account for errors in computation. Dynamical systems theory presents itself as an alternative to computational explanations of cognition. These theories are staunchly anti-computational and anti-representational. Dynamical systems are defined as systems that change over time in accordance with a mathematical equation. Dynamical systems theory claims that human cognition is a dynamical model in the same sense computationalist's claim that the human mind is a computer. A common objection leveled at dynamical systems theory is that dynamical systems are computable and therefore a subset of computationalism. Van Gelder is quick to point out that there is a big difference between being a computer and being computable. Making the definition of computing wide enough to incorporate dynamical models would effectively embrace pancomputationalism. Explanation in neuroscience Smith wants to know why the dishwasher is not working. Jones tells him that the basement lights have to be on before the dishwasher will work. Smith doesn't understand the connection between the functioning of the dishwasher and the status of the basement lights, so Jones explains that the dishwasher is connected to the basement lights in a series circuit. This is an example of mechanistic explanation. In order to explain the phenomenon of the malfunctioning dishwasher, Jones has to appeal to the lower-level components of the circuit process, like a light switch and the wiring. Jones has to appeal to the organization of those components, i.e. the serial organization of the circuit. Jones also has to appeal to a causal aspect, the light switch being on completes the circuit, and thus allows power to flow to the dishwasher. After Jones explains those aspects of the mechanism, Smith is able to understand the connection between the dishwasher and the basement lights. This example, though imperfect, does help to illustrate mechanistic explanation. Mechanistic explanation works by appealing to the causal structure of some system or process. It attempts to demonstrate how constituent parts and their activities interact causally to explain the capacities of a given phenomenon. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to a phenomenon are, according to a mechanistic explanation, necessary to explain the phenomenon. There are four important aspects of mechanisms: phenomenal, componential, causal, and organizational aspects. The phenomenal aspect involves the mechanism having to do something. The componential aspect involves the need for the mechanism to be able to be broken down into its component parts. The causal aspect involves the component parts of the mechanism needing to causally interact with one another. Finally, the organizational aspect involves the components' need to be spatially and temporally organized in a proper way in order to create some phenomenon. The present day causal-mechanistic form of explanation was developed by Wesley C. Salmon. Salmon emphasized an ontic view of explanation. The ontic view contains four important contentions. Firstly, the causal structures involved with the explanandum phenomenon form the basis of objective explanations. Secondly, explanations describe these structures. Thirdly, the ontic sense of explanation is fundamental to all other forms. Lastly, philosophical progress in theories of explanation will characterize the norms of explanation. The ontic conception allows mechanistic explanations to point to real phenomena even if the explanation is not precise enough or contains inaccurate information. Carl Craver breaks from Salmon's mechanistic conception of causality. Salmon views causality in causality as an exchange of conserved quantities at world-line intersections. Craver views causality from a manipulationist perspective. From this perspective, causal relevance in a mechanism involves seeing changes in the behavior of module X when module Y is intervened upon. This view of causation is very amenable to scientific discovery, since the entire goal of experimentation is to alter the values of an independent variable and measuring the changes in the dependent variable. Dynamical systems theory Proponents of dynamical system theory claim that dynamical systems are not amenable to mechanistic explanations. These theorists measure behavioral patterns and fit the results to a mathematical equation. The explanatory strength of these results come from the ability of the model to predict future patterns of behavior and thus resemble covering law explanations. Mechanistic philosophers criticize predictivist explanations on the grounds that mathematical models are not satisfactory explanations, because they cannot distinguish between how the system could possibly work and how the system actually works. There are many different physical systems that could give the same behavioral results. By relying on models as the basis for explanation, the theory will never be able to identify the system that actually instantiates the mathematical results. List of neurophilosophers - William Bechtel - Patricia Churchland - Paul Churchland - Francis Crick - Daniel Dennett - George Graham - William Hirstein - Christof Koch - Humberto Maturana - Jesse Prinz - Gerhard Roth - Francisco Varela - Nayef Al-Rodhan - Carl Craver - Adina Roskies - Guy van Orden - Cognitive neuroscience - Eliminative Materialism - Multiple realisability - Philosophy of psychology - Bechtel, Mandik & Mundale 2001, p. 15. - Bechtel, Mandik & Mundale 2001, pp. 15–16, 18–19. - Bechtel, Mandik & Mundale 2001, p. 16. - Craver, "Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience" 2007, Oxford University Press, citation: preface vii - Bickle, John, Mandik, Peter and Landreth, Anthony, "The Philosophy of Neuroscience", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2010/entries/neuroscience/ - Poldrack(2010)"Subtraction and Beyond" in Hanson and Bunzl, Human Brain Mapping. pp. 147–160 - Klein C. (2010) "Philosophical Issues in Neuroimaging" Philosophy Compass 5(2) pp. 186–198 - Dunn (2003) "The Elusive Dissociation" cortex 39 no. 1 pp. 21–37 - Dunn and Kirsner. 2003. What can we infer from double dissociations? - deCharms and Zandor (2000) "Neural Representation and the temporal code" Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 23: pp. 613–47 - Winsberg (2003)"Simulated Experiments: a Methodology for the Virtual World" Philosophy of Science.vol 70 no 1 105–125 - Huettel, Song and McCarthy Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2009 Sinauer Associates pp. 1 - Passingham, R. E. Stephan, K. E. Kotter, R."The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex"Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2002, VOL 3; PART 8, pages 606–616 - Anderson.(2007) "The Massive Redeployment Hypothesis and Functional Topography of the Brain" Philosophical Psychology Vol20 no 2 pp.144–149 - The Massive Redeployment Hypothesis and Functional Topography of the Brain" Philosophical Psychology Vol20 no 2 pp.149–152 - Bunzel, Hanson, and Poldrack "An Exchange about Localization of Function" Human Brain Mapping. pp.50 - VanOrden, G and Paap, K "Functional Neuroimaging fails to discover Pieces of the Mind" Philosophy of science. 64 pp. S85-S94 - Poldrack (2006)"Can Cognitive Processes be inferred from Neuroimaging Data"Trends in Cognitive science. vol 10 no 2 - Hayden, B "Do you Really love Your iPhone that Way" http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-decision-tree/201110/do-you-really-love-your-iphone-way - Coltheart, M(2006b), "What Has Functional Neuroimaging Told Us about the Mind (So Far)?", Cortex 42: 323–331. - Rooskies,A. (2009)"Brain-Mind and Structure-Function Relations: A methodological Response to Coltheart" Philosophy of Science. vol 76 - Henson,R (2006)"Forward Inference Using Functional Neuroimaging: Dissociations vs Associations" Trends in Cognitive Science vol 10 no 2 - Poldrack "Subtraction and Beyond" in Hanson and Bunzl Human Brain Mapping pp. 147–160 - Wig, Schlaggar, and Peterson (2011) "Concepts and Principals in the Analysis of Brain Networks" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224 - Mumford et al (2010) "Detecting network modules in fMRI time series: A weighted network analysis approach" Neuroimage. 52 - Coltheart, M "Assumptions and Methods in Cognitive Neuropsychology" in The Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2001 - Patterson, K and Plaut, D (2009) "Shallow Droughts Intoxicate the Brain: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology" - Davies, M (2010) "Double Dissociation: Understanding its Role in Cognitive Neuropsychology" Mind & Language vol 25 no 5 pp500-540 - Joula and Plunkett (1998)"Why Double Dissociations Don't Mean Much" Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society - Keren, G and Schul,y (2003) "Two is not Always Better than One: a Critical Evaluation of Two System Theories" Perspectives on Psychological Science Vol 4 no 6 - Charter, N (2003)"How Much Can We Learn From Double Dissociations" Cortex 39 pp.176–179 - Dunn, J (2003) "The elusive Dissociation" Cortex 39 no 1 21–37 - Caramazza, A (1986) "On Drawing Inferences about the Structure of Normal Cognitive Systems From the Analysis of Patterns of Impaired Performance: the Case for Single Case Studies" - Newcombe and Marshall (1988)"Idealization Meets Psychometrics. The case for the Right Groups and the Right Individuals" Human Cognitive Neuropsychology edited by Ellis and Young - deCharms and Zandor (2000) "Neural Representations and the Cortical Code" Annual Review of Neuroscience 23:613–647 - Craver, Carl Explaining the Brain. Oxford University Press New York, New York. 2007 - Jones and Love (2011) "Bayesian Fundemantalism or Enlightenment? on the explanatory status and theoretical contribution of Bayesian models of cognition" Brain and Behavioral Sciences vol 34 no 4 - Winberg, E (2003)"Simulated Experiments: Methodology for a Virtual World" Philosophy of Science.vol 70 no 1 - Horst, Steven, "The Computational Theory of Mind", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/computational-mind/ - Piccini, G (2009) "Computationalism in the Philosophy of Mind" Philosophical Compass vol 4 - Miller, G (2003) "The Cognitive Revolution: a Historical Perspective" Trends in Cognitive Science. vol 7 no 3 - Garson, James, "Connectionism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/connectionism/ - Pitt, David, "Mental Representation", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/mental-representation/> - Aydede, Murat, "The Language of Thought Hypothesis", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/language-thought/> - Bechtel and Abrahamsen. Connectionism and the Mind. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell, 2002. - Shea, N. "Content and its Vehicles in Connectionist Systems" Mind and Language. 2007 - Laakso, Aarre & Cottrell, Garrison W. (2000). Content and cluster analysis: Assessing representational similarity in neural systems. Philosophical Psychology 13 (1):47–76 - Shagrir (2010)"Computation San Diego Style" Philosophy of science vol 77 - Grush, R (2001) "The semantic Challenge to Computational Neuroscience"In Peter K. Machamer, Peter McLaughlin & Rick Grush (eds.), Theory and Method in the Neurosciences. University of Pittsburgh Press. - G. (2010). "The Mind as Neural Software? Understanding Functionalism, Computationalism, and Computational Functionalism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research - Piccinini, G. (2010b). "The Mind as Neural Software? Understanding Functionalism, Computationalism, and Computational Functionalism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 81 - Piccinini, G (2009) "Computation in the Philosophy of Mind" Philosophical Compass. vol 4 - Piccinini, Gualtiero, "Computation in Physical Systems", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/computation-physicalsystems/> - Piccinini (2008)"Computation without Representation" Philosophical Studies vol 137 no 2 - van Gelder, T. J. (1998) The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, 1–14 - Bechtel and Craver (2006) "Mechanism" In S. Sarkar & J. Pfeifer (eds.), Philosophy of science: an encyclopedia (pp. 469–478) . New York: Routledge - Salmon, Wesley C. (1998) "Causality and Explanation" New York: Oxford University Press - Steep Chimero and Turvey (2011)"Philosophy for the rest of cognitive science" Topics in cognitive science 3 - "Carl Craver". The Department of Philosophy. Retrieved 2012-05-21. - "Adina Roskies". Department of Philosophy. Dartmouth. Retrieved 2012-05-21. - "Profile". Psychology. Artsci.uc.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-21. - Bechtel, W.; Mandik, P.; Mundale, J. (2001). "Philosophy meets the neurosciences.". In Bechtel, W.; Mandik, P.; Mundale, J. et al. Philosophy and the Neurosciences: A Reader. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631210450. - Clark, Andy (2000). Mindware: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513857-3. - Churchland, Patricia Smith (2002). Brain-Wise : Studies in Neurophilosophy. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53200-6. - Churchland, Patricia Smith (1989). Neurophilosophy : Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53085-9. - Craver, Carl (2007). Explaining the brain : mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford University Press. - Northoff, Georg (2004). Philosophy of the Brain: The brain problem. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-0-262-23214-2. - Walter, Henrik (2001). Neurophilosophy of Free Will: From Libertarian Illusions to a Concept of Natural Autonomy. The MIT Press. ISBN 1-58811-417-1. - Neuroscience. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Philosophy and the Neurosciences Online Resources - Philosophy of Neuroscience Resources - Immagini della Mente: annual interdisciplinary meeting on Neurophilosophy at the University of Milan - Neurophilosophy: Research in Philosophy of Neuroscience – University of Milan - Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis

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Sub::Call::Tail - Tail calls for subroutines and methods use Sub::Call::Tail; # instead of @_ = ( $object, @args ); goto $object->can("method") tail $object->method(@args); # instead of @_ = @blah; goto &foo tail foo(@blah); This module provides a tail modifier for subroutine and method calls that will cause the invocation to have the same semantics as tail modifier is compiled the inner subroutine call is transformed at compile time into a goto. Andrew Main (Zefram) Copyright (c) 2009 Yuval Kogman. All rights reserved This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

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Compound Confusion #1These brain teasers rely on your ability to recognize groups of common attributes. For each of these puzzles you'll need to figure out why the words or letters are grouped as they are. Sometimes you will be asked to pick the odd-one-out or to place a new word into the correct group. Below there are five words. Four of the five words can be paired with one word to create a compound word, and the left over one is the odd one out. Find the odd one out. HintOne of the following is the odd one out: AnswerThe answer is the word "flower". All of the words can be paired with snow: See another brain teaser just like this one... Or, just get a random brain teaser If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of which ones you have seen, and even make your own. Back to Top

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Monitoring your blood sugar levels is essential to diabetes management. Testing sugar levels helps determine when to eat, exercise, and take medications. With glucose meters, you can keep track of your glucose from anywhere. Nobody questions our need for blood glucose meters to be accurate. Yet only a few of the meter manufacturers seem to be doing anything about it. People with diabetes rely on our meters to see what the food we eat, the exercise we get, and the medication we take does to our blood glucose levels. Only when we know that our levels are too high or…

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Health Impact News Sat, 08 Jun 2013 21:37 CDT The ketogenic diet was developed at John Hopkins hospital in the 1920s as a natural cure for epilepsy, when drugs failed. It is a high fat diet restricting carbohydrates. The diet fell out of favor during the anti-saturated fat campaign started in the U.S. and codified into official government dietary advice in the 1970s as a result of the McGovern Report. It is still official government dietary policy today, due to the influence of the vegetable oil industry which produces their products from the highly subsidized corn and soy bean crops. The Ketogenic Diet in some form or another has been labeled by many different names in recent times, and started gaining traction again with Dr. Atkins and the low-carb fad diets that became popular about 8 to 10 years ago. Today's latest fad diet, the "paelo diet" is another example of a diet based on the ketogenic principles. This diet is not new, however, as it was seen as a therapeutic diet that produced better results than drugs in treating epilepsy way back in the 1920s. Today, the diet is being studied in the medical community with applications to all kinds of diseases. Of course, most of the medical interest in the diet is to try and develop a line of "ketone" drugs to mimic the diet. Ketones, which our body can produce during fasting or "starvation," is an alternative energy source for those who are insulin resistant. Insulin resistance is increasingly being seen as a major cause of many diseases. When the Atkins diet gained media popularity several years ago, many critics complained that there were no long-term studies done on the diet. However, there are plenty of studies on the Ketogenic Diet and there has never been any negative effects recorded from long-term use. One study is here . Epidemiological studies on populations that eat high saturated fat diets also abound. So with no side effects from a natural diet, it is highly unlikely that any pharmaceutical products will see the same success the Ketogenic Diet is seeing today. The research that is starting to be published on the effectiveness of the Ketogenic Diet in curing disease is nothing less than amazing. This study below is a survey of the diet's use in a variety of neurological diseases.

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Meet G1.9+0.3, the Milky Way’s most recent supernova that nobody saw. This composite photo was created from three images. The red was taken by the light of X-rays with the Chandra space telescope in 2007; the blue by the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in 1985. The background starfield is from a recent star survey made in infrared (heat) light. These days astronomers map the universe in as many wavelengths of light as possible for a more complete understand of what they’re seeing. Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/NCSU/S. Reynolds et al.); Radio (NSF/NRAO/VLA/Cambridge/D. Green et al.); Infrared (2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF/CfA/E. Bressert) Back around 1866 a massive star exploded near the center of the Milky Way. Obscured by light years of intergalactic dust, not a single person on Earth saw it. It cooked away for almost 120 years until astronomers in 1985, using a telescope that "sees" radio waves from the stars, found the brightly-glowing remnant of the blast in Sagittarius the Archer. It wound up in a catalog with the cryptic-sounding name of G1.9+0.3. Radio waves easily pass through the fine dust left from previous generations of stars that litters the flat plane of our galaxy and can reveal objects that visible light cannot. Fast forward to 2007 when the orbiting Chandra X-ray observatory examined the same remnant in X-rays, another form of radiation that penetrates with ease. It also passes through skin and bone as we’re aware of when the dentist x-rays our teeth. Chandra showed that since 1985, the glowing ball of fast-moving gas from the explosion has been continuously expanding. If we could see G1.9+0.3, it would lie just above the spout in the "teapot" of Sagittarius, now setting in the southwestern sky at mid-evening. Created with Stellarium. Supernovas occur when stars much larger than the sun run out of the nuclear fuel they need to keep themselves lit. Stars stay aflame by first burning hydrogen inside their blazing cores to create helium. Later they chew through helium, carbon, oxygen, neon and more all the way to iron at which point the burning stops. You can’t burn iron to create energy as it turns out. With no burning pressure to hold back the force of gravity, the star collapses in upon itself and then rebounds in a titanic finale of fireworks, flinging material into space at 9,000 to 25,000 miles per second. I’ve seen supernovas in galaxies beyond the Milky Way that are so bright, they temporarily outshine their host galaxies. Additional elements are created in the blast, and both old material and new rush into space along the expanding edge of a shock wave. To live within 30 light years of one would be a terrifying experience. The blast would rival the sun in brightness and send enough energy our way to damage the ozone layer of our atmosphere, allowing large doses of harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun to reach the ground. The good news is that chances are slim this will anytime soon. There are no candidate stars anywhere near that close to Earth. Supernovas do good things too like enrich space with heavier elements like carbon, oxygen, magnesium and iron that are excellent materials for building planets and other stars. And that shock wave? As it sails away from the blast, it compresses existing dust and gas in the star’s neighborhood into dense nebulas within which new stars can form. When it comes to the cosmos, creativity and rebirth are often coupled to violence events. Many supernovas leave behind a supernova remnant or cloud of expanding gas and dust. Some sport a special surprise — a hot, superdense object called a neutron star at their centers or even a black hole. The lovely SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The former star, now invisible at center, is encircled by three rings of glowing gas. One of red rings lies in front of the supernova, the other behind it. The bright spots are beams of radiation related to a possible neutron star or black hole at the center of the remnant. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/PSU/S.Park & D.Burrows.; Optical: NASA/STScI/CfA/P.Challis G1.9+0.3 is one a series of supernovae that we’re aware of in our galaxy. The last one that was visible with the naked eye happened in 1987 (top) in one of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies called the Large Magellanic Cloud, visible from southern latitudes. Before that we have to go back to 1680 to Cassiopeia A which may have been spotted by just one astronomer at the time as a very faint naked eye star. Scientists believe Cas A was faint because it may have cloaked itself in multiple layers of dust before the final blast. To this day, Cas A and numerous other supernova remnants continue to expand like a slo-mo smoke rings. You can see that all these pretty baubles all have something in common — a roughly spherical shape created by outrushing gases and dust from the center of the original explosion. The photos were taken by the light of X-rays and/or radio waves. All these remnants except the Crab are faint in visible light but emit plenty of X-rays and radio waves as they expand into space. Further back in time we arrive at Kepler’s supernova which flared into view in the constellation Ophiuchus in the fall of 1604 just a few years before the telescope was invented. This one was widely seen since it grew to be as bright as Jupiter. It was named for astronomer Johannes Kepler, famed for his laws of planetary motion. In 1572 the astronomer Tycho Brahe was the first to report on a "new star" in Cassiopeia that matched Venus in brightness and was visible in the daytime. RCW 86, the oldest recorded supernova, was seen by Chinese astronomers in 185 A.D. Today a dim remnant glows in the light of X-rays is all that’s left. Credit: handra: NASA/CXC/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al. XMM-Newton: ESA/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al. Before that the supernova of 1054 A.D. in Taurus the Bull grew to be as bright as Venus and was studied closely by the Chinese but inexplicably ignored by the Europeans. Were they blinded to its presence because it violated the widespread belief that stars never changed? When we point our telescopes there today, we see the leftover remains — an eerie, crab-shaped nebula with a neutron star spinning 33 times a second at its center. The supernova in Lupus the Wolf near Scorpius in the year 1006 was the most brilliant on record, rivaling the first quarter moon in brightness while the earliest recorded was in 185 A.D. by the Chinese. This begs the question of where the supernovas are nowadays. Unless you count Cas A, not a one has been seen since 1604, a gap of over four hundred years. Have they all been hiding behind curtains of galactic dust or will the next one appear tomorrow evening like a mischief maker’s cherry bomb thrown in your front yard? (Credits for supernova panel above– Cas A:NASA/CXC/MIT/UMass Amherst/M.D.Stage et al.; Kepler: NASA/CXC/NCSU/S.Reynolds et al.; Crab: NASA/CXC/ASU/J.Hester et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/ASU/J.Hester & A.Loll; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. Minn./R.Gehrz and Lupus: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Rutgers/G.Cassam-Chenaï, J.Hughes et al.; Radio: NRAO/AUI/NSF/GBT/VLA/Dyer, Maddalena & Cornwell; Optical: Middlebury College/F.Winkler, NOAO/AURA/NSF/CTIO Schmidt & DSS)

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|Part of Speech:||n| |Definition:||the study of the performance of ultra-small structures, materials, and devices, usu. usually 0.1 to 100 nm; also, the study of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale| |an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.| |an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event; an exceptional example or instance.| Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries.

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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum . The World Health Organization estimates that more than 12 million new cases of adult syphilis occur worldwide each year and that the disease can be transmitted congenitally and affects 500,000 or more infants annually (11 ). The diagnosis of syphilis is based on clinical manifestations or on serological testing. The serological diagnosis of syphilis requires the detection of two distinct antibodies, heterophile or nontreponemal antibodies (reagin) directed against lipoidal material released from damaged host cells and from the treponemes themselves and antibodies directed against T. pallidum antigens. The nontreponemal antibodies are indicators of active infection since a significant reduction in titer can be used to suggest success of therapy, while a significant increase can indicate a possible relapse or reinfection. The nontreponemal antigen is a mixture of cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol, which are the components of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) (5 ) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests for syphilis (8 ). The treponemal antibodies are directed against specific surface antigens of T. pallidum or recombinants such as the 15-, 17-, and 47-kDa proteins. Treponemal tests such as the T. pallidum passive particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) (6 ) test, and enzyme immunoassays have been used as confirmatory tests (3 ). The only commercially available point-of-care (POC) serological tests for syphilis detect treponemal antibodies (4 ). These tests do not indicate active infection that requires treatment, since they measure lifetime exposure to syphilis. One thousand six hundred one serum samples originally submitted to the Georgia Public Health Laboratory in Atlanta for serological testing for syphilis were obtained for this study. All identifiers were removed prior to shipment to the CDC, and the samples were numbered sequentially. The patterns of reactivity were determined at the CDC by using the quantitative RPR test (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and the TP-PA assay (Fujirebio, Tokyo, Japan). In addition, a panel of 105 clinical serum samples from patients with known stages of syphilis were included. Of these, 7 had primary untreated, 14 had primary treated, 6 had secondary untreated, 28 had secondary treated, 5 had latent untreated, and 45 had latent treated disease. In addition, 14 sera exhibited an RPR-positive, TP-PA-negative pattern and were classified as biologically false positive, and 179 sera obtained from patients with diseases other than syphilis were also tested. The immunochromatographic device used in these studies was manufactured by Chembio Diagnostics Systems Inc., Medford, NY. The device is based on the principle of a dual-path platform (DPP) comprising a plastic cassette (5 by 7 cm) containing two nitrocellulose membrane strips perpendicular to each other in a T formation (Fig. ). This allows independent delivery of the test sample and the detecting conjugate reagent. One strip receives the sample and running buffer via well 1. The diluted sample migrates toward the second strip, on which are striped two test lines and a control line (C). The recombinant T. pallidum antigen (T1) and synthetic nontreponemal antigen (A. R. Castro, U.S. patent application 60/693,120) (T2) are bound to the membrane's solid phase. The third line serves as a procedural control. After 5 min, additional buffer is added to the second strip via well 2, which hydrates colloidal gold particles conjugated to protein A and anti-human IgM antibody. The conjugate migrates along the second strip to the test area. If antibodies to treponemal and nontreponemal antigens are present in the serum sample, they will form visible red/magenta-colored lines within 15 min. Structure of the Chembio dual POC test for syphilis showing the locations of the antigen lines. A, dissected view following testing of reactive serum; B, complete cassette following testing of reactive serum. Confirmed reactivity in the dual POC test was characterized by the appearance of three red/magenta lines in the window of the device, namely, a treponemal line (T1), a nontreponemal line (T2), and a control line (C). A visible treponemal line (T1) and control line (C) with no visible nontreponemal line (T2) was interpreted as probably due to an old or previously treated case of syphilis. A visible nontreponemal line (T2) and a control line (C) with no visible treponemal line (T1) were interpreted as a false-reactive nontreponemal test. A nonreactive result was demonstrated by the appearance of only one red/magenta control line (C) (Fig. ). This test is designed to be used for serum, plasma, or whole blood. The device is stable at room temperature for 1 year. Dual POC syphilis tests showing patterns of reactivity and their interpretations. Of the 1,601serum samples tested, 834 were reactive in both the RPR and TP-PA assays, while 173 were reactive in the TP-PA assay alone. The remaining 594 sera were nonreactive in both the treponemal and nontreponemal reference tests. A comparison of the results obtained in the dual POC test and those of the RPR test gave a reactive concordance of 98.4% when the RPR titers of sera were ≥1:2 and 98.6% for the nontreponemal line of the dual test. Compared to the TP-PA assay, the reactive and nonreactive concordances of the treponemal line were 96.5% and 95.5%, respectively (Tables and ). The 834 serum samples reactive in both the RPR test and the TP-PA assay were tested quantitatively using the RPR test and the distribution of RPR titers, and rates of reactivity with the nontreponemal line of the dual POC test are shown in Fig. . The results of testing 105 sera from patients with known stages of syphilis by the dual POC and comparator tests are shown in (Table ). Complete concordance between the dual rapid test and the comparator tests was obtained in all cases of primary and untreated secondary disease. The dual POC test detected nontreponemal antibody in all cases of untreated disease but was unable to detect this antibody in one case of treated secondary disease and six cases of treated latent disease where the RPR reactivity could only be detected in undiluted serum or when diluted 1:2. The dual POC test was also unable to detect treponemal antibody in three cases of treated and one case of untreated latent disease. One hundred seventy-nine serum samples obtained from patients with diseases other than syphilis were also tested using the RPR test, the TP-PA assay, and the dual POC test. One sample, from a patient with pinta (a nonvenereal treponematosis), was found to be reactive in both lines of the DPP POC test, as well as the comparator RPR and TP-PA assays. One serum sample from a patient with malaria was reactive in the RPR test but nonreactive with the nontreponemal line in the dual POC test. However, four serum samples from malaria patients were reactive with the nontreponemal line in the dual POC test but nonreactive in the RPR test. Since these same samples also proved nonreactive with the treponemal line in the POC test and in the TP-PA assay, these patients would not have received treatment for syphilis, having been classified as biologically false positive. Similarly, 6 of 22 sera from patients with leprosy were found to be reactive with the nontreponemal line of the dual POC test but nonreactive in the RPR test. All of these sera were nonreactive in all of the confirmatory treponemal tests (Table ). Performance characteristics of the dual POC syphilis test (nontreponemal line) compared to that of the RPR test Performance characteristics of the dual POC syphilis test (treponemal line) compared to those of the comparator TP-PA test Distribution of RPR titers among RPR-positive, TP-PA-positive sera obtained from the Georgia Public Health Laboratories and rates of seroreactivity of the nontreponemal line in the dual POC test. Documented cases of syphilis tested with the dual POC test and the comparator RPR and TP-PA tests Serum samples of patients with diseases other than syphilis tested with the dual POC test and the comparator RPR and TP-PA tests Of 14 RPR-positive, TP-PA-negative (classified as biologically false positive) sera, 7 were found to be reactive with the nontreponemal line of the dual POC test. All were nonreactive with the treponemal line. Serological testing remains the method most frequently used to establish a diagnosis of syphilis, both when there are clinical indications of the disease and when screening for asymptomatic infection. Routine serological screening of women during pregnancy and treatment of those found to be positive is also recognized as a cost-effective intervention to prevent congenital infection (15 ). Serological testing for syphilis is performed in laboratory settings, requiring appropriate equipment and trained personnel to interpret results that may not be available for several days after the sample has been collected. In developing countries, treatment is often not provided owing to the failure of patients to return for results of their laboratory tests. In these cases, not only does the patient remain untreated, but there are opportunities for further spread of disease. However, the results of the POC test for syphilis could aid clinicians in making an immediate judgment on the necessity for treatment and thereby greatly increase the effectiveness of syphilis control efforts. At present, the only commercially available POC tests for syphilis detect antibodies directed against treponemal antigens. While treponemal POC tests have been shown to be useful tools to screen for individuals who have been exposed to syphilis, their use as the sole diagnostic test inevitably results in significant rates of overtreatment (1 ). Ongoing use of these tests, particularly in high-prevalence settings, although cost-effective (12 ), would also result in repeated treatment and counseling of individuals who are no longer infected. In contrast, the use of the dual POC test described here would result in the ability to both screen and confirm the serological status of patients within 15 min and give a better indication of active disease. It would then permit the clinician to initiate treatment and partner notification activities at the consultation site. The dual POC test exhibits remarkable performance characteristics compared to the standard laboratory-based testing algorithm. When sera have RPR titers of ≥1:8, the dual POC test has a sensitivity of 99.7%. The dual POC test is designed for use with serum, plasma, and whole blood. While this evaluation was conducted with archived serum samples, the test's utility will be dependent upon its performance at nonlaboratory sites using finger stick blood specimens. Clinical trials are currently being planned in both industrialized and developing country settings. The results of the dual POC test were read visually. In order to overcome the subjectivity associated with visual reading, the manufacturer has developed a reader that measures the density of the test lines. The reader can indicate either a positive or a negative result or provide a numerical readout of the line densities. Preliminary data indicate that the reader appears to be slightly more sensitive than visual reading in detecting very low titers, thus increasing the overall sensitivity of the assay. In addition, these data also indicate that the density of the nontreponemal line correlates with RPR titers and that the system could be the basis of a new quantitative nontreponemal assay.

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H1N1 (Swine) Flu Vaccine - Updated 10/26/09 The vaccine was produced for the prevention of the H1N1 flu. There are concerns that the H1N1 flu will result in a more severe flu season this year. Vaccination is our most effective way to prevent the flu. The seasonal (regular) flu vaccine does not prevent H1N1 flu. If you already received the seasonal flu vaccine earlier this season, you will still need the H1N1 vaccine. The H1N1 flu vaccine is not an experimental vaccine. The same methods and facilities used to make the seasonal flu vaccine were used in the manufacturing this vaccine. It has been shown to be effective and safe. Just as with any vaccine, the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) will be used to monitor for adverse events following H1N1 vaccination. Additional information about the vaccine can be found at www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/public/vaccination_qa_pub.htm. Specific surveillance for the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) will be carried out because in 1976, there was a small risk of developing GBS following swine flu vaccination. However, the increase risk was 1 additional case per 100,000 over the baseline 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 seen in the United States (an estimated 3,000 to 6,000 cases) each year. Additional information about GBS and the H1N1 vaccine can be found at www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/gbs_qa.htm. The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a panel made up of medical and public health experts identified the following groups to receive the vaccine: - Pregnant women - Close household contacts for children under 6 months of age - Individuals aged 6 months through 24 years In addition to our office offering flu vaccinations when they become available, there are some public health vaccination clinics being held. Public health vaccination clinic locations will be posted at http://flu.masspro.org/clinic/ as they are scheduled.

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What are the various graph theory techniques which are used in modelling of computer networks? Secondly, Will routing algorithms like bellmanford etc also be considered to be part of modelling networks? In short , I want to know the algorithm names which are used in modelling computer networks. closed as not a real question by Luke Mathieson, A.Schulz, Gilles♦ Nov 19 '12 at 22:16 It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, see the FAQ. FIRST PART: There are many types of networks, therefore you really cannot have a single answer for this question. I hope that this is a good answer. For instance, wireless networks as modeled as geometric graphs or unit disk graphs. P2P networks are modelled as an arbitarary graph (Kazaa and Gnutella) and complete graph (Chord, Pastry etc ..). This despite the fact that no every terminal is directly connected to every other. But if they know the IP to each other, then a complete overlay network is formed. Bipartite graphs are used recently to model RFID readers networks. The server-client architecture is widely used (which is a star topology - tree of height 1). This lead to hierarichal architectures (e.g. DNS for example). Earlier, ring topologies were frequently used (FDDI). Theoretical networking scientists love this topology because it gives them a simplified view of the problems they try to solve (for instance, the spanning tree construction lower bound in terms message complexity is found only on these structures - based on that, they concluded the same lower bound for arbitrary networks [because arbitrary may be a ring !]). From my experience, in wireless networks concepts such spanning trees, maximal independent sets, dominating sets, steiner trees, and geometric spanners are frequently used. In P2P, there are many types of networks that are used to model it (e.g., rings, chord graphs, de burijn graphs, viceroy). P2P networks uses the idea of greedy routing to search for objects. -- all these are graph theoretical ideas. SECOND: routing techniques are not part of the modelling process. But you can optimize your network in a way such that specific routing algorithms work fine on it ! (e.g. structured P2P networks, Bluetooth scatternet formation and topology control problems). The routing algorithms are graph-theory solutions. They are considered under the category of shortest paths in graphs. There are many heuristics for that. Becuase we dont' really need the best performance always. OR, our performance metrics are different. In conclusion: networking is the practical side of graph theory ! |show 1 more comment|

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From Poetry Wiki The term "sonnet" derives from the Provençal word "sonet" and the Italian word "sonetto," both meaning "little song." By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term is sometimes used derisively. Many modern writers of sonnets choose simply to be called "sonnet writers." One of the most well known sonnet writers is Shakespeare who wrote 154 sonnets. The Italian sonnet The Italian sonnet was invented by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Frederick II. Guittone d'Arezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Neo-Sicilian School (1235–1294). He wrote almost 300 sonnets. Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1250–1300) wrote sonnets, but the most famous early sonneteer was Petrarca (known in English as Petrarch). The Italian sonnet comprises two parts. First, the octave (two quatrains), which describe a problem, followed by a sestet (two tercets), which gives the resolution to it. Typically, the ninth line creates a "turn" or volta which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure, the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signalling a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem. In the sonnets of Giacomo da Lentini, the octave rhymed a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b; later, the a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a pattern became the standard for Italian Sonnets. For the sestet there were two different possibilities, c-d-e-c-d-e and c-d-c-c-d-c. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced such as c-d-c-d-c-d. The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, used this Italian scheme, as did sonnets by later English poets including John Milton, Thomas Gray, William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. This example, On His Being Arrived to the Age of Twenty-three by John Milton, gives a sense of the Italian Form: <poem style="margin-left: 2em"> How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, (a) Stol'n on his wing my three-and-twentieth year! (b) My hasting days fly on with full career, (b) But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. (a) Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth (a) That I to manhood am arriv'd so near; (b) And inward ripeness doth much less appear, (b) That some more timely-happy spirits endu'th. (a) Yet be it less or more, or soon or slow, (c) It shall be still in strictest measure ev'n (d) To that same lot, however mean or high, (e) Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heav'n: (d) All is, if I have grace to use it so (c) As ever in my great Task-Master's eye. (e) </poem> The English sonnet Sonnets were introduced by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. His sonnets and those of his contemporary the Earl of Surrey were chiefly translations from the Italian of Petrarch and the French of Ronsard and others. While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English, it was Surrey who gave them the rhyme scheme, meter, and division into quatrains that now characterizes the English sonnet. Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophil and Stella (1591) started a tremendous vogue for sonnet sequences: the next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, Fulke Greville, William Drummond of Hawthornden, and many others.These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition, and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman; the exception is Shakespeare's sequence. In the 17th century, the sonnet was adapted to other purposes, with John Donne and George Herbert writing religious sonnets, and John Milton using the sonnet as a general meditative poem. Both the Shakespearean and Petrarchan rhyme schemes were popular throughout this period, as well as many variants. The fashion for the sonnet went out with the Restoration, and hardly any sonnets were written between 1670 and Wordsworth's time. However, sonnets came back strongly with the French Revolution. Wordsworth himself wrote several sonnets, of which the best-known are "The world is too much with us" and the sonnet to Milton; his sonnets were essentially modelled on Milton's. Keats and Shelley also wrote major sonnets; Keats's sonnets used formal and rhetorical patterns inspired partly by Shakespeare, and Shelley innovated radically, creating his own rhyme scheme for the sonnet "Ozymandias". Sonnets were written throughout the 19th century, but, apart from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese and the sonnets of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, there were few very successful traditional sonnets. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote several major sonnets, often in sprung rhythm, of which the greatest is "The Windhover," and also several sonnet variants such as the 10-1/2 line curtal sonnet "Pied Beauty" and the 24-line caudate sonnet "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire." By the end of the 19th century, the sonnet had been adapted into a general-purpose form of great flexibility. This flexibility was extended even further in the 20th century. Among the major poets of the early Modernist period, Robert Frost, Edna St. Vincent Millay and E. E. Cummings all used the sonnet regularly. William Butler Yeats wrote the major sonnet Leda and the Swan, which used half rhymes. Wilfred Owen's sonnet Anthem for Doomed Youth was another sonnet of the early 20th century. W.H. Auden wrote two sonnet sequences and several other sonnets throughout his career, and widened the range of rhyme-schemes used considerably. Auden also wrote one of the first unrhymed sonnets in English, "The Secret Agent" (1928). Half-rhymed, unrhymed, and even unmetrical sonnets have been very popular since 1950; perhaps the best works in the genre are Seamus Heaney's Glanmore Sonnets and Clearances, both of which use half rhymes, and Geoffrey Hill's mid-period sequence 'An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England'. The 1990s saw something of a formalist revival, however, and several traditional sonnets have been written in the past decade. The English Sonnet Soon after the introduction of the Italian sonnet, English poets began to develop a fully native form. These poets included Sir Philip Sidney, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, the Earl of Surrey's nephew Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford and William Shakespeare. The form is often named after Shakespeare, not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn" called a volta. The usual rhyme scheme was a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. In addition, sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, meaning that there are 10 or perhaps even 11 or 9 syllables per line, and that every other syllable is naturally accented. The sonnet must be 14 lines long, and the last two lines of the sonnet must have rhyming endings (though there may be exceptions). This example, Shakespeare's Sonnet 116, illustrates the form: <poem style="margin-left: 2em"> Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a) Admit impediments. Love is not love (b) Which alters when it alteration finds, (a) Or bends with the remover to remove. (b) O no, it is an ever fixed mark (c) That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d) It is the star to every wand'ring barque, (c) Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d) Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e) Within his bending sickle's compass come; (f) Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e) But bears it out even to the edge of doom. (f) If this be error and upon me proved, (g) I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g) </poem> The Spenserian sonnet A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser (c.1552–1599) in which the rhyme scheme is, a-b a-b, b-c b-c, c-d c-d, e-e. In a Spenserian sonnet there does not appear to be a requirement that the initial octave set up a problem that the closing sestet answers, as is the case with a Petrarchan sonnet. Instead, the form is treated as three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet. The linked rhymes of his quatrains suggest the linked rhymes of such Italian forms as terza rima. This example is taken from Amoretti <poem style="margin-left: 2em"> Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hand Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hands, (a) Which hold my life in their dead doing might, (b) Shall handle you, and hold in love's soft bands, (a) Like captives trembling at the victor's sight. (b) And happy lines on which, with starry light, (b) Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look,(c) And read the sorrows of my dying sprite, (b) Written with tears in heart's close bleeding book. (c) And happy rhymes! bathed in the sacred brook (c) Of Helicon, whence she derived is, (d) When ye behold that angel's blessed look, (c) My soul's long lacked food, my heaven's bliss. (d) Leaves, lines, and rhymes seek her to please alone,(e) Whom if ye please, I care for other none. (e) </poem> The Modern Sonnet With the advent of free verse, the sonnet came to be seen as somewhat old-fashioned and fell out of use for a time among some schools of poets. However, a number of 20th-century poets, including Wilfred Owen, John Berryman, Edwin Morgan, Robert Frost, Edna St. Vincent Millay, E.E. Cummings, Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, Joan Brossa, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Seamus Heaney continued to use the form. The advent of the New Formalism movement in the United States has also contributed to contemporary interest in the sonnet. Vikram Seth's 1986 novel The Golden Gate is written in 690 14-line stanzas, similar to sonnets, but in actuality an adaptation of the stanza invented by the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin for his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin." Marilyn Hacker's Love, Death, and the Changing of the Seasons is a novel in true sonnets (with villanelles and roundels thrown in for good measure) that came out in the same year. - Caudate sonnet - Crown of sonnets - Curtal sonnet - Fourteener (poetry) - Giacomo da Lentini - Onegin stanza - Shakespeare's sonnets - Sicilian School - Sonnet cycle - Sonnet sequence - Contemporary Sonnet - Selective Historical Bibliography on the Sonnet - Some English Translations of Petrarch - Shakespeare Sonnets – searchable database References and further reading - I. Bell, et al. A Companion to Shakespeare's Sonnets. Blackwell Pub., 2006. ISBN 1405121556. - M. Bidney. A Poetic Dialogue with Adam Mickiewicz: The "Crimean Sonnets". Translated, with Sonnet Preface, Sonnet Replies, and Notes. Bernstein-Verlag 2007. ISBN 9783939431169. - T. W. H. Crosland. The English Sonnet. Hesperides Press, 2006. ISBN 1406796913. - J. Fuller. The Oxford Book of Sonnets. Oxford Univ. Press, 2002. ISBN 0192803891. - J. Fuller. The Sonnet. (The Critical Idiom: #26). Methuen & Co., 1972. ISBN 0416656900. - J. Hollander. Sonnets: From Dante to the Present. Everyman's Library, 2001. ISBN 0375411771. - J. Holmes. Dante Gabriel Rossetti And the Late Victorian Sonnet Sequence: Sexuality, Belief And the Self. Ashgate Pub., 2005. ISBN 0754651088. - P. Innes. Shakespeare and the English Renaissance Sonnet: Verses of Feigning Love. Palgrave-Macmillan, 1997. ISBN 0312174578. - J. B. Leishman. Themes and Variations in Shakespeare's Sonnets. Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0415352959. - P. Levin. The Penguin Book of the Sonnet: 500 Years of a Classic Tradition in English. Penguin, 2001. ISBN 0140589295. - H. A. Maxson. The Sonnets of Robert Frost: A Critical Examination of the 37 Poems. MacFarland & Co., 1997. ISBN 0786403896. - J. Phelan. The Nineteenth Century Sonnet. Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1403938040. - S. Regan. The Sonnet. Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN 0192893076. - M. D. Rich. The Dynamics of Tonal Shift in the Sonnet. E. M. Press, 2000. ISBN 0773477772. - T. P. Roche. Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences. AMS Press, 1989. ISBN 0404622887. - J. Schiffer. Shakespeare's Sonnets: Critical Essays. Garland Pub., 2000. ISBN 0815338937. - R. Smith. Sonnets and the English Woman Writer, 1560-1621: The Politics of Absence. Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005. ISBN 1403991227. - M. R. G. Spiller. The Development of the Sonnet: An Introduction. Routledge, 1992. ISBN 0415087414. - M. R. G. Spiller. The Sonnet Sequence: A Study of Its Strategies. Twayne Pub., 1997. ISBN 0805709703. - J. A. Wagner. Revisionary Poetics and the Nineteenth Century English Sonnet. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1996. ISBN 0838636306. - C. Warley. Sonnet Sequences and Social Distinction in Renaissance England. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005. ISBN 0521842549.af:Sonnet ar:سونيت be-x-old:Санэт bs:Sonet bg:Сонет ca:Sonet cs:Sonet cy:Soned da:Sonet de:Sonett dsb:Sonet et:Sonett el:Σονέτο es:Soneto eo:Soneto fr:Sonnet gl:Soneto ko:소넷 (시) it:Sonetto he:סונטה (שירה) ka:სონეტი lv:Sonets lt:Sonetas hu:Szonett nl:Sonnet ja:ソネット no:Sonett nn:Sonett nrm:Sonnet pl:Sonet pt:Soneto ro:Sonet ru:Сонет sl:Sonet sr:Сонет fi:Sonetti sv:Sonett tr:Sone uk:Сонет wa:Xhiltea zh:十四行诗

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Explore health content from A to Z. I need information about... Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in adults in the United States. Knowing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) may help you save the life of someone who goes into cardiac arrest. Learn more about CPR by taking this quiz, based on information from the American Heart Association (AHA). Copyright © 2013 Baylor Health Care System All Rights Reserved. | 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246-2017 | 1.800.4BAYLOR Privacy and Patient Rights | Site Map |

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