Datasets:

cfli

/

ssss

like 0

What disability did singer Al Hibbler have?

Al Hibbler - Hollywood Star Walk - Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk Died April 24, 2001 in Chicago, Ill. Al Hibbler, a singer with an idiosyncratic baritone style, was known for his work with the Duke Ellington Orchestra in the 1940s and early '50s. A versatile singer who could handle ballads, standards and, at times, an earthy blues number, Hibbler also used a style that Ellington called "tonal pantomime." In this style, Hibbler affected a Cockney accent, which he would often punctuate with odd tonal distortions and growls. And while tonal pantomime was popular with audiences, Leonard Feather expressed the view of many jazz critics that the affectation did little to enhance Hibbler's ability to sing a first-rate blues song or a vibrant unmannered ballad. Born in Little Rock, Ark., and blind from birth, Hibbler attended the Conservatory for the Blind in his hometown and sang in the school's choir. After winning an amateur talent contest in Memphis, Hibbler started his own band in San Antonio before joining Jay McShann's big band in 1942. A year later, Hibbler started an eight-year association with Ellington. During the Ellington years, he won the Downbeat magazine award as best band vocalist and the New Star Award from Esquire magazine. Appearing on several Ellington recordings, he was known for his renditions of songs such as "Do Nothing Til You Hear From Me" and "I'm Just a Lucky So and So." Hibbler left the Ellington organization in 1951 in an apparent dispute over his desire to freelance. He went on to record with Ellington's son, Mercer, as well as with Billy Taylor, Count Basie, Gerald Wilson and Rahsaan Roland Kirk. His versions of "The Very Thought of You," "Stardust" and "Unchained Melody" became popular favorites, with "Unchained Melody" hitting No. 3 on the record charts. In the early 1960s, Hibbler was one of the first artists signed by Frank Sinatra to record on his new label, Reprise. Active in the civil rights movement, Hibbler led demonstrators in desegregation marches in 1963 in downtown Birmingham, Ala. But while others in the protest march were jailed by the city's public safety commissioner, Eugene "Bull" Conner, Hibbler was detained briefly and released because he was blind. Hibbler was disappointed at the police response, saying: "I went downtown simply to be arrested, but they even segregated me. . . . That is segregation at its highest level." In 1971, Hibbler performed "When the Saints Go Marching In" at the funeral of jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong. — Jon Thurber in the Los Angeles Times April 28, 2001 Related

he was blind

"Which writer said, "" An atheist is a man who has no invisible means of support?"""

Musicians With Disabilities Top 25 Americans Musicians With Disabilities Top 25 Americans These are the most famous musicians with disabilities from the United States.They are the Top 25 American musicians with disabilities from the Electrofied Era. The disability and the artist's success and contrubtion to American popular music are listed. STAR TRACKS STAR/TRACKS- American Blues legend Johnny Winter dies in Switzerland at age 70 following performances in Austria. He and his brother Edgar are among the elite Blues guitarist of the 20th. Century. Since 1988 he has been in the Blues Foundation Hall Of Fame. To learn more about Johnny and view a video scroll down to artist 38 on the list. Saturday, November 7, 2015 1. Introduction Musicians with Disabilities - The Top 25 Americans Handicapped musicians, physically challenged musicians, mentally/emotionally challenged musicians, musicians with disabilities, its all the same, a serious inconvenience to finding success in life. These are the Greatest, Best, Most Famous or the Top 25 American Musicians with Disabilities of the Electrofied Era*. They had an extra hurdle to leap to find success.The musicians on this list have had to cope with, being Bipolar, having Polio, permanent disabling injuries, Birth Defects, Multiple Sclerosis, Blindness, Hearing loss, Speech impediments, Spina Bifida, Albinism, Lupus, Asthma, Anorexia Nervosa, Dyslexia, and Vitiligo. These musicians have found it within themselves to say, "YES, I CAN".  They have pushed themselves to the limit and have beat the odds.  They are not only an inspiration to people with disabilities but are also an inspiration to those facing what seems to be overwhelming odds.  They all have experienced and understand failure, but have refused to accept the word, can't.  If you are looking for hope and inspiration you have come to the right place.  These people and their music can and will provide both. 2. Directory 5. TOP 40 40. Paul Pena (1950 - 2005) - Blind He has a history in Jazz, Folk, Blues and Rock 'n' Roll. He graduated from the Perkins School for the Blind and attended Clark University.  He is best remembered for writing the song "Jet Airliner" which the Steve Miller Band turned into a mega hit. He recorded with stars like Bonnie Raitt and Jerry Garcia (Graetful Dead) among-st others. For more on Paul Pena CLICK    39. Teddy Pedergrass (1950 - 2010) Paralyzed He was an established Soul singer having been the lead singer of Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes.  He also had developed as a solo artist.  In 1982 at the pinnacle of his career he was involved in an auto accident which left him paralyzed from the chest down. His star power began to fade following the accident. He did continue to release singles and albums for most of the remainder of the century. He was not one to give up. He did manage to chart several songs after his accident and had several albums do well. He died of cancer. His ranking is based on his post accident career. 38. Johnny Winter - Albinism (photophobia)(1944 - 2014) He is a Blues/Rock guitarist and singer.  He has well over a dozen albums to his name and numerous others as producer for other artists.  He has worked with many of the biggest names in the music industry.  He performed at Woodstock. Some of the people he worked with were Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Muddy Waters. He also performed with his brother Edgar. He has produced several Grammy Award winning albums.  His older brother Edgar is also on this list. For more on Johnny Winter CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians 37. Doc Watson (1923 - 2012) - Blind Arthel Lane "Doc" Watson is a musicians musician. He is an eight time Gammy award winner. This includes the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award. He has over 50 albums to his credit.  He is not well known outside of the South except in professional musicians circles where he is highly regarded.  He has helped to keep popular, Southern music art forms. He is most famous for his guitar styling and his work in Bluegrass, Country, Gospel and the Blues. He attended the Morehead (North Carolina) School for the Blind. He is the recipient of the National Medal of Arts, presented to him by President Bill Clinton. For more on Doc Watson CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American  Musicians 36. Jimmy Scott a.k.a. "Little " Jimmy Scott - Kallmann's Syndrome His medical disability has both hurt and helped Jimmy in the music industry.  It has helped in that it prevented him from reaching puberty and as a result he has an unusually high contralto voice. This condition has profound effect on the sociological and psychological development of the person coping with the genetic disorder.  The failure to mature sexually is a problem that the vast majority of the population can not grasp, making it difficult for a person with the problem to fit in society. The ailment results in the loss of smell and can cause deformities.  He faced the challenges and became a highly respected Jazz vocalist performing with some of the biggest names in the business, Lou Reed, Lionel Hampton and Wynton Marsalis to name a few. 35. Ginny Owens - Blind She is a Christian/Gospel singer. Ginny has a degree in music education from Belmont University.  Her music has been featured on the television series "Felicity" and "Roswell".   She has over a half dozen albums to her credit. The Christian music industry has awarded her three Dove Awards. For more on Ginny Owens CLICK              34. Vic Chesnutt - (1964 - 2009) paralyzed and wheel chair bound He has is best known for Country.  He was severely injured in a car accident that basically left him wheel chair bound. It did not stop him from being a singer/songwriter. Some of his material was very dark in tone and other songs were mysterious in nature, but what they all were, just plain good. 33. David Sanborn - Polio VIDEO - Chicago Song Today Polio is a ll but eradicated in the United States and the industrialized world.  That was not the case when David was a young child.  Polio attacked his chest and he is lucky to have survived. It restricted his ability to breath.  He took up the saxophone to improve his breathing. Today, Jazz, and the world is blessed by the music of a man who said, "I Can'. 32. Art Tatum  (1909 - 1956) - Blind Art was not totally blind.  His vision was little more than light perception. At a very early age he taught himself to play the piano. Both parents were skilled musicians. During his high school years he attended the Ohio School for the Blind.  He studied braille and music. He has over four dozen albums to his credit.  His piano styling has had a lasting impact on Jazz musicians.   He is noted for his impressive speed playing of the piano. he has been inducted into the The Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame  He has been called  "The Greatest Jazz Pianist of all time". He was honored after his death by being given the prestigious Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.  For more on Art Tatum CLICK VIDEO - Fall A degenerative disease that often results in death.  It has in recent years become more of a chronic disease that is manageable but remains potentially dangerous. For a musician that leads a frantic lifestyle on the road this is a disease that can restrict a popular artist from meeting obligations and performing to top ability.  Most people would not even try.  Clay is another of a multitude of minorities that perform Country music which runs counter to the the stereotype of Country music. Clay is clearly a fighter. 30. Clarence Carter - Blind He attended the Alabama School for the Blind and earned a degree in music from Alabama State College. Like the Blind Boys of Alabama, he had to contend with segregation and racial discrimination early in his career.  He gained his fame in the Blues genre. He had the hits "Patches", "Slip Away" and the mobile DJ favorite "Strokin". The 1991 "Strokin' was not a true blues song.  It was much closer to Disco which is ironic in that some believe that Disco nearly killed Carter's career. For more on Clarence Carter CLICK VIDEO - Somebody's Knockin' Country music star that also performs Gospel.  As a youth she had the vision of becoming a recording star.  Blindness was an inconvenience not a roadblock. She has faith in herself and in God. She has not only over come her disability but she also gives back to the community with her time and talent.   Her Hits included "Somebody's Knockin'", "Rich Man", "Mis'ry River", "I Wanna Be Around", and "Anybody Else's Heart But Mine".  For more on Terri Gibbs CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American  Musicians 28. Diane Schuur - Blind Two time Grammy award winning Jazz singer. She was a student at the Washington State School for the Blind. While she was self taught on the piano, at the school she got a formal education in music. She has had several hit albums in the Jazz genre.  While Jazz is her forte, she has performed in nearly every popular genre. For more on Diane Schuur CLICK VIDEO - Wonderwall (Live) He is a Country music star challenged with hearing loss.  In a field where singing on pitch and being in the right key is important so to then is hearing.  Adams did not let his disability stop him. He has helped to broaden the appeal of Country/Rock. 26. SAMMY DAVIS Jr.- Blind in one eye VIDEO - Candy Man (Live) Some would say he had three strikes against him. He was Black, Jewish and Blind in one eye.  He sang, "The Candyman can," and he did.  He could belt out a Pop Standard with the best of them. He was a member of the notorious "Rat Pack".  Frank Sinatra, Joey Bishop, Sammy Davis Jr. and Dean Martin they set the standard for entertainment on the Las Vegas Strip. Perhaps more than any performers they saved Pop Standards from extinction during the crushing assault of Rock 'n' Roll. He like the others in the "Rat  Pack" was doing Television, and films to help keep his career alive. The "Rat Pack" was multi-talented, able to act, sing and dance.  They were also comedians. Some of his were "Hey There, "That Old Black Magic",     "What Kind Of Fool Am I", "The Shelter Of Your Arms", "I Got To Be Me", and "The Candy Man". He can be heard on over 50 albums.   For more on Sammy Davis CLICK 6. TOP 25 WITH VIDEOS 25. BILL WITHERS - Stuttering Video - Ain't No Sunshine When it came to getting the word out he did.  The "Lean On Me" guy over came his speech impediment to become a successful singing star. He learned that when striving for success that "to know" is, and "no" is not the answer. There are few who can equal the soulful vocals of this talented and determined artist. 24. Itzhak Perlman - Polio VIDEO - Schindler's List He was born in what is today Israel. At age four he contracted Polio and lost the use of his legs.  By age 13 he immigrated to the United States. He had studied the violin in Israel.  In The U.S. he did further study at Juilliard.  He has become one of the worlds greatest violinists.  He travels the world performing.  He was awarded the Medal of Liberty by President Ronald Reagan and President Bill Clinton awarded him the National Metal of Arts. Beside being one of the world's greatest violinist he is also one the most respected teachers of the instrument. His work has required him to live and work in numerous countries.  He has been called "A Citizen of the World".    23. AL HIBBLER - Blind Audio - Unchained Melody He had a string of hits performed in the Pop Standard style.  The religious themed "He" and the secular "Unchained Melody" were big hits for him and latter for the Righteous Brothers.  He set the standard.  While he could not see he was not "short sighted" and forged a path to success. Al was one of the last of the great Pop Standard crooners before Rock 'n' Roll nearly destroyed the genre. He was a dedicated activist for civil rights. He had nearly 20 albums to his credit.  For more on Al Hibbler CLICK 100 American Pop Standards  songs 60 and 5. 22. Sir George Shearing, OBE - Blind He was born in England (United Kingdom) and attended a school for the blind.  He, as an adult immigrated to the United States following World War II.  He became one of the world's greatest jazz composer and musician.  He recorded around 100 albums. He is best remembered for the song "Lullaby of Birdland". He is among the Top Ten Blind American musicians. He literally invented the modern Jazz quintet sound melding The piano, Vibes, electric guitar, bass and drums, with the piano (doing lead), vibes and electric guitar playing melody in harmony with the piano. He had joint citizenship in the United Kingdom and the United States. For more on George Shearing CLICK See Artist #8 on the list. 21. ROSEMARY CLOONEY - Bipolar Video - Come On-A My House (Live - 1981) While most of us have our "ups" and "downs" the bipolar/Manic-depressive can have massive mood swings that can inhibit them from doing their work and living a normal life.  It is more than just coping with days of feeling really good and days of being severely depressed.  It can profoundly effect matters of judgment, concentration, and decision making.  A break down in the late 1960's due to her bipolar condition lead to her being hospitalized for several years.  She ultimately returned to record and perform again.  After her hospitalization she recorded and released over 25 albums.  Most artist would be happy to have a dozen albums in a lifetime. She was one of the consummate female Pop Standards and Jazz singers of the 20th. century. Yes, her nephew is actor George Clooney.     VIDEO - Frankenstein The song "Frankenstein" was one of the most popular instrumentals of the 20th. Century making The Top 100 American Instrumentals. Albinism is the lack of pigmentation in the skin and hair.  This also means in the Retina of the Eye. Lack of pigmentation frequently means poor visual acuity and photophobia.  When people think of visual impairment, they think of reduced visual acuity.  They are right, but they also think that more light is needed in many cases for a person to see clearly.  People with photophobia usually need less light. Edgar Winter performs on stage with intense light aimed at him and his band.  People in the audience are flashing cameras.  All of this can be very painful to the eyes. Photophobia usually means the more light the less you see.  It is similar to an over exposed photo in which you can't see anything.  Bright stage lighting can create "White Blindness" it can also be painful. Edgar is credited with having come up with the idea of putting a strap, like a guitar strap, (see video) on an electronic keyboard.  This idea gave the keyboardist more flexibility when it came to being a stage entertainer. He has nearly 20 albums to his credit. Some of his singles were "River's Risin'", "Free Ride", "Frankenstein",and "Hangin' Around". His biggest LP's were "They Come Out At Night" and "Shock Treatment". For more on Edgar Winter and this song CLICK VIDEO - Every Rose Has It's Thorn He is a multi-talented entertainer who is a singer-songwriter, director, actor, screenwriter and reality TV star. He was the front man for the Rock band Poison and is perhaps best known for the song "Every Rose Has Its Thorn". He has several albums as a solo artist. He has had diabetes since the age of six.  He was injured during the Tony Awards show in 2009 and has survived a brain hemorrhage since which he said was caused by the incident at the Tony Awards. He gives of his time and talent in support of our troops and their families.  He has also raised money for the American Diabetes Association. 18, HANK WILLIAMS - Spina Bifida         VIDEO - Hey Good Lookin' He virtually created modern Country music during the Electrofied Era.  He profoundly influenced the emergence of Rockabilly and thus Rock 'n' Roll.  His songs have been recorded by the biggest names in music, Ray Charles, Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley.  Spina Bifida is a painful ailment as the result of a birth defect where the spine does not properly close. There is often intense pain associated with it.  Other common problems associated with it are poor bladder and bowl control.  Depending on the severity of the birth defect it can cause problems with the legs and pelvic area which can result in restricted mobility. For more on Hank Williams CLICK VIDEO - Just Waling In The Rain He is most famous for the songs "Cry" and "Walking In The Rain".  He foreshadowed the coming Rock Era.  He did not let his hearing impairment keep him from singing.  Some have speculated that it contributed to his singing style.  He sang full voice (power vocals) nearly all the time and often definitively split words up by their syllables. This helped to create a unique singing style that separated him from the other crooners of the day. Power vocals would become a trademark for Rock singers. When viewing the video notice the hearing aid. For more on Johnny Ray CLICK VIDEO - Feliz Navidad (Live) Born a Puerto Rican/American and blind, Jose has become one of America's best known entertainers internationally. He has a strong following in Europe and especially in Latin America.  When people think of great American guitar artists they think of Duane Eddy, The Ventures, Jimi Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen and others, over looking one of the truly great guitar artist, Jose Feliciano.  He belongs in the upper echelon of the great guitarist of our time. His version of the national anthem performed at Tiger Stadium in Detroit in the late 1960's was controversial at the time but has become recognized as one of great interpretation's of the song.  In the United States he is best known for his million selling hit "Light My Fire" and the Christmas classic "Feliz Navidad"  He has over 50 singles and over 50 albums to his credit. He helped to mainstream Latin music influence on Rock 'n' Roll. Some of his singles were "Chico And The Man", "Light My Fire", "Goin' Crazy", "Suzie Q", "Hi-Heel Sneakers" and "Hey Baby". For more on Jose Feliciano CLICK Rock "n" Roll All Nite by KISS (Paul Stanley- star on right eye) He was born with microtia which resulted in the right ear not developing properly and leaving him deaf in that ear.  This also meant a deformed ear which left him open for ridicule and teasing. Paul faced several hurdles in rising to stardom as the front man of KISS. He had a mentally ill sister and parents which were not always supportive of his goals.  The deformity and hearing loss were such a problem he devised a plan to not only cope but to succeed.  He set out to make one small success after another building courage and confidence with each little victory in life. He became one of America's premier Rock singers. He also became a songwriter, painter, and author. He clearly believes "Can do" beats "Can not" by one bite at a time. Some of the songs KISS is best known for are "Beth", "Rock 'n' Roll All Nite", "Forever", "Calling Dr. Love", "Christine Sixteen", "Detroit Rock City" and "Hard Luck Woman".  Paul is in the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame as a member of KISS. They were inducted in 2014 and it was long over due.  14. MEL TILLIS - Stuttering VIDEO - Coca Cola Cowboy Country music opened their doors to let him in, but like any area of business he had to prove himself.  Stuttering was a problem for Mel Tillis from childhood.  His speech impediment did not hurt his ability to sing, but clearly he had to convince people he could sing. Personal appearances and radio and TV interviews would also be a problem. He has over come, and can be proud that his daughter Pam Tillis has had a successful singing career. 13. KENNY G. - Asthma VIDEO - Songbird Playing a wind instrument requires the full power of the lungs.  If you have asthma that can be a real problem.  You never know when an attack will occur or how severe it will be.  Touring and performing in different venues exposes the asthma suffer to all kinds of unknown hazards. To become a world famous recording artist with asthma is a great accomplishment, but one who has done it playing a wind instrument is an even greater achievement. Since the heyday of Duane Eddy, Henry Mancini, and the Ventures the instrumental has found little success in the popular music world.  Kenny G. nearly single handedly brought it back  For more on Kenny G. click VIDEO - Smokey Mountain Rain (Live in Branson, MO.) Born with a visual impairment Ronnie soon lost all vision and entered the state school for the blind in North Carolina.  Ronnie believed excessive disciplinary measures left a lasting impact on him, but the school promoted the development of his musical talents. He learned the basics of music theory by studying classical music.  He listened to Country, Gospel and R&B radio.  Ronnie attended a college briefly before leaving to become a professional musician. He worked with some of the biggest names in music, Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder and Elvis Presley.  He played piano on Elvis Presley's hit song "Kentucky Rain". Despite coming from abject poverty and blindness he has succeeded. Most people don't know that his first recordings were in the R&B/Soul music field.  Finding little success there he turned to Country, where he found a home. He had a string of blockbuster Country hits with several crossing over into Pop/Rock. He is very versatile.  Ronnie released an album of Pop Standards "Just For A Thrill" which included great versions of "Teach Me Tonight" and "I Don't Want Nobody To Have My Love But You".  His hit "Lost In The Fifties Tonight" displayed his ability to perform Doo Wop styled Rock. He has had over forty Top Ten singles in the country genre.  He has also released over forty albums. He did not let poverty, blindness, his mother's desertion of him, or music stereotyping keep him from finding his full musical talent. Some of his hits are "Smokey Mountain Rain", "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me", "Any Day Now", "Stranger In My House", "Make No Mistake, She's Mine" (with Kenny Rogers), "He Got You", "Day Dreams About Night Things", "(I'm A) Stand By Your Woman Man", "It Was Almost Like A Song" and "Only One Love In My Life". For more on Ronnie Milsap CLICK VIDEO - Boom Boom Pow He is a Filipino/American .  Those that are legally blind live in a no mans land.  The world views people as either sighted or blind.  Trying to comprehend the gray in-between is difficult because there are so many variants.  Peoples expectations of what you can or cannot do are constantly being challenged by reality. When you succeed at something they think you are faking your blindness and when you fail at something they think you are using your vision as an excuse not to do things. Alan has for the most part been able to over come the misperceptions of his visual capabilities and he has come to terms with his visual limitations.  He has forged ahead to be the successful Rapper for one of the most successful American bands in the last fifteen years. For more on apl.de.ap (Alan Pineda Lindo Jr. CLICK VIDEO - Un-Break My Heart Toni Braxton is one of the must famous people with Lupus. This debilitating disease is where the person with it usually looks the picture of health.  Toni has the most dangerous form of Lupus (SLE - Systemic Lupus) in which the auto-immune system attacks the body.  The heart, lungs, joints, kidneys and the central nervous system are common targets. Lupus is a serious chronic disease that can be life threatening.  It is very difficult to plan ones life.  The Lupus patient ability to function, fatigue and pain levels, can change hourly or they can be fine for weeks, months even years and then all of a sudden they are knocking on heavens door.  There is no known cure and the medications are often fraught with serious hazards.  Most sufferers experience pain and many with very high levels. Toni has experienced some of the more traumatic aspects of the disease.  She has suffered from pericarditis, an inflammation of the lining of the heart. It is painful and life threatening. The disease is very difficult to diagnose and many people go for years before finally being accurately diagnosed. Ultra violet light, florescent lights and sun light, is potentially dangerous and have been known to cause the disease to flare up. The recent banning of incandescent lights will make life more difficult for people with Lupus that are impacted by Ultra Violet light. Touring and performing will be a constant problem for Toni and could even be life threatening. 8.  KAREN CARPENTER (Primary vocalist of the Carpenters) - Anorexia Nervosa Video - We've Only Just Begun Karen was a very successful singing star with more than just a few hit songs. Some of her hits were "(They Long To Be) Close To You", "We've Only Just Begun" and "Hurting Each Other". Anorexia  Nervosa is referred to as an eating disorder, but is more of a physiological disorder.  There is as of yet no clearly defined cause for the problem, but there has been some studies suggesting a genetic link.  Treatment is difficult, because in general it has to be tailored to the individual and there are no all purpose drugs.  Effectiveness of treatment varies from patient to patient. It is difficult for doctors as well as the patient. It is generally believed that this disorder was in part responsible for her untimely death at age thirty two.       VIDEO - Believe Cher has had a long and illustrious career.  Success as a singing star began in the mid 1960's as a part of Sonny & Cher.  She, and her partner and latter husband Sonny Bono, had a string of hits.  By the mid seventies their marriage began to fail.  She continued her career as a singer and Sonny would eventually become a Republican Congressman from California.  He died while in office as the result of a skiing accident.  Cher is a Democrat.  After their break up she had numerous relationships. Her dyslexia  has not stopped her and she has also found success in acting, appearing in several films. For more on Cher click Video - Grease During the 1970's he suffered hearing loss. It was at this time he recorded the hit songs  "My Eyes Adored You", "Swearin' to God", and "Grease". Due to new surgical techniques he has had some improvement in his hearing.  He is best known for his work with the group the Four Seasons (aka The Wonder Who)  He also had a very successful solo career. Frankie Valli's roots was in Doo Wop.  He transformed into mainstream Rock, Pop Standards and Disco/Electronic Music. The life of Frankie Valli & The four Seasons is presented in the stage play/musical, "The Jersey Boys". For more on Frankie Valli CLICK 100 American Pop Standards  see songs 47, 46, & 3 5.  BRIAN WILSON (solo artist & with The Beach Boys)- Hearing Impaired AUDIO - Good Vibrations Brian fulfilled the dream of Les Paul, Inventor of the electric guitar and eight track recording equipment, of turning the recording studio into an instrument. Some believe that his work on the song "Good Vibrations" in the studio was impart due to his hearing disability.  Working in the confines of the studio he could shut out all ambient noise.  This allowed him to set volumes, tones, pitches etc.at his best hearing ability. He could concentrate on one sound at a time.  Virtually everyone in the music industry recognizes "Good Vibrations" as a breakthrough in recording technology. His approach to recording profoundly impacted the recording industry.  Its greatest influence would be on the rise of Disco/Electronic Music.The Beach Boys were one of the must successful recording acts of all time. Brian was one of the most influential of the Beach Boys. The 2015 film "Love & Mercy" is about Brian Wilson. It tackles his drug issues, hearing lose and production work in the recording studio. For more on Brian Wilson click 100 Most Important American Songs  see songs 5 and 1. 4.  Les Paul (1915 - 2009)- disabled right arm 2.  VIDEO - Les Paul & Jose Feliciano at 90th Birthday Party for Les Paul   Les Paul the inventor of the solid body electric guitar was nearly killed in 1948 in a car accident on old Route 66 in Oklahoma. His injuries were so severe the doctors talked of amputating his right arm.  It was ultimately agreed they would try and save the arm but the bones would have to be set in such a way that he would never be able to change its position   He had the bones set so the arm was always at a near 90 degree angle. This would allow him to play the guitar, but he would have very limited movement.  He would have to learn to play the guitar all over again. He would go on to sell tens of millions of recordings and be recognized as one of the greatest guitarist of all time. The Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame has named him one of the "architects" of Rock 'n' Roll and thus he has a permanent display. For more on Les Paul CLICK VIDEO - What'd I Say (Live) Ray Charles was born into poverty and  began to lose his sight at an early age.  By the age of seven he was blind. Ray attended the Florida School for the Blind where he learned  the basics in music.  His studies surrounded Classical music.  With this base and his growing interest in Jazz and Blues he began to develop his musical style.  That style was heavily influenced by the great Nat King Cole.  Ray finally came out on his own with the recordings of "I Got A Woman" and "What'd I Say".  Ray never let his blindness stand in his way. He went on to become one of the greatest recording artist of all time. In the era of Rock and Pop Soul he still believed in the Big Band and Pop Standards.  He was also a pitch man for Pepsi and did several jingles for the cola brand. His recording career included Big Band, Pop Standards, Jazz, R&B and Country. He loved how music allowed him complete freedom of expression. Some of his hits are "I can't Stop Loving You", "Your Cheatin' Heart", "You Are My sunshine", "Busted", "Born To Lose", "I'm Movin' On", "What i'd Say", "Unchain My Heart", "You Don't Know Me", "Crying Time", "Together Again", "Booty Butt", "Yesterday", "Eleanor Rigby", "Lets Go Get Stoned", "Here We Go Again", "Take These Chains From My Heart", "Ruby" and "Sticks and Stones".  For more on Ray Charles CLICK 100 Most Important American Songs  see songs 38,31, and also 68, 58, 33, 28. 2.  STEVIE WONDER - Blind VIDEO - Superstition                                      One of  America's most creative songwriters and performers.  He has contributed to the growth and development of Soul and Pop music. He has not let his music be pigeon holed into just one genre. Some today credit or blame him for vocal styling of contemporary pop music.  Many of his songs require "vocal gymnastics" and some listeners have complained that the singers sounds like they have the "stomach flu".  His style of writing and performing has influenced composers and performers from Jazz to Country. What ever your opinion he has had a big impact on the modern music scene. Here are some of his hits "Fingertips", "Overjoyed", "Uptight (everything's alright)", "Blowin' In The Wind", "I Was Made To Love Her", 'Skeletons", "Part Time Lover", "Sir Duke", "Master blaster (Jammin')"', "I Wish", "Ebony And Ivory" (with Paul McCartney), "I Just called To Say I Love you", "Isn't She Lovely", "Superstition", "Send One Your Love", "Do I Do", "You Are The Sunshine Of My Life", "Boogie On Reggae Woman", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours", "Higher ground", "For Once In My Life", and "Living For The City".   For more on Stevie Wonder CLICK 100 Most Important American Songs  see songs 38 and 28. 1.  MICHAEL JACKSON (1958 - 2009)(solo artist & with The Jackson Five) - Lupus & Vitiligo VIDEO - Billie Jean ((Live) One of the most famous celebrities with Lupus and Vitiligo is Michael Jackson. His odd behavior may not have been odd after all. Lets start with the famous white glove. It may have been introduced to cover the discoloration of his hand from the disease Vitiligo.  The disease causes discoloration and skin blotches.  It is unsightly.  For a person who performs in public it was a serious problem. He battled this skin problem and the under educated of both Black and White Americans perceived his slowly turning white as a elaborate bleaching method to disavow being black.  Nothing could have been further from the truth.  He was proud of his racial heritage as much as he was proud of his national heritage.  Those who suffer from Lupus are profoundly impacted from Ultra Violet light from the sun and florescent lights.  This would explain why he carried an umbrella. He needed to keep the sun off his skin.  The combination of both afflictions would explain most of his public behavioral issues. Lupus symptoms and conditions are unpredictable and can strike suddenly. The normal response to Lupus often seems odd to those who do not have the illness. For more on Michael Jackson click Drugs, Booze, Death - American  Musicians see artist 2 7. Honorable Mention Kim Wickes - Blind She is a Korean/American blinded in the Korean War.  She was adopted by Americans and grew up in Indiana. She attended the Indiana School for the Blind in Indianapolis.  She has two degrees from Indiana University and studied music in Vienna, Austria. Her music is faith based as she is a singing evangelist and she sings in an operatic style. She tours the world performing and has several albums to her credit. for more on Kim Wickes CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians   Lefty Williams - Birth Defect He was born without his right hand.  He is a songwriter and guitarist. In order to be able to play the guitar he needed a way to be able to use his right arm. He and his maternal grandfather invented a pick that could be attached to his right arm. They worked on it and found ways to improve it. This is reflective of his attitude "Never give up". He graduated from Atlanta Institute of Music and then taught there for several years. His music interest is varied but his love is Jazz fusion and Rock. He tours performing his music. Reverend Gary Davis (1896 - 1972) - Blind He lost sight very early in life.  He was highly regarded for  his Ragtime, Blues and Gospel guitar work. He was equally capable on banjo.  In the mid thirties he converted to Christianity and became a Baptist minster.  He backed away from playing the Blues.  When the Electrofied Era began in 1940 he was performing Gospel in Churches and on streetcorners in New York.  In the 1950's he began to seriously record.  There have been three dozen albums produced of his music. From the fifties to near the end of his life he also taught guitar.   For more on Rev. Gary Davis CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Patrick Henry Hughes - Multiple Disabilities He is a multi-instrument musician and vocalist. He was born with extremely limited movement in both the arms and legs.  He also has no eyes. He is an alumnus of the University of Louisville where he played in the Marching Band with the help of his father. He is best known for his cover of great Pop Standards and performing Country. For more on Patrick CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Bill Clements - Amputee He is a bass guitarist from Kalamazoo, Michigan. He was inspired to play bass at age 13 by listening to the great bass players from Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. His right hand and forearm were amputated as the result of an industrial accident.  This did not stop him from becoming a successful bass player in the Rock and Jazz genres. He has also had an ongoing battle with alcohol. He has proven that disabilities are not dead end barriers. Blind John Davis - (1913 - 1985) Blind He was born in Mississippi in 1913 and lost his sight by age nine while living Chacago.  He father owned "speakeasies" in Chicago during prohibition.  It was there that he honed his musical interests and skill on the piano. He played Blues/Jazz/ Boogie-Woogie piano.  He worked for several record labels playing the piano for other artists at recording sessions.  He latter recorded on his own and toured Europe. For more on Blind John Davis CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American  Musicians Mark Goffeney a.k.a. Big Toe - Birth Defect (No Arms) He is a San Diego based musician who plays the bass with his feet.  He is the vocalist and bassist for "Big Toe Band". Joesph Manone - Amputee He lost his arm in an accident at age ten.  He was a famous trumpet player and composer of  "Tar Paper Stomp" the song that would become the basis of the most popular instrumental of the Electrofied Era, "In The Mood". He played with Benny Goodman and Bing Crosby.  He became a fixture in Las Vegas as a casino entertainer. For more on the song "In The Mood". Click 2.  Top 100 American Instrumentals The Blind Boys Of Alabama - Blind One of America's leading Gospel groups.  They formed in 1939 during the segregation era of American History  The Blind Boys formed at the Alabama Institute for the Negro Blind.  In building a career they had to over come segregation as much as their blindness. They have had a lasting impact on R&B , Rock and even Country. They have performed or recorded with some of the biggest names in the Electrofied Era. For more on The Blind Boys of Alabama CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Matt Savage - Autism He is an autistic savant from Massachusetts.  He is essentially self taught on the piano.  Matt is a rising Jazz phenomenon.just beginning a life career. Autism creates serious problems in socialization which is so important in any career. He is not letting that stand in his way, and we will be hearing more from him in the future. Connie Francis - Bipolar Note -  She is by any standard an international superstar.  Connie Francis was one of the very biggest American recording artist of the last half of the 20th. century.  She was among the first of the Rock era to record in foreign languages, Italian, Spanish, German and Japanese.  She is in the elite of American recording artists which are true Global Artists.  She does not make the Top 25 because she was diagnosed  with Bipolar problems long after her biggest career success. Her career in the United States was huge from 1958 to 1965 but dropped off after that.  She did have success internationally in the years that followed. In 1974 while on tour in New York (state) she was brutally raped and nearly killed. This happened about a year after a miscarriage. In 1977 her aunt was murdered. Then in 1981 her brother was murdered by a Mafia hit man. These four events and stress over her career are believed to have contributed to her being diagnosed with a Bipolar disorder. In the years following treatment she toured and performed for her fans around the world.  She made several appearances in Las Vegas. Marcus Roberts - Blind Marcus lost his sight to cataracts by age five. He was self taught on the piano. He attended the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, and then went on to college at Florida State University. He is a highly regarded Jazz pianist and was Keyboard player with world famous Jazz artist, Wynton Marsalis. On his own he has made well over two dozen recordings.  He is an Assistant Professor of Jazz Studies at Florida State University. For more on Marcus Roberts CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Jimmy McGriff - Multiple Sclerosis Note - Like Connie Francis his illness was diagnosed after the high point of his career     Most of his musical accomplishments occurred long before his diagnosis. He was one of America's greatest artist on the Hammond Organ.  His musical expertise was in Jazz/Blues and Disco/Electronic Music.  He was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis in 1996 and died in 2008 from complications of the disease. Victoria Williams - Multiple Sclerosis She has toured with Neil Young and Lou Reed. She was in the film "Even Cowgirls Get The Blues". Her musical style is hard to pigeon hole.  She is a guitarist that is capable of crossing genres and mixing genres.  She tends to play a cross of Folk and Alternative Rock. Tom Sullivan - Blind Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series "Highway to Heaven". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the "Star Spangled Banner" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally For more on Tom Sullivan CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Charles Atkins - Blind He attended the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind and the New York institute for the Blind and Florida State University. It was at FSU he earned a degree in music education.  Charles is famous for his Blues styling.  While in Florida he worked with Sam and Dave world famous R&B artists. He has made his own mark as an artist and is currently performing with his own band "The Charles Atkins Band.  For more on Charles Atkins CLICK VIDEO - Smile by Mandy Harvey Since birth she has dealt with increasing hearing loss.  While attending Colorado State University she went totally deaf.  She had been focusing her education on music.  With her loss of hearing she dropped out of school to deal with health issues and regroup.  She ultimately came back to music.  She has recorded several albums.  Her forte is singing Jazz which is difficult for the normal hearing person.  Her success in this area of music sets her apart from many singers. She has at least four albums to her credit. Alec Templeton (1909 - 1963) - Blind He was a Welsh/American.  He was born blind.  He immigrated in 1936 to the United States.  He hosted several national radio shows and recorded for several large record companies.  His music was Jazz and the Classics.   For more on Alec Templeton CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Jessica Callahan - Blind She is Pop singer/songwriter who is also proficient on the keyboard.  She is truly a rising talent in the Pop music genre.  She has two albums under her belt and more on the way.  She is best known in the Las Angeles area but her music is gaining recognition across America. For more on Jessica Callahan CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Lennie Tristono (1919 - 1978) - Blind He was born in Chicago and was one of the nations leading Jazz educators.  He acknowledged fellow brother in blindness, Art Tatum, as influential in his music.  He also credited Charlie Parker and Nat King Cole. He had more than a hand full of recordings to his credit.  For more on Lennie Tristono CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Blind "Willie" McTell  (1898 - 1959) - Blind He was born blind and attended the Georgia School for the Blind.  He was a singer/songwriter of the blues was also a Gospel singer.  In 1940, the beginning of the Electrofied Era, he made a series of recordings for the Library of Congress.He made other recordings in 40's and 50's for record companies. His music influenced Bob Dylan and the Allman Brothers Band among others.   For more on Blind "Willie" McTell CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Lachi - Legally Blind She is a singer/songwriter from New York.  As America has matured musically it has become increasingly difficult to classify artists because of the plethora of genres and sub-genres that have evolved out of our national experience. Lachi falls into that circumstance.  She clearly has strong Jazz ties and yet she often has a strong Alternative Rock sound and then she can have a Pop Standards feel. She has three albums to her credit, but her career is just getting up a head of steam.  There is certainly more to come.  For more on Lachi CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Sonny Terry (1911 - 1986) - Blind He lost most of his sight by age 16 from injuries.  His vision was little more than light perception. He was a harmonica  and Juice Harp (Jaw Harp) player who played varying forms of the Blues and Folk music. Sonny also performed vocals. He made his first recordings in 1940 at the beginning of the Electrofied Era. he worked with Woody Guthrie and Moses Asch. He has over a half dozen albums and has been inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. For more Sonny Terry CLICK Nathan Beaugard (189? - 1970) - Blind He was a singer guitar player, Blues legend, born blind in Mississippi.  For more on Nathan CLICK

i don't know

Which country does the airline Ansett come from?

The other 10th anniversary: Ansett's demise The other 10th anniversary: Ansett's demise Sep 12 2011 It has been 10 years since Ansett collapsed.  Photo: Dallas Kilponen Share on Google Plus If you want the exact date, this Wednesday, September 14, will be the 10th anniversary of the greatest crisis the Australian travel industry has ever faced, which was masked by the other great disaster America is commemorating today. Nine eleven, as it has come to be known, collapsed the American domestic air travel business into a hole from which it did not re-emerge for years. See Also Australia travel guide On the other side of the world, the bankruptcy of Ansett – mismanaged in the 1990s by its lazy Australian management, then taken over by greedy New Zealand raiders in 2000 – not only collapsed the Australian domestic market, but initially gifted more than 90 per cent of what was left to Qantas, whose domestic division in the 1990s had more often than not been the straggler to Ansett’s market leader. SHARE The end ... a tearful Ansett employee during the final days of the airline.  Photo: Craig Abraham Qantas eventually drew “a line in the sand” at 65 per cent of the domestic market as the little backpackers’ budget airline, Virgin Blue, grew to become its only viable opposition. The fact that the renamed Virgin Australia did not even have a business-class product until three months ago gave Qantas a 10-year free ride as the airline of choice for corporate Australia, a goldmine that still subsidises the disaster that Qantas International has become. Ansett was not quite a carbon copy, but similar to what became of some of travel’s greatest names in America, when the US deregulated the airline industry in 1978. Ansett had had more than a decade to get its sky-high operating costs under control after the Australian industry was deregulated in 1989. It cost Ansett and Australian Airlines (the government-owned domestic carrier taken over by Qantas in 1993) hundreds of millions of dollars in losses to outlast Australia’s first generation of budget carriers, Compass Mark I and II between 1990 and 1993. After the first raiders were seen off, Qantas and Ansett continued to behave like the born-to-rule: the cheapest fare between Melbourne and Sydney was $239 return and if you didn’t like it, you could walk. It cost the incumbents around $120 to fly a Melbourne-Sydney seat compared with around half that for today’s low-cost carriers like Tiger and Jetstar, even with the astronomical airport fees they are forced to pay. When the aggressive Brierley Investments had control of Ansett in the last days, there was massive cost-cutting as a New Zealand razor gang went through Ansett headquarters in Franklin Street, Melbourne. Ansett’s 16,000 staff were demoralised and fearful of the future. The cost-cutting is thought to have caused defective book-keeping in the maintenance records department, which led to the grounding of Ansett’s Boeing 767 fleet in April 2001, barely a day before the busy Easter holidays. Ansett lost public confidence and never regained it. It was a coincidence that air travel on the other side of the world would also be decimated by unrelated events in September 2001. What are you memories of Ansett? Do you remember them as the bad old days when flying was much more expensive, or something more benign? Were you one of many who caught the bus or train instead of the plane?

Australia

Where is New York's Empire State College located?

Airport Tracker Airport Tracker Visit the Developer Center Track Airports with FlightStats The FlightStats Airport Tracker lets you see the location and track the progress of most commercial flights for most US, Canadian, and European airports on a Google™ map. Key Features: Displays altitude, position, speed and distance from airports The map supports both automatic and manual pan/zoom FlightStats collects information from a large number of sources (government, airline, airport and others) and presents an intuitive display of data. Registered users can explore details collected from each data source. For more details, see an in-depth explanation below, but in summary FlightStats: Tracks flight status in near real-time for most US, Canadian, and European airports Combines runway and gate Times Has global coverage based on information from airlines and airports Provides excellent codeshare mapping Links US airport delay information to the affected flight Stores information historically and calculates on-time performance ratings Airport Tracking FAQ Where does FlightStats get its flight status information? Complete, accurate data is the cornerstone of our business, and what sets us apart from competitive solutions: Geographic Coverage - FlightStats provides definitive information for approximately 99.5% of U.S. flights, and better than 86% of flights worldwide. Completeness - FlightStats queries multiple sources to create a record for each flight, enabling us to offer a broader range of information (for example, gate information). Accuracy - We have invested heavily in the areas of parsing, interpretation and error checking, and we have developed the logic that enables handling of difficult issues such as cancellations, diversions and changing schedules. Codeshare Support - Our codeshare logic enables us to deliver flight information for both the operating and the marketing carriers, filling what is often a major gap in coverage. Real-time data sources include: GDS (Sabre, Amadeus, Apollo, Galileo) Direct Airport / Airline Data Feeds Batch data sources include: Is the information accurate? There are many factors that can affect a flight while it's in the air. Weather, air traffic control directives, congestion on the taxi-ways and more. The arrival times we publish are estimates give the best information we can get. We update that information every few minutes. We can't guarantee the accuracy of the information. But our estimates are rarely off by more than a few minutes. Where does flight positional information come from? Most flight tracking applications use a single source of data - the US Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Aircraft Situation Display to Industry (ASDI) data feed. The ASDI data feed tracks flights primarily within the United States' controlled airspace and contains information for flights controlled by air traffic control. Pilots file a flight plan with air traffic control before take off that contains information such as: the expected departure time route estimated arrival time Once the flight departs, the FAA publishes information about the position, altitude and speed of the flight as well as estimates on arrival times. For security reasons the information published on the ASDI feed is delayed for 5 minutes. FlightStats supplements FAA data with data from other sources including airport and airline data feeds to give you both runway and gate times whenever possible. What if I don't know the flight number? That's not a problem. You can get a list of all flights arriving at a given airport by selecting the "By Airport" tab. Or you can see a list of all flights on a given route by selecting "By Route". You can usually figure out which flight you should track from the route and timing information. What if the flight is a code share (marketed by one airline and operated by another)? FlightStats can help you find the right flight to track even if it's a code share. A code share is essentially a marketing agreement between two airlines such that the flight operated by carrier A is marketed as flight by carrier B. For example, Lufthansa 9355 is operated by (UA) United Airlines 938. The only information that comes across the ASDI stream is the information for the operated by flight (for example US 938). Some flight tracker tools require the user to know the operated by flight number. FlightStats does the mapping so that the code share flight number can be used instead. Can I see the flight's location on a map? Yes. All you need to know is what airline they're using and their departure or arrival cities to zero in on the precise geographic position and estimated arrival time of their flight. The new flight tracker combines the power of Google™ Maps with FlightStats up-to-the minute flight data to show you the exact location of the flight over a standard, satellite or hybrid map of North America or North America. And our airport trackers show the current location of all flights in the vicinity of a specified airport. Please note that the location data is delayed by five minutes for the safety and security of the flight and its passengers. Why don't all flight trackers give you the same information? To be useful to travelers and family members, flight trackers often have to fill in some of the gaps in the FAA data, gate times, for example. There are other variables, too. There is typically, but not always, a message sent to the FAA on departure. In the cases where that message is not sent, a flight tracker needs to make a best guess about the actual departure time. The same goes for arrival times. The methods that the various flight trackers use to guess vary causing discrepancies in information provided by different flight tracker tools. Can I track international flights? Our coverage of global flights is the best in the industry. We cover more commercial passenger flights than anyone in the world. In addition to our complete coverage of North American flights, we cover flights operating in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and just about everywhere else. Our coverage varies from continent to continent. But we are continually seeking data sources to help us fill in the gaps. Our coverage spans the globe and we show you more in-depth information than anyone. Can I schedule alerts by email or to my mobile phone? Yes. All you have to do is register with FlightStats and fill in your notification preferences in your profile. Once you've done that, you can receive notices by email or text message to a PC or mobile device. We'll notify you if anything changes and when the flight arrives. Is the arrival time runway time or gate time? What's the difference? Flight status tools are available on airlines' websites, at airports and other websites show the flight's published departure and arrival time, as well as the estimated or actual times. Most, but not all, flight status tools show gate times not runway times. Some tools like ours will show you both the gate times and the runway times. On arrivals, the runway time is the time the plane touches down on the runway. The arrival gate time includes the time it takes to taxi to the gate. On departures, the gate time is the time at which the plane pulls back from the gate. The runway time for departures is the time at which it takes off and includes the time it takes for the plane make its way from the gate through the queue of planes waiting to take off. Can I see data for all arrivals at my airport? Yes. Click the "By Airport" tab. Type in the airport code if you know it. If not, type in the city name and select the airport code from the drop-down box. Select the date and the time period for the flights you want to see, and hit "Go". You'll be able to scroll through an entire list of arriving flights. If you see a flight you want to track, click on the flight number for detailed status information. For flights that haven't yet departed or are en route, you can click on the cell phone or email icons to schedule alerts. Can I track all flights on a particular route? Yes. Select the "By Route" tab. Type in the airport names or codes for the departure and arrival airports, specify the date you want to use for the search, and select "Go". You'll see a list of all flights on that date for connecting those two airports. If you see a flight you want to track, click on the flight number for detailed status information. For flights that haven't yet departed or are en route, you can click on the cell phone or email icons to schedule alerts.

i don't know

Spear of the Nation was an armed wing of which group?

Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance - Telegraph South Africa Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance Nelson Mandela set up the African National Congress' armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), in 1961 when he lost hope that passive and non-violent resistance to the apartheid government would bear fruit. Nelson Mandela outside Westminster Abbey in 1962 Photo: REX Follow It was launched on December 16, the same day as the Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of the Blood River 100 years earlier, not long after the massacre in Sharpeville of 69 unarmed protesters by the security police. With no military training himself, and in hiding from the government, Mr Mandela travelled abroad where he was offered financial and practical help by countries including Ethiopia and Algeria. Mr Mandela was adamant that MK, as the armed unit was called, would not kill people but its tactics would be aimed at sabotage. In his own words, the aim was to "hit back by all means within our power in defence of our people, our future and our freedom". On his return to South Africa, Mr Mandela and his colleagues set up regional command units and set about training their army in bomb making and clandestine operations. MK carried out numerous bombings during the next 20 years and the pledge not to kill became redundant – in the whole campaign, at least 63 people died and 483 people were injured. Related Articles

African National Congress

Where in Italy did a US military aircraft slice through the steel wire of a cable car in 1998?

Umkhonto we Sizwe | South African military organization | Britannica.com South African military organization THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Title: Umkonto we Sizwe Learn about this topic in these articles:   in South Africa: Resistance to apartheid ...of their white sympathizers came to the conclusion that apartheid could never be overcome by peaceful means alone. PAC established an armed wing called Poqo, and the ANC set up its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), in 1961. Although their military units detonated several bombs in government buildings during the next few years, the ANC and PAC did not pose a... in South Africa: Security ...However, from the 1970s an increasing number of black troops were recruited. Compulsory military service, formerly for white males only, ended in 1994. Guerrillas of the ANC’s military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), and of the PAC’s military have been incorporated into a renamed South African National Defence Force. This integration has not been entirely... in African National Congress (ANC): Move toward militancy ...the PAC. Denied legal avenues for political change, the ANC first turned to sabotage and then began to organize outside of South Africa for guerrilla warfare. In 1961 an ANC military organization, Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), with Mandela as its head, was formed to carry out acts of sabotage as part of its campaign against apartheid. Mandela and other ANC leaders were sentenced... in Nelson Mandela: Underground activity and the Rivonia Trial ...acts of sabotage against the South African regime. He went underground (during which time he became known as the Black Pimpernel for his ability to evade capture) and was one of the founders of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), the military wing of the ANC. In 1962 he went to Algeria for training in guerrilla warfare and sabotage, returning to South Africa later that... in Britannica Remembers Nelson Mandela ...of the African National Congress (banned since 1960). He was actively engaged in the defiance campaign against apartheid in 1952 and was a founder (Nov. 1961) of the sabotage organization known as Umkonto we Ziswe (“Spear of the Nation”). Mandela was one of the accused in the South African treason trial which, with preliminary hearings, lasted from Dec. 1956 to March 1961. He...

i don't know

What star sign is shared by Meatloaf and Luciano Pavarotti?

Amazon.com: Pavarotti & Friends Together For The Children Of Bosnia: Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Gam Gam and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Meat Loaf and Michael Bolton and Nenad Bach and Passengers and Simon Le Bon and The Edge and Zucchero: MP3 Downloads Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Gam Gam and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Meat Loaf and Michael Bolton and Nenad Bach and Passengers and Simon Le Bon and The Edge and Zucchero MP3 Music, April 2, 1996 "Please retry" Your Amazon Music account is currently associated with a different marketplace. To enjoy Prime Music, go to Your Music Library and transfer your account to Amazon.com (US). Fix in Music Library Sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. Additional taxes may apply. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use . Popular Albums Original Release Date: February 12, 1996 Release Date: April 2, 1996 Label: Decca Copyright: ℗© 1996 Decca Music Group Limited Record Company Required Metadata: Music file metadata contains unique purchase identifier. Learn more . Total Length: 1:18:49 See all verified purchase reviews Top Customer Reviews By Arlene C on December 3, 2016 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase This was the first Pavarotti and Friends disc that I had heard. This is my second purchase of this disc (the first met an unfortunate end). While some of the songs don't really appeal to me most I like. By A well shod girl on June 9, 2013 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase Amazing, inspiring, enchanting, great sound. This is my third purchase of this cd, yes cd, I'm old school. I absolutely love the selection and variations of the modern and spiritual pieces offered. Children will also love this, and it is a great introduction to the most notable voice of this earth. Will also stimulate conversation to educate children and adults of strife endured by countries and people's at war and how the most simple of life's daily activities become a blessing to accomplish . By Bookarelife on July 28, 2016 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase Wonderful Concert. Michael Bolton will shock you. By Leslie Swartz on November 21, 2014 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase A speedy delivery and awesome CD. I had a tape of this performance, so have been missing hearing all the wonderful selections. Thanks! By Thomas on January 10, 2012 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase you want some good music and love a change of pace this album is worth it. pavarotti sings lioke an angel bringing out some true music. i feel it was worth it to have in my collection. its a hard find and now that pavarotti is gone its going to get harder to find his music. By Donna Driscoll on May 5, 2015 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase It's good By Holly Delohery/Rosebud Carroll on February 7, 2014 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase I wish I had known the songs which were on CD. I would have had a better idea as to what I was selecting on this CD. By Gilly Bean on January 3, 2001 Format: Audio CD A wonderful concert for a wonderful cause. The previous reviewer only gave it 4 stars because he said there were too many different styles of music. Well, that's the whole point. It is the music community, regardless of genre, getting together to raise funds to build a Music Centre in Bosnia-Hercegovina, which will provide music therapy, tuition and a space where music will be used to enable young people to learn, to grow and to be healed. Music is for everyone, and all these different artists getting together for the common good, regardless of genre, is wonderful. And on this album are a number of suprises. Dolores O'Riordan of The Cranberries singing with Pavorotti on "Ave Maria", Meat Loaf and Pavarotti duetting on "Come back to Sorrento", to name just two. A must have for music fans in general. Bono and Brian Eno and Luciano Pavarotti and Michael Kamen and Orchestra Filarmonica Di Torino and The Edge $0.99 Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Marco Armiliato and Meat Loaf and Michael… $1.29

Libra

Where was Pablo Casals buried before he was finally laid to rest in Spain?

Amazon.com: Pavarotti & Friends Together For The Children Of Bosnia: Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Gam Gam and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Meat Loaf and Michael Bolton and Nenad Bach and Passengers and Simon Le Bon and The Edge and Zucchero: MP3 Downloads Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Gam Gam and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Meat Loaf and Michael Bolton and Nenad Bach and Passengers and Simon Le Bon and The Edge and Zucchero MP3 Music, April 2, 1996 "Please retry" Your Amazon Music account is currently associated with a different marketplace. To enjoy Prime Music, go to Your Music Library and transfer your account to Amazon.com (US). Fix in Music Library Sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. Additional taxes may apply. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use . Popular Albums Original Release Date: February 12, 1996 Release Date: April 2, 1996 Label: Decca Copyright: ℗© 1996 Decca Music Group Limited Record Company Required Metadata: Music file metadata contains unique purchase identifier. Learn more . Total Length: 1:18:49 See all verified purchase reviews Top Customer Reviews By Arlene C on December 3, 2016 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase This was the first Pavarotti and Friends disc that I had heard. This is my second purchase of this disc (the first met an unfortunate end). While some of the songs don't really appeal to me most I like. By A well shod girl on June 9, 2013 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase Amazing, inspiring, enchanting, great sound. This is my third purchase of this cd, yes cd, I'm old school. I absolutely love the selection and variations of the modern and spiritual pieces offered. Children will also love this, and it is a great introduction to the most notable voice of this earth. Will also stimulate conversation to educate children and adults of strife endured by countries and people's at war and how the most simple of life's daily activities become a blessing to accomplish . By Bookarelife on July 28, 2016 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase Wonderful Concert. Michael Bolton will shock you. By Leslie Swartz on November 21, 2014 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase A speedy delivery and awesome CD. I had a tape of this performance, so have been missing hearing all the wonderful selections. Thanks! By Thomas on January 10, 2012 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase you want some good music and love a change of pace this album is worth it. pavarotti sings lioke an angel bringing out some true music. i feel it was worth it to have in my collection. its a hard find and now that pavarotti is gone its going to get harder to find his music. By Donna Driscoll on May 5, 2015 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase It's good By Holly Delohery/Rosebud Carroll on February 7, 2014 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase I wish I had known the songs which were on CD. I would have had a better idea as to what I was selecting on this CD. By Gilly Bean on January 3, 2001 Format: Audio CD A wonderful concert for a wonderful cause. The previous reviewer only gave it 4 stars because he said there were too many different styles of music. Well, that's the whole point. It is the music community, regardless of genre, getting together to raise funds to build a Music Centre in Bosnia-Hercegovina, which will provide music therapy, tuition and a space where music will be used to enable young people to learn, to grow and to be healed. Music is for everyone, and all these different artists getting together for the common good, regardless of genre, is wonderful. And on this album are a number of suprises. Dolores O'Riordan of The Cranberries singing with Pavorotti on "Ave Maria", Meat Loaf and Pavarotti duetting on "Come back to Sorrento", to name just two. A must have for music fans in general. Bono and Brian Eno and Luciano Pavarotti and Michael Kamen and Orchestra Filarmonica Di Torino and The Edge $0.99 Bono and Brian Eno and Dolores O'Riordan and Jovanotti and Luciano Pavarotti and Marco Armiliato and Meat Loaf and Michael… $1.29

i don't know

According to Dateline figures, the highest percentage of male clients are in which profession?

The highest paid careers in America today - NBC News Jul 3 2012, 7:32 am ET The highest paid careers in America today by Morgan Giordano advertisement A pharmacist makes an average salary of $112,160. Getty Images A salary is one of the most compelling factors for individuals deciding on a career path, a degree or even where to live — because some parts of the U.S. pay higher wages, on average, for the same position. Although education can determine a worker's salary and even employment, not all high-paying jobs require advanced degrees. With data recently released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), CNBC.com took a look at the most highly compensated occupations in the country, based upon BLS job definitions. The BLS also breaks down average salaries geographically and by industry. The jobs listed here are placed in categories according to career path. The numbers are from 2011 — the most recent figures available. Here are the highest paying jobs in the country. No. 15: Pharmacist •Average Salary: $112,160 •Current Employment: 272,320 Pharmacists are not only responsible for dispensing prescription drugs, but they also provide patients with information pertaining to potential side effects and correct dosage amounts. Pharmacists are required to have a doctor of pharmacy degree (Pharm.D.), a four-year professional degree. They also must be licensed, which requires passing two exams. The highest paid pharmacists in the country are found in the sparsely populated states of Alaska ($125,330) and Maine ($125,310), according to the BLS. The third highest paying state, however, is California ($122,800) with 22,960 currently employed in the profession. California is also home to the three highest paying metropolitan areas for this occupation: El Centro ($163,410), Napa ($140,230) and Santa Cruz-Watsonville ($140,220). While these cities have the highest pay scales, the rest of California drops the individual state incomes below Alaska and Maine. No. 14: Air traffic controller •Average annual salary: $114,460 •Current employment: 23,580 Air traffic controllers regulate air traffic, managing the movement of aircraft between various altitudes and areas while following strict safety regulations. Qualifications to be an air traffic controller include completing an air traffic management degree from a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certified school, achieving a qualifying score on the FAA pre-employment test and completing a training course at the FAA Academy, according to the BLS. Those without previous air traffic control experience (military) must be younger than 31 to become an air traffic controller. The highest concentration of air traffic controllers can be found in Alaska (1.86 per 1,000 jobs), New Hampshire (0.84 per 1,000 jobs) and New Mexico (0.57 per 1,000 jobs). Anchorage, Alaska, has the highest concentration of air traffic controllers of any city in the U.S., according to the BLS, with 580 employees or 1.86 per 1,000 jobs. However, Alaska has one of the lowest annual salaries for this career at $96,270 which is far below the national average ($114,460). No. 13: Sales manager •Average annual salary: $116,860 •Current employment: 328,230 Sales managers are responsible for planning, directing and coordinating the distribution of products and services to corporate clients or customers. The position also involves understanding the marketplace, analyzing sales statistics and monitoring customer preferences. To become an entry-level sales manager, it highly beneficial to have a bachelor’s degree. However, it is not required by all firms. California employs the most sales managers with 53,190 employees or 3.79 sales managers per 1,000 jobs, while New York has the highest annual average wage at $169,710 for its 15,730 employees. This number is greatly influenced by the New York Metropolitan area, which has the highest annual average wage for cities at $179,210. No. 12: Airline pilots, co-pilots and flight engineers •Average annual salary: $118,070 •Current employment: 68,350 The BLS combines the cockpit crew — pilot, co-pilot and flight engineer — into one category. Tasked with transporting both passengers and cargo, these jobs, more often than not, take place at 30,000 feet in the air. Although they are high-paying jobs, they are also among the country’s most stressful — with long hours and the responsibility for the passengers' safety. The cities with the greatest number of pilots, co-pilots or flight engineers compared to overall jobs are Anchorage, Alaska (5.37 per 1,000 jobs) and Salt Lake City, Utah (2.16 per 1,000 jobs). No. 11: Financial manager •Average annual salary: $120,450 •Current employment: 477,690 Financial managers can be involved in a range of activities, including planning directing or coordinating the accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities and other financial concerns of a branch, office or department, according to the BLS. Financial managers must usually have a bachelor’s degree and more than five years of experience in another business or financial occupation, such as loan officer, accountant, auditor, securities sales agent or financial analyst. The areas with the highest employment of financial managers per 1,000 jobs are the District of Columbia (10.59 per 1,000), Connecticut (7.54 per 1000), Massachusetts (5.86 per 1,000), New Jersey (5.73 per 1,000) and Rhode Island (5.70 per 1,000). No. 10: Industrial-organizational psychologist •Average annual salary: $124,160 •Current employment: 1,230 This job concentrates on applying principles of psychology to the workplace, for human resources, administration, management, sales and marketing. This type of psychologist helps to shape policy, trains employees and undertakes organizational analysis, working with management to improve worker productivity. This is an uncommon profession: The BLS only collects data on industrial-organizational psychologists in Minnesota, Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, North Carolina and the District of Columbia. Industrial-organizational psychologists need a master’s, specialist, or doctoral degree in psychology. Practicing psychologists also need a license or certification. No. 9: Computer and information systems manager •Average annual salary: $125,660 •Current employment: 300,830 For computer and information systems managers, the primary job is to coordinate activities in data processing, information systems, systems analysis and computer programming. Generally, this type of position requires a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a similar field. Then they need an additional five years of experience before rising to this position. The top-paying industry for computer and information systems managers is the motion picture and video industry. Individuals in those areas receive an annual mean wage of $162,520 according to the BLS. The city with the highest concentration of this job is Washington, D.C., where 5.73 out of every 1,000 jobs are computer and information systems managers. No. 8: Marketing manager •Average annual salary: $126,190 •Current employment: 168,410 Tasked with organizing marketing policies and programs, marketing managers determine demand for products and services offered by their firms. They also identify new customers, develop pricing strategies and strive to maximize company profits and market share. This position does not require a degree, but a bachelor’s degree is highly recommended. The top-paying metropolitan area for marketing managers is Framingham, Mass., with an average annual salary of $170,610. However, New York ($163,480) and New Jersey ($146,970) are the highest-paying states for marketing managers’ services. No. 7: Natural science manager •Average annual salary: $128,230 •Current employment: 47,510 Natural sciences managers plan, direct or coordinate activities in life sciences, physical sciences, math and other science-related fields, according to the BLS. It’s a relatively broad career path, with natural science managers working in various areas of the economy, including research and development, pharmaceuticals, agricultural engineering and even government. Natural sciences managers need at least a bachelor’s degree in a natural science or a related field. Most natural sciences managers work as scientists before becoming managers. Durham-Chapel Hill, N.C., has the highest concentration of jobs in a metropolitan area with 5.13 natural science managers per 1,000 jobs. Olympia, Wash., comes in second with 3.03 per thousand. No. 6: Architectural and engineering managers •Average annual salary: $129,350 •Current employment: 184,530 Architectural and engineering managers plan, coordinate, and direct activities in architecture and engineering, including research and development in these fields. Most of their work is done in an office. Before becoming an architectural and engineering manager, one must complete a bachelor’s degree and have at least five years of related experience in the chosen field. Employment of architectural and engineering managers is expected to grow by 9 percent in the decade from 2010 to 2020 — slower than the average for all occupations, according to the BLS. In 2011, Alaska was the highest-paying state for this occupation with an average mean wage of $160,640. The industries that pay the most for this occupation are pipeline transportation of crude oil ($186,800) and oil and gas extraction ($167,060). No. 5: Lawyer •Average annual salary: $130,490 •Current employment: 570,950 The legal profession isn’t the easiest industry to break into, with minimum formal requirements in most states requiring seven years of school (four undergraduate, three law school) and a passing grade on the bar examination. Lawyers represent clients in both criminal and civil proceedings, draw up documents and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers working for the private sector are compensated more generously than those in the public sphere: legal-services professionals make $137,170 on average in the private sector, while government lawyers make between $81,960 and $129,430.The top three highest paying industries for lawyers are petroleum and coal products manufacturing at around $215,760 per year, motor vehicle manufacturing at $187,360 and specialty hospitals (excluding psychiatric and substance abuse) at $184,610.If you are a lawyer practicing in the District of Columbia, then you are in good company. Approximately 29,010 lawyers are located there, or 45 lawyers per 1,000 jobs. They are also the most highly paid, with an average annual salary of $161,050. No. 4: Petroleum engineer •Average annual salary: $138,980 •Current employment: 30,880 The booming oil industry and the specialized skills required for petroleum engineers create one of the most highly compensated jobs in the country. Petroleum engineers develop plans for oil and gas extraction, production, and tool modification, overseeing drilling operations and providing technical advice. On average, petroleum engineers working for the oil and gas extraction industry made an annual salary of $150,890. Heavy reliance on natural resources dictates which states have the highest employment of petroleum engineers. Texas employs the most at 18,060 with an average salary of $146,770 annually. Next is Oklahoma with, 3,090 employees paid $146,770, and Louisiana, with 2,440 paid around $120,720. No. 3: Chief executive officer •Average annual salary: $176,550 •Current employment: 267,370 They may be at the top of their company, but on average, CEOs only rank third as far as compensation is concerned. CEOs are responsible for formulating policies, coordinating operational activities and planning the overall direction of companies or public sector organizations. The qualifications depend on the company, but many firms want their CEOs to have at least a bachelor’s degree and considerable amounts of work experience. The cities that pay the most to the highest level of management are Stamford, Conn., ($234,030), Columbus, Ind., ($230,330), and Medford, Ore., ($225,100). No. 2: Orthodontists and dentists •Average annual salary: $161,750-$204,670 •Current employment: 101,400 The services of dentists and orthodontists are practically essential in this day and age. The high demand for the examination, diagnoses, and treatment of diseases, injuries and malformations of teeth and the gums makes this occupation among the most highly paid professions in the United States. The top-paying states for dentiststs this year are New Hampshire, with an annual average salary of $237,430, and Delaware, where the average salary stands at $210,440. Orthodontists — whose specialty is straightening teeth — have an average salary of $90,120 per year. That figure might seem low but it takes into account orthdontists who don't have a private practice and work instead in general medicine and surgical hospitals. No. 1: Doctors and surgeons •Average annual salary: $168,650-$234,950 •Current employment: 618,000-plus Doctors and surgeons are usually at the top the list when it comes to the highest paid occupations in the country. As is the case with others on this list, becoming a doctor or surgeon requires extensive education and training. Doctors are required to have four years of undergraduate education, four years of medical school and between three and eight years of an internship and residency, depending on their specialization or area of surgery. The salaries of doctors also vary greatly by concentration: Anesthesiologists are the highest-paid workers of 2011 at $234,950, while other high-paying medical positions include surgeons ($231,550), OB/GYNS ($218,610), and oral and maxillofacial surgeons ($217,380). Salaries also fluctuate based on location. For example, Arkansas is the top-paying state for family and general practitioners ($215,500) with Iowa ($213,460) and Nevada ($204,990) ranking second and third. According to the BLS, self-employed physicians who own or are part-owners of a medical practice generally have higher incomes than salaried physicians. More from CNBC.com:

Accounting

Santander international airport is in which country?

How Much Money Can A Counselor in Private Practice Make? How Much Money Can A Counselor in Private Practice Make? by Anthony Centore | May 9, 2016 | Counseling Blog , Private Practice | 301 comments Building a Six-Figure Counseling Practice: According to Salary.com, a Licensed Professional Counselor working in Cambridge, MA makes a median average of $40,798 per year. In a city where rent for a small apartment runs north of 2K a month, that’s beyond bleak. While nobody chooses counseling as a profession because of the high pay, is dismal compensation our fate? Financially speaking, are counselors better off giving advice while tending bar? I don’t think so. With good planning and hard work, earning over $100,000 profit in year two of private practice is for many an obtainable goal. “How to Thrive in Counseling Private Practice” Money in Private Practice As counselors, we loathe to discuss money–we want to focus on patient care. However, it’s a necessary part of keeping the doors open. Truth is, you can’t help anyone if you’re out of business, and a counseling practice is precisely that—a business. Hence, we’re going to look at the financial aspects of running a viable business/practice. Note: the following numbers are only estimates for a solo-practitioner in private practice. You might need to adjust expenses, client fees, and volumes based on your own goals and the costs of your area. I’ve tried to be conservative when referencing revenues, and liberal when referencing expenses. Client Fees Don’t go it alone: Open your own Thriveworks Counseling Practice! Client fees vary depending on location and payer. For example, in Virginia a masters-level clinician accepting 3rd party insurance payments might earn $99 for a diagnostic evaluation (90791). Ongoing appointments for individual or family psychotherapy (90834/90837/90847) might pay around $70. Let’s estimate your average session fee to be a moderate $75 per session. Fulltime Caseload The number of sessions that constitutes a fulltime caseload is often debated amongst clinicians. Some persons feel that 30 sessions per week is a heavy caseload, while others find that they can serve 40+ clients per week. I find 35 clients per week to be a reasonable number. If you’re providing 45-minute sessions, that’s 26.25 hours of face-to-face work with clients each week. Add in schedule gaps and practice management duties, and you’re looking at a 40 to 45-hour workweek. It’s a full time job, but sustainable. In addition, let’s say that you give yourself a modest 4 weeks of vacation every year. Simple Math: 35 (sessions per week) x 48 (weeks per year) = 1,680 (sessions per year) * * * 1,680 (sessions per year) x $75 (fee per session) = $126,000 (gross yearly revenue) Normal Practice Expenses Office and Operational Expenses There are numerous small and seemingly hidden costs to running a private practice: from patient parking, to coffee, to organic tissues, to printer ink. Here are some ballpark numbers for the solo private practice. Rent (one office): $550 per month = $6,600 per year Office supplies (computer, software, phone, furniture, printer, coffee, etc.) = $3,000 per year Note: furniture, unless financed, will be an initial outlay of several thousand dollars. Professional dues, continuing education, & liability insurance = $800 per year ($800 won’t get you to a national conference, but it will cover the basics. There are many options for low cost CEs–one just needs to look). Accounting & Legal fees = $500 per year Other Miscellaneous = $1000 per year Total Office and Operational Expenses: $11,900 per year In addition, two potentially larger expense categories are in the realm of marketing and billing. Advertising and Marketing Looking for a Turn-Key Counseling Practice? Thriveworks is Franchising! There’s no “correct” amount to spend on marketing and advertising. In fact, many counselors get by with spending very little. However, for the sake of this exercise, let’s say that you’ll take 5 percent of your gross yearly revenue and invest it into marketing and advertising your practice. Simple Math: 5 percent (marketing and advertising) of $126,000 (yearly revenue) = $6,300 (marketing per year). Medical Billing While some counselors prefer to do their own medical billing, you may wish to hire a company to handle it for you. A customary cost is 8 percent of what the billing company collects, which comes out to around 5.5 percent of your gross revenue (note that it’s 5.5 percent because medical billing companies don’t customarily take a share of client deductibles, or co-pays). Simple Math: 5.5 percent (billing company) of $126,000 (yearly revenue) = $6,930 (billing company fee) Simple Totals: $126,000 (gross revenue)-$11,900 (office & ops expenses) –$6,300 (marketing per year) –$6,930 (billing company fee) = $100,870 (final net revenue) And there we have it: a 6-figure private practice. A far cry from $40,798! Variables While the above provides an outline of private practice financials, no counseling practice will perfectly mirror the example. To help you determine more accurately your practice’s finances, here is a list of financial variables for your consideration: 1. The “final net revenue” above does not include the cost of health insurance, retirement planning, accounting services, or taxes, which are often partially covered by an employer. These items will detract from your expendable income. 2. Owning a business might have tax advantages that one doesn’t receive as an employee. For example, if you purchase a new laptop it might qualify as a business expense (meaning it’s paid for with pre-tax money). 3. The estimates above assume that one will be able to maintain a client roster of 35 client sessions a week (by year two). Low new client volume, or high client attrition, can reduce your weekly session count. 4. Client cancellations and/or client no-shows could lower (or raise) your income, depending on how you manage your practice schedule. 5. To expedite the building of a caseload in year one, more money could be invested into advertising (or time spent in professional networking). 6. After building a strong reputation and establishing active referral sources, you may be able to eliminate advertising and marketing (reclaim up to 5 percent). 7. If you see some (or all) cash-pay clients, you can reduce or eliminate medical billing expenses (reclaim up to 5.5 percent). 8. If demand for your services outweighs supply (that’s you), you can raise your cash-pay rates to $99 (add $40,320 revenue!). Note: you can also add a second clinician, but that starts a whole new level of mathematical complexity. 9. The estimates above do not account for unpaid session fees (subtract up to 4 percent). 10. If you accept credit cards, subtract roughly 2 percent revenue from whatever percentage of session fees you expect to process with plastic. 11. If you decide to work 40, 45-minute sessions per week (30 face-to-face hours with clients), add $18,000 revenue. 12. If you reduce your time off from 4 weeks to 3 weeks, add $2,625 revenue (not worth it!). As a rule, counselors aren’t motivated or excited by numbers (who enjoyed psych-stats? Not me!). So, thanks for hanging in there. I look forward to your comments, questions, and thoughts on Twitter @anthonycentore. How Much Money Can a Counselor in Private Practice Make? Not to be missed, Dr. Anthony Centore breaks down the revenues and expenses (and variables) of beginning and running a solo counseling private practice. To watch full video, click here: http://thriveworks.com/private-practice/

i don't know

In which year was Nigel Mansell Indy Car Champion?

Nigel Mansell's 1993 IndyCar Championship Nigel Mansell's 1993 IndyCar Championship Go to permalink No one has ever achieved the feat of being Formula One World Champion AND IndyCar Champion at the same time, except one man - Nigel Mansell. And here’s how he did it. Only three other drivers managed to reign both series and all of them come close to being or just simply are stuff of legend - Mario Andretti, Emerson Fittipaldi and Jacques Villeneuve, but Mansell was the only one winning the two championships back to back, resulting in being champion at both at once with the 1993 F1 World Championship not being decided yet by the time he already won the IndyCar title the same year. Frank Williams is not an easy man to deal with, nor Nigel Mansell. Together they were like mixing two different, highly explosive material. Still, both are quite magnificent in their own way, which ultimately lead to Mansell winning the 1992 Formula One World Championship with the team (helped by the super-gizmo active suspension system ) after having spent 12 years in the series. But push comes to shove, the two people eventually fell out and Mansell left Williams’ team as the latter wished to sign Alain Prost as his team mate. These two have already been together at Ferrari in 1990 and having had a quite strained relationship back then, Mansell decided to bow out. [Note: Ironically, after Prost joined Williams and won the championship in 1993, he, too, left Williams for the same reason as Senna was signed for 1994. Their earlier, stressful relationship at McLaren is widely documented and is one of the most cited periods of all F1's history.] Formula One's Next Frontier: Active Suspension and Aerodynamics? Formula One's Next Frontier: Active Suspension and Aerodynamics? Formula One's Next Frontier: Active Suspension… It has been a five-year journey since F1 started its energy efficiency campaign with the… Read more Read more Soon after, Mansell was already testing with the Newman/Haas IndyCar team at the Firebird International Raceway outside Phoenix, Arizona, the same place Ayrton Senna had his own private test with Penske, literally a few weeks before. ...or indeed he was just bluffing? Read more Read more While Senna was driving the 1992 Penske Chevy just for kicks against Emerson Fittipaldi’s car for the 1993 season, Mansell was testing the 1993 Lola Ford hard for the upcoming season. A season that included drivers like Mario Andretti, A.J. Foyt, Eddie Cheever, Emerson Fittipaldi, Paul Tracy, Al Unser, Jr., Bobby Rahal, Jimmy Vasser, etc. No change is simple enough, and although F1 and Indy cars might look quite similar, it is still a challenge to adapt from one to another, mastering them as he now should explain the differences : Cue Laguna Seca Read more Read more The first race of the season at Surfers’ Paradise started strong with a pole position,continued with a fastest lap during race and finished the weekend off with a race win: His first oval race at Phoenix right after that, however, did not go so well. Crashed into the wall, suffering a back injury: This did not encourage him though, he was quick to return to pole position at Long Beach, which he tackled before during his Formula One years: Morning Showroom: The 1982 Formula One Grand Prix of Long Beach Morning Showroom: The 1982 Formula One Grand Prix of Long Beach Morning Showroom: The 1982 Formula One Grand Prix… Before IndyCar launches its cars down in So-Cal, let's have an extended look - i.e. a full… Read more Read more Rest assured, he was quick enough on road/street courses due to his F1 expertise (as he scored three other pole positions at such tracks during the season), but how can he possibly be good at American racing’s birthplace: at ovals - asked his critics, pointing at his Phoenix accident with the 77th Indy 500 coming up. For once and for all, he shut all- nay-sayers up by coming in at third place at the legendary race. not being quick enough at the restart. Moreover he got so used to ovals that he spent the rest of the season winning all four of them, starting two from pole position and ran two fastest laps - no further road/street course win - including being victorious at one of the fastest of them all, the Marlboro 500 at Michigan Speedway, while battling with dizziness and sickness, also the New England at Loudon a week later - on his 40th birthday: Eventually, the championship came down to the penultimate race of the season, at Nazareth, Pennsylvania: Securing the 1993 title in IndyCar, he was now double champion, but unfortunately he was never able to repeat his success. Although he scored a few pole positions and fastest laps, he never won a race again. He returned to Formula One to help out Williams at the French Grand Prix following Senna’s death, just between the Oregon and Cleveland races, and once the Indy season was done, he bid farewell to the series and raced in the last three Formula One races, winning the Australian Grand Prix, his last ever victory. He had a brief comeback in 1995 with McLaren, but the legend of the “Red 5" was already a thing of the past, yet an unrepeatable stuff of legend. What is your favourite Nigel Mansell moment?

1993

Thomas Marshal was Vice President to which US President?

1993 Newman Haas Lola decals View Cart 1993 was a remarkable year for Newmann Haas Racing. With Michael Andretti leaving the team to drive in F1, Newman Haas brought in defending World Champion Nigel Mansell to fill the open seat... he did not disappoint, winning his first ever Indy Car race in the season opener at Surfers Paradise. A practice crash at Phoenix kept him from making his oval debut, but team mate Mario Andretti became the oldest person to ever win an Indy car race at age 53. At Indy Mario looked like he might get the pole position but was beat late in the day by Arie Luyendyk. Nevertheless, Mario dominated the race, leading a race high 72 laps, but it was Mansell who contended for the win, bringing the car home in third. At Michigan the team mates were untouchable: After setting world closed course speed records, the team swept the race, with Mansell claiming victory in what he called his toughest win ever. Mansell went on to capture the championship before the 1993 F1 Championship was decided - as a result Mansell was concurently the F1 and Indy Car champion!  

i don't know

Which year was the first after 1927 that the USA lost the Ryder Cup on home soil?

Ryder Cup: The greatest moment as voted for by you - BBC Sport BBC Sport Ryder Cup: The greatest moment as voted for by you 18 Sep 2014 The biennial tussle between Europe and the USA has a back catalogue of classic moments and BBC Sport selected 10 of the greatest. Ahead of next week's contest at Gleneagles, we asked you to choose the best from our shortlist. Find out how you voted below and click here to listen to the BBC Radio 5 live debate. 1st (47%) - Poulter's five straight birdies provide spark for Europe's "Miracle at Medinah" - 2012 The scene: Holders Europe, containing four of the top five players in the world, were heading for the kind of defeat they had not experienced for more than 30 years. Media playback is not supported on this device 2012: Poulter sparks Miracle at Medinah At 10-4 down on Saturday afternoon, they were at least boosted by a one-hole win for Sergio Garcia and Luke Donald over Tiger Woods and Steve Stricker. However, Ian Poulter and Rory McIlroy were two down on Jason Dufner and Dustin Johnson with six to play. The moment: Not so much one moment but five of them as Poulter, a European talisman with 10 victories in his previous 13 matches, hit the hottest of putting streaks. In birdieing each of the final five holes, Poulter charged to a one-hole win, sealing victory with a nerveless 10-footer in the gloom of the 18th. His wide-eyed, fist-pumping roar was a sign of visiting defiance. "We have a pulse," he later told his team-mates. What followed was the greatest European comeback in the history of the Cup. Eight-and-a-half points taken from the singles might have been the Miracle of Medinah, but Europe would have been too far back had it not been for Poulter's heroics. Poulter: "You know what, these might be my majors. If they are, that's fine. If this is it, I'm a happy man. I've got more pride and passion to give in the Ryder Cup than I feel to win a major." 2nd (22%) - Clarke's emotional reception on the first tee following the death of his wife - 2006 The scene: Europe not only defended the Cup in 2004, but handed out an 18½-9½ thrashing at Oakland Hills. That, though, seemed irrelevant in the build-up to 2006 at the K Club in Ireland. Media playback is not supported on this device 2006: Clarke gets emotional reception at the K Club Darren Clarke's wife Heather died of cancer shortly after that year's Open, with Clarke subsequently halting all his playing commitments. Clarke would need a wildcard selection from captain Ian Woosnam and, when it was offered, Clarke accepted in accordance with the dying wish of his wife. The moment: Clarke was partnered with Lee Westwood in the final fourball match on a crisp, clear first morning in Dublin. As the pair left the putting green, Westwood went on ahead to "work the crowd" and when the Northern Irishman strode into the arena around the first tee he was hit with what he later described as a "tsunami of noise". With lumps in every throat, and Westwood and Clarke's caddie Billy Foster in tears, Clarke belted a 300-yard drive down the middle and birdied the first. The Europeans beat Phil Mickelson and Chris DiMarco one up, and Clarke went on to win the other two matches he played, as Europe recorded another 18½-9½ win. Clarke: "When Woosie dedicated the Ryder Cup to Heather, I doubt there was a dry eye in the house. Heather had wanted me to play and I'd done my bit. I knew she would have been proud." 3rd (11%) - The Concession. Nicklaus offers Jacklin a half to tie the match - 1969 The scene: Great Britain had won only three times in 42 years and were thrashed in 1967. Media playback is not supported on this device 1969: Jack Nicklaus concedes to Tony Jacklin But in perhaps the closest Ryder Cup in history, 17 of the 32 matches at Royal Birkdale went to the final hole. With only one pair left on the course, the contest was level at 15½-15½. The moment: The Cup came down to the final match between America's then seven-time major winner Jack Nicklaus and 25-year-old Englishman Tony Jacklin, that year's Open Champion. After Jacklin eagled the 17th, the match was all-square going down the last, with both men on the green in two. When Nicklaus holed a five-footer, Jacklin had two feet for a half and a share of the Cup - Great Britain's best result for 12 years. But rather than asking Jacklin to putt, Nicklaus sportingly picked up his marker, halving the match and tieing the Ryder Cup for the first time. Nicklaus: "I felt like the US was going to retain the Cup either way. I didn't think it was in the spirit of the game to make Jacklin have a chance to miss a two-footer to lose the match in front of his fans." The Ryder roots A seed-seller named Samuel Ryder was in the crowd for the second of two unofficial matches between Great Britain and the United States in 1926 and donated money - and a gold cup - as GB travelled to Massachusetts for the first official match in 1927. 4th (9%) - Champagne time. Torrance seals first win for Europe and USA's first defeat since 1957 - 1985 The scene: Following that historic Great Britain win at Lindrick, Yorkshire, in 1957, the US arrived at the Belfry unbeaten in 28 years. The Great Britain and Ireland team had been expanded to Europe in 1979, but despite two more heavy defeats, the tide was turning. In 1983, Tony Jacklin's side had come within a point of victory. Media playback is not supported on this device Classic Ryder Cup: Sam Torrance seals first win in 28 years in 1985 The moment: With Jacklin back in charge, Europe held a 9-7 lead going into the Sunday singles in 1985. The tactic of loading the middle of his order worked and, by the seventh match, Sam Torrance could win the Cup with victory over Andy North. Finding the 18th green in two, Torrance needed only one of the three putts he was afforded from 18 feet and the Cup was finally in European hands. Jacklin drank Champagne on the green and was lifted on to Torrance's shoulders on the clubhouse roof to the delight of the singing crowd. Torrance: "We partied through the night and, in fact, for the next four days. I was meant to go home to London the day after the match but instead we drank six bottles of champagne and ended up partying for three more nights." 5th (3%) - Olazabal's jig of delight as Europe win in the USA for the first time - 1987 The scene: Europe winning for the first time in 28 years was one thing, but the US had never been beaten on home soil. Their quest to regain the Cup was led by Jack Nicklaus, in his home state of Ohio, on the Muirfield Village course he designed. The moment: A stunning opening two days - including winning all of Friday afternoon's fourballs - gave Europe a 10½-5½ lead ahead of the singles. Media playback is not supported on this device 1987: Europe claim first win in US The US fought back - five wins from the opening seven matches - but victory for Eamonn Darcy over Ben Crenshaw and Bernhard Langer's half with Larry Nelson left the stage clear for Seve Ballesteros. The Spaniard's 2&1 win over Curtis Strange saw the first victory in America completed with a tearful Jacklin proclaiming it to be "the best week of his life". In Nick Faldo's words, "that was when the Ryder Cup got serious", but the abiding memory is of Jose Maria Olazabal, after his debut in the event, dancing across the 18th green. Olazabal: "Whenever I see it I feel more embarrassed, ashamed even, than the time before. But I was young, it was my debut and I was so happy that my emotions took over." On the trophy The figure on top of the Ryder Cup trophy is Abe Mitchell, who Samuel Ryder employed as his personal golf teacher. Mitchell was supposed to lead Great Britain in 1927, but was struck down by appendicitis. He did play in 1929, 1931 and 1933. 6th (2%) - McDowell birdies the 16th to set up Europe's win at Celtic Manor - 2010 The scene: Celtic Manor was battered with rain as Europe attempted to regain the Cup surrendered at Valhalla two years earlier. Media playback is not supported on this device McDowell seals win for Europe in 2010 The weekend weather ensured that, for the first time, the Ryder Cup would be completed on a Monday. Europe began the day with a 9½-6½ lead. The moment: As the Americans staged a day-long fightback, it became clear that the fate of the Cup would rest on the final singles match between Hunter Mahan and Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell. Amidst a huge crowd, and in front of millions on TV, McDowell holed a 15ft birdie putt on the 16th to go two up with two to play. When Mahan duffed a chip from the edge of the 17th green and missed the following putt, the Cup was Europe's again. McDowell: "Sixteen was massive, wow. It was the best putt I've hit in my life. The US Open [McDowell won earlier that year] felt like a back nine with my dad back at Portrush compared to that." 7th (2%) - Faldo fights back against Strange as Europe clinch victory at Oak Hill - 1995 Nick Faldo (right) came from one down with two to play to win a crucial point The scene: After losing at home in 1993, Europe were chasing a second away win in what would be the last of Bernard Gallacher's three Cups as captain and Seve Ballesteros's eighth and final match as a player. Media playback is not supported on this device 1995: Faldo fires Europe to victory at Oak Hill Trailing 9-7 at the beginning of the singles, an ageing Europe team would have to overcome a final-day deficit for the first time if they were to win the Cup, all on an Oak Hill course tailored for the hosts. The moment: The Cup was hanging in the balance, and Nick Faldo's match with Curtis Strange looked pivotal. But the Englishman was one down with two to play. As Strange bogeyed the last three holes, Faldo needed to get down in two from 94 yards to win on the last. He hit a wedge to within five feet, holed the put and took the point. When Philip Walton beat Jay Haas on the 18th, the Ryder Cup was Europe's once more. Faldo: "It was the best scrambling par I ever made. Everything was churning inside me as I came down the stretch and when I stood over that wedge shot I had to fight to keep my legs still. I knew how important it was and I was questioning myself: 'Can I still do it?'." Cup of plenty Ten of the last 15 Ryder Cups have been decided by a margin of two points or less. Of those, one match (1989) was tied, while seven were won by a single point. 8th (2%) - McGinley the unlikely hero as Europe win back the Cup at the Belfry - 2002 The scene: Europe had to wait three years for the chance to regain the Ryder Cup because of the 9/11 terrorist attacks of 2001. When the US did arrive at the Belfry, they were faced with a European team led by Sam Torrance, the vice-captain left so angry three years earlier. The moment: With the match locked at 8-8, Torrance front-loaded his singles order and saw his team claim four and a half of the first six points. Media playback is not supported on this device 2002: McGinley the hero as Europe regain the Cup With unsung Welshman Phillip Price pulling off a 3&2 win over Phil Mickelson, Irish rookie Paul McGinley had a 10-foot putt on the 18th for the half with Jim Furyk that would seal the Ryder Cup. When the ball dropped, McGinley bounced up and down before being mobbed by his team and a tearful Torrance. To celebrate, McGinley jumped in the green-side lake and his soaking-wet pose with the Irish tricolour provided the Ryder Cup with one of its most enduring images. McGinley: "As it went in the hole, I put my arms in the air and wondered 'why isn't anyone jumping on top of me?' I thought 'maybe it's lipped out?' I saw Sergio Garcia jumping up and down, then they came on. But, in real time, it was only one second. For me, time stood still." 9th (1%) - Leonard's monster putt sparks premature 'green invasion' at the "Battle of Brookline" - 1999 The scene: Europe faced a hostile atmosphere before they defended the Cup in Brookline - Jeff Maggert said that the US "had the best 12 players in the world" - and that continued when the matches began. Media playback is not supported on this device 1999: Leonard's putt sparks controversy at Brookline Heckling and abuse towards the Europeans was common from the home fans, but the Americans still trailed 10-6 going into the singles. The moment: Following a morning speech from future president George W Bush, the US roared back, winning all six of the opening singles. Jose Maria Olazabal had a four-hole lead over Justin Leonard with seven to play, but, by the 17th, the match was all-square with the US needing only a half to regain the Cup. From over 40 feet, Leonard sank a remarkable putt, which many of the US team believed had sealed victory. Players, caddies and even some spectators invaded the green to celebrate. Olazabal, though, still had his 25-foot putt for a half and the Spaniard was forced to wait for the area to be cleared. Ultimately, the match was halved to give victory to the Americans, but the home side were heavily criticised for the events on the 17th green. European vice-captain Sam Torrance: "It's about the most disgusting thing I've seen in my life." US player Davis Love III: "We didn't cry when we lost two in a row. And how long have they been calling our wives 'flight attendants' and 'bimbos'? They act like we're the only ones who do it." Ryder roles reversed Of the first 25 Ryder Cup matches between 1927 and 1983, the United States lost only three times. Ireland were added to the Great Britain team in 1973, with the rest of Europe joining in 1979. Since 1985, the US have won on only four occasions. 10th (1%) - Langer's putt slips by on the final green as the USA win the "War on the Shore" - 1991 The scene: In the year of the first Gulf War, US captain Dave Stockton played on patriotism at Kiawah Island - Corey Pavin wore a Desert Storm cap - and tempers were frayed throughout. Media playback is not supported on this device 1991: Langer loses to Irwin at Kiawah Island Ballesteros and Olazabal clashed with Paul Azinger and Chip Beck over an alleged ball change, while Stockton caused controversy by retaining the injured Steve Pate in his team, then withdrawing Pate from the singles, meaning his match with David Gilford was halved. The moment: Amidst all the bad blood, the Cup would be decided by the final singles match between Hale Irwin and Bernhard Langer, who was two down with four to play. When Irwin three-putted the 17th, Langer drew level to silence the huge gallery, but his second to the 18th found the edge of a bunker, only for a putt from off the green to leave the German with a six-footer to retain the Cup. In barely believable tension, Langer's putt slipped by the right of the hole, Irwin had a half and the United States won the Ryder Cup for the first time in eight years. Langer: "Everybody remembers the six-foot putt I missed on the last, and rightly so, but I was also two down with four to go. If I'd missed any of the earlier putts, I wouldn't even have played 18. There's a lot more to it. Every point, every half-point, counts equally, whether it's in the morning or the afternoon." Scotland's second The 2014 Ryder Cup at Gleneagles marks only the second occasion that the matches have been played in Scotland. In 1973 at Muirfield, Europe were yet to join. England has hosted the Cup on 15 occasions, but not since 2002. Share this page

one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven

Ellen Church is recognized as being the first female what?

Ryder Cup Ryder Cup login Ryder Cup As the 2016 Ryder Cup approaches, we look at the PGA Professional coaches behind Ryder Cup Team Europe's lineup... VIEW RANKINGS As the 2016 Ryder Cup approaches, we look at the PGA Professional coaches behind Ryder Cup Team Europe's lineup... VIEW RANKINGS As the 2016 Ryder Cup approaches, we look at the PGA Professional coaches behind Ryder Cup Team Europe's lineup... VIEW RANKINGS This hub is dedicated to celebrating coaching and shining a light on the PGA Professionals from around the world that are supporting, or have supported, the 12 members of Ryder Cup Team Europe. Click and Athlete or PGA Professional’s Name to Find Out More About Them… Rafa Cabrera-Bello (ESP) - Coach: David Leadbetter (America) ▼ Rafa Cabrera Bello – – “My relationship with David is almost like a father-son relationship, he’s known me since I was 13 years old. He’s really seen my progress throughout my entire career, and the last 5-6 years he has been much more involved. What I like with David is that my swing has been improving through the years, but it’s been a very PROGRESSIVE improvement, it has never stopped me from playing or performing during swing changes.” Rafa Cabrera-Bello David Leadbetter began working with Rafa when he was just 13 years old having met when Rafa played golf with David’s son. Now, almost 20 years later, they continue their successful relationship that has resulted in multiple tour wins and his first Ryder Cup appearance in Hazeltine. Ryder Cup Bio Cabrera-Bello is one of the most consistent players on The European Tour in recent years, having only finished outside the top 60 in The Race to Dubai once in the last seven seasons, he claimed his second European Tour victory in 2012 at the Omega Dubai Desert Classic, where he held off Rory McIlroy and Lee Westwood. Made his European Tour breakthrough at the 2009 Austrian Golf Open thanks to a stunning final-round 60. Claimed the Spanish National Championship every year from Under-seven to Under-18 level after taking the game up at the age of six and played in the victorious Junior Ryder Cup side of 1999. Grew up next to a golf course in the Canary Islands, and his sister Emma competes on the Ladies European Tour. Owns a house in Bali, where he loves to spend time surfing. Matthew Fitzpatrick (ENG) - Mike Walker / Pete Cowen (GB&I) ▼ Matthew Fitzpatrick – – Cowen and Walker have worked with Fitzpatrick for a number of years and have seen him rise through the amateur ranks, earning various titles and invites to Professional events, and ultimately to a proven winner on Tour. “I’m lucky to have two coaches in Pete Cowen and Mike Walker, and I have spent a lot of time with them, and have worked with Mike for four or five years now…I really can’t tell you how much influence they’ve had in getting me to where I am right now. I can’t thank them enough for the role they’ve played with me. I’m always working on all aspects of my game but a left hand below right hand drill has been helping me get a more consistent ball flight…It’s true that there aren’t many frills at the [Pete Cowen Golf] Academy but it’s a great place to work and Pete and Mike don’t do frills or the like.” Matt Fitzpatrick “You want to work with a kid who’s got a bit of street fighter in him. That’s what you need. Matt Fitzpatrick is the ideal example. He’s got that look in his eye. He’s a born competitor. He doesn’t know stage fright. He can play under immense pressure without feeling a thing. You can’t teach that. It has to be in them and you’ve got to find it and bring it out. You want players who want to become not just good players but great players.” Pete Cowen Ryder Cup Bio One of The European Tour’s rising stars, the affable Englishman already has two victories to his name, with the first coming in memorable circumstances on home soil at the 2015 British Masters supported by Sky Sports, where he won wire-to-wire in front of packed galleries at Woburn Golf Club. The 21 year old did not have to wait long before claiming a second European Tour victory at the Nordea Masters in June thanks to another dominant display. First came to prominence courtesy of a stellar amateur career in which he won the 2013 U.S. Amateur Championship as well as being the Number One ranked amateur for a total of 21 weeks.. Sergio Garcia (ESP) - Coach: Victor Garcia (Spain) ▼ Sergio Garcia 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2016 Spain 9-2-2 3-4-0 Sergio’s father, Victor, was the club pro at Mediterraneo Golf Club in Spain and has coached Sergio for his entire amateur and professional careers. When Sergio was young, Victor lined up a game with Sergio’s idol, Seve Ballesteros, sparking a friendship that lasted many years. Sergio has been criticised in the past for keeping his father as coach, but he has continued to strongly defend him any time the question has been raised and shoulders any blame himself. Sergio’s typically Spanish style and flare come from watching, playing with, and listening to his father. Ryder Cup Bio A veteran of seven Ryder Cups, the Spaniard has won 20.5 points from those appearances. The 36 year old was unbeaten over the first two days at The K Club in 2006 – in the process, he became only the second player after Ian Woosnam to win all four points from his foursomes and fourball matches. Two years earlier, he became only the sixth player to claim four-and-a-half points out of a possible five in The Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills. He was one of Colin Montgomerie’s vice captains at Celtic Manor in 2010, when Europe won by a point. Garcia, who finished in the top five at both the 2016 US Open and the Open Championship, has won 11 times on the European Tour.. Martin Kaymer (GER) - Coach: Günter Kessler (Germany) ▼ Martin Kaymer 0-0-2 2-1-0 Martin Kaymer and his coach, Günter Kessler, have worked together since Kaymer was 12 years old, and have achieved greatness on a world scale through thick and thin. Having reached the World Number 1 spot in 2011, Kaymer sought to change his game to introduce more shot-shaping under Kessler, but this saw him drop outside of the top-60 just a few years later. In 2014 Kessler and Kaymer went back to basics and reintroduced his fade that had served him so well, almost instantly resulting in winning performances including a US Open title. “My coach and me, we work for 15, 16 years together now and he’s always really under the radar,” Kaymer said. “But he has the biggest influence of my game. The way he’s teaching is not a way that you always need him. He’s not a very selfish person. He teaches the way that you can help yourself in a very simple way…He has the talent to teach really everyone, and that is for me really a world-class coach. He doesn’t like the big stage and he doesn’t like to be in all those newspapers and stuff. But I really believes he deserves that. It doesn’t make him a happier person, and that makes him even nicer…Working together worked out very well. We have a lot of trust in each other because it worked out fairly well the first 13, 14 years.” Martin Kaymer “When [Martin] began taking lessons from me at the age of 12, he didn’t stand out among his peers right away…And we certainly had no reason to expect that he would become one of the world’s finest players. But from the very beginning, we did notice that he worked harder than the others.” Günter Kessler Ryder Cup Bio Played an important role in The 2014 Ryder Cup at Gleneagles, where he won two points from four. Was Europe’s hero at The 2012 Ryder Cup, holing a six-foot putt on the last to defeat Steve Stricker and secure the point needed to complete a miraculous comeback and retain the Trophy. Made his debut in the biennial contest in 2010, the same year he won his first Major at the US PGA Championship. Rediscovered his best form in 2014 as a sensational wire-to-wire victory at the U.S. Open Championship brought him a second Major title’. Rory McIlroy (IRL) - Coach: Michael Bannon (GB&I) ▼ Rory McIlroy 3-2-1 2-0-1 From being simply one integral cog in the international network of such PGA Professionals, Bannon has been catapulted into the world spotlight by McIlroy’s phenomenal performances in the past few years ,reflecting his repertoire of skills and sublime grasp of the intricacies of the golf swing. Demonstrably, McIlroy’s game represents much more than natural talent, more even that untold hours honing those talents on the range. Wise counsel and structured, individual coaching has been the adhesive that has pieced the simple yet complex jig-saw together. “Rory gathers good people around him, people he can trust. He’s also very strong mentally and has always sought the next level. He always wants to talk to and play with the good players to see what he can learn from them. Even as a young boy he used to like to show what he could do. “He has such unbelievable skills, and works on it so hard all the time, that I’ve had to improve my ability as a coach if I’m to help him.” Michael Bannon “Credit goes to my longtime coach, Michael Bannon, who reacquainted me with five key moves I had strayed from in recent years. Use my fixes to transform your move into a championship swing. “Michael Bannon is the only coach I’ve ever had. It’s scary — he knows my swing better than I do. So when things started sliding south 18 months ago, he knew exactly what to do: Get back to the basics that rocketed me to No. 1 in the first place, using check points and feels that Michael taught me when I was a little kid.” Rory McIlroy Ryder Cup Bio Boasts an abundance of Ryder Cup pedigree, having played in every edition since 2010, winning eight points from his 14 matches in the process, with a highlight coming at Gleneagles in 2014, when the Northern Irishman beat Rickie Fowler 5&4 in the Sunday Singles. He won his first Major in 2011 at the US Open where he broke records aplenty after shooting 16 under par. He doubled his tally at the 2012 US PGA Championship, before winning his other two Majors in a memorable 2014 season, when he lifted the Claret Jug at Hoylake before winning the US PGA Championship for a second time. The Northern Irishman has three Race to Dubai titles to his name, in 2012, 2014 and 2015. He also won the tournament he hosts through his charitable foundation, the Dubai Duty Free Irish Open, for this first time in May of this year thanks to a sensational closing eagle. Thomas Pieters (BEL) - Coach: Pete Cowen (GB&I) ▼ Thomas Pieters –   Pieters has worked with Pete Cowen since he was 12 years old, after Cowen’s call-up to work with the Belgian amateur squads with the aim of nurturing European Tour-standard talent. And nurture he has – Pieters’ disciplined and dedicated approach has helped him along the way to 3 European Tour wins and a spot in the 2016 Team. “I’ve worked with Thomas since he was 12…They said to us that we want more guys on the European Tour within five or ten years so I said you’ve got to put some processes in place and we did. “Thomas is a very disciplined practicer – he wants to know what’s right.  If I say do it, he’ll do it.  If I said standing on your head would make you a better golfer he’d go stand on his head. “He is very dedicated and knew where he was going from a very early age and you could see that.” Pete Cowen “I have the absolute number one coach under my arm. Pete is not a man that shouts from the rooftops about the successes of his players…For him, it’s about the players and not about himself.” Thomas Pieters Ryder Cup Bio Finished the Ryder Cup qualifying period in style by finishing second in his defence of the D+D REAL Czech Masters and then winning the Made in Denmark tournament to claim his third European Tour title. Having impressed in his rookie season on the European Tour in 2014, won twice in consecutive appearances in 2015, first at the D+D REAL Czech Masters in August and then a fortnight later at the KLM Open. Long tipped as one of the stars of the future, he came through all three stages of the 2013 Qualifying School. Enjoyed a celebrated amateur college career in America, where he overcame Major Champion Jordan Spieth and former world amateur number one Patrick Cantlay to win the NCAA Division I Golf Championship in his sophomore year at the University of Illinois.. 2-0-1 Ryder Cup Bio Played a leading role in The Ryder Cup at Gleneagles in 2014, when the Englishman formed a formidable partnership with Henrik Stenson over the first two days on the way to remaining undefeated and claiming four points out of a possible five, as Europe cruised to a 16 ½ – 11 ½ victory. Arguably the 35 year old’s finest Ryder Cup moment came in the “Miracle at Medinah” in 2012, when he secured a vital point in the Sunday Singles against Phil Mickelson. 2016 saw Rose become a history makers becoming golf’s first Olympic Champion since 1904 with his two shot victory over Henrik Stenson in Rio. Made his Major Championship breakthrough winning the U.S. Open in 2013 at Merion Golf Club. Rose has won eight events on The European Tour, including the WGC Cadillac Championship in 2012. Henrik Stenson (SWE) - Coach: Pete Cowen (GB&I) ▼ Henrik Stenson 2-1-1 1-2-0 Henrik Stenson, and his coach, Pete Cowen, have worked together for over 15 years, and whilst there have been multiple downs, there have also been some incredible highs, namely Henrik’s maiden Major win at the 2016 Open Championship. “I’ve worked with Henrik now for 15 years and he’s had two very big ups and downs in his career so obviously he’s come back from those – he’s a pretty strong character. “He wants to be perfect – he’s got three types of hitting the ball which is good, very good and perfect, and he can’t accept good and very good so you’re knocking two thirds out, whereas he could win on all three if he wants. He’s a total one-off that you have to be very careful how you actually phrase it to him – he’s totally different to everyone else.” Pete Cowen “I owe him a lot…He’s put in so much hard work with me over the years. I’m pleased to have him by my side.” Henrik Stenson Ryder Cup Bio The newly-crowned Champion Golfer of the Year has played in three Ryder Cups, and has been on the winning side in two of those appearances – latterly in 2014 and memorably on his debut in 2006, when he holed the winning putt at The K Club. His victory at the 2013 DP World Tour Championship, Dubai made him the first player to win both the Race to Dubai and the US PGA Tour’s FedEx Cup in the same season. The big Swede has won 11 European Tour titles, with two of those titles coming within the space of a month this year – firstly in Germany at the BMW International Open, before the 40 year old claimed the biggest victory of his career at the 145th Open Championship at Royal Troon, after coming through a titanic final day battle with Phil Mickelson. He broke the record for the lowest score at any Major both in relation to par (20 under par) and aggregate shots (264). His amazing 2016 continued when he claimed the silver medal in Rio at the Olympic Men’s Golf Tournament. Related News Olympic Coaches – Pete Cowen & Henrik Stenson The PGAs of Europe caught up with coach The Open Champion, Henrik Stenson’s, coach, Pete Cowen (PGA of GB&I), to find out more about how they work together… Read more… Andy Sullivan (ENG) - Coach: Jamie Gough (South Africa) ▼ Matthew Fitzpatrick – – Sullivan switched to Jamie Gough from Craig Phillips in 2013 seeking to take his career to the next level, most recently working on his shaping, and specifically fading, of the ball. Gough himself turned Professional at 18 years of age and by 1990 had set up multiple golf schools, employing over 30 Professionals, and gathering his own elite lineup of pupils that includes the likes of Miguel Angel Jimenez, Gregory Havret, Anders Hansen, and Jose Maria Olazabal to name but a few. “When I was younger, I was a big drawer of the ball, which gave me length, but not great control. “But I have been working for two years with Jamie on hitting a left-to-right shape for more control, and over the last seven months that has begun to feel a lot more natural. It’s been like going from one extreme to another, but it has definitely made my play far more consistent.” Andy Sullivan Ryder Cup Bio Played a significant role in Europe’s victory in the EurAsia Cup earlier this year, when the Englishman had a perfect record after winning three out of three matches. Burst onto the scene in 2015 after winning three European Tour titles, including two triumphs in as many months in Johannesburg, before cruising to an impressive nine stroke victory in the Portugal Masters in October. Finished off a remarkable 2015 season by pushing McIlroy all the way at the DP World Tour Championship, Dubai, before eventually finishing one shot behind the Northern Irishman. Turned professional in 2011 after representing Great Britain and Ireland in the Walker Cup at Royal Aberdeen.. Lee Westwood (ENG) - Coach: Pete Cowen (GB&I) ▼ Lee Westwood 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 Great Britain & Ireland 9-4-4 3-6-0 Cowen and Westwood’s relationship has lasted through thick and thin, beginning back in the mid-1990s. Since then he has arguably become the best player to have not won a major but has amassed a huge number of tournament wins and top-10 performances. In late 2012 Westwood changed coach away from Cowen, but by 2014 was back with him and sports psychologist Dr Bob Rotella, and was back uo the rankings. “I started working with Pete Cowen again at Houston and it had a pretty immediate effect. We just did a couple of hours there and then an hour at the Masters and I think that showed at Augusta. I started hitting the ball a lot straighter and iron shots were a lot better. I just feel a lot more aggressive but a lot more calm on the greens, and my short game’s good, as well.” Lee Westwood “He’s had his chances [for majors], he’s a great ball-striker.  He lost his way a bit in the early 2000s but came back to number 1…he’s had his chances where he probably should of won…so when the door opens, you definitely need to walk through – it’s just a question of him walking through one of these times and hopefully he gets more chances.” Pete Cowen Ryder Cup Bio Has played in every Ryder Cup since 1997, which is a testament to the Englishman’s longevity and quality. Westwood has won 23 points from those nine matches and has only been on the losing side twice. He was unbeaten in the 2004 and 2006 tournaments, and equalled Arnold Palmer’s record at Valhalla in 2008 when he made it 12 matches without defeat. The first of his 23 European Tour titles came at the Scandinavian Masters in 1996 – an event he has won three times. His most recent victory on The European Tour came in 2014 at the Maybank Malaysian Open, where he showed all his class to win by seven strokes. Danny Willett (ENG) - Coach: Mike Walker/Pete Cowen (GB&I) ▼ Danny Willett – – Mike Walker and Pete Cowen have worked with Willett for other three years and have seen him rise up the rankings with various wins including his maiden Major at the 2016 Maters. Willett’s success can be traced down the line through various PGA Professionals including PGA of GB&I Professionals, Graham Walker and Peter Ball, from introducing him to the sport and then nurturing his progress through turning Professional in 2008 all the way to his first major. “With Pete and Mike, you work on uncomfortable things. Every time you go to the range, you aren’t turning up to get a pat on the back, to be told how well you are doing. You go there to try and get better, to try and get that 1% better. “I felt like I had done enough work, that I had hit enough balls under their supervision that each shot I was faced with, I just went through the same process. I tried to remind myself of the shots I hit back on the range.” Danny Willett “I started working with Danny three years ago along with Mike Walker and Nick Huby. We’re all singing from the same hymn sheet in terms of the mechanics…There’s a good continuity in what we teach…which means the players can then trust it under pressure. “There have been a lot of people involved with Danny’s rise to the top, at Birley Wood, Pete Ball – without that we wouldn’t have seen Danny Willett at all. Then he went to Rotherham, Graham Walker coached him through the England Golf set-up. “With certain players like that, we add the finishing touches. I always say that what we do is get them over the line.” Pete Cowen “From a municipal to the Masters! He is an inspiration and shows all the kids in Sheffield what can be achieved if you put your mind to something. He is a great example and if it gets kids out playing, that’s all that matters. “Danny always had a great determination and work ethic and his ability to stay calm under severe pressure over those closing holes [at The Masters] was just incredible.” Peter Ball Ryder Cup Bio This has been a year to remember for Willett, thanks largely to his sensational maiden Major Championship victory at The Masters in April, which was his second win of the season following the Omega Dubai Desert Classic title he picked up in February. The Englishman was part of Darren Clarke’s victorious European team at the EURASIA CUP back in January, when he contributed two out of a possible three points. The 28 year old pushed Rory McIlory all the way in the 2015 Race to Dubai before eventually finishing second in the rankings, after a superb season which included his wins in the Omega European Masters and the Nedbank Golf Challenge. His first European Tour win came at the 2012 BMW International. Before joining the professional ranks, he was a member of Great Britain and Ireland’s 2007 Walker Cup Team. Chris Wood (ENG) - Coach: Walker, Cowen & Mitchell (GB&I) ▼ Chris Wood Mike Walker / Paul Mitchell / Pete Cowen Country: – – Wood is another graduate from the school of ‘Cowen & Walker’ having been out on Tour since 2008 and earning three wins, the most recent of which was the 2016 BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth – a win that catapulted him into a Ryder Cup Team spot. Wood works with various PGA Professionals including Paul Mitchell from Bristol and Clifton Golf Club, his original coach from the age of 14, and included Mike Walker and Pete Cowen in his team from around May 2015. “I always said this guy is a multiple major winner and hopefully this will also put him in good stead for the Ryder Cup. It will be great for his confidence, he’s been working on all the right things and this is a sign of things to come. “He’s been scratching around and had a lot of injuries but he’s got a great team behind him and he’s a top five player and he’s really starting to blossom. I always said he would be world number one – but it’s not that easy is it!” Paul Mitchell “He feels he swings best when he swings left to right because it takes one side of the course out of play and we’ve been very focused on that. “Chris had made steady progress up to [winning the 2016 BMW PGA Championship] without making any headlines but his ranking had climbed massively and this is the icing on the cake. This is a great boost for him. He’s known as being a good guy but genuinely is a great bloke and this makes the win even more special. “Chris has always believed in himself but the belief needs bolstering with reality and if he did have any doubts they should be blown away by what he achieved at Wentworth.” Mike Walker Ryder Cup Bio Claimed the biggest victory of his career in 2016, when he won the BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth to continue his surge up the Official World Golf Ranking. His season had started positively at the EURASIA CUP in Malaysia, where the Englishman won two out of three matches to help the team to a comfortable victory. His breakthrough win on The European Tour was a spectacular one at the 2013 Commercial Bank Qatar Masters where he eagled the final hole to win by a single shot. His second title came at the Lyoness Open powered by Greenfinity in 2015. The 28 year old won the Silver Medal at The Open Championship in 2008, when he finished tied for fifth. At 6ft 6in, he matches Robert Karlsson and Thomas Pieters as the tallest players on Tour. Q&A With Chris Wood | GolfNews.co.uk How Did They Qualify? The United States will have eight players determined by points, while the European Team will have nine – the first four coming from the European Points List and the next five from the World Points List. Europe has three Captain’s Picks, while the USA has four. Page 1 of 41 2 3 4 » Like many good ideas, The Ryder Cup Matches emanated from a casual conversation in a clubhouse bar after a successful day’s golf. The year was 1926, the clubhouse was Wentworth and the day’s golf was an unofficial match between the professionals of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. After the match, Samuel Ryder, a prosperous seed merchant from St Albans and avid follower of the game, casually remarked: “We must do this again.” This was seized upon by, among others, George Duncan, a leading professional of the day, and when Ryder was prevailed upon to present a trophy, so the Ryder Cup was born. The first encounter took place in 1927 and now, over 80 years later, the match stands at the pinnacle of the game as an example of keenly contested rivalry, tempered by sportsmanship and friendliness. Over the years, many changes have taken place to the original format of four foursomes and eight singles, each over 36 holes, but after an initial sharing of victories over the first four matches, it was the Americans who asserted dominance. From 1935 to 1955 (no matches were staged during the war), the Americans were untroubled. In 1957, Dai Rees and his men turned the tables at Lindrick but thereafter it was much the same mixture as before with the more the match was expanded, the greater the American winning margin. Following the 22nd match in 1977, it was decided to incorporate players from Continental Europe and this heralded a shift in the balance of power. After a touch and go encounter in 1983, the Europeans recorded a famous victory in 1985 at The Belfry, then won for the first time on American soil in 1987 and retained the trophy after a tie in 1989. Fortunes swung to the Americans in 1991 and 1993 but back to the Europeans in 1995 and 1997. The Americans won at home in 1999 by the narrowest of margins but Europe regained the trophy at The Belfry in 2002. With Bernhard Langer guiding Europe to another victory at Oakland Hills in 2004 (a fourth win in five) which became five in six when the Americans were again swept aside at Ireland’s K Club and Ian Woosnam became another triumphant European captain. In 2008, however, the tide turned and the USA, under the proud captaincy of Paul Azinger, claimed back the trophy in a very exciting three days at Valhalla Golf Club, Louisville, Kentucky. The 2010 Matches took place at the Celtic Manor Resort in Newport, Wales. Whilst it might have been the country’s first time at hosting the event, the Matches did not disappoint in drama and stature. European Captain, Colin Montgomerie, and his team fought the United States’ Corey Pavin and team through sever weather conditions that brought on a Monday finish that culminated in Graeme McDowell defeating Hunter Mahan 3 & 1 to regain the Cup for Europe. 2012 saw the Matches move back to American soil and Medinah Country Club in Chicgo, Illinois, and played host to perhaps the greatest comeback seen in sporting history. Europe trailed the USA with 6 points to their 10 at the beginning of the final day, maening Europe needed 8.5 points from a potential 12. In the spirit of the late, great European player, Seve Ballesteros, the European players battled throughout the day until it was left to Germany’s Martin Kaymer who holed a five-foot putt on the 18th hole to defeat Steve Stricker and retain the trophy. Tiger Woods and Francesco Molinari were the only other group out and after a missed putt on 18 from Woods and a concession to Molinari, their match was halved giving Europe the half they needed to secure an outright win of the Ryder Cup. The 40th Ryder Cup matches were held 26–28 September 2014 in Scotland on the PGA Centenary Course at the Gleneagles Hotel near Auchterarder in Perthshire. The team captains in 2014 were Paul McGinley for Europe and Tom Watson for the USA. Europe won the 2014 competition to retain the Ryder Cup, defeating the USA by 16 1⁄2 points to 11 1⁄2, for their third consecutive win. USEFUL LINKS

i don't know

Which country does the airline Avensa come from?

Russia Send me a copy Subject: Email addresses provided here will be used solely to email the link indicated. They will not be saved, shared, or used again in any manner whatsoever. The CAPTCHA code you entered is not valid, please reenter the CAPTCHA code Russia Last Updated: January 12, 2017 Embassy Messages Required six months beyond intended stay BLANK PASSPORT PAGES: $10,000 or more must be declared CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR EXIT: You may export up to $3,000 (or equivalent) without declaring it. Expand All Bolshoy Deviatinsky Pereulok No. 8 (Consular Section located at Novinskiy Bulvar 21) Moscow 121099, Russian Federation Telephone: +(7) (495) 728-5000 or +(7) (495) 728-5577 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (495) 728-5000 Fax: +(7) (495) 728-5084 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (912) 939-5794 Fax: +(7) (812) 331-2646 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (914) 791-0067 Fax: +(7) (4232) 300-091   Destination Description See the Department of State’s Fact Sheet on Russia for information on U.S. - Russia relations. Entry, Exit & Visa Requirements Russian authorities strictly enforce all visa and immigration laws. The  Embassy of the Russian Federation  website provides the most up to date information regarding visa regulations and requirements. In accordance with Russia’s  Entry-Exit Law , Russian authorities may deny entry or reentry into Russia for 5 years or more and cancel the visas of foreigners who have committed two “administrative” violations within the past three years. Activities that are not specifically covered by the traveler’s visa may result in an administrative violation and deportation. Under a bilateral agreement signed in 2012, qualified U.S. applicants for humanitarian, private, tourist, and business visas should request and receive multiple-entry visas with a validity of three years. Visas issued under the agreement permits stays in the territory of the Russian Federation for up to six consecutive months. (Please note that other types of visas are not part of the agreement and those visa holders should pay close attention to the terms of their visas.) You must exit Russia before  your visa expires. The maximum period of stay is shown on the visa. You must have a current U.S. passport with the appropriate visa. Russian visas in an expired or canceled passport are not valid. Foreigners entering Russia will be fingerprinted. You must obtain a valid visa for your specific purpose of travel before arriving in Russia, unless you are arriving as a cruise ship passenger (see below information for passengers of cruise ships and ferries). Do not attempt to enter Russia before the date shown on your visa. If you are staying in Russia for more than 7 days you must register your visa and migration card with the General Administration for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. For a foreigner to receive a Russian visa, there must be a Russian sponsoring organization or individual. You must list all areas in Russia that you intend to visit on your visa application. You will be arrested if you enter a restricted area, so it is vital that you include all destinations on your visa application. There is no centralized list or database of the restricted areas, so travelers should check with their sponsor, hotel, or the nearest office of the FMS before traveling to unfamiliar cities and towns. You must carry your passport with you at all times. Russian police have the authority to stop people and request identity and travel documents at any time. Migration cards must be carried at all times while in Russia. A “migration card” is the white paper document given by the border police on first entry to Russia. If you lose your migration card you should ask your sponsor to assist you in reporting it to FMS and request a replacement. Do not enter before the date shown on your visa, and do not remain in Russia beyond the date your visa expires. Violations of even an hour have led to penalties. Transit visas: We recommend that all passengers transiting through Russia obtain a Russian transit visa. With the exceptions noted below, travelers will not require a transit visa if they are transiting through an international airport in Russia, do not leave the Customs zone, and depart from the same airport within 24 hours. Please note the following exceptions. Travelers should note that Sheremetyevo Airport terminals D, E, and F include transit zones and do not require transit visas.  If however, a passenger arrives at D, E, or F but departs from Sheremetyevo terminal C, a transit visa is required. Sheremetyevo terminal C is located six kilometers away from the other terminals. Travelers must have a Russian transit visa if they plan to transit through Russia by land en route to a third country or if they transfer to another airport. Travelers must possess a Russian transit visa in addition to a Belarusian visa if their travel route either to or from Belarus goes through Russia. Anyone entering Russia who has claim to Russian citizen, regardless of any other citizenship held, is fully accountable to the Russian authorities for all obligations of a citizen, including the required military service. U.S.-Russian dual nationals and Russian citizens who are Legal Permanent residents of the United States must register their dual nationality/foreign residency. Registration forms and further information (in Russian only) can be found on the website of the  General Administration for Migration Issues of the Interior Ministry of Russia. U.S.-Russian dual nationals must both enter and exit on a Russian passport. You will not be permitted to depart on an expired passport. Applying for a passport can take several months.  U.S.-Russian dual nationals who return to Russia on a “Repatriation Certificate” are only permitted to enter Russia and will not be permitted to depart Russia until they obtain a valid Russian passport. Students and English teachers should be certain that their activities are in strict keeping with their visa type. Students must not teach or coach English, whether compensated or not, while traveling on a student visa as it is considered a visa violation and may subject you to detention and deportation.  Minors who also have Russian citizenship and are traveling alone or in the company of adults who are not their parents, must carry a Russian passport as well as their parents’ notarized consent for the trip, which can be obtained at  a Russian embassy or consulate, or a U.S. notary public. A consent  obtained in the United States from a U.S. notary public must be apostilled, translated into Russian, and properly affixed. Authorities will prevent such minors from entering or leaving Russia if they cannot present this consent. Passengers of Cruise Ships and Ferries at St. Petersburg and Vladivostok are permitted to stay in Russia for 72 hours without a visa when accompanied by a tour operator licensed by Russian authorities. Ferry schedules may not permit visitors to stay more than two nights without exceeding the 72 hour limit. If you plan to sightsee on your own you must have a tourist visa. A visa is also required if you plan to depart Russia by another mode of transportation. Riverboat cruise passengers must have a visa and must follow the general guidelines for entry/exit requirements. U.S. citizens entering Russia as cruise passengers should be aware that a number of active duty and retired U.S. military members have experienced targeted harassment by the Russian authorities. Crimea: Follow the guidance in the Travel Warning for Ukraine and do not travel to the Crimean Peninsula.  Documentary Requirements: Consult with the  Embassy of the Russian Federation  or  Consulates General  for detailed explanations of documentary requirements.  The following are only a sampling of examples. Tourist Visas: Visa application form, hotel reservation confirmation, contract for provision of tourist services with a tourist organization registered with the Russian Federal Tourism Agency. Business and Humanitarian Visas: Visa application form and written statement from the host organization in Russian, including the following information: Organization's full name, official address, and contact information Full name of the person signing the written statement If the organization is established in the territory of the Russian Federation, the organization's individual taxpayer number Visa applicant's name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, number of entries sought, purpose of travel, requested period of entry, location of intended residence in Russia, and cities to be visited.   Private Visas: Visa application form and written statement from the hosting individual notarized by a Russian notary, including the following information: Hosting individual's full name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, address of registration, and individual's actual residence Visa applicant's name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, number of entries sought, purpose of travel, requested period of entry, location of intended residence in Russia, and cities to be visited. The Russian Embassy or Consulate receiving the visa application may ask for additional documentation, including: Bank statement from the applicant Statement from the applicant's employer regarding the applicant's salary for the preceding year, half year, or month Medical insurance valid in Russia and fully covering the period of the first trip Documents regarding the applicant's ownership of property in the United States Certificates verifying family membership (i.e., marriage certificate and children's birth certificates). HIV/AIDS Entry Restrictions: Some HIV/AIDS entry restrictions exist for visitors to and foreign residents of Russia. Applicants for longer-term tourist and work visas or residence permits are required to undergo an HIV/AIDS test. The Russian government may also ask these applicants to undergo tests for tuberculosis and leprosy. Travelers who believe they may be subject to these requirements should verify this information with the  Embassy of the Russian Federation. Find information on  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction and customs regulations on our websites. Safety and Security Terrorism: Persons visiting or living in Russia remain potentially vulnerable to attacks by transnational and local terrorist organizations.  In the last decade, Moscow and St. Petersburg have been the targets of terrorist attacks. Bombings have occurred at Russian government buildings, airports, hotels, tourist sites, markets, entertainment venues, schools, residential complexes, and on public transportation (subways, buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights).  Bomb threats against public venues are common. If you are at a location that receives a bomb threat, follow all instructions from the local police and security services.  North Caucasus Region: Civil and political unrest continues throughout the North Caucasus region including Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya, and Kabardino-Balkariya. Local criminal gangs have kidnapped foreigners, including U.S. citizens, for ransom. Do not travel to Chechnya or any other areas in the North Caucasus region. If you reside in these areas depart immediately. U.S. government travel to the region is prohibited, due to ongoing security concerns. U.S. Government has no ability to assist U.S. citizens in the North Caucasus Region. Mt. Elbrus: Do not attempt to climb Mt. Elbrus, as individuals must pass close to volatile and insecure areas of the North Caucasus region. Crimea: See traveling safely abroad for useful travel tips. Local Laws & Special Circumstances Arrest Notification: If you are detained, ask the police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy or Consulate immediately. Your U.S. passport does not protect you from arrest or prosecution. See our webpage for further information. Criminal Penalties: You are subject to all Russian laws. If you violate these laws, even unknowingly, you may be arrested, fined, imprisoned, or expelled and may be banned from re-entering Russia.  Some crimes committed outside the United States are prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website. You can be arrested, detained, fined, deported and banned for 5 years or more if you are found to have violated Russian immigration law.  Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Russia are severe.  Convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. You can be detained for not carrying your passport with you. You can be jailed immediately for driving under the influence of alcohol. It is illegal to pay for goods and services in U.S. dollars, except at authorized retail establishments. You can be arrested for attempting to leave the country with antiques, even if they were legally purchased from licensed vendors. Cultural value items like artwork, icons, samovars, rugs, military medals and antiques, must have certificates indicating they do not have historical or cultural value. You may obtain certificates from the  Russian Ministry of Culture .  For further information, please contact the  Russian Customs Committee . Retain all receipts for high-value items, including caviar. You must have advance approval to bring in satellite telephones.  Global Positioning System (GPS) and other radio electronic devices, and their use, are subject to special rules and regulations in Russia. Contact the Russian Customs Service for required permissions. Faith-Based Travelers: Russian authorities have detained, fined, and in some cases deported travelers for engaging in religious activities. Russian officials have stated that Russia recognizes four “historic” religions: Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. The Russian government places restrictions on so-called “missionary activity” and defines it broadly – travelers engaging in certain types of religious work may risk harassment, detention, fines, or deportation for administrative violations if they do not have proper authorization from a registered religious group.  The Russian government has detained U.S. citizens for religious activities that they contend are not permitted under a tourist visa.  Even speaking at a religious service, traditional or non-traditional, has resulted in immigration violations. See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report . LGBTI Travelers: Russian law bans providing "the propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations" to minors.  Foreign citizens face similar fines, up to 15 days in jail, and deportation. The law is vague as to what Russia considers propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread in Russia. Acts of violence and harassment targeting LGBTI individuals occur. Government officials have made derogatory comments about LGBT persons. Violence against the LGBTI community has increased sharply since the law banning propaganda was passed, including entrapment and torture of young gay men by neo-Nazi gangs and the murder of multiple individuals due to their sexual orientation. Students: See our Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips . Women Travelers: See our travel tips for Women Travelers . Health Medical care in most areas of Russia is below Western standards. The Russian authorities have cut hospital bed numbers resulting in increased deaths. The healthcare system budget will be cut 33 % in 2017. Moscow and St. Petersburg facilities may have higher standards but do not accept all cases and require cash or credit card payment at Western rates. Payment is expected at the time of service. The Embassy does not pay the medical bills of private U.S. citizens. U.S. Medicare does not provide coverage outside the United States.  Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .  Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems are at risk. Disposable IV supplies, syringes, and needles are standard practice in urban area hospitals. If you plan to travel in remote areas, bring a supply of sterile, disposable syringes and corresponding IV supplies. Do not visit tattoo parlors or piercing services due to the risk of HIV and hepatitis infection. Due to uncertainties in local blood supply, non-essential and elective surgeries are not recommended. Prescription Medication: Russia prohibits some prescription and over the counter drugs that are legal and commonly used in the United States. Carry a copy of the valid U.S. prescription, including a notarized translation into Russian, when entering Russia with prescription medications.  Prescription medication should be in its original packaging. Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travel & Transportation Road Conditions and Safety: Road conditions and driver safety customs differ significantly from those in the United States. In some areas of Russia roads are practically nonexistent or have poor or nonexistent shoulders. Many roads are one-way or do not permit left turns. Exercise caution near traffic. Drivers frequently fail to yield to pedestrians. Vehicles regularly drive and park on sidewalks or pedestrian walkways. Do not drive outside the major cities at night. Livestock crossing roadways is common in rural areas. Construction sites and road hazards are often unmarked.  Food, hotel, and auto service facilities are rare along roadways. Do not drive alone at night or sleep in your vehicle on the side of the road. Do not pick up hitchhikers. You may be assaulted or arrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics. Public Transportation:

Venezuela

What was the USA's biggest attack of the Vietnam War when it took place in February 1967?

Russia Send me a copy Subject: Email addresses provided here will be used solely to email the link indicated. They will not be saved, shared, or used again in any manner whatsoever. The CAPTCHA code you entered is not valid, please reenter the CAPTCHA code Russia Last Updated: January 12, 2017 Embassy Messages Required six months beyond intended stay BLANK PASSPORT PAGES: $10,000 or more must be declared CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR EXIT: You may export up to $3,000 (or equivalent) without declaring it. Expand All Bolshoy Deviatinsky Pereulok No. 8 (Consular Section located at Novinskiy Bulvar 21) Moscow 121099, Russian Federation Telephone: +(7) (495) 728-5000 or +(7) (495) 728-5577 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (495) 728-5000 Fax: +(7) (495) 728-5084 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (912) 939-5794 Fax: +(7) (812) 331-2646 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(7) (914) 791-0067 Fax: +(7) (4232) 300-091   Destination Description See the Department of State’s Fact Sheet on Russia for information on U.S. - Russia relations. Entry, Exit & Visa Requirements Russian authorities strictly enforce all visa and immigration laws. The  Embassy of the Russian Federation  website provides the most up to date information regarding visa regulations and requirements. In accordance with Russia’s  Entry-Exit Law , Russian authorities may deny entry or reentry into Russia for 5 years or more and cancel the visas of foreigners who have committed two “administrative” violations within the past three years. Activities that are not specifically covered by the traveler’s visa may result in an administrative violation and deportation. Under a bilateral agreement signed in 2012, qualified U.S. applicants for humanitarian, private, tourist, and business visas should request and receive multiple-entry visas with a validity of three years. Visas issued under the agreement permits stays in the territory of the Russian Federation for up to six consecutive months. (Please note that other types of visas are not part of the agreement and those visa holders should pay close attention to the terms of their visas.) You must exit Russia before  your visa expires. The maximum period of stay is shown on the visa. You must have a current U.S. passport with the appropriate visa. Russian visas in an expired or canceled passport are not valid. Foreigners entering Russia will be fingerprinted. You must obtain a valid visa for your specific purpose of travel before arriving in Russia, unless you are arriving as a cruise ship passenger (see below information for passengers of cruise ships and ferries). Do not attempt to enter Russia before the date shown on your visa. If you are staying in Russia for more than 7 days you must register your visa and migration card with the General Administration for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. For a foreigner to receive a Russian visa, there must be a Russian sponsoring organization or individual. You must list all areas in Russia that you intend to visit on your visa application. You will be arrested if you enter a restricted area, so it is vital that you include all destinations on your visa application. There is no centralized list or database of the restricted areas, so travelers should check with their sponsor, hotel, or the nearest office of the FMS before traveling to unfamiliar cities and towns. You must carry your passport with you at all times. Russian police have the authority to stop people and request identity and travel documents at any time. Migration cards must be carried at all times while in Russia. A “migration card” is the white paper document given by the border police on first entry to Russia. If you lose your migration card you should ask your sponsor to assist you in reporting it to FMS and request a replacement. Do not enter before the date shown on your visa, and do not remain in Russia beyond the date your visa expires. Violations of even an hour have led to penalties. Transit visas: We recommend that all passengers transiting through Russia obtain a Russian transit visa. With the exceptions noted below, travelers will not require a transit visa if they are transiting through an international airport in Russia, do not leave the Customs zone, and depart from the same airport within 24 hours. Please note the following exceptions. Travelers should note that Sheremetyevo Airport terminals D, E, and F include transit zones and do not require transit visas.  If however, a passenger arrives at D, E, or F but departs from Sheremetyevo terminal C, a transit visa is required. Sheremetyevo terminal C is located six kilometers away from the other terminals. Travelers must have a Russian transit visa if they plan to transit through Russia by land en route to a third country or if they transfer to another airport. Travelers must possess a Russian transit visa in addition to a Belarusian visa if their travel route either to or from Belarus goes through Russia. Anyone entering Russia who has claim to Russian citizen, regardless of any other citizenship held, is fully accountable to the Russian authorities for all obligations of a citizen, including the required military service. U.S.-Russian dual nationals and Russian citizens who are Legal Permanent residents of the United States must register their dual nationality/foreign residency. Registration forms and further information (in Russian only) can be found on the website of the  General Administration for Migration Issues of the Interior Ministry of Russia. U.S.-Russian dual nationals must both enter and exit on a Russian passport. You will not be permitted to depart on an expired passport. Applying for a passport can take several months.  U.S.-Russian dual nationals who return to Russia on a “Repatriation Certificate” are only permitted to enter Russia and will not be permitted to depart Russia until they obtain a valid Russian passport. Students and English teachers should be certain that their activities are in strict keeping with their visa type. Students must not teach or coach English, whether compensated or not, while traveling on a student visa as it is considered a visa violation and may subject you to detention and deportation.  Minors who also have Russian citizenship and are traveling alone or in the company of adults who are not their parents, must carry a Russian passport as well as their parents’ notarized consent for the trip, which can be obtained at  a Russian embassy or consulate, or a U.S. notary public. A consent  obtained in the United States from a U.S. notary public must be apostilled, translated into Russian, and properly affixed. Authorities will prevent such minors from entering or leaving Russia if they cannot present this consent. Passengers of Cruise Ships and Ferries at St. Petersburg and Vladivostok are permitted to stay in Russia for 72 hours without a visa when accompanied by a tour operator licensed by Russian authorities. Ferry schedules may not permit visitors to stay more than two nights without exceeding the 72 hour limit. If you plan to sightsee on your own you must have a tourist visa. A visa is also required if you plan to depart Russia by another mode of transportation. Riverboat cruise passengers must have a visa and must follow the general guidelines for entry/exit requirements. U.S. citizens entering Russia as cruise passengers should be aware that a number of active duty and retired U.S. military members have experienced targeted harassment by the Russian authorities. Crimea: Follow the guidance in the Travel Warning for Ukraine and do not travel to the Crimean Peninsula.  Documentary Requirements: Consult with the  Embassy of the Russian Federation  or  Consulates General  for detailed explanations of documentary requirements.  The following are only a sampling of examples. Tourist Visas: Visa application form, hotel reservation confirmation, contract for provision of tourist services with a tourist organization registered with the Russian Federal Tourism Agency. Business and Humanitarian Visas: Visa application form and written statement from the host organization in Russian, including the following information: Organization's full name, official address, and contact information Full name of the person signing the written statement If the organization is established in the territory of the Russian Federation, the organization's individual taxpayer number Visa applicant's name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, number of entries sought, purpose of travel, requested period of entry, location of intended residence in Russia, and cities to be visited.   Private Visas: Visa application form and written statement from the hosting individual notarized by a Russian notary, including the following information: Hosting individual's full name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, address of registration, and individual's actual residence Visa applicant's name, date of birth, citizenship, gender, passport number, number of entries sought, purpose of travel, requested period of entry, location of intended residence in Russia, and cities to be visited. The Russian Embassy or Consulate receiving the visa application may ask for additional documentation, including: Bank statement from the applicant Statement from the applicant's employer regarding the applicant's salary for the preceding year, half year, or month Medical insurance valid in Russia and fully covering the period of the first trip Documents regarding the applicant's ownership of property in the United States Certificates verifying family membership (i.e., marriage certificate and children's birth certificates). HIV/AIDS Entry Restrictions: Some HIV/AIDS entry restrictions exist for visitors to and foreign residents of Russia. Applicants for longer-term tourist and work visas or residence permits are required to undergo an HIV/AIDS test. The Russian government may also ask these applicants to undergo tests for tuberculosis and leprosy. Travelers who believe they may be subject to these requirements should verify this information with the  Embassy of the Russian Federation. Find information on  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction and customs regulations on our websites. Safety and Security Terrorism: Persons visiting or living in Russia remain potentially vulnerable to attacks by transnational and local terrorist organizations.  In the last decade, Moscow and St. Petersburg have been the targets of terrorist attacks. Bombings have occurred at Russian government buildings, airports, hotels, tourist sites, markets, entertainment venues, schools, residential complexes, and on public transportation (subways, buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights).  Bomb threats against public venues are common. If you are at a location that receives a bomb threat, follow all instructions from the local police and security services.  North Caucasus Region: Civil and political unrest continues throughout the North Caucasus region including Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya, and Kabardino-Balkariya. Local criminal gangs have kidnapped foreigners, including U.S. citizens, for ransom. Do not travel to Chechnya or any other areas in the North Caucasus region. If you reside in these areas depart immediately. U.S. government travel to the region is prohibited, due to ongoing security concerns. U.S. Government has no ability to assist U.S. citizens in the North Caucasus Region. Mt. Elbrus: Do not attempt to climb Mt. Elbrus, as individuals must pass close to volatile and insecure areas of the North Caucasus region. Crimea: See traveling safely abroad for useful travel tips. Local Laws & Special Circumstances Arrest Notification: If you are detained, ask the police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy or Consulate immediately. Your U.S. passport does not protect you from arrest or prosecution. See our webpage for further information. Criminal Penalties: You are subject to all Russian laws. If you violate these laws, even unknowingly, you may be arrested, fined, imprisoned, or expelled and may be banned from re-entering Russia.  Some crimes committed outside the United States are prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website. You can be arrested, detained, fined, deported and banned for 5 years or more if you are found to have violated Russian immigration law.  Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Russia are severe.  Convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. You can be detained for not carrying your passport with you. You can be jailed immediately for driving under the influence of alcohol. It is illegal to pay for goods and services in U.S. dollars, except at authorized retail establishments. You can be arrested for attempting to leave the country with antiques, even if they were legally purchased from licensed vendors. Cultural value items like artwork, icons, samovars, rugs, military medals and antiques, must have certificates indicating they do not have historical or cultural value. You may obtain certificates from the  Russian Ministry of Culture .  For further information, please contact the  Russian Customs Committee . Retain all receipts for high-value items, including caviar. You must have advance approval to bring in satellite telephones.  Global Positioning System (GPS) and other radio electronic devices, and their use, are subject to special rules and regulations in Russia. Contact the Russian Customs Service for required permissions. Faith-Based Travelers: Russian authorities have detained, fined, and in some cases deported travelers for engaging in religious activities. Russian officials have stated that Russia recognizes four “historic” religions: Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. The Russian government places restrictions on so-called “missionary activity” and defines it broadly – travelers engaging in certain types of religious work may risk harassment, detention, fines, or deportation for administrative violations if they do not have proper authorization from a registered religious group.  The Russian government has detained U.S. citizens for religious activities that they contend are not permitted under a tourist visa.  Even speaking at a religious service, traditional or non-traditional, has resulted in immigration violations. See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report . LGBTI Travelers: Russian law bans providing "the propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations" to minors.  Foreign citizens face similar fines, up to 15 days in jail, and deportation. The law is vague as to what Russia considers propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread in Russia. Acts of violence and harassment targeting LGBTI individuals occur. Government officials have made derogatory comments about LGBT persons. Violence against the LGBTI community has increased sharply since the law banning propaganda was passed, including entrapment and torture of young gay men by neo-Nazi gangs and the murder of multiple individuals due to their sexual orientation. Students: See our Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips . Women Travelers: See our travel tips for Women Travelers . Health Medical care in most areas of Russia is below Western standards. The Russian authorities have cut hospital bed numbers resulting in increased deaths. The healthcare system budget will be cut 33 % in 2017. Moscow and St. Petersburg facilities may have higher standards but do not accept all cases and require cash or credit card payment at Western rates. Payment is expected at the time of service. The Embassy does not pay the medical bills of private U.S. citizens. U.S. Medicare does not provide coverage outside the United States.  Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .  Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems are at risk. Disposable IV supplies, syringes, and needles are standard practice in urban area hospitals. If you plan to travel in remote areas, bring a supply of sterile, disposable syringes and corresponding IV supplies. Do not visit tattoo parlors or piercing services due to the risk of HIV and hepatitis infection. Due to uncertainties in local blood supply, non-essential and elective surgeries are not recommended. Prescription Medication: Russia prohibits some prescription and over the counter drugs that are legal and commonly used in the United States. Carry a copy of the valid U.S. prescription, including a notarized translation into Russian, when entering Russia with prescription medications.  Prescription medication should be in its original packaging. Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travel & Transportation Road Conditions and Safety: Road conditions and driver safety customs differ significantly from those in the United States. In some areas of Russia roads are practically nonexistent or have poor or nonexistent shoulders. Many roads are one-way or do not permit left turns. Exercise caution near traffic. Drivers frequently fail to yield to pedestrians. Vehicles regularly drive and park on sidewalks or pedestrian walkways. Do not drive outside the major cities at night. Livestock crossing roadways is common in rural areas. Construction sites and road hazards are often unmarked.  Food, hotel, and auto service facilities are rare along roadways. Do not drive alone at night or sleep in your vehicle on the side of the road. Do not pick up hitchhikers. You may be assaulted or arrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics. Public Transportation:

i don't know

What was Michael Keaton's first movie?

Michael Keaton - IMDb IMDb Actor | Soundtrack | Producer Quirky, inventive and handsome US actor, Michael Keaton first achieved major fame with his door busting performance as fast talking, ideas man "Bill Blazejowski" alongside nerdish morgue attendant Henry Winkler in Night Shift (1982). Keaton was born Michael John Douglas on September 5, 1951 in Coraopolis, Pennsylvannia, to Leona Elizabeth (Loftus),... See full bio » Born: a list of 47 people created 24 May 2011 a list of 49 people created 15 May 2012 a list of 25 people created 16 Apr 2013 a list of 46 people created 12 Aug 2014 a list of 36 people created 04 Apr 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Michael Keaton's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 64 wins & 37 nominations. See more awards  » Known For Batman Returns Batman / Bruce Wayne (1992)  2015 Binky Nelson Unpacified (Video short) Walter Nelson (voice)  2011 30 Rock (TV Series) Tom  2002 Live from Baghdad (TV Movie) Robert Wiener  2001 The Simpsons (TV Series) Jack Crowley  1977 Klein Time (TV Movie) Various  1975 Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (TV Series) Volunteer - 1435 (1975) ... Volunteer (as Michael Douglas) Hide  Soundtrack (3 credits)  2016 The Founder (performer: "Pennies from Heaven")  1998 Jack Frost (performer: "Frosty the Snowman", "Don't Lose Your Faith") / (writer: "Don't Lose Your Faith")  1983 Mr. Mom (performer: "Oh, Susanna!" - uncredited) Hide   1999 Body Shots (executive producer) Hide   1999 Making Life Beautiful (TV Short documentary) (thanks) Hide   1989-2017 Good Morning America (TV Series) Himself - Guest  1987-2017 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself / Himself - Birdman  2016 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee Himself - Presenter: Actress-Motion Picture Comedy or Musical  2015-2016 Extra (TV Series)  2015 Inside Comedy (TV Series) Himself  1982-2015 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) Himself - Host / Various / Norman / ... - Michael Keaton/Carly Rae Jepsen (2015) ... Himself - Host / Norman / Mr. Wallace / ... - Michael Keaton/Morrissey (1992) ... Himself - Host / Eddie / David Green / ...  2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself  2015 The Insider (TV Series) Himself  2014 Hollywood Sessions (TV Series) Himself  2014 People Magazine Awards (TV Special) Himself  2014 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest  2014 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Himself - Guest  2014 Hollywood Film Awards (TV Special) Himself  2014 IMDb: What to Watch (TV Series documentary) Himself  2014 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself  2014 In Character With... (TV Series) Himself  2010-2014 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest  2011 Pixar: 25 Magic Moments (TV Movie documentary) Himself  2010 Buccaneers and Bones (TV Series) Himself  2010 This Morning (TV Series) Himself - Guest  2008 Festival Updates (TV Series) Himself (2008)  2006 The Road to Cars (TV Movie documentary) Himself  2006 Making 'Game 6' (Video short) Himself  2005 Corazón de... (TV Series) Himself - Episode #2.200 (1993) ... Himself - Guest  2004 Biography (TV Series documentary) Himself  2004 Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Host  2001 America: A Tribute to Heroes (TV Special documentary) Himself  1999 Making Life Beautiful (TV Short documentary) Himself  1998-1999 Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary) Himself  1999 Saturday Night Live 25 (TV Special documentary) Himself - Audience Member (uncredited)  1999 Mundo VIP (TV Series) Himself  1999 The Directors (TV Series documentary) Himself  1998 Dennis Miller Live (TV Series) Himself - Guest  1996-1998 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest  1997 1997 MTV Movie Awards (TV Special documentary) Himself  1997 Frank Capra's American Dream (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Interviewee  1991 Showbiz Today (TV Series) Himself  1989 Premiere: Inside the Summer Blockbusters (TV Movie documentary) Himself  1986/I Comic Relief (TV Special) Himself  1984 The 56th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special documentary) Himself - Co-Presenter: Best Sound Mixing  1975 Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (TV Series) Himself  2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself  2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself  2014-2015 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself / Himself - Birdman  2014 The Greatest 80s Movies (TV Movie documentary) Himself (1988)  2014 Missing Reel (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself  2005 Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight - Dark Side of the Knight (Video documentary short) Himself  2005 Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight - The Gathering Storm (Video documentary short) Himself  2005 Cinema mil (TV Series) Himself  2005 Batman Returns Heroes: Batman (Video documentary short) Himself  2005 Batman Returns Villains: The Penguin (Video documentary short) Himself  1998 Dennis Miller Live (TV Series) Himself  1996 Classic Stand-Up Comedy of Television (TV Special documentary) Himself TV commercial for The History Channel (2001) See more » Publicity Listings: 12 Interviews | 8 Articles | 5 Pictorials | 17 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Official Sites: Did You Know? Personal Quote: [2011, on Clean and Sober (1988)] The subject matter was so difficult, but oddly everyone really had fun on the shoot. One great thing about being an actor, too, is that if you have a pulse you learn something. That's one of the great joys and bonuses of it. You're forced to ask certain questions. See more » Trivia: Has appeared with Geena Davis in Beetlejuice (1988) and Speechless (1994), and had he accepted the lead role in The Fly (1986), this would be their third film (and the first they would be making together). See more » Nickname:

Night Shift

What is Uma Thurman's middle name?

Michael Keaton Biography | Fandango Michael Keaton Biography Sep 5, 1951 Birth Place: Coraopolis, PA Biography Equally adept at sober drama and over-the-top comedy, Michael Keaton has a knack for giving ordinary guys an unexpected twist. This trait ultimately made him an ideal casting choice for Tim Burton 's 1989 Batman , and it has allowed him to play characters ranging from Mr. Mom's discontented stay-at-home dad to Pacific Heights's raging psychopath. The youngest of seven children, Keaton was born Michael Douglas on September 5th, 1951 in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania on September 9, 1951. After two years of studying speech at Kent State University, he dropped out and moved to Pittsburgh. While working a number of odd jobs--including a stint as an ice cream truck driver--Keaton attempted to build a career as a stand-up comedian, which proved less than successful. He ended up working as a cameraman for the Pittsburgh PBS station, a job that led him to realize he wanted to be in front of the camera, rather than behind it. Following this realization, Keaton duly moved out to Los Angeles, where he joined the L.A. Branch of Second City and began auditioning. When he started getting work he changed his last name to avoid being confused with the better-known actor of the same name, taking the name "Keaton" after seeing a newspaper article about Diane Keaton . He began acting on and writing for a number of television series, and he got his first big break co-starring with old friend Jim Belushi on the sitcom Working Stiffs (1979). Three years later, he made an auspicious film debut as the relentlessly cheerful owner of a morgue/brothel in Night Shift. The raves he won for his performance carried over to his work the following year in Mr. Mom, and it appeared as though Keaton was on a winning streak. Unfortunately, a series of such mediocre films as Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Gung Ho (1985) followed, and by the time Tim Burton cast him as the titular Beetlejuice in 1988, Keaton's career seemed to have betrayed its early promise. Beetlejuice proved Keaton's comeback: one of the year's most popular films, it allowed him to do some of his best work in years as the ghoulish, revolting title character. His all-out comic performance contrasted with his work in that same year's Clean and Sober , in which he played a recovering drug addict. The combined impact of these performances put Keaton back in the Hollywood spotlight, a position solidified in 1989 when he starred in Burton's Batman . Initially thought to be a risky casting choice for the title role, Keaton was ultimately embraced by audiences and critics alike, many of whom felt that his slightly skewed everyman appearance and capacity for dark humor made him perfect for the part. He reprised the role with similar success for the film's 1992 sequel, Batman Returns . Despite the acclaim and commercial profit surrounding Keaton's work in the Batman films, many of his subsequent films during the 1990s proved to be disappointments. My Life (1993), Speechless (1994), and The Paper (1994) were relative failures, despite star casting and name directors, while Multiplicity, a 1996 comedy featuring no less than four clones of the actor, further demonstrated that his name alone couldn't sell a movie. Some of Keaton's most successful work of the 1990s could be found in his roles in two Elmore Leonard adaptations, Quentin Tarantino 's Jackie Brown (1997) and Steven Soderbergh 's Out of Sight (1998). An ATF agent in the former and Jennifer Lopez 's morally questionable boyfriend in the latter, he turned in solid performances as part of a strong ensemble cast in both critically acclaimed films. In 1999, Keaton went back to his behind-the-camera roots, serving as the executive producer for Body Shots. Keaton continued to act throughout the early 2000s, and starred in Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005) alongside Lindsay Lohan. the actor took on another vehicle-oriented role when he agreed to voice the character of Chris Hicks in Pixar's Cars (2006). In 2010, Keaton voiced the Ken doll in Toy Story 3. Keaton enjoyed an unexpected career renaissance in 2014 playing the lead in Birdman, an older actor trying to stage a comeback by putting on a Broadway production. His work in the film was widely praised, and he earned his first Academy Award nomination when he was given a nod in the Best Actor category. — Rebecca Flint Marx, Rovi

i don't know

Which liner launched in 1934 was the largest of her time?

What do you do with an old ocean liner? - BBC News BBC News What do you do with an old ocean liner? By Duncan Smith BBC News 13 March 2015 Close share panel Image copyright SS United States Conservancy Image caption The SS United States still waits to be restored in Philadelphia after being withdrawn from transatlantic service in 1969 The latest P&O "superliner" Britannia has been officially named by the Queen but what happens after cruise liners are past their sell-by date? In their heyday ocean liners were the most advanced and luxurious forms of transport. The largest moving objects ever created by humans, they elegantly carried everyone from immigrants to politicians and film stars. But like all good things, their lifespan must come to and end. For many, the future is bleak - the scrap yard and the possibility of ending up as razor blades beckons. A select few, though, have escaped the scrap yard's blow torch. The rusting hulk Image copyright SS United States Conservancy Image caption Rust in peace: The SS United States has spent more years laid up than she did in service SS United States - flagship of the United States Line - won the Blue Riband for the fastest transatlantic crossing on her maiden voyage in 1952 - a record the ship holds to this day. However, like her rival Cunard ships - the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth - she could not compete with the fast and cheap commercial jet aircraft that soared overhead. After just 17 years at sea, she was withdrawn from service in 1969. Sold in 1978, she went through a succession of owners and is now a gently rusting hulk, moored at a pier in Philadelphia, her former glories almost forgotten. But there is hope the ship's future could still be bright. As of 2010 the ship has been owned by the non-profit SS United States Conservancy , which aims to restore her and convert her into a museum and retail/office development. Susan Gibbs, its executive director, is the granddaughter of William Francis Gibbs, the naval architect who designed the ship. "Despite the peeling paint and forlorn appearance, the ship is structurally very sound," she said. Image copyright SS United States Conservancy Image caption In her heyday the SS United States was the most technologically advanced ocean liner afloat The hotel Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The Queen Mary and her sister ship the Queen Elizabeth provided a twice weekly transatlantic service for Cunard between the 1940s and 1960s One of the world's most famous transatlantic liners, the RMS Queen Mary had a glittering career. She won the Blue Riband, counted Elizabeth Taylor, Bob Hope and Winston Churchill among her passengers and carried thousands of troops across the globe during World War Two. Some 200,000 spectators gathered at the John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank for the christening of "Hull 534", when the Queen Mary was launched in 1934. As well as the largest and fastest liner of her time, she was the last word in ocean-going luxury and Art Deco interior design. But times changed. In 1967, after 1,001 Atlantic crossings in 31 years, she was retired by operators Cunard. That was not the end of the line for the "grand old lady" of the seas though. The City of Long Beach, California, purchased the ship and converted her into a floating hotel and maritime museum in 1967. Image copyright Cunard Image caption The Queen Mary was sold to the City of Long Beach, California for $3,450,000 in 1967, and is pictured here with Cunard's RMS Queen Mary 2 The liner remains a popular attraction, a long way from the cold waters of the North Atlantic and even further from her beginnings at the John Brown Shipyard. In retirement she has provided the backdrop for many film and TV productions, including Assault on a Queen and Poseidon Adventure. The multi-purpose attraction Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The SS Rotterdam was the flagship of the Holland America Line and became known as "La Grande Dame" during her seagoing years The sleek design of the grey painted SS Rotterdam was ultra-modern when she entered service in 1959 and would go on to inspire the generation of cruise ships that followed. In the 1990s, under the ownership of Premier Cruises, the ship was renamed The Rembrandt. Her future looked bleak when Premier Cruises went bankrupt in 2000, however. After a long period of inactivity in the Bahamas, the Rembrandt escaped scrapping - the fate of so many of her generation of liners - when the City of Rotterdam granted the ship a permanent berth. Returning to her original name and undergoing an extensive restoration, she eased back into her old home port in 2010 to a heroine's welcome and began a new life as a museum, hotel , and training centre. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The SS Rotterdam was built in the city from which she took her name, and is now permanently moored there as a hotel, visitor attraction and college The liner in limbo Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The QE2 replaced the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth in 1968 and went on to serve as a troop-carrying ship in the Falklands War The beloved flagship of British merchant shipping, the Clyde-built Queen Elizabeth II was retired in 2008 after almost 40 years. Sold with the promise of a peaceful retirement after conversion into a luxury hotel in Dubai, the project appears still not to have begun seven years later. The QE2 replaced the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth on the North Atlantic route in 1969. The 293.5m (963ft) long Cunard flagship carried almost 2.5m passengers and completed more than 800 Atlantic crossings. She retired in 2008 and was sold for £50m to the United Arab Emirates real estate developer Nakheel, leaving Southampton for the last time on 11 November 2008. Image copyright QE2 LONDON Image caption Plans have been produced to moor the QE2 on the Thames in London Plans have stalled and a variety of alternative proposals have been floated, including mooring the ship permanently on the River Thames in London, where she would become a hotel and the capital's "new landmark" . John Chillingworth, managing director of London QE2, is confident the London plan is the most viable option for the liner. He explained that work is ongoing to get the ship back to the UK, as a 500-room floating hotel and entertainment venue that would provide a working example of "the last great British-built liner". "QE2 is unique and has a fantastic heritage that is linked to many British people and their families," he said. For the time being at least the QE2 languishes in obscurity in Dubai awaiting her fate. But as others have proved - there might still be life in the old liner yet. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Sailing into an uncertain future - the QE2 visited Australian waters for the last time in 2008 before being retired to become a floating hotel in Dubai The Great Liners RMS Queen Mary, Cunard Line 81,237 gross tonnes Built at John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank Launched on 26 September 1934 Speed of 28.5 knots

Queen Mary

What was the name of NASA's manned space project whose astronauts were chosen in 1959?

The BRITANNIC and the GEORGIC were the last liners built for the White Star Line and were merged with the Cunard Line in 1934. THE CUNARD WHITE STAR LINERS 'BRITANNIC ' AND 'GEORGIC'   The White Star liners BRITANNIC (1931) and GEORGIC (1932) became part of the Cunard White Star Line fleet after the merger of 1934.   An imaginary meeting of the BRITANNIC and the GEORGIC at Liverpool, painted by Captain Stephen J. Card   THE CUNARD - WHITE STAR MERGER OF 1934   The Cunard Line's great rival on the North Atlantic express passenger service, the White Star Line, reported trading losses in each year from 1930 to 1933, and by the end of 1933 the Company was bankrupt.   On 30th December 1933 the Directors of the Cunard Line and the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company (the White Star Line) met to put together details of a merger.   On 28th March 1934, Royal assent was given to the North Atlantic Shipping Bill by which Cunard - White Star was formed, and registered on 10th May. The was the Government's solution to two difficult problems. The Cunard Line required financial assistance to complete the QUEEN MARY and to build her consort, the QUEEN ELIZABETH, The White Star Line was in a similar situation with three ageing liners operating on the same route as the Cunard Line. It, too, would need cash to replace its fleet.   The solution was to provide finance to complete the two Cunard Queens, and to amalgamate the two companies. A capital of £10 million was agreed, with Cunard holiding 62%. There were ten directors, six from Cunard and four from White Star.   Only two of the White Star Line's passenger ships were suitable for further service with the Cunard Line. These were the relatively new motorships BRITANNIC and GEORGIC.   The BRITANNIC photographed in the Mersey in 1958   Built by Harland & Wolff at Belfast in 1930.   Yard No: 807 Official Number: 162316     Signal Letters:  G D X F Gross Tonnage: 27,666     Nett: 15,811     Length: 683.6 feet    Breadth: 82.4 feet Built for the the Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. (the White Star Line), and transferred to Cunard White Star in 1934. 2 oil engines  Speed: 18 knots   The BRITANNIC alongside her berth in Liverpool Docks   In April 1928, the White Star Line ordered a new passenger liner from Harland & Wolff at Belfast. The new ship would be the first motorship in the fleet, the largest motorship under the British flag, and the second largest such ship in the world, only exceeded by the Italian liner AUGUSTUS.   The new ship was named BRITANNIC and was designed for cabin and tourist-class servicce on the Liverpool - New York run in the summer months, plus extensive winter cruising. As was usual for the White Star Line, the order went to Harland & Wolff at Belfast. The loss of the CELTIC on rocks at Roches Point, at the entrance to Cobh harbour, in December 1928 caused the building of the BRITANNIC to be speeded up.   The launch of the BRITANNIC from Harland & Wolffs's Belfast yard on 6th August 1929   The BRITANNIC was launched on 6th August 1929 and she left Belfast for three days of trials in the Firth of Clyde on 26th May 1930. Following the successful completion of these trials, the new ship returned to Belfast, and left again on 21st June for Liverpool.   The BRITANNIC being assisted by Alexandra tugs from her berth in Liverpool's Gladstone Dock into the river entrance lock   The BRITANNIC had two funnels of the so-called 'motorship' design. In the opinion of many people, these low squat funnels with their horizontal tops, detracted from her otherwise fine appearance. The forward funnel was a dummy and contained a smokeroom for the engineer officers, plus fresh water and hot water storage tanks. The BRITANNIC's oil engines reduced fuel consumption by 50% when compared to steamships, using 40 tons a day at 17.5 knots. One comment was that her engine room was so cool that it had to be fitted with radiators for winter warmth!   The BRITANNIC leaving the Gladstone River Entrance lock in blustery conditions, bound for Princes Landing Stage, Liverpool.     On 28th June 1930 the BRITANNIC left Liverpool on her maiden voyage to New York, calling at Belfast and Greenock, after which she settled down on her designed route with the CEDRIC, BALTIC and ADRIATIC. The BRITANNIC's passenger accommodation was originally designed for 504 cabin-class passengers, 551 in 'tourist-third-cabin' and 498 in third class. The naming of the first two classes could hardly have been more absurd - 'cabin' class obviously suggests that the other passengers did not have cabins, and 'tourist-third-cabin', a mixture of all three, would suggest that all the passengers, other than those travelling in the premier 'cabin' class, were a third-rate crowd of tourists. These terms were chosen by the Atlantic Conference to set the passage rates in international liners of very varying luxury and comfort. 'Tourist-third-cabin' was normally shortened to 'tourist', and 'cabin class' was simply 'first class' without the extreme luxury of the large mail liners.       The BRITANNIC was probably the largest and finest cabin-class liner in the world when she first came out and introduced new standards of accommodation on the Liverpool to New York route. In 1934 the final crash came for the White Star Line, and the White Star liners which remained after the merger, including the BRITANNIC, retained their White Star Line colours and flew the White Star houseflag above that of Cunard.     Following the merger, the BRITANNIC was transferred to a London - New York service, and she became the largest liner ever to sail up the Thames. The BRITANNIC left London for the first time on 19th April 1935 and remained on this route until the outbreak of war.   The BRITANNIC photographed in London Docks and painted in wartime gray.   On 29th August 1939 the BRITANNIC was requisitioned for service as a troopship. In the initial stages of the war she carried a complement of 3,000 men, but this had been increased to over 5,000 troops by the time the war ended. In September 1939 the BRITANNIC left the Clyde for Bombay, and returned to the UK with British personnel. She operated principally carrying troops across the Atlantic, but made occasional trooping voyages round Africa to Suez.   In 1943 the BRITANNIC carried American troops to the Sicilian landings, but her principal contribution to the war effort was in transporting over 20,000 US troops across the Atlantic in the build-up to the Normandy Landings. By the end of hostilities, the BRITANNIC had carried 180,000 service personnel and had steamed 367,000 miles on war service.   The BRITANNIC as a troopship passing through the Suez Canal in September 1946   Following repatriation work, the BRITANNIC was released in March 1947 and sent to Harland & Wolff at Liverpool who gave her a complete refit before she re-entered service on the Liverpool - New York service. This work took nearly a year and the accommodation was almost entirely rebuilt. Most cabins were provided with private facilties, and the passenger numbers became 429 in first class and 564 in tourist class.   The BRITANNIC in the Gladstone Graving Dock, Liverpool Captain J. Treasure Jones, Senior First Officer of the BRITANNIC in 1948. Left to right: The MAURETANIA, the QUEEN MARY and the BRITANNIC together at New York on 17th May 1951   The BRITANNIC alongside Cunard's Pier 90 at New York   On 22nd May 1948 the BRITANNIC left Liverpool on her first post-war commercial voyage to New York and she continued on this route for the next twelve years. Winter cruising became an increasingly important part of her work and in January 1953 the BRITANNIC sailed on a 59-day cruise to the Mediterranean with calls at 22 ports. This cruise was repeated in 1955.   Huskisson Dock, Liverpool, in June 1960. The BRITANNIC (left) is lying on Cunard's New York berth, whilst the SYLVANIA (right) is on the Canadian berth.   On 15th August 1960 the Cunard Line announced that it had decided to withdraw the BRITANNIC at the end of the year. A statement said that the Company's decision had been accelerated by uncertainties resulting from the present unofficial crew strike which was involving the Company in serious losses. This was on top of the already very onerous settlement agreed with the unions which in itself meant the addition of about £750,000 to the Company's annual crew wages bill.       In late 1959 and in 1960 the BRITANNIC's  machinery began to give trouble and on one occasion in 1960 crankshaft damage caused her to be held up at New York. She left Liverpool for New York, via Cobh, for the last time on 11th November 1960. Sailing from New York on 25th November, she was back in Liverpool on 4th December. The BRITANNIC had completed 275 peacetime and wartime voyages.   The BRITANNIC alongside her berth at Pier 92, New York, as the QUEEN MARY is assisted into her berth at Pier 90 by Matson tugs.   The BRITANNIC alongside Pier 92 at New York (foreground).  The QUEEN MARY and the MAURETANIA are berthed at Pier 90, and beyond them are the piers for the French Line, Greek Line and United States Lines. The world-famous 'Market Diner' can just be distinguished directly across the road from the QUEEN MARY's bow.   The BRITANNIC alongside Pier 92,North River, New York. On the left, in the background, is the Empire State Building   The BRITANNIC received a solemn reception as she sailed up to Princes Landing Stage to disembark her 353 passengers. No sirens sounded and there were no crowds waiting to say 'goodbye'. Only the tugs which brought her in were dressed overall in honour of this last voyage.   The foredeck of the BRITANNIC seen from the bridge, November 1960, at New York   The BRITANNIC's boat deck, port side, looking aft, at New York on her final voyage, November 1960.   John Prescott, a 62 year old liftman, had been on her maiden voyage. He said: "She's a wonderful ship - so comfortable and so steady even in the worst seas." The head waiter, Charles Leach, had been with Cunard for 42 years and attended to the captain's table for the last time. "Things are much less formal on ships these days," he said, "but the BRITANNIC never changes. I'll be very sorry to see her go." In the first-class restaurant, adjacent to the main doors, was a gaily decorated Christman tree which would never see Christmas.   The BRITANNIC spent much of the winter employed in cruises from New York to the Mediterranean. She is seen  alongside at Haifa in this photograph dated 1951.   The BRITANNIC at anchor off Istanbul on a winter sunshine cruise in the 1950s   The BRITANNIC was sold quickly for demolition and on 16th December 1960 she left the Mersey for the last time under her own steam for Thomas W. Ward's yard at Inverkeithing, Fife, where she arrived on 19th December. The BRITANNIC was the last ship to fly the famous White Star Line houseflag, and she had been of immense value to her country in war time, and to both her owners.     Breaking up operations commenced in early February 1961 when the interior fittings were stripped out; many of these were sold at auction.   In 1957 the Cunard Line announced that it had reserved a berth at John Brown's Clydebank yard to build a replacement for the BRITANNIC. With sea travel rapidly being overtaken by the airlines in the late 1950s, this was cancelled and in 1961 the SYLVANIA took over the Liverpool - Cobh - New York service and remained on the route until the final sailing in November 1966.   The BRITANNIC's bell and steam-operated, triple-chime whistle are stored at the Merseyside Maritime Museum.   ######   The BRITANNIC arriving alongside Princes Landing Stage, Liverpool on 22nd May, 1948, ready to embark passengers for her first post-war commercial voyage to New York, via Cobh.  ___________________________________________________________ Built by Harland & Wolff at Belfast in 1932.  Yard No: 896 Official Number: 162365     Call Sign:   L H R F Gross Tonnage: 27,759    Nett: 16,839     Length: 683.6 feet   Breadth: 82.4 feet Built for the Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. (White Star Line), and transferred to Cunard - White Star in 1934 Two oil engines.     Speed: 18 knots   The GEORGIC leaving Liverpool on her maiden voyage to New York on 25th June 1932     The GEORGIC was launched at Belfast by Harland & Wolff for the White Star Line on 12th November 1931. She was the final ship to be built for the White Star fleet. She differed from her sister, the BRITANNIC, completed two years earlier, in a number of respects. The GEORGIC was designed on ambitious lines with an almost straight stem, cruiser stern, and the then fashionable squat funnels with tops parallel to the deck. Unlike her sister, the GEORGIC had a rounded bridge front. Slightly larger than the BRITANNIC, her original accommodation was for a total of 1,636 passengers: 479 in first class, 557 in tourist class and 600 in third class.   The GEORGIC nearing completion at Harland & Wolff's shipyard at Belfast in October 1931   The GEORGIC leaving the Harland & Wolff yard at Belfast on her way to her sea trials.   In April 1931 it was reported that construction work on the GEORGIC was to be speeded up so that she could enter service in May 1932 instead of June as was originally intended. Behind this idea was the fact that some 25,000 Americans were due to visit Dublin to attend the Eurcharistic Conference that was to be held there from 22nd until 29th June. As it turned out the GEORGIC was not completed in time for the Conference and she began her maiden voyage on 25th June when she left Liverpool for New York.   The GEORGIC approaching Princes Landing Stage at Liverpool on 25th June 1932 on the occasion of her maiden voyage to New York   The GEORGIC's forward funnel was a dummy and housed the radio room and the engineers' smokeroom. She was designed as a cabin-class ship, but her passengers had surroundings and comfort equal to those provided in any de-luxe liner of the day. The GEORGIC's trials took place in early June 1932 and a large party of guests was taken to join the ship in the Belfast Steamship Company's motorship ULSTER MONARCH, which was specially chartered for the occasion. The completion of the GEORGIC attracted great attention, and in welcoming her to the Mersey for the first time, the Lord Mayor of Liverpool offered his congratulations to the owners. The GEORGIC made the outward passage of her maiden voyage to New York in rough weather, but even so managed to arrive some twelve hours ahead of schedule.   In November 1932 the GEORGIC's sailing was brought forward by two days in order that she could fit in with the postal arrangements for Christmas mail to the United States.  On 11th January 1933 she made her first sailing from Southampton to New York, having moved south to replace the OLYMPIC whilst that vessel underwent an extensive engine overhaul.   A record fruit cargo of 51,687 cartons, representing about 3,000 tons, was discharged by the GEORGIC at Liverpool in October 1933. On 10th May 1934 the vessel was amalgamated into the Cunard - White Star fleet. In June 1934 the GEORGIC was turned into a floating ballroom in aid of the David Lewis Liverpool Northern Hospital's bulding fund, During January 1935 there was a fire among some cotton bales in the ship's forward hold.     On 3rd May 1935 the GEORGIC joined the BRITANNIC on the London (King George V Dock) - New York service, and became the largest vessel to use the Thames, being fractionally larger than the DOMINION MONARCH. In 1939 the GEORGIC reverted to the Liverpool - New York service and made five round trans-Atlantic voyages on commercial service with cargo and passengers, although she was hampered by the fact that Americans had been ordered not to travel on her as she was a belligerent ship. Whilst she was homeward bound on 11th March 1940, Cunard - White Star was informed that she would be taken off commercial service and after discharging a large cargo at Liverpool, the GEORGIC was ordered to the Clyde on 19th April where she was converted into a troopship for 3,000 men.   At the end of May 1940, the GEORGIC assisted in the evacuation of British troops from Andesfjord and Narvik, and as soon as she had landed these men at Greenock, she sailed south to assist in the withdrawal from Brest and St Nazaire. The GEORGIC was under repeated air attack and was indeed fortunate in not being hit. Between July and September 1940 the GEORGIC made a trooping voyage to Iceland and another to Halifax, N.S., embarking Canadian troops after landing the evacuees she carried on the westbound passage. From September 1940 until January 1941 the GEORGIC was employed on a trooping voyage from Liverpool and Glasgow to the Middle East via the Cape of Good Hope, and afterwards trooped from Liverpool to New York and Halifax, and then back to the Clyde.   On 22nd May 1941 the GEORGIC left the Clyde under the command of Captain A.C. Greig, OBE, RNR,  with the 50th Northumberland Division for Port Tewfik, Gulf of Suez. She was part of the convoy which had to be left almost unprotected during the hunt for the BISMARCK. She arrived safely on 7th July 1941, but a week later on 14th July she was bombed by German aircraft operating from Crete while at anchor off Port Tewfik, with 800 Italian internees on board. Her fuel caught fire and ammunition exploded in the stern area.   The hulk of the GEORGIC at Port Tewfik   The GEORGIC was gutted and the engine room flooded, but her crew managed to slip the anchor cable and beach the ship on 16th July, half submerged and burnt out. On 14th September 1941 it was decided to salvage the vessel and the hulk was raised on 27th October. The hull was plugged and on 2nd December the GEORGIC was taken in tow by the CLAN CAMPBELL and the CITY OF SYDNEY. She reached Port Sudan on 14th December where she was made seaworthy. It had taken twelve days for the tow to cover 710 miles.   The GEORGIC left Port Sudan on 5th March 1942 and was towed by T. & J. Harrison's RECORDER, with the tug ST SAMPSON steering from astern. On the following day a strong north-westerly gale rendered the wallowing GEORGIC almost unmanageable. The southerly course had to be abandoned and the ships hove-to. For five hours the RECORDER battled to bring her charge head to wind, and in the process the tug ST SAMPSON was damaged. The tug was rapidly filling with water and slipped her tow rope and headed down wind. Shortly afterwards she foundered and her crew were picked up by the hospital ship DORSETSHIRE, which was passing at the time.   The Harrison Line's RECORDER towed the GEORGIC from Port Sudan to Karachi, a distance of 2,100 miles in 26 days   For twelve hours the RECORDER and the GEORGIC rode out the gale and then, as the winds abated, cautiously swung back through 180-degrees to resume their course. Meanwhile they were joined by another tug, the PAULINE MOLLER and the British steamer HARESFIELD. Together they guided their labouring charge past Abu Ail and the islands of the southern Red Sea into the Gulf of Aden, and on to Karachi. The salvage crew responsible for the GEORGIC lived on board the RECORDER and every few days boarded the liner from a motor launch in order to pump out a steady ingress of water.   On 31st March 1942, twenty-six days out of Port Sudan, the ships arrived off Karachi where the GEORGIC was taken in hand by eight harbour tugs. The RECORDER and her consorts, having covered 2,100 miles with the GEORGIC, had completed one of the most successful salvage operations of the war. Captain W.B. Wilford of the RECORDER was later invested with the OBE.   The GEORGIC remained at Karachi until 11th December whilst temporary repairs were carried out. She then sailed to Bombay, arriving on 13th December, where she was dry-docked for hull cleaning and further repairs. Finally, she loaded 5,000 tns of pig iron ballast and on 20th January 1943 the GEORGIC left Bombay under her own power for Liverpool where she arrived on 1st March, having made the passage at 16 knots. Shortly afterwards she sailed for Belfast, but had to anchor in Bangor Bay until 5th July awaiting a berth. After seventeen months the GEORGIC emerged on 12th December 1944 with one funnel and a stump foremast. She was now owned by the Ministry of Transport, with Cunard - White Star as managers. After trials the GEORGIC left Belfast for Liverpool on 16th December 1944, three years and five months since she was bombed at Port Tewfik.   The GEORGIC as a troopship in 1945 after her rebuild   During 1945 the GEORGIC trooped to Italy, the Middle East and India. On Christmas Day she arrived in Liverpool with troops from the Far East, including Sir William Slim, C-in-C of South East Asia. Early in 1946 the GEORGIC repatriated 5,000 Italian prisoners-of-war. In June 1946, on a homeward voyage from Bombay, there was trouble between civilian women and service women on board, and this led to a barring of civilians on troopships unless no other transport was available.   The GEORGIC disembarking troops at Liverpool's Princes Landing Stage in 1946   In September 1948 the GEORGIC was refitted by Palmers & Company at Hebburn for the Australian and New Zealand emigrant trade. She retained her White Star livery and could accommodate 1,962 passengers in one class. In January 1949 the GEORGIC made her first sailing on the Liverpool - Suez - Fremantle - Melbourne - Sydney run with 1,200 'assisted passages'.  However, as she was leaving Princes Landing Stage, Liverpool, a rope wrapped round one of her propellers and she had to re-dock. During the summers 1950 - 1954, the GEORGIC was chartered back to Cunard and she made seven round voyages to New York each year as a one-class liner. In 1950 she was based at Liverpool, but Southampton was her terminal port from 1951 until 1954.    The GEORGIC photographed passing through the Panama Canal   The GEORGIC at Cape Town carrying 'assisted passage' emigrants to Australia   In the winter of 1954/55 the GEORGIC resumed 'assisted passage' voyages to Australia, and on 16th April 1955 she arrived at Liverpool with troops from Japan. She was then offered for sale, but the Australian government chartered her for the summer. The GEORGIC's final voyage was from Hong Kong to Liverpool with 800 troops, and she arrived on 19th November 1955.   The GEORGIC berthed on the south side of Pier 90, New York, whilst on summer charter to the Cunard Line from 1950 to 1954. Note the funnel of the QUEEN ELIZABETH on the north side of Pier 90.   On 11th December the GEORGIC was laid up at Kames Bay, Isle of Bute, Firth of Clyde, pending disposal. In January 1956 the GEORGIC was sold for demolition and on 1st February arrived at Faslane for scrapping by Shipbreaking Industries Ltd.  <<<<<<<>>>>>>>   The GEORGIC as she appeared in the post-war years  

i don't know

In which country was Anjelica Huston born?

Anjelica Huston - Biography - IMDb Anjelica Huston Biography Showing all 59 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (39) | Personal Quotes  (13) | Salary  (2) Overview (3) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica "Ricki" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in 1969 first dipped her toe into the acting profession, taking a few small roles in her father's movies. However, in that year her mother died in a car accident, at 39, and Huston relocated to the United States, where the tall, exotically beautiful young woman modeled for several years. While modeling, Huston had a few more small film roles, but decided to focus more on movies in the early 1980s. She prepared herself by reaching out to acting coach Peggy Feury and began to get roles. The first notable part was in Bob Rafelson 's remake of the classic noir movie The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981) (in which Jack Nicholson , with whom Huston was living at the time, was the star). After a few more years of on-again, off-again supporting work, her father perfectly cast her as calculating, imperious Maerose, the daughter of a Mafia don whose love is scorned by a hit man (Nicholson again) in his film adaptation of Richard Condon 's Mafia-satire novel Prizzi's Honor (1985). Huston won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance, making her the first person in Academy Award history to win an Oscar when a parent and a grandparent (her father and grandfather Walter Huston ) had also won one. Huston thereafter worked prolifically, including notable roles in Francis Ford Coppola 's - Gardens of Stone (1987), Barry Sonnenfeld 's film versions of the Charles Addams cartoons The Addams Family (1991) and Addams Family Values (1993), in which she portrayed Addams matriarch Morticia, Wes Anderson 's The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) and The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004). Probably her finest performance on-screen, however, was as Lilly, the veteran, iron-willed con artist in Stephen Frears ' The Grifters (1990), for which she received another Oscar nomination, this time for Best Actress. A sentimental favorite is her performance as the lead in her father's final film, an adaptation of James Joyce 's The Dead (1987) -- with her many years of residence in Ireland, Huston's Irish accent in the film is authentic. Endowed with her father's great height and personal boldness, and her mother's beauty and aristocratic nose, Huston certainly cuts an imposing figure, and brings great confidence and authority to her performances. She clearly takes her craft seriously and has come into her own as a strong actress, emerging from under the shadow of her father, who passed away in 1987. Huston married the sculptor Robert Graham in 1992, The couple lived in the Los Angeles area before Graham's death in 2008. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Larry-115 Spouse (1) Daughter of John Huston and Ricki Soma. Lived in Ireland when she was young. Younger sister of Tony Huston . She had a brief career as a model. Currently lives in Pacific Palisades, California. Is the third generation of Oscar winners. Attended Kylemore Abbey High School in Connemara, Ireland. Granddaughter of Walter Huston . Cat lover -- during an appearance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show (1996), she divulged that she has eight outdoor cats and three indoor cats at her Venice, California home. Was offered the role of Annie Wilkes in the horror film Misery (1990), which she turned down. The role went to Kathy Bates . In Blood Work (2002), she works with Clint Eastwood . In White Hunter Black Heart (1990), Eastwood plays a movie director based on her father, John Huston , in a story about his experiences making The African Queen (1951). Her husband Robert Graham was a famous sculptor. Was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990. Older half-sister of Danny Huston and Allegra Huston . Was President of the International Jury of the 53rd San Sebastian Film Festival (2005). Other members of the jury were actress Verónica Forqué , actor Enrico Lo Verso , directors Lone Scherfig and Claude Miller , production designer Dean Tavoularis and writer Antonio Skármeta . President of the Jury at San Sebastián International Film Festival. She decided the Silver Shell for the Best Actor: Juan José Ballesta . [September 2005] Her father, John Huston , directed The African Queen (1951) with Katharine Hepburn and played Gandalf in The Return of the King (1980). Anjelica herself later worked with her father's successor, Ian McKellen , in And the Band Played On (1993) and with Cate Blanchett , who appeared in the trilogy, as well as playing Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004). Also appearing in The Aviator (2004) was her brother, Danny Huston . In Addams Family Values (1993), Wednesday and Pugsley are forced to watch children's videos. Among them is Annie (1982), which was directed by her father, John Huston . There are three generations of Oscar winners in the Huston family: Anjelica, her grandfather Walter Huston and her father John Huston . They are the first family to do so, the second family were the Coppolas - Francis Ford Coppola , Sofia Coppola , Nicolas Cage and Carmine Coppola . Her performance as Lilly Dillon in The Grifters (1990) is ranked #84 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Was a member of the jury at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Was listed as a potential nominee on the 2007 Razzie Award nominating ballot. She was suggested in the Worst Supporting Actress category for her performance in Material Girls (2006); however, she failed to receive a nomination. Is an avid reader and will read anything she can get her hands on. Was chosen for the role of Morticia Addams in The Addams Family (1991) above singer-actress Cher . Was named one of Barbara Walters ' Ten Most Fascinating People of 1991. Speaks French fluently. Was born while her father was in Africa shooting The African Queen (1951). When she received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 22, 2010, she became the third in the Huston family to do so after her father, John Huston , and her grandfather, Walter Huston . Named after her biological maternal grandmother Angelica Soma, who died when Anjelica's mother Ricki was a child. Parents had an age difference of 23 years and both had children from affairs with other people during their marriage (her father's son, Danny Huston with Zoe Sallis and her mother's daughter, Allegra Huston with John Julius Norwich ). Despite this, they never divorced and remained legally married until her mother died in a car accident when Anjelica was age 18. Was in a relationship with Jack Nicholson (late April 1973 - early January 1990). Presented Myrna Loy with her honorary Oscar on March 25, 1991 at the 63rd Academy Awards ceremony. Her father had English, Scottish, Northern Irish, distant German, and very remote Portuguese, ancestry. Her mother was of Italian descent. Is one of 26 actresses to have won an Academy Award for their performance in a comedy; hers being for Prizzi's Honor (1985). The others, in chronological order, are: Claudette Colbert ( It Happened One Night (1934)), Loretta Young ( The Farmer's Daughter (1947)), Josephine Hull ( Harvey (1950)), Judy Holliday ( Born Yesterday (1950)), Audrey Hepburn ( Roman Holiday (1953)), Goldie Hawn ( Cactus Flower (1969)), Glenda Jackson ( A Touch of Class (1973)), Lee Grant ( Shampoo (1975)), Diane Keaton ( Annie Hall (1977)), Maggie Smith ( California Suite (1978)), Mary Steenburgen ( Melvin and Howard (1980)), Jessica Lange ( Tootsie (1982)), Olympia Dukakis ( Moonstruck (1987)), Cher ( Moonstruck (1987)), Jessica Tandy ( Driving Miss Daisy (1989)), Mercedes Ruehl ( The Fisher King (1991)), Dianne Wiest ( Bullets Over Broadway (1994)), Mira Sorvino ( Mighty Aphrodite (1995)), Frances McDormand ( Fargo (1996)), Helen Hunt ( As Good as It Gets (1997)), Judi Dench ( Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Gwyneth Paltrow ( Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Penelope Cruz ( Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)), and Jennifer Lawrence ( Silver Linings Playbook (2012)). Was the 91st actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Prizzi's Honor (1985) at The 58th Annual Academy Awards (1986) on March 24, 1986. She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6270 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 22, 2010. Personal Quotes (13) There were many times when my father [ John Huston ] and I didn't agree, but we always became close again because I tended not to stand up to him for long. I seem to have been drawn to dominating men, like my father and Jack [ Jack Nicholson ]. Age is not enviable in America. It's not applauded all that strongly. You have to take it all with a grain of salt. I have a very full life and I am very happy with where I am now. I don't want to change anything. I once wanted to have children and it was not my choice not to have children but it hasn't broken my heart that I haven't. I think unless you're truly, wholeheartedly prepared to make a full-time commitment, you have to really think about it. I certainly wouldn't adopt children just because everybody in show business seems to be doing it. I like to dance. I probably would have been a dancer. I love music, it's good for the soul and dancing is good for people. I dance on my own, I go to classes, I have that sort of energy. I need to dance. People only need to dance to make them feel happy. What do I think of the Yankees? I'm sorry, I don't follow football. I can't help feeling the world is on this terrible roller coaster where nobody can get it up since the atom bomb. Of course, drugs were fun. And that's what's so stupid about anti-drug campaigns - they don't admit that. I was never happily hedonistic. There's no hedonism without a downside. There were times when I hated my nose. But you grow up and you start to recognize that maybe it wasn't a bad thing that you weren't born Barbie. I've never been the kind of actress whose sole interest was sex appeal, so I think that earns you some longevity. And I like character parts. It's a lot more fun and you don't have to rely on being the taste of the moment. That level of fame is probably very difficult to deal with. People screaming your name in the streets, quite honestly, isn't an audience I'm desperate to capture. I'm lucky. The people who tell me they like my work tend to be the kind of people I might be friends with anyway. I have a really nice audience. It was difficult directing myself. For a woman it's extra-hard because you have to spend an hour and a half in hair and make-up and you're late to set up shots and you're changing clothes in the street and there's no time to recover. I think I'm basically a gypsy. You know, from modeling. [on working with her father John Huston on Prizzi's Honor (1985)] We had a great time on Prizzi's Honor. My father is extremely easy to work with. He chooses his actors, places his confidence in them and lets you get on with it. He is living proof that a director doesn't have to run all over the place. I think people become more watchable after 30, when they have something between their ears. Salary (2)

Ireland

Who wrote the novel Delta Connection?

Anjelica Huston - IMDb IMDb Actress | Director | Producer Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica "Ricki" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in ... See full bio » Born:

i don't know

In the 70s George Lee was a world champion in which sport?

RAF Gliding & Soaring Association - George Lee Article RAF Gliding & Soaring Association GSA Articles George Lee Article George Lee Article George Lee MBE on Gliding Three times World Gliding Champion and ex GSA member George Lee MBE talks to www.rafgsa.org about his exploits in gliding, competition flying and his love for silent flight. I was born in Ireland, just south of Dublin, and I had no connection to aviation with either family or friends. I did a lot of sea fishing in my younger years and I remember being fascinated by the sea birds soaring the local pier wall. I frequently dreamt that I was skimming along the waves in the manner of the albatross. A friend of mine told me one day that he was joining the RAF as an Aircraft Apprentice. I read the material that he had and saw that it was possible to be commissioned at the end of the three year training, so I decided to join up the same way. I discovered when I got to Halton that only two or three apprentices would be selected for commissioning out of an entry of some 160. As I was not gifted technically, I was not going to be one of that small group! Just over a year into the training, I heard about the RAFGSA Centre at Bicester and I decided to try gliding to show motivation towards becoming a pilot. My first flight in a glider was in March 1963; a three minute circuit in light rain off a winch launch in a T21. I was enthralled by the experience, completely hooked; whatever happened in my professional life, I would continue gliding! I did continue gliding for the remainder of my apprenticeship and during my years working as an electrical fitter on the Hastings aircraft at RAF Colerne, during the course of which I became an instructor. Against the odds, I was selected for pilot and officer training in 1967 and I did very little gliding over the next two years. When I completed my basic flying training there was a backlog in the system and I was faced with the prospect of spending a year away from flying training before commencing advanced training. I contacted Andy Gough, CFI of the RAFGSA Centre, and he arranged for me to spend that year on the staff at Bicester. Apart from running courses and building a lot of tugging hours, I flew a KA6CR in my first competition in 1970, the Inter-Services. I won the competition and, as with my first flight in a glider, I was hooked. Competition gliding is exciting! Gliding again took a back seat from when I commenced advanced flying training until I was established on a Phantom squadron at RAF Coningsby. I flew a KA6E in my first Nationals at Dunstable in 1972, coming second. I then flew in various competitions over the next three years, winning the Open Class Nationals in 1974. I was selected to the British Team for the World Championships in Finland in 1976, winning in an ASW17. I was successful in retaining my title during the following two World Championships, becoming the first pilot to ever win three consecutive world titles. I left the RAF in 1983 and joined Cathay Pacific Airways to fly 747s out of Hong Kong for the next fifteen years. They were rewarding years professionally but my gliding really suffered and I just managed to stay in touch with the sport that I loved. I retired in 1999 to Australia with the first glider that I had ever owned, a Nimbus 4DM. The pipedream was to conduct advanced coaching courses for junior pilots of different nationalities who had shown talent and motivation. The vision was fully realised and I have now coached more than fifty pilots from the UK, Australia, USA, Austria and South Africa. The coaching courses will finish this year (2010) and I hope to do more of my own flying. Gliding, particularly competition flying, has meant a great deal to me over the last forty seven years. Gliding was my first flying love and it is now my last flying love. I have always had a competitive nature and, for me, World Championships flying was the ultimate challenge. To fly for Great Britain against the top pilots who I had read so much about was a great privilege. It also gave rise to a very high level of stress and the management of that stress was an extremely important part of my success. I was pretty well stressed out during the practice period before my first World Championships in Finland, but a private chat with the Team Manager got that sorted out. I was then able to relax and it was such a thrill to go from a high level of self-imposed stress to the sheer joy of victory. As far as the next World Championships were concerned, I reasoned that nobody expected a newcomer to the scene to win a consecutive title. For the third championships I reasoned that nobody, but nobody, expected me to pull off the hat trick as it had never been done before! When I was flying in World Championships pairs flying was not a part of the scene and I am thankful for that as I enjoyed flying as an individual! Apart from World Championships flying, the most exciting event that I have flown in was the Smirnoff Derby in 1977. This was an invitation only, sponsored event and five of us flew from Los Angeles across to the North-East corner of the U.S. It was a privilege to fly against pilots like Ingo Renner and George Moffat, although we usually never saw each other again all day after the “racehorse” start. Every day was a fresh navigational challenge as we flew over new, changing terrain, remembering that this was before GPS came on the scene. Gliders and instrumentation have changed significantly over the years. The best glide angle of the ASW17 that I flew in the seventies with its wingspan of 20.5metres is now being matched by gliders with 15metres wingspan. The use of GPS has made an enormous impact on the sport and en-route navigation and final glides can be flown today with a degree of accuracy that could not have been envisaged in the seventies. Handling has also been transformed, an important factor that reduces pilot fatigue and therefore contributes towards improved performance. Although glider performance has improved markedly over the decades, the improvements have been incremental rather than dramatic. The next major step forward in performance may be associated with boundary layer control. Whatever the changes, we must remember that gliding is not all about technical advances. The late Philip Wills wrote beautifully about gliding, capturing the sheer romance and enjoyment of the sport as few have done. I hope that we glider pilots will never lose sight of the beauty and unpredictability of our wonderful sport. I have been honoured to receive many awards over the years, the most prestigious gliding award being the Lilienthal Medal which was awarded following my third WGC victory in 1981. It was also a very great honour to take Prince Charles up for his first flights in a glider in 1978. I have had a blessed and privileged life and I have much to thank the RAFGSA for. GSA clubs have always been associated with a high standard of flying and quality of equipment. With good club geographical representation, the opportunities are there for the taking. With talent and motivation being the key elements, the sky is the limit. Rank and size of bank balance are not determining factors, so dare to dream and set about its realisation! George Lee MBE

Gliding

Who preceded Hosni Mubarak as President of Egypt?

Asia's Greatest Sports Heroes | CNN Travel Asia's greatest sports heroes Asia's greatest sports heroes It's the world's most populous place, so bear with us -- there are a lot of 'em 2 December, 2009 For each country's sports heroes, visit: Japan , Hong Kong , India , Singapore , China and Thailand . Did we overlook anyone? Hey, it's a big continent; if you feel that strongly about it, tell us in the comments below. Perhaps more than anywhere else on earth, the full panorama of world sport is represented in the Asian continent. Track, basketball, boxing, cricket, football, cycling -- for pete's sake, snooker! -- nearly every sport is regional in its reach, except here. Asia's a veritable gumbo of earth's many athletic diversions, making any attempt at assembling a list of its most elite athletes foolish at best and masochistic at worst. So without further ado, we present our list of Asia's most elite athletes!* UPDATE: December 3. THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN! Not only that -- we listened. As we correctly guestimated, we could rely on our readership to right this ship and chime in with other great sports figures deemed deservant to end up on this list. These include a bunch of terrific stars from Pakistan, former cricketer and now politician Imran Khan and squash doyen Jahangir Khan. Malaysia's squash superstar Nicole David, Chinese table tennis player Ma Lin and Indonesian badminton players Susie Susanti and Taufik Hidayat. You said we should also throw in the Philippines' Efren "Bata" Reyes, Paeng Nepomuceno and Felicisimo Ampon. Naturally, we also expected at least someone to shout out Sachin Tendulkar's name. Thank you. We're glad you were able to point out these and other omissions. But we're keen for more so we can better organize this list. See the comments box at the bottom of this page. Over and out. Rikidozan: Professional Wrestler ( Japan ) Rikidozan In the decade after World War II, the Japanese population faced not only material poverty but an almost crippling depression about their defeat. In the early 1950s, however, professional wrestler Rikidozan came to the nation's rescue. He single-handedly worked to lift the nation's spirits by winning victory after victory over American wrestlers in widely-viewed televised matches. The irony, however, was that the national hero Rikidozan was actually Korean, and like all good pro wrestling, the matches were rigged. No matter, Rikidozan still established pro wrestling as a major sport in Japan and closed the book on Japan's early post-war malaise. Liu Xiang: Olympian Hurdler ( China ) The 2007 world champion 110m hurdler is the first Asian gold-medalist in any Olympic track and field event. He won his event at the 2004 Athens Games with a world-record time of 12.91 seconds, but was forced to pull out of the Beijing Olympics with an Achilles injury. Liu recently returned to competition with a second-place finish at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix and a first-place finish at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships. Li Jiawei: Table tennis queen ( Singapore ) This Chinese lass might not have been born or bred in Singapore, but she had Singaporeans cheering during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Li Jiawei , with teammates Feng Tianwei and Wang Yuegu, took the silver medal in team table tennis for Singapore. Why is it a huge deal? It was only the second Olympic medal ever won by the city-state (the first goes to weightlifter Tan Howe Liang in 1960 ). That feat, along with her personal track record as a perennial gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games, ITTF Pro Tour, and Southeast Asia Games since 1999, is enough to land her on our list of sports heroes. Li Jiawei takes the silver aganst Wang Chen of USA at the 2008 Beijing Olympics Table Tennis Women's Singles. YouTube video from Beanny46 . Kim Yu-na: Figure Skater (South Korea) Kim Yu-na Korean figure skater Kim Yu-na is currently the reigning world champion. She’s only 19. With more than nine titles under her belt, including her most recent 2009 World Championship victory, she shows no signs of slowing down. When she isn’t busy signing endorsement deals and autographs and wooing audiences around the world, she’s training with Canadian coach Brian Orser in Toronto. Kim Yu-na is arguably Korea’s proudest star and an inspiration to countless youths looking to follow in her footsteps. Not bad for a girl a few years shy of graduating university. Khaosai Galaxy: "The Thai Tyson"( Thailand ) Khaosai Galaxy, aka "The Thai Tyson," not only boasted a cool name but had a devastating left that kept him undefeated throughout his career. Considered by boxing experts as one of the greatest fighters of all time and a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, the former Muay Thai fighter defended his title 19 times, 16 by knockout, earning him the nickname “the Thai Tyson”. When his twin brother Khaokor won the title in 1988, they became the first twins to hold international belts. Khao Sai retired in 1991 as arguably Thailand’s greatest-ever athlete. Lang Ping: Volleyball Olympian ( China ) Like Li Ning, the “Iron Hammer” built her international reputation by capturing gold at the 1984 Olympics. A star hitter on the women’s volleyball team, her squad was the first Chinese team to win multiple world championships in a major international sport. She eventually retired and turned to coaching, where she’s captured Olympic silver twice -- once with China in 1996 and again in 2008 with the United States. Sunil Gavaskar: Cricket ( India ) Sunil Gavaskar Gavaskar batted in an era when the dangerous West Indian pace quartet was at peak ferocity. He didn’t wear the protective helmets of today, he didn’t have modern day umpires ruling a no ball for more than one bouncer per over. His opening partners changed dozens of times throughout his career, but the captain always held up his end. He was the first man to cross the unthinkable milestone of 10,000 runs in test cricket and surpassed Sir Don’s record for test centuries. He did it all seemingly without breaking a sweat and smiling, always, all the way to the commentary booth where he now sits. Sachin Tendulkar, by his own admission, grew up idolizing Gavaskar, and would undoubtedly rate him higher than himself. Patrick Lam: Equestrian Rider ( Hong Kong ) Hong Kong athletes hardly ever cross paths with Olympic gold. Which is why Hong Kong rider Patrick Lam shot to sports stardom when he upstaged the world No. 1 for one night in an Olympic equestrian race in 2008. The 26-year-old Lam outshone world No. 1 stadium jumper Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum of Germany when he flawlessly completed the preliminary round of showjumping. He didn’t end up with the gold, but later bagged a HK$5 million equine scholarship by the Hong Kong Jockey Club. The Chinese-Austrian Eurasian recently made headlines again by winning Hong Kong’s second gold medal at the 11th National Games in men’s equestrian jumping. With wind at his back, expect more great things from this talented jockey. Fandi Ahmad: Football ( Singapore ) Fandi Ahmad All of Singapore roared at the final whistle of the 1994 Malaysia Cup final. The little red dot had won 4–0, and Fandi Ahmad led the way with a foot in almost every goal made or created. But he was far more. Ahmad was (and still is) the poster boy for soccer success. He was the first Singaporean who signed on with an European soccer club, the first Singaporean to score against soccer powerhouse Inter Milan. But most of all, Ahmad and his teammates succeeded where National Day campaigns failed -- they turned Singaporeans into "One People, One Nation" on match days, 7pm to 9pm. Pone Kingpetch: Flyweight Boxer ( Thailand ) Pone Kingpetch did what his famous predecessor, the bantamweight boxer Chamroen Songkitrat of the 1950s, could not achieve in several attempts. The flyweight won a world title fight (in 1960), becoming Thailand’s first international belt holder. Taking a 15-round split decision over Argentine Pascual Perez in Bangkok, with their majesties the King and Queen of Thailand in attendance, Pone went on to defend his title later in the year in Los Angeles. A statue in Hua Hin commemorates this groundbreaking Thai athlete. Kim Khan “Zig Zach” Zak: Muay Thai ( Singapore ) Kim Khan “Zig Zach” Zaki Think Singaporeans are passive folk who would "beahh" our way into submission? Kim Khan “Zig Zach” Zaki says otherwise with his elbows, fists, and knees. The personal trainer’s greatest achievement was being made Singapore’s entry for Contender Asia 2008 -- a reality TV show that pitted Muay Thai fighters from around the world against each other. While he bowed out early due to a dislocated shoulder, his rematch in the show's final episode showed audiences that this kid could fight. With that experience behind him, Kim is probably the only Singaporean Muay Thai fighter who takes part in international bouts, and has since recorded 13 wins out of 19 fights. That’s not too shabby at all. Nirajan Malla: Footballer (Nepal) Eighteen-year-old Nirajan Malla is a football star on the rise in Nepal, portrayed by local media as a player whose life is consumed by the sport. Having lead his country’s team to victory in major regional tournaments in the under-19 category, he is noted by teammates and competitors alike as a fierce striker who experiments with a variety of moves. And he’s also a teen heartthrob. Yao Ming: Basketball Star ( China ) Yao Ming We have to start with the obvious. China’s most recognizable export has recently been plagued by injury, but the 2.29m (7ft 6in) giant is still widely regarded as one of the NBA’s elite centers when healthy. A three-time Olympian, seven-time NBA All-Star and the first-ever foreign-born top pick in the NBA, Yao made US$51 million in 2008 and has led Forbes’ Chinese celebrities list in income and popularity for six straight years. Wong Kam-po: Cyclist ( Hong Kong ) Wong Kam-po is possibly Hong Kong's most evergreen champion athlete. Apart from Olympic gold, the cyclist has won practically every top title within the cycling scene and he has never returned home from the China's National Games without a prize. This year, the permanently Lycra-clad sporting hero won his third gold medal at the 11th National Games -- at the ripe "old" age of 36. Wong's coach of 15 years, Shen JinKang, stills remembers when he found out that Hong Kong had no professional cyclists on the official team, and that Wong was the only person who signed up for professional training. Wong has since inspired a whole generation of professional cyclists. Wong Fei Hong: Wushu Grandmaster ( China ) A noted physician, Wushu grandmaster and Chinese folk hero, Wong’s exploits are the stuff of legend and the subject of countless films over the years, including Jackie Chan’s Drunken Master and Jet Li’s Once Upon a Time in China . Wong himself was an expert in the Hung Gar style of martial arts, and was so lethal that he once reputedly defeated 30 gangsters using only a staff. Bruce Lee: Martial Arts Legend ( Hong Kong ) Bruce Lee Bruce Lee is the obvious choice, but we’ll explain it anyway: the silver screen fighter made martial arts the most glorified sport to come out of China, founded his own kung fu style, and put Hong Kong on the world map. As a teen, the belligerent Lee trained under kung fu master Ip Man and quickly displayed a talent for Wing Chun, a popular branch of martial arts. Reckoning that traditional martial art rituals were too ornamental for street fighting, he developed his own system of flexible blows he called ‘Jeet Kune Do’ in 1965. At 31 the hunk moved his talents to the Hollywood big screen and unleashed a global kung fu phenomenon. In an age when fight films were unaided by special effects, Lee’s ability to perform superhuman feats, such as a two-fingered push up and the lethal one-inch punch, was jaw-dropping for Western audiences. It still wows us now. James Wattana: Snooker phenom ( Thailand ) In 1986, the snooker world was turned upside-down when a skinny 16-year-old defeated all comers to win a major tournament. This teen phenom, James Wattana -- aka the Thai Tornado -- excelled at a sport that was not particularly popular in his native land. However, Wattana’s virtuosity on the felt was significant internationally as he broke the British’s dominance of the game, rising to number three in the world rankings. Sadaharu Oh: The "King" of baseball ( Japan ) Matsui, Dice-K and Ichiro have reached the top echelons of America's Major Leagues, but back in Japan, they still bow to the altar of Japanese baseball's best player of all-time -- Sadaharu Oh . Originally a star high school pitcher, Oh switched to first base in the majors and later became the world home run king, with 868 over the fence during his long career. After retiring at age 40 in 1980, Oh became a legendary coach for the Yomiuri Giants and the Fukuoka Hawks. Born to a Taiwanese father and Japanese mother, Oh -- spelled with the Chinese character for "king" (王) -- has also become a powerful symbol of Japan's often ignored cultural diversity. Yip Pin Xiu: Paralympian swimmer ( Singapore ) Yip Pin Xiu In the 2008 Paralympics, Yip Pin Xiu and equestrienne Laurentia Tan won the first Paralympic medals for the republic. Yip, winner of silver in the 50m freestyle and gold in 50m backstroke, struggled with muscular dystrophy from birth. But under the tutelage of Ang Peng Siong (also known as Singapore’s "flying fish"), she developed into a competitive swimmer who regularly leaves opponents sputtering in her wake. More importantly, their success at the Paralympics sparked a debate on the recognition of disabled athletes and general attitudes towards the disabled. Kapil Dev: Cricket ( India ) It's probably the most widely circulated image in Indian cricket history. Kapil Dev, at Lords, that overcast English evening in 1983, holding the World Cup aloft. He was India’s first true pace bowler. He bowled injury free, when bowlers today have a tough time lasting a series without a niggle. As national team captain Dev codified the phrase “Kapil’s Devils” in sporting lore. And he did it when no one gave a lanky lad from Haryana a chance, retiring as the highest wicket taker ever, anywhere and one of the best cricketing all rounders of all time. Prakash Padukone: Badminton ( India ) Prakash Padukone They called him ‘The Gentle Tiger,’ though his opposition post-1971 would likely object to the moniker; it was at about that time that Padukone dramatically augmented the aggressiveness of his game. But he always moved with a ballerina's grace on the court, and when he lifted the All England Championships cup in 1980, he put India in the same league with the game’s superpowers. Mild mannered, dignified, focused and still actively paying back the sport he loves, Padukone can still be seen gliding gingerly on the court at his Bangalore sports academy, playing against youngsters who look on in awe and admiration. Li Ning: Olympian Gymnast ( China ) Li burst into the international spotlight by winning six medals including three golds (in floor exercise, pommel horse and rings) and topping the individual medal count at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics -- China’s first appearance at a Summer Games after a 32-year boycott. However, he’s now probably best known as the founder of China’s biggest sportswear company (Li Ning) and for his high-flying, cauldron-lighting appearance at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Shizuka Arakawa: Olympian Figure Skater ( Japan ) Figure skating has a long history in Japan, with the All-Japan Figure Skating Championships held since 1929. No Japanese figure skater, however, had ever taken the highest honor -- an Olympic gold -- until Shizuka Arakawa pulled it off at Turin in 2006. Arakawa had been a highly-ranked Japanese skater, but going into Turin, enjoyed none of the media hype that her rivals like Miki Ando spun into product endorsement deals. Yet with a flawless execution of an Ina Bauer and a triple jump combination, Arakawa beat expectations and became Olympic champion. Arakawa not only became one of the top female Japanese athletes of all time but also showed the true modest Japanese sports spirit: all walk, no talk. Manny 'Pacman' Pacquaio: Boxer (Philippines) Manny Pacquiao Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao has won welterweight, lightweight, flyweight, featherweight and super featherweight, and bantam weight championships. He is the first boxer to win championships in seven different weight classes. The Pacman is revered in the Philippines. How revered? Check out this post from a fan on his website: "Manny's life is so likely with Jesus Christ coming from the poorest of the poor but became famous, adore, love, praise, betroth and idolize. Manny was a chosen one from the Far East. He was called to be redeemer in a modern way. He was as popular as He was. Jesus Christ was the King of Kings and Manny is the King of the ring. Is Manny the chosen one to lead us..." Prince Birabongse Bhanudej: Race-car Driver ( Thailand ) Prince Birabongse Bhanudej is an iconic figure in Thai history. An international jet-setter and high-ranking royal who liked to fly his own planes and married six times, he was most famous as a race-car driver in the 1930s, '40s and '50s. Racing with Maserati, among other teams, he placed as high as second in Grand Prix races in the 1930s under the admiring gaze of a young prince (and now king), His Royal Highness Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. Vishwanathan Anand: Chess ( India ) Anand doesn’t just look like a scientist, he prepares for his game like one. He has decimated former champions with the precision of a physicist dismantling an atomic bomb, blowing the likes of Kasparov, Karpov and Kramnik out of the water. World champion, grandmaster, Arjuna awardee, Chess Oscar winner, padma shri, padma bhushan, padma vibhushan and a global ambassador to the brainy sport. He may live his life in black and white, but Anand’s achievements are a brilliant rainbow on India's sports horizon. Takeru Kobayashi: World Champion Eater ( Japan ) Kobayashi Back in the old days, competitive eating was essentially a gag competition for giant Americans. Everything changed, however, with the professional debut of 173cm, 58kg Japanese eater Takeru Kobayashi. No one has done more to make the grotesque culinary event a "sport." Thanks to his special "Solomon" hot dog eating technique of dipping the buns in water and snapping the wiener in half, Kobayashi racked up six consecutive wins at Nathan's Coney Island hot-dog eating contest. Even new champions such as Joey Chestnut have used Kobayashi's innovations to beat the Japanese master at his own game. Kobayashi has lost his hot-dog title, but don't worry, he is still reigning champ of the hamburger-based Krystal Square Off. Eat that, Chestnut. Marco Fu: Snooker ( Hong Kong ) Marco Fu started playing snooker when he was nine years old and turned professional when he was 20 years old in 1998. His rookie year, he reached the final of the Grand Prix, beating Ronnie "The Rocket" O'Sullivan and then Peter Ebdon. For the rest of the season, Fu qualifed for four more ranking tournaments including the World Championship. He was voted by World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association as Newcomer of the Year and World Snooker Association Young Player of the Year in 1999. It seems that Fu rose too fast too soon -- after being tipped as the Hong Kong wunderkind to take over the future world of international snooker, Fu's subsequent performance was less than impressive and he slid in ranking. George Lee: The Survivor ( Singapore ) George Lee The Subaru Impreza Challenge is Singapore’s version of Survivor, except that it’s literally the last man standing who wins it all. The grueling competition pits contestants against rain, shine, mosquitoes, and gut-busting, infrequent toilet breaks in an effort to keep their palms on a brand new car. Sound impossible and sadistic? Well, army officer George Lee outlasted all other contenders with a record time of 81 hours, 32 minutes. That’s three-and-a-half days spent weathering the elements. He’s not spilling his secret, but we're guessing that his Ironman training helped. After all, triathletes are suckers for punishment. Milkha Singh: Runner ( India ) He was called ‘the flying Sikh.’ Pride of Punjab. Pride of the Sikhs. Pride of India. He did what no Indian did at the time. He ran -- as a profession. Singh is on this list for gold medals won in the Asian Games in 1958 and 1962. But he’s also here for the medal he narrowly missed in the 1960 Rome Olympics, a race in which he finished faster than the standing world record. At a time without byzantine 25th-century shoe technology, Singh ran barefoot for most of his career. Udomporn Polsak: Olympian Weightlifter ( Thailand ) Thailand’s first female Olympic champion, the powerful little lady from northeast Thailand defied traditional stereotypes of Thai women by taking a gold in, of all sports, weightlifting. Taking gold in the 53kg category and looking graceful all the while, she immediately became a national hero. Days later Pavina Thongsuk also took gold in weightlifting, showing that when it comes to sport, Thai athletes can be tough as nails.

i don't know

What instrument is associated with Illinois-born John Lewis?

History of Jazz -instrument match - Music History And Literature 143 with Navidad at Orange Coast College - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. History of Jazz -instrument match History of Jazz -instrument match Jessica M. -played drums for Benny Goodman -brought drums to the forefront -great entertainer and performer Earl "Fatha" Hines Piano created a style based on ragtime and stride, but goes further and demonstrates that the piano can be a strong solo instrument. Made it sound like a trumpet. Also took out webbing between fingers Advertisement ) attended churches and took spirituals as his inspiration uptown African American had a lot of energy and volume quick minded: improv Deep, rich sonorous sound Johnny Hodges alto saxophonist; joined Ellington’s band in 1928; took Bechet as his model; became one of Ellington’s main soloists; sometimes he used a bluesy toughness and other times he used a gentle lyricism Benny Goodman -appliedjazz arrangements to current pop songs--brought dance music into mainstreasm -advocate of integration in jazz launced a number of small groups Art Tatum -Amazing technique and veolicty at the piano -Reharmonization -Blind in one eye and half blind in the other one -"Willow Weep for Me" and "Tiger Rag" -Transition to Be Bop He was the first to record bass solos that departed from standard walking lines Jo Jones drummer; in the Count Basie band; a veteran of the Blue Devils; played with extraordinary lightness and a keen sense of ensemble Freddie Green close coordination with bass and drums Lewis, Meade "Lux" jazz pianist known for promoting the booie-woogie style in late 1930's Charlie Christian Jazz guitar with Benny Goodman - Electric guitar Influence bebop Helped connect jazz to rock n roll Advertisement ragtime pianist Freddie Keppard Cornet player known for use of mutes. Left with the Creole Jazz Band. He refused to record in 1916 b/c he though it would allow others to copy his sound/technique. Thus, the first band to record was the Original Dixie Land Jazz Band who were 5 white guys. >:( Kid Ory -recorded with Hot Five and Seven groups King Oliver Prominent cornet play. First black musician with a creole band to get work outside of NOLA. Taught Louis Armstrong and that generation of jazz musicians Thomas "Fats" Walter Studied with James P. Johnson benny golson bandleader and drummer, The Jazz Messengers, roots of music in church and blues, virtuosic HARD BOP Horace Silver -Pianist -During his time spent in Art Blakey's band he composed many of the tunes that incarnated the Hard Bop esthetic -One of the top played jazz composers -Brought the funky into jazz with his "comping" sonny rollins -THE leading tenor sax player in jazz for past 60 years -mentored by thelonious monk -worked with bud powell and JJ johnson at 19 -shares career with miles davis -still performs today at 84 Ray Brown original bass player in modern jazz quartet bebob Shelly Manne NY drummer who flourished on the west coast (cool jazz flourished there in general). Worked with Charlie Parker and involved with Lennie Tristano in NY. His west coast groups focused on sophisticated arrangements and modern compositions. Joan Gilberto saxophonist who made biggest hit of Bossa Nova era Charlie Parker Charles Parker, Jr., also known as "Yardbird" and "Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer Miles Davis Led one of the greatest bands of all time Trumpet style: cool, mello, lyrical use of space emphasized playing as if he were singing. Jazz Fusion -Formed the Modern Jazz Quartet -Collaborated with Gunther Schuller on Third Stream Max Roach   American jazz drummer; pioneer of bebop and considered one of the most important drummers in history; made numerous musical statements relating to the civil rights movement; sided with Malcolm X in his political views Cannonball Adderly -hard bop John Coltrane Tenor Sax player. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz. Red Garland piano player for Classic Miles Davis Quintet Paul Chambers Bass player that played for Miles davis at Newport jazz festival "Philly Joe" Jones drummer for Classic Miles Davis Quintet Bill Evans not always a steady baseline hornless trio ·        Played with Blakey’s Jazz messengers ·        Part of Miles Davis’s “second great quintet” ·        Hardbop, modal, and fusion played with John Lewis in a group led by Dizzy Gillespie John Lewis Pianist of modern jazz quartet percy heath moved beat from bass drum to ride cymbal intermittent "punches" aka "dropping bombs" Mintons - term coined 1957 by Gunther Schuller - describes a synthesis of classical music and jazz, incorporating improvisation - collaboration between Schuller (French horn virtuoso) and John Lewis (jazz pianist) as Modern Jazz Quartet - part of breaking down of boundaries and mixture of styles/periods/genres that came to be viewed as musical Postmodernism Three vocal jazz techniques?  Born 1915 In Philadelphia. (eleanora fagen) ·      Nicknamed “Lady Day” ·      1930 begins singing in harlem ·      discovered by John Hammond ·  Popular jazz singer/composer who wrote the Christmas song · Nicknamed “the velvet fog” genre of music that combines cuban rhythm and jazz improve and jazz arangments  Hard Bop -Associated with Silver, Blakey, and Adderly -darker and more aggressive -driving feeling -more diverse piano compling an bebop  * The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users. StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor. Words From Our Students "StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!" Alice , Arizona State University "I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue. It is so helpful for my education!" Tim , University of Florida "StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app. It's amazing!" Jennifer , Rutgers University "I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated. StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!" Justin , LSU

Piano

What type of aid was developed my Miller Hutchinson in the early years of the 20th century?

The Scotsman, 1999 Jackson, Milt Milt Jackson was the first musician to work out a viable approach to playing bebop on his favoured instrument, the vibraharp, a slightly larger variant of the more familiar vibraphone. He took a distinctly different technical and expressive route to those established by Lionel Hampton and Red Norvo, developing a linear, rhythmically inflected line which owed more to the example of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie than either of his two great predecessors on the instrument. He was a hugely gifted soloist with a musical conception which was steeped in the earthy pragmatism of gospel and the blues, but dovetailed beautifully within the intricate classicism of John Lewis's compositions and arrangements for the Modern Jazz Quartet, a group he was associated with throughout much of his professional life. Jakson's exhuberant solo flights provided a sharply contrasting flavouring within the MJQ's palette, and although he later said that he had felt restricted by Lewis's rhythmic experiments, it proved an enduring partnership, and provided many of his most memorable moments. The vibraphonist never really developed as an innovative leader in his own right, and profited from Lewis's firm sense of direction and purpose, even where the settings ran contrary to his natural instincts. His trademark style was augmented by his manipulation of the actual sound of his instrument. He slowed down the speed of the oscillator (the rotating vanes which sustain the sound of a note) on his instruments, an adjustment which provided a richer, warmer sound when he allowed a note to ring. When combined with his penchant for subtle shadings of dynamics and a rhythmic accentuation much influenced by Charlie Parker's example, it gave him an instantly recognisable signature, and pushed the possibilites of the instrument in a different direction to that explored by Hampton and Norvo. In an interview with jazz critic Nat Hentoff in 1958, Jackson explained his allegiance to the older adjustable instruments by noting that the single-speed vibraphone which became popular after the war failed to provide "the degrees of vibrato my ear told me I had to have. Having the right vibrato makes a lot of difference in the feeling. It's evident in a sax player, and to me it's something a vibist can have too. My own vibrato tends to be slow." He was born Milton Jackson, and began learning guitar at the age of seven. He added violin, piano, drums, tympani, xylophone and vibes to his accomplishments before leaving school, and sang in a gospel group called The Evangelist Singers while simultaneously playing jazz with local groups on the Detroit scene, including working with saxophonist Lucky Thompson, an association which enabled him to make his recording debut with Dinah Washington. He almost joined the Earl Hines band in 1942, but instead was drafted, and served two years in the army. On his return to Detroit in 1944, he set up a jazz quartet called the Four Sharps, which Dizzy Gillespie heard while touring in the mid-West. Suitably impressed, Gillespie encouraged Jackson to move to New York in 1945 with the offer of a place in his band. By this time, Jackson had acquired his familiar nickname 'Bags', derived from the pouches under his eyes (the vibraphonist claimed the specific origin of the tag had been after a heavy drinking session to celebrate his release from the army). He accompanied Gillespie and Charlie Parker to Los Angeles in 1945, partly as insurance against the notoriously unreliable Parker not turning up for gigs, to fulfil a famous engagement at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, the first time that New York bebop had been featured on the West Coast. On their return (minus Parker) to New York, he remained part of Gillespie's Sextet, playing both piano and vibes at that time, before choosing to concentrate on the latter instrument. When Gillespie put together his first ground-breaking bebop big band in 1946, he unwittingly laid the foundations for the group which would occupy much of Jackson's career. The rhythm section in that big band included Jackson, pianist John Lewis, bassist Ray Brown and drummer Kenny Clarke. That quartet were regularly featured within the big band's set to give the hard-working brass players a breather, and eventually evolved into the Milt Jackson Quartet in 1951. Ray Brown opted to work with his then wife, Ella Fitzgerald, and was replaced by Percy Heath in 1952. The band took the name the Modern Jazz Quartet that year, and began one of the longest associations in jazz history. Clarke left the USA to live in Paris in 1955, and was replaced by Connie Kay to complete the familiar ensemble, which only changed again with Kay's death in 1994, when Mickey Roker and later Albert "Tootie" Heath, the brother of Percy Heath, took over the drum chair. Jackson had already made several crucial contributions to the developing bebop style, not only with Dizzy Gillespie, but also in seminal recordings with pianist Thelonious Monk (notably in classic sessions for Blue Note in 1948 and 1951), trumpeters Howard McGhee and Miles Davis, and the Woody Herman Orchestra. His association with both Monk and Davis included the definitive version of his most famous composition, 'Bags Groove', laid down in a productive recording session for Prestige on Christmas Eve, 1954, and released on LP under the trumpeter's name as Bags Groove . Those years established a pattern which Jackson would follow for much of his life, working on the one hand with the MJQ, and on the other either as a leader in his own right, or in collaborations with other stellar names, including albums with Coleman Hawkins, John Coltrane, Ray Charles and Oscar Peterson, among others. His primary identification, though, remained with the Modern Jazz Quartet, and provided a shining example of the way in which creative tension -- and even creative differences -- can produce positive results. Many jazz fans at the time (and since) felt that the MJQ's rather austere formal style of dress and presentation were inimical to the jazz spirit, and blamed Lewis for inhibiting Jackson, an accusation which the vibraphonist occasionally stoked with remarks in interviews, complaining in particular about the lack of a full-blooded swing feel in the music. The aural evidence, however, presents a different aspect of the story. Lewis's light, ornate structures provided more sympathetic settings for Jackson than has often been allowed, and the sense of exhuberant release when the vibraphonist was set loose from some passage of intricate group interplay to spin one of his dazzlingly inventive flights often gave the resulting solo even greater impact than if it had emerged from a driving bop setting. The MJQ became one of the most popular jazz groups of all time, and drew a following from well beyond the usual jazz audience. The band remained a potent (if still controversial) force for over twenty years, until Jackson chose to leave in 1974, citing both the limitations on his playing freedoms and the constant touring schedules as his reasons, although financial considerations in a period where jazz was not a big draw also influenced his decision. His departure precipitated the break-up of the group. He freelanced and led his own groups for several years, but the lure of the growing jazz festival circuit saw the MJQ reform in 1981, and they continued to play on a more occasional basis well into the current decade, even after the death of Connie Kay. Jackson had remained busy while the MJQ lay in abeyance, and continued to be so even after its reformation. He led his own small groups, toured extensively as a soloist playing with local rhythm sections, and co-led a band with bassist Ray Brown for a time in the late 80s. He recorded a number of albums for Norman Granz's Pablo label from the mid-70s, and a series of records at the behest of Quincy Jones for his Qwest label in the 90s. Although he was forced to cancel a number of engagements through ill health in 1998, Jackson was able to return to playing. He was reunited with Ray Brown and Oscar Peterson for an enagagment and live recording at the Blue Note club in New York at the end of 1998, and recorded with the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra earlier this year, a final coda to an extensive and hugely important recorded legacy. Even in these late recordings, Jackson's deep roots in the blues remain evident, and if they do not have the excitement which marked him out in his prime, they still possess the greatness of both feeling and invention which characterised his playing, and made him not only a truly major voice on the vibraphone, but also one of the great jazz improvisers, irrespective of instrument. He continued to play until shortly before his death from liver cancer. He is survived by his wife, Sandra; his daughter, Chrysie; and three brothers.

i don't know

"Who said, ""My whole life has been one of rejection. Women. Dogs. Comic strips."""

Any Morning by William Stafford | The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor Just lying on the couch and being happy. Only humming a little, the quiet sound in the head. Trouble is busy elsewhere at the moment, it has so much to do in the world. People who might judge are mostly asleep; they can't monitor you all the time, and sometimes they forget. When dawn flows over the hedge you can get up and act busy. Little corners like this, pieces of Heaven left lying around, can be picked up and saved. People won't even see that you have them, they are so light and easy to hide. Later in the day you can act like the others. You can shake your head. You can frown. "Any Morning" by William Stafford from Ohio Review Volume 50 (1993). © 1993 by William Stafford. Used by permission of the Permissions Company, Inc. on behalf of the Estate of William Stafford. ( buy now ) It's the birthday of novelist Marilynne Robinson ( books by this author ), born in Sandpoint, Idaho (1943). Her first novel, Housekeeping (1980), is the story of two sisters in a town called Fingerbone, Idaho; their mother commits suicide and their aunt, an eccentric drifter, moves back to town to take care of them. Housekeeping got good reviews but didn't sell very well. Robinson got a teaching fellowship at the University of Kent in England. She was alarmed to learn about a nuclear facility that was dumping toxic waste into the Irish Sea, while local children suffered from unusually high rates of cancer. She wrote Mother Country: Britain, the Welfare State, and Nuclear Pollution (1989), criticizing Britain for not caring enough. She said: "I began what amounted to an effort to reeducate myself. After all those years of school, I felt there was little I knew that I could trust, and I did not want my books to be one more tributary to the sea of nonsense that really is what most conventional wisdom amounts to." She went back to teaching at the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop, and she immersed herself in reading. For years, she read journals and books about the early days of Iowa. She published a book of essays about theology. Then, almost 25 years after Housekeeping, Robinson published a second novel, called Gilead (2004). Set in 1956, the novel is a series of letters from a dying 76-year-old Congregationalist pastor in the town of Gilead, Iowa; the letters are all written to his seven-year-old son. A few years later, she published a third novel, Home (2008), a companion book to Gilead. In Gilead, she wrote: "Sometimes I have loved the peacefulness of an ordinary Sunday. It is like standing in a newly planted garden after a warm rain. You can feel the silent and invisible life. All it needs from you is that you take care not to trample on it." It's the birthday of science writer Jonathan Weiner ( books by this author ), born in New York City (1953). His mother was a librarian and his father a physicist, and he was equally enchanted by literature and science; he couldn't decide which one to make the basis of his career. A few years out of Harvard, he was hired to write a companion book to the PBS series Planet Earth (1986), and he has been a science writer ever since. He won a Pulitzer Prize for his book The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time (1986), about the rapid evolution of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos in reaction to changes in their food. His most recent book, Long for This World (2010), is about the attempts to find scientific ways to achieve immortality. It's the birthday of cartoonist Charles Schulz ( books by this author ), born in Minneapolis, Minnesota (1922). His parents left school after third grade, and his father was a barber who supported the family on 35 cent haircuts. Every Sunday, Schulz and his father read the "funny pages" together, and the boy hoped to become a cartoonist someday. But he had a tough time in school — he felt picked on by teachers and other students. He was smart enough to skip ahead a couple of grades, but that only made it worse. He wished someone would recognize his artistic talent, but his cartoons weren't even accepted by the high school yearbook. After high school, he was drafted into the Army; his mother died of cancer a couple of days before he left. When he came home, he moved in with his father in the apartment above the barbershop. He got a job teaching at Art Instruction, a correspondence course for cartooning that he had taken as a high schooler. There he fell in love with a red-haired woman named Donna Mae Johnson, who worked in the accounting department. They dated for a while, but when he asked her to marry him, she turned him down and soon after married someone else. Schulz was devastated, and remained bitter about it for the rest of his life. He said: "I can think of no more emotionally damaging loss than to be turned down by someone whom you love very much. A person who not only turns you down, but almost immediately will marry the victor. What a bitter blow that is." Schulz started publishing a cartoon strip called L'il Folks in the local paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, but they dropped it after a couple of years. Schulz sent some of his favorite L'il Folks cartoons to the United Features Syndicate, and in 1950, the first Peanuts strip appeared in seven national newspapers. The first strip introduced Charlie Brown, and Snoopy made an appearance two days later. The rest of the Peanuts characters were added slowly over the years: Linus, Lucy, Schroeder, Pig Pen, Peppermint Patty, and many more. Throughout the years, the object of Charlie Brown's unrequited love is known simply as The Little Red-Haired Girl. Peanuts was eventually syndicated in more than 2,500 newspapers worldwide, and there were more than 300 million Peanuts books sold, as well as 40 TV specials, four movies, and a Broadway play. Charles Schulz said: "My whole life has been one of rejection. Women. Dogs. Comic strips." Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®   « » “Writers end up writing stories—or rather, stories' shadows—and they're grateful if they can, but it is not enough. Nothing the writer can do is ever enough” —Joy Williams “I want to live other lives. I've never quite believed that one chance is all I get. Writing is my way of making other chances.” —Anne Tyler “Writing is a performance, like singing an aria or dancing a jig” —Stephen Greenblatt “All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath.” —F. Scott Fitzgerald “Good writing is always about things that are important to you, things that are scary to you, things that eat you up.” —John Edgar Wideman “In certain ways writing is a form of prayer.” —Denise Levertov “Writing is a socially acceptable form of schizophrenia.” —E.L. Doctorow “Writing is like driving at night in the fog. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.” —E.L. Doctorow “Let's face it, writing is hell.” —William Styron “A writer is someone for whom writing is more difficult than it is for other people.” —Thomas Mann “Writing is 90 percent procrastination: reading magazines, eating cereal out of the box, watching infomercials.” —Paul Rudnick “Writing is a failure. Writing is not only useless, it's spoiled paper.” —Padget Powell “Writing is very hard work and knowing what you're doing the whole time.” —Shelby Foote “I think all writing is a disease. You can't stop it.” —William Carlos Williams “Writing is like getting married. One should never commit oneself until one is amazed at one's luck.” —Iris Murdoch “The less conscious one is of being ‘a writer,’ the better the writing.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is…that oddest of anomalies: an intimate letter to a stranger.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is my dharma.” —Raja Rao “Writing is a combination of intangible creative fantasy and appallingly hard work.” —Anthony Powell “I think writing is, by definition, an optimistic act.” —Michael Cunningham sponsor

Charles M. Schulz

John Singer Sargent worked in which branch of the arts?

Peanuts - Wikiquote Peanuts Jump to: navigation , search Peanuts is a comic strip drawn by Charles M. Schulz from 1950 until 2000. It was also developed into several TV animated specials and four animated theatrical features. The strip's most recognizable icons are born-loser Charlie Brown and his anthropomorphic dog Snoopy, who always sleeps on top of his dog house instead of inside it. I can't stand it! (Sometimes accompanied by "I just can't stand it!") You blockhead(s)! (usually Charlie Brown): That's the way it goes... AAUGH!! (usually Snoopy or some inanimate object): My mother didn't raise me to be... No matter how hard you try, you can't... (do something silly and impossible) Why can't I have a normal (dog, baseball team, groundskeeper, etc...) like everyone else? My stomach hurts... (to Lucy in the Football gag) You'll pull it away and I'll land on my back and kill myself. I got a rock (multiple times in "It's The Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown") It depresses a manager to see his team cry... (14 Jun 58) (sees Lucy wearing one of his shirts:) Well hello there, Charlie Brown, you blockhead!! (Violet and Patty crack up as Lucy sighs and Charlie Brown walks away) (22 Feb 59) (after proving there are no spiders in the baseball gloves:) In all the history of baseball, there has never been a manager who has had to go through what I have to go through! (6 Apr 61) Other kids' baseball heroes hit home runs. Mine gets sent down to the minors! (7 May 63) Nothing takes the taste out of peanut butter like unrequited love! (15 Dec 64) (On the Little red-haired girl :) I hate myself for not having enough nerve to talk to her! Well, that's not exactly true... I hate myself for a lot of other reasons too. (17 Dec 64) (in the class spelling bee, asked to spell the word "maze":) M...A...Y...S ... AAUGH! (9 Feb 66) (waking up after getting hit with a line drive:) I'm dying, and all I hear is insults! ( 3 Aug 66 and A Boy Named Charlie Brown) Sometimes I lie awake at night, and I ask, "What can I do to keep my life from going by so fast?" Then a voice comes to me that says, "Try slowing down at the corners.". ( 30 July 96 ) I've developed a new philosophy. I only dread one day at a time. (8 Aug 66) (on being made a school crossing guard:) When I got called to the office, I was a nobody...now, I'm a man with a badge! (14 Nov 66) I don't have a ball team, I have a theological seminary! (17 Sep 67) After Linus asks if people should only worry about today instead of tomorrow No, that's giving up... I'm still hoping that yesterday will get better. (24 Mar 79) Now I know why we play baseball in the summer... When your shoes and socks get knocked off by a line drive, your feet don't get cold! (03 April 79) Wouldn't it be something if that Little Red-Haired Girl came over here and gave me a kiss? I'd say, "Thank you! What was that for?", and wouldn't it be something if she said, "Because I've always loved you!" Then I'd give her a big hug, and she'd kiss me again! Wouldn't that be something? (Starts eating) Wouldn't it be something if it turned out that french fries were good for you? (26 Feb 81) There's something lonely about a ball field when it's raining... What makes it lonely is being the only one dumb enough to be standing out here... (23 May 81) (After Peppermint Patty asks him if he likes Marcie and her ) I'm sorry... I'm not here anymore.. I've suddenly become a recording! (01 Jan 85) How can I say the right thing and the wrong thing at the same time? Yes, ma'am.. I'm late... I didn't plan to be late... The bus driver said I wasn't on her computer list so I had to walk... I also forgot my lunch and my homework, and I'm probably sitting in the wrong desk. (11 Sep 85) (Gives Snoopy the letter about Spike:) Here a letter from your brother Spike. (29 Mar 85) Sometimes I lie awake at night, and I ask, "Why me?" Then a voice answers, "Nothing personal... your name just happened to come up." (13 Nov 93) (in one of his last main strips:) This is my Joe Torre look. I'm going to use it next season. I'll manage the team from the bench like Joe Torre, and I'll stare at everybody like this, and we'll win every game. (27 Dec 99) (on the little red-haired girl:) I don't ever want to forget her face, but if I don't, I'll go crazy. How can I remember the face I can't forget? Suddenly I'm writing country-western music ! (4 Oct 69) That's the secret to life... replace one worry with another... (2 Sept 81) There's the house where the Little Red-Haired Girl lives.. Maybe if I stand here long enough, she'll come out.. She doesn't know that I could stand here for hours.. I have to because my mittens are frozen to the tree! (23 Feb 88) Emily! It's so nice to be dancing with you again! Just to see you, and hold you, and.. Ma'am? Who am I dancing with? Who am I talking to? Who... (Realizes Emily isn't there) Oh, good grief! (17 Feb 97) When you lose the first game of the season, it's a long walk home. If anything gets in your way, you just want to kick it! ( fails to kick the rock in front him, trips, and falls on his back. ) Then you discover you can't even kick good. (25 Mar 97) I never know what anyone is talking about. (11 May 97) We all need help with our homework. We're all pleading for someone to listen. We're all desperate. (12 May 97) Somewhere in this great city there must be a mailbox with a love letter for me. But this isn't it.. Stupid mailbox! (16 May 97) My anxieties have anxieties. (9 Nov 68) (mixing up his proverbs:) "He to whom the early bird runs best learns wisdom and knowledge!" For one brief moment today I thought I was winning in the game of life. But there was a flag on the play! I'm not a poor loser, I'm a good loser. I'm so good at it I lose all the time! (2 Aug 98) Sometimes I lie awake at night, and I ask myself, "Why isn't the perfect?" Then a voice comes to me that says, "We admit it.. There are still a few kinks that need working out." (29 Aug 98) It's all very strange.. You can be walking along not thinking of anything in particular. (falls head over heels) Suddenly, you're reminded of a lost love... (11 Feb 85) Sometimes you lie in bed at night, and you don't have a single thing to worry about...That always worries me! (6 Jul 85) (After umpire calls out strike three when he was thinking about Peggy Jean) Whatever happened to strike one and two? (13 Sept 90) Life is like an ice cream cone...you have to learn to lick it. (11 Aug 68) (to Snoopy:) Why aren't you a pony?!! (26 Aug 65) Yes ma'am, I understand, that's life: Front row in the classroom, last row, back deck in the ballpark. (07 Sep 95) A new season! This is where I belong! This is my life! I stand here like a captain of a ship! Nothing can sink this vessel except... (Lucy suddenly walks in, announcing she is ready) ..An iceberg! (17 March 97) This is called the loser's walk. It's the way you're supposed to walk when you've lost again. (23 July 95) (making up a proverb)[to Patty] Life is like an all day Sucker...Here today, and Gone Tomorrow! (03 Jan 51) (after Peppermint Patty asks him if he'd like to play football with her)I think we've moved away, and I don't know what our new address is.. (21 Sept 98) (after Linus reads Charlie Brown's Christmas card to the Little Red-Haired Girl that says,"Merry Christmas from your Sweet Babboo)(holding hand to his face)It's a family expression.. (20 Dec 98) I should take this bottle cap over to that Little Red-Haired Girl.. If she has a bottle cap collection, she'll throw her arms around me and say, "Thank you! Thank you! That you!"! (29 Nov 99) ( Remarking on Snoopy's sitting in the rain waiting for a rich lady in a limousine to come by and take him home )Rich ladies in limousines don't drive through our back yard.. (30 Dec 99) Yes, ma'am.. I have my report.. ' How I Wasted Another Sunday Afternoon Watching My Dog Sleep.. ' (30 May 99) The thought of another school day makes my stomach hurt! [clutching stomach] When I get all those answers wrong, I get sharp pains right here.. Then when I see the other kids enjoying themselves at lunch time while I eat alone, my stomach starts to hurt again. My brain doesn't mind school at all... it's my stomach that hates it! (30 Jan 62) Remember the Alamo!! http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/55/06/27 (to Linus): My Sweet Babboo! (on Linus:) Isn't he the cutest thing? (to Charlie Brown) Kiss Her You Blockhead! I would like to say I enjoyed this first day at school. I realize the teachers have put in a lot of effort, and a host of administrators have worked hard to develop our current scholastic program. The PTA has also done its share as have the school custodians. Therefore, I would like very much to say I enjoyed this first day at school. But I didn't! (9 Sep 63) (in school, asked a question by her teacher:) Who was the father of Henry IV ?!? I COULD NOT POSSIBLY CARE LESS! ... I'm sorry... I apologize... That was just a gut reaction. (5 May 72) Today for "Show and Tell" I have brought my brother's dog. (watches as Snoopy begins to dance in front of the class) Which may turn out to be the biggest mistake of my life! (13 Sep 73) A centimeter? If any centimeters come crawling into this room, I'll step on 'em! (17 Oct 74) School starts again in two weeks. My furlough is almost over. ... How long do you have to be in before you get shore leave? (25 Aug 81) (bursting into Charlie Brown's room:) Wake up, Santa Claus came last night and he didn't leave you anything! (Pause) April fool! (25 Dec 91) (to one of her teachers, who immediately bursts into tears) My name is Sally Brown and I hate school. (4 Sep 69) (why she wants to be a nurse:) I like white shoes. (15 Jun 68) Happiness is having your own library card. (26 Apr 64) (going door to door with Charlie Brown, helping him sell his homemade Christmas wreaths:) Ask your mother if she'd like to buy a wreath. Tell her they were made from the famous forests of Lebanon . You can read about them in the second chapter of book of Chronicles. ... If you buy two, we'll throw in an autographed photo of King Solomon! (15 Dec 82) (at another door:) Good morning, would you like to buy a Christmas wreath made from some junky old branches my brother found in a Christmas tree lot?!? You wouldn't, would you? And I can't say I blame you! (to Charlie Brown) See, your way doesn't work either! (16 Dec 82) How can I go to school if I don't know any of the answers? (8 Sep 74) I'm writing to Joe Garagiagiariolia. That was weird, big brother. I could hear your face fall clear out in the other room! (23 Mar 81) (on Linus:) He's my Sweet Babboo and I'm his Babbooette. (11 Feb 91) Some philosophies take a thousand years. I think of them in two minutes. (15 April 97) I'm taking the advice of Theodore Roosevelt...speak softly and carry a beagle! (7 August 74) I'm addressing Christmas cards. Aren't they cute? Each one has a little bunny on it dressed up like a shepherd. Don't say I'm not religious! (3 Dec 76) (reciting 'Twas the Night Before Christmas :) The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, in hope that Jack Nicklaus soon would be there. (11 Dec 68) (reciting her "Hark!" line in the Christmas play:) Hockey stick! (22 Dec 83) I ruined the whole Christmas play! Everybody hates me! Moses hates me, Luke hates me... the Apostles hate me... ALL FIFTY OF 'EM! (23 Dec 83) This butter is practically frozen.. Nobody told me life was going to be this hard! I hate getting up in the morning.. School drives me crazy... ..And now I have to butter my toast with chunky butter! (09 Mar 93) Sally's school reports[ edit ] Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. ... So why are the afternoons so long? (1 Jun 76) One "Rod" equals nine feet. One "Span" equals nine inches. One "Pace" equals three feet. One "Handbreadth" equals three inches. And one "School Day" equals a hundred years! Sorry, ma'am, I couldn't help slipping that in there. (9 May 84) Today is Abraham Lincoln 's birthday. ... Abraham Lincoln was our sixteenth king and he was the father of Lot 's wife. (12 Feb 70) English Theme: " Vandalism as a Problem Today." Who is the leader of these vandals? I will tell you. They are encouraged by Evandalists! (7 May 73) Britain was invaded in the year 43 by Roman Numerals. (6 Oct 84) Life in the village was peaceful until the volcano interrupted. (15 May 98) When writing about Church History, we have to go back to the very beginning. Our Pastor was born in 1930. (4 Sep 75) This is my report on Rain. Rain is water which does not come out of faucets. Without rain, we would not get wet walking to school and catch a cold and have to stay home, which is not a bad idea. Rain was the inspiration for that immortal poem, "Rain, rain, go away, come again some other day." After a storm, the rain goes down the drain which is where I sometimes feel my education is also going. (7 Nov 73) English Theme: "If I Had A Pony." If I had a pony, I'd saddle up and ride so far from this school it would make your head swim! (29 Sep 70) Some people are right-handed. Some people are left-handed. There are other people who are able to use both hands with equal ease. Such people are called Handbidextrous . (17 Oct 76) There are seven continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America, and Aunt Arctica . (5 May 81) The largest dinosaur that ever lived was the Bronchitis. It soon became extinct. It coughed a lot. (11 Dec 72) Theme: Our School. Going to our school is an education in itself, which is not to be confused with actually getting an education. (crumples paper and tosses it, saying "I don't need that kind of trouble!") (10 Sep 73) It was a dark and stormy night... (appeared for the first time on 12 Jul 65) The opening line of the novel Snoopy is forever starting. A well-known quotation from Edward Bulwer-Lytton . Here's (Joe Cool/The World War I Flying Ace/The world-famous (insert occupation here)/etc.) My mind reels with sarcastic replies. (to The Cat Next Door) Hey, stupid cat! Yesterday I was a dog. Today I'm a dog. Tomorrow I'll probably still be a dog. *sigh!* There's so little hope for advancement. (15 Feb 58) Snoopy asked the "Stupid Cat Next Door" to help remove a splinter from his paw: Well that's one way of doing it - he removed me from the splinter! (19 Sep 81) on why he doesn't chase rabbits: Some of us are born dogs, and some of us are born rabbits. When the chips are down, I'll have to admit that my sympathy lies with the rabbits. (18 Apr 61) To me, the ugliest sight in the world is an empty dog dish! (27 Feb 62) as "World-Famous Astronaut": I did it! I'm the first beagle on the moon! I beat the Russians...I beat everybody...I even beat that stupid cat who lives next door! (14 Mar 69) arm-wrestling Lucy: Succumb, you dark-haired fiend! (14 Feb 67) on Molly Volley: I've had distemper, and I've played mixed doubles...I'd rather have distemper. (28 May 77) Here's Joe Cool hanging around the student union eyeing chicks. Lucy storms past. Actually, we Joe Cools are scared to death of chicks... (28 May 71) I remember last year about this time ... it was two o'clock in the morning, and I was sound asleep... Suddenly, out of nowhere, this crazy guy with a sled appears right on my roof. He was okay, but those stupid reindeer kept stepping on my stomach! (23 Dec 66) As the World War I Flying Ace[ edit ] Curse you, Red Baron! Curses, foiled again! after a trip to the vet: They tortured me, but all I gave them was my name, rank and serial number! (19 Aug 66) As the "World Famous Novelist"[ edit ] "A Love Story" by Erich Beagle: "I love you," she said, and together they laughed. Then one day she said, "I hate you," and they cried. But not together. "What happened to the love that we said would never die?" she asked. "It died," he said. The first time he saw her she was playing tennis. The last time he saw her she was playing tennis. "Ours was a Love set," he said, "but we double faulted." "You always talked a better game than you played," she said. (27 May 73) Though her husband often went on business trips, she hated to be left alone. "I've solved our problem," he said. "I've bought you a St. Bernard. Its name is Great Reluctance. Now, when I go away, you shall know that I am leaving you with Great Reluctance!" She hit him with a waffle iron. (6 Aug 73) Why Dogs Are Superior to Cats: They just are, and that's all there is to it! (5 Jan 74) Her love affair had ended. She didn't want to live. She threw herself in front of a Zamboni. (27 Jun 91) (After Lucy tells him to write about something positive for a change:) It was a dark and stormy night. Suddenly, a kiss rang out! (19 Nov 81) (After Lucy tells him to write a political novel:) It was a dark and stormy night. Suddenly, a vote rang out! (14 Nov 83) (After Lucy tells him to write a Thanksgiving novel:) It was a dark and stormy night. Suddenly, a turkey rang out! (22 Nov 83) (After Lucy suggests he begin his story with "Once upon a time":) Once upon a time...It was a dark and stormy night. (7 Aug 83) (After Lucy suggests he write a book like If You Give a Mouse a Cookie :) "If You Give a Beagle a Brownie." (15 Jan 94) Once there were two mice who lived in a museum. One evening after the museum had closed, the first mouse crawled into a huge suit of armor. Before he knew it, he was lost. "Help!" he shouted to his friend. "Help me make it through the knight!" (6 Dec 74) The Gift: It was the holiday season. She and her husband had decided to attend a performance of King Lear . It was their first night out together in months. During the second act one of the performers became ill. The manager of the theater walked onto the stage, and asked, "Is there a doctor in the house?" Her husband stood up, and shouted, "I have an honorary degree from Anderson College!" It was at that moment when she decided not to get him anything for Christmas. (22 Dec 74) Travel Tips, "Arriving Home": When putting away your luggage after arriving home, always close the zippers so bugs can't crawl in. (20 Sep 82) It was a dark and stormy night. Suddenly, out of the mist a spooky figure appeared. How spooky was he? Spoooooooky! (8 Jul 91) Her real name was Dorothy Fledermaus. But all her friends called her "Dee." Thus, she was frequently referred to as " Dee Fledermaus ." (shakes his head, crumples his paper into a ball and thinks, "uh uh!") (12 Jul 73) "You love hockey more than you love me!" she complained. "You love those hockey gloves and shinguards and skates and elbow pads more than you love me!" "That's not true!" he said. "I love you much more than I love my elbow pads." (23 Nov 82) (After Lucy tells him to write an adventure story featuring a dashing hero:) He was a dark and stormy knight. (2 May 83) Beauty Tips - How to Look Younger: Don't be born so soon. (4 May 82) (Writes a new book on theology:) I have the perfect title... "Has It Ever Occurred to You That You Might Be Wrong?" (9 Aug 76) Thus endeth.... (to Sally): I'm not your Sweet Babboo! (9 Oct 78 and various other strips from there onwards) (usually on the Great Pumpkin) Just wait 'till next year! (on suckers:) Never jump into a pile of leaves with a wet sucker. (15 Nov 57) (on Miss Othmar, his teacher:) I've never said I worship her. I just said I'm very fond of the ground on which she walks! (8 Oct 59) (on why he can't watch Lucy making a jack-o-lantern:) You didn't tell me you were going to kill it! (31 Oct 59) (disappointed that the Great Pumpkin didn't show up:) I was a victim of false doctrine. (3 Nov 59) I love mankind - it's people I can't stand! (12 Nov 59) Big sisters are the crab grass in the lawn of life! (17 Jun 61) (to his blanket:) People are beginning to say nasty things about me. I'm sorry, blanket... I'm going to have to leave you here by the side of the road! (walks away, but quickly turns back after going only a few feet, and embraces his blanket again) It was whimpering! (20 Jul 61) There are three things I have learned never to discuss with people...religion, politics and the Great Pumpkin! (25 Oct 61) (Lucy threatens to hit him for refusing to memorize his lines for the Christmas program:) Christmas is not only getting too commercial, it's getting too dangerous! (17 Dec 61) (on his blanket-hating grandmother:) She no sooner got in the house when she took my blanket away! She gave me a dollar to make up for it, but I'm gonna look awfully silly sucking my thumb and holding a dollar. ... And I don't feel very secure, either! (14 Jan 63) I guess I talk too much. My mom is mad at me... my grandma is mad at me... everyone is mad at me. Yesterday my grandma drank thirty-two cups of coffee. I shouldn't have said anything. I suggested that perhaps her drinking thirty-two cups of coffee was not unlike my need for a security blanket... She didn't like the comparison. (17 Jan 63) (Linus found his missing blanket:) There was a little mix-up in the kitchen. Lucy was using my blanket to dry the dishes. We now have very secure dishes! (20 Feb 64) (on the New Math :) How can you solve "new math" problems with an "old math" mind? (22 Apr 64) (in a snow fort:) I am king of all I survey! This is an impregnable fortress! No one can take it! I could defend this position from a hundred attackers! I have ammunition enough to fight the whole day! This fortress stands firm and unyielding! It is like the rock of Gibralter! [sic - please note this is how the word is spelled in the actual strip] It is like... (Lucy hits him from behind with a snowball) You'll notice that you had to use strategy though, didn't you?!? (2 Jan 66) (on his grandmother, who quit smoking to get Linus to give up his blanket:) That gray-haired, foxy old rascal! (1 Sep 67) (embracing his blanket after rescuing it from the trash burner as quoted above:) Are you all right, ol' buddy? (13 Sep 67) (Linus gave Snoopy his security blanket to keep for him in an attempt to break the habit, but when Linus decided he wanted the blanket back, he saw that Snoopy had the blanket made into sport coats for himself and Woodstock:) It's all your fault, Charlie Brown, because you own such a stupid beagle! Do you know what I just read in a medical journal? It said that a person who is deprived of his blanket by a stupid beagle who has it made into a sport coat cannot survive for more than forty-eight hours! (12 Nov 71) (on World War II; the Stupid Cat Next Door:) That's no kitten - that's a thousand-pound gully cat! (18 Apr 72) You can't bluff an old theologian! (6 Dec 72) (after Linus explains to Eudora about the Great Pumpkin, and Lucy then tells Eudora, "See?":) How sharper than a serpent's tooth is a sister's "see?"! (26 Oct 80) Good ol' Charlie Brown... he's the Charlie Browniest! (at the end of every session at her psychiatric booth:) Five cents, please. (to Charlie Brown) I'll hold the ball and you come running up and kick it. (being chased by the other kids after purposely spoiling their games:) I'm frustrated and inhibited, and no one understands me. (24 Jan 54) (to Charlie Brown:) Don't let your team down by showing up! (16 Apr 63) (threatening Linus:) These five fingers: individually they're nothing, but when I curl them together like this into a single unit (making a fist), they form a weapon that is terrible to behold! (5 Jan 64) (panicking after Snoopy kisses her on the lips): AAUGH! I'VE BEEN KISSED BY A DOG!! I'VE BEEN POISONED! GET SOME IODINE! GET SOME HOT WATER! GERMS! GERMS! GERMS! (12 Dec 65 and several animations) Can I help it if I was born with crabby genes?!? (1 Feb 66) (on autumn:) See these leaves, Linus? They're flying south for the winter! (14 Oct 66) (to Linus:) Do you realize that people are coming up to me, and saying "your brother pats birds on the head"? Well, I want you to stop it! Do you hear me?!? Stop it!!! (Bird trips her) (30 May 67) (to Charlie Brown, at her psychiatric booth, explaining why people take advantage of him by talking too much:) It's your own fault! You're just too wishy-washy! People who talk too much deserve to be insulted! They deserve to have other people walk away from them! Talking too much is an unforgivable social sin - absolutely unforgivable! The only way to deal with people who talk too much is to let them know just how boring they really are. You can't waste your time with them, no, sir! Why should you sit and waste your valuable time while some bore talks on and on about nothing? Life is too short to waste it listening to some person who doesn't know when to shut up! Time is too valuable! Time is... (Charlie Brown sighs) (21 Jan 68) (in her psychiatric booth, consoling Charlie Brown after accidentally re-hooking Linus on security blankets after he kicked his habit on his own): In all of mankind's history, there has never been more damage done than by people who "thought they were doing the right thing." Five cents, please. (18 Nov 71) (learning of Rerun's birth, after having thrown Linus out of the house:) A new baby brother?!!? But I just got rid of the old one!!! (23 May 72) What's wrong with a world where someone like Charlie Brown can get sick, and then not get any better? I NEED SOMEONE TO HIT!! (26 Jul 79) (in right field:) This guy can't hit it! He swings like my grandmother! (a handbag is thrown at Lucy from behind and hits her in the head) Sorry, Grandma... it was just an expression... (17 Jul 82) By the time I've grown up, we'll probably have a woman president. You know what that means, don't you? It means I won't get to be the first one. BOY, THAT MAKES ME MAD!! (29 Mar 84) I keep wondering if Mom's planning to have more children. Lately she's been referring to me as "Volume One." (17 Feb 96) (After Charlie Brown's kite explodes:) That's the first time I've ever seen a kite explode. (13 March 60) Lucy the athlete[ edit ] No problem, manager... I missed it, but the ground caught it! Nice catch, ground! You're doing a good job! (18 Jul 77) Watching your graceful movements on the pitcher's mound lulled me to sleep! (10 May 78) (her excuse for missing another fly ball:) I was having my quiet time! (23 Jul 61) I think there were toxic substances coming from my glove, and they made me dizzy. (24 May 81) When the sun reflects off the bright yellow dandelions, I can't see the ball. (2 Jun 99) (she waited for a grounder to stop rolling before she picked it up:) It was having a good time, and I didn't want to disturb it. (28 Jul 72) (after kicking a football backwards over her own head:) I'm too feminine for this game! (1 Dec 64) Rerun van Pelt [ edit ] (his mother's lost three pounds by bicycling:) And through sheer terror I've lost five! (21 Jan 74) Riding around all day on the back of your mom's bicycle gives you plenty of time to think...it gives you time to think about people and about life...and about what would happen if we ran into a tree! (22 Jan 74) (to his basketball, angrily tossing it into the closet after he tried to shoot a basket twice and missed both times:)You can come out when you learn to behave! (30 Mar 97) Yes, ma'am.. Read us again about the clumsy kid who fell down the rabbit hole . ... And about the Chesapeake Cat . .... And about how she met Tiger Woods . (28 Apr 97) I don't think I should go to school anymore. Instead of getting smarter, I'm getting dumber every day. I figure in about one more month I'll bottom out. (30 Apr 97) I can't go to school...I've been suspended again for one day...another whole day! Years from now, you know what people are going to say about me? "He's one day dumber than he should be!" (30 Oct 97) My life is like a messy coloring book. (05 May 97) Yes, ma'am.. I'm writing a story.. It's about this kid who's in kindergarten, and how the stress is slowly destroying him.. Every morning, he.. Ma'am? Well, I have another one here about some purple bunnies.. (15 May 97) I could run the whole world right here from under my bed! (27 Jan 98) (to Linus:) I'm your younger brother, and I don't suck my thumb or cling to a blanket for security.. ... As the years go by, you'll probably develop a real resentment toward me.. (after Linus drapes his blanket over Rerun's head) And find different ways to get even. (16 Nov 94) Schroeder [ edit ] Only ____ days till Beethoven's birthday (text on the signs that Schroeder carries aroud usually in November and December) (after a fly ball hits Lucy, Snoopy, Linus, Violet, 5 and Pigpen in the head:) I think you're right; six bonks is a new record. (22 May 83) I'm inclined to agree with you, Charlie Brown. But on the other hand we must be cautious in our thinking. We must be careful not to "throw out the baby with the bath." (Baby Sally, who is listening, suddenly looks panicked; Schroeder looks at her and says:) Please pardon the expression. (17 Oct 59) The joy is in the playing. (27 Jan 73) (sees Lucy and Snoopy brawling:) Fighting under the mistletoe? How unfeminine...how unromantic...how gauche! (27 Dec 70) (Lucy asks if musicians make a lot of money:) Who cares about money?!? This is ART, you blockhead! This is great music I'm playing, and playing great music is an art! Do you hear me? An art! (pounding on piano) Art! Art! Art! Art! Art!" (30 Sep 56) ] (when Charlie Brown asks him how he's able to play such complicated pieces on his toy piano when the black keys are just painted on:) [matter-of-factly] I practice a lot. (9 Apr 53) (when Lucy was crying over Charlie Brown in the hospital:) It's interesting that you should cry over him when you're the one who always treated him so mean! And stop wiping your tears with my piano! (19 Jul 79) (After Charlie brown carries in a package he ordered) "BEETHOVEN!!! (sighs)" (11 Nov 51) (After Lucy asks him to get her perfume for Beethoven's birthday) "That's a good idea...I'll get you a bottle of 'Eau Dé Jumprope'". (11 Nov 60) (to Marcie:) Stop calling me sir! (8 Jun 72 and numerous other strips from there onwards) (to Charlie Brown) Hi, Chuck! (on Charlie Brown:) I could strike him out on three straight pitches! (11 Mar 71 and other strips) (to Charlie Brown, flirtatiously:) You touched my hand, Chuck! (5 Jun 71 and other strips) (In Patty's very first strip, she watches Roy write to Linus:) Is he cute? If he is, tell him your very good friend, "Peppermint" Patty, says hello. Tell him what a real swinger I am. Put in a good word for me, Roy, and the next time we Indian wrestle, I'll try not to clobber you! (22 Aug 66) (on Schroeder:) I come clear across town to play ball, and who do I get for a catcher? A miniature Leonard Bernstein ! (1 Sep 66) (on Snoopy:) He's a good skater, but he's the funniest-looking kid I've ever seen! (10 Jan 69 - Patty did not realize until several years later that Snoopy is really a dog) No book on psychology could be any good if one can understand it! (3 Jun 72) Subtraction? Oh, yes, ma'am, I can explain it. Subtraction is the awful feeling that you know less today than you did yesterday. (13 Nov 78) Ma'am? What kind of test are we having today? Multiple choice? Good! I choose not to take it! (8 Jan 79) Who was the first Tudor king? Well, let me think... Is this for real, Ma'am? Or are we playing Trivia? (25 May 84) (the first day of school, after Patty was held back a grade the previous year:) Fasten your seat belt, ma'am! Here I come again! (4 Sep 84) (bowling a boy down the aisle at school after he insults her:) Watch for you and me on TV, kid...the program is called "bowl a pupil"! (6 Sep 84) Ma'am? I don't understand this first question... which ocean are we studying? Could you be more Pacific? (7 Sep 88) I don't look so bad after all! That's always been my ambition... to not look so bad after all. (8 Aug 97) Here's my term paper, ma'am. Please judge it with mercy. Treat it as you would a newborn child. Which it is because I just wrote it this morning! (3 Mar 81) Don't hassle me with your sighs, Chuck! (5 Feb 76) This is my report on Hamlet . A hamlet is a small village with a population of maybe a few hundred, and... (19 May 94) Sometimes I think I tore all the ligaments in my head. (8 Jun 89) (after falling asleep in class:) I'm awake! The answer is twelve! (usually said after she tries to confide in Charlie Brown and he doesn't tell her what she wants to hear:) I hate talking to you, Chuck! (on why she gets bad grades:) Teachers don't like kids with big noses! (reporting on a classical concert she attended:) We went to the concert, and heard " Adagio for Strings " by Samuel The Barber . (30 Jul 95) This is my report on the story of the Five Little Hogs. Or was it the Six Little Pigs? Or the Nine Little Hogs, or something like that.. which is the kind of report you get when you write it while walking from your desk to the front of the room. (21 Nov 94) (taking a test:) True! ... False! ... And one good old-fashioned MAYBE!!! (12 Sep 73) Marcie [ edit ] (to Peppermint Patty:) You're weird, sir! Do footballs mind being kicked, sir? Do you think it causes them to be traumatized? (12 Sep 82) (her father is taking her to a Mighty Ducks hockey game:) I think we're going to see the Mighty Flamingos. (17 Nov 93) (after the hockey game) I got to meet the guy who drives the Zucchini . (27 Sep 93) Your optimism should be framed, Charles. (16 Mar 83) (trying to clean a golf ball:) After I peeled the white cover off, I couldn't get the ball back in. (13 April 80) (on why she's taking violin lessons for the summer instead of going to camp:) You can't play Brahms on a canoe paddle, sir. (28 Jun 98) (on the Super Bowl:) We'll never make it to the Splendid Bowl, sir. (13 Nov 88) (on the Super Bowl:) Sometimes I get a little curious ... did anybody make a hole-in-one? (12 April 93) (after admiring Charlie Brown at his events:) I admire your élan, Charles. It's just human nature...we all need someone to kiss us goodbye. Frieda [ edit ] (once more antagonizing Snoopy about being the only animal in the neighborhood:) You're so smug! You think you've got it made, don't you? You think you're king because you're the only animal around here! Well, do you know what I'm gonna do? I'm gonna get a cat! (15 May 61) People hate cats. People hate people who own cats. And people especially hate people with naturally curly hair who own cats! (12 Jul 61) You're not pitching right, Charlie Brown. Whenever the other team hits the ball to us, and we try to catch it, the ball stings our hands! Try to pitch so that the ball won't sting our hands. (24 Apr 62) What's the good of having naturally curly hair if nobody's jealous?!? (24 Oct 62) <-- This link is wrong, could someone correct? People always expect more of you when you have naturally curly hair! (11 Dec 63) (berating Snoopy for his lack of exercise:) You're flabby! If a crisis ever occurred, your muscles would never respond! (12 Aug 64) (after Charlie Brown angrily discovered she reported his dog to the Head Beagle:) It was his own fault! He never wanted to go rabbit chasing with me! (14 Oct 69) (after everyone in the neighborhood turns their back on her for reporting Snoopy to the Head Beagle:) Everyone's mad at me! No one will speak to me. (After Linus replies, "Of course, they won't! Anyone who would turn someone in to the Head Beagle doesn't deserve to be spoken to!") I didn't know what I was doing! I was upset! (To which Linus answers, "Don't talk to me, it's too late now!") (17 Oct 69) (Lucy tells her that to hang around Schroeder, she has to like Beethoven:) All right, but I'll just have a small glass... (18 Jan 70) I have affixed to me the dust and dirt of countless ages...who am I to disturb history? (18 Sep 55) You know what I am? I'm a dust magnet! (25 Nov 59) (after Violet chides him for being dirty and calls him a "germ carrier":) Even germs get tired of walking now and then! (14 Jul 61) (when Lucy asks him why he doesn't look neat like the other players on the team:) Last year I batted .712. Neatness doesn't bat .712! (20 Mar 97) (at the classroom) And if I'm elected class president, I promise to... Violet Gray [ edit ] I'm in business...these are ready-mix mud pies! (22 May 53) (to Patty:) You an' I have a lot in common...we both dislike the same things about Charlie Brown! (31 Aug 53) (after she and Patty tear into Charlie Brown again and he walks away, very dejected:) You know, it's a strange thing about Charlie Brown...you almost never see him laugh. (4 Dec 59) My Dad can _______ better than your Dad. (to "Pig-pen") You can't be class president, 'Pig-Pen'! You're a mess, and you have no dignity! "(to "Snoopy")" Well, hello, there! You don't know me, do you? My name is "Violet". You're real cute... "7 Feb 51)" Little girls are made of sugar and spice and everything nice. (hits Charlie Brown) That's what little girls are made of. (3 Oct 50) It's a lot more fun not inviting people than it is inviting them! (14 Oct 52) (to Lucy:) You'll always be a crabby little girl! You were born crabby and you're going to stay crabby! Don't think you're going to change because you're not! (16 May 64) Shermy [ edit ] Well! Here comes ol' Charlie Brown! Good ol' Charlie Brown...yes, sir! Good ol' Charlie Brown...how I hate him! (02 Oct 50 - the very first Peanuts strip) (telling Charlie Brown he's quitting the baseball team:) I'm the kind who needs to win now and then. With you it's different. I think you get sort of a neurotic pleasure out of losing all the time. (3 Aug 62) Every Christmas it's the same - I always end up playing a shepherd. (Shermy's only line of dialogue in "A Charlie Brown Christmas") Nothing makes me more mad than wasting a good haircut! Last Saturday I got a haircut so I'd look nice for school Monday morning. Then on Monday I got sick, and I couldn't go to school for three days. I wasted a good haircut! (21 Sep 62) Eudora [ edit ] Saturday's the only day I never get anything wrong. (7 Oct 78) (on Orientation at camp:) If they try to ship us to the Orient, forget it! (15 Jun 78) (to teacher:) Our family just moved here from out of state. (...) No, ma'am...I don't know which state. I don't even know where I am now! (4 Oct 78) Lydia [ edit ] (Linus is two months older:) Aren't you kind of old for me? (9 Jun 86) (to Linus:) You like mint chocolate chip? I'm surprised...most older people like vanilla! (Linus fumes.) (13 Jun 86) Today my name is (insert flowery-sounding or unusual female name here, such as: Melissa, Anna, Olivia, etc.) (during Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales (2002), she announces:) Today, my name is Jezebel. (Linus then tells her the story of the Biblical Jezebel's grisly death. She responds:) Today, my name is Susan. (18 Dec 87) Spike [ edit ] The annual meeting of the Cactus Club will now come to order... (after Peppermint Patty loses a golf game:) Perhaps you'd like to invest in some choice real estate near Needles? My card! (on selling "oceanview property" in Needles:) I figured coyotes can see a long way. (puts hat on left side of cactus) Sometimes I hang my hat here, (puts hat on right side of cactus) And sometimes I hang my hat over here. (puts hat back on) Who said desert life is boring? Schroeder: There goes our shutout! (15 Aug 52) Lucy: Can you take a little friendly criticism, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: Why, of course. I'm not above that sort of thing at all; a little friendly criticism can always be helpful to a person. What is it you wanted to say? Lucy: You're kind of stupid. (17 May 55) Schroeder: (to Lucy:) I wouldn't marry you unless you were the last girl on earth! Lucy: Did you say "if" or "unless"? Schroeder: I admit I said "unless"... Charlie Brown: Life is just too much for me. I've been confused right from the day I was born. I think the whole trouble is that we're thrown into life too fast... we're not really prepared. Linus: What did you want... a chance to warm up first? (9 Sep 59) Lucy Van Pelt: Aren't the clouds beautiful? They look like big balls of cotton. I could just lie here all day and watch them drift by. If you use your imagination, you can see lots of things in the cloud's formations. What do you think you see, Linus? Linus Van Pelt: Well, those clouds up there look to me look like the map of the British Honduras on the Caribbean. [points up] That cloud up there looks a little like the profile of Thomas Eakins , the famous painter and sculptor. And that group of clouds over there... [points] ...gives me the impression of the Stoning of Stephen . I can see the Apostle Paul standing there to one side. Lucy Van Pelt: Uh huh. That's very good. What do you see in the clouds, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: Well... I was going to say I saw a duckie and a horsie, but I changed my mind. Charlie Brown: Oh, good grief! (9 Mar 62) Charlie Brown: Is Linus back from lunch yet? Schroeder: Yes, he's back, and Shermy and Snoopy and Violet are back too...but now Patty and Lucy and Frieda have gone home for supper. (*Sigh*) This has been a long first inning! (5 Apr 63) Charlie Brown: Joe Shlabotnik? Really? You have a Joe Shlabotnik? You have a Joe Shlabotnik bubble gum card? He's my favorite player! I've been trying to get him on a bubble gum card for five years! You wanna trade? Here... I'll give you Whitey Ford , Mickey Mantle , Robin Roberts , Luis Aparicio , Bill Monbouquette , Dick Stuart and Juan Pizarro ! Lucy: No, I don't think so... Charlie Brown: How about Nellie Fox , Dick Donovan , Willie Kirkland , Frank Lary , Al Kaline , Orlando Pena , Jerry Lumpe , Camilo Pascual , Harmon Killebrew , Bob Turley and Albie Pearson ? Lucy: No, I don't want to trade. I think Joe Shlabotnik is kind of cute. Charlie Brown: [increasingly desperate] I'll give you Tom Cheney , Chuck Cottier , Willie Mays , Orlando Cepeda , Maury Wills , Sandy Koufax , Frank Robinson , Bob Purkey , Bill Mazeroski , Harvey Haddix , Warren Spahn , Hank Aaron , Tony Gonzales , Art Mahaffey , Roger Craig , Duke Snider , Don Nottebart , Al Spangler , Curt Simmons , Stan Musial , Ernie Banks and Larry Jackson ! Lucy: No, I don't think so... Charlie Brown: For five years I've been trying to get a Joe Shlabotnik! My favorite baseball player, and I can't get him on a bubble gum card... Five years! My favorite player... [walks away, very depressed] Lucy: [examines card for a few seconds] He's not as cute as I thought he was! [tosses card into the trash] (18 Aug 63) Charlie Brown: Next year I'm going to be a changed person! Lucy: That's a laugh, Charlie Brown. Charlie Brown: I mean it! I'm going to be strong and firm. Lucy: Forget it. You'll always be wishy-washy! Charlie Brown: Why can't I change just a little bit? I'll be wishy one day and washy the next! (31 Dec 65) Charlie Brown: Shovel your walk? Patty: For money? Charlie Brown: Yes, I don't have any use for beads! Patty slams the door in his face Charlie Brown: I guess a good businessman can't afford to be sarcastic. (18 Jan 66) Lucy: (to Charlie Brown) You don't think my brother and I get along very well, do you? You just wait. After we've grown, we'll be very close! Charlie Brown: What does she mean by "close"? Linus: We may both live on the same continent! (30 Jul 66) Charlie Brown: Shovel your walk? Violet: YOU? Charlie Brown: I never know how to answer those one-word questions... (15 Dec 66) Lucy: Here, I brought you a piece of toast. Linus: Well, thank you. Lucy: (Holding the toast just out of Linus' reach) "Thank you, dear sister." Linus: Thank you, dear sister. Lucy: "Thank you, dear sister... greatest of all sisters!" Linus: Thank you, dear sister, greatest of all sisters! Lucy: "Thank you, dear sister, greatest of all sisters, without whom I'd never survive!" Linus: Thank you, dear sister, greatest of all sisters, without whom I'd never survive! Lucy: You're very welcome. Linus: How can I eat when I feel nauseated? (8 Jan 67) Charlie Brown: This is the time of year when all the big baseball trades are made. I'm going to try to improve our team with a few shrewd trades. Lucy: That's a great idea, Charlie Brown. Why don't you trade yourself? (8 Nov 67) Lucy: (walks up to Charlie Brown carrying a baseball glove) Hey, manager... some kid must have left his glove here. It has his name on it. See? Right here... " Willie Mays ." He wrote his name on his glove, see? Poor kid... he's probably been looking all over for it. We should have a "Lost and Found." I don't know any kid around here named "Willie Mays," do you? How are we gonna get it back to him? He was pretty smart putting his name on his glove this way, though. It's funny, I just don't remember any kid by that name... Charlie Brown: Look at the name on your glove. Lucy: What? Charlie Brown: (appears slightly irritated) Look at your own glove. There's a name on it. Lucy: (reads name on glove) " Babe Ruth "... Well, I'll be! How in the world do you suppose I got her glove?!? (3 Aug 69) Charlie Brown: I can't believe it! Lucy: Charlie Brown, I'll hold the football, and you come running up and kick it. Charlie Brown: "HOW LONG, O LORD?" Lucy: You're quoting from the sixth chapter of Isaiah , aren't you, Charlie Brown? "Until cities lie waste without inhabitant, and houses without men, and the land is utterly desolate..." Actually, there is a note of protest in the question as asked by Isaiah, for we might say he was unwilling to accept the finality of the Lord's judgment... [While Lucy has been quoting Scripture, Charlie Brown has taken a running start and taken off toward the football, hoping to kick the ball while Lucy is distracted. However...] Charlie Brown: AUGHH! [Without missing a beat, Lucy pulls the football away, and Charlie lands on the ground with a WUMP!] Lucy: How long? All your life, Charlie Brown... all your life. (11 Oct 70) Charlie Brown: Why would the library ban Miss Helen Sweetstory's book? Linus: I can't believe it. I just can't believe it! Charlie Brown: Maybe there are some things in her book that we don't understand. Sally: In that case, they should also ban my Math book! (24 Oct 72) Linus: Still moping? I can't believe it! But that was almost ten weeks ago! Lucy: I can't help it! I'll never get over it! NEVER!! Linus: Well, why don't you write a letter or something like you said you were going to do? Maybe that will help. Lucy: I guess I will. [gets a pencil and piece of paper and writes] "Dear Bobby Riggs , You were lucky!!! " (15 Jul 73) [Charlie Brown is watching a golf tournament on TV when Sally comes up behind him.] Announcer: All right, golf fans, this is it... The old pro has to make this one... He's down to the last putt, and he can't play it safe... He has to go for it... There's no tomorrow! Sally: THERE'S NO TOMORROW?! [runs out of the house screaming] THERE'S NO TOMORROW!! [to Linus] THEY JUST ANNOUNCED ON TV THAT THERE'S NO TOMORRROW!!! [to Snoopy] THERE'S NO TOMORROW!! THEY JUST ANNOUNCED IT ON TV! PANIC! PANIC! RUN! HIDE! FLEE! RUN FOR THE HILLS! FLEE TO THE VALLEYS! RUN TO THE ROOF TOPS! [In the final panel, Sally, Linus and Snoopy are on top of Snoopy's doghouse.] Linus: Somehow I never thought it would end this way! Snoopy: I thought Elijah was to come first... (22 Jul 73) Peppermint Patty: Marcie, I'm short a player. I need you out in right field. Marcie: I don't know anything about baseball, sir. Peppermint Patty: All you have to do is stand out there. Please? Marcie: What if I get put in the penalty box? Peppermint Patty: There's no penalty box in baseball. Now, please get out there. Marcie: I forgot to ask if we're playing nine holes or eighteen. (26 Jul 73) Linus: What are you watching? Lucy: The "Rose Parade" from Pasadena. They have some of the most beautiful floats this year I've ever seen. Linus: Has the Grand Marshal gone by yet? Lucy: Yeah, you missed him... but he wasn't anyone you ever heard of! (1 Jan 74) Lucy:Tomorrow is Beethoven's birthday... what are you going to buy me? Schroeder: I'm not going to buy you anything! [stands up from his piano and continues shouting at Lucy] You know why? Because you don't care anything about Beethoven! You never have! You don't care that he suffered! You don't care that his stomach hurt and that he couldn't hear! You never cared that the Countess turned him down, or that Therese married the Baron instead of him, or that Lobkowitz stopped his annuity!! [storms away] Lucy: If the Countess hadn't turned him down, would you buy me something? (15 Dec 74) Lucy: Hey, banana nose! I never knew you had an older brother! Snoopy: Do I bite her on the leg now, or do I wait until Spike gets here, and let him bite her? (5 Aug 75) Truffles:( to Linus on the roof of her grandfather's barn)Be careful, Linus... You're going to fall! Linus: I don't think I can get get down...It's too slippery... Sally: I'm leaving on the bus, Linus, but don't worry! I'll send a helicopter for you! Be brave, my sweet babboo! Linus: Helicopter? Truffles: "Sweet babboo"? (28 Jan 77) Sally:(to the class) There he was on the snow-covered barn roof! One false move would send him sliding to his death! What a predicament! Who would rescue my sweet babboo? Linus: I'M NOT YOUR SWEET BABBOO! (08 Feb 77) Sally:Here, big brother, you got a letter. Charlie Brown: (reading the back of the letter)"The Environmental Protection Agency" Sally: It's something about you biting a tree... Charlie Brown: Do you always read my mail? Sally: Do you always bite trees? (02 March 77) Lucy: Look. Sally: Look at what? Lucy: Look at that tiny bug.. Have you ever thought about how little he knows? Sally: He doesn't know what day it is, that's for sure! He doesn't know what's on TV tonight, either.. Lucy: He's never even heard of Farrah Fawcett-Majors. Lucy: He doesn't know there's a moon in the sky and fish in the ocean... Sally: He doesn't know anything about kites, or Frisbees or even ice cream cones! Lucy: And he's never heard of barbers, or baptism or bass drums... Linus: ( Walking up to Lucy and Sally ) Say, do any of you girls know where the new post office is? Lucy: What new post office? Sally: I didn't even know we had a new post office.. The Bug: ( talking to Linus in dots ) Linus: Oh it is? Thank you very much. The Bug: ( walks away from Lucy and Sally, humming ) (25 Sept 77) Linus: You know what? I think I've learned the secret of life. I went to the doctor yesterday because I had a sore throat... The nurse put me in a small room.. I could hear a kid in another room screaming his head off... When the doctor came in to see me, I told him I was glad I wasn't in that other room... "Yes," he said... "That kid will have to have his tonsils out... You're lucky you only have a mild inflammation". The secret of life is to be in the right room! (16 Nov 77) Marcie: How many skating tests are there, sir? Peppermint Patty: Eight, Marcie, and they get harder and harder. Sometimes I think the only thing that keeps me going is the encouraging words of my coach... Snoopy: Growl, snarl, snap, growf, bark, woof! (4 Jan 78) Linus: It rains on the hills and in the valleys... It rains on the cities and in the fields. It rains on the just and the unjust. Snoopy: And in my face! (03 Feb 78) Peppermint Patty: You really liked that Little Red-Haired Girl, didn't you, Chuck? Which would you rather do, hit a home run with the bases loaded or marry the Little Red-Haired Girl? Charlie Brown: Why couldn't I do both? Peppermint Patty: We live in a real world, Chuck! (02 June 78) Peppermint Patty: Do you think I'm beautiful, Chuck? Charlie Brown: Of course... You have what is sometimes called a " quiet beauty". Peppermint Patty: You may be right, Chuck. I just wish it would speak up now and then! (30 June 78) Charlie Brown: I can't get that Little Red-Haired Girl out of my mind.. Linus: Why don't you call her up, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: I'm afraid she'll hang up in my face! Linus: That's the beauty of calling her on the phone. One ear isn't a whole face! (28 August 78) Charlie Brown: Hello? Information? Yes, I'd like to talk to a certain Little Red-Haired Girl... No I already have her number... I was hoping you could tell me something else... What do I do when she answers the phone? (29 August 78) Lucy: What's going on? Charlie Brown: Linus is trying to get his blanket back from that cat! He's going to drop on top of him from the helicopter! Lucy: I have long suspected that insanity runs in our family! (27 October 78) Snoopy: Psst! Wake up, it's almost noon...the early bird gets the worm. Woodstock: ||||||| Snoopy: That's true...you can get pizza until midnight! (22 Jan 80) Lucy: I figured it out, Charlie Brown. If you stay depressed for two more days, you'll make it into the Book of World Records. Charlie Brown: Wow! That's great! Lucy: You just blew it! (27 Mar 80) Lucy: Here we go, Charlie Brown... I'll hold the ball, and you come running up and kick it. Charlie Brown: What you really mean is, you'll pull the ball away, and I'll land on my back and kill myself! Well, I have news for you... Never again! Forget it! Lucy: Wait! Charlie Brown: (walking away) I said, forget it!! I'm just glad you're the only person in the world who thinks I'm dumb enough to fall for that trick again. (Charlie Brown then comes across Snoopy, Woodstock, Sally, Peppermint Patty and Marcie all grinning wickedly and holding footballs for him to run up and kick.) (16 Oct 83) Peppermint Patty: I'd like to ask the teacher a question, but I'm afraid she'll think it's dumb. Marcie: They say the only dumb question is the one that you don't ask. Peppermint Patty: Ma'am? Is it all right if we turn in our book reports a year late? Marcie: They were wrong! (2 Jan 84) Peppermint Patty: Let me borrow your ruler, Marcie. Marcie: As soon as you give my pen back. Peppermint Patty: If I give your pen back, I won't have any use for the ruler. Marcie: Sure, you need my pen to draw lines with my ruler on the ten sheets of paper you borrowed from me! (angrily begins gathering her school supplies) Here, why don't you take my eraser, my notebooks, my colored pencils, my comb, my lunch... (throws all of her school supplies at Patty) TAKE EVERYTHING I HAVE!!! Peppermint Patty: (buried in Marcie's school supplies) Do we have time for a garage sale, ma'am? (8 Jan 84) Peppermint Patty: Everyone had to write an essay on what we did during Christmas vacation. When I got mine back, the teacher had given me a "D minus"...well, I'm used to that, right, Chuck? Right! Now guess what...all those essays went into a city essay contest, and I won! Explain that, Chuck! Snoopy: Never listen to the reviewers. (9 Jan 85) Peppermint Patty: School starts next week. I hope I get better grades this year. I hope I'll be the prettiest and smartest girl in the whole class. Marcie: "Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper." Peppermint Patty: When we go to college, Marcie, I'm not going to room with you. (27 Aug 86) Peppermint Patty: I called Chuck last night, Marcie.. I don't think he likes you more than he likes me as Marcie pulls her hair she yells YOU'RE TURNING HIM AGAINST ME!! MARCIE! Marcie: Want to borrow a comb before we go in, sir? http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1987/09/11/ (11 Sept 87)] Lucy: Why can't you and your dog do some things together? Go out and chase some rabbits. Charlie Brown: I remember we tried that once... Snoopy: A rabbit chased us for five miles! (25 Jan 88) Peppermint Patty: D-minus! Good grief! I got a D-minus in every subject! And look what she wrote on the back... she said I'm not very cute! What does she mean, I'm not cute? Just because I've got a big nose and mousy-blah hair, doesn't mean I'm not cute! [kicks report card onto the ground] My dad thinks I'm cute! Every day when I was little, he'd say how cute I was... Marcie: [picking up card and examining it] She says your attention span is not very acute. Peppermint Patty: It's gonna be a long summer. Charlie Brown: You are? (25 Jul 90) Lucy: Charlie Brown! I'll hold the ball and you come running up and kick it... Charlie Brown: Congratulate me! You have just nominated me "most stupid kid of the year"! Lucy: But look, Charlie Brown, I've been reading this book about holding the ball... See? It tells how to hold it for the kickoff, for field goals and for extra points... Charlie Brown: If someone is reading a book about something, I guess you have to trust her.. This year I'm gonna kick that ball all the way to Omaha! (Lucy pulls the football away.) Charlie Brown: AAUGH! ( He falls on his back. ) WHAM! Lucy: I wrote the book, Charlie Brown. (29 Sept 91) Lydia: Linus.. Have you ever written a love note? Linus: I wouldn't know how. Lydia: It's easy.. you just tell the girl how pretty you think she is.. or sweet.. That sort of thing... Girls appreciate love notes. Linus: Okay, I'll try it.. (Pause.) Lydia: Where's the love note? Linus: I gave it to the girl in front of me. (07 Jun 92) Lucy: OH NO! ALL RIGHT! WHO'S BEEN IN MY COMIC BOOKS?! Linus (from another room)A storm is approaching! Everybody take cover!(gets under blanket) Lucy: (barges in and starts yelling at Linus under his blanket)YOU'VE BEEN IN MY COMIC BOOKS AGAIN, HAVEN'T YOU?!! I TRY TO KEEP THEM IN ORDER AND NOW YOU'VE MESSED THEM ALL UP! YOU DRIVE ME CRAZY!! FROM NOW ON, LEAVE THEM ALONE! AND STAY OUT OF MY ROOM! (walks away, steaming mad) Linus Linus:(getting out from under blanket)The storm abates... The sun comes out.. Peace reigns again. (14 March 93) Sally: I don't think the school bus is ever going to come.. Lucy: I think they've forgotten about us.. Charlie Brown: Maybe we should start walking.. Linus Does anyone remember the name of our school? (21 April 93) ( Charlie Brown is at at Lucy's psychiatric booth ) Charlie Brown: Some days I'm up and the next days I'm down. Lucy: Like an emotional roller coaster, huh? Do you ever feel like you're on a roller coaster, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: How about bumper cars? (04 April 94) Lucy: As sister and brother, we're almost like a team.. I'm the manager, and you're the worthless player who is good for nothing except sitting on the bench! Linus: It's going to be a long season. (30 April 94) Sally: (to her brother, delivering his love note to the Little Red-Haired Girl while he hides behind a tree) She's reading your love note! Did you hear me? Are you still behind the tree? Wave your hand! Charlie Brown: (waves hand from behind the tree) Sally: (to the Red-Haired Girl) He's still there.. Really? Oh, sure, I understand.. {to her brother, handing him back the love note) She said she couldn't read your smudgy writing... And when I told her you're in the same class at school, she said she didn't remember you. Charlie Brown: I can't stand it! (03 Aug 94) Charlie Brown: A letter! I got a letter from my Pen Pal in Scotland! (reading)"Dear Charlie, Just been to the shops.. Ma maw's in bed with a sore heid and ma da's makin mince tatties for the dinner.. Love, Morag." Snoopy: She does prattle on, doesn't she? (27 Sept 94) Sally: Why would some girl in Scotland waste her time writing to you? Charlie Brown: because we're pen pals.. maybe she likes my letters to her.. Sometimes pen pals fall in love.. Snoopy: It's a wee early, lad, to thinkin' like that.. (29 Sept 94) Charlie Brown: (reading) "Dear Charlie, This is your Pen Pal from Scotland. I would have written sooner, but I thirty other Pen Pals, and.."(stops reading) THIRTY? (balls up paper and starts to cry) I thought I was the only one! Snoopy: Life's lesson number four thousand and fifty.. (06 Oct 94) Charlie Brown: I thought she was only writing to me.. Then she tells me she has thirty other Pen Pals! Linus Well, life is like a helicopter, Charlie Brown. Charlie Brown: Like a what? Linus Or maybe a skateboard.. No, life is like a T-shirt.. No life is like a gutter ball.. Charlie Brown: I can't stand it! (07 Oct 94) Charlie Brown: Why should a person lie awake all night worrying about everything? Why should a person be burdening with all the cares of the world? Linus (under blanket): I'm not here. (10 Jul 97) Peppermint Patty: Quick, Marcie, I need a pencil and some paper. And I need an eraser, a pen and a ruler. Marcie: (to the teacher) No, Ma'am... I'm her caddie. (18 Sept 97) Peppermint Patty: ( to Charlie Brown on the phone ) Hi, Chuck! Do you miss me? Charlie Brown Do I WHAT? Peppermint Patty: Miss me, Chuck! Do you miss me?! What's the matter with you? Don't you understand any thing?! Charlie Brown Who is this? Peppermint Patty: WHAT DO YOU MEAN, WHO IS THIS?! IT'S ME, CHUCK! WHO DID YOU THINK IT WAS?!! Charlie Brown Oh. Peppermint Patty: '"OH"? WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? "OH"- IS THAT ALL YOU CAN SAY?! Charlie Brown I'm sorry.. I was thinking of something else... I have to feed my dog.. Peppermint Patty: WAIT, CHUCK! DON'T HANG UP! SAY SOMETHING! SAY ANYTHING! Charlie Brown (Hands phone to Snoopy) Snoopy: Woof! Peppermint Patty: How sweet! (19 Oct 97) Lucy: ( to Charlie Brown's kite ) FLY, YOU STUPID KITE! GET UP THERE! GO! FLY! FLY! GET UP THERE! GET UP THERE! ( kite falls to the ground ) Lucy: YOU STUPID KITE! WHAT'S WRONG WITH YOU?! YOU'RE A DISGRACE TO KITEDOM! DON'T THINK YOU CAN GET AWAY WITH THIS! GET BACK UP THERE WHERE YOU BELONG! ( kite suddenly starts flying ) Later Sally: So how did your kite flying go today? Charlie Brown I think I learned something, but I'm not sure what it was.. (01 Mar 98) Linus: See? There she is, Charlie Brown,.. There's the Little Red-Haired Girl just waiting for you to ask her to dance... Charlie Brown: I wish I were sophisticated like guys you read about in stories.. Snoopy: Here's the Scott Fitzgerald hero standing boy the punch bowl "trying to look uninterested in the dancers.Don't give it another thought, old sport!" (21 May 98) Charlie Brown: I can't believe I'm doing this.. I'm walking toward the Little Red-Haired Girl.. I'm going to ask her to dance.. I'm getting closer.. I'm almost there.. I'm.. Peppermint Patty: Chuck! we've been looking for you! Marcie: Come on, Charles, they're playing the "Hockey-Pokey". Charlie Brown: Oh, good grief! (22 May 98) Snoopy: Here's Gatsby standing by the punch bowl watching couples dance by... "It was in nineteen-nineteen.. I only stayed five months.. That's why I can't really call myself an Oxford man. Both of us us loved each other all that time, old sport." (23 May 98) Linus: Charlie Brown! Where have you been? Charlie Brown: I've been doing the "Hockey-Pokey with Patty and Marcie.. Listen.. There playing a Foxtrot.. Now I can ask that Little Red-Haired Girl to dance.. Linus I think someone is head of you.. Snoopy: (dancing with the Little Red-Haired Girl): "Daisy and Gatsby danced.. I remember his graceful conservative foxtrot". (25 May 98) ( Peppermint Patty and Marcie are at Charlie Brown's doorstep ) Peppermint Patty: The Hockey-Pokey wasn't very romantic, Chuck. Marcie: I saved you the Waltz, Charles, but I never saw you.. Peppermint Patty: How about the limo, Chuck? We never saw a limo, either.. Marcie: How come you fell down doing the Hockey-Pokey? ( They start to leave, Charlie Brown in a strong state of confusion ) Peppermint Patty: Don't invite us to any more dances, Chuck. Marcie: "Many a heart is broken after the ball." (28 May 98) Charlie Brown: My arm hurts.. Lucy Why don't you let me pitch? I have a cute arm! Charlie Brown: Pitchers don't have cute arms! Lucy I bet Ty Cobb had a cute arm, didn't she? (17 June 98) Lucy: A good knows how to communicate with his players.. A good mana ger even shows cocern for their welfare.. ( Pause ) Charlie Brown: How've you been? Lucy: Listen to me.. Mom doesn't want you to have a dog, does she? Rerun No.. Lucy Do you really think Santa Claus is going to bring you something Mom doesn't want you to have? Rerun Ooo! Supreme Court stuff! ( 23 Dec 98 ) (22 June 98) Rerun: Snoopy, who am I kidding? Lucy is right.. Santa Claus is never going to bring a dog to someone whose Mom doesn't want him to have a dog.. If I'm lucky, I'll get a pair of socks and an orange.. Snoopy: If I get a rubber bone, I'll share it. ( 24 Dec 98 ) Franklin: I never got around to reading the book we were supposed to read during Christmas vacation. Marcie: I started to read it, but I couldn't understand it... Peppermint Patty: What book? (4 Jan 99) ( Charlie Brown is at at Lucy's psychiatric booth ) Charlie Brown: I don't always want to be who I am.. So I'm wondering if I could ever learn to be the life of the party? Lucy: YOU?! HA HA HA HA HA! ---I'm sorry..I shouldn't have laughed... Where were we? Oh, yes, now I remember.. You? The life of the party? HA HA HA HA! ( Charlie Brown goes home. ) Sally: Well, how did your session with the psychiatrist go? Charlie Brown: I was asking her if I could ever learn to be the life of the party, and.. Sally: YOU?! HA HA HA HA! Charlie Brown: Actually, I've never been invited to a party. (04 April 99) Lucy: Hey, manager, how come I always have to play right field? Charlie Brown: Because you're such a terrible player! Lucy: I suppose you think you're such a great pitcher, huh? And I suppose you think you're such a great manager? Charlie Brown: This could turn ugly... (22 Jun 99) Sally: Lucy's on the phone. She wants to know why she always has to play right field. Charlie Brown: Traditionally, the player who is weakest defensively plays right field. Sally: (to Lucy on the phone) He says the dumbest player always plays right field. Charlie Brown: This could turn really ugly... (23 Jun 99) Lucy: Hey, manager, I've decided if I have to play right field all the time, I'd rather not play at all.. Charlie Brown: Really? Wow! That's great！ Boy, what a relief! Lucy: Okay,I'll play right field.. (25 Jun 99) Little Girl With the Braids: The teacher says we were supposed to paint these flowers.. Rerun I don't do flowers.. I do underground comic books.. See? Here's a spaceman on Mars fighting a purple monster! Little Girl With the Braids Where are the women? I don't see any women.. A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965)[ edit ] Linus (after Charlie Brown tells Linus about Christmas becoming depressing and too commercial): Charlie Brown, you're the only person I know that can take a wonderful season like Christmas and turn it into a problem. Maybe Lucy's right. Of all the Charlie Browns in the world, you're the Charlie Browniest. Linus: (catches a snowflake on his tongue, chewing and swallowing it) Mmmm.... needs sugar. Lucy: It's too early. I never eat December snowflakes. I always wait until January. Linus: (examines snowflakes) They sure look ripe to me. Lucy: (to Linus) You think you're so smart with that blanket. What are you gonna do with it when you grow up? Linus: Maybe I'll make it into a sport coat . Lucy: Do you think you have pantophobia ? Charlie Brown: What's pantophobia? Lucy: The fear of everything. Charlie Brown: THAT'S IT!!! (Lucy flies off her seat)Actually, Lucy, my trouble is Christmas. Sally: (dictates her letter to Santa Claus to Charlie Brown) "Dear Santa Claus, how have you been? Did you have a nice summer? How is your wife? I have been especially good this year, so I have a long list of presents that I want." Charlie Brown: Oh, brother. Sally: "Please note the size and color of each item, and send as many as possible. If it seems too complicated, make it easy on yourself. Just send money. How about 10's and 20's?" Charlie Brown: 10's and 20's?!? OH, NO! Even my baby sister! (runs off, dismayed) Sally: All I want is what I have coming to me. All I want is my fair share. Pig-Pen (to Frieda, after hearing Charlie Brown's flattering assessment of his appearance): Sort of makes you want to treat me with more respect, doesn't it? Frieda: You're an absolute mess. Just look at yourself. (hands him a mirror) Pig-Pen: (looks into the mirror and smiles) On the contrary, I didn't think I looked that good. Lucy: Snoopy, you have to be all the animals in our play. Can you be a sheep? Snoopy: Baaaaaa... Lucy: How about a cow? Snoopy: Moooooo... Lucy: How about a penguin? Snoopy: [waddles like a penguin] Lucy: Yes, he's even a good penguin. Snoopy: Argh! (Snoopy proceeds to attempt to fight with Lucy, then finally imitates a vulture on top of Lucy's head] Lucy (with Snoopy behind her, mimicking her): No, no, no! Listen, all of you! You've got to take direction, you've got to have discipline, you've got to have respect for your director! (sees Snoopy and turns around) I oughta slug you! (swings at him and gets slurped) Ugh! I've been kissed by a dog! I have dog germs ! Get hot water ! Get some disinfectant ! Get some iodine ! Snoopy: Bleah! Lucy (to Linus, after he asks for one good reason to memorize his part fast): I'll give you five good reasons! (individually clenches her fingers and thumb into a fist) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5! (shows him her whole fist) Linus (shakes his head up and down): Those are good reasons. Christmas is not only getting too commercial. It's getting too dangerous. Charlie Brown: There's no time for foolishness. We've got to get on with our play! Lucy: That's right! What about my part? What about the Christmas Queen, hmm? Are you going to let all this beauty go to waste? You do think I'm beautiful, don't you, Charlie Brown? (no response) You didn't answer right away. You had to think about it first, didn't you? If you really thought I was beautiful, you would have spoken right up. (storms off) I know when I've been insulted! I know when I've been insulted! Charlie Brown: Good grief. Snoopy: (howls at Charlie Brown's entrance, stopping when Charlie Brown sees him) Charlie Brown (sarcastically): Man's best friend. Linus: (reciting a Bible passage) "And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flocks by night, and lo the angel of the Lord came upon them and the glory of the Lord shone round about them, and they were sore afraid, and the angel said unto them, "Fear not, for behold, I bring you tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a Savior, tis Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you. You shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the Angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and saying, 'Glory to God in the highest, and on Earth peace, goodwill toward men.'" That's what Christmas is all about, Charlie Brown. Everybody: (after showing Charlie Brown the Christmas tree) MERRY CHRISTMAS, CHARLIE BROWN!!!!!!!!!!!!! Linus: I never thought it was such a bad little tree. It's not bad at all, really. Maybe it just needs a little love. Lucy: What are you doing, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: I'm waiting for Valentines! Lucy: Oh... Well, good luck. Charlie Brown: Thank you. Lucy: You'll need it. Charlie Brown: YOU DIDN'T HAVE TO SAY THAT!! Charlie Brown: I'd give anything if that Little Red-Haired Girl had sent me a valentine... Hey! Maybe she did sent me a valentine! Maybe she did send me one, and it didn't get here until today! Maybe it's in our mailbox right now! I'm afraid to look. If I look, and there's nothing there, I'll be crushed! But on the other hand, if she did send me a valentine..... I've got to look! Opens mailbox of which Snoopy pops out of, and kisses him on the nose. (Rubbing his nose) I hate Valentines Day. Violet: Charlie Brown, we've been feeling awfully guilty about not giving a Valentine this year. Here, I've erased my name from this one, I'd like you to have it. Schroeder: Hold on there! What are you doing? Who do you think you are? Where were you yesterday when everyone else was giving out Valentines? Is kindness and thoughtfulness something you can make retroactive? You and your friends are the most thoughtless bunch I have ever known. You don't care about Charlie Brown, you just hate to feel guilty! And now you have the nerve to come back next day and offer him a used Valentine! Well, let me tell you something, Charlie Brown doesn't need... (interrupted by Charlie Brown). Charlie Brown: Don't listen to him! I'll take it! Charlie Brown: [reappeared and lying on the ground after Lucy pulled the football away] I did it! I finally kicked that football! Lucy: Oh no you didn't! I just pulled it away! Charlie Brown: I did it when I was invisible! I did it! Lucy: You can't prove it, Charlie Brown. No one will believe you. Charlie Brown: Snoopy knows I did it. He made it possible. Lucy: Why, that stupid dog of yours couldn't disappear himself out of a paper bag. [Snoopy, angered by Lucy's insult, casts a spell on Lucy, and she begins to rise in the air.] Lucy: HEY! WHAT ARE YOU DOING?!? PUT ME DOWN!! PUT ME DOWN!! HEY!! HEY!! YOU CAN'T LEAVE ME UP HERE!! HEY!! [Snoopy and Charlie Brown laugh and dance away joyfully.] Lucy: [still levitating] HEY, WHAT ABOUT ME?!? HEY! HEY, WHAT ABOUT ME?!!? [Lucy continues to levitate as the closing credits roll, until Linus walks by and brings her back down to earth with the help of his blanket. Crestfallen and humiliated, Lucy walks off.] Linus: I wonder where [Snoopy and his wife] will live? Charlie Brown: What do you mean? Linus: Maybe they'll move away to live in another town. Charlie Brown: MOVE AWAY?!!? Linus: But then again, maybe they'll all move in with you. [Sally bursts into tears] Charlie Brown: I wanted to buy Peggy Jean some gloves for Christmas, but they cost $25. Sally: She's going to be disappointed when she finds out her boyfriend is a cheapskate! Charlie Brown: I'm not a cheapskate. I just don't have $25. Sally: Put it on your credit card. Charlie Brown: I don't have a credit card. Sally: So long, Peggy Jean! Peppermint Patty: Marcie, what book were we supposed to read during Thanksgiving vacation? Marcie: This is Christmas vacation, sir. Peppermint Patty: Christmas vacation?!? How can I read something during Christmas vacation when I didn't read what I was supposed to read during Thanksgiving vacation?!? Marcie: Duck, sir. Easter is coming. Franklin: (as Gabriel in the Christmas play) I am Gabriel. Do not be afraid, Mary. Marcie: (as Mary) Behold, I am the handmaiden of the Lord. Peppermint Patty: (as sheep) Baaaa! Baaaa! Baaaa! Baaaa! Franklin: I am Gabriel, Mary, and I couldn't hear you because of the sheep. Marcie: (as Mary) And there were shepherds in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. Peppermint Patty: (as sheep) Woof, meow, moo! Whatever. (The audience breaks into laughter) Peppermint Patty: (singing as Marcie drags her off the stage with the crook of her staff) "And a partridge in a pear tree!" (Thump Thump Thump Thump Thump) Sally: Hockey stick!" A Boy Named Charlie Brown (1969)[ edit ] Lucy Van Pelt: Aren't the clouds beautiful? They look like big balls of cotton. I could just lie here all day and watch them drift by. If you use your imagination, you can see lots of things in the cloud's formations. What do you think you see, Linus? Linus Van Pelt: Well, those clouds up there look to me look like the map of the British Honduras on the Caribbean. [points up] That cloud up there looks a little like the profile of Thomas Eakins , the famous painter and sculptor. And that group of clouds over there... [points] ...gives me the impression of the Stoning of Stephen . I can see the Apostle Paul standing there to one side. Lucy Van Pelt: Uh huh. That's very good. What do you see in the clouds, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: Well... I was going to say I saw a duckie and a horsie, but I changed my mind. Lucy Van Pelt: [Walks into Linus's bedroom and raises the shade] Wake up Linus. It's time to go to school. Linus Van Pelt: Again? Lucy Van Pelt: What do you mean 'again'? Linus Van Pelt: [Snuggles back into bed] I went yesterday. Lucy Van Pelt: Mom's already made your lunch. Linus Van Pelt: [Sits up in bed, sighs] Guess I might as well go to school. I can't waste a good lunch. Charlie Brown: The word is beagle? Charlie Brown: Beagle. B-E-A-G-E-L. Beagle. [everyone, including Charlie Brown, screams in disbelief] Charlie Brown: I've never gone through anything like that in my life. I never knew I could be so stupid. I never knew I had so many faults. I never felt so completely miserable. Lucy Van Pelt: Wait until you get my bill. Violet: [noticing that Charlie Brown will volunteer for a spelling bee] You?! Volunteer for a spelling bee?! [laughs] Lucy: Charlie Brown, you'll just make a fool of yourself! Patty: Besides that, you're Bound to be a complete failure! [the girls sing "Failure Face"] Linus Van Pelt: Life is difficult, isn't it, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: Yes, it is. But I've developed a new philosophy. I only dread one day at a time. Linus Van Pelt: You know, Charlie Brown, they say we learn more from losing than from winning. Charlie Brown: Then that must make me the smartest person in the world. Linus Van Pelt: Well, I can understand how you feel. You worked hard, studying for the spelling bee, and I suppose you feel you let everyone down, and you made a fool of yourself and everything. But did you notice something, Charlie Brown? Charlie Brown: What's that?

i don't know

Cuscatlan international airport is in which country?

Top 10 Hotels Near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) in San Salvador, El Salvador | Hotels.com Hotels in San Salvador near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) in the San Salvador area, El Salvador Are you looking for a cheap Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel, a 5 star Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel or a family friendly Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel? You just landed in the best site to find the best deals and offers on the most amazing accommodations for your stay. When you search for hotels near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) with Hotels.com, you need to first check our online map and see the distance you will be from Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), El Salvador. Our maps are based on hotel search and display areas and neighborhoods of each hotel so you can see how close you are from Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) and refine your search within San Salvador or El Salvador based on closest public transportation, restaurants and entertainment so you can easily get around the city. All the hotels details page show an option for free or paid onsite parking. If you wish to see the hotels with the highest featuring discounts and deals near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), simply filter by price/ average nightly rate. We recommend you filter by star rating and read our genuine guest reviews so you can get the best quality hotel with the best discount. One of the new features on Hotels.com guest reviews is that also show reviews from Expedia for Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels and the TripAdvisor Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels reviews so you can make sure that you checking with a reliable source. See the review scores on our San Salvador hotel information pages. Make the most out of your family vacation when you book your accommodation with Hotels.com – book your hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), San Salvador after reviewing the facilities and amenities listed for each hotel. After booking your hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), expect to receive your reservation confirmation in the mail in less than 10 minutes. The confirmation email contains more information on all nearby attractions, local directions and weather forecast, so you can better plan the days during your trip. After getting the best hotel rates you can still save more by winning 1 free night! That’s right, book 10 nights in any hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), San Salvador and after you sign up for the Welcome Rewards program, you are eligible hotel you receive 1 night free* The best hotel deals are here: We have Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel deals, Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) last minute deals and offers to get you the cheapest Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel with our lowest price guarantee.

El Salvador

Who was Pope for the shortest length of time in the 20th century?

Top 10 Hotels Near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) in San Salvador, El Salvador | Hotels.com Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels - San Salvador Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) is situated in the San Salvador area, El Salvador Whether it's a cheap Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel, a 5 star Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel or a family friendly Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel, Hotels.com has the best accommodation for your stay. If visiting Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) is a must, then be sure to check out our detailed location mapping to find the best hotel closest to Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), El Salvador. Our map based hotel search can be accessed from the above map image on this page (or via standard search results) and with the locations of each hotel shown clearly around Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) you're able to refine your search within San Salvador or El Salvador based upon other nearby landmarks and neighbourhoods as well as transport options to help you get around. If you're driving be sure to also check the hotels for onsite parking. To get the best hotel deals near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) you can also filter by price/ average nightly rate and if you're concerned with quality, you can also filter by star rating and our own guest review rating. As well as our Hotels.com guest reviews, we also display reviews from Expedia for Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels and the TripAdvisor Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels review score on each of our San Salvador hotel information pages. If you're visiting Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), San Salvador with the family or in a group, be sure to check out the room options and facilities we list for each hotel to ensure we help find the perfect hotel for you. When you've made your booking for your hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), in our confirmation email we'll also send you information on all nearby attractions as well as directions on how to get to your chosen hotel and the weather forecast, helping you to plan your trip. To get yourself an even better deal on hotels near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), San Salvador why not sign up to our Welcome Rewards program? It's free and when you stay 10 nights at any eligible hotel you receive 1 night free* We have Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel deals, even Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) last minute deals and offers to get you the cheap est Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel with our lowest price gaurantee.

i don't know

What was Gene Kelly's middle name?

Climbing up Gene Kelly’s Family Tree | What's Past is Prologue What's Past is Prologue September 3, 2010 by Donna Pointkouski This month’s COG (for which I am late…the dog ate my homework, Teacher Jasia!) asked us to Research From Scratch by starting a search on someone else’s family tree.   When I began my own family research about 21 years ago, there were not any records available on the internet.  Lately I’ve wondered how much I could have found if I had waited until today to begin my search and how much easier it would have been.  This challenge was an opportunity to find out. The subject of my experiment: actor-singer-dancer-director Gene Kelly.  As most visitors to this site have since surmised, Gene Kelly is what I call my “other gene hobby.”  Gene was well known for his smiling “Irish eyes”, but I was curious about his Canadian and German ancestry as well.  Starting from scratch, how much could I find in a few hours?  In that short amount of time, I learned a lot about his ancestry.  But I also learned some research lessons that I’d like to share. Start by interviewing your family, but don’t believe everything they say as fact. When I began my own research, I started by asking my parents questions about their parents and grandparents, and I also referred to an interview with my grandmother when I was in grade school and needed to complete a family history project.  That same advice holds true today – you need basic facts about a family to begin your research.  In the case of my subject, I couldn’t actually talk to Mr. Kelly.  So instead I turned to the only biography that was written during his lifetime in which the author interviewed Kelly himself. The book is Gene Kelly by Clive Hirschhorn (Chicago : H. Regnery, 1975).  While it is not entirely accurate – especially since it begins with the incorrect birth date of its subject – it was a way to get basic information about his brothers and sisters, parents, and grandparents – as close as I can get to acquring the info from Gene himself. From the first chapter of the biography, I learned enough basic facts to begin my research on the Kelly family: Gene’s parents were James Patrick Joseph Kelly and Harriet Curran.  They married in 1906. Both came from large families; James was one of eleven children, and Harriet one of 13. Harriet’s father, Billy Curran, “had emigrated to New York from Londonderry in 1845…via Dunfermline in Scotland.”  Billy met “Miss Eckhart”, of German descent, married and moved to Houtzdale, PA.  They later moved to Pittsburgh. Billy died before 1907 from pneumonia after he was left in the cold at night after being robbed. There were 9 Curran children, and 4 who died, but only 7 are named: Frank, Edward, Harry, John, Lillian, Harriet, and Gus. James Kelly was born in Peterborough Canada in 1875 James died in 1966, and Harriet died in 1972.  Of Harriet, Mr. Hirschhorn says, “No one quite knows whether she was 85, 87, or 89.” In addition to Gene’s parents’ info were the basics about their children.  In birth order, the Kelly family included Harriet, James, Eugene Curran, Louise, and Frederic.  Gene was born on August 23, 1912.  This is plenty of information to begin a search.  But, don’t believe everything you read or everything your family members tell you – sometimes the “facts” can be wrong, and only research will find the truth! Census records are a great place to begin your research. Back in 1989, my research began at the National Archives with the U.S. Federal Census records.  Of course, back then the first available census was from 1910, and none of the records were digitized.  Today, I still think census records are the best place to start researching a family.   I used Ancestry.com and began with the 1930 census.  Despite many “James Kelly” families in Pittsburgh, PA, it was relatively easy to find the entire Kelly clan.  As I continued backward with earlier census records and Harriet Kelly’s Curran family, I found some similarities to issues I had in my own family research: Names can be misspelled.  I expected this with Zawodny and Piontkowski, but not with Curran!  The Curran family is listed as “Curn” on the 1900 census. Ages are not necessarily correct.  It seems that Harriet Curran Kelly has a similar condition to many of my female ancestors – she ages less than ten years every decade and grows younger! Information can differ from census to census, and these conflicts can only be resolved by using other record resources.  Despite birth year variations for both Gene’s mother and father, James Kelly’s immigration year differed on each census as did Harriet’s father’s birthplace (Pennsylvania, Ireland, or Scotland?). Finding in-laws is a bonus, and a great way to discover maiden names.  If I didn’t already know that Harriet’s maiden name was Curran (from Gene’s biography – and it is also Gene’s middle name), I would have discovered it on the 1930 census since her brother Frank Curran was living with the Kelly family.  Also, I knew Harriet’s mother’s maiden name was “Eckhart” from the biography, and the 1880 census of the Curran family lists her brother and sisters – James, Jennie, and Josephine Eckerd. In the few hours of research on census records alone, I was able to trace Gene’s father only to 1910 after his marriage to Harriet.  In 1900 he was single, and I was unable to find a recent Canadian immigrant named James Kelly.  Gene’s maternal line ran dry with the Curran’s in 1880.  William Curran and Mary Elizabeth “Eckhart” married after 1870.  There are too many William Curran’s from Ireland to determine the correct one, and I was unable to locate the Eckhart family prior to 1880. Naturalization records provide the best information – after 1906. The signature of Gene Kelly’s father from his “declaration of intention” petition in 1913. Ancestry.com also provided James Kelly’s naturalization record.  In addition to confirming his birth in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada in 1875 (also found in Ancestry’s World War 1 Draft records), the petition lists his immigration information and the birthdates of the first 4 Kelly children (youngest son Fred was not born at the time of his father’s naturalization).  Unfortunately the record does not list the birthplace of Harriet other than as Pennsylvania.  Was it in Houtzdale, PA, where her parents resided in 1880 or elsewhere? Although Ancestry has Canadian census records, I was unable to definitely find James Kelly in Ontario on the 1881 or 1891 census. The internet helps you find a lot of information, but not everything is online. Census records can only get you so far before you need vital records.  While many states also have these records online, Gene Kelly’s ancestors settled in the same state as mine, Pennsylvania, which is not one of the “friendlier” states when it comes to accessing vital records.  If I were to continue with the Kelly research, vital records would have to be obtained offline.  It would be useful to obtain the marriage record for William Curran and Mary Elizabeth Eckhart, which may have occurred in Clearfield County since that was their residence in 1880.  Finding this record would reveal both sets of parents’ names and possibly birth information for William and Mary Elizabeth.  For the Kelly side of the family, I would likely attempt to obtain James Kelly’s birth record in Peterborough.  [Side note: I have met several of Kelly’s relatives.  One cousin has delved deeper into the Peterborough roots of the Kelly family as well as James Kelly’s maternal line, the Barry family.  There is an interesting newspaper article on a house that may have belonged to the Canadian Kelly’s called  One Little House Leads to Many Connections .] Conclusion I was able to confirm many of the intial facts I started with, but I didn’t learn any essential information in addition to those facts.  Specifically, I hoped to learn more about Gene’s maternal grandmother’s German roots, but I was unable to find out anything more about the Eckhart – Eckerd family using Ancestry.com alone.  More offline research is learn more about this branch of the family.  I did learn more about Gene’s aunts and uncles – this is important because researching collateral lines can lead to important information about shared direct ancestors.  Finally, I learned that it is much easier to start from scratch now than it was 21 years ago.  Even though the record sources I used were the same, digitization and the internet has made it much faster to find information!  And easier, which is great because it will hopefully prompt more people to start from scratch!  What are you waiting for?  Start researching your family! [Submitted (late) for the 97th Carnival of Genealogy: Research from Scratch ] Rate this: “The internet helps you find a lot of information, but not everything is online.” I hear you, I so hear you! Very interesting read!

Curran

What was the profession of William Eugene Smith?

Gene Kelly - Biography - IMDb Gene Kelly Biography Showing all 72 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (45) | Personal Quotes  (18) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Eugene Curran Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the third son of Harriet Catherine (Curran) and James Patrick Joseph Kelly, a phonograph salesman. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of Irish and German ancestry. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the largest and most powerful studio in Hollywood when Gene Kelly arrived in town in 1941. He came direct from the hit 1940 original Broadway production of "Pal Joey" and planned to return to the Broadway stage after making the one film required by his contract. His first picture for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was For Me and My Gal (1942) with Judy Garland . What kept Kelly in Hollywood were "the kindred creative spirits" he found behind the scenes at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The talent pool was especially large during World War II, when Hollywood was a refuge for many musicians and others in the performing arts of Europe who were forced to flee the Nazis. After the war, a new generation was coming of age. Those who saw An American in Paris (1951) would try to make real life as romantic as the reel life they saw portrayed in that musical, and the first time they saw Paris, they were seeing again in memory the seventeen-minute ballet sequence set to the title song written by George Gershwin and choreographed by Kelly. The sequence cost a half million dollars (U.S.) to make in 1951 dollars. Another Kelly musical of the era, Singin' in the Rain (1952), was one of the first 25 films selected by the Library of Congress for its National Film Registry. Kelly was in the same league as Fred Astaire , but instead of a top hat and tails Kelly wore work clothes that went with his masculine, athletic dance style. Gene Kelly died at age 83 of complications from two strokes on February 2, 1996 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Dale O'Connor <daleoc@worldnet.att.net> Spouse (3) Known for his innovative, athletic style of dancing Trivia (45) During World War II, he was a sailor stationed at the United States Naval Photographic Center in Anacostia, D.C. (where the documentary Victory at Sea (1952) was later assembled for NBC-TV). He starred in several Navy films while on active duty there and in "civilian" films while on leave. Attended Peabody High School in the East Liberty section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ranked #26 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame in 1992. Kelly's father was Al Jolson 's road manager in the 1920s. Had three children: Kerry Kelly , with Betsy Blair , in 1942, and Bridget Kelly and Tim Kelly, with Jeanne Coyne , in the 1960s. Had a half-moon shaped scar on his left cheek caused by a bicycle accident he had as a young boy. Was dance consultant for Madonna 's 1993 "Girlie Show" tour. Attended Penn State University before transferring to University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated. His first two wives were dancers. Actress Betsy Blair met Gene while she was a performer and he a choreographer in the show "Diamond Horseshoe". Second wife Jeanne Coyne was Gene's dancing assistant for many years before they married in 1960. A major talent in her own right, her dazzling footwork can be seen in the "From This Moment On" number alongside partner Bobby Van , Ann Miller , Tommy Rall , Carol Haney and Bob Fosse in Kiss Me Kate (1953) (1953). She died of leukemia in 1973. He and his younger brother Fred Kelly appeared together in a dancing vaudeville act. When Gene got his big break as Harry the hoofer in the dramatic Broadway production of "The Time of Your Life" in 1939, he was eventually replaced by brother Fred, who took it on the road and won a Donaldson award for his efforts. Working on an autobiography at the time of his death. Graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a degree in economics. Kennedy Center Honoree, 1982 A stage version of "Singin' in the Rain" was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 2001 for Outstanding Musical Production, with choreography by Kelly. Martial arts stars Jackie Chan and David Carradine both cite him as an influence. Awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. "World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985". Pages 510-515. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988. He was voted the 42nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Was named the #15 greatest actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's song "Vogue" Biography in: "American National Biography". Supplement 1, pp. 309-312. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1959 Ray Bradbury 's novel "Something Wicked This Way Comes" was dedicated to Kelly. Has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6153 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. His last movie musical was Xanadu (1980) co-starring Olivia Newton-John . Had a fever of 103 degrees while filming the famous rain scene in Singin' in the Rain (1952). Famed producer David O. Selznick signed Gene to his first Hollywood contract after seeing him star in "Pal Joey" while on Broadway. Though Gene had had other offers from studios, he chose to sign with Selznick mostly because his was the only studio that did not insist on a screen test before signing him. Selznick sold Kelly's contact to MGM before he could find a suitable role for him to appear in. He and MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer shared a long standing feud stemming from even before Kelly entered the motion picture business. One evening after seeing Gene perform in "Pal Joey" on Broadway, Mayer met Kelly backstage and offered to sign him to MGM without a screen test. When Kelly later received a call from a MGM representative requesting a screen test, he insisted there was some sort of mistake saying he had Mayer's word he did not have to make one and told the rep to ask Mayer himself. When the rep did, he called back days later stating that he did talk to Mayer and that he still had to make a test. Gene was furious and wrote a scathing letter to Mayer for retracting his promise. For the first couple of years he worked for Mayer, Kelly was uncertain that Mayer even read the letter until Louis brought it up in an argument one evening. Tony Martin the husband of MGM star/dancer Cyd Charisse said he could tell who she had been dancing with that day on an MGM set. If she came home covered with bruises on her, it was the very physically-demanding Gene Kelly , if not it was the smooth and agile Fred Astaire . Was originally set to star as Don Hewes alongside Judy Garland in Easter Parade (1948). However, before filming began, he broke his leg, resulting in Fred Astaire coming out of retirement in order to replace him in the film. Bob Fosse originally wanted him for a lead role in a musical film adaptation of the Maurine Dallas Watkins play "Chicago" around the early 1970s. He eventually gave up the choice, and Fosse opted to do a stage musical instead. His death is mentioned in the Dream Theater song "Take Away My Pain" from their album "Falling into Infinity" released in 1997 with the lyric "he said look at poor Gene Kelly, I guess he won't be singing in the rain". Joined the Phi Kappa Theta fraternity while studying at the University of Pittsburgh. He was a lifelong staunch liberal Democrat. Was a fan of the Pittsburg Steelers. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of half Irish and half German ancestry. Jeanne Coyne, Kelly's second wife, was previously married to his show-business partner Stanley Donen. Inducted into the International Tap Dance Hall of Fame in 2014. His trademark scar on the left side of his face was the result of a bike accident when Gene was 5 years old, which required stitches. The actor-director named "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" as his favorite film for the AFI. In order to secure the film rights to the hit musical "Best Foot Forward," MGM loaned the services of Gene Kelly to Columbia for one picture. Although it was assumed the studio would mount an adaptation of Kelly's stage hit "Pal Joey," for which they owned the screen rights, they instead co-starred him with their top star, Rita Hayworth, in "Cover Girl." Ironically when they did finally film the property over a decade later with Frank Sinatra, Hayworth again co-starred. After his death it was reported that Kelly had donated money to the Provisional IRA in the 1970s. In early 1943 MGM announced Gene Kelly was to appear in the forthcoming production The Human Comedy (1943). He eventually did not appear in the film. Was one of Heath Ledger's idols. Personal Quotes (18) [on his working experience with Debbie Reynolds while filming Singin' in the Rain (1952) (1952)] I wasn't nice to Debbie. It's a wonder she still speaks to me. There was no model for what I tried to do with dance . . . and the thing Fred Astaire and I used to bitch about was that critics didn't know how to categorize us. They called us tap dancers because that was considered the American style. But neither of us were basically tap dancers. The contract system at Hollywood studios like MGM was a very efficient system in that because we were at the studio all the time we could rehearse a lot. But it also really repressed people. There were no union regulations yet, and we were all indentured servants - you can call us slaves if you want - like ballplayers before free agency. We had seven-year contracts, but every six months the studio could decide to fire you if your picture wasn't a hit. And if you turned down a role, they cut off your salary and simply added the time to your contract. Kids talk to me and say they want to do musicals again because they've studied the tapes of the old films. We didn't have that. We thought once we had made it, even on film, it was gone except for the archives. I arrived in Hollywood twenty pounds overweight and as strong as an ox. But if I put on a white tails and tux like [ Fred Astaire ], I still looked like a truck driver.

i don't know

Who directed A Passage To India?

A Passage to India (1984) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A Passage to India ( 1984 ) PG | Cultural mistrust and false accusations doom a friendship in British colonial India between an Indian doctor, an Englishwoman engaged to marry a city magistrate, and an English educator. Director: E.M. Forster (by), E.M. Forster (based on the novel by) | 2 more credits  » Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 30 titles created 18 Jan 2013 a list of 27 titles created 23 Apr 2013 a list of 23 titles created 04 Jan 2014 a list of 45 titles created 17 Jan 2015 a list of 28 titles created 26 Jul 2015 Title: A Passage to India (1984) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 26 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Set in the wake of the 1916 Easter Rising, a married woman in a small Irish village has an affair with a troubled British officer. Director: David Lean The life of a Russian physician and poet who, although married to another, falls in love with a political activist's wife and experiences hardship during the First World War and then the October Revolution. Director: David Lean A humble orphan suddenly becomes a gentleman with the help of an unknown benefactor. Director: David Lean An orphan named Oliver Twist meets a pickpocket on the streets of London. From there, he joins a household of boys who are trained to steal for their master. Director: David Lean A lonely American woman unexpectedly finds romance in Venice, Italy. Director: David Lean Meeting a stranger in a railway station, a woman is tempted to cheat on her husband. Director: David Lean After settling his differences with a Japanese PoW camp commander, a British colonel co-operates to oversee his men's construction of a railway bridge for their captors - while oblivious to a plan by the Allies to destroy it. Director: David Lean This "story of a ship," the British destroyer HMS Torrin, is told in flash backs by survivors as they cling to a life raft. Directors: Noël Coward, David Lean Stars: Noël Coward, John Mills, Bernard Miles Edit Storyline Circa 1920, during the Indian British rule, Dr. Aziz H. Ahmed was born and brought up in India. He is proficient in English, and wears Western style clothing. He meets an old lady, Mrs. Moore, at a mosque, who asks him to accompany her and her companion, Adela Quested, for sight-seeing around some caves. Thereafter the organized life of Aziz is turned upside down when Adela accuses him of molesting her in a cave. Aziz is arrested and brought before the courts, where he learns that the entire British administration is against him, and would like to see him found guilty and punished severely, to teach all native Indians what it means to molest a British citizen. Aziz is all set to witness the "fairness" of the British system, whose unofficial motto is "guilty until proved innocent." Written by rAjOo (gunwanti@hotmail.com) See All (73)  » Taglines: David Lean, the Director of "Doctor Zhivago", "Lawrence of Arabia" and "The Bridge on the River Kwai", invites you on . . .[A Passage to India] Genres: 1 February 1985 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Pasaje a la India See more  » Filming Locations: Peggy Ashcroft 's favorite scene was when she got to ride an elephant. See more » Goofs In a faraway shot at the "bridge" party at the club, an all-Indian band is playing, but the conductor's beat pattern is off- the song is in common time (4/4 time), but he is beating beat 3 when the band is playing beat 1. See more » Quotes Mrs. Moore : My dear, life rarely gives us what we want at the moment we consider appropriate. Adventures do occur, but not punctually. (United States) – See all my reviews Sometimes, what you don't see can be of equal importance to what you do see in a film. David Lean's film is no exception ... but more on that later. A film of epic quality, it follows two travelers on their journey from England to India during the Raj colonial period of the 1920s. For Adela Quested, it's her first time out of England to anywhere. For Mrs. Moore, it's a chance to visit her son, Ronny, who is expected to marry Adela during the visit. But, their visit is not without incident. What both Adela and Mrs. Moore discover is an India ruled by British bureaucrats (Ronny being one of them, a city magistrate) who exude personal and cultural superiority over Indians. This was a shock to them since they both expected to find Indians and Britons meeting socially and on friendly terms. The only exception to that rule appears to be Fielding, principal of a college. Through Fielding, Adela is introduced socially to Professor Godbole (a Hindu holy man) and Dr. Aziz (a Muslim physician). Mrs. Moore met Aziz in a previous scene but had not yet met Godbole until that moment. One note on that (a film flaw). During the mosque scene where Mrs. Moore meets Dr. Aziz, Aziz never once mentions his name to her ... yet later, Adela knows his name as mentioned to her by Mrs. Moore. Perhaps his name was mentioned in a brief scene that ended up on the cutting-room floor. But, that omission is trivial and in no way detracts from the enjoyment of the film. During this social introduction, Aziz invites Mrs. Moore and Adela on a journey to the Marabar caves, a tourist destination. On the trip, and tired from all the activity, Mrs. Moore stays at the encampment near the lower caves and encourages Aziz and Adela to explore the higher caves alone. Then, something happened ... and I won't tell you what (grin). Suffice it to say that Aziz finds himself in police custody. A court trial ensues that pits culture against culture, race against race, and clearly demonstrates the differences in attitudes between resident British citizens and Indians. But the trial's climax isn't the most moving part of the film. Lean has risen the film's denouement to a higher level ... one that leaves you smiling and crying at the same time. But what Lean does NOT mention in the film is equally interesting. In today's world, India is beset by inter-sect angst between Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and persons of other faiths. In theory, this inter-sect rivalry has been around since before India became a British colony. But, this rivalry was not mentioned once in the film. It is perhaps a testament to the novelist (E.M. Forster) and Lean to realize a potent underlying force in the story ... that British colonial rule held these rivalries in abeyance ... uniting Indians of all faiths into a common bond that eventually forced colonialism to end in India. The film is a masterpiece on every level and remains one of my favorites of all time. P.S. Closing comment to those (like me) who own region-free DVD players that render both PAL and NTSC DVDs. For some reason unknown to me, it's over $10 cheaper to buy the DVD from Amazon.co.uk than it is from Amazon.com ... even after overseas shipping is added in. That's where I ordered mine (from the UK). 37 of 49 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

David Lean

What is Gregory Peck's real first name?

A Passage to India (Blu-ray, Collector's Edition) (1984) Directed by David Lean; Starring Judy Davis & Peggy Ashcroft; Sony Pictures | OLDIES.com David Lean Memorable Quotes and Dialog: "I want to state what I believe to be a universal truth. The darker races are attracted to the fairer, but not vice versa." "Even when the lady is less attractive than the gentleman'"   - Courtroom exchange between prosecuting attorney McBryde (Michael Culver) and defense attorney Amritrao (Roshan Seth) during the trial of Dr. Aziz for the attempted rape of Adela Quested. Major Awards: Academy Awards 1984 - Best Original Score: Maurice Jarre Academy Awards 1984 - Best Supporting Actress: Peggy Ashcroft Entertainment Reviews: "...Affecting scenes which Lean accomplishes with all his old panache..." New York Times - 12/14/1984 "...Very much a full theatrical meal....Remarkably faithful to the novel..." Variety - 12/12/1984 "...Impeccably faithful, beautifully played....Magnificently crafted in the expected Lean manner and full of old-fashioned virtues..." Product Description: David Lean returned to filmmaking after a 14-year absence to direct this award-winning adaptation of E.M. Forster's novel. Adela Quested (Judy Davis), a young and spirited Englishwoman, travels to India alongside the somewhat older Mrs. Moore (Peggy Ashcroft). Mrs. Moore's hope is that her son, an administrator in the British Raj, and Adela will wed. Once in India, the two women pay scant heed to the customs followed by English society. They even agree to accompany a "native"--the charming and educated Dr. Aziz (Victor Banerjee)--on a tour of the mystical, ancient Marabar Caves. But their innocent outing turns ugly when Adela emerges from the cave's darkness accusing Aziz of rape. British authorities eagerly pursue--even pressure--Adela to go to court. The truth, however, is not as clear as the bigoted colonial government believes it is. Keywords: "A Passage to India" was David Lean's last film. Color by Technicolor, with Metrocolor prints. Additional credit: Rak Yedekar (art director). Academy Award Nominations: 11, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress--Judy Davis, Best (Adapted) Screenplay. Academy Awards: 2, including Best Supporting Actress--Dame Peggy Ashcroft. 22% OFF

i don't know

Golfer Bobby Jones was born in which state?

Bobby Jones (1902-1971) | New Georgia Encyclopedia Stephen R. Lowe , Olivet Nazarene University, Bourbonnais, Illinois, 06/18/2002 Last edited by Chris Dobbs on 09/23/2016 The greatest amateur golfer ever, Bobby Jones dominated his sport in the 1920s. In the eight seasons from 1923 to 1930, Jones won thirteen major championships, including five U.S. Amateurs, four U.S. Opens, three British Opens, and one British Amateur. On September 27, 1930, he became the only man to win all four major titles in one season, completing the "Grand Slam" of golf. Then, while still in his athletic prime at the age of twenty-eight, he retired from competition to devote more time to his family and his law practice . Robert Bobby Jones  Tyre "Bobby" Jones II was born to Clara Thomas and Robert Purmedus Jones on March 17, 1902, in Atlanta . He was named after his paternal grandfather, a prominent businessman from Canton (Jones later adopted "Jr." out of respect for his father). In 1907 his father, a successful attorney, joined the Atlanta Athletic Club, which owned the East Lake Country Club in DeKalb County , where the family spent every summer thereafter. It was at East Lake that Bobby Jones learned to play golf, mostly by mimicking the swing of the club's professional, Stewart Maiden. Jones dramatically improved his skill with each passing summer. After winning many regional events, in the fall of 1916 he entered his first national competition, the U.S. Amateur, held at the Merion Cricket Club near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although he was eliminated in the third round, the fourteen-year-old exceeded the expectations of most observers and was quickly dubbed the nation's top golf prodigy. Unfortunately, Jones did not continue to meet either his own or others' expectations. Throughout the next seven seasons, he failed to win anything bigger than a regional event. To make matters worse, Jones developed a reputation as a spoiled, club-throwing hothead. A perfectionist by nature, he was easily angered and too immature to handle his mistakes on the links. Jones's most egregious example of unsportsmanlike behavior occurred at the 1921 British Open. After struggling through the front side of the third round, he simply picked up his ball on the eleventh hole, figuratively "tore up his scorecard," and quit. In the winter of 1922-23 Jones experienced a metamorphosis; he evolved from a temperamental youth into a disciplined young gentleman on and off the course. He won his first major title, the U.S. Open, later that year to begin his eight-season domination of the sport. Aside from the Grand Slam in 1930, Jones's most impressive achievement is his record in the U.S. Open. In the 1920s Jones won the event four times and also had four runner-up finishes. His career is all the more remarkable considering that he competed as an amateur rather than as a professional. Always displaying a sense of modesty, Jones regularly reminded his fans that some things were more important than winning. He became famous, for example, for calling penalty strokes on himself, even when it cost him a championship. Moreover, Jones never accepted prize money, did not play as often as most professionals, and chose to focus on the national championships. Those choices allowed him time to pursue other priorities, including his education and family. In 1922 Jones graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology with a degree in engineering. Two years later he added a second bachelor's degree, this one in English literature from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Then in the fall of 1926, Jones enrolled in Emory University 's law program. After just three semesters, he passed the Georgia bar exam and began practicing law at his father's firm early in 1928. Jones's most important priority, though, was his family. In the summer of 1924 he married Mary Malone. Over the next seven years, the couple had three children, Clara Malone, Robert Tyre III, and Mary Ellen. Although Jones retired from competition in 1930, he did not retire from the golf world or from public life. Freed from the financial restraints of formal amateurism, Jones quickly capitalized on his golf success. In 1931 and 1933 he filmed two series of golf instructional shorts that brought him an estimated $250,000.  Bobby Jones He also signed with A. G. Spalding & Brothers to design and endorse a line of golf clubs. Throughout his life, he wrote hundreds of articles and several books on golf, including the autobiographical works Down the Fairway (with O. B. Keeler, 1927) and Golf Is My Game (1960). His most outstanding project in retirement was the creation of the Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta and the annual invitational tournament it spawned, the Masters . First played in 1934, the Masters became recognized as one of the four major tournaments in golf. Jones made an appearance each spring at the Masters, even playing in the event until 1948, when his life took a tragic turn. Afflicted that year with a rare spinal disease called syringomyelia, Jones had to give up golf and was soon forced into a wheelchair. He took his final trip to the Masters in 1968. Finally succumbing to his illness, Jones died on December 18, 1971, at the age of sixty-nine. Through it all, he refused to complain about his fate, always presenting a model of perseverance and character. His handling of his illness, the memory of his competitive career, and his Masters Tournament established Jones as one of sports' most outstanding and admirable heroes. In 1963 he was one of the first three professional athletes inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame . The Atlanta Gas Light Company awarded its Shining Light Award to Jones in 1978. A permanent exhibition entitled Down the Fairway with Bobby Jones is on display at the Atlanta History Center , and Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius (2004), a feature film chronicling the Jones's life and career, was partially filmed in Georgia. You Might Also Like

Georgia

What was the world's first atomic-powered ship called?

Bobby Jones - Biography - IMDb Bobby Jones Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (7) Overview (3) Robert Tyre Jones Jr. Mini Bio (1) Golfing legend Bobby Jones was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 17, 1903. He began playing golf as a young child, and won his first tournament when he was nine years old. In 1916, at age 14, he made it to the third round of the US National Amateur tournament. Golf was not just a passion with him but almost an obsession, and while he was attending the Georgia School of Technology--from which he graduated in 1922--he continued playing golf, and his astonishing skill at the game resulted in his becoming one of the most admired sports stars of the 1920s and widely credited with making golf one of the most popular sports in the country. He won the US Open in 1923--his first major tournament win--and again in 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1930. He took the US Amateur title in 1924, 1925, 1927 and 1928 and the British Open championship in 1926, 1927 and 1930. In 1930 he took the US Open and US Amateur titles and British Open and British Amateur titles, a feat that has never been duplicated. He won a total of 13 major championships. He was a member of the US Walker Cup teams in 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928 and 1930. In 1931 he began making a series of short instructional films, titled "How I Play Golf", for Warner Brothers Pictures, which were tremendously successful. Directed by veteran filmmaker--and duffer-- George Marshall , these shorts featured many Hollywood golfing enthusiasts such as Leon Errol , Joe E. Brown and W.C. Fields , who appeared in them for the opportunity to be instructed by a man many believed to be the finest golfer in the history of the game. Jones retired from golf shortly after starting these films--since he was being paid for them he could no longer claim amateur status--and, since he was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1928 after obtaining his law degree from Emory University in 1927, he opened a law practice in Atlanta. Jones helped to establish the Augusta National Golf Club, and in 1934 he founded the annual Masters Tournament, held at the club; it eventually became one of the most prestigious tournaments in the game. In 1948 he suffered a spinal injury that resulted in his being confined to a wheelchair, but he continued to run his diverse business interests from his home in Atlanta. In 1958 he was accorded the singular honor of being allowed "freedom of the burgh" at St. Andrews, Scotland--the last American to receive that honor was American Revolution figure Benjamin Franklin. Bobby Jones died in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 18, 1971. - IMDb Mini Biography By: frankfob2@yahoo.com Spouse (1)

i don't know

Which soap boasted a cafe called the Hot Biscuit?

The Food Timeline history notes--state foods 3/4 cup white sugar 3/4 cup boiling water Mix flour, 1/2 cup sugar, baking powder, salt. Stir in milk, vanilla, butter. Spread batter in buttered 8 X 8 pan. Scatter blueberries over batter. Sprinkle sugar over berries. Pour boiling water over all. Bake at 375 degree oven for 45 min. or unitl brown and done in center. Berries sink to bottom and form juice. Serve hot with light cream; or cold, topped with ice cream." ---Juneau Centennial Cookbook, Jane Stewart, Phyllice F. Bradner, Betty Harris (p. 43) About Alaska's blueberries: I & II . "Rhubarb Crisp Mix and place in greased baking pan: 3 C diced rhubarb, 1/4 C sugar Blend until crumbly and spread on top: 2/3 C butter, 2/3 C brown sugar, 2/3 C white sugar, 1 C flour, dash of salt. Bake in 350 degree oven for 40 minutes. Serve with whipped cream or ice cream." ---ibid (p. 49) "Governor George Parks' Sourdough Cook 3 large potatoes and mash well. To mashed potatoes, add 1 pint of potato water. When lukewarm, add 1/2 cake yeast and 2 C flour. Cover and put in warm place 48 hours. To use: take out 2 C and add 1/2 tsp soda, pinch salt, 2 T sugar and enough flour to make a hot cake batter. Add a little oil. To start add 2 C flour and 2 C water. Cook on griddle." ---ibid (p. 54) edible symbols include milk & pink tomato. The state cooking vessel is the Dutch Oven . Historic Arkansas foodways: "Most of the early pioneers who moved west bypassed what is now Arkansas and its Ozark Mountains because of the rocky landscape and poor soil. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, however, hard-working farmers from Kentucky, Illinois, and Tennessee, who were used to farming under difficult conditions, settled in Arkansas. They brought their recipes for curing hams, roasting pork ribs over open fires, and baking soda biscuits and molasses cakes...Since Arkansas borders the South, the Southwest, and the Midwest, it has a mixture of cuisines. Plantation cookery of the Mississippi Valley, the hill cooking of the Ozarks, and the Mexican influcences of Texas and Oklahoma all combine to make a unique style of food...There is a great emphasis of real "down-home" flavors. Fried pork chops with a light-brown cream gravy to which bits of sausage have been added have remained a favorite dish. Sausage is also used in poultry stuffings, along with cooked rice. Arkansas-style chicken is prepared by first simmering the chicken pieces in a skillet and then baking them in the oven with a Creole sauce. Each region of Arkansas has its own unique food. In the southern bayou country, roast duck, candied yams, fried chicken, fluffy biscuits and peach cobblers are often served. Around Texarkana, pinto beans and barbecued beef of the Southwest are typical fare. Along the Mississippi River, catfish are popular in stews and fried...In the hill coutnry of the Ozarks, dishes such as bacon with cracklin's corn bread, baked beans, wilted lettuce with bacon and vinegar, bread and apple jelly, and ginger bread for dessert are traditional everyday fare...Roasted raccoon, roasted beaver-tail, and baked opossum are Arkansas soul food...Arkansans prefer hot bread with their meals...They like steaming-hot corn breads, hot biscuits, or fresh-out-of-the-oven rolls. Strawberry shortcake is a favorite dessert of Arkansans...The Arkansas version of the shortcake usese a crisp, buttery biscuit, which is split in half, soaked in strawberry juice, and then topped with a mound of whipped cream and fresh strawberries...Over the past 50 years, Arkansas has become an important poulty-producing state, as well as a major producer of fruits, vegetables, rice, and soybeans. In the 1840s Arkansas farmers began experimenting with orchards. Their apples soon won first prizes...Peaches also became an important Arkansas fruit crop." ---Tastes of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 106-9) "The folks in Arkansas have so many good things to eat, and such different foods at different seasons of the year and in different sections of the state, that I am sending you several different menus; a game dinner to be served to hunters, a plantation dinner, an early summer dinner and a duck dinner. You can take your choice or use all of them. Arkansas has fine fruits; strawberries, youngberries, Boysenberries, raspberries, grapes, peaches, figs and watermelons. The most common meats are poultry, kid, lamb, mutton and fresh pork. There is also an abundance of game and fish. The favorite breads are biscuit and variations of corn bread, from pan bread to corn dodgers. The Mexican influence has extended this far east and north. One finds tomatoes, onions, garlic and pepper, and hotter foods than further north. Also the Mexican chopped hot vegetable and all forms of field peas, such as Crowder peas, lady peas, Black-eyed peas, etc. There are many wild greens and fruits which are much used and relished by the people: Muscadine grapes, possum persimmon, wild plum, watercress, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, chestnuts, walnuts and chinquapins. The wild fruits are eaten fresh and also made into many delicious products for the winter..." Arkansas Game Dinner Watermelon pickle, Cucumber pickle Raspberry jelly Pie, Cake, Coffee." ---New York World's Fair Cook Book: The American Kitchen, Crosby Gaige [Doubleday, Doran:New York] 1939(p. 180-2) Did you know there is a large Greek Community in Arkansas? Greek Festival recipes here . Historic recipes [1906] Rogers Cookbook (a church cookbook) Need to make something for class? The recipes below are offered in our books as examples of traditional Arkansas fare. If you have access to a Dutch Oven, you can use that as your historic foodways example. Soups, stews, biscuits and cobbler/pot pies are easily rendered in this pot. "Old-Fashioned Corn Bread Over the years corn bread has had many variations. Butts of bacon, or crackling, corn kernels, chili peppers, cheese, or onions have all been added to corn bread batter at one time or another. This corn bread can be baked either in an iron skillet, similar to the Dutch ovens the early settlers used, or in a n 8-inch square baking pan. The sugar used in this recipe is traditional in southern corn bread. Serves 6 to 8 If you need to identify and/or cook a food representative of California you have dozens of wonderful choices. You can pick something: 1. That grows there (raisins, dates, oranges, grapes) 2. From history (17th century California mission foods , the Gold Rush era ) 3. Representing foreign immigrants and settlers (Chinese, Italian, etc.) 5. From a famous restaurant (The Brown Derby, Trader Vics, Chez Panisse)... 20th century restaurant menus 6. From a famous food company (Del Monte, Chicken-of-the-Sea, Sees Candies) You will find an excellent summary of the foods of California in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America/Andrew F. Smith, Volume 1 (p. 165-172). Your librarian can help you find a copy. Helen Brown's West Coast Cook Book (c. 1952) offers a delightful collection of California recipes, many with historic notes. Erica Peter's San Francisco: A Food Biography is well written and sourced (no recipes). A few menu items to get you started "The early Spanish explorers were impressed by the Chumash craftsmanship...The finest objects made by the Chumash were of steatite. Its resistance to heat made it ideal for cooking receptacles. The pre- Spanish Chumash made no potter and all cooking was done in heavy steatite ollas and on comals (flat cooking stones, like skillets)... The most important single food source was the acorn, mainly from the California live oak...It was gathered in the fall and stored for year-round use. The shelled nuts were ground into meal and cooked as mush or in some form of cake. Pine nuts, especially of the pinon pine...were a favorite food. Islay, the wild cherry...was bruised in a morter and boiled. The cattail Typhia gave seeds and flour from the roots for making pinole, a gruel or paste. Berries, mushrooms, and cress were gathered in season to vary the diet. The Chumash prized the amole, or soap plant...The bulb was roasted and eaten, the green bulb furnished lather for washing...Berries of the California laurel...were roasted. The chia sage...produced a tiny oily seed that was made into flour or a very nutritious form of pinole...For hunting, the basic weapon was the bow and arrow...and with it the Chumash killed animpals such as the California mule deer, coyote, and fox. Smaller animals were usually take with snares and deadfalls. Flat, curved thowing sticks were used to kill rabbits...All game birds were regulalry harvested, particularly migratory ducks and geese on the lagoons. From canoes, the hunter pursued large marine mammals--seals, sea otters, and porpoises--and killed them with harpoons...Mollusks were an important food souce." ---"Chumash," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Rovert F. Heiser editor [Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC] 1978 (p. 514-517) "Not only did the [native] people of the Monterey Bay live together, but they seem to have prospered. Although there may have been some shortages of a particularly desirable food, there is little evidence in the mythology, the archaeological record, the reports of early visitors...that hunger was a problem before the coming of the Spaniards. On the contrary, the most common description of the Indians during the pre-conquest years shows them bringing gifts of deer, antelope, elk, and rabbit meat, plus fish, seed and nut cakes, and other foodstuffs to the Spaniards from their obviously abundant stores. Virtually all early visitors were extravagant in their praise of the rich wildlife and resources of the Monterey Bay area. Each fall and winter steelhead trout and silver (coho) salmon splashed up the larger streams...Immense schools of smelt dashed themselves onto the beaches...Clams, mussels, abalone, and other shellfish were abundant...Great flocks of migrating geese and ducks...settled each fall into the marshlands...Deer were plentiful, as were elk, and herds of pronghorn antelope...Seals and...sea otters...could often be caught. There were also nuts--especially acorns and pine nuts...plus wild roots and bulbs, grasses, and flowers, berries, and greens. In addition, the tastes of the Indians ran to foods generally avoided by Europeans--grasshoppers, groundsquirrels, mice, and small birds..." ---Life in a California Mission (p. 23-24) � Anglo-American perspective "An appreciation of the complexities of Indian culture is difficult, even for those studying it today. Many people still characterize traditional Indian life as 'primitive,' those emotionally sympathetic to it often extolling its supposed 'simplicity.' The reasons for thinking this way are obvious. To raise a crop of wheat a European farmer has to plow, sow, weed, irrigate, control pests, and harvest, all with specialized tools. The Indian...is seen gathering acorns from a oak tree...without apparent effort or advanced skill. Yet the use of acorn is anything but simple. It involves many hard-to-master and often elaborate technologies...In fact, if the entire process is measured carefully, it may take less work and certainly far less skill to create a loaf of wheat bread than a loaf of acorn bread." ---Life in a California Mission (p. 24-25) The California Mission Studies Association is dedicated to study and preservation of the history of Spanish missions. Information on several Mission web sites confirms foods of these Missions generally consisted of simple local fare, much of it grown on site. "The neophytes were given morning and evening meals of atole and a mid day meal of pozole. They were allowed to gather wild foods, as was their custom before the Spanish came. On Sundays and special feast days everyone received almost a half peck of wheat...Mission life was routine; order was brought out of a wilderness. In general, seven hours of the day were allotted to labor, with two hours of prayer daily and four or five on Sundays and on days of festivals. In the morning their food consisted of atole or a gruel of barley, wheat, or corn. At noon, they got pozole, which consisted of the same grains, only boiled. In the evening, it was the same food as in the morning, but in addition, every few days cattle were slaughtered to provide beef. " --- San Diego History , Richard Pourade According to the Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, the Spanish introduced many foods to California via Mexico. These included: almonds, apples, apricots, bananas, barley, beans, cherries, chickpeas, chilies, citrons, dates, figs, grapes, lemons, lentils, limes, maize, olives, nectarines, oranges, peaches, pears, plums, pomegranates, quinces, tomatoes, walnuts, wheat, chickens, cows, donkeys, goats, horses, sheep and domesticated turkey. "The colonists supplemented their fare with most of the same types of game hunted by the Native Americans. The colonists made corn tortillas, as the wheat varieties that they brought with them were not easily cultivated in California. When wheat became more abundant, it was used to make tortillas on special occasions. The Spanish established the first flour mill in 1786. The role of the missions was to Christianize the California Indians. Many Indians did convert to Christianity and relocated around the Spanish settlements, which resulted in a shift in their diet. They had been accustomed to eating vegetables, fish, and game, but mission agricultures and husbandry brought them a monotonous diet of atole, a gruel made from ground, leached acorns or other nutlike seeds, and pinole, a flour made by grinding seeds." ---Oxford Encylopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] Volume 1, 2004 (p. 166) "Another Spanish holding, California, had no European inhabitants until 1769 when Franciscan priests established their first mission at San Diego. A first concern of the missionaries was to obtain wine and wheat for holy communion and beeswax for altar candles. The bees they brought from Spain and, with the help of their Indian converts, they planted vinyards and wheat fields. Citrus fruit trees were also brought from Spain, as were dates and figs. Two other foods that grew well in these places were brought from Mexico: sweet potatoes and avocados...The Spanish colonists brought with them favorite foods--among them, saffron, olive oil, and anise and combined these foods with foods of the local Indians and the Mexican Indians to make a New Mexican cuisine that still flourishes today." ---Heritage Cookbook, Better Homes and Gardens [Meredith Corporation:Des Moines IA] 1975 (p. 39) [NOTE: Recipes included in this book are: Red Chili Sauce, Posole, Chili Meat Sauce, Stacked Enchiladas, Corn Tortillas, Spicy Hot Chocolate, Chilies Rellenos, Early Spanish Rice, Spanish String Beans, Spanish Vegetables (corn, onion, zucchini, tomatoes). You librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy.] Want to cook some traditional mission dishes? To make about 5 cups 3 cups (about 12 ounces) coarsley chopped dried apples 1 cup canned pureed pumpkin 1/2 cup dark brown sugar 1/2 cup roasted sunflower seeds 1/2 cup seedless raisins 1 teaspoon salt 1 quart water Combine the [ingredients] and water in a heavy 3 to 4 quart casserole and mix well. Bring to a boil over high heat, reduce the heat to low, cover tightly and simmer for about 1 1/2 hours, or until the apples are tender. Check the pan occasionally and, if the fruit seems dry, add more water 1/4 cup at a time. Transfer the fruit to a bowl and cool to room temperature before serving. Trappers' fruit, so called because it was easy for Colorado fur trappers on the mid-19th Century to prepare, is served as an accompaniment to roasted and broiled meats." ---American Cooking: The Great West , Jonathan Norton Leonard [Time-Life Books:New York] 1971 (p. 84) "Muffin Cakes (Colorado) People living in colonial/early America Connecticut ate foods similar to those throughout New England . These colonies were greatly influenced by English cooking traditions. "In the early 1630s both the English of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Dutch of New Amersterdam Colony eyed the wide, fertile Connecticut Valley as a possibility for settlement, agriculture, and fur trading. In June 1633 the Hollanders built a fort at what was to become Hartford. In the fall of 1634, JOhn Oldham and ten others left Watertown in the Massachusetts Colony to establish a permanent settlement at Wethersfield, south of Hartford. Memebers of the John Oldham group became the first Europeans to plant seeds in the soil of Connecticut. They sowed rye in a fallow Indian field. The next year several more groups came from Massachusetts and brought cattle and hogs. The harsh winters, however, drove most of these early settlers back to their Massachusetts homes. By the end of the 1630s, those who remained had created productive farms, started the mercantile town of New Haven, and established an independent government. The early Dutch settlers in the Hartford area did likewise. They planted apple orchards, appointed a committee to select superior calves for breeding stock, and developed a dairy industry. By the 1640s the efforts of both the English and the Dutch settlers had made the new territory of Connecticut virtually self-sufficient...As the population of Connecticut increased, so did the farming. The variety of crops expanded to include many vegetables, as well as berries and fruit trees...the farmers..raised radishes, lettuce, cucumbers, and melons...The early Connecticut farmers also dug underground pits where they stored cabbages, squash, potatoes, and other root vegetables...Fishing has always been an important part of the Connecticut economy. Shad fishing along the Connecticut River...has been a tradition since colonial times...When the English first settled in the Connecticut River Valley, the numerous shad were despised as food. Eating shad meant that a person was almost destitute or had exhausted his supply of salt pork." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Publications:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 12) Early Connecticut recipes Amelia Simmon's American Cookery (originally published in Hartford, 1796)is generally considered to be the first American cookbook. Why? Because it contained recipes using "Indian" maize. About the book & its author . Popular period foods included pies, cakes, soups (chowder, especially), baked beans, roasted meats, breads, and pork (salt pork, bacon, ham). 1 egg 2 cups cranberries Sift dry ingredients into bowl; add shortening, milk and egg. Beat for 2 minutes. Stir in cranberries. Bake in a buttered 9-inch square pan in a 350 degress F. oven for about 40 minutes. Serve with Hot Butter sauce (below. Makes 9 three-inch squares. Hot Butter Sauce Melt butter or margarine in the top part of a double boiler; add sugar and liquid; mix well. Cook over hot water for about 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Serve hot over pudding." ---Mystic Seaport Cookbook, Lillian Langseth-Christensen [Funk & Wagnall's:New York] 1970 (p. 214) Official state foods Nutmeg: One of Connecticut's nicknames is is called "The Nutmeg State." Nutmegs are spices which are NOT indigenous to Connecticut. This makes for an interesting report. What is nutmeg ? Eastern oyster: This official state symbol was selected because many people in the early days (Native Americans and European settlers) ate them regularly. Did you know???! Hamburgers (as we know them today): Some food historians claim these were "invented" in a tiny restaurant called Louis Lunch in New Haven, CT. Notes here (scroll down about half way). Hawaii offers perhaps the most unique blend of culinary history and flavors of all the 50 states. Geography, people, history and evolving local tastes combine to create a cuisine that merits detailed study. Luaus are Hawaiian feasts. "The food of Hawaii is a diverse blend of all the island and mainland cuisines, especially those of Polynesia, Japan, China, and Korea, wed to Portuguese and American tastes. Hawaii was settled by Polynesians who themselves derived form the Indomalayan region. Except for the bat...which was inedible, Hawaii had no indigenous animals, and all present animals on the islands were at one time or another brought to Hawaii. These included the dog... which was bred for food, the pig...domesticated fowl...and other animals. Fish, which is a mainstay of the Hawaiian diet, was plentiful in the island waters, and every species was eaten, for no poisonous fish existed in the region." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 152) "Hawaii's food today is a confusing mixture, a palimpsest of the foods of a dozen different ethnic groups. But one can make sense of it by taking note of two salient facts: fist, that before the arrival of the first humas, probably around the 3rd century AD, Hawaii, one of the most isolated sets of islands in the world, contained essentially nothing edible on land. Very few species had managed to cross those staggering distances; those that did had speciated to provide a fine natural laboratory for evolutionary biologists. But apar from a few birds and a few ferns, there was nothing to eat; most important, there were no edible carbohydrates. Second, since the arrival of the first humans, Hawaii has been the terminal point of three diasporas: the great marine diaspora of the Pacific Islanders; the great voyages of discovery of the Europeans and the Americans; and the end of the road for Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and lately, SE Asians. From these diverse influences, a creole food is now being created, known in the islands as Local Food. "When the Hawaiians arrived in the islands, they brought with them some 27 or so edible plants, as well as pigs, dogs...The most important plants were taro and sweet potato. The terrain and climate in Hawaii proved particularly suitable for growing wetland taro...Also important were breadfruit, various yams, sugar cane, and coconut...The staple of the diet was poi. This was usually made with taro, but sweet potato or other starches were used when necessary...The major protein was fish. Both pigs and dogs were eaten but they were largely reserved for the nobility...For the bulk of the population protein was provided by wild fish and shellfish from the streams, the reef, and the ocean. The fish was eaten both raw...and cooked... "In 1778, Captain James Cook sighted the Hawaiian Islands. Within a matter of years they had become a part of world trade...From the start, new animals and plants were introduced; cows, horses, and goats, and a bewildering variety of plants...Hawaiian food and haole food (the latter being the food of the white incomers) continued side by side with occasional input from the Chinese who also ended up on the islands...On ceremonial occasions, there would be luaus at which largely Hawaaian foods was served: poi, of course, and dried fish and shrimp, luau pig baked in the imu, seaweed, and taro leaves, and a dessert made of coconut milk thickened with Polynesian arrowroot... "The food landscape of Hawaii began changing dramatically once the sugar plantations began to flourish following the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in 1876...In order, substantial number of Chinese, Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, Puerto Ricans, Portuguese from the Atlantic Islands, and Filipinos arrived in the islands between the 1880s and the 1930s...Each of these groups demanded their own food on the plantations and the plantation stores went quite some way to accomodate them... "Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, certain forces began to produce a creole food, Local Food...One was the arrival of home economists at the university...Trained largely at the Columbia Teachers College in New York, these women recorded the diet of the Japanese, established the food values of Hawaiian foods and a range of tropical fruits, trained large numbers of home economics teachers and school cafeteria managers. Surprisingly sympathetic to different ethnic foods on the islands, they urged brown rice...milk...and ensured that the food in the public school system was an all-American diet of hamburger, meat loaf, Salisbury steak, and mashed potatoes. This exposure to American food was reinforced for the many who joined up following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in the second World War...Now, at least in public, most of the population of Hawaii eats Local Food much of the time...The centerpiece of Local Food is the Plate Lunch available from lunch wagons and from numerous small restaurants...It consists of 'two scoop'...sticky rice...a large portion of meat, usually cooked in Asian style, a portion of macaroni salad or potato salads, and perhaps a lettuce leaf of dab of kimch'i on the side." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 373-4) [NOTE: Home Economic specialists published several books to help newly relocated mainland homemakers: "Food of Hawaii can be separated into two categories; Hawaiian food, the food of the native islanders, and local food, the eclectic blend of the cuisines of later settlers. Before explorers, missionaries, and immigrants arrived, Hawaiian food consisted of fresh ingredients that were prepared raw or cooked simply, using broiling, boiling, and roasting techniques. Protein sources included poultry, pig, and dog. Fish and other seafood, such as turtles, sea urchins, limpets, and shellfish, were also consumed but in modest quantities." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 591) [NOTE: This book contains far more information than can be paraphrased here. Ask your librarian to help you find a copy.] "Much earlier, the Japanese had had a tremendous effect on the food in the Hawaiian Islands, but it did not take Hawaii's statehood to make mainland American practitioners of island cookery. Bananas and pineapples had become important in the kitchens of New England women whose seafaring men had brought the tropical fruits back from various ports of call...The fiftieth state acquired a cuisine as international as any of its sisters. Hawaii was characteristically Polynesian until the nineteenth century, and its diet of fish and fruit remained unmodified until the coming of the missionaries and clipper ships from New England. Dried meat and salted fish had fed American sailors, and these foods became a part of Hawaiian tradition--as pipikuala, the jerked beef that is broiled in tiny pieces and served with a sweet-sour cause, and as lomi lomi, thin fillets of salted salmon that some New Yorkers have described as better in its indigenous way than lox (smoked salmon) from their own favorite delicatessens. Mixed with chopped onions and tomatoes, lomi lomi is habitually served as a salad. Salmon, to the early Hawaiians, was common enough to be known as "the pig in the sea." Other fish were used after the coming of the missionaries to produce such things as fish chowder in basic Yankee fashion, and Scots who come to the islands as technicians and platnation overseers added their native scones and shortbreads to the daily fare of thousands of Hawaiians who generations before had adopted the Portuguese wheat bread of the first European immigrants. Cornmeal and red bean soup, also brought by the Portuguese, have been accepted as Hawaiian by islanders of all ethnic roots, and rather than submitting to a single style, island cooks have incorporated many European dishes, along with those from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean sources, developing a culinary tradition that may be among the most festive if the world. The traditional Hawaiian feast called the luau is the ultimate of American picnics, cookouts, and barbecues, and it has added much to the variety of outdoor feasting on the American mainland, especially in California." ---American Food: The Gastronomic Story, Evan Jones, 2nd edition [Vintage Books:New York] 1981] (p. 167-8) Luau-type feasts are known in many cultures and cuisines. In spirit, they are not so very different from New England clambakes, upstate New York pit dinners, Texas chili cookoffs, Iowa covered-dish suppers, Arkansas barbeques, and NASCAR tailgate parties. Food historians tell us large community food gatherings originated as religious celebrations. Menus and dishes varied according to culture and cuisine. Though time, these feasts evolved. Today's community food events serve as a contemporary reminder of historic proportion. "Because they figure so predominantly in Pacific life, feasts have received a great deal of ethnographic attention. They were often dictated by political motives and defined by structured social relationships and religious considerations. They were also important mechanism for exchange and have considerable economic significance. Feasts, surrounded with rules and rituals, usually involved large numbers of individuals and a great amount and variety of food. In some societies, all food was prepared and eaten at one location where the feast took place; in others, cooked or uncooked food was given to guests for later consumption...In Melansesia, feast preprations might have inlcuded the slaughter of hundreds of pigs." ---The Cambridge World History of Food, Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Conee Ornelas [Cambridge University Press:Cambridge] 2000, Volume Two (p. 1359) "Ancient Hawaiian feasts and celebrations were mainly religious in nature. A feast followed sacred cemeromies such as the birth of a child, marriage, or death. When a piece of work was completed, such as the building of a canoe or a new home, a feast followed. The feast was to thank the god (akua) or gruardian spririt (aumakua) that helped make the work a success. Aumakua were present for anything a person did. They were honored at any feast with food placed on an altar. Hawaiians believed that the aumakua ate the food and enjoyed the feast. Today in Hawai'i, not only Hawaiians, but many other ethnic groups have a lu'au, or feast, to celebrate occasions such as marriage, birthdays, graduation, or the completion of a new home." ---Ethnic Foods of Hawai'i, Ann Kondon Corum, revised edition [Bess Press:Honolulu] 2000 (p. 14-15) "Hawaiians are farmers and fishermen by tradition. Fish and seafood provide protein, while poi from the taro or kalo plant, grown in flooded fields, provides starch. Early inhabitants of the islands often ate meals that combined such delights as taro, sweet potatoes, fish, pig, bananas, and greens from the taro top. Food was either salted, dried, boiled, or cooked in an underground oven, or imu. Even then, the imu was reserved for special occasions, for great effort goes into preparing these underground ovens. First, a large pit is dug in the earlth and filled with wood. Next, specially selected porous rocks are heaped on the wood and the fire is lit. When these rocks turn white-hot, a pig is placed on the hot rocks,--its cavity filled with several more hot rocks and its outside wrapped in a basket of ti and banana leaves. The pit is then covered with dirt and left to cook for yours. When the pit is opened, the pig meat literally falls off the bones. Today, imu cooking is reserved for marriage feasts, first-year birthdays, graduations, and anniversary celebrations...When it comes to food, perhaps most visitors to Hawaii think of the luau, a celebratory feast whose origins blend native and foreign cultures, including that of early traders, missionaries from New England, and the islands' many imigrants. A typical luau inclues a kalua pig, poi, lomi salmon, chicken, long rice, phihi (raw limpet), raw fish, haupia (coconut pudding dessert), and a salad made of potatoes and macaroni. Sometimes the pig is replaced by lualua, a bundle of salted pork or beef wrapped in taro leaves and steamed in a package of ti leaves."" ---"Hawaii," Linda Paik Moriarty, Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook, Katherine S. Kirlin and Thomas S. Kirlin [Smithsonian Institution Press:Washington DC] 1992 (p. 262) "Take a birthday party with all its little goodies, add an elaborate wedding feast with singing and dancing, throw in a traditional Thanksgiving dinner with the trimmings, then top it off with an old-fashioned country supper; serve them all at the same time and in the same gaily decorated room and you've got something like an authentic Hawaiian luau. Actually, there's nothing that really compares to a genuine Hawaiian luau. At best, we can only imitate it. For, of all the festive events that Hawaiians are famous for, nothing is more symbolic to their culture and character than the traditional luau. Love, marriage, family, friendship, religions and prosperity are all celebrated in a joyous ritual that goes back to the very origins of tribal structure. The ancient Hawaiian word for this glorious event was Ahaaina, or "gathering of friends to partake foood". As time passed, the commonly used word luau, meaning "leaf of the taro" (the taro plant was and still is an important food source) became the accepted name for this happy occasion...Though the luau is essentially a happy event, it is also richly endowed with ancient tabus and religious ritual. It is these sacred laws and tribal customs that dictate not only the type of food that can be eaten but also how and when it can be eaten. But the prevailing mood and atmosphere is always one of relaxed contentment and contagious convivality. A "must" for any traditional luau is the decoratively displayed roast suckling pig...assorted fruits, fishes, fowl, vegetables and sweets are featured too." ---Hawaiian Cookbook, Roana and Gene Schindler [Dover Publications:New York] 1970 (p. 240-141) [NOTE: This book contains several luau recipes and menus.] "'Even in Hawaii it is not always possible to cook a pig.' Such was the laconic remark in Trader Vic's Pacific Island Cookbook, one of the books that introduced Hawaiian food to the rest of the world after World War II. Too true. If visitors have heard of anything about Hawaii they have heard about luaus: those feasts of tender roast pig pulled from a pit dug in the ground accompanied by purple poi and coconut pudding. Busses take hundreds out to beaches to drink watery rum punch and watch the hip-twirling Tahitian hula. But in truth, cooking a pig in the traditional earth oven (the imu) is quite impossible for most people in Hawaii. Luaus still go on, planned well in advance and involving huge amounts of preparation. Buying a whole pig (assuming you guy it and don't raise and slaughter it yourself), keeping it refrigerated, finding a place to dig an imu, preparing lauluas, and collecting the varieties of raw seafood if a formidable task...Many Hawaii residents...settle for alternatives: a church luau--Kawaiahao Church has a particularly popular one--or catered baby luau..." ---The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii's Culinary Heritage, Rachel Laudan [University of Hawaii Press:Honolulu] 1996 (p. 238) Idaho's edible state symbols are wild huckleberries and cutthroat trout. Potatoes are the top producing crop but they are not "official" state foods. Idaho potatoes are world famous! "The first potato grower in Idaho was Henry Harmon Spalding, a Presbyterian missionary, who planted potatoes in 1836 to teach the Nez Perce Indians how to provide food for themselves other than by hunting. Homesteaders grew potatoes to sell to the miners who came throughout the state. The Mormons, however, were the first to grow potatoes commercially. By the time Idaho was admitted to the Union in 1890, its potatoes were famous for their superior quality. Luther Burbank...developed the Russet Burbank potato that is today called the Idaho Potato. In 1872 he perfected a long white potato with a rough russet skin. Adapted to the Northwest, the Russet Burbank has made Idaho the leading potato producer in the nation." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 223) "Several huckleberry species are native to Idaho, all belonging to genus Vaccinium section Myrtillus. The most common and popular is the black or thin-leaved huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). Plants grow slowly, taking up to 15 years to reach full maturity. Black huckleberries produce single plump, dark purple berries in the axils of leaves on new shoots. They depend on an insulating cover of snow for survival during winter and have not been successfully grown commercially. Black huckleberries grow at elevations between 2,000 and 11,000 feet with many productive colonies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Black huckleberries usually grow from 1 to 6 feet tall and produce berries up to 1/2 inch in diameter. Huckleberries are a favorite food of bears." About Idaho's culinary heritage "Fur trapping and trading with the Indians provided the first source of wealth in Idaho in the early part of the 1800s. By the 1840s...settlers began to arrive to farm the land. Gold was discovered in 1860, and with the opening of the transcontinental railroad, the population of Idaho increased rapidly as mining became the quickest way to get rich. Along with the miners came Chinese immigrants, who took up the claims of Caucasian miners after they had moved on to more productive claims...As mining declined for the hardworking Chinese, they moved into trades and vegetable farming. Idahoans began to rely on their local Chinese vegetable farmer to deliver fresh vegetables door-to-door. The Chinese raised vegetables on terraced mountain terrain, becuase the land was cheaper...Some of the first European settlers in Idaho were Finns, Welsh, and Basques, who came to work in the mines and to raise sheep.. The Finns brought with them a love for Lobinmuhennos, a salmon chowder, and the Welsh brought Bara Brith, a raisin and currant bread. The Basque preferred lamb stew and split pea soup. Chorizo, a spicy sausage, attributed by some to Basque origin, is still being produced in Idaho. In the early days Basque sheepherders made a sourdough bread on which they slashed the sign of a cross before baking. This act reflected their devout religious feelings. The first piece of the baked bread was always given to their sheepdog. The primary food of the early settlers was bread and beans...Most small settlements had a mom-and-pop general store in which the smell of kerosene and coffee permeated the air...Northern Idaho is mostly dry farmed, and wheat, dry peas, and lentils are the predominant crops...Barley and hops for making beer are grown in northern Idaho...Herbs and spices, broccoli, and small amount of asparagus constitute the remainder of the crops in Idaho...Treasure Valley in Canyon County is knowns for its mint and spearmint cultivation...in Idaho's Magic Valley more trout is raised per square mile than anywhere else in the world...Many homegrown apples are combined with ham in a casserole. The apples are also used to make jelly, which is mixed with mayonnaise for a salad dressing. Prunes, another home-grown orchard product, are often used for prune butter, prune-whip pies, and spicy prune puddings...Huckleberry pie is an Idaho specialty." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 222-5) [NOTE: This book contains recipes for Country Potatoes (p. 224) and Lentils with Red Pepper Sauce (p. 225).] Recommended reading: Bacon, Beans and Galantines: Food and Foodways on the Western Mining Frontier/Joseph R. Conlin [1871] Mrs. Owen's Illinois Cook Book/Mrs. T.J.V. Owen Feeding Our Families: Memories of Hoosier Homemakers/Eleanor Arnold, editor Cracker Jack and modern hot dogs were introduced to the American public. Both were manufactured in Chicago.[NOTE: If you have to bring a "show and tell" food for your report this is perfect!] [1906] Inglenook Coobook , published in Elgin IL (full-text) [1928] Horseshoe sandwiches debut in Springfield [1930s] The Great Depression. Al Capone sponsored soup kitchens in Chicago: "Three meals are served each day, including Sundays. Breakfast consists of coffee and a sweet roll, and dinner and supper of soup, bread and coffee, with a second or third helping permitted." ---Capone Feeds 3,000 a Day in Soup Kitchen, New York Times, November 15, 1930 (p. 4) [1930s & 1940s] Viva Italian food! [1960s] Salad bars Need Illinois recipes? The Legendary Illinous Cookbook: Historic and Culinary Lore from the Prairie State, John L. Leckel offers comtemporary favorites. The "legends" in this book are not food-related; they offer tidbits of history about selected towns. We also have a copy of the Chicago Daily News Cookbook [1930]. This gem offers suggested daily menus, ten-minute meals, and holiday fare. Perfect for recreating Depression-era middle-class fare. Happy to send selected pages from either book (just let us know which type of food (cake? salad?) or menu (New Year's Dinner? Saturday fall breakfast?) you need. NOTE: As true with most state/city/community cookbooks, the recipes are popular with the local people. They were not necessarily "invented" there. here . Prehistoric & native American subsistence "The first major cultural stage that has been roughly dated by archaeologists falls in the period of 8000 to 1000 B.C. Indians of that time were still hunters, fishers, and gatherers of mussels, berries, roots, and nuts. They used fire and made spears, stone axes, knives, and scrapers, along with bone fishhooks and drills. Probably they lived in caves temporarily, but they cultivated no gardens, made no pottery, and had no bows and arrows. Through the millennia, they adapted more efficiently to their environments. Hundred of sites in the late Archaic tradition are found in Indiana, indicating an increased population. Mussel shells left after the meat was extracted created mounds, sometimes fifteen feet high and covering more than an acre..." ---Indiana: A History, Howard H. Peckham [W.W. Norton:New York] 1978(p. 14-15) Native Americans "The last and most complex culture is called Mississippian and is dated A.D. 900 to A.D. 1500. It is marked by intensive cultivation of corn, beans, squash, melons, and other foods, which in turn required and permitted community settlements...Not until after the middle of the seventeenth century did new Indians enter Indiana. The Miami drifted down from Wisconsin around the heard of Lake Michigan, and were followed by the Potawatomi. The Kickapoo and Wea came across northern Illinois and pushed the Miami farther east...In the northern and extreme western parts of the future state, the tribes formed villages, where the women cultivated gardens...prepared the meals, while the braves hunted, fished...The gradual appearance of the French traders gratified them, because the white newcomers raised the Indians' standard of living. The Indians could barter furs for metal pots and pans, wool blankets, ruffled cotton shirts, iron tools, steel knives, and traps, jews' harps, paint, and muskets that made their hunting more effective. They also gained access to French brandy." ---Indiana: A History (p. 17-18) Shawnee "Shawnee economy, combining hunting with agriculture and some food gathering, had been strongly oriented toward the fur trade since the early eighteenth century...The most important game animals were deer buffalo, bears, mountain lions, and turkeys...During the summer women tended crops and gathered wild plant foods while men fished in the vicinity or set out on deer hunts. After the final maize harvest in August the community...prepared to move to its winter quarters. Although fields were owned by individual households they were grouped together into a single area...Women seem to have planted collectively..." ---Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant general editor [Smithsonian Institution:Washington DC] 1978, Volume 15: Northeast (p. 624) "In the spring and summer the Shawnee women would farm fields adjoining their villages. Corn (maize) was the staple crop. It was eaten as a vegetable or pounded in a mortar to produce hominy or bread flour...Other tended crops included beans, squash, and pumpkins. Gathered wild edibles included maple syrup, persimmons, wild grapes, nuts, berries, roots, and honey. Men hunted year-round...for deer, elk, bear, turkeys, pheasants, and smaller fur-bearing animals." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Sharon Malinowski and Anna Sheets editors [Gale:Detroit] 1998, Volume 1: Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean (p. 91) Kickapoo "Traditional Kickapoo subsistence followed the usual pattern of agricultures combined with hunting and food gathering." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 658) "In their aboriginal territory, the Kickapoo relied on farming, hunting, fishing, and collecting wild rice, roots, berries, and nuts to sustain themselves. They raise corn, beans, and squash and store the surplus in underground pits lined with bark. The men hunted deer, elk, bear, beaver, squirrel, skunk, otter, and lynx with bow and flint-tipped arrows or with snares and fished with bone hooks or nets, and with snares of woven fibers. Each fall, all able-bodied persons went on a three- to four-month hunting expedition for buffalo. The meat was smoked and sun-dried...After the European contact, the Kickapoo added watermelon, melon, apples, and peaches to their diets. They also replaced their stone tools, clay pottery, and hide clothing with French articles." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 91) Miami "The Miami practiced the mixed hunting-farming economy typical of their region...The buffalo, formerly an important game animal, disappeared long before 1800...Wild tubers and roots were extensively used...Extensive maize fields surrounded Miami villages." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 682) "Through cross-breeding, Miami women developed the delectable white or "Silver Queen" maize...The Miami were a more prairie than forest group, and their principal game was the buffalo; hunts were communal..." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 132) Potawatomi "Potawatomi economic and social life was tied closely to the rhythms of nature...The Potawatomi fished with trap, weir, net, hook, and harpoon. They used long cylindrical "hoop" nets in combination with dams across streams to trap fish and harpoons with deer horn or stone points for taking fish from lakes or streams. They also gathered a wide variety of natural foods: maple sugar, choke cherries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, roots of several kinds, plums, and grapes. The animals they hunted for food included bear, deer, elk, buffalo, squirrel, muskrat, raccoon, porcupine, wolf (a ceremonial delicacy for certain chiefs), turtles, ducks, and geese. Dogs were the only domestic animal eaten, and then mainly for ritual purposes. The food collected or grown was prepared and stored against the winter's need. Many foods were dried and stored in bark containers and pottery jars. Squash was sliced in rings and smoked or sun-dried, then stored. After parboiling, corn was scraped from the cob, then dried and made into preserves, or when fully ripe dried or parched. Cranberries were strung on strings and smoked inside the house. Most meat not consumed immediately was sliced, dried, and smoked. Ducks, geese, and turkeys, however, were pickled in brine, then smoked and stored, while fish were dried and smoked. Maple sugar was used as a condiment more often than salt." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 734-5) "Like so much of their lives, Potawatomi subsistence patterns revolved around the changing seasons. They fished nearby lakes and streams with hooks and lines... Though their principal crop was corn they also raised peas, beans, pumpkins, squash, and melon...They also gathered berries nuts, roots, maple sugar and wild rice." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 260) European settlers Conner Prarie Living History Museum has plenty of information about 19th century foods. Check "hearthside receipts" for plenty of interesting (modernized) choices. Biscuits are easy! "The first winter in Indiana was hard for the pioneers who had come from North Carolina, Virginia, and Kentucky around 1800. They were forced to exist on such food as bear-meat bacon, ash cakes made from acorns, and coffee made from seeds...Abraham Lincoln's first home in Indiana was a lean-to, which was later converted into a one-room cabin with a loft. The winter of 1816 was a harsh one, and the Lincolns lived on water from melted snow, wild game, and some borrowed corn and wheat. This primitive food was typical among the early settlers of Indiana...The 1850s are considered Indiana's Golden Age of Agriculture, when the state ranked high in the raising of hogs, corn, sheep, and wheat...Improved transportation...brought European immigrants to Indiana. Each nationality brought with them their culinary traditions...The favorite Hoosier delicacy of onion pie can be traced to the Polish, Lithuanian, and Hungarian immigrants...Wild American persimmons grew in Indiana and were used in puddings each fall...Fried biscuits also became an Indiana specialty. They are made with a yeast dough, cut into rounds, and deep fried. While still hot the biscuits are split, spread with soft butter, and eaten immediately...Pork cookery is another well-developed culinary art in Indiana...Indiana has been growing corn for popping since the time of the early settlers, who learned of it from the Indians." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 145-6) [NOTE: This book contains recipes for Persimmon Pudding and Ducking with Wild Rice Stuffing.] Recommended reading: Feeding Our Families: First in the series memories of Hoosier homemakers/Eleanor Arnold editor Traditional recipes Crosby Gaige's New York World's Fair Cook Book [c. 1939] lists these recipes for Indiana: Hamburger Vegetable Soup, Indiana Spaghetti (with diced round steak and bacon), Succotash, Red Chocolate Cake and this intriguing little recipe (without commenting on the name): Love and Tangle 3 tablespoons milk flour Mix the eggs and sugar and add flour to make it thick enough to roll. Roll in thin strips about six inches long and three inches wide, fold double by bringing one end up to the other. Beginning an inch or half inch from the folded end, cut several slits down the open end. Drop in hot fat and fry until light brown. Drain and sprinkle with powdered sugar." (p. 110) Sheila Hibben's National Cookbook: A Kitchen Americana [c. 1932] offers these Indiana recipes: Beefsteak smothered in onions, Crumble tart, Gingerbread, Strawberry shortcake and White Fruit Cake. If you want any of these let us know. Manufactured foods Van Camp's beans was established in Indianapolis in 1861 Clabber Girl (baking powder) has been in business since 1899. "Indianapolis is not a city known for specific foods, but shares in the strong Midwestern food that has grown from the farming communities. If you were to join family/friends at an Indianapolis home to watch the Super Bowl, very likely you were be eating chili (made with ground beef and beans), chicken wings, potato salad, and brownies; pretty standard fare. If you were eating out, an oversized pork tenderloin sandwich would be a Hoosier standard." What is a Pork Tenderloin Sandwich? Pork Tenderloin (aka Breaded Pork Tenderloin) is one of Indiana's traditional foods. Presumably descending from German weiner schnitzel , this item first surfaces in the early 20th century. Local folks credit Nicholas Frienstein, of Huntington, for the creation. "In the pork-producing states of Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois, the traditional sandwich of choice is known as "the tenderloin" or, in some areas, "the breaded tenderloin." The sandwich is made from king-size boneless pork tenderloin that has been pounded to about a quarter-inch thick, breaded, and then fried, deep fried, or sometimes grilled. These...are generally served on toasted hamburger buns or Kaiser rolls, and condiments of choice consist of mustard, pickle, and onion...According to road-food experts Jane and Michael Stern, Nicholas Freinstein of Huntington, Indiana, created the pork tenderloin sandwich. Freinstein peddled sandwiches from a basket before building a street cart that included a small grill, enabling him to cook tenderloins and burgers. Eventually, in 1908, Freinstein openend Nick's Kitchen in downtown Huntington. According to legend, his brother Jake, having suffered severe frostbite and the loss of his fingers, used his stumps to tenderize the slices of pork loin. Nick's competitors quickly adapted the tendering process by using wooden hammers or mechanical tenderizing devices, thereafter making it an integral part of the preparation of the tenderloin sandwich." ---American Sandwich: Great Eats From All 50 States, Becky Mercuri [Gibbs Smith:Layton UT] 2004 (p. 43) [NOTE: This book contains a recipe.] "What clam chowder is to New England or grits are to the South, the breaded pork tenderloin is to the Hoosier state. It's so indigenous to Indiana, we dispense with the reference to pork all together, as in "I'll have the breaded tenderloin sandwich." But venture much outside the Midwest, and folks will probably look at you like lobsters were coming out of your ears if you were to order such a thing. "Indianans are fanatical about them; in many town cafes, they are more popular than hamburgers," write syndicated food columnists Jane and Michael Stern in this month's issue of Gourmet magazine. To appreciate this unique Hoosier tradition, it's important to understand the culture that made the tenderloin possible. Steve Jones, a food historian and former columnist with the Marion Chronicle-Tribune, believes "without a shadow of a doubt" that the tenderloin originated in the days of home butchering. Back then, the meat would be flattened with the broad side of an ax, rolled in flour and dropped in a kettle of hot grease. According to Jones' research, the first place serving tenderloins to the public was Nick's Kitchen in downtown Huntington. Legend has it that Nick Freinstein started selling the breaded pork cutlets out of a pushcart before he opened his restaurant in 1908. His bother, Jake, who had lost his fingers to frostbite after passing out drunk in the snow, was employed to pound and tenderize the loins. As the years went by, the tenderloin grew in popularity and is now on the menu at more than half the restaurants in the state. Usually, it's the degree of thickness, or a secret recipe or style of breading that separates one breaded pork tenderloin sandwich from another. "Everyone who sells them thinks theirs is the best," Jones says. "They are very loyal to the tenderloin that they prefer." Nick's is now run by Jean Anne Bailey, who took over from her father, who bought the place in 1969." ---"THE DISH: Indiana is one big breaded pork tenderloin state," John Silcox, The Journal Gazette, 1 January 2003 (p. 1D) edible state symbols : Honeybee (not the bee! the honey is delicious), American Buffalo, and Native Sunflower (seeds). Top crops Kansas Agricultural Statistics (what are the major crops?). About Kansas wheat . Wheat history notes here . Pioneer Kansas foodways "Early pioneer settlers of the Kansas territory found life and any type of agriculture to be primative...Cornmeal, the staple of the early settlers' food, was baked into various types of bread and was the basis of puddings. If the settlers grew some wheat, they also baked wheat bread. Pork was the popular meat, and in season green vegetables were available from the garden. Root vegetables were stored in a dugout cellar for winter use. There was no fruit, since there were no fruit trees. Men struggled to break fields out of the stubborn prairie sod and to cut any available wood for building and fuel. The women worked equally hard. They did all the cooking... and preparing of food for winter storage...When the German Mennonites from Russia arrived in Kansas in the 1870s, they found parched land. Local farmers who were depending upon spring wheat were almost starving. Being frugal people, each Mennonite family had brought with them seeds of a special wheat they had been growing on the steppes of Russia. These new wheat seeds flourished and made wheat growing in Kansas viable...The early Mennonites shared many of their recipes with the Kansas settlers, such as Piroshki, a Russian dish which the Germans grew to like. It is a flaky pastry filled with ground meat and eaten with sour cream. Buttermilk pie, cinnamon-flavored apple pie, and Bubbat (hot rolls with smoked sausage fillings) also became part of Kansas cuisine. Another Mennonite dish was a meat roll filled with onions, bacon, and sweet pickle and then baked with sour cream. It si similar to the German Roulanden. In the summer cold plum soup with raisins and milk was a refreshing repast. Many early pioneers, however, did not have the food variety of the Mennonites. Pancakes were the typical staple of early Kansans. Served with sorghum and gravy, they were dinner for many of the pioneer who very rarely had meat. When they ate meat, it was usually dried buffalo. Later, when beef was available, barbecues and chuck-wagon stews became a part of Kansas cuisine, especially in cattle country...Like those in other Midwestern states, Kansas immigrants retained some of their food traditions--Swedish almond cakes, Bohemian beer and sausages, English pancakes, and Scottish scones." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 179-181) Kansas dining advice, 1886: "Table Etiquette. This book being pre-eminently a Kansas production, the publishes may be justified in suggesting that directions in regard to table etiquette which are suited to the customs and habits of a community of wealth and leisure, are not adapted to the needs of an eager, busy, working people. While many have brought with them from older homes the knowldege and appreciation of elaborate tables, they find here neither the time, occasion, nor conveniences for such display. Attempts to ape the habits if foreighn families, who have numerous trained servants and extensive establishments, are but foolish and ruinous. It is to these efforts that we owe the almost total loss of social life, and the ruined health of American housewifes. When our homes can be opened to the reception of an evening company, and refreshments confined to the passing of a cup of tea or coffee and a biscuit, we shall then have taken the first step toward a social life without care or worry. Food served gracefully, and without confusion, renders the plainest meal a season of enjoyment. The manner in which the table is laid, and the mode in which food is prepared and served, influence not only the eye, but the appetite...The great purpose of rules of etiquette is, to inculcate good manners, and thus render us mutually agreeable...Chief among the rules for table manners is to eat slowly, as if it were a pleasure you desired to prolong, rather than a duty to be over with as quickly as possibe. Do not bring prejudices, dislikes, or annoyances to the table; they would spoil the best dinner. Respect the hour of meals; you have no right to destroy the comfort of the famly bu your want of punctuality. Find little fault at the time of eating, and praise wherever you can. Have as much variety in your food as possible, but not many dishes. Always have your table served neatly, and you will never have cause to be ashamed. Be hosptitable; if it is only a crust and a cup of cold water, and is clean, and good of its kind, there is no reason to blush for it; and with sincere friends the hearty welcome will make amends for the absence of rich viands." ---The Kansas Home Cook-Book: consisting of recipes contributed by the Ladies of Leavenworth and other Cities and Towns/Mrs. C. H. Cushing and Mrs. B. Gray, facsimile 1886 reprint, [Creative Cookbooks:Monterey, CA] 2001(p. 296) [NOTE: your local public librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy of this book.] Need to make something for class? Anything with wheat is perfect. Whole-Wheat Muffins Popular traditional foods: Kentucky Burgoo , Kentucky Hot Brown (sandwich), Kentucky Fried Chicken & Derby Pie . Duncan Hines , famous for restaurant reviews & box cake mix, lived in Bowling Green. If you want an easy, modern dessert to make for class? The following recipes are included in the Kentucky Derby Museum Cookbook includes recipes for Apple nut cake, Cadiz fudge cake, French Coconut-Carrot Cake, German Chocolate Cake with Orange Marmelade, Hummingbird cake, Macerated oranges, Pound cake, Mrs. Pollard's Sour Cream Cake, Fresh Blueberry tart, Mildred's Chess Pie, Lemon Chess pie, Ginger snaps, Pecan Poofs, Lemon Crispies, and Praline cookies. Of these? We recommend the chess pie. This delicious confection is a perennial southern favorite .Kentucky-based recipes here: "Mildred's Chess Pie (serves 6-8) 1 whole egg, room temperature 2 egg yolks, room temperature 1 ts. Vinegar Talk about a true American holiday! Since 1874 Lexington's annual horse racing event has been the hallmark of grand hospitality and culinary expression. This tradition has not waivered in times of war or depression. Food-wise, that means a full weekend of deliciousness from sumptuous brunches to late night after parties. Local fare is celebrates this event. Sumptuous hams, crispy fried chicken and piping hot biscuits melt-in-your- mouth hot biscuits slathered with gravy. Top that off with a generous slice of Derby pie. The "official" beverage? Mint Julep , of course! [1950] "When the Kentucky Derby is run at the end of next week, many of the spectators will have been fortified to accept the disappointments it inevitably brings by having eaten a Derby Day breakfast. A charming Louisville hostess...came in heasterday to talk about the menu for this party, traditionally held in many households in her city about 10:30 on the morning of that great racing event. Far from being a matter of coffee, eggs and bacon, it festively starts off with a mint julep or Kentucky toddy and proceeds to ham, chicken or steaks, salads and elaborate dessert...The menu and recipes...serve as an interesting and practical introduction to the cookery of the Blue Grass State...For Derby Day breakfasting...Churchill Downs Mint Juleps, Baked ham (preferably Kentucky country-cured), Beaten biscuits, Batter bread, Grape jelly, Pickles, Loose-leaved lettuce salad, Transparent pie, Coffee." ---"News of Food: Delicacies of the Old South," Jane Nickerson, New York Times,, April 27, 1950 (p. 36) [NOTE: this article includes recipes for Mint Julep, Batter Bread and Transparent Pie. The cookbook referenced is Out of Kentucky Kitchens/Mrs. Morris Flexner.] [1974] "One of America's most captivating cities, Louisville, Ky., has long been noted for warm hospitality. Thousands of people from around the world flock there for the unending round of parties on Derby weekend, the social highlight of the year. The gaiety of the breakfasts, luncheons, dinners and banquets is an important part of the exciting "run for the roses."...Fried ham and red-eye gravy is one of the state's great treats. Thick slices of ham are first soaked in milk and then fried in fat, cut from the edges. The gravy is made simply by adding a small amount of water and black pepper to the drippings. When boiled, stirred and scraped to the desired consistency, the gravy is poured over the ham or sometimes over grits or beaten biscuits. Another local specialty is Bibb lettuce, developed and named after a native colonel who grew it in the limestone soil...On the morning of the race, Derby breakfasts are fashionable. Tables set with elegant appointments offer such traditional fare as Kentucky ham and bacon, scrambled eggs, spoon bread grits, hot biscuits, Kentucky scramble, fried apples, and fresh whole strawberries or peach desserts, as well as copious libations. After the race, guests go to buffets or dinners where the fare might be thinly sliced ham and beaten biscuits, fried chicken, sliced turkey, candied sweet potatoes, Bibb lettuce salad, pickled peaches or watermelon pickle, hickory nut cake, strawberry shortcake, or bourbon chocolate pie. The Sunday morning breakfast may offer chicken or turkey hash, sausages, thin batter or pancakes, pickles, and fresh fruit with small cakes or cookies. Featured at the annual gathering of the Kentucky Colonels during Derby Week is the traditional dish, Burgoo...originally a French stew... cooking up the famous dish at festive occasions...800 pounds of meat, one dozen squirrels, 24 gallons corn, 240 pounds fat hens and five bushels of tomatoes--and it usually served hundreds." ---"Racing Horses, Eating Well," Kay Shaw Nelson, Washington Post, May 2, 1974 (p. F1) Derby Day Breakfasts , Gourmet, May 1974 (p. 16, 54 & 56) [1978] "So far as horse racing-fans are concerned, the main event that will take place in Louisville this coming Saturday at 5 p.m. is the 104th running of the Kentucky Derby. But to serious eaters and drinkers, that two-and-a-half-minute event represents merely a brief interlude in what is really a two-and-a-half-day continuous feast. Derby time...is party time...given over to a series of buffet cocktail parties and dinners, brunches, lunches and suppers, and lots of nibbling in between. Dining tables of polished mahogany or Kentucky cherry set with heavily ornate family silver, the finest linens; the thickest frosted silver julep mugs sporting sprigs of fresh mint, and centerpieces of roses with tulips virtually groan under the weight of the richest, most elegant specialties this elegant part of the South has to offer...some of the parties are rustic. Burgoo...which is really a sort of soup-stew with chicken and vegetables, is made outdoor and simmers for hours in big iron cauldrons. People get their juleps in silver mugs or tin cups and when they finish drinking, the burgoo is ladled into the empty mugs. For breakfasts, they serve scrambled eggs, grits with melted butter, fried apples, fried tomatoes, country ham made with red eye gravy, beaten biscuits or spoon bread or crisp corn cakes. For dinners and suppers they do...baked country ham that may be glazed but most traditionally not, burgoo, a salad of Kentucky limestone lettuce, which Northerners call bibb, biscuits, corn pudding and then all the desserts--the pecan bourbon cake, the Derbytown pie with its melting chocolate and crunchy nuts, bourbon balls, strawberries, apricot sherbet and all kinds of other things." ---"Derby Day: A Winner for Food Lovers," Mimi Sheraton, New York Times, May 3, 1978 (p. C1) [1982] "Welcome to the Kentucky Derby party. From Florida to Alaska, people will gather this Saturday to drink juleps, eat country ham and and beaten biscuits, and watch at least two minutes of horse racing." ---"On Derby Day, the Juleps Bloom From Florida to the Philippines," Heywood Klein, Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1982 (p. 31) Churchill Downs Web site offers a wealth of historical and cultural information regarding the Kentucky Derby--excellent for background. Given the fact that extravagant Derby-Eve parties, elaborate brunches, major festivals and special treats are an integral part of the Derby tradition is seems odd that there are no links to food on this site. Taste of Derby celebrates this event with elite chefs. The Kentucky Derby Museum Cook Book [1986] offers a party checklist & many recipes (but no suggested menus). Happy to send/share pages. Let us know what you want! Tabasco sauce (spicy flavoring) State foods "Official" state foods are designated by law. Louisiana's edible state symbols are: "The honeybee is a social, honey-producing bee, recognized as the most economically valuable of all insects. This reputation commonly rests on its production of honey and beeswax. The honeybee's greatest usefulness, however, is actually in the pollination of crops, including fruits, nuts, vegetables, and forage crops, and many uncultivated plants that prevent erosion by keeping topsoil from being carried into the ocean. The honeybee was made our official insect in 1977." "Milk was adopted as the official drink of Louisiana in 1983." "South Louisiana is the crawfish capital of the world, supporting a multimillion dollar a year industry. The crawfish in appearance greatly resembles the lobster, but is very much smaller. Its color varies with the water in which it lives and its variety. Although it is found in swamps and marshes throughout the state, the best wild populations occur in the overflow basins of the Atchafalaya, Red, and Pearl Rivers. Crawfish farms have also been established where the crustaceans are cultivated for local use and for export to other states. The crawfish was adopted as State Crustacean in 1983." "The alligator was adopted as Louisiana's state reptile in 1983. It lives in waters and low lands of the state and other locations of the southeast United States. Resembling a lizard in shape, grown males (which are larger than females) reach a length of 11 to 12 feet and weigh 450 to 500 pounds. When grown, its color is dull gray and dark olive. Alligators provide better care for their young than most reptiles do, protecting the young for a year or more. Once common, their numbers were reduced enough to be classified as endangered. Regulated hunting is allowed since the designation was changed to threatened in 1977." "The official state freshwater fish is the white perch (pomoxis annularis) also known as sac-au-lait and white crappie. It was adopted in 1993." Beanhole beans (Native American) Maine's culinary heritage "European fishermen discovered the fishing grounds off the coast of Maine almost 50 years before permanent settlers arrived in New England. These fishermen came from France, Spain, Portugal, and later, England...These fishermen stayed only long enough to cure their fish and repair their oft-battered boats before the long voyage back to Europe...Permanent English settlers began to arrive in Maine in the mid-1620s...By 1630 the settlers had established their own permanent fishing stations allong the coast of Maine, and til the mid-1700s cod fishing was their principal industry...As the popularity of cod declined in the mid-1800s, mackerel became more important...Preserving fish by smoking was an Old World method, and herring lent itself particularly well to the process...The development of the canning industry in 1873 expanded the market for Maine fish...Great schools of solvery sardines...were first harvested by the American Indians...Lobster was a favorite food of the coastal Indians...Commerical lobster fishing began in the late 1800s...Potatoes became an important crop in the 1800s, and Maine led the nation in potato production into the 1950s...The young tender unfurled fronds of the fiddlehead fern are a specialty of Maine. The Indians taught the early settlers how to gather them in the forests and cook them...Their flavor is a combination of asparagus, broccoli, and artichokes." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 Diner menus reflect favorite foods of local folks. Moody's Diner has been serving hungry Mainers since 1930. Selected recipes from What's Cooking at Moody's Diner, Nancy Moody Genthner [Dancing Bear Books:West Rockport ME] 1989. "Apple Crisp --- SOURCE . Why did this cake become a state symbol? "Maryland has an official cat, insect and even an official dinosaur. Now one state delegate wants to add a hallmark 10-layer cake form the Eastern Shore to the list of state symbols. Del. Page Elmore, E.-Somerset, plans to propose naming the many-layered Smith Island cake the state's official dessert. To boost the bill, Elmore cooked up a sweet bribe--450 slices of the cake were delivered Tuesday to state lawmakers and their aides. 'I make a pretty mean sweet potato pie, but oh, this is good,' said Del. Melony Griffith, D.-Prince Georges, who tucked into a thin slice of the most common flavor of Smith Island cake: yellow cake in 10 centimeter-thick layers with chocolate frosting. Elmore hopes his bill will give a boost to Smith Island, which has only about 250 year-round residents. Islanders historically mae their living pulling crabs and oysters from the Chesapeake Bay, but pollution has hurt the seafood industry and better jobs on the mainland have sapped Smith Island's working population. 'It's economic development for Smith Isalnd and lower Eastern Shore bakeries,' Elmore said, wathcing volunteers unload more than a dozen boxes of cake slices. Florida named Key Lime Pie its official pie in 2006, while Massachusetts picked its official dessert in 1996. Smith Island cakes dome in dozens fo flavors, including pineapple, banana and coconut. Islanders trace the cake's origin to the British colonists who settled on the island, auing the cake resembles an English torte. Smith Island cakes were traditionally packed in a waterman's lunch pail when he plied the Chesapeake, but now most are sold to tourists...about 10 women on the island make a living selling Smith Island cakes. Most of the sell for $20 to $30 , with a towering 16-layer cake goinf for $49.99." ---"Marylanyd's Eastern Shore Touts Its Cake," Associated Press, Daily News-Record [Harrisonbburg VSA], January 23, 2008 (p. A6) What is the history? Thin, rich, multi-layered iced confections generally descend from 19th century Viennese Torten. Think: Dobos torte & Sacher torte . The closest English multi-layer culinary contribution is Trifle (cake, cream & fruit). Smith Island Cake recipe and history notes , courtesy of Smith Island, MD [NOTE: Why does this recipe call for Condensed Milk? Most likely because the Island was isolated and had a relatively warm climate. Condensed milk was introduced in the mid-1850s and was readily embraced by folks who had a hard time keeping dairy products cold. Florida's famous Key Lime Pie was originally made with condensed milk for this reason.] Recommended cookbooks 1. The Chesapeake Bay Cookbook/Shields 2. Eat, Drink and Be Merry in Maryland/Steiff 3. Maryland's Way: The Hammond-Harwood House Cook Book/Andrews & Kelly Official state foods Massachusetts has more edible state symbols than any other state in the nation. If you need to bring a food representing this state you are in luck: cranberry juice, cod, corn muffin, wild turkey, navy bean, cranberry, Boston Cream Pie, chocolate chip cookie, and the Boston creme doughnut. Boston baked beans Boston Baked Beans, as we know it today, descends from ancient pottage featuring protein-rich, slow-cooked, economical legumes. Recipes were introduced to America by early colonists. The American city most popularly associated with baked beans is Boston. Food historians connect similar Native American recipes featuring sweeteners (maple sugar) with the introduction of molasses as a required ingredient. Boston brown bread is traditionally paired with this dish. "According to one recent writer, "baked beans and succotash may be the closest to signature dishes for [New England]--one based on Old World traditions and the other on those of the New World."...As for the Old World origins of baked beans, peas or beans and bacon have been claimed to be among the oldest of English dishes. Despite the generally low position of beans in English food-status hierarchies, one version of beans and bacon is said to have been enjoyed by the medieval gentry. The specifically baked form of bean potage was prevalent among Staffordshire yeomen, who soaked their dried beans overnight, then baked them along with honey-and-mustard-cured ham and onions or leeks in a narrow-necked earthenware pot especially reserved for the purpose. This "dark, sweet cassoulet" has been identified as the immediate progenitor of New England baked beans....There is a tradition, that, like succotash, baked beans was of native origin. "Beans were abundant, and were baked by the Indians in earthen pots just as we bake them today," wrote Alice Morse Earle in 1898. Three-quarters of a century later, Sally Smith Booth was not the first to include the use of underground beanholes among the native methods of baking beans: "Indians probably originated this dish, for many tribes baked bean stews in earthen pots placed into pit and covered with hot ashes." However, as Howard S. Russell has acknowledged, there is no direct evidence of natives' baking beans, either in earthenware pots or in beanholes in the ground. On the other hand, baked beans "prepared by the bean-hole method were by far the most important single food" in late-nineteenth-century Maine lumbering camps. A vogue for outdoor and wilderness experience, including culinary experience, that was supposed to approximate the lifeways of the North American Indians, had emerged at this time and gave encoruagement to the idea that another form of popular underground New England cookery, the clambake, had originated with the Indians. Similar notions about the native sources of beanhole baked beans may also have germinated in this cultural soil, so to speak. Skepticism regarding romaticized conception of native and settler culinary practices should not, however, lead us to dismiss altogether the possibility of a relationship between the bean cookery of the two groups...So although the English clearly brought with them a well-established tradition of bean-and-bacon pottage that, in at least one of its variants, was baked in a beanpot in an oven, it is also possible that the natives they encountered upon arrival had a similar tradition of preparing legume pottage by baking. Morever, the immigrants did not scruple to integrate New World beans into the Old World pottage, just as they incorporated New World grain into their their bread." ---America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking, Keith Stavely & Kathleen Fitzgerald [University of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill NC] 2004 (p. 51-52) "Boston baked beans. A dish of navy beans made with molasses and salt pork or bacon. Some argue that baked beans were introduced to the colonists by the Indians, but novelist Kenneth Roberts, in an essay on "The Forgotton Marrowbones," printed in Marjorie Mosser's Foods of Old New England (1957), argues that baked beans had long been a traditional Sabbath dish among North African and Spanish Jews, who called the dish "skanah."...Nevertheless, the dish clearly became associated with Boston, whose Puritan settlers baked beans on Saturday, served them that night for dinner, for Sunday breakfast with codfish cakes and Boston Brown Bread, and again for Sunday lunch, because no other cooking was allowed during the Sabbath, which extended to Sunday evening. Sometimes the housewives would hand over their pots of uncooked beans to a community oven, often located within a tavern, to be baked. Because of the association between Bostonians and beans, the city became to be called "Bean Town." A recipe for baked beans of this type was printed in Lydia Maria Child's "The American Frugal Housewife in 1832, though the term "Boston baked beans" dates to the 1850s." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 36) Mrs. Child's recipe , circa 1832. "Every Saturday since the pilgrims came, true New Englanders have baked beans made with brown bread. In the old days it was thought sinful to cook on Sunday, and Sunday began at 6 o'clock on Saturday. Before that the house was swept and dusted and preparations made for a quiet, reverential Sabbath. Sundays are not as reverential now as they used to be, but the Saturday cooking tradition still persists. Beans are a salvation because the could be prepared on Saturday. On Sunday the family had them with brown bread for breakfast. After breakfast, the pot was popped back in the oven and the family set out for church. And all the time the beans were in the oven, the whole house smelled of simmering pork and sweet molasses, which is a lovely odor and guaranteed to whet the most persnickety appetite. When services were over and the family came home from church, it was mid-afternoon and time for dinner. Then the pot was taken out again--and everybody had some more beans. We prepare them just as our ancestors did, but now we begin the ritual on Friday night. "Boston Baked Beans 1 qt. dried pea beans 1 medium-sized onion, peeled 1/2 cup brown sugar, firmly packed 1/3 cup molasses 1 tbsp. salt 1 tsp. dry mustard 1. On Friday night put the beans to soak in a kettle full of cold water. In the morning pour the water off, cover with fresh water and bring slowly to a boil. Simmer until you can blow the skins off. To do this, take a spoonful of beans from the pot. If you should put your face down into the steam, you might get badly burned. 2. When the skins blow off (it will take an hour or more of simmering), drain the beans and place about one cup in bean pot. Add onion. Add remaining beans until the pot is almost filled. 3. Score the salt pork to the rind and force down among the beans until it just shows at the top of the pot. Combine remaining ingredients and mix with beans. Add enough hot water to fill pot. The pork should protrude a little above the water line so that it can brown nicely. 4. Bake in 300 degree oven for at least 8 hours. The juice should bubble at the top of the pot all day. Add more water if necessary during baking time. One of the comforting things about baked beans is that you can leave them in the oven as long as you choose, if you remember to add water. Open the door and take a peak every hour or two. Do not touch the pot if there is still juice on top, and close the door as quickly as you can. Serve in a pot, as the Pilgrims did. Fragrant and steaming, brown and mealy--and hot as hot can be. With them your should have brown bread on Saturday night, with piccalilli on the side. And on Sunday morning, you should have fish cakes and the beans warmed up with a chunk of salt pork, crusty on top and brown as old mahogany." ---New England Cookbook, Eleanor Early [Random House:New York] 1954 (p. 56-57) Vernor's Ginger Ale ---since the Civil War Some notes on Michigan's culinary heritage "The earliest Europeans in the Michigan area were French explorers, traders, and missionaries in the late 1600s and early 1700s...By 1859... farm families were firmly established in Michigan's southern counties, where prairie grassland was plentiful for grazing dairy cows. Farmers grew wheat and produced milk, butter, and cheese. They raised hogs for meat, since cows were too precious to be eaten. Most farmers also had chickens and geese and they grew their own produce. Many nineteenth-century Michigan farmers hunted wild game, and their wives tended the family vegetable gardens... Mining developed on the Upper Peninsula around 1850. The mine workers came mainly from Cornwall, Ireland, Canada, Finland, and eastern Europe. The mining families from Cornwall brought their Cornish pasties with them. This meat-and-vegetable combination encased in a pastry could easily be reheated in very cold weather on a "Cornish stove"--a shovel held over a candle down the mine. Many of the Cornish pasties gave the miners a complete lunch...In 1847 religious refugees from the Netherlands settled in Michigan in a town they named Holland...Long famous for their smoked and salted fish, roast goose, and other fowl, the Dutch were delighted with the fish and game birds of their new homeland...The Czechs and Moravians were important elements in Michigan's pioneer culture in the nineteenth century...Baked goods and pastries such as Vdolky, Kolache, Milosti, Baleshsky, and Strudel were served for dessert...Battle Creek was settled by the Seventh Day Adventists...In 1867 Dr. Kellogg...introduced the idea of cold cereals for breakfast. In order to promote better nutrition, Dr. Kellogg invented toasted cornflakes and many other grain and nut products." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 148-151) Historic Michigan cookbooks , online free & fulltext, courtesy of Michigan State University. What to make for class? We suggest German, Dutch Heritage, or Cornish culinary heritage. The cities of were settled by these immigrants. Sample Frankenmuth-style Bavarian recipes courtesy of Zendher's . If you prefer something from the colonial era, this book is perfect: History from the Hearth: A Colonial Michilimackinac Cookbook, Sally Eustice. Seventh Day Adventist recipes from Ella Eaton Kellogg's Science in the Kitchen , circa 1892. state muffin (blueberry). Other edible state symbols include milk, walleye (fish), wild rice, and morrel mushrooms. 2. Native ingredients 3. Agricultural statistics ( top crops ) 4. Manufactured products Minnesota is the "birthplace" of SPAM (Hormel) and "> Betty Crocker, Green Giant, Bisquick & Wheaties (General Mills) 5. Historic recipes Food on the Frontier:Minnesota Cooking from 1850 to 1900 with selected recipes/Marjorie Kriedberg---your local public librarian will be happy to help you get a copy of this book. Minnesota's ethnic food heritage "The people of Minnesota are from a very diverse ethnic heritage--British, Germans, Scandinavians, Finns, Italians, Slavs, and more recently, refugees from Southeast Asia. The Scots, Welsh, and Canadians were some of the earliest settlers of Minnesota, while the greatest number of British arrived in 1890 to work in the mines on the Vermillon and Mesabi Iron Ranges...The Germans are Minnesota's largest ethnic group, having immigrated to the area from the 1830s to the present day. Nineteeth-century German immigrants found the land suitable for raising the type of food they enjoyed. Many of the early German settlers baked rye bread every Saturday...The Scandinavian immigrant--Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, and Finnish--found Minnesota to be similar to Scandinavia...Housewives were delighted with the new white flour that yielded cakes and bread much lighter than those of their native land. Meatballs of beef and pork, American-style bacon, corn, and a strange fruit called watermelon became a part of the immigrants' diet. The Danish immigrants found many of their traditional cooking ingredients in Minnesota. Their kitchen gardens had large patches of parsley, carrots, peas, and kale...The pioneer Swedes...depended upon staples for their diet. Homemade soups, potatoes, fish, and various grains were the mainstay of their early cuisine...Minnesota posed a culinary challenge for most Italians, since much of their native ingredients were not available and could not be grown in the short growing season. The early Italian immigrants relied heavily on what they called peasant food--polenta, rice dishes such as risotto, and pasta...Southern Slavs, mostly Croatians, Slovenians, and Serbs, settled in Minnesota between 1900 and 1920...Being accustomed to fresh fruit, they planted apple, cherry, apricot, and olive trees. Because of the harsh climate, the apricots and olives did not survive. Slavic cooking is primarly based on soups, stews, and other combination dishes...At the clsoe of the Vietnam War, some of the Hmong people of northern Laos...came to Minnesota...These people brought yeat another dimension to the varied cuisines of Minnesota." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 157-8) Recommended reading: The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, Anne R. Kaplan et al (includes recipes). Want to make something ethnic for class? We suggest Swedish meatballs ! 2. Major crops: What is most often grown in the state ? Early Mississippi foodways "The first explorers of what is now northern Mississippi were French fur traders who set up trading posts in Indian villages. They learned to eat the same food as the Indians, primarly a mush concocted from ground brier root, fish, and wild game. When the first permanent settlement was established... around 1700, the settlers found they could obtain chickens from the Indians in addition to fish...The French brides who came to Biloxi, like those who came to New Orleans, soon learned to use native ingredients in their cooking. Redfish, green peppers, and assorted wild herbs became the basis of their fish stews. From the earliest days, Missisppi cooks usually had available the basic ingredients for a soup or a stew--carrots, celery, onions, okra, and a sprig or two of parsley. Tomatoes were not included until well after the Revolutionary War...The cuisine of Mississppi varied with aspects of its history. Although New Orleans remains the bastion of French-cooking influence in America, French influence was also dominant in the cuisine of the plantation mansions along the Mississippi River. Rich sauces and spectacular desserts abounded on manor-house dinner tables.. Food was presented in great splendor in ante-bellum Mississippi. The luxurous day began with hot, strong, black coffee...Food for the plantation workers was much simpler. Freshly caught catfish...often constituted dinner. It was accompanied by turnip greens flavored with salt pork; corn bread; hot, spicy red beans; and rice. Baked ribs and beans baked with bell peppers accompanied by corn bread was a typical winter meal. Chicken bread was a particular favorite among plantation workers. It consists of a batter made with flour, cornmeal, shortening, salt, and milk, which was baked in a frying pan after the chicken had finished frying...For many years the slaves ate corn pone (eggless corn bread which is fried or baked in small batches) and pot liquor, the juice that remains after vegetables, particularly greens, are cooked." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 128-130) Need to make something for class? Agricultural products top crops! Native American foods "Missouri's earliest farmers were the people of the Hopwell culture...The Hopewells grew corn and beans and hunted small animals...The Mississippi people knew how to farm well and grew large quantities of food. They were also hunters and traders. Since they lived close to the Missippi River, fishing was an important activity...The Oneonta culture, from which the Missouri tribe developed, produced excellent hunters of deer, elk, turkey, and bison, or buffalo. Fishing, gardening, and gathering were essential to the tribe's existence...The woods contained berries, roots, and nuts. Acorns...are plentiful in Missouri, and Native Americans used them in stews or ground them into meal. They age sunflower seeds, both raw and raosted, and they learned to make oil from the seeds for cooking and for hair dressing. Cattails were a valuable food source because all parts of the plant could be eaten...When the weather and the hunting were good, native Americans had plenty of food. But there were times when food was scarce. To preserve meat for the winter months, Native Americans fried and smoked game over a wooden frame set over a low fire. They made a food called pemmican, which was dried and pounded meat mixed with animal fat and crushed berries. The pemmican prevented starvation during a long winter and provided vitamins and protein. It was also taken on long hunting trips. Another kind of preserved meat was jerky, from the Spanish word charqui. During a hunt, some of the fresh-killed meat was sliced thin, rubbed with salt, and rolled up in an animal skin to absorb the salt and release its juices. The meat was then dried in the sun. Jerky was hard, chewy, and long lasting. The jerky found ins tores today originated with Native American hunters. Corn and beans were also dried for the winter months. Succotash is a stew of corn and beans and sometimes fihs and game. The name succotash is a variation of an Indian word. The ingredients of this stew varied from region to region, but all contained corn and beans...Native Americans used Missouri's wild plants and berries not only for food but also for soaps, dyes, and medicines. They used elderberries for tonics. They mashed the root of the curly dock plant to make a salve for sores and they mashed the leaves, mixed them with salt, and put this "medicine" on their foreheads to treat headaches...The main crops for the Osage were corn, squash, and beans. Corn was eaten boiled or roasted on the cob, or dried after cooking for storage. Parched corn, made from roasted mature grains, was like popcorn that didn't pop. Hominy was made by removing the corn kernal and soaking it in lye made from wood ashes. It was then boiled or dried. The women preservred squash and pumpkings by cutting the pulp into strips and hanging them on racks to dry... Meat preparation was women's work. Although men were the hunters, the women cut, dried, and smoked meats." ---Food in Missouri: A Cultural Stew, Madeline Matson [University Of Missouri Press:Columbia MO] 1994 (p. 4-6) Pioneer Missouri foodways "Many of the early settlers of Missouri came in covered wagons from Kentucky, Virginia, and other regions of the Upper South...The women used their Southern recipes to make buttermilk biscuits, fried chicken with cream gravy, cooked greens with bacon, and baked apple dumplings topped with cinnamon, brown sugar, and thick cream. French traders and eventaully French families from Canada came down the Mississippi into Missouri. They, too, brought their favorite recipes for thin French crepes and cookies of sweet and bitter almonds called croquignoles. The French women made a special soup of dried peas, turnips, celery, and onions that was flavored with mint and thyme...German immigrants also settled in Missouri, bringing their food traditions with them...raw potato pancakes, crispy fried in lard and cheesecakes...abounded in every German community... Germans also brought the brewing industry to St. Louis. Angel food cake, named for its fluffy whiteness and delicate texture, is said to have been "invented" in St. Louis...The Germans and Central Europeans brought their sausage-making ability to the Midwest. One of their sausages, wienerwurst (aka hot dog or frankfurter), became the most American of all." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 182) [NOTE: About Angel food cake .] "Misssouri is the largest producer of black walnuts in the world. Nearly 50 percent of the world's black-walnut crop...is harvested during October and November each year. There is also a sizeable crop of pecans and hickory nuts in Missouri. Famous for their rich, tangy flavor...They are popular baking ingredients and have a much stronger flavor than the milder English walnuts...Pecan trees grew wild in Missouri and were a source of food for the Missouri Indians long before the white man came...Honey has been a part of Missouri history. Before Missouri became a state, there was a battle, called the Honey War, to determine the territory's northern boundary. Missouri and Iowa officials disagreed over the boundary for years. In 1839 when a Missouri man cut down three hollow trees containing bee hives in the disputed area, Iowa tolerance reached its limit, and the Honey War began. Missouri won...Missouri...has become famous for a product made from Missouri-grown wheat--Aunt Jemima Pancake Mix. Self-rising pancake flour...was created in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was first packaged in 1889..." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 182-183) 19th century Missouri recipes The earliest print references we find for Gooey Butter Cake/Gooey Butter Coffee Cake are from the late 1950s. They were bakery items, sold in other states to: California, New York & Illinois. This may, or may not, be the same item. Recipes proliferate in the 1970s. "Say St. Louis, and you're talking Gooey Butter Cake...What starts off innocently enough as a plain yeast-raised coffee cake erupts into a volcanic mass of chewey bright yellow lava with snow banks of powdered sugar. The crusty edges glue to the teeth. You con't just swallow Gooey Butter Cake, you work it down. As for the origin of Gooey Butter Cake, most admit it was a mistake, although no one knows exactly whose. Certainly, it would have originated in South St. Louis, wehre most of the german bakers--the backbone of the St. Louis bakery industry--lived. Fred Heimbeurger, a retired St. Louis baker with a long memory, contends it was some baker in the 1930's who, in making an ordinary yellow cake, put in too much sugar, butter or shortening, or all three. What he ended up was the a sticky mess. But since this was the Depression, he couldn't let it go to waste, so he tried to sell it anyway. St. Louisans, Depression or not, wanted more, and the sloppier the better. Today, most of the independent bakeries in St. Louis, as well as the supermarket bakeries, carry a version of Gooey Butter Cake...'There are as many legends surrounding the invention of Gooey Butter Cake as there are about Remus and the founding of Rome. One thing there can be no doubt: it's a St. Louis original and an acquired taste not shared by those in other parts of the country.'...Recipes for Gooey Butter Cake all have subtle variations...Brown sugar may be used instead of white, whole eggs plus whites or just whole eggs, evaporated milk instead of water, and so on. Yet, St. Louisans don't harangue over this...Any cake that goes by the name Gooey Butter is fine by them." ---"A Butter Cake That Sticks to the Gums," Ann Barry [St. Louis]. New York Times, April 19, 1989 (p. C4) [1959] 7-inch Made with Coffee Cake Dough and Deep Layer of Butter, 49 cents." ---dispay ad, Beck's Bakery, The Bakserfiedl Californian [CA], December 2, 1959 (p. 27) [1974] 2 cups flour plus 1/4 cup to flour board 1/2 cup lard, plus a little to grease baking sheet 1 scant teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon baking soda 3/4 cup buttermilk. Equipment: Pastry blender or large fork... wooden board, rolling pin, biscuit cutter or large clean empty tunafish can with both ends removed, baking sheet. 1. Mix dry ingredients in a bowl. 2. Cut in the lard with a pastry blender or large fork (or your fingers) until the flour mixture is in fine granules. 3. "Sprinkle buttermilk over the mixture." Mix to make a solid, soft dough. "If all the dry ingredients do not work in, gradulaly add a little more buttermilk." 4. Flour the board and rolling pin. 5. Work dough "lightly into a ball with the tips of fingers and roll out to approximately one-inch thick." 6. Lightly grease baking sheet (optional). 7. Preheat oven to 450 degrees. 8. Cut biscuits with cutter or tuna tin, arrange on baking sheet. 9. Bake "15 or 20 minutes or until they are a deep golden brown." "Serve hot biscuits with butter and/or jelly, honey, or chokecherry syrup." Leftover biscuits were eaten split and filled with butter and sugar, or reheated in a paper sack in a 325-degree oven, or crumbled into hot stewed tomatoes." Serves 4." ---The American History Cookbook, Mark H. Zanger [Greenwood Press:Westport CT] 2004 (p. 269-70) Native American foodways Foods of the Desert Culture --State of Nevada. Lots of interesting information about Native American cuisine in Nevada, includes a list of indigenious ingredients and simple recipes. Excellent if you need to explain to your class the history behind the recipe. Early European Nevada trekkers (1820s-1840s) dined on standard portable provisions (coffee, tea, flour, jerky/pemmican, dried fruits, dried beans/peas, sugar, brandy) supplemented by local items (animals, fruits & vegetables). Exact recipes depended upon traditional preference (French, English, Mexican/Spanish), economics (how much money the group had), and season/weather. According to the writings in many early Nevada explorer's journals, many places in this state were harsh and inhospitable. Many times there was nothing to eat. Want to explore Nevada's culinary diversity? The Great Nevada Cookbook, compiled by the editors of Nevada Magazine, is and excellent source. This booklet groups representative historic recipes by ethnic/immigrant groups (Native American, Basque, Greek, Mexican), historic period (miners, cowboys) and cooking style (Dutch oven). All recipes are adapted for modern kitchens. Your librarian will be happy to help you find a copy. 1880s Nevada silver miners survived on coffee, beans, tinned items, and other foods capable of withstanding extreme climates and challenging situations. Provisions were supplemented by fresh game and local (seasonal) fruits/berries. "The discovery of the Comstock Lode at what became Virginia City in 1859 brought a huge migration of prospectors to Nevada...[these men] survived on sourdough biscuits and sourdough bread, which descendants of pioneer families still bake. When women arrived in the mining camps, they started trading recipes, which eventually became the basis of Nevada cuisine. Meat-stuffed Cornish pasties and tripe stewed with onion, celery, and parsnips and flavored with mustard and Worcestershire sauce became favorites. Saffron Cake and Potato-Caramel Cake topped the list of desserts...During the gold and siver rush of the 1860s, prospectors who had struck it rich liked any type of food, as long as it "cost a lot." Black-tie dinners in Virginia City sparkled with French Champagne that had crossed the ocean, rounded the Horn, and come over the Sierras from California. They ate from imported china and drank from glasses that twinkled under huge crystal chandeliers. Virginia City boasted fine restaurants, clubs, and hotels, many of which had imported internationally known chefs. West Coast oysters became a delicacy for the newly rich; oyster loaf and oyster stuffing for quail became the showpieces of dinner parties." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 230-1) Currently? Nevada (at least in Las Vegas) is known for ultimate buffets. A little bit of everything served with a theme. Who launched modern American "all you can eat" buffet? Mr. Herb McDonald, Las Vegas NV, 1946. "The man who inspired the all-you-can-eat buffet and brought the Beatles to Las Vegas died Saturday, better known by his deeds than his name. A visionary who helped mold Las Vegas for more than a half century, Herb McDonald, 83, was one of the first publicists on the Strip, founder of the group that brought the National Finals Rodeo to Las Vegas and an innovator in professional golf tournaments. "He was the godfather to all of us in publicity and marketing -- he made the footprints that we follow today," said Jim Seagrave, vice president of marketing and advertising for the Stardust...McDonald inspired the buffet in 1946 more out of hunger than genius, he recalled. One night while working late at the El Rancho Vegas, the first hotel on what would become the Strip, McDonald brought some cheese and cold cuts from the kitchen and laid them out on the bar to make a sandwich. Gamblers walking by said they were hungry, and the buffet was born. The original midnight "chuckwagon" buffet cost $1.25." ---"Strip Visionary McDonald Dies," Gambling Magazine, July 10, 2002 "Herb McDonald, a business pioneer whose ideas helped make Las Vegas a hub of international tourism, died Saturday. He was 83. A publicist for nearly 50 years, McDonald has been credited for the development of Las Vegas-area signatures such as the Strip's first all-you-can-eat buffet and the city's status as a popular convention site...In the early 1950s, McDonald launched an inexpensive buffet at the El Rancho, a tactic that has since been used to attract patrons at virtually every hotel-casino in Southern Nevada." ---"Veteran publicist who helped promote LV as destination dies at 83," Chris Jones, Las Vegas Review-Journal, July 10, 2002, D; Pg. 2D New Hampshire has four official state foods . Official state symbols (including food) must be approved by the legislature. They become law. Early New Hampshire foodways "The first colonists bulit homes, started fisheries, and traded the Indians for furs. These settlers had no agricultural experience and found it hard to adapt to their new surroundings. Although familiar with saltwater fishing, they still depended upon England for msot of their food supplies. Wild game and turkey were plentiful, but the early settlers did not know how to catch them and ammunition was in short supply...Duyring the summer the settlers learned to gather wild black currants, raspberries, and strawberries. Theys tarted importing seedlings and cutting of fruit trees from England, and soon almost every farm...had an orchard. Vegetable gardens could not be relied upon as a steady supply of food, however, due to the short growing season and sudden changes in the weather...In 1719 shiploads of Scotch-Irish families arrived and settled near the Merrimack Valley in New Hampshire...These settlers bought potatoes with them...Within two decades potatoes became an important crop in New England. The English, who also settled in New Hampshire, introduced another root vegetable, the turnip, to New England...By 1840 more than half of the land in New Hampshire was farmed...In addition to the English and Scotch-Irish, there was also a large influx of French-Canadian settlers in New Hampshire. They brought with them recipes for roast pork, pea soup, pickled beets, and salmon pie made with mashed potatoes, onions, milk, and seasonings... Apple butter has been made in New Hampshire since colonial times..." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 25-7) The NH Dept. of Agriculture provides this summary of major food crops . Note: apples and milk are referenced here, along with maple syrup. "Bishop's Bread 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon vanilla powdered sugar Cream the yolks and sugar together; add vanilla, salt, and then the flour sifted with the baking-powder. Add seeded raisins and nuts, cut in two, and, lastly, fold in the beaten whites. Spread in thin sheet on a buttered tin, and bake 20 minutes in moderate oven. Cut in sqares while still hot, and roll in powdered sugar." ---The National Cookbook, Sheila Hibben [Harper & Brothers:New York] 1932 (p. 417) More historical New Hampshire recipes Recipes from America's Restored Villages/Jean Anderson. Offers recipes from Strawbery Banke [Portsmouth NH] p. 48-54 include oyster stew, cod fish hash, gooseberry fool and blueberry cake. Long before European settlement, the Lenni Lenape lived in the area we now know as New Jersey. Foodways notes here: "A great variety of birds and mammals were hunted by the Indians of Lenapehoking; some of these are now extinct or no longer indigenous. In 1612, for example, Captain Samuel Argall and his Indian guides killed bison along the Pembrook River...The most abundant animal remains present in the Indian refuse pits, however, are those of deer, elk, black bear, racoons, turkeys, geese, turtles, fish and mussels...Upon reaching his dwelling, the hunter's traditional behavior was to leave the deer or other kill before the door and enter the house without speaking a word...Sharing meat and other supplies promoted good will and ensured the survival of the group--so long as one person had food, all had food. Indeed, one's prestige was measured not by the amount of goods accumulated, but by the generosity with which one shared with other members of the community, especially the aged and infirm...Indian hunters always provided for the elderly and those no longer able to shoot a bow...Autumn was the usual time for deer hunting, after the harvest had been dried and stored for winter use...More than likely, the returning families also brought fresh venison, skins, nuts, firewood and, and bone grease...In autumn and early winter, nuts of many kinds were available in abundance, and most-fattened, thick-pelted deer, elk, bear, raccoons, and turkeys provided good meat and skins...(p. 261-3) In spring, summer, and early fall, most Indians fished along the river banks and shores...Men, women, and children gathered shellfish which were an important food supplement ...It appears that Indians gathered...freshwater mussels quite regularly from a fairly large area. Some were eaten immediately...It is also probably that quantities of freshwater mussels were gathered throughout the year and deposited in streams near the camp until an especially hot day in July or August, when these shellfish were brought to the campsite in baskets. Spread out on a patio-like bed of rocks, with sun-heated stones beneath, and the strong solar rays from above, the mussels opened, dried, and dehydrated in their shells...People apparently scraped the dried clams out of their shells and stored them in clay pots, leather bags, or baskets, or string the meat together for later use in soups or sapan.(p. 276-7)...The best evidence for prehistoric gardening practices in Lenapehoking derives from archaeological excavations in the upper Delaware River Valley...Corn, several varieties of podded beans, and different kinds of curcurbits or squashes, the Indians' primary cultigens, were planted together. Although anciently cultivated in Mexico and Peru...these plants probably made their first appearance in Lenapehoking in the early part of the Late Woodland period...but may not have become a major source of food until considerably afer A.D. 1300. In time, the Indians grew both soft and hard varieties of maize in coors including white, red, blue, brown, yellow, flesh-colored, and spotted...The most common variety of corn appears to have been maiz de Ocho or eight-row Northern Flint corn...Corn cobs recovered in archaeological excavations from sites in the upper Delaware River Valley indicated that ears were quite small, generally about 3 to 4 inches in length...Beans including common pole beans...and runners, were planted in the same place as corn, but some weeks later so that the growing corn stalk might provide a support for the vines...Curcurbits, including several varieties of summer squashes...and certain winter squashes...including pumpkins, were planted in or about the corn and bean hills...Many garden vegetables were eaten day by day as they ripened, but others were stored for use in the fall and winter...Indian women preserved some corn by simply peeling back the husks, braiding the ears, and hanging the clusters from house poles and roof supports. Most of the remaining corn was boiled, dried, removed from the cob, and stored in skin bags or bark containers. Beans were boiled for a few minutes and then dried for preservation. Pumpkins and squash were sliced into thin rings after after which a stick was inserted through them and they were hung up to dry in the sun..." ---The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD2000, Herbert C. Kraft [Lenape Books:NJ] 2001 ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 48) "...Notions of Americans...writing of experiences...in 1824, had this to say about Bispham's Tavern in Trenton: 'We were shown into a neat well-furnished little parlour, where our supper made its appearance in about twenty minutes. The table contained many little delicacies, such as game, oysters, and choice fish, and several things were named to us at hand if needed. The tea was excellent, the coffee, as usual, indifferent enough...Black bread and a bowl of porridge was the standard breakfast served at some Jersey taverns through most of the 1700s. Others went for more elaborate fare from nearby vegetable garden, barnyard, or river." ---Early Taverns and Stagecoach Days in New Jersey, Walter H. Van Hoesen [Fairleigh Dickinson University Press:Rutherford NJ] 1976 (p. 149-150) "Newark Cider. Concerning Newark's famous old-time cider, the following specific information on the ingredients thereof will be new and of interest to many readers. Our information was the late John Oakes of Bloomfield. He said some time ago: 'Quite a large portion of the land in Bloomfield in the last century (the eighteenth), and the first third of this (the nineteenth), was in farms. They were small, comparatively, few of more than fifty acres. The farmers raised on the land rye, oats, Indian corn, potatoes and buckwheat--very little wheat, and hay. They had large orchards of apples for making cider, which, under the name of 'Newark cider,' was known over a large extent of the country, shipped to the South, as well as to points in these parts. It was celebrated as the best. It was made (the best) from two kinds of apples mixed, two thirds being Harrison apples, which were small and alight yellow color, a little tart and very juicy; and one-third being the Canfield apple, large, red and sweet, both seedlings having originated here.' Thus Newark cider was a product of Newark fruit and Newark invention.---J.F.F." ---"Newark Cider," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, New Series 1918, Volume III, No. 1 (p. 25) What kinds of foods were produced in Morris County, NJ in 1768? This advertisement from The New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, No. 855, March 21, 1768, describes orchards and food-related buildings for let (rent): "To be Let, by William Kelly, A very valuable Tract, of about 2000 Acres of Land, in the County of Morris, in East New-Jersey, as health a Counry as any in the World, about 15 Miles from Newark...and about 23 Miles from New-York. This Tract is so fine a Body of Land...for Fertility and Richness; about 1500 Acres of which is rich low Ground...The Soil is as fine as any in the World for Grass, and will grow any Kind of Grain...with a fine young Orchard, the largest in the Province, containing about 1400 Trees, of the best grafter Fruit, at 50 Feet Distances, which bore this (for the first) Year, and from which, when it comes to Maturity, there may be from 500 to 1000 Barrels of Cyder made yearly. There is on the Estate fine Black Heart, May Duke, White Heart, Coronation, and Bleeding Heart Cherries; Bergamott, and other Pears; Holland, Green Gage, and Orchea Plumbs; a fine Nursury of several Thousand Apple Trees, some of which are fit to set out. A good Farm House, Kitchen, and a very fine Dairy, and Cyder-House built this Year, a Barn, with nine Barracks for Hay and Corn; a very fine Corn-House, and a large Grannery...a Smoak-House, a large Fowl-House...a large Cow-House...two Green Houses to preserve Cabbage and Roots in the Winter; a Pidgeon-House, well stock'd...there may...be upwards of 150 Tuns of fine English Hay, Clover and Speer Grass, and upwards of 500 Tuns of coarse hay cut...Through the Tract runs a fine Brook, on which stands (within less than half a Mile of the Dwelling-House) a Grist-Mill...and also a River on which the Tract bounds, are plenty of Trout and other Fish: There is also some Deer, Turkeys and plenty of wild Geese, Ducks, Partridges, Quails, &c. on it in the proper Season, and at the Foot of the Garden is a very fine Spring, never dry, and an extreme good Place for a Fish-Pond...This Estate lies in the Heart of a Country, where any Quantity of Cattle may be bought, at all Seasons of the Year, at a very moderate Price...There is on it now, the largest and finest Breed of Cattle in America, imported from Holland." ---Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, Series 2, Volume VII Newspaper Abstracts [New Jersey Archives:Trenton NJ] (p. 89-90) Table fare "Isabella Ashfield's Receipt Book...In the Guide to the [NJ Historical] Society's manuscripts collection compiled by Fred Shelley...in 1957, there is listed a cookbook. This book is enclosed in parchment covers, and must be one of the earliest of its kid in the country. On the tile page is the inscription 'Isabella Ashfield, Her Book, April 1st, 172--', and lower down on the page is written 'Elizabeth Ashfield, Her Book, January, 1750-1.' Isabella Morris Ashfield was the eighth daughter of Lewis Morris and Isabella Graham Morris...In Mrs. Ashfield's book we star off with 'Soupes--crawfish, onion, pease among them. Crawfish soup was made with a gallon of water a brace of male carps (in those days people had ponds for fresh water fish), lobsters and no less than 200 crawfish! In the porridge section we note that what then went by the name of porridge was not made of cereals; a cereal porridge was usually called a 'Gruel' or a 'Bouilli'. A receipt for 'Brown Duck Porridge' stars off in no small way by stewing a leg of beef overnight, then adding turnips, then toasted French 'roales', which were toasted in front of the fire and were often used th thicken sauces along with 'flower' and butter; finally, after almost twenty-four hours of preparing for it, the duck enters the scene and gets into the pot. What we would call stew today was called by different names, and 'Herrico' is a mutton stew with turnips. There are several 'Ragues,' of hog's ears for one (this name is spelt in may ways, 'ragoo' being one of the nicest). Here we find 'Frigasea's of Chickens,' rabbits and, of all things, mussels! One is advised to beat cutlets and Scotch collops--which seem to be thin slices of veal or beef in both cases--with a rolling pin and with the back of the knife to tenderize them. Beef 'Stakes' got the same treatment, beef being tough in those days, not corn-fed as we know it today. In Mrs. Ashfield's book meats were usually stewed or broiled on a spit. The only way that they were baked seems to have been in pies, of which there was an infinite variety, of meats, green geese, and all kinds of fish. Preservation of foods for the winter months was of vital importance. Pickling, drying, salting, and converting to marmalades and jellies were all methods used. Among the pickles there are radishes, tongue, french beans, artichokes, pigs, eels, and one of particular interest: 'To pickle cucumbers, mango way.' This receipt shows the influence of the budding British empire, since mangoes were grown in India, where the East India Company had been founded under Queen Elizabeth. In the cake and sweet section, among the orange and lemon creams and cheesecakes, we find that the puddings predominate as is only right. One receipt in particular is intriguing, having the odd title of 'To Make Rice Pudding in Gutts'! After the first feeling of recoil one finds that it is only the container (belonging to a bullock) that is odd; otherwise it is our familiar nice rice pudding made with milk, cream, raisins and nutmeg. There are many homemade fruit wines listed, mead, the syllabubs, flummeries, sack possets, and other delicious-sounding drinks of the day. The only drinks here with spirits in them are the 'Plague Water' and Aqua Miabilis, and these were portioned out like medicine, by the spoonful. The ingredients in these medicines were as many as thirty different herbs, spices, and the Gascon wine or claret from Bordeaux. It looks as if the people of the time put just about everything that they could think of into these cure-alls, on the principle that something might work. Of course these were the days of herb lore, of which every woman knew the importance." ---"Of Books and Things: From the Library," Elizabeth Lyman Frelinghuysen, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume LXXVII, No. 4, October 1959 (p. 279-281) Ask someone from New Jersey how they like their Taylor Pork Roll and they will spare no details! This beloved local product enjoys a cult-like following of the first degree. As with most food elevated to this extreme, the "real" history is a savory convergence of fact and fiction. John Taylor's biographers confirm his entry into the retail grocery business as a teenager. When he was 20 [1856], Taylor established a retail grocery store with his name on it. This accounts for the product origination date often cited by the press. Mr. Taylor quickly expanded his retail market into a wholesale concern. Pork products proliferated in the greater Philadelphia region (think scrapple!). While it is quite likely Mr. Taylor sold pork products with his name on them from this date forwards, biographers confirm he did not enter the slaughtering business until the 1870s. The Taylor Provisions Company (manufacturers of Taylor Ham and Pork Roll) was established in 1907. The business flourished, but did not expand beyond the local markets of New Jersey and the Greater Philadelphia area. We find no print evidence supporting modern claims this Taylor's Pork Roll was a family recipe handed down from Colonial times. Records of the US Patent & Trademark Office confirm Taylor brand pork products were introduced to the American public in 1856: "Word Mark TAYLOR Goods and Services IC 029. US 046. G & S: PORK PRODUCTS-NAMELY, PORK SAUSAGE. FIRST USE: 18560000. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 18560000 Mark Drawing Code (5) WORDS, LETTERS, AND/OR NUMBERS IN STYLIZED FORM Serial Number 71561536 Filing Date July 15, 1948 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Registration Number 0533600 Registration Date November 21, 1950 Owner (REGISTRANT) TAYLOR PROVISIONS COMPANY, THE CORPORATION NEW JERSEY 63 PERRINE AVENUE TRENTON NEW JERSEY 08650 Attorney of Record JOHN J. KANE Prior Registrations 0061356;0073183;0113172 Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL-2(F) Affidavit Text SECTION 8(10-YR) 20001229. Renewal 1ST RENEWAL 20001229 Live/Dead Indicator LIVE" Taylor Pork Roll was introduced to the American public October 10, 1906: "Word Mark JOHN TAYLOR'S PORK ROLL SUGAR CURED THE TAYLOR PROVISION CO. TRENTON N.J. BROIL OR FRY QUICK OVER A HOT FIRE JUST BEFORE SERVING FINEST SELECTED LEAN PORK DELICATELY CURED & SMOKED "NO SALTY TASTE" Goods and Services IC 029. US 046. G & S: PORK ROLL. FIRST USE: 19061016. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 19061016...Serial Number 71022841 Filing Date October 22, 1906 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Change In Registration CHANGE IN REGISTRATION HAS OCCURRED Registration Number 0061356 Registration Date March 19, 1907 Owner (REGISTRANT) TAYLOR PROVISIONS COMPANY, THE CORPORATION NEW JERSEY 63 PERRINE AVENUE TRENTON NEW JERSEY 08638 Attorney of Record FREDERICK A. ZODA Description of Mark THE WREATH BEING GOLD AND THE BACKGROUND RED. Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL Affidavit Text SECT 12C. SECT 15. SECTION 8(10-YR) 20060913. Renewal 5TH RENEWAL 20060913 Live/Dead Indicator LIVE" The oldest print reference we find for this item dates to 1908: "LOOK OUT For Imitators SEE SEE That You Get the Genuine TAYLOR Pork Roll ABSOLUTELY Clean Government Inspected NAME ON EVERY BAG." ---display ad (no reference to price or manufacturer), Trenton Evening Times, January 25, 1908 (p. 2) [NOTE: this ad no doubt caught attention; it ran down the entire middle column of the page.] How much did it cost? "Taylor Pork Roll, 10 1/2 c[ents] lb. By the bag." ---Trenton Evening Times, April 2, 1908 (p. 6) Taylor pork roll legend & lore "It's as Jersey as sitting on the stoop or grabbing a late bite at the diner. It s meat that goes with eggs, but it isn't ham or bacon or even sausage. In fact, if you ask anyone outside of the state what it is, they ve probably never heard of it. But call it by name around these parts, and you almost can smell it sizzling. Pork roll. Uncover the canvas wrapping, slice it thin, make three small cuts at the edges so it doesn't curl up and grill away. Mmm mm. Nothing tastes or smells quite like it, even though many of us may not exactly know what the heck it really is. Pork roll commonly is known as Taylor ham whether Taylor Provisions in Trenton makes it or not it's just one of those Jersey things. In fact, it's so Jersey, you can't buy it anyplace else in the country or in the world, except in the tri-state area." ---"Pork Roll: A Jersey Kind of Thing," Brooke Tarabour, Star Ledger [Newark NJ], May 2, 2001 (p. 67) "Taylor Pork Roll, which originated in Trenton, was invented by John Taylor in 1856. A sign describes pork roll as 'select, strictly fresh pork tenderly cured without the aid of brine or pickle, delicately aged and slowly smoked with hickory.' Taylor Pork roll stands used to be plentiful on the Jersey Shore, in the first half of the century, they existed in Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Cape May, Ocean City and Wildwood..." ---"Jersey Shore Beach Food: Just a Summer Love?" New York Times, August 11, 1993 (p. C3) "Wow! Did we ever found out about pork roll sandwiches in New Jersey...Good news for desperate Jerseyites...The proper name is Taylor's Pork Roll..The sandwiches can be constructed with toasted hamburger buns. The meat is sliced thin--better three thin than one fat--and broiled, fried, or --best--grilled over charcoal. There was an early-pre-Revolution John Taylor, who may or may not have made the first ham--it was originally Taylor's Ham--but it was first 'ground and bagged' for the market by a John Taylor in 1856. It was, I am told, the only thing for Sunday breakfast along with two poached eggs for 'anyone who amounted to anything' in Trenton." ---"All's Fare," Lois Dwan, Los Angeles Times, May 26, 1981 (p. I9) "The pork roll dates back to Colonial days, the recipe handed down within the Taylor family. It is fresh pork, chopped then sugar cured and not available in Arizona..." ---"Pork Roll Dates Back to Colonial Times," Arizona Republic, May 28, 1969 (p. 64) ---Genealogical and Personal Memorial of Mercer County, New Jesrsey, Francis Bazley Lee [Lee Publishing:New York] 1907, volume 1 (p. 238-239) "Taylor, John, Packer, etc., of Trenton...When he arrived at the age of ten years his father died, leaving the family without any means of support. John sought and obtained work in a brickyard, and from that time assumed the care of his mother and three younger brothers and sisters, and was their chief dependence. At the age of fifteen he entered as a clerk a retail grocery store in the city of Trenton, and remained in that capacity for five years. During the last year of his service he was intrusted with the purchase of stock in Philadelphia and New York, and thus acquired a knowledge of business and formed an acquaintance with business men which largely aided him in his subsequent operations. At the age of twenty years he started a retail grocery store under his own name, with a cash capital of fifteen dollars. In this he continued for three years, and then tore out counters and shelves and boldly launched out into the wholesale trade. It was the first venture ever made in the city of Trenton of a distinctively wholesale business of any kind. Many careful and sagacious business men doubted the expediency of the undertaking and predicted its failure. The first year he sold $250,000 worth of goods, and the annual sales thenceforthward steadily increased until 1870, when they reached over a million of dollars. The wholesale trade which grew out of this successful pioneer experiment has now become the most important element of mercantile life in the city. During the year 1870 he sold his interest in the grocery business, and built a packing-house and slaughtering establishment, which he is now successfully operating. He has served two terms in the Trenton Common Council, and in that capacity secured the passae of an ordinance submitting to a vote of the people the question of removing the public markets from Greene street, and the abandonment by the city of the market business. By his zealous labors for two years he procured the success of these projects. This question was one of the most interesting and exciting local contest that had agitated the community for several years. He contributed liberally to the stock in private market associatons, and several new and handsome markets have been erected, one of which, in honor to him, bears the name of Taylor. In 1866 he conceived the project of erecting an opera house, and by taking half the stock himself and energetically canvassing for the remainder he secured the success of the enterprise. The building was begun the same year and opened to the public in 1867. It cost $125,000, and it is the finest structure of the kind in New Jersey. Many sagacious people also predicted that this enterprise would be a disastrous failure, but there is now nothing in the city in which the citizens take a greater pride than in the Taylor Opera House. He was also chiefly instrumental in organizing Company 'A,' of the National Guard, one of the finest military organizations in the State. In the directions indicated and in various other ways he has successfully labored to foster a spirit of public improvement in Trenton." ---Biographical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey of the Nineteenth Century [Galaxy Publishing:Philadelphia] 1877 (p. 476-477) The earliest reference we find to Taylor Provision Company in a NJ manufacturer's directory is circa 1931: "Taylor Provision Co., pork products, Perrine Av, Trenton. Pres. Wm. T. Taylor; sec Nelson L. Petty; treas H.C.T. Seitz. Emp[loyees] 24 m[ale] 2 f[emale]." ---Industrial Directory of New Jersey, George S. Burgess editor [NJ State Chamber of Commerce:Newark NJ] 1931 (p. 171) [NOTE: state manufacturers directories 1909-1918 do not list this particular company.] ---Commerical Canning in New Jersey: History and Early Development, Mary B. Sim [New Jersey Agricultural Society: Trenton NJ] 1951 (p. 168-172) "Thomas Welch was a life-long Prohibitionist with a creative talent. He is credited with inventing successful dental alloys, a stomach smoother, and a spelling system. When his Methodist church asked him to distribute Communion bread and wine during religious services, he began to focus on creating a non-alcoholic grape beverage...Living in Vineland, New Jersey, as a practicing dentist, Welch often received grapes in exchange for dental services. In addition, he had his own supply of grapes grown at home. Welch applied Pasteur's technique of heating to kill the yeast microorganism. By boiling bottled filtered grape juice, Welch was successful in preventing the natural fermentation process and producing a nonalcoholic grape juice. Thomas Welch attempted to sell the first bottles of 'Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine' to church officials, whom he had expected would purchase the bulk of the 'wine' he produced. Church official balked, however, at substituting the sacramental wine with grape juice. Four years after producing the first batches of grape juice, Welch disappointedly abandoned the project completely and concentrated his efforts on supporting the growing Prohibition movement...Charles Welch [Thomas' son] believed he had the solution to selling his father's grape juice--advertising. In 1875 he placed the first print ad for Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine...by 1897 Wech's sales necessitated the processing of four tons of grapes...Charles...changed the name of the juice in 1980 to Dr. Welch's Grape Juice, and in 1893 to Welch's Grape Juice...exhibited at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893...Volume growth between 1889 and 1899 was immense, increasing from 10 tons to 660 tons of grapes...By the time the Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919, sales of Welch's Grape Juice, the only nonalcoholic fruit drink in the country [USA], reached close to $3 million. One year later the sales doubled....Welch's expanded its product lines over the years, adding grape jelly in 1923 and frozen grape juice concentrate in 1949." ---Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumable Products, Janice Jorgenson editor [St. James Press:Detroit MI] 1994 (p. 629-630) New York is geographically and culturally diverse state presenting a spectacular buffet of interesting foods. The following list represents a generic sampler of "popular" foods associated with the state. If you are researching the foods connected with a specific period/people ( New Netherlands/Hudson River Valley , Colonial era/NYC, War of 1812/Watertown, 1880s/Chatauqua, 1900s/Rochester, 1920s/Brooklyn, 1950s/Levittown etc.) please let us know. Official state foods New York State has several "official" state foods . These are voted on/approved by the state's lawmakers in Albany. State fruit: apple State beverage: milk State muffin: apple muffin (no recipe included in the law) ---No "official" recipe in state law books; this one provided by the New York Apple Association State fish: speckled trout State shell: bay scallops State tree: sugar maple New York also has several popular foods associated with the state. Some of the most famous national favorites and regional treasures are: People cook what they know. This was especially true when colonial-era settlers moved to the New World. They brought recipes, cooking implements, food processing methods, familiar animals (sheep, cows, pigs, goats) and seeds (grains, fruit, nuts). In order to understand what/why they ate certain dishes, it's important to learn about their original cuisine. When necessity demanded "native" substitutions, the resulting dishes remained essentially "Old World." In order to understand what food was like in New Netherlands, we need to examine 17th century Dutch/Netherlands foodways & meals. Common foods & dishes "To find out about seventeenth-century Dutch foodways we turn to Lambertus Burema. In his definitive study on the Dutch diet from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, he cites a 1631 plan of a week's menus with seasonal variations. These menus were served to students attending the College of Theology in Leiden, and he considers them typical of the daily fare of the masses in the Netherlands at that time. Although we need to take regional differences into account, the menus give us an insight into the type of meals eaten by the less affluent. The students ate well: on Sunday afternoon they would be given white bread soup, salted meat, and mutton hutspot (a one-pot meal)with lemons. During the week such dishes as white bread soup with milk or mutton broth, salted meat, ground beef with currants, and cabbage made hearty meals. For variety the week's menu also included another kind of hutspot, this one with mutton and carrots or prunes, dried peas with butter or vinegar, and fresh sea or river fish. In the winter the bill of fare might feature codfish, beans, and peas, with a third course of butter, bread, and cumin cheese. Burema also cites an equally specific document of 1634, in which the mayors and city council of the city of Groningen outline the menu for a student dormitory. Meal after meal is clearly prescribed: each table for eight was to receive two pounds of stewed meat and three pounds of fried meat, which had to be good veal, beef, or mutton, according to the time of year. Rye bread and cheese were always on the table, and pancakes as well as barley porridge were common dishes."---The Sensible Cook: Dutch Foodways in the Old and the New World, translated and edited by Peter G. Rose [Syracuse University Press:Syracuse NY] 1989 (p. 5-6) Bread "Bread was the mainstay of the diet in the Netherlands until the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the potato started to take its place. The poor people ate rye bread; the more affluent ate bread made from wheat...bread was also used as an ingredient in many dishes. In addition, flour was the main component of the pancakes, waffles, wafers, olie-koecken, and various porridges of which the Dutch are fond. If the bread dough was prepared at home, then the bread was baked in the baker's oven; but generally bread was prepared and baked by the baker...The everyday breads has many different shapes. Some were round or oblong flat loaves baked on the floor of the oven...Rusks and white rolls were favorites as well...For holidays and celebrations, special breads would be baked, as for instance the duivekater, a diamond-shaped bread, baked from early December through New Year..."---ibid (p. 6-7,9) Meals & mealtimes "The common meal pattern was comprised of breakfast, midday, afternoon, and evening meals. Breakfast consisted mainly of bread with butter or cheese. Beer was the usual drink not only for breakfast but also for the other meals. On the farms buttermilk was a favorite drink as well. Tea and coffee did not become popular until the end the [17th] century. The midday meal was the main meal and it seems to be the one for which the menus mentioned above were given. It generally consisted of no more than two or three dishes. The first one was often a hutspot of meat and vegetables; the second dish might be fish of one sort of another, or a meat stewed with prunes and currants; the third dish might be fruit, as well as cooked vegetables and koeken (cookies/small cakes)or pateyen (pastry/pies) or both. On the farm this midday meal often consisted simply of a porridge, bread, and meat. A few hours after the midday meal, between two and three o'clock, some bread with butter or cheese was eaten. Just before going to bed, the evening meal was served. Again, it could consist of bread with butter or cheese, but leftovers from midday might also be served, or a porridge made from wheat flour and sweet milk might be offered."---ibid (p. 6) Daily meals & customary beverages "The seventeenth century brought the great prosperity, known as the 'Golden Age.' Both the East and West India Companies were founded in its first quarter...With more food available, consumption increased and the common eating pattern grew to four meals a day. Breakfast consisted of bread with butter or cheese; the noon meal, of a stew of meat and vegetables, or of fish, with fruit, cooked vegetables, honey cake, or raised pie. The afternoon meal of bread with butter or cheese was eaten a few hours later. Just before bedtime, leftovers from noon, or bread with butter or cheese or porridge were served. The Dutch were known for their love of sweets, sweet breads like honey cake or gingerbread, and confections like marzipan, candied almonds, or cinnamon bark, which were consumed in addition to the daily fare. Like their cheeses, the Dutch koek (honey cake), akin to ginger bread, was named for its city of origin...eastern Netherlands was already famous throughout the land. Waffles, wafers, olie-koecken (deep-fried balls of dough with raisins, apples, and almonds that became the forerunner of the donut), and pancakes were some of the celebratory foods both prepared at home and sold on the streets...Beer continued to be the common drink...In the latter half of the seventeenth century tea and coffee made a significant impact on meal patterns and social customs." ---Matters of Taste: Food and Drink in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Life, Donna R. Barnes & Peter G. Rose [Albany Institute of History and Art/Syracuse University Press] 2002 (p. 20-21) Diet of the poor and working class "The poor had a much more limited diet. In some parts of the country daily meals consisted of not much more than whole kernel rye (black) bread, amounting to some five pounds a day for a family of four. The remarkably complete account books of the Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage provide...insight into the diet of the poor...and the working or lower middle class...Milk, fish, rice groats (hulled grain of barley, oats, or buckwheat), peas, beans, rye, wheat, pork, butter, cheese, beer, and miscellaneous items such as treacle, salt, dried fruits, and spices were purchased for their daily meals...orphans were fed two meals a day. The noon meal consisted of different varieties of beans and peas and a second dish of salted or smoked meat, or sausage with groats and raisins, bacon with carrots or cabbage, salt cod, herring or dried cod. All of the meals were served with bread. The evening repast...consisted of a kind of porridge--rice porridge or groats cooked with buttermilk and wheat bread cooked together, or buttermilk cooked with barley. The main difference between the diets of the orphans and the staff was quantity."---ibid (p. 21) Diet of the wealthy middle & upper classes "The country houses had gardens where fruits an vegetables were grown for home consumption. Plants from far away lands were also cultivated...De Verstanige Kock [17th century Dutch cookbook] begins with salads and continues with recipes for vegetables, meat, game, and poultry, salted, smoked, and dried fish, saltwater and freshwater fish, and baked goods such as raised pies and tarts."--- ibid (p. 22) New Netherlands: stocking the land with old world foods "Early on it was decided to outfit the [New Netherlands] colony so that it could be self-sufficient...in addition to people to work the farms, it was necessary to supply the colony with animals, farming tools, and other implements...The animals that were sent to New Netherland were well taken care of on their long trip across the ocean...The rapid progress of agriculture in New Netherland is shown to us in the only record of the original purchase of Manhattan...samples of summer grain such as wheat, rye, barley oats, buckwheat, canary seed, small beans and flax...the New Netherland colony produced is own grain...'The Netherlands settlers, who are lovers of fruit, on observing the climate was suitable to the production of fruit trees, have brought over and planted various kinds of apple and pear trees, which thrive well'...peaches, plums, apricots, almonds, persimmons, cherries, figs, several sorts of currants, and gooseberries all give abundant fruit...every...fruit which grows in the Netherlands is plenty already in New Netherlands...the waters...are rich with fishes.' ...the most important fowl in the new country is the wild turkey, which is similar to the tame turkeys of the Netherlands...In the new colony, bread was not only used for the consumption of the colonists themselves but was also used for trading with the Indians." ---The Sensible Cook (p. 24-26) "It was hard to recruit Dutch settlers for the New World since there was prosperity and relgious tolerance in Holland. Those Dutch settlers who did come to the New World preferred fur trading to farming. As the number of settlers who brought livestock and farm implements increased, farming became a full-time livelihood...Probably the most important contribution the Dutch made to the New World was the introduction of grain. Their principal crop was wheat, although they also raised barley, rye, and buckwheat...The Dutch loved cakes, pastries, and breads. Dumplings, pancakes, and waffles, which the Dutch introduced to American cuisine, figured prominently in their daily menus. Settlers brought long-handled waffle irons from Holland an used them in the fireplaces of their colonial homes. The Dutch quickly adotped Indian corn, which they called "Turkey wheat," and made it into a porridge...The Dutch...started the first public bakeries in America in 1656. Laws were passed by the Dutch that cookies and other sweet cakes could not be sold by the bakery unless they also sold bread... Since the Dutch settlers were used to dairy products, they brought dairy cattle with them from Holland and produced milk, butter, and cheese...A favorite dish was a derivation of the Dutch Hutspot (meaning hodgepodge), which consisted of cornmeal porridge cooked with chunks of corned beef and root vegetables. This dish was often cooked for three days until it formed a thick crust on top...Roast duck with dumplings, pork with cabbage, or roast goose were served on holidays... For dessert, Oliekocken were often served. These pastries, amde with a raised yeast dough, shaped into small balls, and fried in hot lard until golden brown, were named "doughnuts"...Tea, sugar, spices, chocolate, wines and brandies were all readily available in the Dutch colony." --Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 51-53) What foods were grown in New Netherlands kitchen gardens? , notes from A Description of the New Netherlands, Adriaen Van Der Donck, 1655. [NOTE: This source offers detailed descriptions of wild plants, indigenous game/fish, foods introduced from Holland and soil/weather.] Native American influence The Dutch learned how to cook some Indian dishes and fit them into their daily fare. For lovers of porridge it was not hard to get used to sappaen, a cornmeal mush; and the pumpkin easily fitted into a common Dutch meal as pumpkin pancakes..." ---Sensible Cook (p. 27) 18th century meals & mealtimes "In 1749, eighty-five years after the English took over the Dutch colony, [Peter Kalm] describes the descendants of the Dutch settlers in Albany as follows: 'Their food and its preparation is very different from that of the English. Their breakfast is tea, commonly without milk. About thirty or forty years ago, tea was unknown to them, and they breakfasted either upon bread and butter, or bread an milk. They never put sugar into the cup, but take a bit of it into their mouths while they drink. Along with the tea they eat bread and butter, with slices of dried beef. The host himself generally says grace out loud. Coffee is not usual there. They breakfast generally around seven. Their dinner is buttermilk and bread, to which they add sugar on special occasions, when it is a delicious dish for them, or fresh milk and bread, with boiled or roasted meat. They sometimes make use of buttermilk instead of fresh milk, in which to boil a thin kind of porridge that tastes very sour but not disagreeable in hot weather. With each dinner they have a large salad, prepared with an abundance of vinegar, and very little or no oil...Their supper consists generally of bread and butter, and milk with small pieces of bread in it. The butter is very salt. Sometimes too they have chocolate. They occasionally eat cheese at breakfast and at dinner; it is not in slices, but scraped or rasped, so as to resemble coarse flour, which they pretend [claim] adds to the good taste of the cheese. They commonly drink very weak beer, or pure water."---ibid (p. 27-28) "In contrast to the frugal daily fare were veritable feasts for the holidays, special occasions, or guests:...'Tea here was a perfect regale; accompanied by various sorts of cakes...cold pastry, and great quantities of sweetmeats and preserved fruits of various kinds, and plates of hickory and other nuts ready cracked. In all manner of confectionery and pastry these people excelled; and having fruit in great abundance, which costs them nothing, and getting sugar home at an easy rate...the quantity of these articles used in families, otherwise plain and frugal, was astonishing.'"---ibid (p. 28) "In their new colony, the settlers continued to prepare familiar foods...As diaries and inventories note, the settlers themselves brought the implements used for cooking these familiar foods, duplicating life in the Netherlands as best as they could. Cookbooks of their descendants show that they continued their own foodways but also incorporated native foods into their daily diet, albeit in ways that were familiar to them. For instance, they made pumpkin cornmeal pancakes, pumpkin sweetmeat, or added cranberries instead of the usual raisins and apples to their favorite olie-coecken. Lovers of porridge found it easy to get used to sapaen (Indian cornmeal mush), but they added milk to it...Cookies, pancakes, waffles, wafers, oli-koecken, pretzels, and coleslaw are some of the dishes that were brought to America by the Dutch colonists."---Matters (p. 23-24) Colonial era foods & Civil War fare (overviews). History-wise, NC is probably most well known for its Moravian food heritage. The Moravians , a pious Germanic people, founded the Winston-Salem area of North Carolina in 1766. Known for their Lovefeasts and sweets, these traditions thrive today. Original/historic recipes are published in Preserving the Past: Salem Moravians' Receipts and Rituals [Carolina Avenue Press]. Sweet Moravian traditions "Nazareth's Whitefield House will see its 265th Christmas this year. While the once home and school for Moravian settlers is now a museum telling the region's history; it's not hard to imagine the gracious stone building once filled with the celebration and sweet smells of traditional Moravian holiday recipes. As Susan Dreydoppel shares the history of some of the uniquely famous baked goods still enjoyed by Moravians and non-Moravians alike, she gently places samples of the treats on an appropriately holiday-themed plate and the irresistible fragrance of cinnamon and ginger again fills the 1740s Whitefield House. Dreydoppel, a Moravian minister and an area bakery share the reasons Moravian baking traditions have become such a cherished part of the holidays in our area. "Our traditions stem from German baking traditions we brought here with us," explains the Rev. Christine Johnson, co-pastor at East Hills Moravian Church in Bethlehem. Dreydoppel, executive director of the Moravian Historical Society, and a Moravian, continues to make the recipes passed down to her by her Bethlehem grandmother. Dreydoppel prefers to bake traditional cookie recipes: scotch cakes (a rich, buttery shortbread with icing), chocolate drops and spice cookies. She says her research into ethnic Christmas customs found that in some cultures -- including the Swedish, German and Pennsylvania Dutch-- cookies are an important part of the holidays. "In the German culture they used to do cookies and place them on the Christmas tree. The dark dough, spice dough, was for animal shapes; the white dough, for geometric shapes," she says. One way baking is tied to Moravian religious traditions is the lovefeast, Johnson says. Most area churches, including East Hills Moravian, celebrate a lovefeast on Christmas Eve. "Lovefeast is a very simple meal shared during a worship service and helps us remember we are family," the pastor says. The lovefeast is based in early Christianity when the faithful didn't have churches and met in homes. "What do you do in your home? Share food together," she says. Later in history the lovefeast premise became part of German tradition, too. "People were wanting to linger after worship services where they were connected to God. They'd call out for leftovers and Germans had a lot of sugary cake and sweet buns in their homes," Johnson says. The well-known Moravian sugar cake is a simple cake topped with butter, brown sugar and cinnamon. "Sugar cake is something people assume has been this Moravian delicacy for centuries. However, there is no hard-and-fast history for sugar cake and other classic Moravian recipes," Dreydoppel says. The first written recipe for the cake can be traced back to the Moravian Magazine published in Bethlehem, in 1863. "My guess is if they were publishing something in this magazine, it wasn't popular before that," she says. Talk of sugar cake in her family goes back to a story she heard her grandfather tell of his mother sending butter and brown sugar to Bethlehem's Central Moravian Church to make the cakes. "It's a yeast dough. People don't take time to make things with yeast (anymore)," Dreydoppel says. But there have been recipes adapted to make the cake with quick yeast and breadmakers. "Purists would say that's a travesty," she adds lightheartedly. Plus, "There is no small recipe for sugar cake. You're going to get a lot -- enough to feed a family or congregation." "I've made sugar cake. It's hard," Johnson says with a laugh. Her congregation also includes many young professionals and busy families who also don't have time to bake the traditional items. So, who makes the sugar cake for East Hills holiday lovefeast? Schubert's Bakery in Nazareth. The bakery, in its 35th year on North Broad Street, serves up the sweet tradition for many local churches, Moravian and non-Moravian. Before then, the business, owned by Ernie Schubert, was on South Main Street in Phillipsburg. Store manager Barbara Willett of Easton says the dough for the store's famed sugar cake is made and patted by hand. Schubert's offers sugar cake year-round and, at the holidays, also makes the traditional Moravian lovefeast bun a large bun topped with butter and sugar, she says. Whether store-bought or homemade, Moravian treats just seem to make the holidays a little sweeter. Want to get baking? Bear with this non-traditional recipe style, which appeared in The Moravian magazine more than a century ago: 1863 Moravian Sugar Cake To gratify one of our lady subscribers, and in compliance with other repeated solicitations, we furnish herewith a recipe for making the genuine home-made sugar cake which we have taken down from the lips of several experienced housekeepers. Recipe -- of well-risen wheaten bread dough, take about two pounds. Work into it a teacup full of brown sugar, quarter pound of butter and a beaten egg. Knead well and put into a square pan dredged with flour. Cover it and set it near the fire for half an hour to rise. When risen, wash with melted butter; make holes in the dough to half its depth, two inches apart, fill them with brown sugar and a little butter. Then spread ground cinnamon and a thick layer of brown sugar over the whole surface. Sprinkle with a little essence of lemon. Put into the oven and bake it fifteen minutes. Susan Dreydoppel offers this recipe which translates more easily to modern cooking methods: Moravian Sugar Cake 2 pints potato water or milk 1 or 2 packages dry yeast, dissolved in 1/2 cup very warm water 1 cup sugar 8 to 10 cups flour (more if needed) Topping: Brown sugar Cinnamon (the more the better) Heat potato water or milk to lukewarm, or scald and then cool milk. In large mixing bowl, combine liquid, yeast (use 2 packages if you want faster rising, 1 for slower), sugar, salt, eggs, some flour, shortening, rest of flour. Work with hand until dough blisters (dough will be very soft and sticky, so leave it in the bowl and just squeeze for about 10 minutes). Let rise about one hour in a warm place. Punch down. May be put in pans now, or let rise a second time (about 45 minutes to an hour). Spread in well-greased pans, spreading as thin as possible (it won't go smoothly to edges, but after it's risen a bit, it will spread out a little more). Let rise 30 to 45 minutes. Punch holes with finger. Spoon melted butter over. Cover with soft brown sugar, sprinkle with cinnamon. Bake at 425 degrees for 20 to 25 minutes, until top is golden brown. Note: The full recipe will make a lot of sugar cake, probably two cookie sheets full plus a 9- by-13 inch pan. I usually only make half the recipe, using 1 full package yeast. This makes 1 cookie sheet plus two, small, 8- by-8 inch pans. If you really want to keep it simple, and have a bread machine, try this version courtesy Ann Weisel, Moravian Historical Society administrative assistant... Chocolate Drops 1/2 pound lard (can substitute 1 cup plus a little more shortening) 1 1/2 pounds flour (6 cups) 3 teaspoons baking powder 4 eggs (reserve whites for frosting) 1/2 pound baking chocolate (unsweetened) 1 cup milk 5 ounces chopped almonds or pecans 1 teaspoon cinnamon 2 teaspoons vanilla 1 teaspoon salt Melt chocolate (can be done in microwave). Cream sugar, salt, lard, egg yolks. Stir in chocolate. Sift dry ingredients and add alternately with milk. Stir in nuts and vanilla. Roll in small balls (about 1 inch in diameter) and bake at 375 to 400 degrees on greased cookie sheet. When cool, frost with: 1 pound powdered sugar 2 egg whites 1 teaspoon vanilla Beat egg whites, add sugar and vanilla. Add a little hot water if icing gets too thick. Source: Susan Dreydoppel Scotch Cakes NC Barbecue Did you know NC is the number one sweet potato growing state in our country? NC blueberries are a very popular commodity today. They were first planted in this state in 1935. 1 & 2 . North Dakota has many popular foods. Wheat is the most popular crop (site includes recipes). Milk is the "Official" state beverage. Many northern Europeans settled in North Dakota. They introduced the dishes of their homelands, which are still enjoyed today. North Dakota/German recipes & cookbooks . The Scandinavians also settled in North Dakota. Every year the Norsk Hostfest is a popular destination for family fun & food . What did Nebraska pioneers eat? "The buffalo herds of the plains played a key role in the frontier life and food supply of early North Dakota. Both the Indians and the settlers were dependent on these animals...The Indians of the northern Great Plains obtained such necessities as food, clothing, shelter, and fuel from the buffalo. As a food source the buttalo provided fresh meat, tallow, bone marrow, pemmican, and dried or jerked meat. The Indians considered tongues, dried and smoked as a delicacy...North Dakota has has an agricultural economy since the time the territory became a state. It is probably the most rural state in the country, with about 90 percent of the land in farms. The cultivation of spring and durum wheat and barley, along with the raising of cattle and hogs and dairy operations, constitutes the state's agriculture...The pioneers who came to Dakota in wagons brought potatoes, squash, rice, preserves, pickles, and eggs. The fragile items such as eggs were packed in cornmeal for the rough journey. However, the supply of both eggs and cornmeal was usually exhausted at journey's end. In 1812 a small group of Scottish Highlanders established a settlement in the Red River Valley and ignored the eating habits of the area, which were primarily based on the food of the Indians. The Highlanders had brought with them salt pork and beef from England, as well as oatmeal for porridge, salt fish, and shortbread...The largest group of Icelandic settlements in this country is in North Dakota. Skyr, a version of yogurt, was made by many of the Icelandic housewives and was served with blueberries...The Norwegians still bake many of their native cookies and pastries." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 188-191) In all times and places, people cook what they know. Folks setting forth into the great Ohio wilderness brought recipes and cooking apparatus from home. Wagon trains en route required "camp" cookery reminiscent of soldiers and explorers (think: Lewis & Clark, Daniel Boone). Most of the folks relocating from the original 13 states were already familiar with "New World" ingredients and substitutions. "Old World" heritage still played a big role in food choices and combination. Germans, English, Pennsylvania Dutch, French modified America's bounty to satisfy homeland tastes. "Ohio was settled by veterans of the Revolutionary War who were given land grants...The pioneers in Ohio experienced many of the same lifestyles as their forefathers when they settled the East Coast. Cooking was done in iron pots in the open hearth. Food was raised of hunted. The pioneer women baked once a week in the hearth oven. Cookies and bread were baked first, followed by cakes and pies...Almost every farm home had a bean separator, since beans were a major ingredient in the farm diet. This hand-made machine, which threshed...beans, could be operated by dog power...Other items of the early Ohio kitchens were sausage stuffers and a lard press...Many settlers brought their native customs and cuisines to Ohio. The transplanted New Englanders brought with them their recipes for baked beans and salt pork and molasses. Dumplings makde with sour milk, chicken potpie...Some of these early settlers used bread stuffings for pork and beef, mainly to stretch a meal...The Germans brought their love for sausages, sauerkraut, and hearty meat and potato meals. Czech immigrants brougth one of their favorite dishes--fish boiled with spices andserved with a black sauce of prunes, raisins, and almonds... No fruit was more imporant to pioneer life than the apple...John Chapman, better known as Johnny Appleseed, left a trail of apple orchards throughout Ohio...Many of the first permanent settlers of Ohio were Germans from Pennsylvania...Cincinnati was established after the War of 1812 and became an elegant metropolis. Oysters were the luxury food...In the mid-nineteenth century Cincinnati was the world's greatest pork-packing center, turning hogs from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky into hams and sausages." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 159-161) Traditional Ohio recipes Buckeye candy Official state foods & popular commodities The official state beverage of Ohio (adopted by law) is tomato juice . Paragon tomatoes were "invented" in Reynoldsburg . If you need more details about tomatoes in Ohio & authentic Ohio tomato recipes? Ask your librarian to help you find a copy of Livingston and the Tomato, A.W. Livingston (inventor of the Paragon). This book has recently been reissued by Ohio State University Press with a forward by culinary historian Andrew F. Smith. The only other edible state symbol is the white tailed deer. Ohio's lush valleys grow several fruits and vegetables . Looking for historic recipes? Here is a cookbook published by the Ladies' Aid Society of the First Presbyterian Church, Marion, Ohio [1894]. Need more historic recipes? We have a copy of The Presbyterian Cook Book, Compiled by the Ladies of the First Presbyterian Church, Dayton Ohio c. 1911. We can send selected recipes if you wish. Mark Zanger's The American History Cookbook lists several recipes culled from historic cookbooks published in Ohio. Among these are: Apple brown betty, Boy's coffee, Coconut Macaroons, Delightful cakes, Hayes cake, Sheridan cake, Wheat bread with Potato Yeast, and Kumbish. If you would like to see these recipes, ask your librarian to help you find a copy. Hilde Gabriel Lee's Taste of the States offers Upside-Down Apple Tart (p. 160) and Chicken & Chestnuts (p. 162). Mary Anna Du Sablon's Cincinnati Recipe Treasury is perfect for examining ethnic (German, Greek) culinary contributions. Recipes included. "official" state meal : fried okra, squash, cornbread, barbecue pork, biscuits, sausage and gravy, grits, corn, strawberries, chicken fried steak, pecan pie, and black-eyed peas. This is based on popular local foods, past and present. Sorry, no "official" recipes. Need to make something for class? If you need to prepare something easy for class...fresh strawberries or watermelon (parts of the official state meal) are your easiest options. Cornbread and/or baking soda biscuits are likewise doable. Pecan Pie is tasty, but very rich and takes time. Maybe not the best choice for kids. Oklahoma cooks offers ethnic recipes. Wheat recipes . Sheila Hibben's National Cookbook (excellent source!) c. 1932 contains two recipes for Oklahoma. They are: "Chicken and corn pudding salt and pepper 3 eggs Clean, wash, and cut up a young chicken as for frying. Let it simmer until tender with just enough water to cover, onion, parsley, salt, and pepper. Cut the grains from the raw roasting-ears, beginning with a thin outer slice. Add to the corn, the melted butter, well-beaten eggs, 1 teaspoon of salt, and entough of the broth in which the chicken has been cooking to make a batter. Pour into a buttered baking-dish; place the pieces of chicken in the middle, and bake until brown on top and the pudding is firm throughout." ---(p. 167-8) "Pepper butter 1/4 teaspoon salt 4 drops tabasco Cream the butter until light; add the other ingredients and beat well. Serve with broiled beefsteak." ---(p. 274) Need something really quick, very, interesting, totally noisy, & way cool??! POPCORN!!! ...here's the connection: "The Oklahoma house of representatives, which meets at Guthrie, will continue to eat popcorn, this, too, despite the heroic efforts recently made by Representative T. F. Vandeventer of Bartlesville, former speaker of the Arkansas house and the man who gave Jeff Davis the closest race he ever had for the Democratic nomination for governor. 'This contiunal eating of popcorn and the practice of the members in exploding the empty bags during speechmaking detract from the dignity of the house and should be stopped,' he asserted. Speaker Murray was Vandeventer's principal opponent. 'If that be so,' yelled Harvey Utterback, Republican, of Kingfisher, 'then the practice of eating it should be discontinued at once!'...Vandeventer demanded a roll call, but a rising vote was taken instead, and popcorn was kept on the house bill of fare by a vote of 46 to 29. Members of both houses of the legislature eat popcorn all the time during sessions. Even the press tables are covered with it at times, and all the legislative clerks eat abundantly of it. It is figured by local popcorn venders that it takes from a half bushel to three pecks of corn on the ear daily to supply the legislature's demands for the popped product." ---"Popcorn Legislators' Diet," Daily Record, [Morris County, NJ newspaper] August 27,1908 (p. 6) Oregon's table presents a unique reflection of the state's geography, people, and history. Nature's gifts abound from the Pacific Ocean (crab), Columbia River (salmon) and rich Willamette Valley (fruit, wine) regions. Central/Western Oregon harbors a harsher climate, requiring more work when it comes to setting the table. Edible state symbols (officially enacted by law) are: milk, Chinook salmon, Oregon grapes, pears, chanterelle mushrooms and hazelnuts. top commodities . Popular foods traditionally connected with Oregon include hazelnuts , berries , modern maraschino cherries & Dungeness crab . Oregon also has a thriving wine industry. A few notes on Oregon's fruit & nut heritage "Agriculture...Two young Iowans, Henderson Luelling and William Meek, can be considered the "Johnny Appleseeds" of the Pacific Northwest. Both Meek and Luelling came to Oregon with nursery stock in soil-filled boxes in their wagons...Transporting plants was not an easy task, since they had to be watered frequently. The two men settled In the Willamatte Valley, teaming up to form partnership and start a nursery. Their trees were forerunners of today's Rogue River pears, Willamette Valley plums and prunes, Hood River apples, and Dalles cherries. In those early days fruit was so scarce that settlers came from all over the region to see the first apple trees...The coming of the railroads made it possible to transport Oregon fruit to eastern markets...Bartlett pears, which are hardy and keep well, became Oregon's major crop...Ninety-eight percent fo the hazelnuts used in this country are grown in Oregon. The first hazelnut trees were planted in 1858 in Schottsburg, Oregon, by David Gernot, a Frenchman." ---"Oregon," Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlotte VA] 1992 (p. 242-3) [NOTE: This book contains far more information than can be paraphrased here. Ask your librarian to help you obtain a copy.] Historic foodways: Lewis & Clark & Oregon Trail cookery . Historic cookbooks from Portland Oregon: The Portland Woman's Exchange Cook Book (1913) & All Western Conservation Cook Book /Inie Gage Chapel (1917). James Beard as born and raised in Portland. What to make for class? We suggest a recipe featuring one or more of Oregon's fine fruits. Fresh Oregon fruit is healthiest choice. Fruit salad (including maraschino cherries) are delicious. Maraschino Cherry Cake 1/2 cup maraschino cherry juice 1/4 cup chopped maraschino cherries 1/4 teaspoon salt 3 1/2 cups cake flour 3 teaspoons baking powder 6 whites of eggs Cream butter and sugar well. Sift dry ingredients together and add to creamed mixture alternately with the milk and cherry juice. Add vanilla and chopped cherries and mix well. Fold in stiffly beaten egg whites. Pour into three medium-sized greased layer-cake pans and bake in a 350 degree F. oven for about forty minutes or until center of the cake is springy to the touch." ---"Oregon," New York World's Fair Cook Book: The American Kitchen, Crosby Gaige [Doubleday, Doran & Company:New York] 1939 (p. 247-248) Pennsylvania's state table presents an interesting array of ecclectic foods. Significant markers include English, German, French, West Indian, Italian, Polish, and Pennsylvania Dutch foodways. Our forefathers sustained themsleves with some of the finest foods Philadelphia had to offer during the late 18th century. "Pennsylvania developed many culinary specialties, one of the earliest being peach pies and tarts baked by the first Quaker housewives in Philadelphia. Apparently the peach trees left by the Spanish in Florida in the 1500s had been carried north by the Indians, as the Quakers found peach trees in Pennsylvania when they arrived. Soups and stews provided hearty meals for the early colonists. One of the most famous was Philadelphia Snapper Soup, made from the snapping turtle found in the Delaware River...Philadelphia consideres itself the birthplace of ice cream in the United States...Sticky buns are another Philadelphia specialty. They were probably descendants of German Schnecken, which are similar to cinnamon rolls. The recipe for Schnecken ("snails") was brought by the Germans who settled Germantown...in the early 1680s...Scrapple can be traced to German immigrants... Pennsylvania Dutch cooking was remained almost unaltered for 200 years." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 60-1) "Official" state foods are introduced by legistators and enacted by law. Pennsylvania's edible state symbols are: milk, brook trout, white tailed deer and ruffled grouse. You'll find pictures and descriptions here . The 1876 Centennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania famous for many different foods. Although these are not official "state foods," they represent the history and people living in the state. If you need to make a food for your state report all you have to do is select a place and period. Some popular examples here: According to William Woys Weaver (foremost expert in Philadelphia's culinary history) colonial Philadephia was a melting pot of tastes and cuisines. English, French and West Indian influences prevailed. The art of confectionery (including ice cream) was considered the best in America. Taverns abounded, as did local markets and imported supplies. If you want to learn more about Philadelphia's culinary contributions we heartily recommend The Larder Invaded: Reflections on Three Centuries of Philadelphia Food and Drink, Mary Anne Hines, Gordon Marshall and William Woys Weaver (1986 exhibition catalog and recipes), Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Your librarian can help you obtain a copies. Need to create a colonial Philadelphia tavern or coffee house meal? Our research confirms coffee houses (both European and American) were not particularly known for their food. Like publik houses and taverns, they were considered destination for exchanging ideas, sharing news and conducting business. Coffee houses drew a crowd that considered themselves more intellectually elite than the average tavern goer. The planners of the American Revolution were among these coffee house customers. Because these customers were generally of the wealthier classes, it is reasonable to assume they would have expected the best foods available at that time. About Colonial American coffee houses & taverns . [NOTE: neither of these establishments furnished menus to customers. Food was often served on a sideboard (like buffet) all at once. If your son needs create a "bill of fare" his best bet is to hand write it on parchment-like paper with a fountain pen. Post on the wall. No prices. Foods came with the drinks. What to serve? (easy, cheap, appealing to elementary students or middle schoolers) Meat pies (chicken, pork), stew or soup (vegetable perfectly okay, esp. if some classmates are vegetarian), baked ham, warm potato salad, stews, bread (corn muffins, white/wheat rolls, ), butter, fruit pies, sugar cookies, gingerbread, Sally Lunn (like pound cake), cheese cake, ice cream, cider, cocoa, milk, tea, alcohol-free fruit punch. Coffee?? of course was served but some parents may object because of caffeine. Discuss with the teacher. Very weak coffee with milk & sugar is perfectly period and may interest the students. Popular period commodities you will likely omit (based on price, availability & taste): oysters, terrapin and tripe. Kudos to you if you attempt traditional/popular Philadelphia PepperPot Soup. Recommended cookbooks with modernized recipes(your local public librarian will help you get these) Foods from the Founding Fathers/Burke Philadelphia's City Tavern was a favorite place for eating & drinking. Modernized menus are inspired by colonial era traditions. While this food is more upscale/ gourmet (& expensive) than your project requires, it may be useful for additional ideas & table settings. City Tavern's chef Walter Staib has published cookbooks. Your local public librarian can help you get them. Quaker traditions are best captured by Penn Family Recipes: Cooking Recipes of Willian Penn's Wife Gulielma/edited by Evelyn Abraham Benson [George Shumway:York PA] 1966 and Domestic Cookery, Elizabeth Ellicott Lea. This popular Pittsburgh tradition also has "Old World" roots. There are many (possible/plausible) theories regarding its origin and history. The Pittsburg-Post Gazette surveyed readers in 1996 to determine the "true origin." The results? Fascinating! "A wedding without cookies is like a wedding without drink,'' declares Terry Stefl, executive director of the Slovenian Heritage Association. And most of Western Pennsylvania resoundingly agrees. But where did The Cookie Table tradition at regional weddings originate? And is it exclusively regional? (To the second question we can answer no, but because of the Pittsburgh area's celebrated ethnicity, it is a definite stronghold.) We wanted to find out where the custom started, whether it was transported from the Old Country by a particular ethnic group, or whether it was a sweet symbol of the melding of families through intermarriage as mothers, aunts, grandmothers, friends and relatives from both sides of the aisle brought their baked tributes, plain and fancy, to weddings large and small, ethnic and assimilated. Our informal survey yielded no definitive historical scholarship, but rather an interesting spectrum of theories supported by memory and oral history. Several ethnic groups trace cookie or ''sweets'' tables to their countries of origin. Others embrace it as a delicious byproduct of America's melting pot. One theory holds that as immigrants strove to assimilate to their new Americanized culture, they also wanted to retain some of the flavor of their traditions. The introduction of cherished recipes for handmade sweets gave both families the opportunity to commingle their cultures with a distinctly personal touch. Another theory: As ethnic costumes as wedding garb became less and less common, and as store-bought wedding gowns became more popular as a sign of affluence or assimilation, the women of the family were left itching to do something for the couple. So it was out of the sewing room and into the kitchen...Florence Bonadero, a retired home economist and former Pittsburgher now living in San Antonio, Texas, says the Cookie Table is decidedly a southern Italian custom. She writes: ''In the Abruzzi region of Italy, no wedding goes without each guest receiving a special sweet treat. . . . It is usually a colored almond candy made up in a very special arrangement (much like a favor). In the town of Sulmona (east of Rome) there is a 'candy designer' on every corner with his/her small shop. In the windows will be all examples of 'sweet favors' to be given away to guests at weddings.'' In all regions of Poland, it was customary for the bride, on her way to be married, to distribute a pine cone-like cookie, symbolizing good luck, to the townsfolk, according to Donald Mushalko, Ph.D. and chairman of the Polish Room of the University of Pittsburgh Nationality Rooms. The traditional Old World Polish wedding included not a cake but a wedding bread of herbs decorated with live flowers. Tables of cookies were also common, featuring chrusciki, Polish tea cookies and assorted rolled cookies filled with nuts, poppyseeds, apricots, apples, plums and gooseberries, Mushalko reports. Joseph Bielecki, an attorney and chairman of the Czech/Slovak Room at Pitt, has lectured on Slovak wedding customs, and says The Cookie Table did not originate in those countries, but evolved in America. ''From 1880 to 1920, younger men and women came to this country to find work. They met, they married,'' he says. But because they were poor and their families and church halls were back in the Old Country, they devised small home receptions, with a room for dancing and a room for foods and pastries donated by their friends. For verification, Bielecki referred us to his mother, Josephine Bielecki of Mount Pleasant. A professional baker who has seen many a cookie table in her day, Josephine Bielecki agrees that in the olden days, there were no cookies at Slovak weddings. Her parents hailed from Papin, a small town in Slovakia. But it wasn't until she was separated from her Polish husband, also named Joseph, one Christmas during the war that Josephine Bielecki learned the joys of cookies from his sisters and became a cookie recipe fiend (more than 500 and counting). Every group's introduction to the Cookie Table differed. But its appeal is infectious. Once encountered, the custom begs to be copied. And copied and copied. So does it matter where the custom originated as long as we can appreciate the warm, hearth-and-heart-inspired sense of community and ethnic pride it brings to any gathering, whether a wedding, a shower, a bar or bat mitzvah or a christening? It's nice to know that our immigrant forebears, while buying into the American dream and its ubiquitous tiered wedding cake, clung to that home-baked expression of love, the humble cookie." ---Cookie table origins hazy," Betsy Kline, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 19, 1996 (p. C4) [NOTE: this article sums up the reader responses printed in "The Cookie Table: In Western Pennsylvania, we say "I do and pass the cookies', Suzanne Martinson, Pittsburg Post-Gazette, September 12, 1996 (p.C1). This article is long and very interesting. Your librarian can help you find a copy.] "The Pittsburgh Cookie Table seemed strange to my husband, Ace, and me when we arrived a dozen years ago. Then I wrote the first cover story for our Thursday Food section on the mysterious origins of this Pittsburgh tradition -- it's found few other places, though great ideas do spread as recipe boxes move from place to place. I've come to love The Cookie Table with the blind intensity of a convert. In Bob and Anita's eclectic wedding weekend, in which the reception preceded the ceremony (in Hindu tradition, it's "inauspicious" to wed on a Saturday), the couple put The Cookie Table high on their list for making the event memorable. Cookies, hundreds of homemade cookies...The more I thought about it, a Cookie Table is kind of a marriage in miniature. You need variety (chocolate chips for the kids, something lighter for calorie counters), sustenance (gingersnaps from the PG's newest mother), and stick-to-the-ribs sweetness (no table has too many Mexican Wedding Cakes or heart-shaped butter cookies). Something old (Pittsburgh classics -- beautiful ladylocks and nut rolls) would be balanced with something new." ---COOKIE TABLE IS LIKE MARRIAGE IN MINIATURE, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania), May 6, 2001 (p. G13) "Then, 10 years ago, my husband, daughter and I moved to Pittsburgh, the kingpin of cookies. In this city, cookies are not just a sometime holiday thing but high art. This, after all, is the home of The Cookie Table, which graces every event of any merit -from bar mitzvah to wedding. As a symbol of the pervasiveness of the area's cookie culture, when our daughter was to be graduated from high school, she had but one request: "I want a Pittsburgh Cookie Table." She got it. Just as The Cookie Table reflects the different ethnic groups and family customs that make this city so culturally rich, the holiday cookie tray is the touchstone of memories for many families." ---"Cookies," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 13, 1998 (p. G13) The two most notable primary sources for this place and time are Harriott Pinckney Horry's Receipt Book [c. 1770] and Sarah Rutledge's Carolina Housewife [c. 1847]. Both books have been reprinted recently by the University of South Carolina Press. Need to make something for class? "From her plantation or in her Charleston home, Harriott would not have lacked for good food and drinks. At Hampton she had gardens, poultry, and livestock together with game and seafood from nearby fields and rivers. In Charleston there were certainly a kitchen garden, a poultry yard, very likely a cow or two, the daily market, and a wealth of imported delicacies from the West Indies and Europe...Milk and cheese were generally lacking except to the well-to-do. The pork and barnyard fowls, fed on corn and rice, were rated good, but the beef, veal and mutton were but 'middling' or inferior because...the cattle and sheep were not fattened but rather slaughtered direct from the thin pastures. From nearby fields and waters.,...there was a plentiful supply of venison, wild turkeys, geese, ducks, and other wild fowl. Terrapin were found in all ponds, and at times ships arrived from the West Indies with huge sea turtles. Fish were often scarce and expensive, but oysters, crabs, and shrimp could be bought cheaply. Vegetables were available and were preserved for winter months. Travelers noticed that the 'long' (sweet) potatoes were a great favorite and there were also white potatoes, pumpkins, various peas and beans, squashes, cucumbers, radishes, turnips, carrots, and parsnips among other vegetables. Rice was the colony's great staple and it was served with meats and shellfish and used to make breads, biscuits, flour, puddings, and cakes...Corn served all classes to make Journey cakes and the great and small hominy. Wheat was grown by some of the Germans in the interior, but better grades were imported from Pennsylvania and New York. Lowcountry dwellers grew and enjoyed a profusion of fruits: oranges, peaches, citrons, pomegranates, lemons, pears, apples, figs, melons, nectarines, and apricots, as well as a variety of berries...Wealthy planters and merchants were not limited to locally produced foods. From northern colonies came apples, white potatoes, and wheat...as well as butter, cheeses, cabbages, onions, and corned beef. The West Indies, the Spanish and Portuguese islands, and Europe sent cheeses, salad oils, almonds, chocolate, olives, pimentos, raisins, sugar, limes, lemons, currants, spices, anchovies and salt. Boats arrived in Charles Town frequently from the West Indies with many kinds of tropical fruits.As for beverages, only the slaves, the poorest whites, and hard-pressed frontiersmen drank water. The average South Carolinian more likely drank a mixture of rum and water, spruce beer, or cider, and in the frontier areas peach brandy and...whiskey..." ---A Colonial Plantation Cookbook: The Receipt Book of Harriott Pinckney Horry 1770, edited with an Introduction by Richard J. Hooker [University of South Carolina Press:Columbia SC] 1984 (p. 14-17) About Rice in Georgetown, SC . Low Country South Carolina's low country cuisine is a creole mix of English, French, Caribbean and West African flavors. The Gullah/Geechee people were of West African descent. There does not seem to be much information about Geechee foodways on the Internet. But! According to the Library of Congress (http://catalog.loc.gov) there are two books on the topic: 1. Bittle en' t'ing' : Gullah cooking with Maum Chrish' / Virginia Mixson Geraty. 2. Gullah cooking : creative recipes from an historic past from the low country of South Carolina / by Oscar Vick. Upcountry cuisine Popular traditional examples are Pine Bark Stew & Carolina Muddle. What are these dishes? "Pine-bark stew. A fish stew. [1872 Atlantic Mth. 29, 748. In these packages were strips of white pine bark, which in its dried state gives out the flavor of nutmegs--slightly bitter and fragrant.] 1940. Brown Amer. Cooks 49 SC, From Up Country comes the famous Pine Bark Stew that has as many variations as has the Brunswick Stew and the Kentucky Burgoo. 1941 Writers' Program Guide SC 369 neSC, Bream and mollies are made into 'pine bark stew,' and tall tales recounted around the bonfire. 1951 Brown Southern Cook Book 159, Pine Bark Stew, a fish stew with a dark brown color and pungent flavor, is a South Carolina Pee Dee River dish...Some sources state that the stew derives its name from the chocolate-like color similar to pine bark; others, from the pine park used to kindle the open fire over which the stew is cooked. From The Pee Dee Pepper Pot, Darlington, South Carolina, is a third explanation, "Since seasonings were unobtainable during the Revolutionary War Days, the tender small roots of the Pine Tree...were used for flavoring (the stew). With homemade ketchup as a base, the only other seasoning was red pepper." ---Dictionary of American Regional English, Joan Houston Hall chief editor, Volume IV P-Sk [Belknap Press:Cambridge MA] 2002 (p. 160) "Carolina Muddle "WHAT? Carolina bouillabaisse. A thick, satisfying fish stew, Carolina muddle can be found in eastern Virginia and North Carolina, particularly on the Outer Banks. "Muddle is the traditional feast of the region," Bill Neal wrote in Bill Neal's Southern Cooking. "The simple vegetables potatoes, onions, tomatoes in perfect proportion with the freshest fish achieve the satisfaction sought in all good peasant cooking." The soup also contains bacon, tomatoes, and eggs, which poach on the surface of the simmering liquid; the name "muddle" refers to the fact that many ingredients are jumbled together. Cook a muddle in an iron pot over a pine-bark fire and what have you got? Pine bark stew, of course." --- Source . [NOTE: page does not connect 11 April 2009] Colonial-era recipes from South Carolina [modernized for today's kitchens] "Okra Pilau The Oxford Dictionary says that a pilau is an Orienta dish of rice with meat and spices. Yet few foods seem to be so home in South Carolina as pilaus. Doubtless the early traders brought the idea of pilaus from India in the days when Charleston was a great seaport, before the Revolutionary War. And southern cooks shifted the emphasis from the secxond to the first syllable, and the ingredient from oil to tomatoes. In Charleston, they pronounce it pelos, and they cook it so that the dish comes out dry and greaseless. 4 slices bacon 1 tablespoon green pepper, minced 2 sups stewed tomatoes 2 cups okra, sliced thin Salt and black pepper 2 cups rice 1 teaspoon salt Dice the bacon and cook in a deep frying pan until golden brown. Lift out the bacon and fry the onion and green pepper in the bacon fat until brown. Then add the tomatoes and okra and let them cook down, stirring occasionally to prevent burning. Season well with salt and pepper. Meanwhile, cook the rice in the water, to which the salt has been added. After the rice has boiled for 12 minutes, drain, mix with tomato mixture, and turn into the top of a double boiler. Let it steam for 15-20 minutes, at the end of which time the rice should be tender and thorougly flavored with the tomato. Add the bacon just before serving: if it is added too far ahead of time, it will lose its crispness. Makes 6 servings." ---Foods from the Founding Fathers: Recipes from Five Colonial Seaports, Helen Newbury Burke [Exposition Press:New York] 1978 (p. 231-232) [NOTES: (1) Use regular (not quick or minute) rice; Carolina brand perfect (2) Okra history notes .] Charleston Sweet Potato Pie 1/2 cup strong black coffee 1/2 cup sugar Cream the butter until light and add it to the sugar; beat well and add jam. Dissolve the spices in coffee and add to butter; then add well-beaten egg yolks, and alternately the flour and sour cream, in which the soda has been dissolved. Finally fold in whites of eggs stiffly beaten, and bake in cake pan from 45 to 55 minutes in moderate oven. Ice with Baker's Icing while still warm." ---National Cookbook: A Kitchen Americana, Shelia Hibben [Harper & Brothers:New York] 1932 (p. 389) "Baker's Icing Add 3 tablespoons of cream and 1 teaspoon of vanilla to a cup of powdered sugar. Beat until well blended, and spread while the cake is still hot. Instead of cream, orange juice may be used." ---ibid (p. 406-7) large tablespoon melted lard cold water Mix the meal and salt and add melted lard and enough cold water to form with the hand into small cakes about the size of a biscuit. Drop into the boiling pot licker, on the top of the greens, and cook for twenty minutes with cover on the pot. Serve around the greens. In middle Tenneessee these corn dodgers, or dumplings, are called poorsouls." ---ibid (p. 236) Recommended reading Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking/Joseph E. Dabney ...excellent source for regional recipes with historic notes You can locate state-specific cookbooks with the Library of Congress catalog . Subject search: cookery, tennessee ...your local public librarian can help you obtain these books. Looking for something unusual? Ramps! "Ramps: ("Tennessee Truffles")...Ramps reign royally in Cosby, Tennessee, every April. The Cook County community, nested, in the shadow of the Great Smoky Mountains, goes wild over the odoriferous mountain leek, stagin a Ramp Festival...But Cosby isn't alone. Ramps are celebrated across the lofty, fertile, and shady coves in Southern Appalachia...The Appalachian "ramp country" ranges from West Virginia to north Georgia. Wild ramps, a member of the lily family, and called "Tennessee Truffles" by some, flourish in buckeye flats...old-time mountain people love the wild leek. Take Gary Davis, a retired conservation ranger from Fannin County, Georgia. "If I don't get some ramps to eat in the spring, I may not make it to the fall. It slicks you off [as a tonic], makes you feel good and do good all summer..." ---Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking, Joseph E. Dabney [Cumberland House:Nashville TN] 1998 (p. 273-4) Edible state symbols feature cherries, spanish onions and sugar beets. Which foods are grown in Utah? Mormon fare In 1847 Mormons settled in Utah. Their journey was long and hard. Mormon recipes/cooking methods/journals, from the Utah Education Network Modernized recipes If you need to make something for class? This book is perfect: The Essenial Mormon Cookbook: Green Jell-O , Funeral Potatoes, and Other Secret Combinations, Julie Badger Jensen ...your local public librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy. "Mormon Scones," Salt Lake Tribune (Utah), Nancy Hobbs, June 9, 1999, Pg. B1 "Outsiders may scoff, but Utah's deep-fried version is a hit with the folks at home Regular diners at Johanna's Kitchen in Sandy, or Sill's Cafe in Layton, know what to expect when they order a scone: a hot, deep-fried disc of bread the size of the plate or bigger, with a huge scoop of honey butter slowly melting and pooling on top. Just the way folks like it, says Stan Stevens, general manager at Johanna's, where scones sell by the "thousands" -- more than 1,500 orders weekly, with two to an order. But to people outside the Beehive State, these scones are an aberration. In Utah, scones originating in the British Isles -- those bumpy-looking biscuit-type things sold in European-style bakeries, coffee shops and upscale mountain resorts -- are the oddity. Native Utahns are the ones at those spots who say, "You call those scones?" Letty Flatt, pastry chef at Deer Valley Resort, has been on both sides of the "debate." To her, scones are the fruit-filled, baked delicacies that people from outside Utah recognize instantly. When she has made deep-fried bread dough, she called them sopaipillas and served them with a huevos rancheros breakfast. Even so, Flatt said, she felt herself turning bright red in Phoenix during a recent conference of culinary professionals from around the world, when Wall Street Journal editor and columnist Raymond Sokolov targeted the "Utah scone" as something stranger than strange. "He went off on a good, 3-minute discussion of Utah scones, and how they are deep-fried. ... It almost seemed like [Sokolov] put it in for a touch of comedy." Sokolov has a similar take on Utah scones and the Four Corners area as the "fried bread capital of the world" in his book Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods. The book, originally published in 1981, was reprinted by a new publisher last year with the addition of several new essays, including "Everyman's Muffins." He writes that as he prepared for a trip to Salt Lake City, he was excited to read in another author's book about Utah's unique scones, since the city "is not a rich area for gastronomic research." He tried scones at Johanna's Kitchen "in Jordan, Utah" and at one of Vickie and Gerald Warner's 13 statewide Sconecutter shops, where scones are served with everything from honey butter to meat, as sandwiches. "We've been doing business in Utah -- just Utah -- for 23 years, and our specialty is scones. All kinds of scones," said Vickie Warner. "I've never really heard of them being anywhere else. We have a lot of people who say they look forward to coming [to Utah] for our scones." In trying to research the origins of the Utah scone, Sokolov naturally compares it to Navajo fry bread and Mexican sopaipillas, suggesting that Utah's early Mormon pioneers liked the fried bread when they tried it and adapted it to their tastes with a sweeter dough. He points out that recipes for scones from the Lion House -- "the Mormon world's closest approximation to an official restaurant" -- and in Donna Lou Morgan's What's Cooking in Utah Kitchens? (published by The Salt Lake Tribune) use eggs, buttermilk and sugar. Utah's scone makers seem to have come to the same conclusion about the fried bread's origin, as Gerald Warner from the Sconecutter and Stan Stevens from Johanna's described their products, without any prompting, as similar to Navajo fry bread. "But we have a special recipe that's been in Johanna's family for eons," and has been used at the restaurant for all of its 28 years, Stevens added. Deer Valley's Flatt gives a sneak preview of her upcoming cookbook, Chocolate Snowball and Other Fabulous Pastries from Deer Valley Bakery (to be published in October by Falcon Publishing), with her recipe for Dried Cherry Scones. She suggests serving them with butter and fruit preserves for breakfast or, as the British do, for afternoon tea. "This is a very adaptable recipe," she writes. "I often add nuts to the dough or use another dried fruit, such as apricots." Utah Scones 2 packages (2 tablespoons) active dry yeast 1/4 cup warm water 1/2 teaspoon baking soda 10 to 11 cups flour Heat buttermilk; pour into a large mixing bowl. Dissolve yeast in warm water. Add to the buttermilk: sugar, eggs, oil, salt, baking powder, baking soda, dissolved yeast and 6 cups flour. Beat until smooth. Add remaining flour to make a moderately stiff dough. Place in a greased bowl; turn. Cover and allow to rise until doubled in bulk; punch down. Cover and place in refrigerator overnight. Roll out 1/2-inch thick and cut into squares just before frying in hot, deep vegetable oil. Serves 15 to 18; recipe can be halved. Serve with Honey Butter, made by beating 1 cup softened butter with 1 cups honey for 10 minutes, or until fluffy. Adapted from Three Decades of Cooking With Donna Lou Morgan **EXTRA** 1 cup (sticks) butter, softened 1 1/4 cups honey Beat together butter and honey for 10 minutes, until fluffly. From Three Decades of Cooking With Donna Lou Morgan. Here is the article by Mr. Sokolov from Natural History magazine: "I would have liked to include a few scone recipes in this chapter, but once you start on scones where do you stop? Like me, most of you probably grew up thinking of scones as rich muffins. My mother used to bake small circular ones when I was growing up in Detroit. Later, when I lived in England, I ran into similar buns a teahouses. That was twenty years ago, and I hadn't given scones a second though until I was recently preparing for a visit to Salt Lake City and noticed in Michael and Jane Stern's Good Food that scones were a specialty of the city. This seemed odd, and when I read the Sterns' description of Utah scones, I was sure they were not the scones I had known elsewhere. Michael Stern was as puzzled as I was. Salt Lake scones were most unsconelike, he told me on the phone before I left: they were fried, puffy, and sometimes split and used as buns for sloppy Joes. This was confusing but exciting news. Salt Lake is not a rich area for gastronomic research. The Mormons, who settled the city and whose culture is surely still the dominant local strain, were (and are) a religious group drawn from many traditional cultures, not an ethnically coherent population with a settled food tradition. Mormons are zealous missionaries who proselytize among nearby heathen, notably American Indians, and all over the world. This international outlook led them to develop their own script and lingua franca, Deseret. But on the culinary level, they seem to have been content to continue the diet the first Mormons brought with them in the second half of the nineteenth century. Since the early settlers departed from the Midwest, it isn't surprising that today's typical Mormon food should closely resemble midwestern farmhouse food. In Salt Lake, I was able to verify this assumption at the Mormon world's closest approximation to an official restaurant, a cafeteria called the Pantry, situated in the Lion House, a former home of Mormon patriarch Brigham Young. The building is not open to the public but serves the Mormon community as a sort of banquet hall and dining club. No fewer than five wedding parties were celebrating the day I was taken there. From years of such prominence in Mormon feasting, the Lion House kitchen has taken on a special luster among the faithful. Reservations for the banquet rooms are said to be made years in advance. It seems reasonable to say, then, that the kitchen of the Lion House represents Mormon traditional cooking at its best. And judging by what I ate at the Pantry and by the recipes collected in 1980 for Lion House Recipes, Mormon cooking is an unreconstructed expression of mainstream middle American food: jello salads, pies, meat and potatoes. Lion House Recipes does contain some relatively exotic dishes, such as Greek salad and Mexican taco salad. What it lacks almost completely is purely local food ideas not imported from somewhere else. It would be unfair, however, to blame the lack of purely Utah recipes only on the Mormons. You will find almost no bona fide regional recipes in the secular counterpart to Lion House Recipes, a compilation entitled What's Cooking in Utah Kitchens, edited by Donna Lou Morgan, food editor of the Salt Lake Tribune. There are, to be sure, original dishes, such as Chicken Porter Rockwell (a chicken pie), and various other concoctions culled from family recipe files, but the only dish in either of these books that seems to have developed in Utah and taken root in the regional culture is the anomalous fried bread called scone. In Utah, by the evidence of both local cookbooks and three local restaurants, the scone starts out as a yeast-raised, sweet dough that is cut into 2-by-2-inch squares (or other shapes of similar surface area) and deep-fried. The most popular method of service is with butter and honey. That is how I ate a midmorning scone at Johanna's Kitchen in a mall at Jordan, Utah. They didn't bother to bring honey at the Pepper Tree in Salt Lake, but they did advertise a free scone with each breakfast "entree" on the sign out front. Clearly, the Utah scone is not a vanishing bread. Certainly not at the two-restaurant chain in Salt Lake City called Sconecutter. At these twenty-four-hour drive-ins, the Utah scone rises to challenge the doughnut and the hamburger bun as a fast-food commodity. Cooked on the spot from yeast dough, the scones come out crisp, puffy, and rectangular. The dough inside is airy and pleasantly chewy. But are they scones in the normal sense? And if not, where do they come from? How did they start? Traditional English scones are too diverse to classify with much certainty, as Elizabeth David warns us. But they do generally qualify as muffinish quick breads, and mostly they are baked. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, scones (derived from the Middle Low German schonbrot, or fine bread) are baked, cooked on a griddle stone, or even fried (but not deep-fried). Yeast does crop up sometimes, for example, in Jane Grigson's recipe for Northumbrian wholemeal scones in English Food. But no traditional British scone I have ever eaten or read about comes close to resembling the Utah scone. So it seems improbable that early Mormons of British extraction imported the deep-fried scone to their New World Zion. When I asked her about it, donna Lou Morgan guessed that pioneer Utah cooks, who were inveterate bread bakers, had taken to frying some of the yeast dough they often had on hand. She remembered her own mother pinching off pieces of bread dough and frying them, but Morgan's own recipe for scones, which is very much like the Lion Houses's, is not based on a conventional bread dough. It is richer and sweeter and has chemical raising agents in it, undoubtedly to boost the puffing of the scone as it fries. The first time I ate a Utah scone, I was certainly not reminded of bread or of traditional muffin scones. I thought instantly of two other puffy fried breads popular in the West: Navajo fry bread and New Mexican sopaipillas (see recipes). The taste of both these regional "breads" is very close to the taste of Utah scones. Yes, the shapes and textures vary a little. But with the sopaipilla, there is an extra link. Like Utah scones, sopaipillas are served with honey. Until some researcher makes a lucky strike in a Mormon woman's diary or a pioneer cookbook, we are never going to know for sure how it is that Navajos, Chicanos, and Mormons ended up eating similar fried breads. It could all be coincidence, but in the absence of hard facts, it is tempting to construct an explanatory scenario that will connect all the fried breads so popular in the mountain time zone, from Bountiful, Utah, to Hatch, New Mexico. Here is one. Let us suppose that both the Navajo fry bread and the sopaipilla predate the Utah scone. They are simpler and history is on their side Both Navajos and Hispanicized New Mexicans were in their present regions long before the Mormons. Their fry breads are almost identical, and so it makes sense to look for an archetypal southwestern fry bread from which both descend. Now since most culinary ideas in the U.S. Southwest moved there from the south, when Mexico controlled the area, there ought to be a Mexican ancestor for the sopaipilla and for the Navajo fry bread. In fact, there is one. Diana Kennedy located sopaipillas in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, which shares some of its northern border with New Mexico. Sopaipillas are uncommon there, but they are called sopaipillas and are similar to those eaten in New Mexico, except that in Chihuahua they aren't made with a chemical rising agent (or with yeast). This greater simplicity argues in favor of Chihuahua as the birthplace of American fry bread. Still, it may be that the Chihuahuan sopaipilla is a later simplification of a New Mexican original. But I doubt that. Common sense tells me that the baking soda now used by Navajos and Chicanos came to them at a late date from the intruding Anglo world. The primitive fry bread now preserved in Chihuahua was probably once indigenous to the entire region we are talking about and now survives only in Chihuahua because of its remoteness from outside influences. Most probably, then, when Mormons first came into contact with southwestern Indians, they found them eating an unleavened fried bread that puffed up in hot oil. Inevitably, they tasted it and liked it. Mormon women then tried to duplicate the recipe and added a whole battery of raising agents they knew about from English baking. They put in buttermilk because its mild acidity was necessary to activate baking soda and make it give off carbon dioxide. They added eggs and sugar and ended up with a delicous and original bread, related in kind to the beignet family, but a thing unto itself. And lacking a name for the thing, they remembered scones, quick sweet breads from back home that were also cut into individual serving pieces before cooking. This is only a hypothesis, not a substitute for real evidence. At any rate, the Utah scone flourishes on its native ground, hard by its Indian cousins. And no matter how Navajo bread, sopaipillas, and Utah scones actually came about, it is the case that the Four Corners, where Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado meet, is the fried bread capital of the world." ---"Everyman's muffins; Includes recipes," Sokolov, Raymond, Natural History, June, 1985, Vol. 94 ; Pg. 82 ---Jell-O: A Biography, Carolyn Wyman [Harcourt:San Diego] 2001 (p. 121-2) "That probably strengthens the campaign to hold all Olympics in New Orleans, for purely gastronomical reasons. But the Utah food pins don't stop with the image of gloppy pink fry sauce. Some collectors fancy the pin featuring green Jello. It so happens Utahans eat more gelatin per capita than consumers in any other state. Who knew?" ---"SALT LAKE 2002," Cathy Harasta, The Dallas Morning News, October 28, 2001, Pg. 4B "Utah's Famous Green Jell-O This salad inspired an Olympic pin 1 cup water 1 (6-oz) package lime Jell-O 1/2 cup sugar 2 tablspoons fresh lime juice (optional) 1 cup crushed pineapple, undrained 2 cups whipping cream Bring water to boil. Put Jell-O and sugar in a medium-sized bowl; add boiling water, stirring until gelatin is dissolved. Add lemon juice, if desired. Stir in crushed pineapple. Refrigerate until syrupy. Whip cream until stiff. Fold into Jell-O mixture. Place in a 9 X 13-inch pan. Refrigerate for serveral hours until firm. Makes 12 servings. ---The Essential Mormon Cookbook, Julie Badger Jensen [Deseret Book:Salt Lake City UT] 2004 (p. 20) Need to make something for class? (besides green Jell-O, that is?) The following passage describes food typical of a middle class land owning family living in early 19th century Fauquier County, VA. The words were penned by the Food Timeline editor's great-grandfather, who recorded his family stories from memory. They are transcribed as originaly set forth. Complete with phonetic spellings and creative grammar. What better way to taste the past? "France Martin 4th (1768-1824)...[lived in a] territory abound in games, Elk-, deer, wild turkey, quail, bears, beavers mink, muskrat and otta, of course skunk coon and O,possum was renown as a meat cook with sweet-potatoes. With Foods, white gravy was the empire builder, made with lard from fried meat-season with flower, and condiments, Polk was the main meat-Salted hams, was the food of the elite, sholders and fat back, went to the servants, it is said that Francis Martin and his ninth Son Robert Lewis Martin, never permitted a ham to come on the table the 2nd time, after first carven by slicing in the middle-it from the early days at Jamestown-the eastern rivers of Virginia offered sponding grownds for shad and the Herrin, Potomac Herrin was known all over virginis, salted it could be kept through the summer, and besides it was cheap, a dollar per thousand was a good price with Shads throw in-later shads sold for 10 cents each, which to the old timers was a prohibit price, There was much fown consumed, Geese, turkers and chicken-though Salty fish-and molasses (when they had it) along with corn meal mixed with water and cook in the ashes of the hearth was the chief food for slaves, "All of the old plantation had their orchards, and much dried fruit was made in to stews, pies and dumplings- Cabbage was the main vegetable, with turnips next-Tomatoes, Lettuce, celery was slow to be adapted-Squash they inhearted from the Indians, and it was often used, Winter vegetables, was those that would stand burying and cabbage was a great favorite. "Cooking was done by servants, some cooks, was raises and wore out their natural lives-preparing meals for one after the other generation of their masters, No recipes, or written discription was used-in Fact there were no news papers, or could many folks write, and practical the art of writing was unknown among the negro servants. "Our Grand Folks, came about-with out Matches to light their fires-of Baken powders to puff up their biscuits, Candle light, shorten evenings to long deleys in feather beds, some used them the year found-The kitchen was an out house, with open fire place some had built in warming closets for those that delayed their meals, some had ice, from the previous winter freeze to keep their mutton, which was mostly eaten cold. hugh stacks of wood was used both winter and summer, from the ashes came lye-that went in to soap making... Grain and stock had no immediate sale, for there was no money for exchange-Cotton and slaves was their redy money gains, to buy things from Europe, came mostly from these two products, there was no food imported-or caned hames from Progue or sardeand from Portugal-or corned beef from the Argintines, Spade and the hillin hoe- was the impliment to raise things, the sod plow was wooden and the mold board never peel off the sod like the Oliver Chill Mold boards-and John Kemper 1st, the German emigrant of Germantown invented the double shovel. Corn was planted by hand- and worked 4 to 6 times- cut by hand and some times ground by hand- the meal was consumes muxed with water and baked with out shortening or baken powders, in the hot ashes of the hearth. "Kitchen utilsils, was the hand me down, from one generation to a nother-all bult for open fire place, there was no skill amoung the cooks, living was hard, sanitary condition had not been put on the map by Microbe discovery by Pasturer." ---Francis Martin 4th our Grand-Father, R. Brawdus Martin, November 20, 1960 (p. 6-7) [typed family history manuscript] Space Needle recipes [World's Fair, Seattle, 1962] Contemporary cuisine Tom Douglas , Seattle's renowned chef is known for Northwest or "Pacific Rim Cuisine." Bite of Seattle (annual festival, check dining & contact organizers for ideas/suggestions) Pike Place Market (what's fresh, featured items) Official state foods Two of Washington's state symbols (these are enacted by law) are edible: Steelhead trout and apples. Washington's popular commodities (with recipes!). If you need to make something (easy, delicious!) for class? Make it with Washington apples ! West Virginia has a rich and diverse ethnic history which translates into dozens of interesting recipes. Golden Delicious Apples are the official state fruit (Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 7, 2.20.95)--"A variety of the yellow apple, the Golden Delicious, originated in Clay County. The original Grimes Golden Apple Tree was discovered in 1775 new Wellsburg. (From official West Virginia Web page). More apple information here . About apple butter , a WV traditional treat. Ramps , an early spring green are also celebrated. As are Pepperoni Rolls . The other edible state symbol is the Brook Trout. About WV's history & state symbols . West Virginia's culinary heritage "Buckwheat, peaches, and apples are the most important agricultural food products of the state. The Golden Delicious apple, which was developed form a stray seedling by A.H. Mullins in Clay County, West Virginia, in 1890, is now grown throughout the country and is known for its mellow flavor and lovely pale-yellow skin...One of the main meals of the early frontier familis was stewed squirrel cooked with onions, garlic, thyme and bacon. Bear meat was also prized. Wild greens were the early vegetables of the settlers until they planted corn, beans, and potatoes. Most pioneer families maintained a few pigs to supplement their diet of wild game meat." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 96-97) [NOTE: The West Virginia recipes offered in this book include Sally Lunn, Fluffy Spoon Bread, and Pumpkin Pie.] Need to make something for class? How about spoon bread! Fluffy Spoon Bread Spoon bread, so named because of its light, fluffy, custard-like texture, is served with a spoon. The addition of cream in this recipe gives the spoon bread a richer consistency. Serves 6 to 8 1 2/3 cups milk 4 extra-large eggs, separated 2 teaspoons baking powder Combine the milk, cream, cornmeal, water, butter, sugar, and salt in a medium-size saucepan. Bring to a slow boil over medium-low heat and then simmer for 2 minutes, stirring vigorously. Eemove from heat and turn the mixture into a large bowl. Let it cool slightly. Beat the egg whites until they hold stiff peaks. Beat the egg yolks with the baking powder until the yolks are light and lemon-colored. Stir the egg yolks into the cornmeal mixture quickly. Fold in a quarter of the egg whites and then fold in the remaining egg whites. Gently pour the batter into a greased 3-quart souffle dish and bake in a preheated 375 degree F. oven for 35 minutes, or until the top is lightly browned and a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. The center should still be creamy and soft. Spoon out individual servings at once and top with butter." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 98) The West Virginia recipes included in Shelia Hibben's National Cookbook [c. 1932] are Pigeons in cornmeal, Spanish cream and Turned out custard. If you need more recipes we recommend Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine, Joseph E. Dabney. Wisconsin's edible state symbols are: sugar maple (tree), muskellunge [aka muskie] (fish), white tailed deer (state wildlife animal), dairy cow (state domesticated animal), honeybee (state insect), milk (state beverage)and maize [corn] (state grain). Milwaukee, Wisconsin's unique ethnic heritage is responsible for creating an interesting blend of local culinary traditions. Who settled here? This list is provided by the Milwaukee County Historical Society. Traditional foods are enjoyed at GermanFest (annual, late July). The Settlement Cook Book , Mrs. Simon Kander, was published in Milwaukee in 1901. It contains many recipes popular with immigrant households. The 1906 Capital City Cook Book /Grace Church Guild [Madison WI] offers additional recipes. We can send you recipes. Recommended reading (with recipes!) The Flavor of Wisconsin, Harva Hachten (we have a copy of this book...if you need a recipe let us know (which historic period, ethnic group & menu course) Historic Recipes , courtesy of Milwaukee Public Library (newspaper clippings, 1960s-1980s; online, full text & searchable). Need easy Wisconsin-based recipes your classmates will enjoy? Flat bread (Norwegian) 1/2 cup sugar 2 teaspoons baking soda 1/2 cup butter, melted Whole Wheat flour. Combine buttermilk, sugar, baking soda, and melted butter. Mix well. Add enough wheat flour to make a stiff dough. Roll out on a board dusted with white flour; roll as thinly as possible. Cut into squares and bake on baking sheets at 300 degrees. Watch closely, as it browns quickly." ---The Flavor of Wisconsin, Harva Hachten [State Historical Society of Wisconsin:Madison WI] 1981 (p. 154) Apple Sauce Cake cutthroat trout . If you need to make something for class that your friends will actually eat? You have many historic options...all you have to do is explain how the recipe you select fits into the history of the state: 1. Beans True, this state is best known for bean production. Beans played an important role in the diet of Wyoming's Native Americans, early explorers, and settlers. They provided a staple base of protein, were easy to grow, store and cook. If you want to make something people will like? How about chilli! If this option appeals, ask your teacher about how best to serve this. Can you bring it in a crockpot? 2. Jerky Native Americans, trappers, and early settlers in Wyoming territory ate dried meats (buffalo, elk, moose, deer, beef). Sometimes it is called pemmican. If you are not required to cook something, jerky works well. Most grocery stores carry this product and it requires no special serving gear. Or? You can make your own . 3. Sheep The Shoshone who were the first inhabitants of the Yellowstone area were known as sheep-eaters . (page through for more information). What about lamb kabobs (small pieces of lamb served on wooden skewers...grilled outdoors if possible)? Serve hot or cold, make sure they are properly stored (not left in a locker until the end of the day). 4. Bread The staple of the U.S. Army and homesteaders. Easy (and inexpensive) to make, transport to school and serve. About the bakery in Ft. Laramie . 5. Contemporary fare Everything from 5 star cuisine to mountain gourmet to 50s chic to family meals to fast food to home cooked dinners to.... Nice places to eat (yes, we have been there!) Mangy Moose & Cadillac Grille , both in Jackson Hole. Looking for doable, tasty recipes? Cooking in Wyoming /Woman's Suffrage Centennial edition [Prairie Publishing: Casper, WY] 1965 offers these: "Wyoming Pudding

Dallas

Which architect designed the Seagram Building, New York City?

The Food Timeline history notes--state foods 3/4 cup white sugar 3/4 cup boiling water Mix flour, 1/2 cup sugar, baking powder, salt. Stir in milk, vanilla, butter. Spread batter in buttered 8 X 8 pan. Scatter blueberries over batter. Sprinkle sugar over berries. Pour boiling water over all. Bake at 375 degree oven for 45 min. or unitl brown and done in center. Berries sink to bottom and form juice. Serve hot with light cream; or cold, topped with ice cream." ---Juneau Centennial Cookbook, Jane Stewart, Phyllice F. Bradner, Betty Harris (p. 43) About Alaska's blueberries: I & II . "Rhubarb Crisp Mix and place in greased baking pan: 3 C diced rhubarb, 1/4 C sugar Blend until crumbly and spread on top: 2/3 C butter, 2/3 C brown sugar, 2/3 C white sugar, 1 C flour, dash of salt. Bake in 350 degree oven for 40 minutes. Serve with whipped cream or ice cream." ---ibid (p. 49) "Governor George Parks' Sourdough Cook 3 large potatoes and mash well. To mashed potatoes, add 1 pint of potato water. When lukewarm, add 1/2 cake yeast and 2 C flour. Cover and put in warm place 48 hours. To use: take out 2 C and add 1/2 tsp soda, pinch salt, 2 T sugar and enough flour to make a hot cake batter. Add a little oil. To start add 2 C flour and 2 C water. Cook on griddle." ---ibid (p. 54) edible symbols include milk & pink tomato. The state cooking vessel is the Dutch Oven . Historic Arkansas foodways: "Most of the early pioneers who moved west bypassed what is now Arkansas and its Ozark Mountains because of the rocky landscape and poor soil. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, however, hard-working farmers from Kentucky, Illinois, and Tennessee, who were used to farming under difficult conditions, settled in Arkansas. They brought their recipes for curing hams, roasting pork ribs over open fires, and baking soda biscuits and molasses cakes...Since Arkansas borders the South, the Southwest, and the Midwest, it has a mixture of cuisines. Plantation cookery of the Mississippi Valley, the hill cooking of the Ozarks, and the Mexican influcences of Texas and Oklahoma all combine to make a unique style of food...There is a great emphasis of real "down-home" flavors. Fried pork chops with a light-brown cream gravy to which bits of sausage have been added have remained a favorite dish. Sausage is also used in poultry stuffings, along with cooked rice. Arkansas-style chicken is prepared by first simmering the chicken pieces in a skillet and then baking them in the oven with a Creole sauce. Each region of Arkansas has its own unique food. In the southern bayou country, roast duck, candied yams, fried chicken, fluffy biscuits and peach cobblers are often served. Around Texarkana, pinto beans and barbecued beef of the Southwest are typical fare. Along the Mississippi River, catfish are popular in stews and fried...In the hill coutnry of the Ozarks, dishes such as bacon with cracklin's corn bread, baked beans, wilted lettuce with bacon and vinegar, bread and apple jelly, and ginger bread for dessert are traditional everyday fare...Roasted raccoon, roasted beaver-tail, and baked opossum are Arkansas soul food...Arkansans prefer hot bread with their meals...They like steaming-hot corn breads, hot biscuits, or fresh-out-of-the-oven rolls. Strawberry shortcake is a favorite dessert of Arkansans...The Arkansas version of the shortcake usese a crisp, buttery biscuit, which is split in half, soaked in strawberry juice, and then topped with a mound of whipped cream and fresh strawberries...Over the past 50 years, Arkansas has become an important poulty-producing state, as well as a major producer of fruits, vegetables, rice, and soybeans. In the 1840s Arkansas farmers began experimenting with orchards. Their apples soon won first prizes...Peaches also became an important Arkansas fruit crop." ---Tastes of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 106-9) "The folks in Arkansas have so many good things to eat, and such different foods at different seasons of the year and in different sections of the state, that I am sending you several different menus; a game dinner to be served to hunters, a plantation dinner, an early summer dinner and a duck dinner. You can take your choice or use all of them. Arkansas has fine fruits; strawberries, youngberries, Boysenberries, raspberries, grapes, peaches, figs and watermelons. The most common meats are poultry, kid, lamb, mutton and fresh pork. There is also an abundance of game and fish. The favorite breads are biscuit and variations of corn bread, from pan bread to corn dodgers. The Mexican influence has extended this far east and north. One finds tomatoes, onions, garlic and pepper, and hotter foods than further north. Also the Mexican chopped hot vegetable and all forms of field peas, such as Crowder peas, lady peas, Black-eyed peas, etc. There are many wild greens and fruits which are much used and relished by the people: Muscadine grapes, possum persimmon, wild plum, watercress, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, chestnuts, walnuts and chinquapins. The wild fruits are eaten fresh and also made into many delicious products for the winter..." Arkansas Game Dinner Watermelon pickle, Cucumber pickle Raspberry jelly Pie, Cake, Coffee." ---New York World's Fair Cook Book: The American Kitchen, Crosby Gaige [Doubleday, Doran:New York] 1939(p. 180-2) Did you know there is a large Greek Community in Arkansas? Greek Festival recipes here . Historic recipes [1906] Rogers Cookbook (a church cookbook) Need to make something for class? The recipes below are offered in our books as examples of traditional Arkansas fare. If you have access to a Dutch Oven, you can use that as your historic foodways example. Soups, stews, biscuits and cobbler/pot pies are easily rendered in this pot. "Old-Fashioned Corn Bread Over the years corn bread has had many variations. Butts of bacon, or crackling, corn kernels, chili peppers, cheese, or onions have all been added to corn bread batter at one time or another. This corn bread can be baked either in an iron skillet, similar to the Dutch ovens the early settlers used, or in a n 8-inch square baking pan. The sugar used in this recipe is traditional in southern corn bread. Serves 6 to 8 If you need to identify and/or cook a food representative of California you have dozens of wonderful choices. You can pick something: 1. That grows there (raisins, dates, oranges, grapes) 2. From history (17th century California mission foods , the Gold Rush era ) 3. Representing foreign immigrants and settlers (Chinese, Italian, etc.) 5. From a famous restaurant (The Brown Derby, Trader Vics, Chez Panisse)... 20th century restaurant menus 6. From a famous food company (Del Monte, Chicken-of-the-Sea, Sees Candies) You will find an excellent summary of the foods of California in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America/Andrew F. Smith, Volume 1 (p. 165-172). Your librarian can help you find a copy. Helen Brown's West Coast Cook Book (c. 1952) offers a delightful collection of California recipes, many with historic notes. Erica Peter's San Francisco: A Food Biography is well written and sourced (no recipes). A few menu items to get you started "The early Spanish explorers were impressed by the Chumash craftsmanship...The finest objects made by the Chumash were of steatite. Its resistance to heat made it ideal for cooking receptacles. The pre- Spanish Chumash made no potter and all cooking was done in heavy steatite ollas and on comals (flat cooking stones, like skillets)... The most important single food source was the acorn, mainly from the California live oak...It was gathered in the fall and stored for year-round use. The shelled nuts were ground into meal and cooked as mush or in some form of cake. Pine nuts, especially of the pinon pine...were a favorite food. Islay, the wild cherry...was bruised in a morter and boiled. The cattail Typhia gave seeds and flour from the roots for making pinole, a gruel or paste. Berries, mushrooms, and cress were gathered in season to vary the diet. The Chumash prized the amole, or soap plant...The bulb was roasted and eaten, the green bulb furnished lather for washing...Berries of the California laurel...were roasted. The chia sage...produced a tiny oily seed that was made into flour or a very nutritious form of pinole...For hunting, the basic weapon was the bow and arrow...and with it the Chumash killed animpals such as the California mule deer, coyote, and fox. Smaller animals were usually take with snares and deadfalls. Flat, curved thowing sticks were used to kill rabbits...All game birds were regulalry harvested, particularly migratory ducks and geese on the lagoons. From canoes, the hunter pursued large marine mammals--seals, sea otters, and porpoises--and killed them with harpoons...Mollusks were an important food souce." ---"Chumash," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, Rovert F. Heiser editor [Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC] 1978 (p. 514-517) "Not only did the [native] people of the Monterey Bay live together, but they seem to have prospered. Although there may have been some shortages of a particularly desirable food, there is little evidence in the mythology, the archaeological record, the reports of early visitors...that hunger was a problem before the coming of the Spaniards. On the contrary, the most common description of the Indians during the pre-conquest years shows them bringing gifts of deer, antelope, elk, and rabbit meat, plus fish, seed and nut cakes, and other foodstuffs to the Spaniards from their obviously abundant stores. Virtually all early visitors were extravagant in their praise of the rich wildlife and resources of the Monterey Bay area. Each fall and winter steelhead trout and silver (coho) salmon splashed up the larger streams...Immense schools of smelt dashed themselves onto the beaches...Clams, mussels, abalone, and other shellfish were abundant...Great flocks of migrating geese and ducks...settled each fall into the marshlands...Deer were plentiful, as were elk, and herds of pronghorn antelope...Seals and...sea otters...could often be caught. There were also nuts--especially acorns and pine nuts...plus wild roots and bulbs, grasses, and flowers, berries, and greens. In addition, the tastes of the Indians ran to foods generally avoided by Europeans--grasshoppers, groundsquirrels, mice, and small birds..." ---Life in a California Mission (p. 23-24) � Anglo-American perspective "An appreciation of the complexities of Indian culture is difficult, even for those studying it today. Many people still characterize traditional Indian life as 'primitive,' those emotionally sympathetic to it often extolling its supposed 'simplicity.' The reasons for thinking this way are obvious. To raise a crop of wheat a European farmer has to plow, sow, weed, irrigate, control pests, and harvest, all with specialized tools. The Indian...is seen gathering acorns from a oak tree...without apparent effort or advanced skill. Yet the use of acorn is anything but simple. It involves many hard-to-master and often elaborate technologies...In fact, if the entire process is measured carefully, it may take less work and certainly far less skill to create a loaf of wheat bread than a loaf of acorn bread." ---Life in a California Mission (p. 24-25) The California Mission Studies Association is dedicated to study and preservation of the history of Spanish missions. Information on several Mission web sites confirms foods of these Missions generally consisted of simple local fare, much of it grown on site. "The neophytes were given morning and evening meals of atole and a mid day meal of pozole. They were allowed to gather wild foods, as was their custom before the Spanish came. On Sundays and special feast days everyone received almost a half peck of wheat...Mission life was routine; order was brought out of a wilderness. In general, seven hours of the day were allotted to labor, with two hours of prayer daily and four or five on Sundays and on days of festivals. In the morning their food consisted of atole or a gruel of barley, wheat, or corn. At noon, they got pozole, which consisted of the same grains, only boiled. In the evening, it was the same food as in the morning, but in addition, every few days cattle were slaughtered to provide beef. " --- San Diego History , Richard Pourade According to the Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, the Spanish introduced many foods to California via Mexico. These included: almonds, apples, apricots, bananas, barley, beans, cherries, chickpeas, chilies, citrons, dates, figs, grapes, lemons, lentils, limes, maize, olives, nectarines, oranges, peaches, pears, plums, pomegranates, quinces, tomatoes, walnuts, wheat, chickens, cows, donkeys, goats, horses, sheep and domesticated turkey. "The colonists supplemented their fare with most of the same types of game hunted by the Native Americans. The colonists made corn tortillas, as the wheat varieties that they brought with them were not easily cultivated in California. When wheat became more abundant, it was used to make tortillas on special occasions. The Spanish established the first flour mill in 1786. The role of the missions was to Christianize the California Indians. Many Indians did convert to Christianity and relocated around the Spanish settlements, which resulted in a shift in their diet. They had been accustomed to eating vegetables, fish, and game, but mission agricultures and husbandry brought them a monotonous diet of atole, a gruel made from ground, leached acorns or other nutlike seeds, and pinole, a flour made by grinding seeds." ---Oxford Encylopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] Volume 1, 2004 (p. 166) "Another Spanish holding, California, had no European inhabitants until 1769 when Franciscan priests established their first mission at San Diego. A first concern of the missionaries was to obtain wine and wheat for holy communion and beeswax for altar candles. The bees they brought from Spain and, with the help of their Indian converts, they planted vinyards and wheat fields. Citrus fruit trees were also brought from Spain, as were dates and figs. Two other foods that grew well in these places were brought from Mexico: sweet potatoes and avocados...The Spanish colonists brought with them favorite foods--among them, saffron, olive oil, and anise and combined these foods with foods of the local Indians and the Mexican Indians to make a New Mexican cuisine that still flourishes today." ---Heritage Cookbook, Better Homes and Gardens [Meredith Corporation:Des Moines IA] 1975 (p. 39) [NOTE: Recipes included in this book are: Red Chili Sauce, Posole, Chili Meat Sauce, Stacked Enchiladas, Corn Tortillas, Spicy Hot Chocolate, Chilies Rellenos, Early Spanish Rice, Spanish String Beans, Spanish Vegetables (corn, onion, zucchini, tomatoes). You librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy.] Want to cook some traditional mission dishes? To make about 5 cups 3 cups (about 12 ounces) coarsley chopped dried apples 1 cup canned pureed pumpkin 1/2 cup dark brown sugar 1/2 cup roasted sunflower seeds 1/2 cup seedless raisins 1 teaspoon salt 1 quart water Combine the [ingredients] and water in a heavy 3 to 4 quart casserole and mix well. Bring to a boil over high heat, reduce the heat to low, cover tightly and simmer for about 1 1/2 hours, or until the apples are tender. Check the pan occasionally and, if the fruit seems dry, add more water 1/4 cup at a time. Transfer the fruit to a bowl and cool to room temperature before serving. Trappers' fruit, so called because it was easy for Colorado fur trappers on the mid-19th Century to prepare, is served as an accompaniment to roasted and broiled meats." ---American Cooking: The Great West , Jonathan Norton Leonard [Time-Life Books:New York] 1971 (p. 84) "Muffin Cakes (Colorado) People living in colonial/early America Connecticut ate foods similar to those throughout New England . These colonies were greatly influenced by English cooking traditions. "In the early 1630s both the English of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Dutch of New Amersterdam Colony eyed the wide, fertile Connecticut Valley as a possibility for settlement, agriculture, and fur trading. In June 1633 the Hollanders built a fort at what was to become Hartford. In the fall of 1634, JOhn Oldham and ten others left Watertown in the Massachusetts Colony to establish a permanent settlement at Wethersfield, south of Hartford. Memebers of the John Oldham group became the first Europeans to plant seeds in the soil of Connecticut. They sowed rye in a fallow Indian field. The next year several more groups came from Massachusetts and brought cattle and hogs. The harsh winters, however, drove most of these early settlers back to their Massachusetts homes. By the end of the 1630s, those who remained had created productive farms, started the mercantile town of New Haven, and established an independent government. The early Dutch settlers in the Hartford area did likewise. They planted apple orchards, appointed a committee to select superior calves for breeding stock, and developed a dairy industry. By the 1640s the efforts of both the English and the Dutch settlers had made the new territory of Connecticut virtually self-sufficient...As the population of Connecticut increased, so did the farming. The variety of crops expanded to include many vegetables, as well as berries and fruit trees...the farmers..raised radishes, lettuce, cucumbers, and melons...The early Connecticut farmers also dug underground pits where they stored cabbages, squash, potatoes, and other root vegetables...Fishing has always been an important part of the Connecticut economy. Shad fishing along the Connecticut River...has been a tradition since colonial times...When the English first settled in the Connecticut River Valley, the numerous shad were despised as food. Eating shad meant that a person was almost destitute or had exhausted his supply of salt pork." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Publications:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 12) Early Connecticut recipes Amelia Simmon's American Cookery (originally published in Hartford, 1796)is generally considered to be the first American cookbook. Why? Because it contained recipes using "Indian" maize. About the book & its author . Popular period foods included pies, cakes, soups (chowder, especially), baked beans, roasted meats, breads, and pork (salt pork, bacon, ham). 1 egg 2 cups cranberries Sift dry ingredients into bowl; add shortening, milk and egg. Beat for 2 minutes. Stir in cranberries. Bake in a buttered 9-inch square pan in a 350 degress F. oven for about 40 minutes. Serve with Hot Butter sauce (below. Makes 9 three-inch squares. Hot Butter Sauce Melt butter or margarine in the top part of a double boiler; add sugar and liquid; mix well. Cook over hot water for about 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Serve hot over pudding." ---Mystic Seaport Cookbook, Lillian Langseth-Christensen [Funk & Wagnall's:New York] 1970 (p. 214) Official state foods Nutmeg: One of Connecticut's nicknames is is called "The Nutmeg State." Nutmegs are spices which are NOT indigenous to Connecticut. This makes for an interesting report. What is nutmeg ? Eastern oyster: This official state symbol was selected because many people in the early days (Native Americans and European settlers) ate them regularly. Did you know???! Hamburgers (as we know them today): Some food historians claim these were "invented" in a tiny restaurant called Louis Lunch in New Haven, CT. Notes here (scroll down about half way). Hawaii offers perhaps the most unique blend of culinary history and flavors of all the 50 states. Geography, people, history and evolving local tastes combine to create a cuisine that merits detailed study. Luaus are Hawaiian feasts. "The food of Hawaii is a diverse blend of all the island and mainland cuisines, especially those of Polynesia, Japan, China, and Korea, wed to Portuguese and American tastes. Hawaii was settled by Polynesians who themselves derived form the Indomalayan region. Except for the bat...which was inedible, Hawaii had no indigenous animals, and all present animals on the islands were at one time or another brought to Hawaii. These included the dog... which was bred for food, the pig...domesticated fowl...and other animals. Fish, which is a mainstay of the Hawaiian diet, was plentiful in the island waters, and every species was eaten, for no poisonous fish existed in the region." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 152) "Hawaii's food today is a confusing mixture, a palimpsest of the foods of a dozen different ethnic groups. But one can make sense of it by taking note of two salient facts: fist, that before the arrival of the first humas, probably around the 3rd century AD, Hawaii, one of the most isolated sets of islands in the world, contained essentially nothing edible on land. Very few species had managed to cross those staggering distances; those that did had speciated to provide a fine natural laboratory for evolutionary biologists. But apar from a few birds and a few ferns, there was nothing to eat; most important, there were no edible carbohydrates. Second, since the arrival of the first humans, Hawaii has been the terminal point of three diasporas: the great marine diaspora of the Pacific Islanders; the great voyages of discovery of the Europeans and the Americans; and the end of the road for Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and lately, SE Asians. From these diverse influences, a creole food is now being created, known in the islands as Local Food. "When the Hawaiians arrived in the islands, they brought with them some 27 or so edible plants, as well as pigs, dogs...The most important plants were taro and sweet potato. The terrain and climate in Hawaii proved particularly suitable for growing wetland taro...Also important were breadfruit, various yams, sugar cane, and coconut...The staple of the diet was poi. This was usually made with taro, but sweet potato or other starches were used when necessary...The major protein was fish. Both pigs and dogs were eaten but they were largely reserved for the nobility...For the bulk of the population protein was provided by wild fish and shellfish from the streams, the reef, and the ocean. The fish was eaten both raw...and cooked... "In 1778, Captain James Cook sighted the Hawaiian Islands. Within a matter of years they had become a part of world trade...From the start, new animals and plants were introduced; cows, horses, and goats, and a bewildering variety of plants...Hawaiian food and haole food (the latter being the food of the white incomers) continued side by side with occasional input from the Chinese who also ended up on the islands...On ceremonial occasions, there would be luaus at which largely Hawaaian foods was served: poi, of course, and dried fish and shrimp, luau pig baked in the imu, seaweed, and taro leaves, and a dessert made of coconut milk thickened with Polynesian arrowroot... "The food landscape of Hawaii began changing dramatically once the sugar plantations began to flourish following the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in 1876...In order, substantial number of Chinese, Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, Puerto Ricans, Portuguese from the Atlantic Islands, and Filipinos arrived in the islands between the 1880s and the 1930s...Each of these groups demanded their own food on the plantations and the plantation stores went quite some way to accomodate them... "Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, certain forces began to produce a creole food, Local Food...One was the arrival of home economists at the university...Trained largely at the Columbia Teachers College in New York, these women recorded the diet of the Japanese, established the food values of Hawaiian foods and a range of tropical fruits, trained large numbers of home economics teachers and school cafeteria managers. Surprisingly sympathetic to different ethnic foods on the islands, they urged brown rice...milk...and ensured that the food in the public school system was an all-American diet of hamburger, meat loaf, Salisbury steak, and mashed potatoes. This exposure to American food was reinforced for the many who joined up following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in the second World War...Now, at least in public, most of the population of Hawaii eats Local Food much of the time...The centerpiece of Local Food is the Plate Lunch available from lunch wagons and from numerous small restaurants...It consists of 'two scoop'...sticky rice...a large portion of meat, usually cooked in Asian style, a portion of macaroni salad or potato salads, and perhaps a lettuce leaf of dab of kimch'i on the side." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 373-4) [NOTE: Home Economic specialists published several books to help newly relocated mainland homemakers: "Food of Hawaii can be separated into two categories; Hawaiian food, the food of the native islanders, and local food, the eclectic blend of the cuisines of later settlers. Before explorers, missionaries, and immigrants arrived, Hawaiian food consisted of fresh ingredients that were prepared raw or cooked simply, using broiling, boiling, and roasting techniques. Protein sources included poultry, pig, and dog. Fish and other seafood, such as turtles, sea urchins, limpets, and shellfish, were also consumed but in modest quantities." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 1 (p. 591) [NOTE: This book contains far more information than can be paraphrased here. Ask your librarian to help you find a copy.] "Much earlier, the Japanese had had a tremendous effect on the food in the Hawaiian Islands, but it did not take Hawaii's statehood to make mainland American practitioners of island cookery. Bananas and pineapples had become important in the kitchens of New England women whose seafaring men had brought the tropical fruits back from various ports of call...The fiftieth state acquired a cuisine as international as any of its sisters. Hawaii was characteristically Polynesian until the nineteenth century, and its diet of fish and fruit remained unmodified until the coming of the missionaries and clipper ships from New England. Dried meat and salted fish had fed American sailors, and these foods became a part of Hawaiian tradition--as pipikuala, the jerked beef that is broiled in tiny pieces and served with a sweet-sour cause, and as lomi lomi, thin fillets of salted salmon that some New Yorkers have described as better in its indigenous way than lox (smoked salmon) from their own favorite delicatessens. Mixed with chopped onions and tomatoes, lomi lomi is habitually served as a salad. Salmon, to the early Hawaiians, was common enough to be known as "the pig in the sea." Other fish were used after the coming of the missionaries to produce such things as fish chowder in basic Yankee fashion, and Scots who come to the islands as technicians and platnation overseers added their native scones and shortbreads to the daily fare of thousands of Hawaiians who generations before had adopted the Portuguese wheat bread of the first European immigrants. Cornmeal and red bean soup, also brought by the Portuguese, have been accepted as Hawaiian by islanders of all ethnic roots, and rather than submitting to a single style, island cooks have incorporated many European dishes, along with those from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean sources, developing a culinary tradition that may be among the most festive if the world. The traditional Hawaiian feast called the luau is the ultimate of American picnics, cookouts, and barbecues, and it has added much to the variety of outdoor feasting on the American mainland, especially in California." ---American Food: The Gastronomic Story, Evan Jones, 2nd edition [Vintage Books:New York] 1981] (p. 167-8) Luau-type feasts are known in many cultures and cuisines. In spirit, they are not so very different from New England clambakes, upstate New York pit dinners, Texas chili cookoffs, Iowa covered-dish suppers, Arkansas barbeques, and NASCAR tailgate parties. Food historians tell us large community food gatherings originated as religious celebrations. Menus and dishes varied according to culture and cuisine. Though time, these feasts evolved. Today's community food events serve as a contemporary reminder of historic proportion. "Because they figure so predominantly in Pacific life, feasts have received a great deal of ethnographic attention. They were often dictated by political motives and defined by structured social relationships and religious considerations. They were also important mechanism for exchange and have considerable economic significance. Feasts, surrounded with rules and rituals, usually involved large numbers of individuals and a great amount and variety of food. In some societies, all food was prepared and eaten at one location where the feast took place; in others, cooked or uncooked food was given to guests for later consumption...In Melansesia, feast preprations might have inlcuded the slaughter of hundreds of pigs." ---The Cambridge World History of Food, Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Conee Ornelas [Cambridge University Press:Cambridge] 2000, Volume Two (p. 1359) "Ancient Hawaiian feasts and celebrations were mainly religious in nature. A feast followed sacred cemeromies such as the birth of a child, marriage, or death. When a piece of work was completed, such as the building of a canoe or a new home, a feast followed. The feast was to thank the god (akua) or gruardian spririt (aumakua) that helped make the work a success. Aumakua were present for anything a person did. They were honored at any feast with food placed on an altar. Hawaiians believed that the aumakua ate the food and enjoyed the feast. Today in Hawai'i, not only Hawaiians, but many other ethnic groups have a lu'au, or feast, to celebrate occasions such as marriage, birthdays, graduation, or the completion of a new home." ---Ethnic Foods of Hawai'i, Ann Kondon Corum, revised edition [Bess Press:Honolulu] 2000 (p. 14-15) "Hawaiians are farmers and fishermen by tradition. Fish and seafood provide protein, while poi from the taro or kalo plant, grown in flooded fields, provides starch. Early inhabitants of the islands often ate meals that combined such delights as taro, sweet potatoes, fish, pig, bananas, and greens from the taro top. Food was either salted, dried, boiled, or cooked in an underground oven, or imu. Even then, the imu was reserved for special occasions, for great effort goes into preparing these underground ovens. First, a large pit is dug in the earlth and filled with wood. Next, specially selected porous rocks are heaped on the wood and the fire is lit. When these rocks turn white-hot, a pig is placed on the hot rocks,--its cavity filled with several more hot rocks and its outside wrapped in a basket of ti and banana leaves. The pit is then covered with dirt and left to cook for yours. When the pit is opened, the pig meat literally falls off the bones. Today, imu cooking is reserved for marriage feasts, first-year birthdays, graduations, and anniversary celebrations...When it comes to food, perhaps most visitors to Hawaii think of the luau, a celebratory feast whose origins blend native and foreign cultures, including that of early traders, missionaries from New England, and the islands' many imigrants. A typical luau inclues a kalua pig, poi, lomi salmon, chicken, long rice, phihi (raw limpet), raw fish, haupia (coconut pudding dessert), and a salad made of potatoes and macaroni. Sometimes the pig is replaced by lualua, a bundle of salted pork or beef wrapped in taro leaves and steamed in a package of ti leaves."" ---"Hawaii," Linda Paik Moriarty, Smithsonian Folklife Cookbook, Katherine S. Kirlin and Thomas S. Kirlin [Smithsonian Institution Press:Washington DC] 1992 (p. 262) "Take a birthday party with all its little goodies, add an elaborate wedding feast with singing and dancing, throw in a traditional Thanksgiving dinner with the trimmings, then top it off with an old-fashioned country supper; serve them all at the same time and in the same gaily decorated room and you've got something like an authentic Hawaiian luau. Actually, there's nothing that really compares to a genuine Hawaiian luau. At best, we can only imitate it. For, of all the festive events that Hawaiians are famous for, nothing is more symbolic to their culture and character than the traditional luau. Love, marriage, family, friendship, religions and prosperity are all celebrated in a joyous ritual that goes back to the very origins of tribal structure. The ancient Hawaiian word for this glorious event was Ahaaina, or "gathering of friends to partake foood". As time passed, the commonly used word luau, meaning "leaf of the taro" (the taro plant was and still is an important food source) became the accepted name for this happy occasion...Though the luau is essentially a happy event, it is also richly endowed with ancient tabus and religious ritual. It is these sacred laws and tribal customs that dictate not only the type of food that can be eaten but also how and when it can be eaten. But the prevailing mood and atmosphere is always one of relaxed contentment and contagious convivality. A "must" for any traditional luau is the decoratively displayed roast suckling pig...assorted fruits, fishes, fowl, vegetables and sweets are featured too." ---Hawaiian Cookbook, Roana and Gene Schindler [Dover Publications:New York] 1970 (p. 240-141) [NOTE: This book contains several luau recipes and menus.] "'Even in Hawaii it is not always possible to cook a pig.' Such was the laconic remark in Trader Vic's Pacific Island Cookbook, one of the books that introduced Hawaiian food to the rest of the world after World War II. Too true. If visitors have heard of anything about Hawaii they have heard about luaus: those feasts of tender roast pig pulled from a pit dug in the ground accompanied by purple poi and coconut pudding. Busses take hundreds out to beaches to drink watery rum punch and watch the hip-twirling Tahitian hula. But in truth, cooking a pig in the traditional earth oven (the imu) is quite impossible for most people in Hawaii. Luaus still go on, planned well in advance and involving huge amounts of preparation. Buying a whole pig (assuming you guy it and don't raise and slaughter it yourself), keeping it refrigerated, finding a place to dig an imu, preparing lauluas, and collecting the varieties of raw seafood if a formidable task...Many Hawaii residents...settle for alternatives: a church luau--Kawaiahao Church has a particularly popular one--or catered baby luau..." ---The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii's Culinary Heritage, Rachel Laudan [University of Hawaii Press:Honolulu] 1996 (p. 238) Idaho's edible state symbols are wild huckleberries and cutthroat trout. Potatoes are the top producing crop but they are not "official" state foods. Idaho potatoes are world famous! "The first potato grower in Idaho was Henry Harmon Spalding, a Presbyterian missionary, who planted potatoes in 1836 to teach the Nez Perce Indians how to provide food for themselves other than by hunting. Homesteaders grew potatoes to sell to the miners who came throughout the state. The Mormons, however, were the first to grow potatoes commercially. By the time Idaho was admitted to the Union in 1890, its potatoes were famous for their superior quality. Luther Burbank...developed the Russet Burbank potato that is today called the Idaho Potato. In 1872 he perfected a long white potato with a rough russet skin. Adapted to the Northwest, the Russet Burbank has made Idaho the leading potato producer in the nation." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 223) "Several huckleberry species are native to Idaho, all belonging to genus Vaccinium section Myrtillus. The most common and popular is the black or thin-leaved huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum). Plants grow slowly, taking up to 15 years to reach full maturity. Black huckleberries produce single plump, dark purple berries in the axils of leaves on new shoots. They depend on an insulating cover of snow for survival during winter and have not been successfully grown commercially. Black huckleberries grow at elevations between 2,000 and 11,000 feet with many productive colonies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Black huckleberries usually grow from 1 to 6 feet tall and produce berries up to 1/2 inch in diameter. Huckleberries are a favorite food of bears." About Idaho's culinary heritage "Fur trapping and trading with the Indians provided the first source of wealth in Idaho in the early part of the 1800s. By the 1840s...settlers began to arrive to farm the land. Gold was discovered in 1860, and with the opening of the transcontinental railroad, the population of Idaho increased rapidly as mining became the quickest way to get rich. Along with the miners came Chinese immigrants, who took up the claims of Caucasian miners after they had moved on to more productive claims...As mining declined for the hardworking Chinese, they moved into trades and vegetable farming. Idahoans began to rely on their local Chinese vegetable farmer to deliver fresh vegetables door-to-door. The Chinese raised vegetables on terraced mountain terrain, becuase the land was cheaper...Some of the first European settlers in Idaho were Finns, Welsh, and Basques, who came to work in the mines and to raise sheep.. The Finns brought with them a love for Lobinmuhennos, a salmon chowder, and the Welsh brought Bara Brith, a raisin and currant bread. The Basque preferred lamb stew and split pea soup. Chorizo, a spicy sausage, attributed by some to Basque origin, is still being produced in Idaho. In the early days Basque sheepherders made a sourdough bread on which they slashed the sign of a cross before baking. This act reflected their devout religious feelings. The first piece of the baked bread was always given to their sheepdog. The primary food of the early settlers was bread and beans...Most small settlements had a mom-and-pop general store in which the smell of kerosene and coffee permeated the air...Northern Idaho is mostly dry farmed, and wheat, dry peas, and lentils are the predominant crops...Barley and hops for making beer are grown in northern Idaho...Herbs and spices, broccoli, and small amount of asparagus constitute the remainder of the crops in Idaho...Treasure Valley in Canyon County is knowns for its mint and spearmint cultivation...in Idaho's Magic Valley more trout is raised per square mile than anywhere else in the world...Many homegrown apples are combined with ham in a casserole. The apples are also used to make jelly, which is mixed with mayonnaise for a salad dressing. Prunes, another home-grown orchard product, are often used for prune butter, prune-whip pies, and spicy prune puddings...Huckleberry pie is an Idaho specialty." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 222-5) [NOTE: This book contains recipes for Country Potatoes (p. 224) and Lentils with Red Pepper Sauce (p. 225).] Recommended reading: Bacon, Beans and Galantines: Food and Foodways on the Western Mining Frontier/Joseph R. Conlin [1871] Mrs. Owen's Illinois Cook Book/Mrs. T.J.V. Owen Feeding Our Families: Memories of Hoosier Homemakers/Eleanor Arnold, editor Cracker Jack and modern hot dogs were introduced to the American public. Both were manufactured in Chicago.[NOTE: If you have to bring a "show and tell" food for your report this is perfect!] [1906] Inglenook Coobook , published in Elgin IL (full-text) [1928] Horseshoe sandwiches debut in Springfield [1930s] The Great Depression. Al Capone sponsored soup kitchens in Chicago: "Three meals are served each day, including Sundays. Breakfast consists of coffee and a sweet roll, and dinner and supper of soup, bread and coffee, with a second or third helping permitted." ---Capone Feeds 3,000 a Day in Soup Kitchen, New York Times, November 15, 1930 (p. 4) [1930s & 1940s] Viva Italian food! [1960s] Salad bars Need Illinois recipes? The Legendary Illinous Cookbook: Historic and Culinary Lore from the Prairie State, John L. Leckel offers comtemporary favorites. The "legends" in this book are not food-related; they offer tidbits of history about selected towns. We also have a copy of the Chicago Daily News Cookbook [1930]. This gem offers suggested daily menus, ten-minute meals, and holiday fare. Perfect for recreating Depression-era middle-class fare. Happy to send selected pages from either book (just let us know which type of food (cake? salad?) or menu (New Year's Dinner? Saturday fall breakfast?) you need. NOTE: As true with most state/city/community cookbooks, the recipes are popular with the local people. They were not necessarily "invented" there. here . Prehistoric & native American subsistence "The first major cultural stage that has been roughly dated by archaeologists falls in the period of 8000 to 1000 B.C. Indians of that time were still hunters, fishers, and gatherers of mussels, berries, roots, and nuts. They used fire and made spears, stone axes, knives, and scrapers, along with bone fishhooks and drills. Probably they lived in caves temporarily, but they cultivated no gardens, made no pottery, and had no bows and arrows. Through the millennia, they adapted more efficiently to their environments. Hundred of sites in the late Archaic tradition are found in Indiana, indicating an increased population. Mussel shells left after the meat was extracted created mounds, sometimes fifteen feet high and covering more than an acre..." ---Indiana: A History, Howard H. Peckham [W.W. Norton:New York] 1978(p. 14-15) Native Americans "The last and most complex culture is called Mississippian and is dated A.D. 900 to A.D. 1500. It is marked by intensive cultivation of corn, beans, squash, melons, and other foods, which in turn required and permitted community settlements...Not until after the middle of the seventeenth century did new Indians enter Indiana. The Miami drifted down from Wisconsin around the heard of Lake Michigan, and were followed by the Potawatomi. The Kickapoo and Wea came across northern Illinois and pushed the Miami farther east...In the northern and extreme western parts of the future state, the tribes formed villages, where the women cultivated gardens...prepared the meals, while the braves hunted, fished...The gradual appearance of the French traders gratified them, because the white newcomers raised the Indians' standard of living. The Indians could barter furs for metal pots and pans, wool blankets, ruffled cotton shirts, iron tools, steel knives, and traps, jews' harps, paint, and muskets that made their hunting more effective. They also gained access to French brandy." ---Indiana: A History (p. 17-18) Shawnee "Shawnee economy, combining hunting with agriculture and some food gathering, had been strongly oriented toward the fur trade since the early eighteenth century...The most important game animals were deer buffalo, bears, mountain lions, and turkeys...During the summer women tended crops and gathered wild plant foods while men fished in the vicinity or set out on deer hunts. After the final maize harvest in August the community...prepared to move to its winter quarters. Although fields were owned by individual households they were grouped together into a single area...Women seem to have planted collectively..." ---Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant general editor [Smithsonian Institution:Washington DC] 1978, Volume 15: Northeast (p. 624) "In the spring and summer the Shawnee women would farm fields adjoining their villages. Corn (maize) was the staple crop. It was eaten as a vegetable or pounded in a mortar to produce hominy or bread flour...Other tended crops included beans, squash, and pumpkins. Gathered wild edibles included maple syrup, persimmons, wild grapes, nuts, berries, roots, and honey. Men hunted year-round...for deer, elk, bear, turkeys, pheasants, and smaller fur-bearing animals." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Sharon Malinowski and Anna Sheets editors [Gale:Detroit] 1998, Volume 1: Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean (p. 91) Kickapoo "Traditional Kickapoo subsistence followed the usual pattern of agricultures combined with hunting and food gathering." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 658) "In their aboriginal territory, the Kickapoo relied on farming, hunting, fishing, and collecting wild rice, roots, berries, and nuts to sustain themselves. They raise corn, beans, and squash and store the surplus in underground pits lined with bark. The men hunted deer, elk, bear, beaver, squirrel, skunk, otter, and lynx with bow and flint-tipped arrows or with snares and fished with bone hooks or nets, and with snares of woven fibers. Each fall, all able-bodied persons went on a three- to four-month hunting expedition for buffalo. The meat was smoked and sun-dried...After the European contact, the Kickapoo added watermelon, melon, apples, and peaches to their diets. They also replaced their stone tools, clay pottery, and hide clothing with French articles." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 91) Miami "The Miami practiced the mixed hunting-farming economy typical of their region...The buffalo, formerly an important game animal, disappeared long before 1800...Wild tubers and roots were extensively used...Extensive maize fields surrounded Miami villages." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 682) "Through cross-breeding, Miami women developed the delectable white or "Silver Queen" maize...The Miami were a more prairie than forest group, and their principal game was the buffalo; hunts were communal..." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 132) Potawatomi "Potawatomi economic and social life was tied closely to the rhythms of nature...The Potawatomi fished with trap, weir, net, hook, and harpoon. They used long cylindrical "hoop" nets in combination with dams across streams to trap fish and harpoons with deer horn or stone points for taking fish from lakes or streams. They also gathered a wide variety of natural foods: maple sugar, choke cherries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, roots of several kinds, plums, and grapes. The animals they hunted for food included bear, deer, elk, buffalo, squirrel, muskrat, raccoon, porcupine, wolf (a ceremonial delicacy for certain chiefs), turtles, ducks, and geese. Dogs were the only domestic animal eaten, and then mainly for ritual purposes. The food collected or grown was prepared and stored against the winter's need. Many foods were dried and stored in bark containers and pottery jars. Squash was sliced in rings and smoked or sun-dried, then stored. After parboiling, corn was scraped from the cob, then dried and made into preserves, or when fully ripe dried or parched. Cranberries were strung on strings and smoked inside the house. Most meat not consumed immediately was sliced, dried, and smoked. Ducks, geese, and turkeys, however, were pickled in brine, then smoked and stored, while fish were dried and smoked. Maple sugar was used as a condiment more often than salt." ---Handbook of North American Indians (p. 734-5) "Like so much of their lives, Potawatomi subsistence patterns revolved around the changing seasons. They fished nearby lakes and streams with hooks and lines... Though their principal crop was corn they also raised peas, beans, pumpkins, squash, and melon...They also gathered berries nuts, roots, maple sugar and wild rice." ---Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (p. 260) European settlers Conner Prarie Living History Museum has plenty of information about 19th century foods. Check "hearthside receipts" for plenty of interesting (modernized) choices. Biscuits are easy! "The first winter in Indiana was hard for the pioneers who had come from North Carolina, Virginia, and Kentucky around 1800. They were forced to exist on such food as bear-meat bacon, ash cakes made from acorns, and coffee made from seeds...Abraham Lincoln's first home in Indiana was a lean-to, which was later converted into a one-room cabin with a loft. The winter of 1816 was a harsh one, and the Lincolns lived on water from melted snow, wild game, and some borrowed corn and wheat. This primitive food was typical among the early settlers of Indiana...The 1850s are considered Indiana's Golden Age of Agriculture, when the state ranked high in the raising of hogs, corn, sheep, and wheat...Improved transportation...brought European immigrants to Indiana. Each nationality brought with them their culinary traditions...The favorite Hoosier delicacy of onion pie can be traced to the Polish, Lithuanian, and Hungarian immigrants...Wild American persimmons grew in Indiana and were used in puddings each fall...Fried biscuits also became an Indiana specialty. They are made with a yeast dough, cut into rounds, and deep fried. While still hot the biscuits are split, spread with soft butter, and eaten immediately...Pork cookery is another well-developed culinary art in Indiana...Indiana has been growing corn for popping since the time of the early settlers, who learned of it from the Indians." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 145-6) [NOTE: This book contains recipes for Persimmon Pudding and Ducking with Wild Rice Stuffing.] Recommended reading: Feeding Our Families: First in the series memories of Hoosier homemakers/Eleanor Arnold editor Traditional recipes Crosby Gaige's New York World's Fair Cook Book [c. 1939] lists these recipes for Indiana: Hamburger Vegetable Soup, Indiana Spaghetti (with diced round steak and bacon), Succotash, Red Chocolate Cake and this intriguing little recipe (without commenting on the name): Love and Tangle 3 tablespoons milk flour Mix the eggs and sugar and add flour to make it thick enough to roll. Roll in thin strips about six inches long and three inches wide, fold double by bringing one end up to the other. Beginning an inch or half inch from the folded end, cut several slits down the open end. Drop in hot fat and fry until light brown. Drain and sprinkle with powdered sugar." (p. 110) Sheila Hibben's National Cookbook: A Kitchen Americana [c. 1932] offers these Indiana recipes: Beefsteak smothered in onions, Crumble tart, Gingerbread, Strawberry shortcake and White Fruit Cake. If you want any of these let us know. Manufactured foods Van Camp's beans was established in Indianapolis in 1861 Clabber Girl (baking powder) has been in business since 1899. "Indianapolis is not a city known for specific foods, but shares in the strong Midwestern food that has grown from the farming communities. If you were to join family/friends at an Indianapolis home to watch the Super Bowl, very likely you were be eating chili (made with ground beef and beans), chicken wings, potato salad, and brownies; pretty standard fare. If you were eating out, an oversized pork tenderloin sandwich would be a Hoosier standard." What is a Pork Tenderloin Sandwich? Pork Tenderloin (aka Breaded Pork Tenderloin) is one of Indiana's traditional foods. Presumably descending from German weiner schnitzel , this item first surfaces in the early 20th century. Local folks credit Nicholas Frienstein, of Huntington, for the creation. "In the pork-producing states of Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois, the traditional sandwich of choice is known as "the tenderloin" or, in some areas, "the breaded tenderloin." The sandwich is made from king-size boneless pork tenderloin that has been pounded to about a quarter-inch thick, breaded, and then fried, deep fried, or sometimes grilled. These...are generally served on toasted hamburger buns or Kaiser rolls, and condiments of choice consist of mustard, pickle, and onion...According to road-food experts Jane and Michael Stern, Nicholas Freinstein of Huntington, Indiana, created the pork tenderloin sandwich. Freinstein peddled sandwiches from a basket before building a street cart that included a small grill, enabling him to cook tenderloins and burgers. Eventually, in 1908, Freinstein openend Nick's Kitchen in downtown Huntington. According to legend, his brother Jake, having suffered severe frostbite and the loss of his fingers, used his stumps to tenderize the slices of pork loin. Nick's competitors quickly adapted the tendering process by using wooden hammers or mechanical tenderizing devices, thereafter making it an integral part of the preparation of the tenderloin sandwich." ---American Sandwich: Great Eats From All 50 States, Becky Mercuri [Gibbs Smith:Layton UT] 2004 (p. 43) [NOTE: This book contains a recipe.] "What clam chowder is to New England or grits are to the South, the breaded pork tenderloin is to the Hoosier state. It's so indigenous to Indiana, we dispense with the reference to pork all together, as in "I'll have the breaded tenderloin sandwich." But venture much outside the Midwest, and folks will probably look at you like lobsters were coming out of your ears if you were to order such a thing. "Indianans are fanatical about them; in many town cafes, they are more popular than hamburgers," write syndicated food columnists Jane and Michael Stern in this month's issue of Gourmet magazine. To appreciate this unique Hoosier tradition, it's important to understand the culture that made the tenderloin possible. Steve Jones, a food historian and former columnist with the Marion Chronicle-Tribune, believes "without a shadow of a doubt" that the tenderloin originated in the days of home butchering. Back then, the meat would be flattened with the broad side of an ax, rolled in flour and dropped in a kettle of hot grease. According to Jones' research, the first place serving tenderloins to the public was Nick's Kitchen in downtown Huntington. Legend has it that Nick Freinstein started selling the breaded pork cutlets out of a pushcart before he opened his restaurant in 1908. His bother, Jake, who had lost his fingers to frostbite after passing out drunk in the snow, was employed to pound and tenderize the loins. As the years went by, the tenderloin grew in popularity and is now on the menu at more than half the restaurants in the state. Usually, it's the degree of thickness, or a secret recipe or style of breading that separates one breaded pork tenderloin sandwich from another. "Everyone who sells them thinks theirs is the best," Jones says. "They are very loyal to the tenderloin that they prefer." Nick's is now run by Jean Anne Bailey, who took over from her father, who bought the place in 1969." ---"THE DISH: Indiana is one big breaded pork tenderloin state," John Silcox, The Journal Gazette, 1 January 2003 (p. 1D) edible state symbols : Honeybee (not the bee! the honey is delicious), American Buffalo, and Native Sunflower (seeds). Top crops Kansas Agricultural Statistics (what are the major crops?). About Kansas wheat . Wheat history notes here . Pioneer Kansas foodways "Early pioneer settlers of the Kansas territory found life and any type of agriculture to be primative...Cornmeal, the staple of the early settlers' food, was baked into various types of bread and was the basis of puddings. If the settlers grew some wheat, they also baked wheat bread. Pork was the popular meat, and in season green vegetables were available from the garden. Root vegetables were stored in a dugout cellar for winter use. There was no fruit, since there were no fruit trees. Men struggled to break fields out of the stubborn prairie sod and to cut any available wood for building and fuel. The women worked equally hard. They did all the cooking... and preparing of food for winter storage...When the German Mennonites from Russia arrived in Kansas in the 1870s, they found parched land. Local farmers who were depending upon spring wheat were almost starving. Being frugal people, each Mennonite family had brought with them seeds of a special wheat they had been growing on the steppes of Russia. These new wheat seeds flourished and made wheat growing in Kansas viable...The early Mennonites shared many of their recipes with the Kansas settlers, such as Piroshki, a Russian dish which the Germans grew to like. It is a flaky pastry filled with ground meat and eaten with sour cream. Buttermilk pie, cinnamon-flavored apple pie, and Bubbat (hot rolls with smoked sausage fillings) also became part of Kansas cuisine. Another Mennonite dish was a meat roll filled with onions, bacon, and sweet pickle and then baked with sour cream. It si similar to the German Roulanden. In the summer cold plum soup with raisins and milk was a refreshing repast. Many early pioneers, however, did not have the food variety of the Mennonites. Pancakes were the typical staple of early Kansans. Served with sorghum and gravy, they were dinner for many of the pioneer who very rarely had meat. When they ate meat, it was usually dried buffalo. Later, when beef was available, barbecues and chuck-wagon stews became a part of Kansas cuisine, especially in cattle country...Like those in other Midwestern states, Kansas immigrants retained some of their food traditions--Swedish almond cakes, Bohemian beer and sausages, English pancakes, and Scottish scones." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 179-181) Kansas dining advice, 1886: "Table Etiquette. This book being pre-eminently a Kansas production, the publishes may be justified in suggesting that directions in regard to table etiquette which are suited to the customs and habits of a community of wealth and leisure, are not adapted to the needs of an eager, busy, working people. While many have brought with them from older homes the knowldege and appreciation of elaborate tables, they find here neither the time, occasion, nor conveniences for such display. Attempts to ape the habits if foreighn families, who have numerous trained servants and extensive establishments, are but foolish and ruinous. It is to these efforts that we owe the almost total loss of social life, and the ruined health of American housewifes. When our homes can be opened to the reception of an evening company, and refreshments confined to the passing of a cup of tea or coffee and a biscuit, we shall then have taken the first step toward a social life without care or worry. Food served gracefully, and without confusion, renders the plainest meal a season of enjoyment. The manner in which the table is laid, and the mode in which food is prepared and served, influence not only the eye, but the appetite...The great purpose of rules of etiquette is, to inculcate good manners, and thus render us mutually agreeable...Chief among the rules for table manners is to eat slowly, as if it were a pleasure you desired to prolong, rather than a duty to be over with as quickly as possibe. Do not bring prejudices, dislikes, or annoyances to the table; they would spoil the best dinner. Respect the hour of meals; you have no right to destroy the comfort of the famly bu your want of punctuality. Find little fault at the time of eating, and praise wherever you can. Have as much variety in your food as possible, but not many dishes. Always have your table served neatly, and you will never have cause to be ashamed. Be hosptitable; if it is only a crust and a cup of cold water, and is clean, and good of its kind, there is no reason to blush for it; and with sincere friends the hearty welcome will make amends for the absence of rich viands." ---The Kansas Home Cook-Book: consisting of recipes contributed by the Ladies of Leavenworth and other Cities and Towns/Mrs. C. H. Cushing and Mrs. B. Gray, facsimile 1886 reprint, [Creative Cookbooks:Monterey, CA] 2001(p. 296) [NOTE: your local public librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy of this book.] Need to make something for class? Anything with wheat is perfect. Whole-Wheat Muffins Popular traditional foods: Kentucky Burgoo , Kentucky Hot Brown (sandwich), Kentucky Fried Chicken & Derby Pie . Duncan Hines , famous for restaurant reviews & box cake mix, lived in Bowling Green. If you want an easy, modern dessert to make for class? The following recipes are included in the Kentucky Derby Museum Cookbook includes recipes for Apple nut cake, Cadiz fudge cake, French Coconut-Carrot Cake, German Chocolate Cake with Orange Marmelade, Hummingbird cake, Macerated oranges, Pound cake, Mrs. Pollard's Sour Cream Cake, Fresh Blueberry tart, Mildred's Chess Pie, Lemon Chess pie, Ginger snaps, Pecan Poofs, Lemon Crispies, and Praline cookies. Of these? We recommend the chess pie. This delicious confection is a perennial southern favorite .Kentucky-based recipes here: "Mildred's Chess Pie (serves 6-8) 1 whole egg, room temperature 2 egg yolks, room temperature 1 ts. Vinegar Talk about a true American holiday! Since 1874 Lexington's annual horse racing event has been the hallmark of grand hospitality and culinary expression. This tradition has not waivered in times of war or depression. Food-wise, that means a full weekend of deliciousness from sumptuous brunches to late night after parties. Local fare is celebrates this event. Sumptuous hams, crispy fried chicken and piping hot biscuits melt-in-your- mouth hot biscuits slathered with gravy. Top that off with a generous slice of Derby pie. The "official" beverage? Mint Julep , of course! [1950] "When the Kentucky Derby is run at the end of next week, many of the spectators will have been fortified to accept the disappointments it inevitably brings by having eaten a Derby Day breakfast. A charming Louisville hostess...came in heasterday to talk about the menu for this party, traditionally held in many households in her city about 10:30 on the morning of that great racing event. Far from being a matter of coffee, eggs and bacon, it festively starts off with a mint julep or Kentucky toddy and proceeds to ham, chicken or steaks, salads and elaborate dessert...The menu and recipes...serve as an interesting and practical introduction to the cookery of the Blue Grass State...For Derby Day breakfasting...Churchill Downs Mint Juleps, Baked ham (preferably Kentucky country-cured), Beaten biscuits, Batter bread, Grape jelly, Pickles, Loose-leaved lettuce salad, Transparent pie, Coffee." ---"News of Food: Delicacies of the Old South," Jane Nickerson, New York Times,, April 27, 1950 (p. 36) [NOTE: this article includes recipes for Mint Julep, Batter Bread and Transparent Pie. The cookbook referenced is Out of Kentucky Kitchens/Mrs. Morris Flexner.] [1974] "One of America's most captivating cities, Louisville, Ky., has long been noted for warm hospitality. Thousands of people from around the world flock there for the unending round of parties on Derby weekend, the social highlight of the year. The gaiety of the breakfasts, luncheons, dinners and banquets is an important part of the exciting "run for the roses."...Fried ham and red-eye gravy is one of the state's great treats. Thick slices of ham are first soaked in milk and then fried in fat, cut from the edges. The gravy is made simply by adding a small amount of water and black pepper to the drippings. When boiled, stirred and scraped to the desired consistency, the gravy is poured over the ham or sometimes over grits or beaten biscuits. Another local specialty is Bibb lettuce, developed and named after a native colonel who grew it in the limestone soil...On the morning of the race, Derby breakfasts are fashionable. Tables set with elegant appointments offer such traditional fare as Kentucky ham and bacon, scrambled eggs, spoon bread grits, hot biscuits, Kentucky scramble, fried apples, and fresh whole strawberries or peach desserts, as well as copious libations. After the race, guests go to buffets or dinners where the fare might be thinly sliced ham and beaten biscuits, fried chicken, sliced turkey, candied sweet potatoes, Bibb lettuce salad, pickled peaches or watermelon pickle, hickory nut cake, strawberry shortcake, or bourbon chocolate pie. The Sunday morning breakfast may offer chicken or turkey hash, sausages, thin batter or pancakes, pickles, and fresh fruit with small cakes or cookies. Featured at the annual gathering of the Kentucky Colonels during Derby Week is the traditional dish, Burgoo...originally a French stew... cooking up the famous dish at festive occasions...800 pounds of meat, one dozen squirrels, 24 gallons corn, 240 pounds fat hens and five bushels of tomatoes--and it usually served hundreds." ---"Racing Horses, Eating Well," Kay Shaw Nelson, Washington Post, May 2, 1974 (p. F1) Derby Day Breakfasts , Gourmet, May 1974 (p. 16, 54 & 56) [1978] "So far as horse racing-fans are concerned, the main event that will take place in Louisville this coming Saturday at 5 p.m. is the 104th running of the Kentucky Derby. But to serious eaters and drinkers, that two-and-a-half-minute event represents merely a brief interlude in what is really a two-and-a-half-day continuous feast. Derby time...is party time...given over to a series of buffet cocktail parties and dinners, brunches, lunches and suppers, and lots of nibbling in between. Dining tables of polished mahogany or Kentucky cherry set with heavily ornate family silver, the finest linens; the thickest frosted silver julep mugs sporting sprigs of fresh mint, and centerpieces of roses with tulips virtually groan under the weight of the richest, most elegant specialties this elegant part of the South has to offer...some of the parties are rustic. Burgoo...which is really a sort of soup-stew with chicken and vegetables, is made outdoor and simmers for hours in big iron cauldrons. People get their juleps in silver mugs or tin cups and when they finish drinking, the burgoo is ladled into the empty mugs. For breakfasts, they serve scrambled eggs, grits with melted butter, fried apples, fried tomatoes, country ham made with red eye gravy, beaten biscuits or spoon bread or crisp corn cakes. For dinners and suppers they do...baked country ham that may be glazed but most traditionally not, burgoo, a salad of Kentucky limestone lettuce, which Northerners call bibb, biscuits, corn pudding and then all the desserts--the pecan bourbon cake, the Derbytown pie with its melting chocolate and crunchy nuts, bourbon balls, strawberries, apricot sherbet and all kinds of other things." ---"Derby Day: A Winner for Food Lovers," Mimi Sheraton, New York Times, May 3, 1978 (p. C1) [1982] "Welcome to the Kentucky Derby party. From Florida to Alaska, people will gather this Saturday to drink juleps, eat country ham and and beaten biscuits, and watch at least two minutes of horse racing." ---"On Derby Day, the Juleps Bloom From Florida to the Philippines," Heywood Klein, Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1982 (p. 31) Churchill Downs Web site offers a wealth of historical and cultural information regarding the Kentucky Derby--excellent for background. Given the fact that extravagant Derby-Eve parties, elaborate brunches, major festivals and special treats are an integral part of the Derby tradition is seems odd that there are no links to food on this site. Taste of Derby celebrates this event with elite chefs. The Kentucky Derby Museum Cook Book [1986] offers a party checklist & many recipes (but no suggested menus). Happy to send/share pages. Let us know what you want! Tabasco sauce (spicy flavoring) State foods "Official" state foods are designated by law. Louisiana's edible state symbols are: "The honeybee is a social, honey-producing bee, recognized as the most economically valuable of all insects. This reputation commonly rests on its production of honey and beeswax. The honeybee's greatest usefulness, however, is actually in the pollination of crops, including fruits, nuts, vegetables, and forage crops, and many uncultivated plants that prevent erosion by keeping topsoil from being carried into the ocean. The honeybee was made our official insect in 1977." "Milk was adopted as the official drink of Louisiana in 1983." "South Louisiana is the crawfish capital of the world, supporting a multimillion dollar a year industry. The crawfish in appearance greatly resembles the lobster, but is very much smaller. Its color varies with the water in which it lives and its variety. Although it is found in swamps and marshes throughout the state, the best wild populations occur in the overflow basins of the Atchafalaya, Red, and Pearl Rivers. Crawfish farms have also been established where the crustaceans are cultivated for local use and for export to other states. The crawfish was adopted as State Crustacean in 1983." "The alligator was adopted as Louisiana's state reptile in 1983. It lives in waters and low lands of the state and other locations of the southeast United States. Resembling a lizard in shape, grown males (which are larger than females) reach a length of 11 to 12 feet and weigh 450 to 500 pounds. When grown, its color is dull gray and dark olive. Alligators provide better care for their young than most reptiles do, protecting the young for a year or more. Once common, their numbers were reduced enough to be classified as endangered. Regulated hunting is allowed since the designation was changed to threatened in 1977." "The official state freshwater fish is the white perch (pomoxis annularis) also known as sac-au-lait and white crappie. It was adopted in 1993." Beanhole beans (Native American) Maine's culinary heritage "European fishermen discovered the fishing grounds off the coast of Maine almost 50 years before permanent settlers arrived in New England. These fishermen came from France, Spain, Portugal, and later, England...These fishermen stayed only long enough to cure their fish and repair their oft-battered boats before the long voyage back to Europe...Permanent English settlers began to arrive in Maine in the mid-1620s...By 1630 the settlers had established their own permanent fishing stations allong the coast of Maine, and til the mid-1700s cod fishing was their principal industry...As the popularity of cod declined in the mid-1800s, mackerel became more important...Preserving fish by smoking was an Old World method, and herring lent itself particularly well to the process...The development of the canning industry in 1873 expanded the market for Maine fish...Great schools of solvery sardines...were first harvested by the American Indians...Lobster was a favorite food of the coastal Indians...Commerical lobster fishing began in the late 1800s...Potatoes became an important crop in the 1800s, and Maine led the nation in potato production into the 1950s...The young tender unfurled fronds of the fiddlehead fern are a specialty of Maine. The Indians taught the early settlers how to gather them in the forests and cook them...Their flavor is a combination of asparagus, broccoli, and artichokes." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 Diner menus reflect favorite foods of local folks. Moody's Diner has been serving hungry Mainers since 1930. Selected recipes from What's Cooking at Moody's Diner, Nancy Moody Genthner [Dancing Bear Books:West Rockport ME] 1989. "Apple Crisp --- SOURCE . Why did this cake become a state symbol? "Maryland has an official cat, insect and even an official dinosaur. Now one state delegate wants to add a hallmark 10-layer cake form the Eastern Shore to the list of state symbols. Del. Page Elmore, E.-Somerset, plans to propose naming the many-layered Smith Island cake the state's official dessert. To boost the bill, Elmore cooked up a sweet bribe--450 slices of the cake were delivered Tuesday to state lawmakers and their aides. 'I make a pretty mean sweet potato pie, but oh, this is good,' said Del. Melony Griffith, D.-Prince Georges, who tucked into a thin slice of the most common flavor of Smith Island cake: yellow cake in 10 centimeter-thick layers with chocolate frosting. Elmore hopes his bill will give a boost to Smith Island, which has only about 250 year-round residents. Islanders historically mae their living pulling crabs and oysters from the Chesapeake Bay, but pollution has hurt the seafood industry and better jobs on the mainland have sapped Smith Island's working population. 'It's economic development for Smith Isalnd and lower Eastern Shore bakeries,' Elmore said, wathcing volunteers unload more than a dozen boxes of cake slices. Florida named Key Lime Pie its official pie in 2006, while Massachusetts picked its official dessert in 1996. Smith Island cakes dome in dozens fo flavors, including pineapple, banana and coconut. Islanders trace the cake's origin to the British colonists who settled on the island, auing the cake resembles an English torte. Smith Island cakes were traditionally packed in a waterman's lunch pail when he plied the Chesapeake, but now most are sold to tourists...about 10 women on the island make a living selling Smith Island cakes. Most of the sell for $20 to $30 , with a towering 16-layer cake goinf for $49.99." ---"Marylanyd's Eastern Shore Touts Its Cake," Associated Press, Daily News-Record [Harrisonbburg VSA], January 23, 2008 (p. A6) What is the history? Thin, rich, multi-layered iced confections generally descend from 19th century Viennese Torten. Think: Dobos torte & Sacher torte . The closest English multi-layer culinary contribution is Trifle (cake, cream & fruit). Smith Island Cake recipe and history notes , courtesy of Smith Island, MD [NOTE: Why does this recipe call for Condensed Milk? Most likely because the Island was isolated and had a relatively warm climate. Condensed milk was introduced in the mid-1850s and was readily embraced by folks who had a hard time keeping dairy products cold. Florida's famous Key Lime Pie was originally made with condensed milk for this reason.] Recommended cookbooks 1. The Chesapeake Bay Cookbook/Shields 2. Eat, Drink and Be Merry in Maryland/Steiff 3. Maryland's Way: The Hammond-Harwood House Cook Book/Andrews & Kelly Official state foods Massachusetts has more edible state symbols than any other state in the nation. If you need to bring a food representing this state you are in luck: cranberry juice, cod, corn muffin, wild turkey, navy bean, cranberry, Boston Cream Pie, chocolate chip cookie, and the Boston creme doughnut. Boston baked beans Boston Baked Beans, as we know it today, descends from ancient pottage featuring protein-rich, slow-cooked, economical legumes. Recipes were introduced to America by early colonists. The American city most popularly associated with baked beans is Boston. Food historians connect similar Native American recipes featuring sweeteners (maple sugar) with the introduction of molasses as a required ingredient. Boston brown bread is traditionally paired with this dish. "According to one recent writer, "baked beans and succotash may be the closest to signature dishes for [New England]--one based on Old World traditions and the other on those of the New World."...As for the Old World origins of baked beans, peas or beans and bacon have been claimed to be among the oldest of English dishes. Despite the generally low position of beans in English food-status hierarchies, one version of beans and bacon is said to have been enjoyed by the medieval gentry. The specifically baked form of bean potage was prevalent among Staffordshire yeomen, who soaked their dried beans overnight, then baked them along with honey-and-mustard-cured ham and onions or leeks in a narrow-necked earthenware pot especially reserved for the purpose. This "dark, sweet cassoulet" has been identified as the immediate progenitor of New England baked beans....There is a tradition, that, like succotash, baked beans was of native origin. "Beans were abundant, and were baked by the Indians in earthen pots just as we bake them today," wrote Alice Morse Earle in 1898. Three-quarters of a century later, Sally Smith Booth was not the first to include the use of underground beanholes among the native methods of baking beans: "Indians probably originated this dish, for many tribes baked bean stews in earthen pots placed into pit and covered with hot ashes." However, as Howard S. Russell has acknowledged, there is no direct evidence of natives' baking beans, either in earthenware pots or in beanholes in the ground. On the other hand, baked beans "prepared by the bean-hole method were by far the most important single food" in late-nineteenth-century Maine lumbering camps. A vogue for outdoor and wilderness experience, including culinary experience, that was supposed to approximate the lifeways of the North American Indians, had emerged at this time and gave encoruagement to the idea that another form of popular underground New England cookery, the clambake, had originated with the Indians. Similar notions about the native sources of beanhole baked beans may also have germinated in this cultural soil, so to speak. Skepticism regarding romaticized conception of native and settler culinary practices should not, however, lead us to dismiss altogether the possibility of a relationship between the bean cookery of the two groups...So although the English clearly brought with them a well-established tradition of bean-and-bacon pottage that, in at least one of its variants, was baked in a beanpot in an oven, it is also possible that the natives they encountered upon arrival had a similar tradition of preparing legume pottage by baking. Morever, the immigrants did not scruple to integrate New World beans into the Old World pottage, just as they incorporated New World grain into their their bread." ---America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking, Keith Stavely & Kathleen Fitzgerald [University of North Carolina Press:Chapel Hill NC] 2004 (p. 51-52) "Boston baked beans. A dish of navy beans made with molasses and salt pork or bacon. Some argue that baked beans were introduced to the colonists by the Indians, but novelist Kenneth Roberts, in an essay on "The Forgotton Marrowbones," printed in Marjorie Mosser's Foods of Old New England (1957), argues that baked beans had long been a traditional Sabbath dish among North African and Spanish Jews, who called the dish "skanah."...Nevertheless, the dish clearly became associated with Boston, whose Puritan settlers baked beans on Saturday, served them that night for dinner, for Sunday breakfast with codfish cakes and Boston Brown Bread, and again for Sunday lunch, because no other cooking was allowed during the Sabbath, which extended to Sunday evening. Sometimes the housewives would hand over their pots of uncooked beans to a community oven, often located within a tavern, to be baked. Because of the association between Bostonians and beans, the city became to be called "Bean Town." A recipe for baked beans of this type was printed in Lydia Maria Child's "The American Frugal Housewife in 1832, though the term "Boston baked beans" dates to the 1850s." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 36) Mrs. Child's recipe , circa 1832. "Every Saturday since the pilgrims came, true New Englanders have baked beans made with brown bread. In the old days it was thought sinful to cook on Sunday, and Sunday began at 6 o'clock on Saturday. Before that the house was swept and dusted and preparations made for a quiet, reverential Sabbath. Sundays are not as reverential now as they used to be, but the Saturday cooking tradition still persists. Beans are a salvation because the could be prepared on Saturday. On Sunday the family had them with brown bread for breakfast. After breakfast, the pot was popped back in the oven and the family set out for church. And all the time the beans were in the oven, the whole house smelled of simmering pork and sweet molasses, which is a lovely odor and guaranteed to whet the most persnickety appetite. When services were over and the family came home from church, it was mid-afternoon and time for dinner. Then the pot was taken out again--and everybody had some more beans. We prepare them just as our ancestors did, but now we begin the ritual on Friday night. "Boston Baked Beans 1 qt. dried pea beans 1 medium-sized onion, peeled 1/2 cup brown sugar, firmly packed 1/3 cup molasses 1 tbsp. salt 1 tsp. dry mustard 1. On Friday night put the beans to soak in a kettle full of cold water. In the morning pour the water off, cover with fresh water and bring slowly to a boil. Simmer until you can blow the skins off. To do this, take a spoonful of beans from the pot. If you should put your face down into the steam, you might get badly burned. 2. When the skins blow off (it will take an hour or more of simmering), drain the beans and place about one cup in bean pot. Add onion. Add remaining beans until the pot is almost filled. 3. Score the salt pork to the rind and force down among the beans until it just shows at the top of the pot. Combine remaining ingredients and mix with beans. Add enough hot water to fill pot. The pork should protrude a little above the water line so that it can brown nicely. 4. Bake in 300 degree oven for at least 8 hours. The juice should bubble at the top of the pot all day. Add more water if necessary during baking time. One of the comforting things about baked beans is that you can leave them in the oven as long as you choose, if you remember to add water. Open the door and take a peak every hour or two. Do not touch the pot if there is still juice on top, and close the door as quickly as you can. Serve in a pot, as the Pilgrims did. Fragrant and steaming, brown and mealy--and hot as hot can be. With them your should have brown bread on Saturday night, with piccalilli on the side. And on Sunday morning, you should have fish cakes and the beans warmed up with a chunk of salt pork, crusty on top and brown as old mahogany." ---New England Cookbook, Eleanor Early [Random House:New York] 1954 (p. 56-57) Vernor's Ginger Ale ---since the Civil War Some notes on Michigan's culinary heritage "The earliest Europeans in the Michigan area were French explorers, traders, and missionaries in the late 1600s and early 1700s...By 1859... farm families were firmly established in Michigan's southern counties, where prairie grassland was plentiful for grazing dairy cows. Farmers grew wheat and produced milk, butter, and cheese. They raised hogs for meat, since cows were too precious to be eaten. Most farmers also had chickens and geese and they grew their own produce. Many nineteenth-century Michigan farmers hunted wild game, and their wives tended the family vegetable gardens... Mining developed on the Upper Peninsula around 1850. The mine workers came mainly from Cornwall, Ireland, Canada, Finland, and eastern Europe. The mining families from Cornwall brought their Cornish pasties with them. This meat-and-vegetable combination encased in a pastry could easily be reheated in very cold weather on a "Cornish stove"--a shovel held over a candle down the mine. Many of the Cornish pasties gave the miners a complete lunch...In 1847 religious refugees from the Netherlands settled in Michigan in a town they named Holland...Long famous for their smoked and salted fish, roast goose, and other fowl, the Dutch were delighted with the fish and game birds of their new homeland...The Czechs and Moravians were important elements in Michigan's pioneer culture in the nineteenth century...Baked goods and pastries such as Vdolky, Kolache, Milosti, Baleshsky, and Strudel were served for dessert...Battle Creek was settled by the Seventh Day Adventists...In 1867 Dr. Kellogg...introduced the idea of cold cereals for breakfast. In order to promote better nutrition, Dr. Kellogg invented toasted cornflakes and many other grain and nut products." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 148-151) Historic Michigan cookbooks , online free & fulltext, courtesy of Michigan State University. What to make for class? We suggest German, Dutch Heritage, or Cornish culinary heritage. The cities of were settled by these immigrants. Sample Frankenmuth-style Bavarian recipes courtesy of Zendher's . If you prefer something from the colonial era, this book is perfect: History from the Hearth: A Colonial Michilimackinac Cookbook, Sally Eustice. Seventh Day Adventist recipes from Ella Eaton Kellogg's Science in the Kitchen , circa 1892. state muffin (blueberry). Other edible state symbols include milk, walleye (fish), wild rice, and morrel mushrooms. 2. Native ingredients 3. Agricultural statistics ( top crops ) 4. Manufactured products Minnesota is the "birthplace" of SPAM (Hormel) and "> Betty Crocker, Green Giant, Bisquick & Wheaties (General Mills) 5. Historic recipes Food on the Frontier:Minnesota Cooking from 1850 to 1900 with selected recipes/Marjorie Kriedberg---your local public librarian will be happy to help you get a copy of this book. Minnesota's ethnic food heritage "The people of Minnesota are from a very diverse ethnic heritage--British, Germans, Scandinavians, Finns, Italians, Slavs, and more recently, refugees from Southeast Asia. The Scots, Welsh, and Canadians were some of the earliest settlers of Minnesota, while the greatest number of British arrived in 1890 to work in the mines on the Vermillon and Mesabi Iron Ranges...The Germans are Minnesota's largest ethnic group, having immigrated to the area from the 1830s to the present day. Nineteeth-century German immigrants found the land suitable for raising the type of food they enjoyed. Many of the early German settlers baked rye bread every Saturday...The Scandinavian immigrant--Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, and Finnish--found Minnesota to be similar to Scandinavia...Housewives were delighted with the new white flour that yielded cakes and bread much lighter than those of their native land. Meatballs of beef and pork, American-style bacon, corn, and a strange fruit called watermelon became a part of the immigrants' diet. The Danish immigrants found many of their traditional cooking ingredients in Minnesota. Their kitchen gardens had large patches of parsley, carrots, peas, and kale...The pioneer Swedes...depended upon staples for their diet. Homemade soups, potatoes, fish, and various grains were the mainstay of their early cuisine...Minnesota posed a culinary challenge for most Italians, since much of their native ingredients were not available and could not be grown in the short growing season. The early Italian immigrants relied heavily on what they called peasant food--polenta, rice dishes such as risotto, and pasta...Southern Slavs, mostly Croatians, Slovenians, and Serbs, settled in Minnesota between 1900 and 1920...Being accustomed to fresh fruit, they planted apple, cherry, apricot, and olive trees. Because of the harsh climate, the apricots and olives did not survive. Slavic cooking is primarly based on soups, stews, and other combination dishes...At the clsoe of the Vietnam War, some of the Hmong people of northern Laos...came to Minnesota...These people brought yeat another dimension to the varied cuisines of Minnesota." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 157-8) Recommended reading: The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, Anne R. Kaplan et al (includes recipes). Want to make something ethnic for class? We suggest Swedish meatballs ! 2. Major crops: What is most often grown in the state ? Early Mississippi foodways "The first explorers of what is now northern Mississippi were French fur traders who set up trading posts in Indian villages. They learned to eat the same food as the Indians, primarly a mush concocted from ground brier root, fish, and wild game. When the first permanent settlement was established... around 1700, the settlers found they could obtain chickens from the Indians in addition to fish...The French brides who came to Biloxi, like those who came to New Orleans, soon learned to use native ingredients in their cooking. Redfish, green peppers, and assorted wild herbs became the basis of their fish stews. From the earliest days, Missisppi cooks usually had available the basic ingredients for a soup or a stew--carrots, celery, onions, okra, and a sprig or two of parsley. Tomatoes were not included until well after the Revolutionary War...The cuisine of Mississppi varied with aspects of its history. Although New Orleans remains the bastion of French-cooking influence in America, French influence was also dominant in the cuisine of the plantation mansions along the Mississippi River. Rich sauces and spectacular desserts abounded on manor-house dinner tables.. Food was presented in great splendor in ante-bellum Mississippi. The luxurous day began with hot, strong, black coffee...Food for the plantation workers was much simpler. Freshly caught catfish...often constituted dinner. It was accompanied by turnip greens flavored with salt pork; corn bread; hot, spicy red beans; and rice. Baked ribs and beans baked with bell peppers accompanied by corn bread was a typical winter meal. Chicken bread was a particular favorite among plantation workers. It consists of a batter made with flour, cornmeal, shortening, salt, and milk, which was baked in a frying pan after the chicken had finished frying...For many years the slaves ate corn pone (eggless corn bread which is fried or baked in small batches) and pot liquor, the juice that remains after vegetables, particularly greens, are cooked." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 128-130) Need to make something for class? Agricultural products top crops! Native American foods "Missouri's earliest farmers were the people of the Hopwell culture...The Hopewells grew corn and beans and hunted small animals...The Mississippi people knew how to farm well and grew large quantities of food. They were also hunters and traders. Since they lived close to the Missippi River, fishing was an important activity...The Oneonta culture, from which the Missouri tribe developed, produced excellent hunters of deer, elk, turkey, and bison, or buffalo. Fishing, gardening, and gathering were essential to the tribe's existence...The woods contained berries, roots, and nuts. Acorns...are plentiful in Missouri, and Native Americans used them in stews or ground them into meal. They age sunflower seeds, both raw and raosted, and they learned to make oil from the seeds for cooking and for hair dressing. Cattails were a valuable food source because all parts of the plant could be eaten...When the weather and the hunting were good, native Americans had plenty of food. But there were times when food was scarce. To preserve meat for the winter months, Native Americans fried and smoked game over a wooden frame set over a low fire. They made a food called pemmican, which was dried and pounded meat mixed with animal fat and crushed berries. The pemmican prevented starvation during a long winter and provided vitamins and protein. It was also taken on long hunting trips. Another kind of preserved meat was jerky, from the Spanish word charqui. During a hunt, some of the fresh-killed meat was sliced thin, rubbed with salt, and rolled up in an animal skin to absorb the salt and release its juices. The meat was then dried in the sun. Jerky was hard, chewy, and long lasting. The jerky found ins tores today originated with Native American hunters. Corn and beans were also dried for the winter months. Succotash is a stew of corn and beans and sometimes fihs and game. The name succotash is a variation of an Indian word. The ingredients of this stew varied from region to region, but all contained corn and beans...Native Americans used Missouri's wild plants and berries not only for food but also for soaps, dyes, and medicines. They used elderberries for tonics. They mashed the root of the curly dock plant to make a salve for sores and they mashed the leaves, mixed them with salt, and put this "medicine" on their foreheads to treat headaches...The main crops for the Osage were corn, squash, and beans. Corn was eaten boiled or roasted on the cob, or dried after cooking for storage. Parched corn, made from roasted mature grains, was like popcorn that didn't pop. Hominy was made by removing the corn kernal and soaking it in lye made from wood ashes. It was then boiled or dried. The women preservred squash and pumpkings by cutting the pulp into strips and hanging them on racks to dry... Meat preparation was women's work. Although men were the hunters, the women cut, dried, and smoked meats." ---Food in Missouri: A Cultural Stew, Madeline Matson [University Of Missouri Press:Columbia MO] 1994 (p. 4-6) Pioneer Missouri foodways "Many of the early settlers of Missouri came in covered wagons from Kentucky, Virginia, and other regions of the Upper South...The women used their Southern recipes to make buttermilk biscuits, fried chicken with cream gravy, cooked greens with bacon, and baked apple dumplings topped with cinnamon, brown sugar, and thick cream. French traders and eventaully French families from Canada came down the Mississippi into Missouri. They, too, brought their favorite recipes for thin French crepes and cookies of sweet and bitter almonds called croquignoles. The French women made a special soup of dried peas, turnips, celery, and onions that was flavored with mint and thyme...German immigrants also settled in Missouri, bringing their food traditions with them...raw potato pancakes, crispy fried in lard and cheesecakes...abounded in every German community... Germans also brought the brewing industry to St. Louis. Angel food cake, named for its fluffy whiteness and delicate texture, is said to have been "invented" in St. Louis...The Germans and Central Europeans brought their sausage-making ability to the Midwest. One of their sausages, wienerwurst (aka hot dog or frankfurter), became the most American of all." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 182) [NOTE: About Angel food cake .] "Misssouri is the largest producer of black walnuts in the world. Nearly 50 percent of the world's black-walnut crop...is harvested during October and November each year. There is also a sizeable crop of pecans and hickory nuts in Missouri. Famous for their rich, tangy flavor...They are popular baking ingredients and have a much stronger flavor than the milder English walnuts...Pecan trees grew wild in Missouri and were a source of food for the Missouri Indians long before the white man came...Honey has been a part of Missouri history. Before Missouri became a state, there was a battle, called the Honey War, to determine the territory's northern boundary. Missouri and Iowa officials disagreed over the boundary for years. In 1839 when a Missouri man cut down three hollow trees containing bee hives in the disputed area, Iowa tolerance reached its limit, and the Honey War began. Missouri won...Missouri...has become famous for a product made from Missouri-grown wheat--Aunt Jemima Pancake Mix. Self-rising pancake flour...was created in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was first packaged in 1889..." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 182-183) 19th century Missouri recipes The earliest print references we find for Gooey Butter Cake/Gooey Butter Coffee Cake are from the late 1950s. They were bakery items, sold in other states to: California, New York & Illinois. This may, or may not, be the same item. Recipes proliferate in the 1970s. "Say St. Louis, and you're talking Gooey Butter Cake...What starts off innocently enough as a plain yeast-raised coffee cake erupts into a volcanic mass of chewey bright yellow lava with snow banks of powdered sugar. The crusty edges glue to the teeth. You con't just swallow Gooey Butter Cake, you work it down. As for the origin of Gooey Butter Cake, most admit it was a mistake, although no one knows exactly whose. Certainly, it would have originated in South St. Louis, wehre most of the german bakers--the backbone of the St. Louis bakery industry--lived. Fred Heimbeurger, a retired St. Louis baker with a long memory, contends it was some baker in the 1930's who, in making an ordinary yellow cake, put in too much sugar, butter or shortening, or all three. What he ended up was the a sticky mess. But since this was the Depression, he couldn't let it go to waste, so he tried to sell it anyway. St. Louisans, Depression or not, wanted more, and the sloppier the better. Today, most of the independent bakeries in St. Louis, as well as the supermarket bakeries, carry a version of Gooey Butter Cake...'There are as many legends surrounding the invention of Gooey Butter Cake as there are about Remus and the founding of Rome. One thing there can be no doubt: it's a St. Louis original and an acquired taste not shared by those in other parts of the country.'...Recipes for Gooey Butter Cake all have subtle variations...Brown sugar may be used instead of white, whole eggs plus whites or just whole eggs, evaporated milk instead of water, and so on. Yet, St. Louisans don't harangue over this...Any cake that goes by the name Gooey Butter is fine by them." ---"A Butter Cake That Sticks to the Gums," Ann Barry [St. Louis]. New York Times, April 19, 1989 (p. C4) [1959] 7-inch Made with Coffee Cake Dough and Deep Layer of Butter, 49 cents." ---dispay ad, Beck's Bakery, The Bakserfiedl Californian [CA], December 2, 1959 (p. 27) [1974] 2 cups flour plus 1/4 cup to flour board 1/2 cup lard, plus a little to grease baking sheet 1 scant teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon baking soda 3/4 cup buttermilk. Equipment: Pastry blender or large fork... wooden board, rolling pin, biscuit cutter or large clean empty tunafish can with both ends removed, baking sheet. 1. Mix dry ingredients in a bowl. 2. Cut in the lard with a pastry blender or large fork (or your fingers) until the flour mixture is in fine granules. 3. "Sprinkle buttermilk over the mixture." Mix to make a solid, soft dough. "If all the dry ingredients do not work in, gradulaly add a little more buttermilk." 4. Flour the board and rolling pin. 5. Work dough "lightly into a ball with the tips of fingers and roll out to approximately one-inch thick." 6. Lightly grease baking sheet (optional). 7. Preheat oven to 450 degrees. 8. Cut biscuits with cutter or tuna tin, arrange on baking sheet. 9. Bake "15 or 20 minutes or until they are a deep golden brown." "Serve hot biscuits with butter and/or jelly, honey, or chokecherry syrup." Leftover biscuits were eaten split and filled with butter and sugar, or reheated in a paper sack in a 325-degree oven, or crumbled into hot stewed tomatoes." Serves 4." ---The American History Cookbook, Mark H. Zanger [Greenwood Press:Westport CT] 2004 (p. 269-70) Native American foodways Foods of the Desert Culture --State of Nevada. Lots of interesting information about Native American cuisine in Nevada, includes a list of indigenious ingredients and simple recipes. Excellent if you need to explain to your class the history behind the recipe. Early European Nevada trekkers (1820s-1840s) dined on standard portable provisions (coffee, tea, flour, jerky/pemmican, dried fruits, dried beans/peas, sugar, brandy) supplemented by local items (animals, fruits & vegetables). Exact recipes depended upon traditional preference (French, English, Mexican/Spanish), economics (how much money the group had), and season/weather. According to the writings in many early Nevada explorer's journals, many places in this state were harsh and inhospitable. Many times there was nothing to eat. Want to explore Nevada's culinary diversity? The Great Nevada Cookbook, compiled by the editors of Nevada Magazine, is and excellent source. This booklet groups representative historic recipes by ethnic/immigrant groups (Native American, Basque, Greek, Mexican), historic period (miners, cowboys) and cooking style (Dutch oven). All recipes are adapted for modern kitchens. Your librarian will be happy to help you find a copy. 1880s Nevada silver miners survived on coffee, beans, tinned items, and other foods capable of withstanding extreme climates and challenging situations. Provisions were supplemented by fresh game and local (seasonal) fruits/berries. "The discovery of the Comstock Lode at what became Virginia City in 1859 brought a huge migration of prospectors to Nevada...[these men] survived on sourdough biscuits and sourdough bread, which descendants of pioneer families still bake. When women arrived in the mining camps, they started trading recipes, which eventually became the basis of Nevada cuisine. Meat-stuffed Cornish pasties and tripe stewed with onion, celery, and parsnips and flavored with mustard and Worcestershire sauce became favorites. Saffron Cake and Potato-Caramel Cake topped the list of desserts...During the gold and siver rush of the 1860s, prospectors who had struck it rich liked any type of food, as long as it "cost a lot." Black-tie dinners in Virginia City sparkled with French Champagne that had crossed the ocean, rounded the Horn, and come over the Sierras from California. They ate from imported china and drank from glasses that twinkled under huge crystal chandeliers. Virginia City boasted fine restaurants, clubs, and hotels, many of which had imported internationally known chefs. West Coast oysters became a delicacy for the newly rich; oyster loaf and oyster stuffing for quail became the showpieces of dinner parties." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 230-1) Currently? Nevada (at least in Las Vegas) is known for ultimate buffets. A little bit of everything served with a theme. Who launched modern American "all you can eat" buffet? Mr. Herb McDonald, Las Vegas NV, 1946. "The man who inspired the all-you-can-eat buffet and brought the Beatles to Las Vegas died Saturday, better known by his deeds than his name. A visionary who helped mold Las Vegas for more than a half century, Herb McDonald, 83, was one of the first publicists on the Strip, founder of the group that brought the National Finals Rodeo to Las Vegas and an innovator in professional golf tournaments. "He was the godfather to all of us in publicity and marketing -- he made the footprints that we follow today," said Jim Seagrave, vice president of marketing and advertising for the Stardust...McDonald inspired the buffet in 1946 more out of hunger than genius, he recalled. One night while working late at the El Rancho Vegas, the first hotel on what would become the Strip, McDonald brought some cheese and cold cuts from the kitchen and laid them out on the bar to make a sandwich. Gamblers walking by said they were hungry, and the buffet was born. The original midnight "chuckwagon" buffet cost $1.25." ---"Strip Visionary McDonald Dies," Gambling Magazine, July 10, 2002 "Herb McDonald, a business pioneer whose ideas helped make Las Vegas a hub of international tourism, died Saturday. He was 83. A publicist for nearly 50 years, McDonald has been credited for the development of Las Vegas-area signatures such as the Strip's first all-you-can-eat buffet and the city's status as a popular convention site...In the early 1950s, McDonald launched an inexpensive buffet at the El Rancho, a tactic that has since been used to attract patrons at virtually every hotel-casino in Southern Nevada." ---"Veteran publicist who helped promote LV as destination dies at 83," Chris Jones, Las Vegas Review-Journal, July 10, 2002, D; Pg. 2D New Hampshire has four official state foods . Official state symbols (including food) must be approved by the legislature. They become law. Early New Hampshire foodways "The first colonists bulit homes, started fisheries, and traded the Indians for furs. These settlers had no agricultural experience and found it hard to adapt to their new surroundings. Although familiar with saltwater fishing, they still depended upon England for msot of their food supplies. Wild game and turkey were plentiful, but the early settlers did not know how to catch them and ammunition was in short supply...Duyring the summer the settlers learned to gather wild black currants, raspberries, and strawberries. Theys tarted importing seedlings and cutting of fruit trees from England, and soon almost every farm...had an orchard. Vegetable gardens could not be relied upon as a steady supply of food, however, due to the short growing season and sudden changes in the weather...In 1719 shiploads of Scotch-Irish families arrived and settled near the Merrimack Valley in New Hampshire...These settlers bought potatoes with them...Within two decades potatoes became an important crop in New England. The English, who also settled in New Hampshire, introduced another root vegetable, the turnip, to New England...By 1840 more than half of the land in New Hampshire was farmed...In addition to the English and Scotch-Irish, there was also a large influx of French-Canadian settlers in New Hampshire. They brought with them recipes for roast pork, pea soup, pickled beets, and salmon pie made with mashed potatoes, onions, milk, and seasonings... Apple butter has been made in New Hampshire since colonial times..." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 25-7) The NH Dept. of Agriculture provides this summary of major food crops . Note: apples and milk are referenced here, along with maple syrup. "Bishop's Bread 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon vanilla powdered sugar Cream the yolks and sugar together; add vanilla, salt, and then the flour sifted with the baking-powder. Add seeded raisins and nuts, cut in two, and, lastly, fold in the beaten whites. Spread in thin sheet on a buttered tin, and bake 20 minutes in moderate oven. Cut in sqares while still hot, and roll in powdered sugar." ---The National Cookbook, Sheila Hibben [Harper & Brothers:New York] 1932 (p. 417) More historical New Hampshire recipes Recipes from America's Restored Villages/Jean Anderson. Offers recipes from Strawbery Banke [Portsmouth NH] p. 48-54 include oyster stew, cod fish hash, gooseberry fool and blueberry cake. Long before European settlement, the Lenni Lenape lived in the area we now know as New Jersey. Foodways notes here: "A great variety of birds and mammals were hunted by the Indians of Lenapehoking; some of these are now extinct or no longer indigenous. In 1612, for example, Captain Samuel Argall and his Indian guides killed bison along the Pembrook River...The most abundant animal remains present in the Indian refuse pits, however, are those of deer, elk, black bear, racoons, turkeys, geese, turtles, fish and mussels...Upon reaching his dwelling, the hunter's traditional behavior was to leave the deer or other kill before the door and enter the house without speaking a word...Sharing meat and other supplies promoted good will and ensured the survival of the group--so long as one person had food, all had food. Indeed, one's prestige was measured not by the amount of goods accumulated, but by the generosity with which one shared with other members of the community, especially the aged and infirm...Indian hunters always provided for the elderly and those no longer able to shoot a bow...Autumn was the usual time for deer hunting, after the harvest had been dried and stored for winter use...More than likely, the returning families also brought fresh venison, skins, nuts, firewood and, and bone grease...In autumn and early winter, nuts of many kinds were available in abundance, and most-fattened, thick-pelted deer, elk, bear, raccoons, and turkeys provided good meat and skins...(p. 261-3) In spring, summer, and early fall, most Indians fished along the river banks and shores...Men, women, and children gathered shellfish which were an important food supplement ...It appears that Indians gathered...freshwater mussels quite regularly from a fairly large area. Some were eaten immediately...It is also probably that quantities of freshwater mussels were gathered throughout the year and deposited in streams near the camp until an especially hot day in July or August, when these shellfish were brought to the campsite in baskets. Spread out on a patio-like bed of rocks, with sun-heated stones beneath, and the strong solar rays from above, the mussels opened, dried, and dehydrated in their shells...People apparently scraped the dried clams out of their shells and stored them in clay pots, leather bags, or baskets, or string the meat together for later use in soups or sapan.(p. 276-7)...The best evidence for prehistoric gardening practices in Lenapehoking derives from archaeological excavations in the upper Delaware River Valley...Corn, several varieties of podded beans, and different kinds of curcurbits or squashes, the Indians' primary cultigens, were planted together. Although anciently cultivated in Mexico and Peru...these plants probably made their first appearance in Lenapehoking in the early part of the Late Woodland period...but may not have become a major source of food until considerably afer A.D. 1300. In time, the Indians grew both soft and hard varieties of maize in coors including white, red, blue, brown, yellow, flesh-colored, and spotted...The most common variety of corn appears to have been maiz de Ocho or eight-row Northern Flint corn...Corn cobs recovered in archaeological excavations from sites in the upper Delaware River Valley indicated that ears were quite small, generally about 3 to 4 inches in length...Beans including common pole beans...and runners, were planted in the same place as corn, but some weeks later so that the growing corn stalk might provide a support for the vines...Curcurbits, including several varieties of summer squashes...and certain winter squashes...including pumpkins, were planted in or about the corn and bean hills...Many garden vegetables were eaten day by day as they ripened, but others were stored for use in the fall and winter...Indian women preserved some corn by simply peeling back the husks, braiding the ears, and hanging the clusters from house poles and roof supports. Most of the remaining corn was boiled, dried, removed from the cob, and stored in skin bags or bark containers. Beans were boiled for a few minutes and then dried for preservation. Pumpkins and squash were sliced into thin rings after after which a stick was inserted through them and they were hung up to dry in the sun..." ---The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD2000, Herbert C. Kraft [Lenape Books:NJ] 2001 ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 48) "...Notions of Americans...writing of experiences...in 1824, had this to say about Bispham's Tavern in Trenton: 'We were shown into a neat well-furnished little parlour, where our supper made its appearance in about twenty minutes. The table contained many little delicacies, such as game, oysters, and choice fish, and several things were named to us at hand if needed. The tea was excellent, the coffee, as usual, indifferent enough...Black bread and a bowl of porridge was the standard breakfast served at some Jersey taverns through most of the 1700s. Others went for more elaborate fare from nearby vegetable garden, barnyard, or river." ---Early Taverns and Stagecoach Days in New Jersey, Walter H. Van Hoesen [Fairleigh Dickinson University Press:Rutherford NJ] 1976 (p. 149-150) "Newark Cider. Concerning Newark's famous old-time cider, the following specific information on the ingredients thereof will be new and of interest to many readers. Our information was the late John Oakes of Bloomfield. He said some time ago: 'Quite a large portion of the land in Bloomfield in the last century (the eighteenth), and the first third of this (the nineteenth), was in farms. They were small, comparatively, few of more than fifty acres. The farmers raised on the land rye, oats, Indian corn, potatoes and buckwheat--very little wheat, and hay. They had large orchards of apples for making cider, which, under the name of 'Newark cider,' was known over a large extent of the country, shipped to the South, as well as to points in these parts. It was celebrated as the best. It was made (the best) from two kinds of apples mixed, two thirds being Harrison apples, which were small and alight yellow color, a little tart and very juicy; and one-third being the Canfield apple, large, red and sweet, both seedlings having originated here.' Thus Newark cider was a product of Newark fruit and Newark invention.---J.F.F." ---"Newark Cider," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, New Series 1918, Volume III, No. 1 (p. 25) What kinds of foods were produced in Morris County, NJ in 1768? This advertisement from The New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, No. 855, March 21, 1768, describes orchards and food-related buildings for let (rent): "To be Let, by William Kelly, A very valuable Tract, of about 2000 Acres of Land, in the County of Morris, in East New-Jersey, as health a Counry as any in the World, about 15 Miles from Newark...and about 23 Miles from New-York. This Tract is so fine a Body of Land...for Fertility and Richness; about 1500 Acres of which is rich low Ground...The Soil is as fine as any in the World for Grass, and will grow any Kind of Grain...with a fine young Orchard, the largest in the Province, containing about 1400 Trees, of the best grafter Fruit, at 50 Feet Distances, which bore this (for the first) Year, and from which, when it comes to Maturity, there may be from 500 to 1000 Barrels of Cyder made yearly. There is on the Estate fine Black Heart, May Duke, White Heart, Coronation, and Bleeding Heart Cherries; Bergamott, and other Pears; Holland, Green Gage, and Orchea Plumbs; a fine Nursury of several Thousand Apple Trees, some of which are fit to set out. A good Farm House, Kitchen, and a very fine Dairy, and Cyder-House built this Year, a Barn, with nine Barracks for Hay and Corn; a very fine Corn-House, and a large Grannery...a Smoak-House, a large Fowl-House...a large Cow-House...two Green Houses to preserve Cabbage and Roots in the Winter; a Pidgeon-House, well stock'd...there may...be upwards of 150 Tuns of fine English Hay, Clover and Speer Grass, and upwards of 500 Tuns of coarse hay cut...Through the Tract runs a fine Brook, on which stands (within less than half a Mile of the Dwelling-House) a Grist-Mill...and also a River on which the Tract bounds, are plenty of Trout and other Fish: There is also some Deer, Turkeys and plenty of wild Geese, Ducks, Partridges, Quails, &c. on it in the proper Season, and at the Foot of the Garden is a very fine Spring, never dry, and an extreme good Place for a Fish-Pond...This Estate lies in the Heart of a Country, where any Quantity of Cattle may be bought, at all Seasons of the Year, at a very moderate Price...There is on it now, the largest and finest Breed of Cattle in America, imported from Holland." ---Documents Relating to the Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, Series 2, Volume VII Newspaper Abstracts [New Jersey Archives:Trenton NJ] (p. 89-90) Table fare "Isabella Ashfield's Receipt Book...In the Guide to the [NJ Historical] Society's manuscripts collection compiled by Fred Shelley...in 1957, there is listed a cookbook. This book is enclosed in parchment covers, and must be one of the earliest of its kid in the country. On the tile page is the inscription 'Isabella Ashfield, Her Book, April 1st, 172--', and lower down on the page is written 'Elizabeth Ashfield, Her Book, January, 1750-1.' Isabella Morris Ashfield was the eighth daughter of Lewis Morris and Isabella Graham Morris...In Mrs. Ashfield's book we star off with 'Soupes--crawfish, onion, pease among them. Crawfish soup was made with a gallon of water a brace of male carps (in those days people had ponds for fresh water fish), lobsters and no less than 200 crawfish! In the porridge section we note that what then went by the name of porridge was not made of cereals; a cereal porridge was usually called a 'Gruel' or a 'Bouilli'. A receipt for 'Brown Duck Porridge' stars off in no small way by stewing a leg of beef overnight, then adding turnips, then toasted French 'roales', which were toasted in front of the fire and were often used th thicken sauces along with 'flower' and butter; finally, after almost twenty-four hours of preparing for it, the duck enters the scene and gets into the pot. What we would call stew today was called by different names, and 'Herrico' is a mutton stew with turnips. There are several 'Ragues,' of hog's ears for one (this name is spelt in may ways, 'ragoo' being one of the nicest). Here we find 'Frigasea's of Chickens,' rabbits and, of all things, mussels! One is advised to beat cutlets and Scotch collops--which seem to be thin slices of veal or beef in both cases--with a rolling pin and with the back of the knife to tenderize them. Beef 'Stakes' got the same treatment, beef being tough in those days, not corn-fed as we know it today. In Mrs. Ashfield's book meats were usually stewed or broiled on a spit. The only way that they were baked seems to have been in pies, of which there was an infinite variety, of meats, green geese, and all kinds of fish. Preservation of foods for the winter months was of vital importance. Pickling, drying, salting, and converting to marmalades and jellies were all methods used. Among the pickles there are radishes, tongue, french beans, artichokes, pigs, eels, and one of particular interest: 'To pickle cucumbers, mango way.' This receipt shows the influence of the budding British empire, since mangoes were grown in India, where the East India Company had been founded under Queen Elizabeth. In the cake and sweet section, among the orange and lemon creams and cheesecakes, we find that the puddings predominate as is only right. One receipt in particular is intriguing, having the odd title of 'To Make Rice Pudding in Gutts'! After the first feeling of recoil one finds that it is only the container (belonging to a bullock) that is odd; otherwise it is our familiar nice rice pudding made with milk, cream, raisins and nutmeg. There are many homemade fruit wines listed, mead, the syllabubs, flummeries, sack possets, and other delicious-sounding drinks of the day. The only drinks here with spirits in them are the 'Plague Water' and Aqua Miabilis, and these were portioned out like medicine, by the spoonful. The ingredients in these medicines were as many as thirty different herbs, spices, and the Gascon wine or claret from Bordeaux. It looks as if the people of the time put just about everything that they could think of into these cure-alls, on the principle that something might work. Of course these were the days of herb lore, of which every woman knew the importance." ---"Of Books and Things: From the Library," Elizabeth Lyman Frelinghuysen, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume LXXVII, No. 4, October 1959 (p. 279-281) Ask someone from New Jersey how they like their Taylor Pork Roll and they will spare no details! This beloved local product enjoys a cult-like following of the first degree. As with most food elevated to this extreme, the "real" history is a savory convergence of fact and fiction. John Taylor's biographers confirm his entry into the retail grocery business as a teenager. When he was 20 [1856], Taylor established a retail grocery store with his name on it. This accounts for the product origination date often cited by the press. Mr. Taylor quickly expanded his retail market into a wholesale concern. Pork products proliferated in the greater Philadelphia region (think scrapple!). While it is quite likely Mr. Taylor sold pork products with his name on them from this date forwards, biographers confirm he did not enter the slaughtering business until the 1870s. The Taylor Provisions Company (manufacturers of Taylor Ham and Pork Roll) was established in 1907. The business flourished, but did not expand beyond the local markets of New Jersey and the Greater Philadelphia area. We find no print evidence supporting modern claims this Taylor's Pork Roll was a family recipe handed down from Colonial times. Records of the US Patent & Trademark Office confirm Taylor brand pork products were introduced to the American public in 1856: "Word Mark TAYLOR Goods and Services IC 029. US 046. G & S: PORK PRODUCTS-NAMELY, PORK SAUSAGE. FIRST USE: 18560000. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 18560000 Mark Drawing Code (5) WORDS, LETTERS, AND/OR NUMBERS IN STYLIZED FORM Serial Number 71561536 Filing Date July 15, 1948 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Registration Number 0533600 Registration Date November 21, 1950 Owner (REGISTRANT) TAYLOR PROVISIONS COMPANY, THE CORPORATION NEW JERSEY 63 PERRINE AVENUE TRENTON NEW JERSEY 08650 Attorney of Record JOHN J. KANE Prior Registrations 0061356;0073183;0113172 Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL-2(F) Affidavit Text SECTION 8(10-YR) 20001229. Renewal 1ST RENEWAL 20001229 Live/Dead Indicator LIVE" Taylor Pork Roll was introduced to the American public October 10, 1906: "Word Mark JOHN TAYLOR'S PORK ROLL SUGAR CURED THE TAYLOR PROVISION CO. TRENTON N.J. BROIL OR FRY QUICK OVER A HOT FIRE JUST BEFORE SERVING FINEST SELECTED LEAN PORK DELICATELY CURED & SMOKED "NO SALTY TASTE" Goods and Services IC 029. US 046. G & S: PORK ROLL. FIRST USE: 19061016. FIRST USE IN COMMERCE: 19061016...Serial Number 71022841 Filing Date October 22, 1906 Current Filing Basis 1A Original Filing Basis 1A Change In Registration CHANGE IN REGISTRATION HAS OCCURRED Registration Number 0061356 Registration Date March 19, 1907 Owner (REGISTRANT) TAYLOR PROVISIONS COMPANY, THE CORPORATION NEW JERSEY 63 PERRINE AVENUE TRENTON NEW JERSEY 08638 Attorney of Record FREDERICK A. ZODA Description of Mark THE WREATH BEING GOLD AND THE BACKGROUND RED. Type of Mark TRADEMARK Register PRINCIPAL Affidavit Text SECT 12C. SECT 15. SECTION 8(10-YR) 20060913. Renewal 5TH RENEWAL 20060913 Live/Dead Indicator LIVE" The oldest print reference we find for this item dates to 1908: "LOOK OUT For Imitators SEE SEE That You Get the Genuine TAYLOR Pork Roll ABSOLUTELY Clean Government Inspected NAME ON EVERY BAG." ---display ad (no reference to price or manufacturer), Trenton Evening Times, January 25, 1908 (p. 2) [NOTE: this ad no doubt caught attention; it ran down the entire middle column of the page.] How much did it cost? "Taylor Pork Roll, 10 1/2 c[ents] lb. By the bag." ---Trenton Evening Times, April 2, 1908 (p. 6) Taylor pork roll legend & lore "It's as Jersey as sitting on the stoop or grabbing a late bite at the diner. It s meat that goes with eggs, but it isn't ham or bacon or even sausage. In fact, if you ask anyone outside of the state what it is, they ve probably never heard of it. But call it by name around these parts, and you almost can smell it sizzling. Pork roll. Uncover the canvas wrapping, slice it thin, make three small cuts at the edges so it doesn't curl up and grill away. Mmm mm. Nothing tastes or smells quite like it, even though many of us may not exactly know what the heck it really is. Pork roll commonly is known as Taylor ham whether Taylor Provisions in Trenton makes it or not it's just one of those Jersey things. In fact, it's so Jersey, you can't buy it anyplace else in the country or in the world, except in the tri-state area." ---"Pork Roll: A Jersey Kind of Thing," Brooke Tarabour, Star Ledger [Newark NJ], May 2, 2001 (p. 67) "Taylor Pork Roll, which originated in Trenton, was invented by John Taylor in 1856. A sign describes pork roll as 'select, strictly fresh pork tenderly cured without the aid of brine or pickle, delicately aged and slowly smoked with hickory.' Taylor Pork roll stands used to be plentiful on the Jersey Shore, in the first half of the century, they existed in Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Cape May, Ocean City and Wildwood..." ---"Jersey Shore Beach Food: Just a Summer Love?" New York Times, August 11, 1993 (p. C3) "Wow! Did we ever found out about pork roll sandwiches in New Jersey...Good news for desperate Jerseyites...The proper name is Taylor's Pork Roll..The sandwiches can be constructed with toasted hamburger buns. The meat is sliced thin--better three thin than one fat--and broiled, fried, or --best--grilled over charcoal. There was an early-pre-Revolution John Taylor, who may or may not have made the first ham--it was originally Taylor's Ham--but it was first 'ground and bagged' for the market by a John Taylor in 1856. It was, I am told, the only thing for Sunday breakfast along with two poached eggs for 'anyone who amounted to anything' in Trenton." ---"All's Fare," Lois Dwan, Los Angeles Times, May 26, 1981 (p. I9) "The pork roll dates back to Colonial days, the recipe handed down within the Taylor family. It is fresh pork, chopped then sugar cured and not available in Arizona..." ---"Pork Roll Dates Back to Colonial Times," Arizona Republic, May 28, 1969 (p. 64) ---Genealogical and Personal Memorial of Mercer County, New Jesrsey, Francis Bazley Lee [Lee Publishing:New York] 1907, volume 1 (p. 238-239) "Taylor, John, Packer, etc., of Trenton...When he arrived at the age of ten years his father died, leaving the family without any means of support. John sought and obtained work in a brickyard, and from that time assumed the care of his mother and three younger brothers and sisters, and was their chief dependence. At the age of fifteen he entered as a clerk a retail grocery store in the city of Trenton, and remained in that capacity for five years. During the last year of his service he was intrusted with the purchase of stock in Philadelphia and New York, and thus acquired a knowledge of business and formed an acquaintance with business men which largely aided him in his subsequent operations. At the age of twenty years he started a retail grocery store under his own name, with a cash capital of fifteen dollars. In this he continued for three years, and then tore out counters and shelves and boldly launched out into the wholesale trade. It was the first venture ever made in the city of Trenton of a distinctively wholesale business of any kind. Many careful and sagacious business men doubted the expediency of the undertaking and predicted its failure. The first year he sold $250,000 worth of goods, and the annual sales thenceforthward steadily increased until 1870, when they reached over a million of dollars. The wholesale trade which grew out of this successful pioneer experiment has now become the most important element of mercantile life in the city. During the year 1870 he sold his interest in the grocery business, and built a packing-house and slaughtering establishment, which he is now successfully operating. He has served two terms in the Trenton Common Council, and in that capacity secured the passae of an ordinance submitting to a vote of the people the question of removing the public markets from Greene street, and the abandonment by the city of the market business. By his zealous labors for two years he procured the success of these projects. This question was one of the most interesting and exciting local contest that had agitated the community for several years. He contributed liberally to the stock in private market associatons, and several new and handsome markets have been erected, one of which, in honor to him, bears the name of Taylor. In 1866 he conceived the project of erecting an opera house, and by taking half the stock himself and energetically canvassing for the remainder he secured the success of the enterprise. The building was begun the same year and opened to the public in 1867. It cost $125,000, and it is the finest structure of the kind in New Jersey. Many sagacious people also predicted that this enterprise would be a disastrous failure, but there is now nothing in the city in which the citizens take a greater pride than in the Taylor Opera House. He was also chiefly instrumental in organizing Company 'A,' of the National Guard, one of the finest military organizations in the State. In the directions indicated and in various other ways he has successfully labored to foster a spirit of public improvement in Trenton." ---Biographical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey of the Nineteenth Century [Galaxy Publishing:Philadelphia] 1877 (p. 476-477) The earliest reference we find to Taylor Provision Company in a NJ manufacturer's directory is circa 1931: "Taylor Provision Co., pork products, Perrine Av, Trenton. Pres. Wm. T. Taylor; sec Nelson L. Petty; treas H.C.T. Seitz. Emp[loyees] 24 m[ale] 2 f[emale]." ---Industrial Directory of New Jersey, George S. Burgess editor [NJ State Chamber of Commerce:Newark NJ] 1931 (p. 171) [NOTE: state manufacturers directories 1909-1918 do not list this particular company.] ---Commerical Canning in New Jersey: History and Early Development, Mary B. Sim [New Jersey Agricultural Society: Trenton NJ] 1951 (p. 168-172) "Thomas Welch was a life-long Prohibitionist with a creative talent. He is credited with inventing successful dental alloys, a stomach smoother, and a spelling system. When his Methodist church asked him to distribute Communion bread and wine during religious services, he began to focus on creating a non-alcoholic grape beverage...Living in Vineland, New Jersey, as a practicing dentist, Welch often received grapes in exchange for dental services. In addition, he had his own supply of grapes grown at home. Welch applied Pasteur's technique of heating to kill the yeast microorganism. By boiling bottled filtered grape juice, Welch was successful in preventing the natural fermentation process and producing a nonalcoholic grape juice. Thomas Welch attempted to sell the first bottles of 'Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine' to church officials, whom he had expected would purchase the bulk of the 'wine' he produced. Church official balked, however, at substituting the sacramental wine with grape juice. Four years after producing the first batches of grape juice, Welch disappointedly abandoned the project completely and concentrated his efforts on supporting the growing Prohibition movement...Charles Welch [Thomas' son] believed he had the solution to selling his father's grape juice--advertising. In 1875 he placed the first print ad for Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine...by 1897 Wech's sales necessitated the processing of four tons of grapes...Charles...changed the name of the juice in 1980 to Dr. Welch's Grape Juice, and in 1893 to Welch's Grape Juice...exhibited at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893...Volume growth between 1889 and 1899 was immense, increasing from 10 tons to 660 tons of grapes...By the time the Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919, sales of Welch's Grape Juice, the only nonalcoholic fruit drink in the country [USA], reached close to $3 million. One year later the sales doubled....Welch's expanded its product lines over the years, adding grape jelly in 1923 and frozen grape juice concentrate in 1949." ---Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands, Volume 1: Consumable Products, Janice Jorgenson editor [St. James Press:Detroit MI] 1994 (p. 629-630) New York is geographically and culturally diverse state presenting a spectacular buffet of interesting foods. The following list represents a generic sampler of "popular" foods associated with the state. If you are researching the foods connected with a specific period/people ( New Netherlands/Hudson River Valley , Colonial era/NYC, War of 1812/Watertown, 1880s/Chatauqua, 1900s/Rochester, 1920s/Brooklyn, 1950s/Levittown etc.) please let us know. Official state foods New York State has several "official" state foods . These are voted on/approved by the state's lawmakers in Albany. State fruit: apple State beverage: milk State muffin: apple muffin (no recipe included in the law) ---No "official" recipe in state law books; this one provided by the New York Apple Association State fish: speckled trout State shell: bay scallops State tree: sugar maple New York also has several popular foods associated with the state. Some of the most famous national favorites and regional treasures are: People cook what they know. This was especially true when colonial-era settlers moved to the New World. They brought recipes, cooking implements, food processing methods, familiar animals (sheep, cows, pigs, goats) and seeds (grains, fruit, nuts). In order to understand what/why they ate certain dishes, it's important to learn about their original cuisine. When necessity demanded "native" substitutions, the resulting dishes remained essentially "Old World." In order to understand what food was like in New Netherlands, we need to examine 17th century Dutch/Netherlands foodways & meals. Common foods & dishes "To find out about seventeenth-century Dutch foodways we turn to Lambertus Burema. In his definitive study on the Dutch diet from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, he cites a 1631 plan of a week's menus with seasonal variations. These menus were served to students attending the College of Theology in Leiden, and he considers them typical of the daily fare of the masses in the Netherlands at that time. Although we need to take regional differences into account, the menus give us an insight into the type of meals eaten by the less affluent. The students ate well: on Sunday afternoon they would be given white bread soup, salted meat, and mutton hutspot (a one-pot meal)with lemons. During the week such dishes as white bread soup with milk or mutton broth, salted meat, ground beef with currants, and cabbage made hearty meals. For variety the week's menu also included another kind of hutspot, this one with mutton and carrots or prunes, dried peas with butter or vinegar, and fresh sea or river fish. In the winter the bill of fare might feature codfish, beans, and peas, with a third course of butter, bread, and cumin cheese. Burema also cites an equally specific document of 1634, in which the mayors and city council of the city of Groningen outline the menu for a student dormitory. Meal after meal is clearly prescribed: each table for eight was to receive two pounds of stewed meat and three pounds of fried meat, which had to be good veal, beef, or mutton, according to the time of year. Rye bread and cheese were always on the table, and pancakes as well as barley porridge were common dishes."---The Sensible Cook: Dutch Foodways in the Old and the New World, translated and edited by Peter G. Rose [Syracuse University Press:Syracuse NY] 1989 (p. 5-6) Bread "Bread was the mainstay of the diet in the Netherlands until the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the potato started to take its place. The poor people ate rye bread; the more affluent ate bread made from wheat...bread was also used as an ingredient in many dishes. In addition, flour was the main component of the pancakes, waffles, wafers, olie-koecken, and various porridges of which the Dutch are fond. If the bread dough was prepared at home, then the bread was baked in the baker's oven; but generally bread was prepared and baked by the baker...The everyday breads has many different shapes. Some were round or oblong flat loaves baked on the floor of the oven...Rusks and white rolls were favorites as well...For holidays and celebrations, special breads would be baked, as for instance the duivekater, a diamond-shaped bread, baked from early December through New Year..."---ibid (p. 6-7,9) Meals & mealtimes "The common meal pattern was comprised of breakfast, midday, afternoon, and evening meals. Breakfast consisted mainly of bread with butter or cheese. Beer was the usual drink not only for breakfast but also for the other meals. On the farms buttermilk was a favorite drink as well. Tea and coffee did not become popular until the end the [17th] century. The midday meal was the main meal and it seems to be the one for which the menus mentioned above were given. It generally consisted of no more than two or three dishes. The first one was often a hutspot of meat and vegetables; the second dish might be fish of one sort of another, or a meat stewed with prunes and currants; the third dish might be fruit, as well as cooked vegetables and koeken (cookies/small cakes)or pateyen (pastry/pies) or both. On the farm this midday meal often consisted simply of a porridge, bread, and meat. A few hours after the midday meal, between two and three o'clock, some bread with butter or cheese was eaten. Just before going to bed, the evening meal was served. Again, it could consist of bread with butter or cheese, but leftovers from midday might also be served, or a porridge made from wheat flour and sweet milk might be offered."---ibid (p. 6) Daily meals & customary beverages "The seventeenth century brought the great prosperity, known as the 'Golden Age.' Both the East and West India Companies were founded in its first quarter...With more food available, consumption increased and the common eating pattern grew to four meals a day. Breakfast consisted of bread with butter or cheese; the noon meal, of a stew of meat and vegetables, or of fish, with fruit, cooked vegetables, honey cake, or raised pie. The afternoon meal of bread with butter or cheese was eaten a few hours later. Just before bedtime, leftovers from noon, or bread with butter or cheese or porridge were served. The Dutch were known for their love of sweets, sweet breads like honey cake or gingerbread, and confections like marzipan, candied almonds, or cinnamon bark, which were consumed in addition to the daily fare. Like their cheeses, the Dutch koek (honey cake), akin to ginger bread, was named for its city of origin...eastern Netherlands was already famous throughout the land. Waffles, wafers, olie-koecken (deep-fried balls of dough with raisins, apples, and almonds that became the forerunner of the donut), and pancakes were some of the celebratory foods both prepared at home and sold on the streets...Beer continued to be the common drink...In the latter half of the seventeenth century tea and coffee made a significant impact on meal patterns and social customs." ---Matters of Taste: Food and Drink in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Life, Donna R. Barnes & Peter G. Rose [Albany Institute of History and Art/Syracuse University Press] 2002 (p. 20-21) Diet of the poor and working class "The poor had a much more limited diet. In some parts of the country daily meals consisted of not much more than whole kernel rye (black) bread, amounting to some five pounds a day for a family of four. The remarkably complete account books of the Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage provide...insight into the diet of the poor...and the working or lower middle class...Milk, fish, rice groats (hulled grain of barley, oats, or buckwheat), peas, beans, rye, wheat, pork, butter, cheese, beer, and miscellaneous items such as treacle, salt, dried fruits, and spices were purchased for their daily meals...orphans were fed two meals a day. The noon meal consisted of different varieties of beans and peas and a second dish of salted or smoked meat, or sausage with groats and raisins, bacon with carrots or cabbage, salt cod, herring or dried cod. All of the meals were served with bread. The evening repast...consisted of a kind of porridge--rice porridge or groats cooked with buttermilk and wheat bread cooked together, or buttermilk cooked with barley. The main difference between the diets of the orphans and the staff was quantity."---ibid (p. 21) Diet of the wealthy middle & upper classes "The country houses had gardens where fruits an vegetables were grown for home consumption. Plants from far away lands were also cultivated...De Verstanige Kock [17th century Dutch cookbook] begins with salads and continues with recipes for vegetables, meat, game, and poultry, salted, smoked, and dried fish, saltwater and freshwater fish, and baked goods such as raised pies and tarts."--- ibid (p. 22) New Netherlands: stocking the land with old world foods "Early on it was decided to outfit the [New Netherlands] colony so that it could be self-sufficient...in addition to people to work the farms, it was necessary to supply the colony with animals, farming tools, and other implements...The animals that were sent to New Netherland were well taken care of on their long trip across the ocean...The rapid progress of agriculture in New Netherland is shown to us in the only record of the original purchase of Manhattan...samples of summer grain such as wheat, rye, barley oats, buckwheat, canary seed, small beans and flax...the New Netherland colony produced is own grain...'The Netherlands settlers, who are lovers of fruit, on observing the climate was suitable to the production of fruit trees, have brought over and planted various kinds of apple and pear trees, which thrive well'...peaches, plums, apricots, almonds, persimmons, cherries, figs, several sorts of currants, and gooseberries all give abundant fruit...every...fruit which grows in the Netherlands is plenty already in New Netherlands...the waters...are rich with fishes.' ...the most important fowl in the new country is the wild turkey, which is similar to the tame turkeys of the Netherlands...In the new colony, bread was not only used for the consumption of the colonists themselves but was also used for trading with the Indians." ---The Sensible Cook (p. 24-26) "It was hard to recruit Dutch settlers for the New World since there was prosperity and relgious tolerance in Holland. Those Dutch settlers who did come to the New World preferred fur trading to farming. As the number of settlers who brought livestock and farm implements increased, farming became a full-time livelihood...Probably the most important contribution the Dutch made to the New World was the introduction of grain. Their principal crop was wheat, although they also raised barley, rye, and buckwheat...The Dutch loved cakes, pastries, and breads. Dumplings, pancakes, and waffles, which the Dutch introduced to American cuisine, figured prominently in their daily menus. Settlers brought long-handled waffle irons from Holland an used them in the fireplaces of their colonial homes. The Dutch quickly adotped Indian corn, which they called "Turkey wheat," and made it into a porridge...The Dutch...started the first public bakeries in America in 1656. Laws were passed by the Dutch that cookies and other sweet cakes could not be sold by the bakery unless they also sold bread... Since the Dutch settlers were used to dairy products, they brought dairy cattle with them from Holland and produced milk, butter, and cheese...A favorite dish was a derivation of the Dutch Hutspot (meaning hodgepodge), which consisted of cornmeal porridge cooked with chunks of corned beef and root vegetables. This dish was often cooked for three days until it formed a thick crust on top...Roast duck with dumplings, pork with cabbage, or roast goose were served on holidays... For dessert, Oliekocken were often served. These pastries, amde with a raised yeast dough, shaped into small balls, and fried in hot lard until golden brown, were named "doughnuts"...Tea, sugar, spices, chocolate, wines and brandies were all readily available in the Dutch colony." --Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 51-53) What foods were grown in New Netherlands kitchen gardens? , notes from A Description of the New Netherlands, Adriaen Van Der Donck, 1655. [NOTE: This source offers detailed descriptions of wild plants, indigenous game/fish, foods introduced from Holland and soil/weather.] Native American influence The Dutch learned how to cook some Indian dishes and fit them into their daily fare. For lovers of porridge it was not hard to get used to sappaen, a cornmeal mush; and the pumpkin easily fitted into a common Dutch meal as pumpkin pancakes..." ---Sensible Cook (p. 27) 18th century meals & mealtimes "In 1749, eighty-five years after the English took over the Dutch colony, [Peter Kalm] describes the descendants of the Dutch settlers in Albany as follows: 'Their food and its preparation is very different from that of the English. Their breakfast is tea, commonly without milk. About thirty or forty years ago, tea was unknown to them, and they breakfasted either upon bread and butter, or bread an milk. They never put sugar into the cup, but take a bit of it into their mouths while they drink. Along with the tea they eat bread and butter, with slices of dried beef. The host himself generally says grace out loud. Coffee is not usual there. They breakfast generally around seven. Their dinner is buttermilk and bread, to which they add sugar on special occasions, when it is a delicious dish for them, or fresh milk and bread, with boiled or roasted meat. They sometimes make use of buttermilk instead of fresh milk, in which to boil a thin kind of porridge that tastes very sour but not disagreeable in hot weather. With each dinner they have a large salad, prepared with an abundance of vinegar, and very little or no oil...Their supper consists generally of bread and butter, and milk with small pieces of bread in it. The butter is very salt. Sometimes too they have chocolate. They occasionally eat cheese at breakfast and at dinner; it is not in slices, but scraped or rasped, so as to resemble coarse flour, which they pretend [claim] adds to the good taste of the cheese. They commonly drink very weak beer, or pure water."---ibid (p. 27-28) "In contrast to the frugal daily fare were veritable feasts for the holidays, special occasions, or guests:...'Tea here was a perfect regale; accompanied by various sorts of cakes...cold pastry, and great quantities of sweetmeats and preserved fruits of various kinds, and plates of hickory and other nuts ready cracked. In all manner of confectionery and pastry these people excelled; and having fruit in great abundance, which costs them nothing, and getting sugar home at an easy rate...the quantity of these articles used in families, otherwise plain and frugal, was astonishing.'"---ibid (p. 28) "In their new colony, the settlers continued to prepare familiar foods...As diaries and inventories note, the settlers themselves brought the implements used for cooking these familiar foods, duplicating life in the Netherlands as best as they could. Cookbooks of their descendants show that they continued their own foodways but also incorporated native foods into their daily diet, albeit in ways that were familiar to them. For instance, they made pumpkin cornmeal pancakes, pumpkin sweetmeat, or added cranberries instead of the usual raisins and apples to their favorite olie-coecken. Lovers of porridge found it easy to get used to sapaen (Indian cornmeal mush), but they added milk to it...Cookies, pancakes, waffles, wafers, oli-koecken, pretzels, and coleslaw are some of the dishes that were brought to America by the Dutch colonists."---Matters (p. 23-24) Colonial era foods & Civil War fare (overviews). History-wise, NC is probably most well known for its Moravian food heritage. The Moravians , a pious Germanic people, founded the Winston-Salem area of North Carolina in 1766. Known for their Lovefeasts and sweets, these traditions thrive today. Original/historic recipes are published in Preserving the Past: Salem Moravians' Receipts and Rituals [Carolina Avenue Press]. Sweet Moravian traditions "Nazareth's Whitefield House will see its 265th Christmas this year. While the once home and school for Moravian settlers is now a museum telling the region's history; it's not hard to imagine the gracious stone building once filled with the celebration and sweet smells of traditional Moravian holiday recipes. As Susan Dreydoppel shares the history of some of the uniquely famous baked goods still enjoyed by Moravians and non-Moravians alike, she gently places samples of the treats on an appropriately holiday-themed plate and the irresistible fragrance of cinnamon and ginger again fills the 1740s Whitefield House. Dreydoppel, a Moravian minister and an area bakery share the reasons Moravian baking traditions have become such a cherished part of the holidays in our area. "Our traditions stem from German baking traditions we brought here with us," explains the Rev. Christine Johnson, co-pastor at East Hills Moravian Church in Bethlehem. Dreydoppel, executive director of the Moravian Historical Society, and a Moravian, continues to make the recipes passed down to her by her Bethlehem grandmother. Dreydoppel prefers to bake traditional cookie recipes: scotch cakes (a rich, buttery shortbread with icing), chocolate drops and spice cookies. She says her research into ethnic Christmas customs found that in some cultures -- including the Swedish, German and Pennsylvania Dutch-- cookies are an important part of the holidays. "In the German culture they used to do cookies and place them on the Christmas tree. The dark dough, spice dough, was for animal shapes; the white dough, for geometric shapes," she says. One way baking is tied to Moravian religious traditions is the lovefeast, Johnson says. Most area churches, including East Hills Moravian, celebrate a lovefeast on Christmas Eve. "Lovefeast is a very simple meal shared during a worship service and helps us remember we are family," the pastor says. The lovefeast is based in early Christianity when the faithful didn't have churches and met in homes. "What do you do in your home? Share food together," she says. Later in history the lovefeast premise became part of German tradition, too. "People were wanting to linger after worship services where they were connected to God. They'd call out for leftovers and Germans had a lot of sugary cake and sweet buns in their homes," Johnson says. The well-known Moravian sugar cake is a simple cake topped with butter, brown sugar and cinnamon. "Sugar cake is something people assume has been this Moravian delicacy for centuries. However, there is no hard-and-fast history for sugar cake and other classic Moravian recipes," Dreydoppel says. The first written recipe for the cake can be traced back to the Moravian Magazine published in Bethlehem, in 1863. "My guess is if they were publishing something in this magazine, it wasn't popular before that," she says. Talk of sugar cake in her family goes back to a story she heard her grandfather tell of his mother sending butter and brown sugar to Bethlehem's Central Moravian Church to make the cakes. "It's a yeast dough. People don't take time to make things with yeast (anymore)," Dreydoppel says. But there have been recipes adapted to make the cake with quick yeast and breadmakers. "Purists would say that's a travesty," she adds lightheartedly. Plus, "There is no small recipe for sugar cake. You're going to get a lot -- enough to feed a family or congregation." "I've made sugar cake. It's hard," Johnson says with a laugh. Her congregation also includes many young professionals and busy families who also don't have time to bake the traditional items. So, who makes the sugar cake for East Hills holiday lovefeast? Schubert's Bakery in Nazareth. The bakery, in its 35th year on North Broad Street, serves up the sweet tradition for many local churches, Moravian and non-Moravian. Before then, the business, owned by Ernie Schubert, was on South Main Street in Phillipsburg. Store manager Barbara Willett of Easton says the dough for the store's famed sugar cake is made and patted by hand. Schubert's offers sugar cake year-round and, at the holidays, also makes the traditional Moravian lovefeast bun a large bun topped with butter and sugar, she says. Whether store-bought or homemade, Moravian treats just seem to make the holidays a little sweeter. Want to get baking? Bear with this non-traditional recipe style, which appeared in The Moravian magazine more than a century ago: 1863 Moravian Sugar Cake To gratify one of our lady subscribers, and in compliance with other repeated solicitations, we furnish herewith a recipe for making the genuine home-made sugar cake which we have taken down from the lips of several experienced housekeepers. Recipe -- of well-risen wheaten bread dough, take about two pounds. Work into it a teacup full of brown sugar, quarter pound of butter and a beaten egg. Knead well and put into a square pan dredged with flour. Cover it and set it near the fire for half an hour to rise. When risen, wash with melted butter; make holes in the dough to half its depth, two inches apart, fill them with brown sugar and a little butter. Then spread ground cinnamon and a thick layer of brown sugar over the whole surface. Sprinkle with a little essence of lemon. Put into the oven and bake it fifteen minutes. Susan Dreydoppel offers this recipe which translates more easily to modern cooking methods: Moravian Sugar Cake 2 pints potato water or milk 1 or 2 packages dry yeast, dissolved in 1/2 cup very warm water 1 cup sugar 8 to 10 cups flour (more if needed) Topping: Brown sugar Cinnamon (the more the better) Heat potato water or milk to lukewarm, or scald and then cool milk. In large mixing bowl, combine liquid, yeast (use 2 packages if you want faster rising, 1 for slower), sugar, salt, eggs, some flour, shortening, rest of flour. Work with hand until dough blisters (dough will be very soft and sticky, so leave it in the bowl and just squeeze for about 10 minutes). Let rise about one hour in a warm place. Punch down. May be put in pans now, or let rise a second time (about 45 minutes to an hour). Spread in well-greased pans, spreading as thin as possible (it won't go smoothly to edges, but after it's risen a bit, it will spread out a little more). Let rise 30 to 45 minutes. Punch holes with finger. Spoon melted butter over. Cover with soft brown sugar, sprinkle with cinnamon. Bake at 425 degrees for 20 to 25 minutes, until top is golden brown. Note: The full recipe will make a lot of sugar cake, probably two cookie sheets full plus a 9- by-13 inch pan. I usually only make half the recipe, using 1 full package yeast. This makes 1 cookie sheet plus two, small, 8- by-8 inch pans. If you really want to keep it simple, and have a bread machine, try this version courtesy Ann Weisel, Moravian Historical Society administrative assistant... Chocolate Drops 1/2 pound lard (can substitute 1 cup plus a little more shortening) 1 1/2 pounds flour (6 cups) 3 teaspoons baking powder 4 eggs (reserve whites for frosting) 1/2 pound baking chocolate (unsweetened) 1 cup milk 5 ounces chopped almonds or pecans 1 teaspoon cinnamon 2 teaspoons vanilla 1 teaspoon salt Melt chocolate (can be done in microwave). Cream sugar, salt, lard, egg yolks. Stir in chocolate. Sift dry ingredients and add alternately with milk. Stir in nuts and vanilla. Roll in small balls (about 1 inch in diameter) and bake at 375 to 400 degrees on greased cookie sheet. When cool, frost with: 1 pound powdered sugar 2 egg whites 1 teaspoon vanilla Beat egg whites, add sugar and vanilla. Add a little hot water if icing gets too thick. Source: Susan Dreydoppel Scotch Cakes NC Barbecue Did you know NC is the number one sweet potato growing state in our country? NC blueberries are a very popular commodity today. They were first planted in this state in 1935. 1 & 2 . North Dakota has many popular foods. Wheat is the most popular crop (site includes recipes). Milk is the "Official" state beverage. Many northern Europeans settled in North Dakota. They introduced the dishes of their homelands, which are still enjoyed today. North Dakota/German recipes & cookbooks . The Scandinavians also settled in North Dakota. Every year the Norsk Hostfest is a popular destination for family fun & food . What did Nebraska pioneers eat? "The buffalo herds of the plains played a key role in the frontier life and food supply of early North Dakota. Both the Indians and the settlers were dependent on these animals...The Indians of the northern Great Plains obtained such necessities as food, clothing, shelter, and fuel from the buffalo. As a food source the buttalo provided fresh meat, tallow, bone marrow, pemmican, and dried or jerked meat. The Indians considered tongues, dried and smoked as a delicacy...North Dakota has has an agricultural economy since the time the territory became a state. It is probably the most rural state in the country, with about 90 percent of the land in farms. The cultivation of spring and durum wheat and barley, along with the raising of cattle and hogs and dairy operations, constitutes the state's agriculture...The pioneers who came to Dakota in wagons brought potatoes, squash, rice, preserves, pickles, and eggs. The fragile items such as eggs were packed in cornmeal for the rough journey. However, the supply of both eggs and cornmeal was usually exhausted at journey's end. In 1812 a small group of Scottish Highlanders established a settlement in the Red River Valley and ignored the eating habits of the area, which were primarily based on the food of the Indians. The Highlanders had brought with them salt pork and beef from England, as well as oatmeal for porridge, salt fish, and shortbread...The largest group of Icelandic settlements in this country is in North Dakota. Skyr, a version of yogurt, was made by many of the Icelandic housewives and was served with blueberries...The Norwegians still bake many of their native cookies and pastries." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 188-191) In all times and places, people cook what they know. Folks setting forth into the great Ohio wilderness brought recipes and cooking apparatus from home. Wagon trains en route required "camp" cookery reminiscent of soldiers and explorers (think: Lewis & Clark, Daniel Boone). Most of the folks relocating from the original 13 states were already familiar with "New World" ingredients and substitutions. "Old World" heritage still played a big role in food choices and combination. Germans, English, Pennsylvania Dutch, French modified America's bounty to satisfy homeland tastes. "Ohio was settled by veterans of the Revolutionary War who were given land grants...The pioneers in Ohio experienced many of the same lifestyles as their forefathers when they settled the East Coast. Cooking was done in iron pots in the open hearth. Food was raised of hunted. The pioneer women baked once a week in the hearth oven. Cookies and bread were baked first, followed by cakes and pies...Almost every farm home had a bean separator, since beans were a major ingredient in the farm diet. This hand-made machine, which threshed...beans, could be operated by dog power...Other items of the early Ohio kitchens were sausage stuffers and a lard press...Many settlers brought their native customs and cuisines to Ohio. The transplanted New Englanders brought with them their recipes for baked beans and salt pork and molasses. Dumplings makde with sour milk, chicken potpie...Some of these early settlers used bread stuffings for pork and beef, mainly to stretch a meal...The Germans brought their love for sausages, sauerkraut, and hearty meat and potato meals. Czech immigrants brougth one of their favorite dishes--fish boiled with spices andserved with a black sauce of prunes, raisins, and almonds... No fruit was more imporant to pioneer life than the apple...John Chapman, better known as Johnny Appleseed, left a trail of apple orchards throughout Ohio...Many of the first permanent settlers of Ohio were Germans from Pennsylvania...Cincinnati was established after the War of 1812 and became an elegant metropolis. Oysters were the luxury food...In the mid-nineteenth century Cincinnati was the world's greatest pork-packing center, turning hogs from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky into hams and sausages." ---Taste of the States, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 159-161) Traditional Ohio recipes Buckeye candy Official state foods & popular commodities The official state beverage of Ohio (adopted by law) is tomato juice . Paragon tomatoes were "invented" in Reynoldsburg . If you need more details about tomatoes in Ohio & authentic Ohio tomato recipes? Ask your librarian to help you find a copy of Livingston and the Tomato, A.W. Livingston (inventor of the Paragon). This book has recently been reissued by Ohio State University Press with a forward by culinary historian Andrew F. Smith. The only other edible state symbol is the white tailed deer. Ohio's lush valleys grow several fruits and vegetables . Looking for historic recipes? Here is a cookbook published by the Ladies' Aid Society of the First Presbyterian Church, Marion, Ohio [1894]. Need more historic recipes? We have a copy of The Presbyterian Cook Book, Compiled by the Ladies of the First Presbyterian Church, Dayton Ohio c. 1911. We can send selected recipes if you wish. Mark Zanger's The American History Cookbook lists several recipes culled from historic cookbooks published in Ohio. Among these are: Apple brown betty, Boy's coffee, Coconut Macaroons, Delightful cakes, Hayes cake, Sheridan cake, Wheat bread with Potato Yeast, and Kumbish. If you would like to see these recipes, ask your librarian to help you find a copy. Hilde Gabriel Lee's Taste of the States offers Upside-Down Apple Tart (p. 160) and Chicken & Chestnuts (p. 162). Mary Anna Du Sablon's Cincinnati Recipe Treasury is perfect for examining ethnic (German, Greek) culinary contributions. Recipes included. "official" state meal : fried okra, squash, cornbread, barbecue pork, biscuits, sausage and gravy, grits, corn, strawberries, chicken fried steak, pecan pie, and black-eyed peas. This is based on popular local foods, past and present. Sorry, no "official" recipes. Need to make something for class? If you need to prepare something easy for class...fresh strawberries or watermelon (parts of the official state meal) are your easiest options. Cornbread and/or baking soda biscuits are likewise doable. Pecan Pie is tasty, but very rich and takes time. Maybe not the best choice for kids. Oklahoma cooks offers ethnic recipes. Wheat recipes . Sheila Hibben's National Cookbook (excellent source!) c. 1932 contains two recipes for Oklahoma. They are: "Chicken and corn pudding salt and pepper 3 eggs Clean, wash, and cut up a young chicken as for frying. Let it simmer until tender with just enough water to cover, onion, parsley, salt, and pepper. Cut the grains from the raw roasting-ears, beginning with a thin outer slice. Add to the corn, the melted butter, well-beaten eggs, 1 teaspoon of salt, and entough of the broth in which the chicken has been cooking to make a batter. Pour into a buttered baking-dish; place the pieces of chicken in the middle, and bake until brown on top and the pudding is firm throughout." ---(p. 167-8) "Pepper butter 1/4 teaspoon salt 4 drops tabasco Cream the butter until light; add the other ingredients and beat well. Serve with broiled beefsteak." ---(p. 274) Need something really quick, very, interesting, totally noisy, & way cool??! POPCORN!!! ...here's the connection: "The Oklahoma house of representatives, which meets at Guthrie, will continue to eat popcorn, this, too, despite the heroic efforts recently made by Representative T. F. Vandeventer of Bartlesville, former speaker of the Arkansas house and the man who gave Jeff Davis the closest race he ever had for the Democratic nomination for governor. 'This contiunal eating of popcorn and the practice of the members in exploding the empty bags during speechmaking detract from the dignity of the house and should be stopped,' he asserted. Speaker Murray was Vandeventer's principal opponent. 'If that be so,' yelled Harvey Utterback, Republican, of Kingfisher, 'then the practice of eating it should be discontinued at once!'...Vandeventer demanded a roll call, but a rising vote was taken instead, and popcorn was kept on the house bill of fare by a vote of 46 to 29. Members of both houses of the legislature eat popcorn all the time during sessions. Even the press tables are covered with it at times, and all the legislative clerks eat abundantly of it. It is figured by local popcorn venders that it takes from a half bushel to three pecks of corn on the ear daily to supply the legislature's demands for the popped product." ---"Popcorn Legislators' Diet," Daily Record, [Morris County, NJ newspaper] August 27,1908 (p. 6) Oregon's table presents a unique reflection of the state's geography, people, and history. Nature's gifts abound from the Pacific Ocean (crab), Columbia River (salmon) and rich Willamette Valley (fruit, wine) regions. Central/Western Oregon harbors a harsher climate, requiring more work when it comes to setting the table. Edible state symbols (officially enacted by law) are: milk, Chinook salmon, Oregon grapes, pears, chanterelle mushrooms and hazelnuts. top commodities . Popular foods traditionally connected with Oregon include hazelnuts , berries , modern maraschino cherries & Dungeness crab . Oregon also has a thriving wine industry. A few notes on Oregon's fruit & nut heritage "Agriculture...Two young Iowans, Henderson Luelling and William Meek, can be considered the "Johnny Appleseeds" of the Pacific Northwest. Both Meek and Luelling came to Oregon with nursery stock in soil-filled boxes in their wagons...Transporting plants was not an easy task, since they had to be watered frequently. The two men settled In the Willamatte Valley, teaming up to form partnership and start a nursery. Their trees were forerunners of today's Rogue River pears, Willamette Valley plums and prunes, Hood River apples, and Dalles cherries. In those early days fruit was so scarce that settlers came from all over the region to see the first apple trees...The coming of the railroads made it possible to transport Oregon fruit to eastern markets...Bartlett pears, which are hardy and keep well, became Oregon's major crop...Ninety-eight percent fo the hazelnuts used in this country are grown in Oregon. The first hazelnut trees were planted in 1858 in Schottsburg, Oregon, by David Gernot, a Frenchman." ---"Oregon," Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlotte VA] 1992 (p. 242-3) [NOTE: This book contains far more information than can be paraphrased here. Ask your librarian to help you obtain a copy.] Historic foodways: Lewis & Clark & Oregon Trail cookery . Historic cookbooks from Portland Oregon: The Portland Woman's Exchange Cook Book (1913) & All Western Conservation Cook Book /Inie Gage Chapel (1917). James Beard as born and raised in Portland. What to make for class? We suggest a recipe featuring one or more of Oregon's fine fruits. Fresh Oregon fruit is healthiest choice. Fruit salad (including maraschino cherries) are delicious. Maraschino Cherry Cake 1/2 cup maraschino cherry juice 1/4 cup chopped maraschino cherries 1/4 teaspoon salt 3 1/2 cups cake flour 3 teaspoons baking powder 6 whites of eggs Cream butter and sugar well. Sift dry ingredients together and add to creamed mixture alternately with the milk and cherry juice. Add vanilla and chopped cherries and mix well. Fold in stiffly beaten egg whites. Pour into three medium-sized greased layer-cake pans and bake in a 350 degree F. oven for about forty minutes or until center of the cake is springy to the touch." ---"Oregon," New York World's Fair Cook Book: The American Kitchen, Crosby Gaige [Doubleday, Doran & Company:New York] 1939 (p. 247-248) Pennsylvania's state table presents an interesting array of ecclectic foods. Significant markers include English, German, French, West Indian, Italian, Polish, and Pennsylvania Dutch foodways. Our forefathers sustained themsleves with some of the finest foods Philadelphia had to offer during the late 18th century. "Pennsylvania developed many culinary specialties, one of the earliest being peach pies and tarts baked by the first Quaker housewives in Philadelphia. Apparently the peach trees left by the Spanish in Florida in the 1500s had been carried north by the Indians, as the Quakers found peach trees in Pennsylvania when they arrived. Soups and stews provided hearty meals for the early colonists. One of the most famous was Philadelphia Snapper Soup, made from the snapping turtle found in the Delaware River...Philadelphia consideres itself the birthplace of ice cream in the United States...Sticky buns are another Philadelphia specialty. They were probably descendants of German Schnecken, which are similar to cinnamon rolls. The recipe for Schnecken ("snails") was brought by the Germans who settled Germantown...in the early 1680s...Scrapple can be traced to German immigrants... Pennsylvania Dutch cooking was remained almost unaltered for 200 years." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 60-1) "Official" state foods are introduced by legistators and enacted by law. Pennsylvania's edible state symbols are: milk, brook trout, white tailed deer and ruffled grouse. You'll find pictures and descriptions here . The 1876 Centennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania famous for many different foods. Although these are not official "state foods," they represent the history and people living in the state. If you need to make a food for your state report all you have to do is select a place and period. Some popular examples here: According to William Woys Weaver (foremost expert in Philadelphia's culinary history) colonial Philadephia was a melting pot of tastes and cuisines. English, French and West Indian influences prevailed. The art of confectionery (including ice cream) was considered the best in America. Taverns abounded, as did local markets and imported supplies. If you want to learn more about Philadelphia's culinary contributions we heartily recommend The Larder Invaded: Reflections on Three Centuries of Philadelphia Food and Drink, Mary Anne Hines, Gordon Marshall and William Woys Weaver (1986 exhibition catalog and recipes), Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Your librarian can help you obtain a copies. Need to create a colonial Philadelphia tavern or coffee house meal? Our research confirms coffee houses (both European and American) were not particularly known for their food. Like publik houses and taverns, they were considered destination for exchanging ideas, sharing news and conducting business. Coffee houses drew a crowd that considered themselves more intellectually elite than the average tavern goer. The planners of the American Revolution were among these coffee house customers. Because these customers were generally of the wealthier classes, it is reasonable to assume they would have expected the best foods available at that time. About Colonial American coffee houses & taverns . [NOTE: neither of these establishments furnished menus to customers. Food was often served on a sideboard (like buffet) all at once. If your son needs create a "bill of fare" his best bet is to hand write it on parchment-like paper with a fountain pen. Post on the wall. No prices. Foods came with the drinks. What to serve? (easy, cheap, appealing to elementary students or middle schoolers) Meat pies (chicken, pork), stew or soup (vegetable perfectly okay, esp. if some classmates are vegetarian), baked ham, warm potato salad, stews, bread (corn muffins, white/wheat rolls, ), butter, fruit pies, sugar cookies, gingerbread, Sally Lunn (like pound cake), cheese cake, ice cream, cider, cocoa, milk, tea, alcohol-free fruit punch. Coffee?? of course was served but some parents may object because of caffeine. Discuss with the teacher. Very weak coffee with milk & sugar is perfectly period and may interest the students. Popular period commodities you will likely omit (based on price, availability & taste): oysters, terrapin and tripe. Kudos to you if you attempt traditional/popular Philadelphia PepperPot Soup. Recommended cookbooks with modernized recipes(your local public librarian will help you get these) Foods from the Founding Fathers/Burke Philadelphia's City Tavern was a favorite place for eating & drinking. Modernized menus are inspired by colonial era traditions. While this food is more upscale/ gourmet (& expensive) than your project requires, it may be useful for additional ideas & table settings. City Tavern's chef Walter Staib has published cookbooks. Your local public librarian can help you get them. Quaker traditions are best captured by Penn Family Recipes: Cooking Recipes of Willian Penn's Wife Gulielma/edited by Evelyn Abraham Benson [George Shumway:York PA] 1966 and Domestic Cookery, Elizabeth Ellicott Lea. This popular Pittsburgh tradition also has "Old World" roots. There are many (possible/plausible) theories regarding its origin and history. The Pittsburg-Post Gazette surveyed readers in 1996 to determine the "true origin." The results? Fascinating! "A wedding without cookies is like a wedding without drink,'' declares Terry Stefl, executive director of the Slovenian Heritage Association. And most of Western Pennsylvania resoundingly agrees. But where did The Cookie Table tradition at regional weddings originate? And is it exclusively regional? (To the second question we can answer no, but because of the Pittsburgh area's celebrated ethnicity, it is a definite stronghold.) We wanted to find out where the custom started, whether it was transported from the Old Country by a particular ethnic group, or whether it was a sweet symbol of the melding of families through intermarriage as mothers, aunts, grandmothers, friends and relatives from both sides of the aisle brought their baked tributes, plain and fancy, to weddings large and small, ethnic and assimilated. Our informal survey yielded no definitive historical scholarship, but rather an interesting spectrum of theories supported by memory and oral history. Several ethnic groups trace cookie or ''sweets'' tables to their countries of origin. Others embrace it as a delicious byproduct of America's melting pot. One theory holds that as immigrants strove to assimilate to their new Americanized culture, they also wanted to retain some of the flavor of their traditions. The introduction of cherished recipes for handmade sweets gave both families the opportunity to commingle their cultures with a distinctly personal touch. Another theory: As ethnic costumes as wedding garb became less and less common, and as store-bought wedding gowns became more popular as a sign of affluence or assimilation, the women of the family were left itching to do something for the couple. So it was out of the sewing room and into the kitchen...Florence Bonadero, a retired home economist and former Pittsburgher now living in San Antonio, Texas, says the Cookie Table is decidedly a southern Italian custom. She writes: ''In the Abruzzi region of Italy, no wedding goes without each guest receiving a special sweet treat. . . . It is usually a colored almond candy made up in a very special arrangement (much like a favor). In the town of Sulmona (east of Rome) there is a 'candy designer' on every corner with his/her small shop. In the windows will be all examples of 'sweet favors' to be given away to guests at weddings.'' In all regions of Poland, it was customary for the bride, on her way to be married, to distribute a pine cone-like cookie, symbolizing good luck, to the townsfolk, according to Donald Mushalko, Ph.D. and chairman of the Polish Room of the University of Pittsburgh Nationality Rooms. The traditional Old World Polish wedding included not a cake but a wedding bread of herbs decorated with live flowers. Tables of cookies were also common, featuring chrusciki, Polish tea cookies and assorted rolled cookies filled with nuts, poppyseeds, apricots, apples, plums and gooseberries, Mushalko reports. Joseph Bielecki, an attorney and chairman of the Czech/Slovak Room at Pitt, has lectured on Slovak wedding customs, and says The Cookie Table did not originate in those countries, but evolved in America. ''From 1880 to 1920, younger men and women came to this country to find work. They met, they married,'' he says. But because they were poor and their families and church halls were back in the Old Country, they devised small home receptions, with a room for dancing and a room for foods and pastries donated by their friends. For verification, Bielecki referred us to his mother, Josephine Bielecki of Mount Pleasant. A professional baker who has seen many a cookie table in her day, Josephine Bielecki agrees that in the olden days, there were no cookies at Slovak weddings. Her parents hailed from Papin, a small town in Slovakia. But it wasn't until she was separated from her Polish husband, also named Joseph, one Christmas during the war that Josephine Bielecki learned the joys of cookies from his sisters and became a cookie recipe fiend (more than 500 and counting). Every group's introduction to the Cookie Table differed. But its appeal is infectious. Once encountered, the custom begs to be copied. And copied and copied. So does it matter where the custom originated as long as we can appreciate the warm, hearth-and-heart-inspired sense of community and ethnic pride it brings to any gathering, whether a wedding, a shower, a bar or bat mitzvah or a christening? It's nice to know that our immigrant forebears, while buying into the American dream and its ubiquitous tiered wedding cake, clung to that home-baked expression of love, the humble cookie." ---Cookie table origins hazy," Betsy Kline, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 19, 1996 (p. C4) [NOTE: this article sums up the reader responses printed in "The Cookie Table: In Western Pennsylvania, we say "I do and pass the cookies', Suzanne Martinson, Pittsburg Post-Gazette, September 12, 1996 (p.C1). This article is long and very interesting. Your librarian can help you find a copy.] "The Pittsburgh Cookie Table seemed strange to my husband, Ace, and me when we arrived a dozen years ago. Then I wrote the first cover story for our Thursday Food section on the mysterious origins of this Pittsburgh tradition -- it's found few other places, though great ideas do spread as recipe boxes move from place to place. I've come to love The Cookie Table with the blind intensity of a convert. In Bob and Anita's eclectic wedding weekend, in which the reception preceded the ceremony (in Hindu tradition, it's "inauspicious" to wed on a Saturday), the couple put The Cookie Table high on their list for making the event memorable. Cookies, hundreds of homemade cookies...The more I thought about it, a Cookie Table is kind of a marriage in miniature. You need variety (chocolate chips for the kids, something lighter for calorie counters), sustenance (gingersnaps from the PG's newest mother), and stick-to-the-ribs sweetness (no table has too many Mexican Wedding Cakes or heart-shaped butter cookies). Something old (Pittsburgh classics -- beautiful ladylocks and nut rolls) would be balanced with something new." ---COOKIE TABLE IS LIKE MARRIAGE IN MINIATURE, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania), May 6, 2001 (p. G13) "Then, 10 years ago, my husband, daughter and I moved to Pittsburgh, the kingpin of cookies. In this city, cookies are not just a sometime holiday thing but high art. This, after all, is the home of The Cookie Table, which graces every event of any merit -from bar mitzvah to wedding. As a symbol of the pervasiveness of the area's cookie culture, when our daughter was to be graduated from high school, she had but one request: "I want a Pittsburgh Cookie Table." She got it. Just as The Cookie Table reflects the different ethnic groups and family customs that make this city so culturally rich, the holiday cookie tray is the touchstone of memories for many families." ---"Cookies," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 13, 1998 (p. G13) The two most notable primary sources for this place and time are Harriott Pinckney Horry's Receipt Book [c. 1770] and Sarah Rutledge's Carolina Housewife [c. 1847]. Both books have been reprinted recently by the University of South Carolina Press. Need to make something for class? "From her plantation or in her Charleston home, Harriott would not have lacked for good food and drinks. At Hampton she had gardens, poultry, and livestock together with game and seafood from nearby fields and rivers. In Charleston there were certainly a kitchen garden, a poultry yard, very likely a cow or two, the daily market, and a wealth of imported delicacies from the West Indies and Europe...Milk and cheese were generally lacking except to the well-to-do. The pork and barnyard fowls, fed on corn and rice, were rated good, but the beef, veal and mutton were but 'middling' or inferior because...the cattle and sheep were not fattened but rather slaughtered direct from the thin pastures. From nearby fields and waters.,...there was a plentiful supply of venison, wild turkeys, geese, ducks, and other wild fowl. Terrapin were found in all ponds, and at times ships arrived from the West Indies with huge sea turtles. Fish were often scarce and expensive, but oysters, crabs, and shrimp could be bought cheaply. Vegetables were available and were preserved for winter months. Travelers noticed that the 'long' (sweet) potatoes were a great favorite and there were also white potatoes, pumpkins, various peas and beans, squashes, cucumbers, radishes, turnips, carrots, and parsnips among other vegetables. Rice was the colony's great staple and it was served with meats and shellfish and used to make breads, biscuits, flour, puddings, and cakes...Corn served all classes to make Journey cakes and the great and small hominy. Wheat was grown by some of the Germans in the interior, but better grades were imported from Pennsylvania and New York. Lowcountry dwellers grew and enjoyed a profusion of fruits: oranges, peaches, citrons, pomegranates, lemons, pears, apples, figs, melons, nectarines, and apricots, as well as a variety of berries...Wealthy planters and merchants were not limited to locally produced foods. From northern colonies came apples, white potatoes, and wheat...as well as butter, cheeses, cabbages, onions, and corned beef. The West Indies, the Spanish and Portuguese islands, and Europe sent cheeses, salad oils, almonds, chocolate, olives, pimentos, raisins, sugar, limes, lemons, currants, spices, anchovies and salt. Boats arrived in Charles Town frequently from the West Indies with many kinds of tropical fruits.As for beverages, only the slaves, the poorest whites, and hard-pressed frontiersmen drank water. The average South Carolinian more likely drank a mixture of rum and water, spruce beer, or cider, and in the frontier areas peach brandy and...whiskey..." ---A Colonial Plantation Cookbook: The Receipt Book of Harriott Pinckney Horry 1770, edited with an Introduction by Richard J. Hooker [University of South Carolina Press:Columbia SC] 1984 (p. 14-17) About Rice in Georgetown, SC . Low Country South Carolina's low country cuisine is a creole mix of English, French, Caribbean and West African flavors. The Gullah/Geechee people were of West African descent. There does not seem to be much information about Geechee foodways on the Internet. But! According to the Library of Congress (http://catalog.loc.gov) there are two books on the topic: 1. Bittle en' t'ing' : Gullah cooking with Maum Chrish' / Virginia Mixson Geraty. 2. Gullah cooking : creative recipes from an historic past from the low country of South Carolina / by Oscar Vick. Upcountry cuisine Popular traditional examples are Pine Bark Stew & Carolina Muddle. What are these dishes? "Pine-bark stew. A fish stew. [1872 Atlantic Mth. 29, 748. In these packages were strips of white pine bark, which in its dried state gives out the flavor of nutmegs--slightly bitter and fragrant.] 1940. Brown Amer. Cooks 49 SC, From Up Country comes the famous Pine Bark Stew that has as many variations as has the Brunswick Stew and the Kentucky Burgoo. 1941 Writers' Program Guide SC 369 neSC, Bream and mollies are made into 'pine bark stew,' and tall tales recounted around the bonfire. 1951 Brown Southern Cook Book 159, Pine Bark Stew, a fish stew with a dark brown color and pungent flavor, is a South Carolina Pee Dee River dish...Some sources state that the stew derives its name from the chocolate-like color similar to pine bark; others, from the pine park used to kindle the open fire over which the stew is cooked. From The Pee Dee Pepper Pot, Darlington, South Carolina, is a third explanation, "Since seasonings were unobtainable during the Revolutionary War Days, the tender small roots of the Pine Tree...were used for flavoring (the stew). With homemade ketchup as a base, the only other seasoning was red pepper." ---Dictionary of American Regional English, Joan Houston Hall chief editor, Volume IV P-Sk [Belknap Press:Cambridge MA] 2002 (p. 160) "Carolina Muddle "WHAT? Carolina bouillabaisse. A thick, satisfying fish stew, Carolina muddle can be found in eastern Virginia and North Carolina, particularly on the Outer Banks. "Muddle is the traditional feast of the region," Bill Neal wrote in Bill Neal's Southern Cooking. "The simple vegetables potatoes, onions, tomatoes in perfect proportion with the freshest fish achieve the satisfaction sought in all good peasant cooking." The soup also contains bacon, tomatoes, and eggs, which poach on the surface of the simmering liquid; the name "muddle" refers to the fact that many ingredients are jumbled together. Cook a muddle in an iron pot over a pine-bark fire and what have you got? Pine bark stew, of course." --- Source . [NOTE: page does not connect 11 April 2009] Colonial-era recipes from South Carolina [modernized for today's kitchens] "Okra Pilau The Oxford Dictionary says that a pilau is an Orienta dish of rice with meat and spices. Yet few foods seem to be so home in South Carolina as pilaus. Doubtless the early traders brought the idea of pilaus from India in the days when Charleston was a great seaport, before the Revolutionary War. And southern cooks shifted the emphasis from the secxond to the first syllable, and the ingredient from oil to tomatoes. In Charleston, they pronounce it pelos, and they cook it so that the dish comes out dry and greaseless. 4 slices bacon 1 tablespoon green pepper, minced 2 sups stewed tomatoes 2 cups okra, sliced thin Salt and black pepper 2 cups rice 1 teaspoon salt Dice the bacon and cook in a deep frying pan until golden brown. Lift out the bacon and fry the onion and green pepper in the bacon fat until brown. Then add the tomatoes and okra and let them cook down, stirring occasionally to prevent burning. Season well with salt and pepper. Meanwhile, cook the rice in the water, to which the salt has been added. After the rice has boiled for 12 minutes, drain, mix with tomato mixture, and turn into the top of a double boiler. Let it steam for 15-20 minutes, at the end of which time the rice should be tender and thorougly flavored with the tomato. Add the bacon just before serving: if it is added too far ahead of time, it will lose its crispness. Makes 6 servings." ---Foods from the Founding Fathers: Recipes from Five Colonial Seaports, Helen Newbury Burke [Exposition Press:New York] 1978 (p. 231-232) [NOTES: (1) Use regular (not quick or minute) rice; Carolina brand perfect (2) Okra history notes .] Charleston Sweet Potato Pie 1/2 cup strong black coffee 1/2 cup sugar Cream the butter until light and add it to the sugar; beat well and add jam. Dissolve the spices in coffee and add to butter; then add well-beaten egg yolks, and alternately the flour and sour cream, in which the soda has been dissolved. Finally fold in whites of eggs stiffly beaten, and bake in cake pan from 45 to 55 minutes in moderate oven. Ice with Baker's Icing while still warm." ---National Cookbook: A Kitchen Americana, Shelia Hibben [Harper & Brothers:New York] 1932 (p. 389) "Baker's Icing Add 3 tablespoons of cream and 1 teaspoon of vanilla to a cup of powdered sugar. Beat until well blended, and spread while the cake is still hot. Instead of cream, orange juice may be used." ---ibid (p. 406-7) large tablespoon melted lard cold water Mix the meal and salt and add melted lard and enough cold water to form with the hand into small cakes about the size of a biscuit. Drop into the boiling pot licker, on the top of the greens, and cook for twenty minutes with cover on the pot. Serve around the greens. In middle Tenneessee these corn dodgers, or dumplings, are called poorsouls." ---ibid (p. 236) Recommended reading Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking/Joseph E. Dabney ...excellent source for regional recipes with historic notes You can locate state-specific cookbooks with the Library of Congress catalog . Subject search: cookery, tennessee ...your local public librarian can help you obtain these books. Looking for something unusual? Ramps! "Ramps: ("Tennessee Truffles")...Ramps reign royally in Cosby, Tennessee, every April. The Cook County community, nested, in the shadow of the Great Smoky Mountains, goes wild over the odoriferous mountain leek, stagin a Ramp Festival...But Cosby isn't alone. Ramps are celebrated across the lofty, fertile, and shady coves in Southern Appalachia...The Appalachian "ramp country" ranges from West Virginia to north Georgia. Wild ramps, a member of the lily family, and called "Tennessee Truffles" by some, flourish in buckeye flats...old-time mountain people love the wild leek. Take Gary Davis, a retired conservation ranger from Fannin County, Georgia. "If I don't get some ramps to eat in the spring, I may not make it to the fall. It slicks you off [as a tonic], makes you feel good and do good all summer..." ---Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine: The Folklore and Art of Southern Appalachian Cooking, Joseph E. Dabney [Cumberland House:Nashville TN] 1998 (p. 273-4) Edible state symbols feature cherries, spanish onions and sugar beets. Which foods are grown in Utah? Mormon fare In 1847 Mormons settled in Utah. Their journey was long and hard. Mormon recipes/cooking methods/journals, from the Utah Education Network Modernized recipes If you need to make something for class? This book is perfect: The Essenial Mormon Cookbook: Green Jell-O , Funeral Potatoes, and Other Secret Combinations, Julie Badger Jensen ...your local public librarian will be happy to help you obtain a copy. "Mormon Scones," Salt Lake Tribune (Utah), Nancy Hobbs, June 9, 1999, Pg. B1 "Outsiders may scoff, but Utah's deep-fried version is a hit with the folks at home Regular diners at Johanna's Kitchen in Sandy, or Sill's Cafe in Layton, know what to expect when they order a scone: a hot, deep-fried disc of bread the size of the plate or bigger, with a huge scoop of honey butter slowly melting and pooling on top. Just the way folks like it, says Stan Stevens, general manager at Johanna's, where scones sell by the "thousands" -- more than 1,500 orders weekly, with two to an order. But to people outside the Beehive State, these scones are an aberration. In Utah, scones originating in the British Isles -- those bumpy-looking biscuit-type things sold in European-style bakeries, coffee shops and upscale mountain resorts -- are the oddity. Native Utahns are the ones at those spots who say, "You call those scones?" Letty Flatt, pastry chef at Deer Valley Resort, has been on both sides of the "debate." To her, scones are the fruit-filled, baked delicacies that people from outside Utah recognize instantly. When she has made deep-fried bread dough, she called them sopaipillas and served them with a huevos rancheros breakfast. Even so, Flatt said, she felt herself turning bright red in Phoenix during a recent conference of culinary professionals from around the world, when Wall Street Journal editor and columnist Raymond Sokolov targeted the "Utah scone" as something stranger than strange. "He went off on a good, 3-minute discussion of Utah scones, and how they are deep-fried. ... It almost seemed like [Sokolov] put it in for a touch of comedy." Sokolov has a similar take on Utah scones and the Four Corners area as the "fried bread capital of the world" in his book Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods. The book, originally published in 1981, was reprinted by a new publisher last year with the addition of several new essays, including "Everyman's Muffins." He writes that as he prepared for a trip to Salt Lake City, he was excited to read in another author's book about Utah's unique scones, since the city "is not a rich area for gastronomic research." He tried scones at Johanna's Kitchen "in Jordan, Utah" and at one of Vickie and Gerald Warner's 13 statewide Sconecutter shops, where scones are served with everything from honey butter to meat, as sandwiches. "We've been doing business in Utah -- just Utah -- for 23 years, and our specialty is scones. All kinds of scones," said Vickie Warner. "I've never really heard of them being anywhere else. We have a lot of people who say they look forward to coming [to Utah] for our scones." In trying to research the origins of the Utah scone, Sokolov naturally compares it to Navajo fry bread and Mexican sopaipillas, suggesting that Utah's early Mormon pioneers liked the fried bread when they tried it and adapted it to their tastes with a sweeter dough. He points out that recipes for scones from the Lion House -- "the Mormon world's closest approximation to an official restaurant" -- and in Donna Lou Morgan's What's Cooking in Utah Kitchens? (published by The Salt Lake Tribune) use eggs, buttermilk and sugar. Utah's scone makers seem to have come to the same conclusion about the fried bread's origin, as Gerald Warner from the Sconecutter and Stan Stevens from Johanna's described their products, without any prompting, as similar to Navajo fry bread. "But we have a special recipe that's been in Johanna's family for eons," and has been used at the restaurant for all of its 28 years, Stevens added. Deer Valley's Flatt gives a sneak preview of her upcoming cookbook, Chocolate Snowball and Other Fabulous Pastries from Deer Valley Bakery (to be published in October by Falcon Publishing), with her recipe for Dried Cherry Scones. She suggests serving them with butter and fruit preserves for breakfast or, as the British do, for afternoon tea. "This is a very adaptable recipe," she writes. "I often add nuts to the dough or use another dried fruit, such as apricots." Utah Scones 2 packages (2 tablespoons) active dry yeast 1/4 cup warm water 1/2 teaspoon baking soda 10 to 11 cups flour Heat buttermilk; pour into a large mixing bowl. Dissolve yeast in warm water. Add to the buttermilk: sugar, eggs, oil, salt, baking powder, baking soda, dissolved yeast and 6 cups flour. Beat until smooth. Add remaining flour to make a moderately stiff dough. Place in a greased bowl; turn. Cover and allow to rise until doubled in bulk; punch down. Cover and place in refrigerator overnight. Roll out 1/2-inch thick and cut into squares just before frying in hot, deep vegetable oil. Serves 15 to 18; recipe can be halved. Serve with Honey Butter, made by beating 1 cup softened butter with 1 cups honey for 10 minutes, or until fluffy. Adapted from Three Decades of Cooking With Donna Lou Morgan **EXTRA** 1 cup (sticks) butter, softened 1 1/4 cups honey Beat together butter and honey for 10 minutes, until fluffly. From Three Decades of Cooking With Donna Lou Morgan. Here is the article by Mr. Sokolov from Natural History magazine: "I would have liked to include a few scone recipes in this chapter, but once you start on scones where do you stop? Like me, most of you probably grew up thinking of scones as rich muffins. My mother used to bake small circular ones when I was growing up in Detroit. Later, when I lived in England, I ran into similar buns a teahouses. That was twenty years ago, and I hadn't given scones a second though until I was recently preparing for a visit to Salt Lake City and noticed in Michael and Jane Stern's Good Food that scones were a specialty of the city. This seemed odd, and when I read the Sterns' description of Utah scones, I was sure they were not the scones I had known elsewhere. Michael Stern was as puzzled as I was. Salt Lake scones were most unsconelike, he told me on the phone before I left: they were fried, puffy, and sometimes split and used as buns for sloppy Joes. This was confusing but exciting news. Salt Lake is not a rich area for gastronomic research. The Mormons, who settled the city and whose culture is surely still the dominant local strain, were (and are) a religious group drawn from many traditional cultures, not an ethnically coherent population with a settled food tradition. Mormons are zealous missionaries who proselytize among nearby heathen, notably American Indians, and all over the world. This international outlook led them to develop their own script and lingua franca, Deseret. But on the culinary level, they seem to have been content to continue the diet the first Mormons brought with them in the second half of the nineteenth century. Since the early settlers departed from the Midwest, it isn't surprising that today's typical Mormon food should closely resemble midwestern farmhouse food. In Salt Lake, I was able to verify this assumption at the Mormon world's closest approximation to an official restaurant, a cafeteria called the Pantry, situated in the Lion House, a former home of Mormon patriarch Brigham Young. The building is not open to the public but serves the Mormon community as a sort of banquet hall and dining club. No fewer than five wedding parties were celebrating the day I was taken there. From years of such prominence in Mormon feasting, the Lion House kitchen has taken on a special luster among the faithful. Reservations for the banquet rooms are said to be made years in advance. It seems reasonable to say, then, that the kitchen of the Lion House represents Mormon traditional cooking at its best. And judging by what I ate at the Pantry and by the recipes collected in 1980 for Lion House Recipes, Mormon cooking is an unreconstructed expression of mainstream middle American food: jello salads, pies, meat and potatoes. Lion House Recipes does contain some relatively exotic dishes, such as Greek salad and Mexican taco salad. What it lacks almost completely is purely local food ideas not imported from somewhere else. It would be unfair, however, to blame the lack of purely Utah recipes only on the Mormons. You will find almost no bona fide regional recipes in the secular counterpart to Lion House Recipes, a compilation entitled What's Cooking in Utah Kitchens, edited by Donna Lou Morgan, food editor of the Salt Lake Tribune. There are, to be sure, original dishes, such as Chicken Porter Rockwell (a chicken pie), and various other concoctions culled from family recipe files, but the only dish in either of these books that seems to have developed in Utah and taken root in the regional culture is the anomalous fried bread called scone. In Utah, by the evidence of both local cookbooks and three local restaurants, the scone starts out as a yeast-raised, sweet dough that is cut into 2-by-2-inch squares (or other shapes of similar surface area) and deep-fried. The most popular method of service is with butter and honey. That is how I ate a midmorning scone at Johanna's Kitchen in a mall at Jordan, Utah. They didn't bother to bring honey at the Pepper Tree in Salt Lake, but they did advertise a free scone with each breakfast "entree" on the sign out front. Clearly, the Utah scone is not a vanishing bread. Certainly not at the two-restaurant chain in Salt Lake City called Sconecutter. At these twenty-four-hour drive-ins, the Utah scone rises to challenge the doughnut and the hamburger bun as a fast-food commodity. Cooked on the spot from yeast dough, the scones come out crisp, puffy, and rectangular. The dough inside is airy and pleasantly chewy. But are they scones in the normal sense? And if not, where do they come from? How did they start? Traditional English scones are too diverse to classify with much certainty, as Elizabeth David warns us. But they do generally qualify as muffinish quick breads, and mostly they are baked. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, scones (derived from the Middle Low German schonbrot, or fine bread) are baked, cooked on a griddle stone, or even fried (but not deep-fried). Yeast does crop up sometimes, for example, in Jane Grigson's recipe for Northumbrian wholemeal scones in English Food. But no traditional British scone I have ever eaten or read about comes close to resembling the Utah scone. So it seems improbable that early Mormons of British extraction imported the deep-fried scone to their New World Zion. When I asked her about it, donna Lou Morgan guessed that pioneer Utah cooks, who were inveterate bread bakers, had taken to frying some of the yeast dough they often had on hand. She remembered her own mother pinching off pieces of bread dough and frying them, but Morgan's own recipe for scones, which is very much like the Lion Houses's, is not based on a conventional bread dough. It is richer and sweeter and has chemical raising agents in it, undoubtedly to boost the puffing of the scone as it fries. The first time I ate a Utah scone, I was certainly not reminded of bread or of traditional muffin scones. I thought instantly of two other puffy fried breads popular in the West: Navajo fry bread and New Mexican sopaipillas (see recipes). The taste of both these regional "breads" is very close to the taste of Utah scones. Yes, the shapes and textures vary a little. But with the sopaipilla, there is an extra link. Like Utah scones, sopaipillas are served with honey. Until some researcher makes a lucky strike in a Mormon woman's diary or a pioneer cookbook, we are never going to know for sure how it is that Navajos, Chicanos, and Mormons ended up eating similar fried breads. It could all be coincidence, but in the absence of hard facts, it is tempting to construct an explanatory scenario that will connect all the fried breads so popular in the mountain time zone, from Bountiful, Utah, to Hatch, New Mexico. Here is one. Let us suppose that both the Navajo fry bread and the sopaipilla predate the Utah scone. They are simpler and history is on their side Both Navajos and Hispanicized New Mexicans were in their present regions long before the Mormons. Their fry breads are almost identical, and so it makes sense to look for an archetypal southwestern fry bread from which both descend. Now since most culinary ideas in the U.S. Southwest moved there from the south, when Mexico controlled the area, there ought to be a Mexican ancestor for the sopaipilla and for the Navajo fry bread. In fact, there is one. Diana Kennedy located sopaipillas in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, which shares some of its northern border with New Mexico. Sopaipillas are uncommon there, but they are called sopaipillas and are similar to those eaten in New Mexico, except that in Chihuahua they aren't made with a chemical rising agent (or with yeast). This greater simplicity argues in favor of Chihuahua as the birthplace of American fry bread. Still, it may be that the Chihuahuan sopaipilla is a later simplification of a New Mexican original. But I doubt that. Common sense tells me that the baking soda now used by Navajos and Chicanos came to them at a late date from the intruding Anglo world. The primitive fry bread now preserved in Chihuahua was probably once indigenous to the entire region we are talking about and now survives only in Chihuahua because of its remoteness from outside influences. Most probably, then, when Mormons first came into contact with southwestern Indians, they found them eating an unleavened fried bread that puffed up in hot oil. Inevitably, they tasted it and liked it. Mormon women then tried to duplicate the recipe and added a whole battery of raising agents they knew about from English baking. They put in buttermilk because its mild acidity was necessary to activate baking soda and make it give off carbon dioxide. They added eggs and sugar and ended up with a delicous and original bread, related in kind to the beignet family, but a thing unto itself. And lacking a name for the thing, they remembered scones, quick sweet breads from back home that were also cut into individual serving pieces before cooking. This is only a hypothesis, not a substitute for real evidence. At any rate, the Utah scone flourishes on its native ground, hard by its Indian cousins. And no matter how Navajo bread, sopaipillas, and Utah scones actually came about, it is the case that the Four Corners, where Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado meet, is the fried bread capital of the world." ---"Everyman's muffins; Includes recipes," Sokolov, Raymond, Natural History, June, 1985, Vol. 94 ; Pg. 82 ---Jell-O: A Biography, Carolyn Wyman [Harcourt:San Diego] 2001 (p. 121-2) "That probably strengthens the campaign to hold all Olympics in New Orleans, for purely gastronomical reasons. But the Utah food pins don't stop with the image of gloppy pink fry sauce. Some collectors fancy the pin featuring green Jello. It so happens Utahans eat more gelatin per capita than consumers in any other state. Who knew?" ---"SALT LAKE 2002," Cathy Harasta, The Dallas Morning News, October 28, 2001, Pg. 4B "Utah's Famous Green Jell-O This salad inspired an Olympic pin 1 cup water 1 (6-oz) package lime Jell-O 1/2 cup sugar 2 tablspoons fresh lime juice (optional) 1 cup crushed pineapple, undrained 2 cups whipping cream Bring water to boil. Put Jell-O and sugar in a medium-sized bowl; add boiling water, stirring until gelatin is dissolved. Add lemon juice, if desired. Stir in crushed pineapple. Refrigerate until syrupy. Whip cream until stiff. Fold into Jell-O mixture. Place in a 9 X 13-inch pan. Refrigerate for serveral hours until firm. Makes 12 servings. ---The Essential Mormon Cookbook, Julie Badger Jensen [Deseret Book:Salt Lake City UT] 2004 (p. 20) Need to make something for class? (besides green Jell-O, that is?) The following passage describes food typical of a middle class land owning family living in early 19th century Fauquier County, VA. The words were penned by the Food Timeline editor's great-grandfather, who recorded his family stories from memory. They are transcribed as originaly set forth. Complete with phonetic spellings and creative grammar. What better way to taste the past? "France Martin 4th (1768-1824)...[lived in a] territory abound in games, Elk-, deer, wild turkey, quail, bears, beavers mink, muskrat and otta, of course skunk coon and O,possum was renown as a meat cook with sweet-potatoes. With Foods, white gravy was the empire builder, made with lard from fried meat-season with flower, and condiments, Polk was the main meat-Salted hams, was the food of the elite, sholders and fat back, went to the servants, it is said that Francis Martin and his ninth Son Robert Lewis Martin, never permitted a ham to come on the table the 2nd time, after first carven by slicing in the middle-it from the early days at Jamestown-the eastern rivers of Virginia offered sponding grownds for shad and the Herrin, Potomac Herrin was known all over virginis, salted it could be kept through the summer, and besides it was cheap, a dollar per thousand was a good price with Shads throw in-later shads sold for 10 cents each, which to the old timers was a prohibit price, There was much fown consumed, Geese, turkers and chicken-though Salty fish-and molasses (when they had it) along with corn meal mixed with water and cook in the ashes of the hearth was the chief food for slaves, "All of the old plantation had their orchards, and much dried fruit was made in to stews, pies and dumplings- Cabbage was the main vegetable, with turnips next-Tomatoes, Lettuce, celery was slow to be adapted-Squash they inhearted from the Indians, and it was often used, Winter vegetables, was those that would stand burying and cabbage was a great favorite. "Cooking was done by servants, some cooks, was raises and wore out their natural lives-preparing meals for one after the other generation of their masters, No recipes, or written discription was used-in Fact there were no news papers, or could many folks write, and practical the art of writing was unknown among the negro servants. "Our Grand Folks, came about-with out Matches to light their fires-of Baken powders to puff up their biscuits, Candle light, shorten evenings to long deleys in feather beds, some used them the year found-The kitchen was an out house, with open fire place some had built in warming closets for those that delayed their meals, some had ice, from the previous winter freeze to keep their mutton, which was mostly eaten cold. hugh stacks of wood was used both winter and summer, from the ashes came lye-that went in to soap making... Grain and stock had no immediate sale, for there was no money for exchange-Cotton and slaves was their redy money gains, to buy things from Europe, came mostly from these two products, there was no food imported-or caned hames from Progue or sardeand from Portugal-or corned beef from the Argintines, Spade and the hillin hoe- was the impliment to raise things, the sod plow was wooden and the mold board never peel off the sod like the Oliver Chill Mold boards-and John Kemper 1st, the German emigrant of Germantown invented the double shovel. Corn was planted by hand- and worked 4 to 6 times- cut by hand and some times ground by hand- the meal was consumes muxed with water and baked with out shortening or baken powders, in the hot ashes of the hearth. "Kitchen utilsils, was the hand me down, from one generation to a nother-all bult for open fire place, there was no skill amoung the cooks, living was hard, sanitary condition had not been put on the map by Microbe discovery by Pasturer." ---Francis Martin 4th our Grand-Father, R. Brawdus Martin, November 20, 1960 (p. 6-7) [typed family history manuscript] Space Needle recipes [World's Fair, Seattle, 1962] Contemporary cuisine Tom Douglas , Seattle's renowned chef is known for Northwest or "Pacific Rim Cuisine." Bite of Seattle (annual festival, check dining & contact organizers for ideas/suggestions) Pike Place Market (what's fresh, featured items) Official state foods Two of Washington's state symbols (these are enacted by law) are edible: Steelhead trout and apples. Washington's popular commodities (with recipes!). If you need to make something (easy, delicious!) for class? Make it with Washington apples ! West Virginia has a rich and diverse ethnic history which translates into dozens of interesting recipes. Golden Delicious Apples are the official state fruit (Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 7, 2.20.95)--"A variety of the yellow apple, the Golden Delicious, originated in Clay County. The original Grimes Golden Apple Tree was discovered in 1775 new Wellsburg. (From official West Virginia Web page). More apple information here . About apple butter , a WV traditional treat. Ramps , an early spring green are also celebrated. As are Pepperoni Rolls . The other edible state symbol is the Brook Trout. About WV's history & state symbols . West Virginia's culinary heritage "Buckwheat, peaches, and apples are the most important agricultural food products of the state. The Golden Delicious apple, which was developed form a stray seedling by A.H. Mullins in Clay County, West Virginia, in 1890, is now grown throughout the country and is known for its mellow flavor and lovely pale-yellow skin...One of the main meals of the early frontier familis was stewed squirrel cooked with onions, garlic, thyme and bacon. Bear meat was also prized. Wild greens were the early vegetables of the settlers until they planted corn, beans, and potatoes. Most pioneer families maintained a few pigs to supplement their diet of wild game meat." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 96-97) [NOTE: The West Virginia recipes offered in this book include Sally Lunn, Fluffy Spoon Bread, and Pumpkin Pie.] Need to make something for class? How about spoon bread! Fluffy Spoon Bread Spoon bread, so named because of its light, fluffy, custard-like texture, is served with a spoon. The addition of cream in this recipe gives the spoon bread a richer consistency. Serves 6 to 8 1 2/3 cups milk 4 extra-large eggs, separated 2 teaspoons baking powder Combine the milk, cream, cornmeal, water, butter, sugar, and salt in a medium-size saucepan. Bring to a slow boil over medium-low heat and then simmer for 2 minutes, stirring vigorously. Eemove from heat and turn the mixture into a large bowl. Let it cool slightly. Beat the egg whites until they hold stiff peaks. Beat the egg yolks with the baking powder until the yolks are light and lemon-colored. Stir the egg yolks into the cornmeal mixture quickly. Fold in a quarter of the egg whites and then fold in the remaining egg whites. Gently pour the batter into a greased 3-quart souffle dish and bake in a preheated 375 degree F. oven for 35 minutes, or until the top is lightly browned and a knife inserted in the center comes out clean. The center should still be creamy and soft. Spoon out individual servings at once and top with butter." ---Taste of the States: A Food History of America, Hilde Gabriel Lee [Howell Press:Charlottesville VA] 1992 (p. 98) The West Virginia recipes included in Shelia Hibben's National Cookbook [c. 1932] are Pigeons in cornmeal, Spanish cream and Turned out custard. If you need more recipes we recommend Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine, Joseph E. Dabney. Wisconsin's edible state symbols are: sugar maple (tree), muskellunge [aka muskie] (fish), white tailed deer (state wildlife animal), dairy cow (state domesticated animal), honeybee (state insect), milk (state beverage)and maize [corn] (state grain). Milwaukee, Wisconsin's unique ethnic heritage is responsible for creating an interesting blend of local culinary traditions. Who settled here? This list is provided by the Milwaukee County Historical Society. Traditional foods are enjoyed at GermanFest (annual, late July). The Settlement Cook Book , Mrs. Simon Kander, was published in Milwaukee in 1901. It contains many recipes popular with immigrant households. The 1906 Capital City Cook Book /Grace Church Guild [Madison WI] offers additional recipes. We can send you recipes. Recommended reading (with recipes!) The Flavor of Wisconsin, Harva Hachten (we have a copy of this book...if you need a recipe let us know (which historic period, ethnic group & menu course) Historic Recipes , courtesy of Milwaukee Public Library (newspaper clippings, 1960s-1980s; online, full text & searchable). Need easy Wisconsin-based recipes your classmates will enjoy? Flat bread (Norwegian) 1/2 cup sugar 2 teaspoons baking soda 1/2 cup butter, melted Whole Wheat flour. Combine buttermilk, sugar, baking soda, and melted butter. Mix well. Add enough wheat flour to make a stiff dough. Roll out on a board dusted with white flour; roll as thinly as possible. Cut into squares and bake on baking sheets at 300 degrees. Watch closely, as it browns quickly." ---The Flavor of Wisconsin, Harva Hachten [State Historical Society of Wisconsin:Madison WI] 1981 (p. 154) Apple Sauce Cake cutthroat trout . If you need to make something for class that your friends will actually eat? You have many historic options...all you have to do is explain how the recipe you select fits into the history of the state: 1. Beans True, this state is best known for bean production. Beans played an important role in the diet of Wyoming's Native Americans, early explorers, and settlers. They provided a staple base of protein, were easy to grow, store and cook. If you want to make something people will like? How about chilli! If this option appeals, ask your teacher about how best to serve this. Can you bring it in a crockpot? 2. Jerky Native Americans, trappers, and early settlers in Wyoming territory ate dried meats (buffalo, elk, moose, deer, beef). Sometimes it is called pemmican. If you are not required to cook something, jerky works well. Most grocery stores carry this product and it requires no special serving gear. Or? You can make your own . 3. Sheep The Shoshone who were the first inhabitants of the Yellowstone area were known as sheep-eaters . (page through for more information). What about lamb kabobs (small pieces of lamb served on wooden skewers...grilled outdoors if possible)? Serve hot or cold, make sure they are properly stored (not left in a locker until the end of the day). 4. Bread The staple of the U.S. Army and homesteaders. Easy (and inexpensive) to make, transport to school and serve. About the bakery in Ft. Laramie . 5. Contemporary fare Everything from 5 star cuisine to mountain gourmet to 50s chic to family meals to fast food to home cooked dinners to.... Nice places to eat (yes, we have been there!) Mangy Moose & Cadillac Grille , both in Jackson Hole. Looking for doable, tasty recipes? Cooking in Wyoming /Woman's Suffrage Centennial edition [Prairie Publishing: Casper, WY] 1965 offers these: "Wyoming Pudding

i don't know

Which gossip columnist was born in the same day as Sir Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin?

Mysteries and More: This Day in History � August 6 This Day in History � August 6 Posted by HoneyBee on 8/6/2016, 2:22 am 205.200.150.144 Born this Day 1809 Alfred Lord Tennyson � British poet laureate (The Charge of the Light Brigade, In Memoriam, The Lady of Shallot, Ulysses, Morte D'Arthur) Tennyson was born into a chaotic and disrupted home. His father, the eldest son of a wealthy landowner, was disinherited in favour of his younger brother. Forced to enter the Church to support himself, the Rev. Dr. George Tennyson became a bitter alcoholic. However, he educated his sons in the classics, and Alfred Tennyson, the fourth of 12 children, went to Trinity College at Cambridge in 1827. At Cambridge, Tennyson befriended a circle of intellectual undergraduates who strongly encouraged his poetry. In 1830, Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. The following year, his father died, and he was forced to leave Cambridge for financial reasons. Besieged by critical attacks and struggling with poverty, Tennyson remained dedicated to his work and published several more volumes. In 1850 Queen Victoria named him poet laureate. At long last, Tennyson achieved financial stability and finally married his fianc�e Emily Sellwood, whom he had loved since 1836. He continued writing and publishing poems until his death in 1892 1881 Leo Carrillo - Actor (The Cisco Kid, Pancho Villa Returns, Phantom of the Opera) 1881 Sir Alexander Fleming - Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928 at St. Mary�s Hospital, Paddington, London, when green mould appeared on a culture dish. Scientists usually discarded these, but Fleming decided to make a close examination 1881 Louella Parsons - Gossip columnist who competed in print and on radio with her nemesis, Hedda Hopper 1892 Hoot (Edmund) Gibson - Actor (Death Valley Rangers, Frontier Justice, The Marshal's Daughter, The Prairie King) 1910 Charles Crichton � British film director (The Lavender Hill Mob, A Fish Called Wanda) 1911 Lucille Ball � Comedienne and actress (I Love Lucy, The Lucy Show, Yours Mine and Ours, Mame, Stage Door) She starred as a ditzy wife in the radio show My Favourite Husband. When CBS decided to launch the popular series on the relatively new medium of TV, Lucy insisted her husband Desi Arnaz be cast as her husband in the TV version. The network executives argued that no one would believe the couple were married, but Desi and Lucy performed before live audiences and filmed a pilot, which convinced network executives that audiences would respond well to their act 1917 Robert Mitchum - Actor (The Sundowners, Cape Fear, Scrooged, The Winds of War, The Big Sleep, The Friends of Eddie Coyle) 1922 Sir Freddie Laker � British entrepreneur who pioneered cheap air-flights. His Laker Airlines went bust in 1982 1926 Frank Finlay � Scottish actor (Casanova, The Molly Mcguires, Longitude) He played Inspector Lestrade in the Sherlock Holmes movie, Murder by Decree, and he also played Professor Coram in the Sherlock Holmes episode The Golden Pince-Nez 1928 Andy Warhol � US pop artist who became a cultural icon. He coined the phrase, "In the future everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes" 1930 Abbey Lincoln - Actress (For Love of Ivy, Mo' Better Blues) 1937 Barbara Windsor � British actress (EastEnders, Alice in Wonderland, Carry On films) 1938 Peter Bonerz - Actor (The Bob Newhart Show, 9 to 5, Catch -22) He has also directed many TV episodes (ALF, Murphy Brown, Home Improvement, Friends, The Bob Newhart Show) 1947 Oliver Tobias � Swiss-born British actor (The Brylcreem Boys, Sharpe's Waterloo, The Paper Man, The Wicked Lady, Smuggler) He played Captain Croker in the Sherlock Holmes episode, The Abbey Grange 1950 Dorian Harewood � Actor (Full Metal Jacket, The Jesse Owens Story, Pacific Heights, Amerika, The Falcon and the Snowman, Glitter, Strike Force, Looker, Beulah Land, Roots: The Next Generations, Gray Lady Down, Panic in Echo Park) 1951 Catherine Hicks - Actress (Marilyn, Peggy Sue Got Married, The Bad News Bears, Star Trek 4) 1956 Stepfanie Kramer - Actress (Hunter) 1958 Randy DeBarge � Musician and singer with the group DeBarge (Rhythm of the Night, I Like It, All this Love, Time Will Reveal) 1962 Michelle Yeoh � Malaysian actress (Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, Tomorrow Never Dies, Sunshine, Memoirs of a Geisha, The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor) 1970 M. Night Shyamalan � India-born US director and screen writer (The Sixth Sense, Signs, The Village, The Lady in the Water) He has appeared in many of his movies 1976 Josh Schwartz � Writer and producer (Chuck, The O.C., Gossip Girl, Rockville CA) 1976 Soleil Moon Frye - Actress (Punky Brewster, The Liar's Club, The St. Tammany Miracle) Died this Day 1623 Anne Hathaway � Shakespeare�s wife 1890 William Kemmler � Convicted murderer, died at Auburn Prison in New York. His was the first execution by electrocution in history. He had been convicted of murdering his lover, Matilda Ziegler, with an axe. Electrocution as a humane means of execution was first suggested in 1881 by Dr. Albert Southwick, a dentist. Southwick had witnessed an elderly drunkard "painlessly" killed after touching the terminals of an electrical generator in Buffalo, New York. In 1889, New York's Electrical Execution Law, the first of its kind in the world, went into effect, and Edwin R. Davis, the Auburn Prison electrician, was commissioned to design an electric chair. Closely resembling the modern device, Davis' chair was fitted with two electrodes, which were composed of metal disks held together with rubber and covered with a damp sponge. The electrodes were to be applied to the criminal's head and back 1964 Sir Cedric Hardwicke, age 71 � British actor (Suspicion, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Stanley and Livingstone, The Ten Commandments, Around the World in Eighty Days, Rope, I Remember Mama) He was the father of Edward Hardwicke 1978 Pope Paul VI, age 81 � He died at Castel Gandolfo 1991 Roland Michener, age 91 � Canadian politician and former Governor General. The Alberta native was a Rhodes Scholar, and set up the Order of Canada On this Day 1786 Scottish poet, Robert Burns, was released from a marriage to Jean Armour. Burns and Armour met in 1784, and by early 1786, Armour was pregnant. She produced a marriage contract signed by Robert Burns, but her father, enraged at Burns, had the contract mutilated and partially destroyed. Despite this, Burns was still anxious to officially certify himself as single. To free himself from the marriage, whose validity was questionable, he appeared before the local government three times, did public penance in a church, and was finally acknowledged a single man on this day in 1786. However, he continued to see Armour and eventually married her properly. The couple had nine children, the last of whom was born on the day of Burns' funeral. Burns also had three children with other women 1787 In Philadelphia, delegates to the Constitutional Convention began debating the first complete draft of the proposed Constitution of the United States 1806 The Holy Roman Empire went out of existence as Emperor Francis I abdicated 1812 An armistice to end the War of 1812 was signed by Governor Prevost of British North America and General Dearborn of the United States. It was later revoked by the US Congress 1825 Bolivia declared its independence from Peru 1859 �Worth a guinea a box� appeared on Beecham Powders� packets and advertising material to promote the British patent medicine. It was the first known advertising slogan 1866 An Imperial Statute established union between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia 1889 London�s Savoy Hotel was opened 1932 Ontario's Welland Canal was opened 1939 Regular air mail service was inaugurated between Canada and Britain 1945 At 8:16 a.m. Japanese time, a US B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the world's first atom bomb, weighing nearly 9,000 pounds, over the city of Hiroshima. Approximately 80,000 people were killed as a direct result of the blast, and another 35,000 were injured. At least another 60,000 would be dead by the end of the year from the effects of the fallout. US President Harry S. Truman, discouraged by the Japanese response to the Potsdam Conference's demand for unconditional surrender, made the decision to use the atom bomb to end the war, and hopefully lessen the total loss of life. On August 5th, while a conventional bombing of Japan was underway, Little Boy, the nickname for one of two atom bombs available for use against Japan, was loaded onto Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets' plane on Tinian Island in the Marianas. The bomb had been delivered to the island just days before, by the ill-fated ship Indianapolis. Tibbets' B-29, named the Enola Gay after his mother, left the island at 2:45 a.m. on August 6th. Five and a half hours later, Little Boy was dropped, exploding 1,900 feet over a hospital and unleashing the equivalent of 12,500 tons of TNT. The bomb had several inscriptions scribbled on its shell, one of which read "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis." There were 90,000 buildings in Hiroshima before the bomb was dropped, and only 28,000 remained after the bombing. Of the city's 200 doctors before the explosion, just 20 were left alive or capable of working. There were 1,780 nurses before, and 150 after, who were able to tend to the sick and dying. There were so many spontaneous fires set as a result of the bomb that a crewman of the Enola Gay stopped trying to count them. Another crewman remarked, "It's pretty terrific. What a relief it worked." Three days later, Nagasaki was also hit with an A-bomb 1962 Jamaica became an independent dominion within the British Commonwealth 1969 75 per cent of the windows in an eight-block area of downtown Kelowna, British Columbia were smashed when a US Navy jet broke the sound barrier. The US agreed to pay damages 1991 Tim Berners-Lee released files describing his experimental World Wide Web project on the Internet. Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist on fellowship at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, had been working on a hypertext system allowing documents to "link" to each other easily. By 1990, he had created the basic parameters of the World Wide Web, and a working version was posted on CERN's internal computers in May 1991. On August 6th, and again on the 16th, the 19th, and 22nd, Berners-Lee released Web files and requested input from other developers. By late 1991 and early 1992, the Web was widely discussed, and in early 1993, when Marc Andreesen and other graduate students at the University of Illinois released the Mosaic browser, Netscape's precursor, the Web rapidly became a popular communications medium. And aren�t we glad it did! 18

Louella Parsons

In what year was the first performance of Copland's ballet Rodeo?

Those Were the Days, Today in History - August 6 August 6 Order Those Were the Days Deluxe Events - August 6 1890 - Denton ‘Cy’ Young pitched his first major-league baseball game on this day. He led the Cleveland Spiders past the Chicago White Sox. Young went on to enjoy a great baseball career, winning a total of 511 games (95 more than second place Walter Johnson) ... averaging more than 23 victories over 22 seasons, playing for Cleveland, St. Louis, and Boston (where he played in the first World Series, and won). The Cy Young Award was established in 1956, when the Baseball Writer's Association of America bestowed the honor on the best pitcher in major-league baseball for that year. The award has been presented every year since. In fact, from 1967 on, two Cy Young awards have been presented annually to the best pitcher in each major league. 1926 - Nineteen-year-old Gertrude Ederle from New York became the first woman to swim the English Channel and she picked this day to do it. She accomplished the feat in 14 hours and 31 minutes, breaking the men’s record by two hours. 1926 - You would have paid $10 a seat to see the first talking picture, "Don Juan", starring John Barrymore. The movie was shown at New York’s Warners’ Theatre in glorious black and white. Bear in mind that $10.00 in 1926 would have almost bought a small theatre. 1928 - One of radio’s first serials was heard as "Real Folks" debuted on NBC. 1930 - Joseph Crater, 41 years old and a New York Supreme Court Justice, mysteriously disappeared, never to be seen or heard from again. His wife, Estelle, declared Judge Crater to be legally dead in 1937. 1939 - After becoming a success with Ben Bernie on network radio, Dinah Shore started her own show on the NBC Blue radio network. Dinah sang every Sunday evening. Dinah also had a successful TV career spanning over two decades. 1945 - More than 200,000 civilians died from the explosion and/or radiation when an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped an atomic bomb over the center of Hiroshima, Japan. It was the first time an atomic bomb had been dropped over a populated place; and the first time a nuclear weapon had been used in warfare. The aftereffects of this WWII event are still felt today. 1948 - Seventeen-year-old Bob Mathias won the decathlon competition at the Olympic Games being held in London, England. 1949 - Chicago White Sox baseball star Luke Appling played in the 2,154th game of his 19-year, major-league career. 1952 - Satchel Paige, at age 46, became the oldest pitcher to complete a major-league baseball game. Paige shutout the Detroit Tigers 1-0 in a 12-inning game. 1967 - Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five innings of perfect baseball, leading his team to victory over the Boston Red Sox. Chance was only the third player to pitch a shortened, perfect game. 1969 - Willie ‘Pops’ Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit the first fair ball to sail completely out of Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Stargell’s blast measured 506 feet from home plate. 1973 - After one of the biggest promotional blitzes in TV history, writer/reporter Sally Quinn joined Hughes Rudd as co-host of the "CBS Morning News". Not long after her TV debut, Quinn found that she wasn’t suited so much for TV and went back to writing for "The Washington Post". 1973 - Stevie Wonder came close to losing his life, following a freak auto accident. Wonder, one of Motown’s most popular recording artists, was in a coma for 10 days. Miraculously, he recovered and was back in the recording studio in less than eight weeks. 1981 - Stevie Nicks’ first solo album, "Bella Donna", was released. The lead singer for Fleetwood Mac scored a top-three hit with "Stop Draggin’ My Heart Around" (9/05/81) from the album. Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers were featured on the track. Nicks went on to record a total of 11 hits for the pop-rock charts through 1988. 1981 - Golfing legend Lee Trevino was disqualified from the PGA Championship in Duluth, GA when the ‘Super Mex’ had his scorecard signed by Tom Weiskopf instead of himself. Ouch! 1986 - Timothy Dalton became the fourth actor to be named “Bond ... James Bond.” Dalton, 38, and his studio, United Artists, ended months of speculation as to who would star as Agent 007 in the 15th James Bond film. The character of Bond was created by writer Ian Fleming. Other stars to play the role of the suave, debonair and deadly double agent include: Roger Moore, Sean Connery and George Lazenby, with Pierce Brosnan as the James Bond for the 1990s. 1996 - NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin announced the possibility that a primitive form of microscopic life may have existed on Mars more than three billion years ago. The evidence came from a fossil found on a meteorite in Antarctica believed to have come from Mars billions of years ago. 1997 - A Korean Air Boeing 747, Flight 801, plowed into a hillside short of the Guam International Airport, killing 226 of the 254 aboard. “There was a big ball of fire just before the crash,” said Rudy Delos-Santos, a reporter at radio station KOKU who lives near the crash site. The South Korean plane “plowed through the jungle for a minute or so before it came to a rest.” The impact broke the fuselage into six pieces. The tail, with its distinctive Korean Air logo, was the only part of the plane still recognizable. 1999 - Two memorable movies opened in U.S. theatres. "The Sixth Sense", with Bruce Willis starring as a child psychologist and Haley Joel Osment, who plays an 8-year-old who is visited by ghosts. As of July 24, 2001, it had rung up $293,501,675 at the box office. Not nearly so successful, but great fun just the same, was "The Thomas Crown Affair". Pierce Brosnan and Rene Russo starred in this redo of the 1968 Steve McQueen/Faye Dunaway flick. As of June 30, 2001, it had grossed $69,304,264. Birthdays - August 6 1809 - Alfred Tennyson (England’s Poet Laureate [1850]: The Charge of the Light Brigade, In Memoriam, The Lady of Shalott, The Lotuseaters, The Idylls of the King, Maud, Enoch Arden, Locksley Hall Sixty Years After; died Oct 6, 1892) 1881 - Leo Carrillo (actor: The Cisco Kid, Pancho Villa Returns, One Night in the Tropics, Phantom of the Opera [1943]; died Sep 10, 1961) 1881 - Sir Alexander Fleming (Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist [1945]: discovered penicillin; died Mar 11, 1955) 1881 - Louella Parsons (Oettinger) (gossip columnist: competed in print and on radio with nemesis Hedda Hopper; died Dec 9, 1972) 1883 - Scott Nearing (sociologist and natural-food advocate, author [w/wife]: Living the Good Life; Nearing lived to 100 years; died Aug 24, 1983) 1892 - Hoot (Edmund Richard) Gibson (actor: Death Valley Rangers, Frontier Justice, The Marshal’s Daughter, The Prairie King, Sonora Stagecoach, Wild Horse, Roaring Ranch, Fighting Parson; died Aug 23, 1962) 1908 - Helen Hull Jacobs (tennis champion: Wimbledon [1936], U.S. Open [1932, 1933, 1934, 1935]; died June 2, 1997) 1911 - Lucille Ball (Emmy Award-winning comedienne, actress: I Love Lucy [1952, 1953], The Lucy Show [1966-67, 1967-68], 12th Annual Atlas Governor’s Award [1988-89]; The Lucille Ball Comedy Hour, Yours, Mine and Ours, Mame; died April 26, 1989) 1917 - Robert Mitchum (actor: The Winds of War, War and Remembrance, Cape Fear, A Family for Joe, African Skies, Night of the Hunter, The Story of G.I. Joe; commercials: “Beef. It’s what’s for dinner.”; died July 1, 1997) 1921 - Buddy (William) Collette (musician: reeds, piano, composer: LPs: Now and Then, Blockbuster; died Sep 19, 2010) 1922 - Doug Ford (golf champion: Masters [1957], PGA [1955]) 1928 - Andy Warhol (Warhola) (filmmaker, pop artist: Campbell Soup; “In the future everyone will be world famous for 15 minutes.”; died Feb 22, 1987) 1930 - Abbey Lincoln (Wooldridge) (actress: For Love of Ivy, Mo’ Better Blues; died Aug 14, 2010) 1938 - Paul Bartel (writer, director, actor: Eating Raoul; writer, director: Not for Publication, Cannonball; director, actor: Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills; director: The Longshot, Lust in the Dust, The Secret Cinema, Death Race 2000, Private Parts; actor: The Usual Suspects, The Jerky Boys, Number One Fan, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, Rock ’n’ Roll High School, Hollywood Boulevard; died May 13, 2000) 1938 - Peter Bonerz (actor: The Bob Newhart Show, 9 to 5; director: Murphy Brown) 1938 - Bert Yancey (golf: Charlie Bartlett Award: 1978; died Aug 26, 1994) 1941 - Ray (Raymond Leonard) Culp (baseball: pitcher: Philadelphia Phillies [all-star: 1963], Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox [all-star: 1969]) 1943 - Ray Buktenica (actor: Rhoda, House Calls, Life Goes On) 1944 - Ed Sneed (golf: PGA champ: 1973 Kaiser International [1973], 1974 Greater Milwaukee Open [1974], 1977 Tallahassee Open [1977], Michelob-Houston Open [1982]; TV golf analyst) 1945 - Andy (John Alexander) Messersmith (baseball: pitcher: California Angels [all-star: 1971], LA Dodgers [World Series: 1974/all-star: 1974, 1975], Atlanta Braves [all-star: 1976], NY Yankees) 1947 - Ken Riley (football: Cincinnati Bengals cornerback: Super Bowl XVI) 1950 - Dorian Harewood (actor: Sudden Death, Pacific Heights, Full Metal Jacket, Against All Odds, An American Christmas Carol, Sparkle, Viper, The Trials of Rosie O’Neill, Trauma Center, Strike Force, Roots: The Next Generation, Glitter, Capitol Critters [voice of Moze]) 1951 - Catherine Hicks (actress: 7th Heaven, Marilyn, Peggy Sue Got Married, The Bad News Bears, Ryan’s Hope, Tucker’s Witch, Star Trek 4) 1952 - Pat MacDonald (musician: groups: Essentials, Barbara K, Cat’s Away, Timbuk 3: The Future’s So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades, All I Want for Christmas) 1958 - Randy DeBarge (musician: bass, vocals: group: DeBarge: Rhythm of the Night, I Like It, All this Love, Time Will Reveal) 1962 - Michelle Yeoh (actress: Tomorrow Never Dies, Jackie Chan: My Story, Moonlight Express) 1965 - David Robinson (Olympic Gold Medalist: 1992 basketball Dream Team; San Antonio Spurs center: NBA Rookie of the Year [1990]) 1972 - Geri Halliwell (Ginger Spice) (singer: group: Spice Girls: LPs: Forever, Spice, Goodbye, Spiceworld; solo: LP: Schizophonic) 1976 - Melissa George (actress: Home and Away, Dark City, Hollyweird, Sugar & Spice, Mulholland Drive, Thieves) 1976 - Soleil Moon Frye (actress: Punky Brewster, The Liar’s Club, The St. Tammany Miracle) Chart Toppers - August 6

i don't know

Ferihegy international airport is in which country?

Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Guide (BUD) Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Guide (BUD) Book and Go Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Guide (BUD) Airport info Nemzetközi Repülőtér, 1185 Budapest, Hungary Location: Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport is located 16km (10 miles) southeast of Budapest. No. of terminals: 2 Dialling code: +36 Telephone: +36 1 296 7000 Timezone: GMT ++01:00 Previously known as Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, the Hungarian capital’s main airport is the largest in the country. Our Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport guide includes airport contact details, as well as information on transportation and nearby hotels. Airport news :  Terminal 1 remains closed, all flights currently depart from Terminal 2A and Terminal 2B. There are plans for a car park extension, new airport hotel and new terminal 2C at Budapest Ferenc Lizst International Airport, with completion expected by 2020. Information :  Help desks are situated in Terminals 2A and 2B. Tourist information desks are located immediately after customs in the terminals. Website :  The SkyCourt building links Terminals 2A and 2B. Driving directions :  From the city centre, the dedicated Ferihegy High Speed Road (Route 4) facilitates access to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. The airport is also just off Route M5/E60, which connects Budapest to Szeged. The journey time is approximately 30 minutes. Public Transport Public transport rail :  Rail: Regular trains, operated by Hungarian State Railways (tel: +36 1 349 4949; www.mav.hu ), run from Budapest Nyugati Railway Station to central Budapest (journey time: under 30 minutes; fare: Ft320). The 200E bus links the station to Terminals 2A and 2B during the day, while bus 900 links the airport and the station at night. Metro: The 200E bus also links to Kőbánya-Kispest Metro Station for the Metro network (tel: +36 1 461 6500; www.bkv.hu ). This station is on Metro line M3. Public transport road :  Bus: The pre-pay local express bus 200E runs between the underground Metro terminus, Köbánya-Kispest, and the airport terminals. Passengers may wish to alight at Deák tér where the three underground lines converge; bus 93 also connects this destination to Terminal 1. The fare into central Budapest is Ft350. For more information contact BKV (tel: +36 1 461 6500; www.bkv.hu ). Shuttle: There is a minibus service to any address in Budapest operated by miniBUD (tel: +36 1 550 0000; www.minibud.hu ), which has a desk in the arrivals hall. Taxi: Taxis are available from the taxi stand outside the arrivals areas, with Főtaxi (tel: +36 1 222 2222; www.fotaxi.hu ) the main supplier. A ride to the city centre should typically cost around Ft6,500, depending on traffic conditions. Terminal facilities Money :  Banking facilities, ATMs and bureaux de change are available in the terminals and the SkyCourt link building. Communication :  Free Wi-Fi internet access is available at Budapest Ferenc Lizst International Airport. There is a post office in Terminal 2A. Food :  There are various restaurants and snack bars throughout Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. These include a pub, bar and restaurants serving Hungarian, Greek, Italian and Asian specialities. Shopping :  A good selection of shops can be found at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport; including fashion boutiques, a shop selling Hungarian food and wine, souvenir shops and newsagents. Duty-free shopping for passengers leaving the EU is available in the SkyCourt and in Terminal 2A and 2B. Luggage :  A lost property service is on hand for enquiries about items lost at the airport (tel: +36 70 332 4006). A 24-hour left-luggage service is located in the arrivals area of Terminal 2B. Lockers are available on the ground floor of the SkyCourt. Other :  Other services available at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport include a chapel, in Terminal 2B, childcare facilities and a first aid service. Additionally, there is a chapel in Terminal 2B and an observation deck is open for visitors in Terminal 2A. Airport facilities Conference and business :  Business-class passengers in Terminal 2 have access to the SkyCourt Lounge (tel: +36 1 296 7370), which is located in the SkyCourt shopping area. Facilities here include computers, printers, fax and telephones. Further basic facilities are available at the Celebi Platinum Lounge (tel: +36 1 296 5933), located in the transit area of Terminal 2. There are also business centres with telephone, fax, photocopying and interpreter services within the terminals. Two meeting rooms are available for hire in The SkyCourt Conference Center (tel: +36 1 296 6213), while meeting rooms are also available at the nearby Hotel Stáció (tel: +36 29 353 053; www.hotelstacio.hu ). Disabled facilities :  Disabled toilets and Call Point helpline kiosks are available throughout the terminals. Wheelchairs can be hired at the airport help desks, on request. Services are also available to help passengers who need assistance boarding or disembarking the aircraft and for passengers with impaired vision. Passengers should contact their airline in advance if they require any special assistance. Car parking :  The main short-term car park is opposite Terminals 2A and 2B. Long-term parking is located a little further from the terminals, while premium rate parking is directly adjacent to the terminals. There is also a long-term car park with security surveillance. Parking information is available (tel: +36 1 296 5553). Car rental :  Car hire companies Avis, Europcar, Hertz and Sixt all have desks located immediately after customs, on the arrivals level in Terminal 2A and Terminal 2B. Hotels There are no on-site hotels at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport, although plans are in progress to open one soon. There are however a number of good quality hotels within a short distance from the airport. Where would you like to go?: Check-in:

Hungary

Who was the defending champion when Virginia Wade won the Wimbledon singles?

Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport - Wikidata Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport airport in Budapest, Hungary Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport 0 references Cite this page This page was last modified on 8 December 2016, at 13:30. All structured data from the main and property namespace is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

i don't know

Who is the youngest female tennis player to win the US Open?

The ten youngest tennis players in the WTA top 100 | STEVE G TENNIS The ten youngest tennis players in the WTA top 100 Tweet Not so long ago, women’s tennis was chock-full of teenage champions. A 16-year-old Tracy Austin threatened the Evert-Navratilova duopoly in the late 1970s. Monica Seles won the French Open at the same age in 1990. Martina Hingis broke countless “youngest ever” records and won five Grand Slam titles before she turned 19. Recently, however, the average age on the WTA Tour has been creeping up. This has a lot to do with the age restrictions introduced after Jennifer Capriati – a top ten player at the age of 14 – suffered burnout and personal problems in the mid-nineties. But the demanding physical nature of the modern game also makes it harder for young players to challenge for the biggest prizes. In days gone by, teens lacking in muscle were able to finesse their way to the top; in the 21st century, they are simply blown off the court. So which of today’s teenage cohort will prevail at tomorrow’s Grand Slams? Here is a look at where the ten youngest players in the WTA top 100 (as of April 20th, 2015). Youngest players in the WTA Top 100: 1. Ana Konjuh – Age 17 (27 Dec 1997) 2. Belinda Bencic – Age 18 (10 Mar 1997) 3. Katerina Siniakova – Age 18 (10 May 1996) 4. Carina Witthoeft – Age 20 (16 Feb 1995) 5. Madison Keys – Age 20 (17 Feb 1995) 6. Tereza Smitkova – Age 20 (10 Oct 1994) 7. Anna Karolina Schmiedlova – Age 20 (13 Sep 1994) 8. Elina Svitolina – Age 20 (12 Sep 1994) 9. Alison van Uytvanck – Age 21 (26 Mar 1994) 10. Daria Gavrilova – Age 21 (05 Mar 1994) Outside the top 100, there are a few more very gifted players who will sooner or later make their move up the rankings. One to watch out for is Catherine Bellis, who at the age of 16 ( 08 Apr 1999) has already shown some great talent and skills. She is our top contender for the future No.1 ranking spot.   Join the Stevegtennis.com tennis club for free. Just enter your email below for... Tennis news updates once a week. Special offers on tennis gear. Unsubscribe at any time. We will never share your email. Email

Tracy Austin

How many 'victories' did The Red Baron claim in aerial dogfights?

The ten youngest tennis players in the WTA top 100 | STEVE G TENNIS The ten youngest tennis players in the WTA top 100 Tweet Not so long ago, women’s tennis was chock-full of teenage champions. A 16-year-old Tracy Austin threatened the Evert-Navratilova duopoly in the late 1970s. Monica Seles won the French Open at the same age in 1990. Martina Hingis broke countless “youngest ever” records and won five Grand Slam titles before she turned 19. Recently, however, the average age on the WTA Tour has been creeping up. This has a lot to do with the age restrictions introduced after Jennifer Capriati – a top ten player at the age of 14 – suffered burnout and personal problems in the mid-nineties. But the demanding physical nature of the modern game also makes it harder for young players to challenge for the biggest prizes. In days gone by, teens lacking in muscle were able to finesse their way to the top; in the 21st century, they are simply blown off the court. So which of today’s teenage cohort will prevail at tomorrow’s Grand Slams? Here is a look at where the ten youngest players in the WTA top 100 (as of April 20th, 2015). Youngest players in the WTA Top 100: 1. Ana Konjuh – Age 17 (27 Dec 1997) 2. Belinda Bencic – Age 18 (10 Mar 1997) 3. Katerina Siniakova – Age 18 (10 May 1996) 4. Carina Witthoeft – Age 20 (16 Feb 1995) 5. Madison Keys – Age 20 (17 Feb 1995) 6. Tereza Smitkova – Age 20 (10 Oct 1994) 7. Anna Karolina Schmiedlova – Age 20 (13 Sep 1994) 8. Elina Svitolina – Age 20 (12 Sep 1994) 9. Alison van Uytvanck – Age 21 (26 Mar 1994) 10. Daria Gavrilova – Age 21 (05 Mar 1994) Outside the top 100, there are a few more very gifted players who will sooner or later make their move up the rankings. One to watch out for is Catherine Bellis, who at the age of 16 ( 08 Apr 1999) has already shown some great talent and skills. She is our top contender for the future No.1 ranking spot.   Join the Stevegtennis.com tennis club for free. Just enter your email below for... Tennis news updates once a week. Special offers on tennis gear. Unsubscribe at any time. We will never share your email. Email

i don't know

Which great guitarist had the first names Aaron Thibodaux?

Perfect Sound Forever: Guitar Slim- The Things That He Used to Do! One of the only known pictures of Guitar Slim live by Ted Barron (June 2009) On February 7, 1959, Eddie "Guitar Slim" Jones died of complications from pneumonia in New York City. While he was on an East Coast tour of one-nighters, his breathing had become increasingly difficult. Ignoring doctors� orders, he continued drinking his daily ration of a pint of gin and a fifth of black port wine. Earlier that week, Slim went to his bandleader, Lloyd Lambert, claiming to be too sick to play. "My time is up," he said. Slim knew he was done for. He started a gig in Rochester, but couldn't finish the first song. In Newark the following night, he collapsed after finishing the show. The band drove in to New York City and got him a doctor in Harlem. They drove around the corner, checked into the Cecil Hotel, and Slim checked out on the doctor�s table before they could return to retrieve him and get him to the hospital. He was 32 years old. Back home in Louisiana, Mardi Gras was in full swing. His death was barely noticed due to another tragedy earlier that week, when Buddy Holly's plane went down in a cold Iowa night. We all know that story. Here's Slim's, or at least what can be pieced together of it. Five years earlier, Slim had a number-one hit on the Billboard R&B charts for six weeks straight with "The Things That I Used to Do," on Specialty Records. He claims the song came to him in a dream. In the dream, an angel fought a devil, each of them holding a set of lyrics to a song. Guess who won. Like another great bluesman keen on perpetuating his own myth while "walking side by side" with the Devil, and whose story is also shrouded in mystery, contradiction, and hearsay, Slim's life started in the richly fertile region of the Mississippi Delta. Eddie Lee Jones was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, in 1926. His mother died when he was 5, and he was sent to live with his grandfather at the L.C. Hayes Plantation, near Hollandale. He worked the fields, picking cotton and plowing behind a mule. His first instrument was the piano. He was allegedly fluent in boogie-woogie, and according to his first wife, he could hear any song once on a jukebox and sing it back immediately. He got his start as an entertainer, not as a musician but as a dancer. Eddie Jones, also known at the time as "Limber-Legged Eddie," would regularly show up at juke joints and clear the floor with an acrobatic repertoire of splits, jumps, twirls, and gyrations with any woman who could keep up with him. He married one of these women, 16-year-old Virginia Dumas, and was soon drafted into the army, where he served briefly in the Pacific at the end of World War II. Upon his return in 1946, he took a job working a cotton press. At the Harlem Club, in Hollandale, he befriended (and sometimes played piano behind) local and traveling musicians, including Robert Nighthawk, whose guitar prowess entranced the young Mr. Jones. In 1948, he left Dumas and Hollandale, surfacing in Arkansas, where he spent the next two years dancing in Delta juke joints with Willie Warren's band. It was Warren who showed Jones how to play the guitar. Jones was a quick learner, and in 1950, he told Warren that he was leaving to go to New Orleans to make records and was going to call himself Guitar Slim. Slim hit New Orleans to little fanfare. He hung out in a booth at a bar in the French Quarter playing guitar for wine, tips, and whatever else he could scrounge up. One story has him dressed in a black suit and a white hat playing on a bridge in the 9th Ward, practicing and trying to get noticed. Singer Geri Hall first heard Slim playing electric guitar at top volume on his front step at six o�clock in the morning, much to his neighbors� dismay. He soon met 15-year-old piano player Huey Smith, and they started playing together. They made their formal debut on August 26, 1950, at the Dew Drop Inn. Also on the bill that night were a female impersonator and a shake dancer. Slim�s repertoire at the time was heavy on covers of Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown and probably T-Bone Walker. Brown was probably his greatest influence as Slim was learning his craft as both a guitarist and a performer. But, as legend tells us, Slim took things up a notch. What he lacked in chops, he made up for with his flamboyant style. Every account of Guitar Slim places him as the greatest showman and most outrageous performer in the history of New Orleans music. That's saying something. He would dye his hair the same color as his suit and shoes--sometimes using paint to get the shoe color to match. One week it was red, the next blue, or yellow, and so on. Different reports calculate the length of his guitar cord between 200 and 350 feet. He would enter a club through the front door, playing while moving through the crowd, and join his band onstage, frequently on the shoulders of his personal valet. He exited the stage in the same fashion, proceeding to his car and driving away while still playing. The most incredible facts in all of this are that despite his success and national attention, Slim never made a TV appearance, and that there is no known footage of his stage show anywhere. Not only is there no footage, but there are only a handful of photographs of Slim in circulation, and only one battered snapshot (above) of him onstage. Needless to say, people started to pay attention. Slim soon found management and was playing all the clubs in town, traveling the Southern chitlin� circuit, and making a lot of noise. A lot of noise. He played loudly, with all the knobs on ten, and according to some, favored playing his guitar through a PA rather than an amplifier. Slim's theme song was Gatemouth's "Boogie Rambler," and when Slim finally entered a recording studio in early 1951, he recorded four sides for Imperial at his first session at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studio, including a variation on Gatemouth's number called "New Arrival." I'm a new arrival and they call me Guitar Slim If I don't suit my baby, I guess nobody else will Matassa recalls: "I distinctly remember the first session we did with him. He showed up like he was going onstage." Slim had arrived, but the records went nowhere. They're crude, but exciting nonetheless. It's a piano/guitar/drums trio, and they are the first recordings of both Slim and Huey "Piano" Smith. Smith went on to record a string of legendary R&B hits as a bandleader for Ace throughout the �50's and �60's. Frustrated by the poor reception and sales of New Orleans's newest sensation, manager Percy Stovall took Slim into a studio while on the road in Nashville, to record another session for the small J-B label. "Feelin' Sad" is a slow mournful gospel blues which was later recorded by Ray Charles. It features Slim as a singer rather than as a blazing guitar player. The B side, "Certainly All," is an upbeat call-and-response gospel number with a rocking guitar solo. The songs were regional hits, and two of the first R&B sides to feature an overtly gospel sound. Slim's star was rising, and offers were coming in. He had taken up residence at the Dew Drop Inn--literally, that is--living upstairs surrounded by a rotating cast beautiful and willing women. Downstairs, he was honing his chops and his stage show. Frank Pania, the owner of the Dew Drop, had taken over his management. Jerry Wexler tried to sign Slim to Atlantic, but was beat out by Johnny Vincent, who at the time was doing A&R for Specialty Records. In late 1953, Slim returned to J & M Studios, but without Huey Smith. This session was led by another young piano player, Ray Charles, who had to be bailed out of jail to make the session. Four sides were recorded, including "The Things That I Used to Do" and "Story Of My Life." There are differing accounts of this session, and by every indication it was a long, arduous task to get Slim's sound properly waxed for the first time. Cosimo Matassa, when asked about Ray Charles's role, said, "He ran the session. He literally produced the session." The recording date that produced "The Things That I Used to Do" went on all night. Somewhere between forty and eighty takes, depending on whom you ask. Cosimo recalls, "Normally the, quote, producer will do rehearsals, and if during the rehearsal somebody plays a clam, he'll stop. Ray didn't do that. He'd go through the whole song... and remember everything everybody did wrong, and tell them off in one series." At the tail end of the final released take, you can hear Charles yell, "Yeah!," relieved, no doubt, to be done. After the sessions, Johnny Vincent played the song for Specialty Records owner Art Rupe. Rupe was less than enthusiastic, saying "it was the worst piece of shit [he] ever heard." What did he know? The record went on to be his biggest seller to date, and it put Slim on the map. It's a masterpiece of pre�rock-�n�-roll New Orleans R&B. The guitar sound is warm and up-front, distorted by volume, and backed by a swinging band. Volume was important to Slim's sound, which was, by all accounts, difficult to translate in the studio. All the recordings from this initial Specialty session are remarkable, but the sound of the guitar on one track in particular shows for the first time Slim's intensity as a soloist. "Story of My Life" is a slow blues with lyrics that are almost cliche to the idiom, but in Slim's case pretty close to the truth: If my mother hadn't have died Lord, and my father left his child at home maybe my life wouldn't be so miserable baby Lord, and I wouldn't be so all alone In between these lines Slim plays searing fills at lightning speed, which foreshadow a guitar sound not too different from what Jimi Hendrix produced more than a decade later. Many rock guitarists, including Frank Zappa, Billy Gibbons, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Hendrix, cite Slim as a key influence, but what he does on the solo for "Story of My Life" is extraordinary, and calls to mind Lou Reed's psychotic guitar break on The Velvet Underground's "I Heard Her Call My Name" ("Closer to dentistry than to guitar playing," in the words of my friend Mike DeCapite). It's a sound that is, of course, achieved with volume, but it's almost as if the guitar is playing the player, who has become a conduit for a sound raw, primal, and full of emotion. It's truly exhilarating. According to Cosimo, "Controls only meant one thing to him. Ten. It was kind of funny. It made a unique sound, and except for the harshness that these overtones create, it's unique, and it wasn't bad, and different for sure." Maybe the intensity was too much for an unsuspecting public, because as a follow up single to his number-one hit, it sold poorly. The record company bought Slim a brand-new Cadillac, which he promptly plowed into parked bulldozer. He was hurt, but not badly. The doctor told him to take it easy for a month. No big deal, except that Slim was booked solid and set to go on tour to promote his number-one record. Earl King, who was an up-and-coming guitar player in New Orleans at the time, was a friend and devotee of Slim�s, and for now, had become his understudy. Frank Pania, not wanting to cancel the dates, took King on the road to perform as Guitar Slim. King was scared to death that he'd be found out, but as his early Savoy and Specialty sides attest, he was a dead ringer for Slim, and in the days of radio and jukebox hits, no one really knew what Slim looked like. The tour went off without a hitch. King told writer Jeff Hannusch (in his book I Hear You Knockin'), "When I got back to town, the first person I saw was Guitar Slim... He was walkin' down LaSalle Street with a hospital gown on, and a guitar under one arm, and an amp under the other, yellin', 'Earl King, I heard you been out there imitatin' me. If you wreck my name, I'm gonna sue, and I'm gonna kill you!' " Slim soon hit the road with his new band, led by bassist Lloyd Lambert. Over the next year and a half, he recorded multiple sides for Specialty, all while out on the road at studios in Chicago and Los Angeles. They are all good, and some sold well, but none matched the success of "The Things That I Used to Do." Still, crowds flocked to see his wild stage show, both at home and on the road. It was not uncommon for people to drive a hundred miles to see him play. As a kid, guitarist Buddy Guy saw Slim and his destiny was set. To this day, he bases his stage show on Slim's (ED NOTE: Guy's especially good at walking around venues to play). In 1956, Specialty released Slim from his contract, and in March of that year, Atlantic Records finally got the opportunity to record him for their Atco subsidiary. Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler went to New Orleans to record him for the first time there since his first Specialty session. In Wexler's book Rhythm and Blues, he describes the scene of Slim's arrival to the rehearsals for his first Atlantic date. After several hours of waiting for Slim, "[S]uddenly a wave of humanity comes washing over the street--kids, men, women, and couriers. 'Here come's Slim! Slim's on the way!' A fleet of three red Cadillacs pulls up, and here's the man himself, emerging in a bower of red-robed beauties, dressed to match the Caddies, plus a retinue of courtiers, janissaries, mountebanks, and tumblers. 'Need to change into my singing pants, gents.' " After Slim bid adieu to his entourage (initially he�d invited everyone to hang out), rehearsals got underway. The following day they recorded several sides for Atco, including two of Slim�s best songs, "Down Through the Years" and "It Hurts to Love Someone." The sessions back at J & M with Cosimo were not without incident. It was stop-and-go, due to Slim's down-home eccentricity and tape-machine tubes being repeatedly blown by the gain on Slim's guitar. At one point, Slim took a solo, with which he had particularly impressed himself, and stopped mid-take, saying, "Gentlemen! Did you hear that?" Cosimo recalls, "Yeah, well, they cured him of that real quick. What they did was sent him outside, and did the rehearsing with him not in the room." The Atco sides did moderately well, but Atlantic couldn't get a hit with Slim either. He recorded for them twice the following year, in New Orleans and New York, and one last session in New York, in 1958, produced his final and prophetically titled two-sider "When There's No Way Out" and "If I Had My Life to Live Over." A year later, Slim was dead. Eddie Lee Jones was buried with his Goldtop Les Paul in the Cajun country southwest of New Orleans, in Thibodaux, Louisiana. He's buried next to his friend and final manager, Hosea Hill, who�d persuaded him to move to Thibodaux in 1956. Few people in Thibodaux know who he is, but one resident, Aaron Caillouet, made an unsuccessful bid for mayor in the 1990's, running on a platform of creating a Guitar Slim Day in Thibodaux. It's a shame he didn't win. SOURCES:

T-Bone Walker

Who first coined the term paradigm for all the factors that influence the scientist's research?

Perfect Sound Forever: Guitar Slim- The Things That He Used to Do! One of the only known pictures of Guitar Slim live by Ted Barron (June 2009) On February 7, 1959, Eddie "Guitar Slim" Jones died of complications from pneumonia in New York City. While he was on an East Coast tour of one-nighters, his breathing had become increasingly difficult. Ignoring doctors� orders, he continued drinking his daily ration of a pint of gin and a fifth of black port wine. Earlier that week, Slim went to his bandleader, Lloyd Lambert, claiming to be too sick to play. "My time is up," he said. Slim knew he was done for. He started a gig in Rochester, but couldn't finish the first song. In Newark the following night, he collapsed after finishing the show. The band drove in to New York City and got him a doctor in Harlem. They drove around the corner, checked into the Cecil Hotel, and Slim checked out on the doctor�s table before they could return to retrieve him and get him to the hospital. He was 32 years old. Back home in Louisiana, Mardi Gras was in full swing. His death was barely noticed due to another tragedy earlier that week, when Buddy Holly's plane went down in a cold Iowa night. We all know that story. Here's Slim's, or at least what can be pieced together of it. Five years earlier, Slim had a number-one hit on the Billboard R&B charts for six weeks straight with "The Things That I Used to Do," on Specialty Records. He claims the song came to him in a dream. In the dream, an angel fought a devil, each of them holding a set of lyrics to a song. Guess who won. Like another great bluesman keen on perpetuating his own myth while "walking side by side" with the Devil, and whose story is also shrouded in mystery, contradiction, and hearsay, Slim's life started in the richly fertile region of the Mississippi Delta. Eddie Lee Jones was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, in 1926. His mother died when he was 5, and he was sent to live with his grandfather at the L.C. Hayes Plantation, near Hollandale. He worked the fields, picking cotton and plowing behind a mule. His first instrument was the piano. He was allegedly fluent in boogie-woogie, and according to his first wife, he could hear any song once on a jukebox and sing it back immediately. He got his start as an entertainer, not as a musician but as a dancer. Eddie Jones, also known at the time as "Limber-Legged Eddie," would regularly show up at juke joints and clear the floor with an acrobatic repertoire of splits, jumps, twirls, and gyrations with any woman who could keep up with him. He married one of these women, 16-year-old Virginia Dumas, and was soon drafted into the army, where he served briefly in the Pacific at the end of World War II. Upon his return in 1946, he took a job working a cotton press. At the Harlem Club, in Hollandale, he befriended (and sometimes played piano behind) local and traveling musicians, including Robert Nighthawk, whose guitar prowess entranced the young Mr. Jones. In 1948, he left Dumas and Hollandale, surfacing in Arkansas, where he spent the next two years dancing in Delta juke joints with Willie Warren's band. It was Warren who showed Jones how to play the guitar. Jones was a quick learner, and in 1950, he told Warren that he was leaving to go to New Orleans to make records and was going to call himself Guitar Slim. Slim hit New Orleans to little fanfare. He hung out in a booth at a bar in the French Quarter playing guitar for wine, tips, and whatever else he could scrounge up. One story has him dressed in a black suit and a white hat playing on a bridge in the 9th Ward, practicing and trying to get noticed. Singer Geri Hall first heard Slim playing electric guitar at top volume on his front step at six o�clock in the morning, much to his neighbors� dismay. He soon met 15-year-old piano player Huey Smith, and they started playing together. They made their formal debut on August 26, 1950, at the Dew Drop Inn. Also on the bill that night were a female impersonator and a shake dancer. Slim�s repertoire at the time was heavy on covers of Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown and probably T-Bone Walker. Brown was probably his greatest influence as Slim was learning his craft as both a guitarist and a performer. But, as legend tells us, Slim took things up a notch. What he lacked in chops, he made up for with his flamboyant style. Every account of Guitar Slim places him as the greatest showman and most outrageous performer in the history of New Orleans music. That's saying something. He would dye his hair the same color as his suit and shoes--sometimes using paint to get the shoe color to match. One week it was red, the next blue, or yellow, and so on. Different reports calculate the length of his guitar cord between 200 and 350 feet. He would enter a club through the front door, playing while moving through the crowd, and join his band onstage, frequently on the shoulders of his personal valet. He exited the stage in the same fashion, proceeding to his car and driving away while still playing. The most incredible facts in all of this are that despite his success and national attention, Slim never made a TV appearance, and that there is no known footage of his stage show anywhere. Not only is there no footage, but there are only a handful of photographs of Slim in circulation, and only one battered snapshot (above) of him onstage. Needless to say, people started to pay attention. Slim soon found management and was playing all the clubs in town, traveling the Southern chitlin� circuit, and making a lot of noise. A lot of noise. He played loudly, with all the knobs on ten, and according to some, favored playing his guitar through a PA rather than an amplifier. Slim's theme song was Gatemouth's "Boogie Rambler," and when Slim finally entered a recording studio in early 1951, he recorded four sides for Imperial at his first session at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studio, including a variation on Gatemouth's number called "New Arrival." I'm a new arrival and they call me Guitar Slim If I don't suit my baby, I guess nobody else will Matassa recalls: "I distinctly remember the first session we did with him. He showed up like he was going onstage." Slim had arrived, but the records went nowhere. They're crude, but exciting nonetheless. It's a piano/guitar/drums trio, and they are the first recordings of both Slim and Huey "Piano" Smith. Smith went on to record a string of legendary R&B hits as a bandleader for Ace throughout the �50's and �60's. Frustrated by the poor reception and sales of New Orleans's newest sensation, manager Percy Stovall took Slim into a studio while on the road in Nashville, to record another session for the small J-B label. "Feelin' Sad" is a slow mournful gospel blues which was later recorded by Ray Charles. It features Slim as a singer rather than as a blazing guitar player. The B side, "Certainly All," is an upbeat call-and-response gospel number with a rocking guitar solo. The songs were regional hits, and two of the first R&B sides to feature an overtly gospel sound. Slim's star was rising, and offers were coming in. He had taken up residence at the Dew Drop Inn--literally, that is--living upstairs surrounded by a rotating cast beautiful and willing women. Downstairs, he was honing his chops and his stage show. Frank Pania, the owner of the Dew Drop, had taken over his management. Jerry Wexler tried to sign Slim to Atlantic, but was beat out by Johnny Vincent, who at the time was doing A&R for Specialty Records. In late 1953, Slim returned to J & M Studios, but without Huey Smith. This session was led by another young piano player, Ray Charles, who had to be bailed out of jail to make the session. Four sides were recorded, including "The Things That I Used to Do" and "Story Of My Life." There are differing accounts of this session, and by every indication it was a long, arduous task to get Slim's sound properly waxed for the first time. Cosimo Matassa, when asked about Ray Charles's role, said, "He ran the session. He literally produced the session." The recording date that produced "The Things That I Used to Do" went on all night. Somewhere between forty and eighty takes, depending on whom you ask. Cosimo recalls, "Normally the, quote, producer will do rehearsals, and if during the rehearsal somebody plays a clam, he'll stop. Ray didn't do that. He'd go through the whole song... and remember everything everybody did wrong, and tell them off in one series." At the tail end of the final released take, you can hear Charles yell, "Yeah!," relieved, no doubt, to be done. After the sessions, Johnny Vincent played the song for Specialty Records owner Art Rupe. Rupe was less than enthusiastic, saying "it was the worst piece of shit [he] ever heard." What did he know? The record went on to be his biggest seller to date, and it put Slim on the map. It's a masterpiece of pre�rock-�n�-roll New Orleans R&B. The guitar sound is warm and up-front, distorted by volume, and backed by a swinging band. Volume was important to Slim's sound, which was, by all accounts, difficult to translate in the studio. All the recordings from this initial Specialty session are remarkable, but the sound of the guitar on one track in particular shows for the first time Slim's intensity as a soloist. "Story of My Life" is a slow blues with lyrics that are almost cliche to the idiom, but in Slim's case pretty close to the truth: If my mother hadn't have died Lord, and my father left his child at home maybe my life wouldn't be so miserable baby Lord, and I wouldn't be so all alone In between these lines Slim plays searing fills at lightning speed, which foreshadow a guitar sound not too different from what Jimi Hendrix produced more than a decade later. Many rock guitarists, including Frank Zappa, Billy Gibbons, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Hendrix, cite Slim as a key influence, but what he does on the solo for "Story of My Life" is extraordinary, and calls to mind Lou Reed's psychotic guitar break on The Velvet Underground's "I Heard Her Call My Name" ("Closer to dentistry than to guitar playing," in the words of my friend Mike DeCapite). It's a sound that is, of course, achieved with volume, but it's almost as if the guitar is playing the player, who has become a conduit for a sound raw, primal, and full of emotion. It's truly exhilarating. According to Cosimo, "Controls only meant one thing to him. Ten. It was kind of funny. It made a unique sound, and except for the harshness that these overtones create, it's unique, and it wasn't bad, and different for sure." Maybe the intensity was too much for an unsuspecting public, because as a follow up single to his number-one hit, it sold poorly. The record company bought Slim a brand-new Cadillac, which he promptly plowed into parked bulldozer. He was hurt, but not badly. The doctor told him to take it easy for a month. No big deal, except that Slim was booked solid and set to go on tour to promote his number-one record. Earl King, who was an up-and-coming guitar player in New Orleans at the time, was a friend and devotee of Slim�s, and for now, had become his understudy. Frank Pania, not wanting to cancel the dates, took King on the road to perform as Guitar Slim. King was scared to death that he'd be found out, but as his early Savoy and Specialty sides attest, he was a dead ringer for Slim, and in the days of radio and jukebox hits, no one really knew what Slim looked like. The tour went off without a hitch. King told writer Jeff Hannusch (in his book I Hear You Knockin'), "When I got back to town, the first person I saw was Guitar Slim... He was walkin' down LaSalle Street with a hospital gown on, and a guitar under one arm, and an amp under the other, yellin', 'Earl King, I heard you been out there imitatin' me. If you wreck my name, I'm gonna sue, and I'm gonna kill you!' " Slim soon hit the road with his new band, led by bassist Lloyd Lambert. Over the next year and a half, he recorded multiple sides for Specialty, all while out on the road at studios in Chicago and Los Angeles. They are all good, and some sold well, but none matched the success of "The Things That I Used to Do." Still, crowds flocked to see his wild stage show, both at home and on the road. It was not uncommon for people to drive a hundred miles to see him play. As a kid, guitarist Buddy Guy saw Slim and his destiny was set. To this day, he bases his stage show on Slim's (ED NOTE: Guy's especially good at walking around venues to play). In 1956, Specialty released Slim from his contract, and in March of that year, Atlantic Records finally got the opportunity to record him for their Atco subsidiary. Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler went to New Orleans to record him for the first time there since his first Specialty session. In Wexler's book Rhythm and Blues, he describes the scene of Slim's arrival to the rehearsals for his first Atlantic date. After several hours of waiting for Slim, "[S]uddenly a wave of humanity comes washing over the street--kids, men, women, and couriers. 'Here come's Slim! Slim's on the way!' A fleet of three red Cadillacs pulls up, and here's the man himself, emerging in a bower of red-robed beauties, dressed to match the Caddies, plus a retinue of courtiers, janissaries, mountebanks, and tumblers. 'Need to change into my singing pants, gents.' " After Slim bid adieu to his entourage (initially he�d invited everyone to hang out), rehearsals got underway. The following day they recorded several sides for Atco, including two of Slim�s best songs, "Down Through the Years" and "It Hurts to Love Someone." The sessions back at J & M with Cosimo were not without incident. It was stop-and-go, due to Slim's down-home eccentricity and tape-machine tubes being repeatedly blown by the gain on Slim's guitar. At one point, Slim took a solo, with which he had particularly impressed himself, and stopped mid-take, saying, "Gentlemen! Did you hear that?" Cosimo recalls, "Yeah, well, they cured him of that real quick. What they did was sent him outside, and did the rehearsing with him not in the room." The Atco sides did moderately well, but Atlantic couldn't get a hit with Slim either. He recorded for them twice the following year, in New Orleans and New York, and one last session in New York, in 1958, produced his final and prophetically titled two-sider "When There's No Way Out" and "If I Had My Life to Live Over." A year later, Slim was dead. Eddie Lee Jones was buried with his Goldtop Les Paul in the Cajun country southwest of New Orleans, in Thibodaux, Louisiana. He's buried next to his friend and final manager, Hosea Hill, who�d persuaded him to move to Thibodaux in 1956. Few people in Thibodaux know who he is, but one resident, Aaron Caillouet, made an unsuccessful bid for mayor in the 1990's, running on a platform of creating a Guitar Slim Day in Thibodaux. It's a shame he didn't win. SOURCES:

i don't know

In which country was Sam Neill born?

Sam Neill - Biography - IMDb Sam Neill Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (18) | Personal Quotes  (10) Overview (3) 5' 11¾" (1.82 m) Mini Bio (1) Sam Neill was born in Omagh, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland, to army parents, an English-born mother, Priscilla Beatrice (Ingham), and a New Zealand-born father, Dermot Neill. His family moved to the South Island of New Zealand in 1954. He went to boarding schools and then attended the universities at Canterbury and Victoria. He has a BA in English Literature. Following his graduation, he worked with the New Zealand Players and other theater groups. He also was a film director, editor and scriptwriter for the New Zealand National Film Unit for 6 years. Sam Neill is internationally recognised for his contribution to film and television. He is well known for his roles in Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park and Jane Campion's Academy Award Winning film The Piano. Other film roles include The Daughter, Backtrack opposite Adrian Brody, Deux Ex Machina, F2014, A Long Way Down, The Tomb, The Hunter with Willem Dafoe, Daybreakers, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls Of G'Ahoole, Little Fish opposite Cate Blanchett, Skin, Dean Spanley, Wimbledon, Yes, Perfect Strangers, Dirty Deeds, The Zookeepers, Bicenntial Man opposite Robin Williams, The Horse Whisperer alongside Kristin Scott Thomas, Sleeping Dogs, My Brilliant Career. He received Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for the NBC miniseries Merlin. He also received a Golden Globe nomination for One Against The Wind, and for Reilly: The Ace of Spies. The British Academy of Film and Television honoured Sam's work in Reilly by naming him Best Actor. Sam received an AFI Award for Best Actor for his role in Jessica. Other television includes House of Hancock, Rake, Doctor Zhivago, To the Ends of Earth, The Tudors with Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Cruseo, Alcatraz and recently in Old School opposite Bryan Brown, Peaky Blinders alongside Cillian Murphy, The Dovekeepers for CBS Studios. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Shanahan Management Spouse (2) (1978 - 1989) (divorced) (1 child) Trivia (18) One son, Tim Neill (b.1983), with Lisa Harrow , a daughter Elena Neill with Noriko Watanabe , and a step-daughter Maiko. Met wife Noriko Watanabe on the set of Dead Calm (1989), where she worked as a make-up artist. He has homes in Beverly Hills, Sydney and New Zealand. Awarded the O.B.E. for Service to Acting (1993). "Best Actor on British Television" for Reilly: Ace of Spies (1983), Australian Film Institute Award "Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role" for A Cry in the Dark (1988) (aka "Cry in the Dark (1988)"). His vineyard is in the Gibbston Valley, Otago. His wine is a Pinot Noir called Two Paddocks. One of the original candidates for the fourth and fifth actor to portray James Bond - 007 in The Living Daylights (1987) and GoldenEye (1995). Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan ended up as James Bond, respectively. Montana is a recurring element in his films: in The Hunt for Red October (1990) he wants to live in Montana; in The Horse Whisperer (1998) he goes to Montana to find with his wife; in Jurassic Park (1993) he is digging up fossils in Montana. He is one of the three founders of Huntaway Films, along with his good friends John Clarke and Jay Cassells . Was considered for the role of the villainous "Doc Ock" in Spider-Man 2 (2004). His wife ended up as the principal make-up & hair stylist for Kirsten Dunst in the movie. He is a big fan of The Beach Boys . Moved to New Zealand at age 7. Good friends with musicians Neil Finn , Tim Finn and Jimmy Barnes . Born to Priscilla Beatrice (Ingham), who was English, and Dermot Neill, a New Zealand army officer. His ancestry includes English, Anglo-Irish (Northern Irish), and Irish. Studied at the University of Canterbury and at the Victoria University in Wellington, from which he graduated with a BA in English Literature. Owns a winery, Two Paddocks, in the Central Otago region of New Zealand. It was started in 1993. Suffered with a stammer when he was younger. Has fluent Irish accent. Personal Quotes (10) "Of all the characters I've played, I think I have more in common with that guy than with Reilly: Ace of Spies (1983) referring to Carl Fitzgerald in Death in Brunswick (1990). Who Weekly (NZ) 8/23/93. Referring to The Simpsons (1989): "I'm playing a cat burglar. I've made it. This is the high point of my career. I'm really chuffed". EW, 7/23/93. "Perhaps we should look at somewhere else where they recently used the time-old bribe of tax cuts, and see how it worked. In 2000, George W. Bush , under the reasonable sounding 'compassionate conservatism', offered huge tax cuts. And he delivered. Take a look at America now. The rich are certainly richer, but the economy is in the tank, a healthy surplus has been converted into a massive deficit, and the U.S. is a place that cannot even afford the basics. Like maintaining levees in low-lying Louisiana. Might I suggest that tax cuts led indirectly to the flooding of New Orleans?". If all I did was acting, I'd go out of my mind. The pathetic thing about actors is they don't feel valid unless they're acting. (2012, on My Brilliant Career) A most important role for me, I must say, because that's the film that took me out of New Zealand, the film that allowed me to live and work in Australia, which I love. Yeah, that was probably more transformative than anything else I've done, in a way. Without that film, I never would've-prior to that, I'd done Sleeping Dogs, and I thought, "That was a one-off, I'll never do another film." And if you look at Sleeping Dogs, you think, "Well, I wouldn't use that bugger again." But I did get cast in Brilliant Career, I kind of understood a little bit more about what was necessary, and it was a great opportunity for me. That film changed me into an actor rather than just a part-time thespian. (2012, on Dead Calm) Well, that was fantastically good fun, actually, although quite a lot of the time we were seasick and cold and wet and stuff like that. It was a very interesting film to do, as there were only three characters, you know, but it works very well, and it built quite a few careers. For [director] Phillip Noyce, it launched him into big action films, and there's this Australian actress called Nicole Kidman in it who you might've heard of... (2012, on filming Sleeping Dogs and working with Warren Oates) You see, that was my first feature film of all, with my friend Roger Donaldson, and there I really had no idea what I was doing. In fact, none of us did. Apart from Michael Seresin, who shot it, no one on that production had ever made a feature film before. In fact, there hadn't been a feature film made in New Zealand for something like 17 years. So we were really... We lit a little candle, which didn't illuminate much of the darkness in front of us, but we got through it. It's a very uneven film, and I'm pretty uneven in it. Oh, actually, the other person on the film who had any experience was, of course, the wonderful Warren Oates. He came in for about two weeks, I think, and... He discovered on day one, I think, that in the area of New Zealand where we were working, they grow the best marijuana, and so he was basically smoking joints all day. In some of the scenes where he's playing Col. Willoughby, a U.S. army advisor in New Zealand, he's addressing his men with his hands behind his back, and you might even possibly detect the little curving smoke behind his right shoulder, because he wouldn't even put the joint aside when the camera was rolling. He just put it behind his back! But Warren was a lovely guy, and when he left-I'll never forget this, actually: He shook my hand, and he said, "Goodbye, Sam! I'll see you in the movies!" It was such a surprising thing for him to say, but I was very touched by it. I never saw him again, because he died rather young not very long after that. But he lived hard, you know. And he had some great stories of the madness of working with Sam Peckinpah. [2014, on socializing with Michael Williams and Warren Clarke during the making of Enigma (1982)] My liver is still recovering. [on changing his name from Nigel to Sam, aged ten] I saved myself a lifetime of pain. See also

Northern Ireland

What was Dorothy Parker's maiden name?

Sam Neill Sam Neill Birthplace: Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland Gender: Male Executive summary: Played Reilly, Ace of Spies Father: Dermot Neill (d. 1991 cancer) Mother: Priscilla Son: Tim (b. 1983, by Lisa) Wife: Noriko Watanabe (m. Sep-1989, two daughters) Daughter: Elena (b. 1990, by Noriko) Daughter: Maiko (stepdaughter, by Noriko)     High School: Christ College, Christchurch, New Zealand     University: BA English, Canterbury University     Endorsement of MCI 1998

i don't know

In which month in 1997 was The Notorious B.I.G. gunned down?

March 9, 1997: Notorious B.I.G. Killed Video - ABC News ABC News East Coast rapper Biggie Smalls is gunned down in a drive-by shooting in L.A. 3:00 | 09/08/14 Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}} Coming up next: More information on this video Enhanced full screen Transcript for 3/9/97: Notorious B.I.G. Killed This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. Now Playing: 9/14/82: Grace Kelly Dies Now Playing: 9/13/93: PLO-Israeli Peace Agreement Now Playing: 9/15/01: Pres. Bush Declares War on Terror Now Playing: 9/15/83: Israeli PM Begin Resigns Now Playing: 9/17/01: Stock Market Reopens Now Playing: 4/29/1983: Chicago's First Black Mayor Now Playing: 4/28/1986: Chernobyl Disaster Now Playing: 4/4/68: MLK Assassinated Now Playing: 6/26/90: Bush Breaks 'No New Tax' Policy Now Playing: 4/24/1989: Central Park Jogger Attacked Now Playing: 4/24/1990: Hubble Telescope Now Playing: 4/26/1980: Hostages in Iran Moved Now Playing: 4/27/1994: First Interracial Elections in S. Africa Now Playing: 4/25/1990: Nicaraguan President Chamorro Now Playing: 4/30/2004: Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal Now Playing: 4/30/1992: Rodney King Case Verdict Now Playing: 4/30/1970: U.S. Invades So. Vietnam Now Playing: 4/13/70: Apollo 13 in Trouble Now Playing: 4/14/72: Nixon Visits Canada Now Playing: 4/14/88: Soviet Troops Leave Afghanistan Now Playing: {{itm.title}} {"id":13084580,"title":"3/9/97: Notorious B.I.G. Killed","duration":"3:00","description":"East Coast rapper Biggie Smalls is gunned down in a drive-by shooting in L.A.","url":"/Archives/video/march-1997-notorious-big-killed-13084580","section":"Archives","mediaType":"default"}

March

What was the official occupation of Sir Anthony Blunt who was unmasked as a Soviet spy in 1979?

Lil' Kim, Puff Daddy Guest On New "Notorious" B.I.G. Single - MTV mtv archive-David-Basham 11/04/1999 With the new album from the late rapper Notorious B.I.G., "Born Again," slated for release next month, Bad Boy Records has announced plans to issue "Notorious," a track featuring backing vocals from both Puff Daddy and Lil' Kim, as the next single from the LP. Another song, "Dead Wrong," was sent to radio last month to preview the sound of "Born Again," the second posthumous album from B.I.G., whose last record, "Life After Death," was released less than a month after the rapper was killed in March 1997 (see [article id="1425838"]"Notorious B.I.G. Gunned Down In Los Angeles"[/article]). "Born Again" was executive produced by the late rapper's good friend Sean "Puffy" Combs and features a virtual who's who of hip-hop and rap stars in various supporting roles, including Method Man, Redman, Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Ice Cube, Missy Elliott, Lil' Cease, Too Short, Mobb Deep, Black Rob, and Beanie Siegel, among others. Aside from those artists, "Born Again" also features a running monologue from the Notorious B.I.G.'s mother, Voletta Wallace, as well as a haunting appearance from another fallen rapper, Tupac Shakur. "Notorious" will be released on November 15, while the "Born Again" album arrives in stores on December 7. -- David Basham

i don't know

Which famous name was accused f the abduction of Stompie Seipei?

What is Happening in South Africa: The Murder of 14 yr old "Stompie" The Murder of 14 yr old "Stompie" The Murder of James "Stompie" Seipei  James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, was a teenage African National Congress (ANC) activist from Parys in South Africa. He was kidnapped and murdered on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the Mandela United football club. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against apartheid in the mid 1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school . Moeketsi was kidnapped on 29 December 1988 after a school rally, accused of being a police informer and murdered at the age of 14. His body was found in Soweto with his throat slit. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was convicted of the murder.  He claimed that she had ordered him to abduct four young men from Soweto, of whom Stompie was the youngest. The four were severely beaten and Stompie's body was later recovered by the police. Involvement of Winnie Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born Nomzamo Winfreda Madikizelza; 26 September 1936) is a South AfricanAfrican National Congress Women's League. She is currently a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Although still married to Nelson Mandela at the time of his becoming president of South Africa in May 1994, she was never the first lady of South Africa, as the couple had separated two years earlier after it was revealed that Winnie had been unfaithful during Nelson's incarceration. Their divorce was finalized on 19 March 1996, with an unspecified out-of-court settlement. Winnie Mandela's attempt to obtain a settlement up to US$5 million, half of what she claimed her ex-husband was worth, was dismissed when she failed to appear at court for a financial settlement hearing. A controversial activist, she is popular among her supporters, who refer to her as the 'Mother of the Nation', yet reviled by others, mostly due to her alleged involvement in several human rights abuses, including the 1989 kidnap of 14-year old ANC activist Stompie Moeketsi, who was later murdered. In March 2009, the Independent Electoral Commission ruled that Winnie Mandela, who was selected as an ANC candidate, could run in the April 2009 general election, despite having a fraud conviction.    Early life Her Xhosa name is Nomzamo. Nomzamo means "trial (having a hard time in life)". She was born in the village of eMbongweni, Bizana, in the Pondo region of what is now South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. She held a number of jobs in various parts of what was then the Bantustan of Transkei, including with the Transkei government, living at various times in Bizana, Shawbury and Johannesburg.   She met lawyer and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela in 1957. They were married in 1958 and had two daughters, Zenani (also called Zeni) (b.1959) and Zindzi (b.1960). In June 2010, Winnie was treated for shock after the death of her great-granddaughter, Zenani, who was killed in a car accident on the eve of the opening of South Africa's World Cup. She has diabetes. Despite restrictions on education of blacks during apartheid, Mandela earned a degree in social work from the Jan Hofmeyer School in Johannesburg, and several years later earned a Bachelor's degree in international relations from the University of Witwatersrand, also in Johannesburg. She is also a qualified Social Worker. Apartheid Mandela emerged as a leading opponent of the white minority rule government during the later years of her husband's long imprisonment (August 1963 – February 1990). For many of those years, she was exiled to the town of Brandfort in the Orange Free State and confined to the area, except for the times she was allowed to visit her husband at the prison on Robben Island. Beginning in 1969, she spent eighteen months in solitary confinement at Pretoria Central Prison. During the 1980s as well as the early 1990s, she attracted immense national and international media attention and was interviewed by many foreign journalists as well as national journalists such as Jani Allan, then Leading Columnist of the South African Sunday Times. In a leaked letter to Jacob Zuma in October 2008, just-resigned President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki alluded to the role the ANC created for her in the anti-apartheid activism: In the context of the global struggle for the release of political prisoners in our country, our movement took a deliberate decision to profile Nelson Mandela as the representative personality of these prisoners, and therefore to use his personal political biography, including the persecution of his then wife, Winnie Mandela, dramatically to present to the world and the South African community the brutality of the apartheid system. Violent rhetoric and murder allegations Mandela's reputation was damaged by what many considered her sometimes bloodthirsty rhetoric, the most noteworthy example of this being a speech she gave in Munsieville on 13 April 1986, where she endorsed the practice of necklacing (burning people alive using tyres and petrol) in the struggle to end apartheid.  She said, "with our boxes of matches and our necklaces we shall liberate this country". Further tarnishing her reputation were accusations by her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela ordered kidnapping and murder. On 29 December 1988, Richardson, coach of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) -- which acted as Mrs. Mandela's personal security detail -- abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Moeketsi ) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn. Mrs. Mandela claimed that she had the youth taken to her home because she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them. The four were beaten in order to get them to admit to sex with the reverend and Seipei was also accused of being an informer. Seipei's body was found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. This incident became a cause célèbre for the apartheid government. In 1991, she was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault in connection with the death of Seipei. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal.  The final report of the South African Truth and Reconciliation commission, issued in 1998, found "Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the MUFC." Transition to democracy During South Africa's transition to democracy, she adopted a far less conciliatory attitude than her husband toward the dominant white community. Despite being on her husband's arm when he was released in 1990, the first time the two had been seen in public for nearly thirty years, the Mandelas' 38-year marriage ended when they separated in April 1992 after it was revealed that she had been unfaithful to Nelson during his imprisonment. The couple divorced in March 1996. She then adopted the surname Madikizela-Mandela. Appointed Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in the first post-Apartheid government (May 1994), she was dismissed eleven months later following allegations of corruption. She remained popular among many ANC supporters, and, in December 1993 and April 1997, she was elected president of the ANC Women's League, though she withdrew her candidacy for ANC Deputy President at the movement's Mafikeng conference in December 1997. In 1997, she appeared before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archbishop Desmond Tutu as chairman of the commission recognised her importance in the anti-apartheid struggle, but also begged her to apologize and to admit her mistakes. In a guarded response, she echoed his words, admitting that "things went horribly wrong". Legal problems On 24 April 2003, she was found guilty on 43 counts of fraud and 25 of theft, and her broker, Addy Moolman, was convicted on 58 counts of fraud and 25 of theft. Both had pleaded not guilty to the charges, which related to money taken from loan applicants' accounts for a funeral fund, but from which the applicants did not benefit. Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. Shortly after the conviction, she resigned from all leadership positions in the ANC, including her parliamentary seat and the presidency of the ANC Women's League. In late 2003, her close friend and socialite Hazel Crane was murdered. Crane previously offered to buy Madikizela-Mandela a house. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that "the crimes were not committed for personal gain". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. In June 2007, the Canadian High Commission in South Africa declined to grant Winnie Mandela a visa to travel to Toronto, Canada, where she was scheduled to attend a gala fundraising concert organised by arts organization MusicaNoir, which included the world premiere of The Passion of Winnie, an opera based on her life. Return to politics When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Mandela placed first with 2845 votes. Apology to riot victims Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She also apologized to the victims of the riots and visited the Alexandra township. She also offered her home as a shelter for an immigrant family from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She warned that the perpetrators of the violence could strike at the Gauteng train system. 2009 general election Mandela secured fifth place on the ANC's electoral list for the 2009 general election, behind party president and current President of South Africa Jacob Zuma, former President of South Africa Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President of South Africa Baleka Mbete, and Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. An article in The Observer suggested that her position near the top of the list indicated that the party's leadership saw her as a valuable asset in the election with regard to solidifying support among the party's grassroots and the poor.  In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal.  2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul   In 2010, Madikizela-Mandela was interviewed by Nadira Naipaul . In the interview, she attacked her ex-husband, claiming that he had "let blacks down", claiming that he was only "wheeled out to collect money", and that he is "nothing more than a foundation". She further attacked his decision to accept the Nobel Peace Prize with FW De Klerk . Among other things, she also claimed that Mandela was no longer "accessible" to her daughters. She referred to archbishop Desmond Tutu, in his capacity as the head of the Truth and Reconciliation commission as a "cretin". The interview attracted media attention, and the ANC announced it would ask her to explain the apparent attack on Nelson Mandela. On 14 March 2010 a statement was issued on behalf of Winnie Mandela claiming that the interview was a "fabrication". My husband and I have just crossed Africa. On the final leg of our journey we had finally come to South Africa – a place that now went hand in hand with the name Mandela. My husband had been reluctant to come here but then he had followed his instinct and it had brought us to the Soweto door of the mystifying Winnie Mandela, a much celebrated and reviled woman of our times. Looking out at her garden, I wondered how long we would have to wait to see her. We were in a stronghold of sorts, with high enclosing walls and electronic gates which were controlled from inside a bunker-like guardhouse. There were tall muscular men dressed in black who casually appeared and disappeared. In the late Eighties, Winnie’s thuggish bodyguards, the Mandela United Football Club, terrorized Soweto. Club “captain” was Jerry Richardson, who died in prison last year while serving life for the murder of Stompie Moeketsi, a 14-year-old who was kidnapped with three other boys and beaten in the home where we would soon sit, sipping coffee. Winnie was sentenced to six years for kidnap, which was reduced to a fine on appeal. Members of the gang would later testify to South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission that Winnie had ordered the torture, murder and kidnap of her own people, and even participated directly. Winnie used to live, before she was famous, down one of the narrow, congested streets with small brick and iron sheet houses. Soweto is still a predominately black township: tourists come in buses to gawp at the streets linked to freedom, apartheid and Mandela. Winnie now has an imposing fortress on the hill. The garden is full of trees and well-manicured shrubs. We walked straight into a small cluttered hallway. It was full of the man: Mandela. He was everywhere. Presents, portraits, honorary degrees and letters covering every empty space on the walls. There was an air of expectancy as we entered. Our fixer had arranged this meeting with Winnie (or Mama Mandela, her township name) through her confidant and admirer. He is a young man in his early forties who is a well-known television presenter here and clearly an ardent devotee. He sat us down and talked softly about her. The politics of his generation, he said, had been defined by this woman. Her courage, her fire and her sheer stubbornness had made them men. They saw how unafraid she was and the risks and humiliations she was willing to absorb. These humiliations had not ended with apartheid. She was discarded, demonized and betrayed, he said. My nerves were playing up: my husband does not like to be kept waiting at the best of times. He is punctilious and has been known to walk away from a delayed meeting, leaving me to deal with the fallout. It was at that moment she appeared, tall, carefully attired in soft grey, wearing her signature wig. She held Vidia’s outstretched hand and asked him to sit next to her. She flashed a smile in my direction. The air was electrified by her presence. I did what was expected of me. I asked her if she was happy with the way things had panned out in South Africa. Winnie looked at my husband. Did he wish for the truth? She had heard of him. He pursued the truth or the closest he could get to it. No, she was not happy. And she had her reasons. “I kept the movement alive,” she began. “You have been in the township. You have seen how bleak it still is. Well, it was here where we flung the first stone. It was here where we shed so much blood. Nothing could have been achieved without the sacrifice of the people. Black people.” She looked at Vidia expecting another question. He said nothing, but his dark hooded eyes shone and she carried on with her eyes firmly locked onto his face. “The ANC was in exile. The entire leadership was on the run or in jail. And there was no one to remind these people, black people, of the horror of their daily reality; when something so abnormal as apartheid becomes a daily reality. It was our reality. And four generations had lived with it – as non-people.” As she spoke, I looked at her thinking she was, at 73, as her reputation promised, quite extraordinary. The ANC had needed this passionate revolutionary. Without her, the fire would have been so easily extinguished and she had used everything and anything to stoke it. While some still refer to her as Mother of the Nation, she is decried by many because of her links to the Stompie murder and other violent crimes during the apartheid era, and a conviction for fraud. “Were you not afraid?” I asked instinctively, but then I regretted this foolish query. She looked towards my chair. Her grey glasses focused on my face. “Yes, I was afraid in the beginning. But then there is only so much they can do to you. After that it is only death. They can only kill you, and as you see, I am still here.” I knew that the apartheid enforcers had done everything in their power to break this woman. She had suffered every indignity a person could bear. They had picked her up in the night and placed her under house arrest in Brandfort, a border town in Orange Free State, 300 miles from Soweto. “It was exile,” she said, “when everything else had failed.” At this remote outpost, where she spent nine years, she had recruited young men for the party. “Right under their noses,” she said to Vidia, laughing with the memory of it. “The only worry or pain I had was for my daughters. Never really knowing what was happening to them. I feel they have really suffered in all this. Not me or Mandela,” she said. Her two young daughters had never quite understood what was really happening. Bad men went to prison. Their father was in prison but he was not bad. “That anguish was unbearable for me as a mother, not knowing how my children coped when they held me in long solitary confinement.” Zenani, now 51, and Zindzi, 50, remain very much in the background, having no wish to enter politics themselves, Winnie said. Nelson Mandela is no longer “accessible” to his daughters and they have to get through much red tape just to speak to their father, she told us. Winnie brought up his name very casually, as if it was of no real value to her: not any more. “This name Mandela is an albatross around the necks of my family. You all must realise that Mandela was not the only man who suffered. There were many others, hundreds who languished in prison and died. Many unsung and unknown heroes of the struggle, and there were others in the leadership too, like poor Steve Biko, who died of the beatings, horribly all alone. Mandela did go to prison and he went in there as a burning young revolutionary. But look what came out,” she said, looking to the writer. He said nothing but listened. It is hard to knock a living legend. Only a wife, a lover or a mistress has that privilege. Only they are privy to the intimate inner man, I thought. “Mandela let us down. He agreed to a bad deal for the blacks. Economically, we are still on the outside. The economy is very much ‘white’. It has a few token blacks, but so many who gave their life in the struggle have died unrewarded.” She was pained. Her uncreased brown face had lost the softness. “I cannot forgive him for going to receive the Nobel [Peace Prize in 1993] with his jailer [FW] de Klerk. Hand in hand they went. Do you think de Klerk released him from the goodness of his heart? He had to. The times dictated it, the world had changed, and our struggle was not a flash in the pan, it was bloody to say the least and we had given rivers of blood. I had kept it alive with every means at my disposal”. We could believe that. The world-famous images flashed before our eyes and I am sure hers. The burning tyres – Winnie endorsed the necklacing of collaborators in a speech in 1985 (“with our boxes of matches and our necklaces we shall liberate this country”) – the stoning, the bullets, the terrible deaths of “informers”. Her often bloodthirsty rhetoric has marred her reputation. “Look at this Truth and Reconciliation charade. He should never have agreed to it.” Again her anger was focused on Mandela. “What good does the truth do? How does it help anyone to know where and how their loved ones were killed or buried? That Bishop Tutu who turned it all into a religious circus came here,” she said pointing to an empty chair in the distance. “He had the cheek to tell me to appear. I told him a few home truths. I told him that he and his other like-minded cretins were only sitting here because of our struggle and ME. Because of the things I and people like me had done to get freedom.” Winnie did appear before the TRC in 1997, which in its report judged her to have been implicated in murders: “The commission finds Mandela herself was responsible for committing such gross violations of human rights.” When begged by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to admit that “things went horribly wrong” and apologise, Winnie finally said sorry to Stompie’s mother and to the family of her former personal doctor whose killing she is alleged to have ordered after he refused to cover up Stompie’s murder. Someone brought in the coffee and we took the offered cups in silence. “I am not alone. The people of Soweto are still with me. Look what they make him do. The great Mandela. He has no control or say any more. They put that huge statue of him right in the middle of the most affluent “white” area of Johannesburg. Not here where we spilled our blood and where it all started. Mandela is now a corporate foundation. He is wheeled out globally to collect the money and he is content doing that. The ANC have effectively sidelined him but they keep him as a figurehead for the sake of appearance.” The eyes behind the grey tinted glasses were fiery with anger. It was an economic betrayal, she was saying, nothing had changed for the blacks, except that apartheid had officially gone. As she spoke of betrayal she inadvertently looked at a portrait of Mandela. I looked at Winnie. Maybe she did not know when to stop. Maybe that is the bane of a revolutionary: they gather such momentum that he or she can’t stop. I saw that although her trials and tribulations had been recorded, the scars on the inner, most secret part of her spirit tormented her. But for Winnie the deaths, the burning tyres around the necks of the informers and her own Faustian pacts perhaps made Mandela and his vaunted wisdom look like feeble compromises from a feeble man. No one could expect him to protect her or his children from his 27-year incarceration but now he was out he had wanted peace. He had longings, perhaps scars in the mind, fears and perhaps even wisdom that she could not match or return. The rumour rife in South Africa was that she could not abide him or touch him during their two-year attempt to salvage the marriage after his release in 1990. It was all too sad. And though he had been prepared to forgive the past, his wife’s affairs while he was in prison, it had not worked. They divorced in 1996, having spent only five of their 38 married years together. Her anger was a mighty liability and her defiance was too awful for words. “I am not sorry. I will never be sorry. I would do everything I did again if I had to. Everything.” She paused. I thought of the terrible shadow of the murder of Stompie. Winnie had flung the stone that had cracked the one-way mirror of apartheid. The “interrogators”, the compromisers, were now all unmasked and for what? “You know, sometimes I think we had not thought it all out. There was no planning from our side. How could we? We were badly educated and the leadership does not acknowledge that. Maybe we have to go back to the drawing board and see where it all went wrong.” This was Winnie the politician. This was the phoenix. Publicly, the ANC leadership, who made her a minister in the first post-apartheid government in 1994 and welcomed her back subsequently, distanced themselves from her amid allegations of corruption (in 2003, she was convicted of fraud and given a suspended prison sentence). But for the masses, she spoke their language and remains popular with those who feel their government hasn’t done enough. We could see why the ANC had needed this obdurate woman. She was bold and had an idea of her worth. She was the perfect mistress for the ANC in the bad times but then she became dangerous. As we stood up to leave, we saw a photograph of a young Winnie looking wistfully into the camera. She was ravishingly beautiful and Mandela had sought her. But the battle was over. She had played her part. It was over. She had been sidelined and discarded, but since the freedom had not brought the promised dream for the vast black population, she would continue to play her hand in politics. Of that I was sure. She was still a woman who could reflect the dangerous part of a man’s dream, whatever it may be. “When I was born my mother was very disappointed. She wanted a son. I knew that from a very early age. So I was a tomboy. I wanted to be a doctor at some point and I was always bringing home strays from school. People who were too poor to pay fees or have food. My parents never rebuked me or told me that they were hard-pressed, too.” She lit up talking of her past and of early memories that had nothing to do with the struggle. And then she suddenly turned towards Vidia and said: “But when I am alone I cannot help but think of the past. The past is still alive in here. In my head.” She pointed to the brain. Was it all nothing but a great loss? I wanted to know. Part of me ached for her. As a woman I felt her great transgressions and the pain. I wanted to tell her that if I had been Mandela I would have forgiven her but I lacked the courage. What would Vidia say to me if I did? He was saying goodbye. My eyes were filling. Instinctively she turned and looked into me and her eyes softened. She walked towards me and pulled me into her embrace. “I know what you want to say,” she whispered into my ear, “and for that I am grateful.” (The interview appeared on the London Evening Standard on the 8th March 2010. Days later Winnie denied that the interview took place but Nadira insisted that it did) Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes? by BBC News , January 25, 2010 The Rand Supreme Court sentences Jerry Richardson to death for the murder 14-year-old Stompie Seipei. Stompie Seipei was a child activist and member of the infamous Mandela Football Club established by Winnie Mandela as a front for the political mobilisation of township youths to stand against apartheid. Jerry Richardson abducted Seipei and three other boys near the Methodist Church (Manse), Soweto and took him to Winnie Mandela’s home. Richardson alleged that Winnie Mandela initiated the torture of Seipei, who was sjamboked and bounced on the floor by Richardson. Seipei was allegedly tortured and killed for sexual misconduct with a Methodist reverend Paul Verryn who was accused by some of the boys for having homosexual practices with young boys. Winnie Mandela also accused Seipei for being a police informer, a charge that carried a death penalty in terms of township mob justice. Winnie Mandela denied any involvement in the death of Stompie Seipei and accused Richardson for lying. However, the judge implicated Winnie Mandela in Stompie Seipei’s death by ruling that she was present when Stompie Seipei was tortured. The death of Seipei continued to haunt Winnie Mandela until some closure was reached when Winnie Mandela accepted, before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, some responsibility for the death of Seipei. Winnie Mandela had already apologised to Seipei’s mother for the loss of her son, but maintained her innocence.

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

What was the highest rank Charles Lindbergh attained?

Winnie won't be called for Stompie trial | News | National | M&G Winnie won't be called for Stompie trial Weekly Mail Reporter 11 May 1990 00:00 Winnie Mandela will not testify in the Rand Supreme Court where Jerry Richardson, the Mandela football team coach, is charged with the murder of teenage activist Stompie Seipei. Mandela had been mentioned on numerous occasions in the evidence. Richardson also faces four charges of abduction, five counts of assault and a charge of attempted murder. He has pleaded not guilty to all charges. LCJ van Vuuren, for the state, told the Weekly Mail: “Mrs Mandela is not on the state’s list of witnesses. And she will not be called by the state.”  Witwatersrand attorney general Klaus von Lieres said he had given no instructions for Mandela to be called as a witness. He added that the prosecutor did not have an obligation to subpoena every name mentioned during evidence. The defence team also confirmed they would not subpoena Mandela to testify. Three of the boys allegedly abducted, Kenneth Kgase, Thabiso Mono and Gabriel Pelo Mekgwe, said they were forcefully taken to Mandela’s house in Diepkloof extension and that Mandela was the first to sjambok them and Stompie. This was followed by assaults from other team members, including Richardson. Stompie’s corpse was found on January 6 1989 in an open field between Noordgesig and New Canada near Soweto. He is said to have died from wounds to the neck and subcutaneous contusion. On January 16 1989 a community meeting in Dobsonville near Soweto decided that community leaders would approach Mandela to discuss Stompie’s disappearance after the meeting had heard the testimonies of Mono, Mekgwe and Katiza Cebekhulu concerning the alleged abduction and assault.  This evidence was given in court yesterday by Methodist minister Paul Verryn. The boys were allegedly abducted from Verryn’s Orlando West manse. Apparently Mandela also accused the boys of sexual misconduct with Verryn before beating them. Verryn denied these allegations yesterday. Relating his first contact with the boys after the alleged kidnapping, Verryn said that on January 7 1989, he received a telephone call from the Central Methodist Church informing him of Kgase’s escape.  He found Kgase at the church, with a bloodshot eye, a swollen lip and 20 scars on his back. “The first thing he (Kgase) told me was he had learned to kill” Kgase also intimated to Verryn that Stompie was no longer alive. Earlier this week Mono and Mekgwe recounted the events leading to their release from the Mandela home. According to their evidence, Nelson Mandela’s lawyer, Ismail Ayob, visited the house on two occasions during their alleged captivity.  The first time Ayob came he informed Mandela the Methodist bishop Peter Storey wanted to see her, Mono said. On the second occasion Ayob brought a message from Nelson Mandela in prison that the boys should be released and allowed to stay at his (Ayob’s) house. Apparently Richardson refused this second request saying he would not agree to “his players being taken to a place unknown to him”.  According to the boys Winnie Mandela’s lawyer, Krish Naidoo, also visited the house and Richardson instructed them to tell Naidoo that they were at Mandela’s house because of sexual misconduct in Verryn’s home. Later that day Mandela did order Richardson and Xoliswa to take the boys to Ayob’s place, Mono said. But Richardson wanted to remain with the boys at Ayob’s place. Ayob said they should return with the boys if they were not prepared to leave them there.  On January 16, Mono, Mekgwe and Cebekhulu were taken to Dr Nthato Motlana’s house in Soweto, and at 1pm Motlana took them to Verryn’s house, which was empty. Motlana then took them to Naidoo’s offices where Bishop Peter Storey met them. Apparently Richardson told Storey his name was “Manyways Maseko”. They were then taken to the Dobsonville meeting. This article originally appeared in the Weekly Mail.  

i don't know

Who was the second person to make a solo transatlantic flight?

On This Day: Amelia Earhart Embarks on Solo Trans-Atlantic Flight more » Associated Press Amelia Earhart poses in front of the plane in which she completed her solo flight across the Atlantic, May 21, 1932, Derry, Ireland. On This Day: Amelia Earhart Embarks on Solo Trans-Atlantic Flight May 20, 2011 06:00 AM by findingDulcinea Staff On May 20, 1932, Amelia Earhart took off from Newfoundland; she landed in Ireland nearly 15 hours later, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart Becomes Second Person to Fly Solo Across Atlantic Aviation phenomenon Amelia Earhart first made headlines in 1928 when she became the first woman to cross the Atlantic as a passenger on a trans-Atlantic airplane flight. Though she received international fame, Earhart did not think she deserved it ; “I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes,” she remarked. Four years later, Earhart attempted to make the flight on her own. Just one person, Charles Lindbergh , had flown solo across the Atlantic. A female aviator, Ruth Nichols , had attempted the flight in 1931, but had crashed in Canada. On May 20, 1932, five years to the day after Lindbergh’s flight, Earhart took off from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, in her red Lockheed Vega 5B . She encountered many difficulties; “Earhart fought fatigue, a leaky fuel tank, and a cracked manifold that spewed flames out the side of the engine cowling,” writes the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. “Ice formed on the Vega's wings and caused an unstoppable 3,000-foot descent to just above the waves.” She had planned to fly to Paris—the same destination as Lindbergh—but the weather and mechanical problems forced her to land at a farm near Derry, Ireland , completing the flight in 14 hours and 56 minutes. She described her landing in a pasture: “After scaring most of the cows in the neighborhood, I pulled up in a farmer’s back yard.” Related Content Charles Lindbergh “ Many have said that the last great spectacular feat of this sort which remained in aviation would be a solitary Atlantic crossing by a woman,” the Manchester Guardian wrote. “Without male or other assistance, but relying on her own ability as a pilot, her own skill in the extremely difficult navigation which the Atlantic demands, she has succeeded in proving that the flight is not beyond the knowledge and the capacity for sustained endurance which a woman can acquire.” Earhart was lavished with honors , receiving a tickertape parade in New York and being awarded a National Geographic Society medal by President Hoover and the Distinguished Flying Cross by Congress. The New York Times: The Lady Vanishes: Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart , born in 1897 in Kansas, worked as a nurse’s aide and a social worker before learning to fly and buying her own plane in 1921. She set the women’s altitude record in 1923, and in 1928 was offered the opportunity by publicist George Putnam—her future husband—to be the first woman to take part in a trans-Atlantic flight. Earhart went on to form the Ninety-Nines , the first organization of female pilots, with 98 other aviatrixes, and set other women’s flying records before her 1932 trans-Atlantic flight. Later, she became the first person to fly the Atlantic alone twice, and the first woman to fly nonstop across the United States. Her flying career ended with her disappearance in 1937 during an attempt to circumnavigate the globe . Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, were flying from Lae, New Guinea, to the Pacific Ocean island of Howland in one of the final legs of the flight. Despite massive search and rescue missions, her body was never found. The cause of her disappearance and her ultimate fate remain a mystery. “ Earhart’s disappearance spawned countless theories involving radio problems , poor communication, navigation or pilot skills, other landing sites, spy missions and imprisonment, and even living quietly in New Jersey or on a rubber plantation in the Philippines,” according to the National Air and Space Museum. “The most reasonable explanation, based on the known facts of her flight, is that they were unable to locate Howland Island, ran out of fuel, and ditched into the Pacific Ocean.” Despite her tragic end, Earhart continues to inspire people today with her legacy of daring and love of flight. “ Amelia Earhart symbolizes modern woman’s invasion of the male world of daring action and adventure,” wrote author Camille Paglia. “As an aviator, she broke barriers and made the machine age her own. … Dashing in man-tailored shirts, jackets and slacks, Earhart became an icon of the rapidly evolving new woman who sought self-definition and fulfillment outside the home.”

Amelia Earhart

Who became commanding general of the First Armored Corps in 1941?

Women in Aviation and Space History - Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum women in aviation and space history National Air and Space Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution Amelia Earhart Barron Hilton Pioneers of Flight (208); Golden Age of Flight (105) Amelia Earhart is probably the most famous female pilot in aviation history, an accolade due both to her aviation career and to her mysterious disappearance. On May 20–21, 1932, Earhart became the first woman — and the second person after Charles Lindbergh — to fly nonstop and solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Flying a red Lockheed Vega 5B, she left Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, Canada, and landed about 15 hours later near Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The feat made Earhart an instant worldwide sensation and proved she was a courageous and able pilot. Then, on August 24–25, she made the first solo, nonstop flight by a woman across the United States, from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey, establishing a women's record of 19 hours and 5 minutes and setting a women's distance record of 3,938 kilometers (2,447 miles). Born in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897, Amelia Earhart displayed an independent style from childhood, including keeping a scrapbook on accomplished women, taking an auto repair course, and attending college (but never graduating). She attended her first flying exhibition in 1918 while serving as a Red Cross nurse's aide in Toronto, Canada. She took her first flight in California in December 1920, with veteran flyer Frank Hawks, and declared, "As soon as I left the ground, I knew I myself had to fly." Her first instructor was Anita "Neta" Snook who gave her lessons in a Curtiss Jenny. To pay for flight lessons, Earhart worked as a telephone company clerk and photographer. Earhart soloed in 1921, bought her first airplane, a Kinner Airster, in 1922 and wasted no time in setting a women's altitude record of 4,267 meters (14,000 feet). In 1923, Earhart became the 16th woman to receive an official Fédération Aéronautique Internationale pilot license. Earhart moved to east to be near her sister and mother, and, after a second year at Columbia University in New York City, began working in Boston at the Denison Settlement House as a social worker with immigrant families. In the spring of 1928, she was flying at Dennison Airport, and had joined the local National Aeronautic Association, when she was offered the opportunity of a lifetime: to become the first woman to fly across the Atlantic as a passenger. Amy Phipps Guest owned the Fokker F.VII Friendship and wanted to make the flight but when her family objected, she asked aviator Richard Byrd and publisher/publicist George Putnam to find "the right sort of girl" for the trip. On June 17, 1928, Earhart and pilots Wilmer Stultz and Lou Gordon departed Trepassey, Newfoundland and, though promised time at the controls of the tri-motor, she was never given the opportunity to fly the aircraft during the 20-hour 40-minute flight to Burry Point, Wales. She did get in the pilot's seat for a time on the final hop to Southampton, England. The dramatic 1928 flight brought her international attention and the opportunity to earn a living in aviation. Putnam became her manager and she began lecturing and writing on aviation around the country. In August of 1929, she placed third in the All-Women's Air Derby, behind Louise Thaden and Gladys O'Donnell, which was the first transcontinental air race for women (from Santa Monica, California to Cleveland, Ohio) and a race she helped organized.  This race, closely followed by the press and by the public who flocked to the stops along the way, proved that women could fly in rugged and competitive conditions. A few months after the Derby, a group of women pilots decided to form an organization for social, recruitment, and business purposes. Ninety-nine women, out of 285 licensed U.S. female pilots, became charter members, inspiring the organization's name The Ninety-Nines (99s); Earhart became their first president. Female pilots were keenly aware of the lack of social and economic independence for all women and were determined to help one another. In 1930, after only 15 minutes of instruction, Earhart became the first woman to fly an autogiro, made by Pitcairn and featuring rotating blades to increase lift and allow short takeoffs and landings. Earhart set the first autogiro altitude record and made two autogiro cross-country tours, which were marked by three public "crack-ups," as she called them. Though Earhart was the most famous woman pilot, she was not the most skilled. Determined to prove herself, Earhart decided to fly the Atlantic Ocean again, but this time alone. She thought a transatlantic flight would bring her respect, something other women sought too -- Ruth Nichols made an attempt in 1931 crashing in Canada, but she was planning another attempt when Earhart succeeded. During her 3,260-kilometer (2,026-mile) nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic on May 20-21, 1932, Earhart fought fatigue, a leaky fuel tank, and a cracked manifold that spewed flames out the side of the engine cowling. Ice formed on the Vega's wings and caused an unstoppable 3,000-foot descent to just above the waves. Realizing she was on a course far north of France, she landed in a farmer's field in Culmore, near Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Acclaimed in London, Paris, and Rome, she returned home to a ticker tape parade in New York City and honors in Washington, D.C. By July and August she was back in the Vega for her transcontinental flight. On January 11–12, 1935, Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland, this time in a Lockheed 5C Vega. Although some called it a publicity stunt for Earhart and Hawaiian sugar plantation promoters, it was a dangerous3,875-kilometer (2,408-mile) flight that had already claimed several lives. Of that flight she remarked: "I wanted the flight just to contribute. I could only hope one more passage across that part of the Pacific would mark a little more clearly the pathway over which an air service of the future will inevitably fly." Later that year, Earhart made record flights from Los Angeles to Mexico City and from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey. She also placed fifth in the 1935 Bendix Race. Earhart was a two-time Harmon Trophy winner and was also the recipient of the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross. Earhart became the first woman vice president of the National Aeronautic Association, which authorized official records and races. She persuaded the organization to establish separate female records because women did not have the money or planes — and thus the experience — to fairly compete against men for "world" titles. Earhart served as a partner in the Transcontinental Air Transport and Ludington airlines and lobbied Congress for aviation legislation. She promoted the safety and efficiency of air travel to women, on the premise that they would influence men. She tirelessly lectured across the country on the subjects of aviation and women's issues and wrote for Cosmopolitan and various magazines. She wrote about her flights and career in 20 Hours and 40 Minutes, The Fun of It, and Last Flight, which was published after her disappearance. Earhart married George Putnam in 1931 — hesitantly — on the condition that they would separate in a year if unhappy. Though some called it a marriage of convenience, they remained together. Earhart designed a line of "functional" women's clothing, including dresses, blouses, pants, suits, and hats, initially using her own sewing machine, dress form, and seamstress. Though "tousle-haired" and rather thin, she photographed well and modeled her own designs for promotional spreads. Earhart also designed a line of lightweight, canvas-covered plywood luggage sold by Orenstein Trunk of Newark, New Jersey. Earhart luggage was sold into the 1990s and featured an Amelia Earhart luggage key, prompting some people to believe they possessed her "personal" aircraft or suitcase key. In 1935, Earhart became a visiting professor at Purdue University at the invitation of Purdue president Edward Elliott, an advocate of higher education for women, especially in engineering and science. Earhart, a former premedical student, served as a counselor for women and a lecturer in aeronautics. Elliott was also interested in supporting Earhart's flying career and convinced Purdue benefactors to purchase a twin-engine Lockheed 10-E Electra for her. Many companies contributed their latest aviation technology to her Flying Laboratory. Earhart decided to make a world flight and she planned a route as close to the equator as possible, which meant flying several long overwater legs to islands in the Pacific Ocean. On March 20, 1937, Earhart crashed on takeoff at Luke Field, Honolulu, Hawaii, ending her westbound world flight that had begun at Oakland, California. The Electra was returned to Lockheed Aircraft Company in Burbank, California, for extensive repairs. On June 1, 1937, Earhart began an eastbound round-the-world flight from Oakland, via Miami, Florida, in the Electra with Fred Noonan as her navigator. They reached Lae, New Guinea on June 29, having flown 35,405 kilometers (22,000 miles) with 11,265 kilometers (7,000 miles) more to go to Oakland. They then departed Lae on July 2 for the 4,113-kilometer (2,556-mile) flight to their next refueling stop, Howland Island, a three-kilometer (two-mile) long and less-than-a-mile wide dot in the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, due to various circumstances, Earhart and the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca, anchored off shore of Howland, could not complete any direct two-way radio communication and neither Earhart nor Noonan were competent at Morse Code. However, the Itasca did receive several strong voice transmissions from Earhart as she approached the area, the last at 8:43 am stating: "We are on the line of position 156-137. Will repeat message. We will repeat this message on 6210 kilocycles. Wait. Listening on 6210 kilocycles. We are running north and south." Earhart and Noonan never found Howland and they were declared lost at sea on July 19, 1937 following a massive sea and air search. Earhart's disappearance spawned countless theories involving radio problems, poor communication, navigation or pilot skills, other landing sites, spy missions and imprisonment, and even living quietly in New Jersey or on a rubber plantation in the Philippines. The most reasonable explanation, based on the known facts of her flight, is that they were unable to locate Howland Island, ran out of fuel, and ditched into the Pacific Ocean. Earhart's disappearance remains one of the great unsolved mysteries of the 20th century, and it often overshadows her true legacies as a courageous and dedicated aviator and as an enduring inspiration to women. Amelia Earhart Record Setter 1922 — Feminine altitude record of 4,267 meters (14,000 feet). 1928 — First woman to fly across the Atlantic as a passenger in the Fokker F.VII Friendship. 1929 — Feminine speed record. 1931 — First woman to fly an autogiro. 1931 — Autogiro altitude record of 5,612 meters (18,415 feet). 1932 — First woman (and only the second person) to fly solo and nonstop across the Atlantic. Also first person to cross the Atlantic twice by air. 1932 — First woman to fly solo and nonstop across the United States. 1933 — Reset her transcontinental record. 1935 — First person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii, to the U.S. mainland (Oakland, California). 1935 — Speed record between Mexico City and Washington, D.C. 1935 — First person to fly solo from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey.  

i don't know

Who was the third wife of the leader of China's Long March?

The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 This is the story of the Long March of the Communist Party leadership and the Red Army from South China to Northwest China. The source is mainly Harrison Salisbury's book The Long March. Salisbury's book is a very good book that well conveys the drama of the Long March and its three struggles: 1. the Red Army with the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek 2. the Red Army with the elements and terrain of western China 3. the factions within the Red Army with each other. The latter struggle was primarily between the Mao Zedong faction and the Communist International (Comintern) faction led by the man Joseph Stalin imposed as a condition for aiding the communists, Otto Braun. There was also a power struggles between the First Army led by Mao Zedong and the Fourth Army led by Zhang Guotao. Salisbury is sympathetic to Mao but his book is objective and well worth reading. There is however another book, Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday that tells the story behind the story of the Long March. Background Both the Communist Party and the Guomindang (Nationalist) Party were created around 1920 and had a socialist orientation. The Guomindang although it had a socialist orientation was primarily concerned with establishing a nation state. This meant suppressing the numerous warlords and uniting China. The Guomindang needed financial aid to achieve this and it was not going to get such aid from the imperialist powers. The founder and leader of the Guomindang, Sun Yatsen, sought and received aid from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only sent material aid, it also sent advisors, Michael Borodin and Otto Braun. The latter was a German Communist representing the Communist International, the Comintern. The Soviet Union also required that the Guomindang admit to its membership the members of the Communist Party of China. The Communists worked within the Guomindang during the early and middle 1920's. The arrangement appeared to work well. Chiang Kai-shek directed the Whampoa Military Academy and Zhou Enlai served as the political officer for that academy. Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow for training and later his son, Chiang Ching-guo, went to Moscow. The trouble came when Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in 1925. It was uncertain who would succeed him as leader of the Guomindang. After a short period of political maneuvering Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader. The Guomindang actually split at this time into two factions, a left faction headed by Chiang Kai-shek who accepted continued cooperation with the Communists and a right faction which opposed such cooperation. After consolidating his hold on the Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek organized a northern expedition to defeat the many warlords who controlled local areas of northern China. Chiang's Northern Expedition of 1926-27 was a great success. Thirty nine war lords were defeated. The Northern Expedition then moved to Shanghai. The Communist-dominated labor unions staged an uprising prior to the entry of Chiang's army into the city. This uprising established a city government without Chiang's approval. This and other actions by the Communists within the Guomindang led Chiang to fear the Communists were following their own agenda and were striving for control. Chiang's followers turned upon the Communists in Shanghai and massacred them. A similar slaughter and purge of the Communists within the Guomindang throughout other parts of China took place shortly afterwards. Those that could escaped and joined the rural communist centers in South China. The major rural Communist strongholds were in the rural areas of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces. There were also strongholds in the more remote provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi. In the Jiangxi Soviet, as it was called, Mao Zedong was a major leader. Mao Zedong Mao Zedong came from the clan village of Shaoshan in Hunan Province. He was born at the end 1893 and was notably older than the other Communist leaders. His family was moderately well-to-do, land-owning peasants. Mao's grandfather had lost the family farm to money lenders but Mao's father had got it back and had moved upward into trade and money lending. Mao's father wanted his son Zedong educated in order to be better able to handle the family businesses. In the village school Mao learned basic literacy and the Chinese classics from age seven to twelve. At age 13 Mao's father felt he had an adequate education and ended his schooling to have him work fulltime on the family farm. Mao's mother, a kind, hard-working woman who was a devout Buddhist, was a stronger influence on Mao Zedong than his hard-driving father. Mao rebelled against his father and left the family to study at a higher primary school in a nearby county. He later then went on to Changsha Normal School in the provincial capital of Changsha at about age eighteen. At Changsha Normal he became acquainted with the writings of political revolutionaries, Western as well as Chinese. He was particularly impressed by the writings of Sun Yat-sen. Incidentally Mao first heard of America when reading a short biography of George Washington. The revolution against the Qing Empire was finally successful in 1911, after four failed attempts. Mao joined the army of revolution and was a soldier for six months. But the success of the revolution brought a demobilization of the army and Mao drifted from one pursuit to another uncertain of the what career he should prepare for. He graduated from Changsha Normal School and went to Beijing. He worked as an assistant librarian at Beijing University where he read and participated in some student organizations that gave him his first experience in political organizing. Sun Yat-sen and his political organization was not as successful in gaining control of China as they had been in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. The period from 1912 to 1919 saw China falling under the control of local warlords. Sun Yat-sen relinquished the presidency of the Chinese Republic to a man who had been a Qing Empire official but who secured the abdication of the Emperor. Sun Yat-sen felt this man would be best able to unify China. Instead that man sought to make himself the new emperor and also sought to exterminate Sun Yat-sen and his party. The year 1919 saw a renewal of Sun Yat-sen's political organization. In that year the Allies of World War I chose to grant the German Concession in China to Japan rather than returning it to Chinese control. This sparked violent protests. Sun Yat-sen organized a political party called Guomindang (Nationalist Party). The ideological roots of the Guomindang are a bit uncertain but there was an emphasis on nationalism and socialism. Mao was in Beijing at the time of the protests, the May Fourth (1919) Movement. In July of 1919 Mao wrote an editorial which said, Mao Zedong If we do not act, Who will act? In the summer of 1919 Mao left Beijing to organize opposition to Japan among students, workers and merchants in Jiangxi Province in southern China. The fact that peasants were not at this time considered to have revolutionary potential reflected the influence of Marxism. Mao talked and wrote about the Soviet experience but he did not commit himself to Marxism until 1921. Mao differed from the other Communist leaders in that he did not travel to Western Europe or Moscow for study. He moved toward a focus on the Chinese countryside and the peasants. However much this focus on the peasants was at variance with orthodox Marxism, Mao instincts still directed him unerringly to greatest reservoir of revolutionary potential in China. The Jiangxi Soviet After the massacre of communists in Shanghai and elsewhere in 1927 at the instigation of Chiang Kai-shek the communists attempted rebellions in several cities and towns. The Jiangxi Soviet emerged as a result of attempted insurrections in two cities, an unsuccessful one organized by Mao Zedong and a successful one organized by Zhou En-lai. In July of 1927 Zhou En-lai journeyed to the city of Nanchang to carry out his assignment by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which was to capture contol. Nanchang was chosen because the Guomindang commander of public safety, Zhu De, was secretly a member of the Communist Party. The insurrectionists had about twenty thousand troops and the troops which remained loyal to Chiang Kai-shek numbered only ten thousand. The Comintern representative ordered Zhou En-lai not to carryout the insurrection. Zhou En-lai defied that order even though it might mean a loss of the material support for the Chinese communists by the Soviet Union. The insurrection was successful. However it was recognized that once the government moved substanial numbers of troops to the area the insurrectionists would not be able to hold the city. The insurrections left Nanchang and headed south. Mao Zedong had been assigned to organize an Autumn Harvest Uprising in September of 1927 which would capture the city of Changsa. The revolution in Changsa failed and at the end of September Mao was leading a small army of about one thousand toward a mountain in Jiangxi Province called Jinggangshan. It was in an isolated area on the the border between Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces. Jinggangshan was not just a mountain; it was more of a massif being sixty miles long and twenty miles wide.. Jinggangshan had an elevation of about five thousand feet and was under the control of two bandit gangs. Mao believed that he would be able to bring the anti-government bandits over to the communist side. This he did partly with personal persuasion and partly with a gift of rifles. By the end of October of 1927 Mao had established headquarters in the town of Maoping on Jinggangshan and had one of the two bandit groups cooperating with his organization. In February of 1928 Mao used his troops to capture a enemy of the other bandit chief. That brought the second bandit chief into alliance with Mao. In May of 1928 Zhu De brought the reminant 1000 of his force to Mao's area. Mao and Zhu forged a solid alliance that was to continue long into the future. By the next year Mao was able to recruit enough soldiers to bring the troop strength to four thousand. This was too many soldiers to be supported by the local economy of Jinggangshan. Mao and Zhu decided to move their army. They left Peng Dehuai to defend the enclave in Jinggangshan as long as he could. When Chiang Kai-shek sent in a large force to destroy the Red Bandits Peng evacutaed the mountain and moved to join Mao and Zhu. The Guomindang forces executed about a thousand people in the former communist enclave on the mountain. The Mao and Zhu army established a new enclave in southeastern Jiangxi Province and made the town of Rujin the headquarters. The enclave came to be called the Jiangxi Soviet. After Mao had successfully operated the enclave for a number of years there were Communist Party officials who were not happy with Mao. Mao's emphasis on peasant support was at variance with doctrinaire Marxism. According to Marxist theory, revolution were supposed to arise among the proletariat of advanced industrial nations, not among peasants in backward, unindustrialized countries. The Soviet Union was providing support but required its representative to have a strong voice in the decisions of Communist Party organizations. The decision-making power in the Jiangxi Soviet was taken away from Mao and vested in a three-member committee. One member of that committee was the Comintern representative, Otto Braun. Braun used the Chinese name Li De. Zhou En-lai was another member and the third member was Bo Gu, a man who gave complete support to Braun. Thus Zhou En-lai aways faced two votes for Otto Braun's position on any issue. Backgrounds of the Other Communist Leaders Involved in the Long March Zhou Enlai As most who observed him must have suspected, Zhou Enlai came from an upper class, gentry background. He was born in 1898 in Huaian in Jinagsu Province which is north of Shanghai. He was raised by his uncle in Shaoxin in Zhejiang Province which is south of Shanghai. Zhou graduated from a secondary school in Tianjin and then went to Japan for further study in 1917. He returned from Japan in 1919, just in time to be involved in the May Fourth Movement. He was arrested in 1920 and upon his release he left China to go to France for study. While in France he participated in the founding, along with Ho Chi Minh, of the Communist Party of France. Later, when the Communist Party of China was formed in 1921 in Shanghai Zhou joined it. Zhou returned to China in 1924. Sun Yat-sen had asked for aid from the Soviet Union and received it on the condition that the members of the Chinese Communist Party could join the Guomindang (Nationalist Party). So Zhou returned to China during the era of cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party. Zhou became the political officer at the Whampoa Military Academy, which was under Chiang Kai-shek command. Chang Kai-shek led a Northern Expedition to subdue the warlords of North China. Chiang was able to defeat thirty some war lords. Chiang then led his armies to Shanghai. Zhou had gone to Shanghai in advance of the Northern Expedition and organized an insurrection in Shanghai. Chiang at that time decided that his Communist Allies were pursuing their own agenda and could not be trusted. Chiang turned against the Communists and had them slaughtered in Shanghai and in the cities around China. Zhou barely escaped. He went to Wuhan where he was elected to the Politburo (Political Bureau) of the Chinese Communist Party. Zhou helped organize Communist insurrections in the cities but the Nationalist Army soon put them down. Zhou escaped and traveled to Moscow in 1928. He returned to Shanghai from Moscow but in 1931 had to flee. He traveled to Jiangxi Province where Mao Zedong, along with Zhu De, had organized a rural enclave called a Soviet. In 1932 the rest of the Communist organization in Shanghai followed Zhou to Jiangxi. Zhou became the political commissar of the Red Army which had been created in the Jiangxi Soviet by Mao Zedong and Zhu De. Moscow had sent a representative of the Comintern (Communist International) to the Jiangxi Soviet. He was a German Communist named Otto Braun. He took the Chinese name of Li De. Otto Braun was supposed to have had some military experience as a street fighter in Europe, but his skill as a military is very doubtful. Li De, though political maneuvering came into control of the Red Army in the Jiangxi Soviet. The control of the Red Army was vested in a three member committee, a troika. The three members of the committee were Otto Braun, Zhou Enlai and a Chinese Communist named Bo Gu who had been trained in Moscow. Bo Gu always supported Otto Braun giving him a two-to-one majority over Zhou Enlai so Otto Braun effectively controlled the Red Army. So Mao, who was a genius in political and military strategy, was pushed aside in favor of Otto Braun, someone without any abilities at all to speak of, because of the slavish support of the Chinese Communists who had been to Moscow. Harrison Salisbury speaks disparagingly of the Chinese Bolsheviks who had gone to Moscow and had been stuffed full of "Marxist gibberish" like "Peking ducks." Although Zhou had gone to Moscow he was not one of the slavish Chinese Bolsheviks that supported Otto Braun. Mao did monstrous things to the Chinese people with his Great Leap Forward and his Cultural Revolution but there is no doubt that he was extraordinarily skilled in political and military strategy. Mao may have been incompetent at choosing economic policies once in power but it is no hyperbole to say that Mao was a genius at guerilla warfare. In the Long March it was the heighth of stupidity to take control away from Mao who was unsurpassed at guerilla warfare and give it to Otto Braum who was a complete dunce in the matter. Sensibly the leadership was returned to Mao by the top officers. Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaoqi came from the same region and more or less the same social background as Mao Zedong. Liu was born in Hunan Province in 1898, the youngest son of a rich peasant landowner. Although Mao was also the son of a moderately well-to-do landowner there seemed to be a definite class difference between Liu and Mao in terms of demeanor and style. Liu seemed to be from a wealthier class than Mao. Liu attended middle school in Ch'angsha, the capital of Hunan, but he journeyed to North China to study French. In 1920 he joined a socialist youth group and subsequently went to Moscow for further study. In Moscow he joined the Chinese Communist Party. In 1922 Liu returned to China and became active in labor organizing for the Communist Party. He served for period as an aide to Mao. As well as organizing strikes Liu was also active in Communist Party organizational structure, receiving appointments a number of positions in the Party hierarchy. This was the period of cooperation between the Goumindang (Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party. The cooperation ended abruptly in April of 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek struck against the Party, attempting to exterminate the Communist Party. Liu survived and moved up further in the Party hierarchy. After assignments in Manchuria and elsewhere he moved to Shanghai, where Party activity continue despite Guomindang persecution. The persecution of the Communist Party in Shanghai and other cities finally drove the Party to the rural soviets such as the one organized by Mao in Jiangxi Province. In 1934 Liu was made a member of the Politburo for the Jiangxi Soviet. Soon afterwards the Party decided to evacuate the area in what became known as the Long March. Liu did not join the Long March but instead journeyed to Beijing to carry on Party activities for North China. In 1939 Liu joined the survivors of the Long March in Yenan. Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping was born in Sichuan Province in 1904 and hence about a half a generation younger than Mao Zedong. Deng's family was of Hakka background, the ethnic minority that migrated from North China to South China in the seventeenth century and were known as the guest people. The Hakka tended to be involved more in migration, business and radical politics than the rest of the Han people. Deng himself traveled to France at the early age of sixteen. He went there to study but spent most of his time working to support himself. Among other things, he worked as a machinist. He also joined the communist movement. After 1924 he traveled to the Soviet Union. He was in the Soviet Union until 1926 when he returned to China to work in the Jiangxi Soviet under Mao. Deng served as a political and military officer in the Communist Party organization in the Jiangxi Soviet, but he had more than his share of political problems. Before the Long March he was dismissed from his Party offices and publicly denounced. He was placed under armed guard. His wife divorced him. What was behind these troubles and persecution of Deng was the anti-Mao element in the Communist Party. Mao had too much support to be attacked directly so the anti-Mao conspiracy attacked someone who was known to be a strong supporter of Mao. There may have been an additional factor involved. In 1926 some Chinese nationalists formed a pro-Guomindang organization in Nanchang. It was called the AB and now one knew what those initials stood for. This was the error of Nationalist-Commuist Party cooperation. Many communists joined the AB on the basis of its nationalism. When Chinese communist students returned from their training in Moscow they were asked by the Communist Party officials to list which organizations they had joined. A good many listed AB. Some paranoid Communist Party official decided that AB stood for Anti-Bolshevik. Those Communist Party officials then came to believe that the Goumindang had a program to infiltrate agents into the Communist Party. On the basis of this complete phantasy about four thousand of the members of the Communist Party were arrested and interrogated. Under torture many confessed and implicated others. Many were executed. In 1931 Deng was made Secretary of the Communist Party in Rujin. He ended the witch-hunt to consternation of the witch-hunters. They may have retaliated against him in later years. Deng commenced the Long March without much official status, but he was a strong supporters of Mao and when Mao rose in power during the Long March Deng returned to power along with Mao. In later years Deng rose and fell out of favor with Mao. Mao had a great respect for Deng's abilities but was perplexed that Deng would stick to his beliefs even they were at odds with those of Mao. Mao said of Deng His mind is round but his actions are square. However Mao also claimed that Deng, who was hard-of-hearing, sat in the back of meetings so that he would not have to listen to what Mao had to say. Definitely Deng was not the sycophant of Mao that Lin Biao was. One of the endearing stories of Deng Xiaoping was that when he was sent to be the representative of the People's Republic of China at the United Nations in New York he was given a spending allowance of about sixteen dollars. Deng decided to spend it all aon croissants in Paris to take back with him to China. Peng Dehuai Peng Dehuai came to prominence within the Communist hierarchy by way of a different route than most of the other leaders. Peng was born in Hunan Province in 1898. He did not join the Communist movement at an early age nor did he go to France. Instead Peng pursued a military career in the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek. He was a general in that army when Chiang decided to exterminate the Communist elements. Peng left the Nationalist Army and became a Communist in 1928. He led guerilla movements and Mao made him one of his senior military officers. Peng was one of the top generals in the Long March. Peng was one of top commanders in the war against the Japanese and the Civil War that followed World War II. Peng commanded the Chinese troops in the Korean War. Peng was the Minister of National Defense of China from 1954 to 1959. When the Great Leap Forward was launched Peng recognized that it was not working. At a Communist Party Congress at Lushan in 1959 Peng submitted a letter raising questions about the wisdom of the Great Leap Forward . Mao Zedong treated Peng's constructive criticism of the Great Leap Forward as treason and had Peng denounced as a counter-revolutionary. Peng was removed from office and retired from public life. During the Cultural Revolution Peng was arrested and interrogated. He was beaten to make him confess to crimes imagined by the radicals but he never broke, even when he was close to death. Lin Biao Lin Biao was not among the top leaders during the March, but he was a rising star noted for the effectiveness of his command. Lin was the son of a factory owner in Hebei province. His father was bankrupted by the tax policies of the government and Lin opted for a military career. His abilities were noted by Chiang Kai-shek when he was the commander of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton (Guangdong). There Lin became acquainted with Zhou Enlai. When Chiang Kai-shek engineered the slaughter of the Communists in Shanghai Lin chose to join Zhou Enlai and the Communists. He rose to be the commander of the First Army in 1932. During the March Lin made a formal proposal that Mao relinquish his command of the Red Army to Peng Dehuai and limit himself to political leadership. The proposal was not accepted. Lin Biao survived the March and went on to be a power in the Chinese Peoples' Republic. As the commander of the Peoples' Liberation Army he became the founder of the Cult of Mao when he created the Little Red Book of Quotations of Chairman Mao. He was notorious as sycophant, but his effort paid off in that Mao designated Lin as his successor as ruler of China. Lin Biao apparently conspire to take Mao captive and rule in his name. When the conspiracy was uncovered Lin tried to escape to the Soviet Union but his plane crashed in Mongolia killing all aboard. Otto Braun (a.k.a. Li De) Otto Braun was an Austrian communist of rather sleazy character that Joseph Stalin chose as his representative among the Chinese Communists in the southern China enclase that came to be known as the Soviet Republic of China. Strictly speaking Braun was an agent of the Communist International (Cominern) who was to serve as an advisor to the Chinese communists. Braun was singularly unsuited for the assignment. He had little knowledge of Chinese culture and politics. He did not speak Chinese and apparently was not interested in learning. As blond, blue-eyed Nordic over six feet tall he stood out like a sore thumb among the black-haired people. The only thing that mattered to Stalin was that Braun would follow scrupulously orders from Moscow. Braun had the power to open or close the conduit of aid from the Soviet Union. He was therefore a power to be reckoned with. The Chinese communist gave him a role in their decisions by making him one of three members of the committee which made decisions for the Red Army. The other two members were Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu. The intention was to have the Chinese communists constitute a majority on the committee and thus could outvote Braun, the outsider. However Bo Gu was so in awe of Braun that he always supported Braun's position. Thus Braun, who had little or no experience with guerilla warfare and whose knowledge of military tactics was strictly academic, became effectively the commander of the Red Army. Braun was a notorious womanizer and he did not intend to lead a celibate life among the Chinese communists. Braun started giving presents to the beautiful wife of a young officer in the Red Army. Other top leaders recognized what Braun was up to and its explosive potential. They sent word among the women that they needed a volunteer to be Braun's concubine. A sturdy peasant woman agreed to fill the role. She stayed with Braun the whole march and ultimately bore him a child. The child looked far more Chinese than Germanic and Mao joked about this showing that Germans were not a superior race. Braun ultimately returned to Europe and settled to live in East Berlin. A street there was named after him as a good soldier of communism. The Guomindang Campaigns Against the Jiangxi Soviet Chiang Kai-shek sent four expeditions to wipe out the Jiangxi Soviet. The Red Army under the direction of Mao used the time-honored guerilla tactic of falling back from direct engagement and drawing the enemy force into familiar territory. The enemy force then was wiped out itself in ambushes. After Adolph Hitler came to power in Germany Chiang Kai-shek had an episode of interest in ideological fascism. There was a blue-shirt movement created in China in analogy with the black-shirt movement of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the brown-shirt movement of Adolph Hitler in Germany. Hitler sent one of his generals, Hans von Seeckt, to help Chiang in his campaign against the communists. Von Seeckt's strategy was to build rings of block houses encircling the enclave. One the circle was closed then succesively smaller rings would trap the Red Army and force them into a pitched battle. Von Seeckt's scheme was working. The Red Army was suffering defeat after defeat. The leadership decided that the Red Army must leave the enclave and find a place of operation that was beyond the reach of Chiang Kai-shek's forces. Months were spent in preparing for the move. The Long March The Operation of the Soviet By the time of the Long March the area under Communist Party control in south China was known as The Soviet Republic of China. It was not an insignificant area. At its maximum extent it was comprised of 26 counties in three provinces having a population of about three million. The area was about the same as that of the State of Maine, 31 thousand square kilometers. It had an operating government and a tax collection system. It had a treasury of about one million silver dollars. It had propaganda teams that performed plays. It was a quite notable accomplishment, largely due to Mao Zedong. It had an army of over 100,000. Many of them however were new recruits without battle experience. The average age was about 18. Often the oldest soldiers in the units were only in their mid-twenties. Some ten to fifteen thousand of older, experienced were wounded. The rules of conduct for the soldiers, formulated by Mao Zedong and Zhu De, were Rules of Discipline: Obey orders in all your actions. Do not take even a needle or a piece of thread from the people. Turn in everything you capture. Points of Attention Do not take liberties with women. Do not mistreat captives. These were enforced. Soldiers accused of rape were given a trial and, if convicted, were shot. These standards were far higher than those of armies of Chiang Kai-shek and the war lords. Note that these rules of conduct applied only to the treatment of the poor and middle peasants and towns people. Because of the behavior of the Red Army in comparison to that of the other armies the Communists were able to gain local support among the peasants and the poor of the towns. For those very reasons Chiang Kai-shek could not tolerate its existence. His first four campaigns despite having an enormous advantage in numbers and resources failed when confronted by the guerilla tactics of Mao. The fifth campaign made use of a strategy of the encirclement of the Soviet area with rings of blockhouses. This strategy came from a German general lent to Chiang by Adolph Hitler. The strategy was working in 1933-34. The Soviet area was reduced by almost 60 percent. Another development contributed to the fifth campaign's success. This was a change in political control in the Soviet. Control was taken away from Mao Zedong. There was a group of Communists who had been sent to study in Moscow. Upon their return to China about the time of the 1927 massacre of Communists in Shanghai they journeyed to the Jiangxi area. They were known as the Bolsheviks and they were disdainful of Mao's ideology which was not consistent with Marxism. At that time a Comintern agent, Otto Braun, made his way to the south China Soviet. He was only suppose to be a military advisor, but because he controlled the matter of aid to the movement from the Soviet Union he was given high status and a role in the decision-making of the Soviet. The decisions were to be made by a committee of three that consisted of Otto Braun, Zhou Enali and Bo Gu. Mao, who was suffering from a bout of malaria at the time, was left out of the decision-making process for the Soviet he had created. Bo Gu always sided with Otto Braun so the decisions were effectively those of Otto Braun, a man who knew virtually nothing about the Chinese situation. Braun wanted to counter Chiang Kai-shek's blockhouse strategy by building blockhouses. The Communists did not have the resources to compete with Chiang in terms of blockhouses. The air force of Chiang Kai-shek made short work of the blockhouses that the Red Army did build. So, under Otto Braun's direction the Red Army suffered defeat after defeat until in 1934 Braun decided that the Red Army should attempt an escape. of the Central Soviet Area Under the command of Mao Zedong the Red Army defeated four campaigns sent by Chiang Kai-shek to eradicate the communist movement. The fifth campaign involved the stategy of confining the Red Army within successively smaller rings of blockhouses. Due to this strategy, which was proposed by General von Seeckt, a Germany military advisor of Chiang Kai-shek, the area under communist control had shrunk nearly 60 percent. There was the additional factor that during the fifth campaign the Red Army was effectively under the control of another German, Otto Braun. The communists' German advisor, Otto Braun, was less competent militarily than the Chiang's military advisor, von Seeckt. Braun tried to oppose von Seeckt's blockhouses with communist blockhouses, but without the resources of the Nationalist forces. The end result was a string of military defeats for the Red Army. When the end result was clearly foreseeable Braun decided the Soviet Republic of China must be evacuated. However, most of the top leaders were not informed of his plan until shortly before the evacuation was to take place. In particular, Mao Zedong was not informed of the evacuation plan. Some of the Chinese Bolsheviks wanted to leave Mao behind. For them Mao seemed to be an ignorant peasant-type who did not understand Marx. As Salisbury characterized these Chinese Bolsheviks: The [Chinese] Bolsheviks, most of them still in their twenties, had been stuffed in Moscow like Peking ducks with Marxist gibberish…. The Chinese Bolsheviks were perfectly right that Mao's ideology was not Marxism. Basically it was tribalism and he never gave up trying to make the people of China into a billion people tribe. However Mao was right about where the revolutionary potential in China was located and the Bolsheviks, Russian as well as Chinese, were wrong. In addition to Mao's Marxist shortcomings he was suffering from attacks of malaria and was not physically able to walk the distances that would be involved in the march. Furthermore, from the perspective of the Chinese Bolsheviks Mao, who was forty years of age, was an old man. He had never traveled out of China and that was heavily counted against him by the Chinese Bolsheviks. Thus the Long March was not Mao's idea. He later publically asserted that it was a bad idea and was poorly planned. Mao's strategy for dealing with the Nationalist fifth campaign was to use a large part of the Red Army to break out of the rings of blockhouse encirclement to get behind the lines of the Nationalist army. The troop strength of the Nationalist Army in the fifth campaign was about two hundred thousand soldiers. This was about twice the troop strength of the Red Army, but the Red Army had the advantage of familiarity with the territory and fighting, at least in part, from defensive positions. The rule of thumb is that a defensive force can hold off an offensive force up to about three times its size. The best estimates of the size of the Red Army and its components before the start of the Long March are: Unit Commission Column 9,853 Braun's evacuation plan put the Red Army at a disadvantage and made it vulnerable to bombing by the Nationalist air force. Braun's plan also inevitably involved large numbers of the Red Army being left behind to perish at the hands of the Nationalist army. Braun foolishly asserted that his plan would draw Nationalist troops away from the Soviet area. Obviously the Nationalist army leaders were going to gain control of the Soviet area first and only then pursue the fleeeing Red Army. Thus, Mao had very good reasons for disagreeing with Braun's plan. However, ultimately it was Mao who ultimately saved Braun's evacuation plan from total defeat. Braun's plan called for the evacuation of a great amount of equipment as well as military and political personnel. There were printing presses and devices for minting coins that had to be disassembled for transport. There were files of documents. These were to be transported through areas which had only foot paths where people could not walk two abreast. Large numbers of porters were hired at a cost of a silver dollar per day. These porters would stay with the Red Army only for a limited distance. The plan called for about 86 thousand of the Red Army to evacuate and about 25 to 30 thousand to be left behind. However of the 25 to 30 thousand to be left behind only about 15 thousand were in fighting condition, the rest were wounded or ill. The Early Stages of the Evacuation When the evacuation commenced in October of 1934 it stretched out over a distance of sixty miles. The Yudu River was passed without incident. They managed to keep the operation secret from the Nationalist forces until they broke through the ring of blockhouses on the southwest sector. The blockhouses were taken out by soldiers sneaking up to them and tossing grenades into them. The River Xiang was then crossed. Its crossing proved to be difficult because some units crossed without difficulty before Nationalist forces attacked. The situation was then perilous for the Red Army because it was divided. The remainder that needed to cross was then weakened and under attack. The Red Army did make it across the Xiang but there were severe losses of troops and much of the material that had been carried at great effort, such as the library of political and military literature, had to be jettisoned. The battle of the crossing of the Xiang River had taken a week. Zhou Enlai managed to negotiate an agreement with the warlord of the adjacent territory that the Red Army could pass through their territory unimpeded. The warlord was nominally the governor of the province under the Guomindang government, but he did not want the Nationalist army exerting too much power in his territory. He did not want either the Nationalist or Red Army to defeat the other. It served his purposes to have the two struggling against each other and letting him run his own domains. The warlord cleared a corridor thirty miles wide for the Red Army to pass through. Mao Zedong during this period was recovering from a bout of malaria. The malaria had been quelled with quinine but Mao was only slowly recovering his physical strength. Mao therefore had to travel in a litter made up of woven fiber stretched between two bamboo poles. Two soldiers carried the litter. At this point Mao was not part of the strategy setting command. Later when he was part of the strategy-setting committee his being carried by litter was justified on the basis that he and the other top leaders had to stay up together late into the night, perhaps even all night, discussing options and therefore had to sleep during the day. As a result, all of them became addicted to sleeping pills. While the people being carried in litters were not sleeping they carried on some discussions. One prominent topic was how to bring Mao back into power. Guizhou Province The area the Red Army was traveling through was a mountainous part of the province of Guizhou. It was said of this area of Guizhou that there was no three li (unit of distance about equal to a mile) without a mountain, no three days without rain and no one who possessed three silver dollars. It was the land of the ethnic minority called the Miao. The Miao were so poor that the women had to remain in their houses because they had no clothes. Teenage children worked naked in the fields. Miao families often had only one pair of trousers to be shared when needed by three or four adult males. It was also the land of the opium poppy. At that time the infant mortality rate was about fifty percent. Often families sold some of their young children to survive. The people of Miao lived on maize because they were too poor to afford rice. By this time the troop strength of the Red Army was down from 80,000 to 30,000. At the town of Tongdao an emergency meeting of the Military Commission was convened. Mao Zedong had been removed from this governing body two years before. He was invited to attend this meeting. He immediately began to dominate the meeting. The question being consider was whether the Red Army should continue on its course to the west or head north to join up with an army group under the command of He Long which had left the Soviet Republic area before the evacuation. Chiang Kai-shek was positioning a large force, as many as 250,000 soldiers, to cutoff any attempt to unite the two groups of the Red Army. Mao proposed that they abandon any attempt to join He Long's forces. Instead he said the Red Army should journey into Guizhou and move west to get beyond the reach of Chiang Kai-shek's forces. The Commission members agreed with Mao, including Otto Braun. Two days later at the city of Liping a formal meeting of the political bureau (politburo) of the Communist Party convened to accept the proposals Mao had made in Tongdao. Zhou Enlai voiced criticisms of Otto Braun's leadership. Mao expanded his proposal to include occupying the largest city in Guizhou, Zunyi, and spending some time resting and reorganizing. In effect, the meeting Liping returned Mao to the leadership of Communist Party and the command of the Red Army. This, however, was not made official until the Red Army occupied Zunyi. Zunyi The Red Army had to cover about 200 miles from Liping to Zenyi, but the terrain was relatively level and the only river to be crossed, the Wu River, was relatively small. On New Year's Eve the Army was about 30 miles from the Wu stopping at a small town of Houchang (monkey town). Mao's four servants prepared a New Year's Day feast for him but Mao insisted that the army move out as soon as possible. (Salisbury calls the servants bodyguards, which they had to be as well, but they spent most of their time functioning a servants. Mao's wife, He Zizhen, had two servants to serve her.) An advanced unit reached the banks of the Wu on New Year's Day. The local militia guarding the crossing did not surrender and it took three days to secure a crossing. A bamboo bridge had to built and launched across the Wu. After the crossing of the Wu Mao decreed that the army unit procede to Zunyi as soon as possible and take the city by surprise. One unit was able to do this. That unit encountered a squad of the local militia about ten miles from Zunyi and captured all of them. The Red Army unit was able to convince the militia soldiers help them capture Zunyi. This they did by taking the Red Army unit to the city gates and convincing the gate keeper to let them in. The Red Army soon had the city under control. Two days later Mao and the other top leaders arrived. The top leadership occupied the best houses in Zunyi, but Otto Braun and Bo Gu were assigned lesser housing away from Mao and the top leaders. It was symbolic of the change in control of the Red Army. For the following week the leadership investigated the Zunyi and the surrounding area. They considered the possibility of setting up a new soviet state. There was however more crucial issues to be decided; i.e., the control of the Communist Party and the Red Army. On January 15, 1935 the Political Bureau (Politburo) convened an official meeting in Zunyi to assess the recent political and military events. Twenty members attended the evening meeting. Only ten were official members of the politburo. Deng Xiao attended as an observer and as editor of The Red Star, the newspaper of the the Red Army. In the center of the room sat Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu. Otto Braun was given a seat by the door and he was heavily dependent upon his tranlator for following the presentations and discussions. Bo Gu who was officially the head of the Communist Party of China spoke first. He tried to explain away the failures of the strategy that had been pursued in the Soviet area and on the march. He acknowledged mistakes but tried to make excuses. Zhou Enlai spoke second. He took the blame for failed strategies that the Military Committee had undertaken. The audience knew that those strategies were the choices of Otto Braum and Bo Gu and were chosen over his opposition. Mao then made a long speech in which he cited specific mistakes and placed the fault on Otto Braun and Bo Gu. Mao received an ovation after he finished his speech. He said what the military commanders believed but had been reluctant to say. A supporter of Mao then gave a speech in which he called for Mao to be again placed in command of the Red Army and that Otto Braun and Bo Gu denied any further official authority over the Red Army. Other speakers, including Peng Duhuai, called the return of Mao to command and the removal of Otto Braun and Bo Gu. Only one speaker, He Kequan, spoke in defense of Braun and Bo. He Kequan had studied in Moscow and he told Mao disparagingly, "You know nothing about Marxism-Leninism. All you have read is Sun Wu Zi's Art of War." Braun apparently tried to defend himself, saying that he had been sent to by the Comintern only as an advisor. Lin Biao was at the meeting but apparently did not speak. Zhou Enlai spoke again, criticizing Braun and Bo and calling for Mao to be given command. Finally the Politburo made Mao a member of the Standing Committtee of the Politburo. Military leadership was left to Zhou Enlai and Zhu De. The leadership also decided that Zunyi and its region was not suitable for a new base area of the Communist Party. It produced opium but not enough food to support the Red Army. It was decided to cross the Chang Jiang (Yantse River) and move north. Zhang Guotao and the Fourth Front Army Already north of the Changjiang was the Fourth Front Army under the leadership of Zhang Guotao. Zhang had come from a landlord family but he joined with radicals such as Mao when they were at the university in Beijing. Zhang along with Mao was one of the twelve founders of the Communist Party of China in 1921. Zhang was involved in the Nanjing Uprising which Zhou Enlai had organized in the summer of 1927. Later Zhang went to Moscow for three years. Back from Moscow in 1931 Zhang, member of the Politburo, was sent by the Party organization in Shanghai to administer a soviet enclave in region of Hubei, Henan and Anhui. This enclave had been given the name Eyuwan, a combination of the three provinces name. The Eyuwan Soviet had been initiated in 1927. Between 1927 and 1931 it had grown enough to justifyleadership by a top leader of the Chinese Communist Party. Chiang tried to destroy the Eyuwan Soviet but failed. However the pressure was great enought that Zhang moved the Soviet to the border region between Sichuan and Shaanxi. From there Zhang moved it further into northwest Sichuan. At first Zhang declined to set up a Soviet enclave and carry out land redistribution. He was uncertain that he would be able to stay in the area. But finally he did and by 1935 when Mao and the Long March was coming into his region he had about seventy thousand troops and an equal number of noncombatants. His troops were well fed and armed. In contrast Mao had about ten thousand combat troops and little food and only rifles and hand guns for weapons. The Long March had been very destructive to the Jiangxi Soviet's resources. In defense of Mao it should be noted that the Long March was never his idea. Had he remained in south China he would have had troops and resources comparable to what Zhang had in his Soviet in northwest Sichuan. The Predicament of Mao At this point Mao was once again the commander of the Red Army. He chose to ride a white horse at the front of the Red Army. Mao had previously sent Lin Biao and his Second Division to find a good crossing point of the Red River, which had to be crossed before the Changjiang (Yangtze) could be reached. The target for Lin Biao was the city of Chishui. To the surprise of Lin Biao the approach to Chishui was protected by two strong fortifications. Lin Biao's troops were not able to get past these fortifications. Meanwhile the main force under the leadership of Mao was being troubled by attacks from behind. Mao thought this was a small force of about two to three thousand troops under the command of Guizhou warlords. Near the town of Tucheng on the Red River Mao decided to to pause and wipe out the troublesome force trailing the Red Army. Peng Duhaui with a force of about ten thousand was to turn upon what was thought to be two thousand or so troublesome marauders. The expectation was that shortly after Peng Duhuai's forces attacked the marauders would flee the battlefield. This expectation was not fulfilled. Instead of amateurish marauders the trailing force was well-trained and well-commanded Sichuan troops and they numbered four thousand. Furthermore they were soon joined by reenforcements bringing the total up to about eight thousand troops. The top leadership, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai took personal command of the battle. Lin Biao was ordered to bring his troops into the battle immediately. Despite this reenforcement the battle was still about even. Giving up hope for a victory Mao ordered the Red Army to withdraw from the battle and head immediately for a crossing of the Red River. Lin Biao had previously captured a floating bridge. This was used for the crossing. Mao chose a route that took the Red Army into Yunnan. Since the Red Army appeared not to to be invading Sichuan province the Sichuan Army did not pursue it. The expectation among the troops of the Red Army was that the Red Army would go west in Yunnan and then head north into Sichuan. Mao chose instead to make a surprise maneuver. Instead of pursuing a path that would take the Red Army to a point where it could cross the Changjiang (Yangtze) he chose to backtrack into Guizhou, the area that had just been escaped from. Mao suggested the Red Army again take control of Zunyi. The leadership council of the Red Army approved Mao's proposal. Mao justified this maneuver on the basis of reports that the Nationalist Army was sending units west into the area in Sichuan the Red Army was expected to enter. This was in February of 1935. At Zunyi the Red Army would be not too far from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) and Zhang's Soviet on the other side. Mao chose not to attempt a march to the river and its crossing. Probably the Red Army would have been too vulnerable to an attack by Chiang's forces at such a crossing. Instead Mao took the Red Army south and led the Nationalist Army on such a chase that its leaders decided finally to stop until they could determine what Mao was trying to do. At that point Mao took the Army on a dash for the Jinshajiang (River of Golden Sands) to make a crossing before the Chiang and the Nationalist Army commanders knew what the Red Army was doing. This is cited as evidence of the brilliance of Mao as guerilla army leader. Jung Chang and her husband give a different explanation for Mao's maneuvers. They feel that Mao was very reluctant to merge with Zhang's forces which were ten times larger than those of Mao. According to them Mao was afraid he would be over-shadowed by Zhang Guotao and his Fourth Frong Army. Lin Biao, who was an exemplary commander of a major portion of the Red Army, also had his doubts about the wisdom of Mao's action. Lin Biao, after leading his troops on the meandering path Mao was taking them on, introduced a motion at a major meeting that Mao relinquish the military command of the Red Army to Peng Dehuai. The Capture of Luding Bridge Over the Dadu River One of the enduring legends of the Long March was of the super-heroic capture of the the suspension bridge across the Dadu River at Luding. Mao Zedong found that ferrying the Red Army across the Dadu River might takes months and keep it vulnerable to attacks by air and on the ground by Nationalist forces. He ordered the capture of the Luding Bridge. The Luding Bridge is a unique structure. It is a suspension bridge held up by thirteen iron link chains. It was built aroung 1700 by the Qing Empire on the border of Tibet. Potentially the capture of this bridge could be very difficult. The chains were covered by cross planks of wood and these could be easily removed or burnt leaving only the chains. Mao Zedong gave the assignment for the capture of the bridge to Lin Biao's unit. Lin in turn gave the assignment to one of his commanders. That commander had to quick march his troops 24 hours in hopes of reaching the bridge before Nationalist troop reenforced its defenses. The bridge was held by the forces of a local warlord. The relationship between the warlord and Chiang Kaishek was very fragile. Nominally the warlords of the region were allied with Chiang and Chiang was supposed to supply them with weapons and munitions but otherwise let them govern their territories. Chiang was a greater danger to them than the Red Army. The Red Army was just passing through, but if Chiang's forces came into their territory on the pretext of fighting the Communists they were unlikely to leave. For the warlords the best resolution of the situation was for the Red Army to pass through their territories. To engage in a pitched battle was likely to bring Chiang's troops in ostensibly to help them in the battle but more likely to take direct control of the territory. The warlord's soldiers at Luding were armed only with bolt-action rifles and the ammunition they had would carry only about 100 feet. In contrast the Red Army had superior weapons which they had captured from the Nationalish Army soldiers. Chang had acquired German weapons as a result of his new relationship with National Socialist Germany. When Lin Biao's troops arrived at the bridge there were about twenty who were willing to carryout the attack across the bridge. There are differences of opinion as to how much of the bridge was without cross planking. Harrison Salisbury says that most of the planking had been removed except for a small section at the west end of the bridge. Jung Chang and Halliday say that most of the planking was intact except for a small section at the west end. There was a guard house at the west end manned by warlord troops armed with antiquated rifles. In contrast the Red Army soldiers were armed with submachine guns. At some point the Red Army soldiers apparently did have to crawl upsidedown under the chains while the defending soldiers did or could have shot at them. However the Red Army soldiers were apparently able to maintain such a density of fire that the defending soldiers spent most of their time huddled down. In any case, apparently none of the Red Army soldiers were killed in the bridge crossing. There were three or four killed after they made the crossing and went on to capture the town. The warlord soldiers abandoned the guard house soon after the Red Army soldiers started tossing hand grenades in their direction. They may have been advised by the warlord not to try to fight a pitched battle. What was the truth of the matter? Fortunately we have the authoritative accessment of situation by Deng Xiaoping as told to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the former National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter. On March 9, 2005 Brzezinski gave the Michael Oksenberg Lecture for the Asia-Pacific Research Center of the Stanford Institute for International Studies. The speech was entitled America and the New Asia. In it Brzezinski related the following anecdote: After I left office, I was invited by Chairman Deng to take my family to China and to be his guest, and when the Chinese ambassador came to see me with the invitation, he asked me what it is that I would like to do while I was there. My children were very young teenagers, three of them, as well as my wife, and I invited Mike [Armacost] to join us. David and Debbie Oksenberg came along also. I told the Chinese ambassador that after reflection I didn�t think I wanted to see Shanghai and Beijing. I�d been to both in any case. I wanted to visit Xian, where I hadn�t yet been. I wanted to do something there that no American, no Westerner, had done�namely, retrace the more remote portions of the Long March, to go to the Himalayan Plateau and to retrace the Long March for about two weeks. The Chinese ambassador was startled. He said, �I�ll look into it and report back to you.� Then he came back some days later and said, �Of course, the Chinese government is delighted by your interest and your request of course would be honored, but, alas, it is not possible because those portions of China are closed to foreigners.� Knowing a little bit from Mike about the importance of face in interacting with the Chinese, I adopted the tactic of looking at him with obvious disbelief, and then slightly laughing, and saying, �Ho, ho, this must be a misunderstanding. Chairman Deng invites me and my family to China and now you�re coming back and telling me that I�m forbidden to go to that part of China I want to go to. It�s clearly a misunderstanding!� He readily agreed that it was a misunderstanding and that he would review the facts. He went away, came back a few days later and said, �Oh course, you have permission to go to those remote parts of China where no Westerners have been; you can retrace the Long March, but, alas, it�s not possible, because one, there are no facilities in the area at all. You have to sleep on cots in party offices, in small towns or villages. Second, in some areas there are really no roads, and you will have to ride horseback and you will also have to literally walk up mountains, and third, this is not a good time to go into that part of China, because there are a lot of mosquitoes.� So I said to him, �Well, as far as sleeping on the cots is concerned, my family and I are quite sportive and we like camping, so that�s absolutely a wonderful prospect. We�d love to camp on cots in party cells. As far as riding horses is concerned, we live in Virginia, and we happen to have horses; we love riding horses, so that�s wonderful. We�d love to do it, and we also like climbing hills. And as far as the mosquitoes are concerned, we�ll bring with us something, Mr. Ambassador, that�s called Raid, and we�ll spray them and that will kill them, and therefore there will be no problem with mosquitoes.� So he said, a day later, �Please come to China and retrace the Long March.� So we did, and after that trip I went to Beijing. I had one of a number of visits that I had in subsequent years with Deng. By this time he didn�t want to talk about anything involving American-Chinese relations. He just wanted to talk about the Long March, and he asked me, �Did you go there? In Zunyi?� �Yes,� I replied, �I was in Zunyi. When I was in Zunyi I slept in the same bed as Mao Zedong.� I even told them we went to Luding Bridge, which was the site of a special, important heroic battle in which the Red Forces were able to cross the river under very difficult and treacherous conditions. If they hadn�t they would have been wiped out. It was a great feat of arms to have crossed that bridge. At that point, Chairman Deng smiled and said, �Well, that�s the way it�s presented in our propaganda. We needed that to express the fighting spirit of our forces. In fact, it was a very easy military operation. There wasn�t really much to it. The other side were just some troops of the warlord who were armed with old muskets and it really wasn�t that much of a feat, but we felt we had to dramatize it.� Page 3 of the transcript of the speech. That pretty much tells the story of the capture of the Luding Bridge. The Crossing of the Great Snowy Mountains The rest of the Red Army joined the assault force at Luding after a few days. They rested there only a day and, as the warlord anticipated, moved on. The Communist Fourth Front Army, under the command of Zhang Guotao, was in northwest Sichuan at the time. Mao made no effort to join up with Zhang. Harrison Salisbury says this was because the two armies were not in contact with each other and did not know where the other was. Jung Chang says that it was because Mao did not want to join the larger, stronger force and be relegated to second place in command. Mao had the official Communist Party command structure with him, but there would be, if nothing else, a loss of face in meeting up with Zhang. Mao faced a small range of high mountains, called the Snowy Mountains. He could have taken a route to the west of this range which would have followed a caravan route, but it would have been through a region well populated with potentially hostile Tibetans. He could have chosen a route to the east of the range but that might have exposed the Red Army to attack by Chiang's forces. Instead he chose to take a route through the Snowy Mountains that involved traversing a pass with an altitude of fourteen thousand feet. This was the Jiajinshan. The time was early June but the weather at fourteen thousand feet is that of winter and people have trouble just walking unburdened at that altitude. The typical load carried by the soldiers was on the order of twenty five pounds. Some, such as the cooks, tried to carry loads as heavy as eighty pounds. Frostbite and snow-blindness were a constant threat. The soldiers were advised not to pause at all during the climb up. For the descent on the other side they were advised to try to slide as much as they could. It was a heroic passage. But the Jiajinshan was not the only snowy mountain. The Red Army had to traverse many snow mountains. On the farside of the Snowy Mountains Mao's First Army was met by a contingent of Zhang's Fourth Army. The Great Joining Mao and Zhang had never been close. They had last seen each other in 1923 and at that time had taken opposing positions on some policy issue in a Communist Party conference. In a village on the northside of the Snowy Mountains Mao arrangements for his meeting with Zhang to place with great fanfare. Zhang came to meet Mao, a move that acknowledged Mao's superior status within the Communist Party hierarchy but he and the dozen subordinates that he brought with him rode in on horses. Zhang rode a white horse. It was raining heavily. Mao and his group leaders were waiting under an oilcloth shelter. They left the shelter to meet Zhang and his group where they dismounted. Mao and Zhang embraced. Back at the shelter Mao gave a speech to the assembled throng waiting in rhe rain. Zhang also gave a speech. The niceties of proper protocol had been observed. Zhang had demonstrated that he could accept Mao's superior status within the Party and Mao demonstrated that he could treat Zhang as a near-equal. Both Mao and Zhang had been, along with ten others, founders of the Communist Party of China in 1921. Not everyone conceded that proper protocol was observed. Some felt that Zhang and his party had not halted their horses soon enough as they approached Mao who was on foot. They felt Zhang and his men came close to spattering mud on Mao and his group. But all in all Zhang's behavior toward Mao was an amazing concession. Zhang had close to eighty thousand combat troops, well fed and well armed. He had an equal number of noncombatants under his command. He had control over a large territory with a population of several hundred thousand. Mao on the other hand had less than ten thousand starving and bedraggled soldiers with little ammunition. However, despite Mao and Zhang observing proper protocol, they probably were suspicious and wary of each other. After the festivities of the coming together of the First and Fourth Red Armies there was a political meeting concerning the very serious business of the future strategy of the Communist forces. At the meeting Mao proposed that the Communist movement move north to where it could be supplied by the Soviet Union through Outer Mongolia. The meeting did not settle upon a definite directive for all who were involved. Outside of the meeting there were attempts to arrange a merging of the First and Fourth Army commands. Zhang promised to transfer two thousand soldiers to the First Army but only one thousand were actually transferred. Later the combined armies were combined into two columns, denoted Left and Right. Mao and Zhang's troops were equally divided between the two columns. Mao traveled with the Right Column and Zhang with the Left. So Mao took the group north. Zhang joined in physically but spiritually was following a different course. The Crossing of the Morass of the Great Grasslands The points of divide between the watersheds of two river system are necessarily places of zero slope. The water in those places is not impelled to go either way. These places at the borders of watersheds can be narrow, such as a mountain ridge, or they can be a broad plateau. In this latter case the plateau is a swamp, a place of mud and water without separation. This is the case of the region which is the divide between the watersheds of the Huang-he (Yellow River) and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in northwest China. It is inaccurately called the Great Grasslands. More accurately it is the Great Morass. It was a territory without roads, without towns and without people. The crossing was made more difficult by the altitude of ten thousand feet. The time was late August of 1935. At its northern location and altitude the summer has ended and freezing storms can occur in late August. Furthermore there was very little that was edible and almost no firewood. Thus the only food available for the Red Army was what they brought with them and even that often could not be properly cooked. At ten thousand foot altitude water boils at a lower temperature than at sea level and the boiling of food takes an inordinately long time. The soldiers resorted to parching the grains such as wheat and millet rather than trying to boil them. When soldiers sunk into the morass they could not get out and sometimes those attempting to rescue them were lost as well. Hundreds of people died of cold and exhaustion in the week it took to traverse the Great Grasslands. Those that survived called the crossing the most difficult of all the episodes of the Long March. Ironically the Great Grasslands were beautiful to view, a giant carpet of flowers of multiple colors. Near Disaster of the Dismerging of the Two Armies As part of the attempt to merge the armies of Mao and Zhang, the subcommanders from Zhang's army had been put in command of the Right Column, the column Mao traveled with and Mao's subcommanders had the command of the Left Column, the one Zhang traveled with. Most of the soldiers in both columns were from Zhang's forces. The two columns traveled separately. When Zhang and the Left Column reached the White River (known by the Tibetan name Gequ) they found it in flood and could not cross it. Zhang then proposed that the plan to take the armies north be abandoned and insteand they should go south. Mao and the Central Commission which he dominated rejected Zhang's proposal. Zhang then sent a coded message to one of his subcommanders who was with the Right Column. The subcommander was too busy to decode it himself and instead one of his subordinates decoded the message instead. That subordinate happened to be loyal to Mao. The message essentially called for the subcommander to take control of Mao and the members of the Politburo. Mao recognized that armed conflict between the forces loyal to him and those loyal to Zhang could break out at any time. Mao extricated his forces and headed north. The subcommander loyal to Zhang chose not to attack the fleeing forces of Mao. The Zhang forces then moved south. The Battle for Lazikou Pass In order to reach Gansu Province the Red Army of Mao would have to capture Lazikou Pass. This pass at some points was as narrow as twelve feet, making it relatively easy to defend. The Nationalist army had built blockhouses equiped with machine guns to defend the pass. Several hundred Nationalist soldiers were defending the pass. The first assaults on the pass by the troops of the Red Army accomplished nothing. There were rumors that additional Nationalist troops were on their way to the pass. After midnight Mao assembled about fifty soliers with mountaineering skills. They were sent to climb up the cliff to a point where they were above the blockhouse and could lobb grenades down upon the Nationalist soldiers in the blockhouse. It took the the mountaineers until dawn to make their ascent but when they started drop grenades on the blockhouse the Nationalist soldiers there abandoned it. The Red Army was then able to pass through into Gansu Province. On September 21st of 1935 Mao and his army arrived at the city of Hadapu in Gansu. In Hadapu they found newspapers and the information that a Communist enclave existed in northern Shaanxi Province. It was controlled by someone that Mao knew and trusted, Liu Zhidan. Mao decided to take the bedraggled remnant of his First Front Army to that area. The Long March had not quite ended.

Jiang Qing

In 1985 Terry Waite returned to Beirut after securing the release of four British hostages where?

Deng Xiaoping: A Political Wizard Who Put China on the Capitalist Road Deng Xiaoping: A Political Wizard Who Put China on the Capitalist Road By PATRICK E. TYLER Like Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai before him, Deng Xiaoping was among the small group of revolutionary elders who fought as guerrillas for the Communist cause and then dominated the leadership of the People's Republic they proclaimed on Oct. 1, 1949. Few if any figures in this century matched Mr. Deng for political longevity. Nearly half a century has passed since Mao first installed Mr. Deng in the upper-reaches of power in China, making him general secretary of the world's largest Communist Party in 1954. Twice he was to be dragged down from those heights -- purged as a ''capitalist roader'' in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution and again -- after a remarkable comeback -- following the death of Mao in 1976. Only with his second resurrection did Mr. Deng begin to consolidate his power, becoming China's paramount leader in 1978. He was then 74, seemingly too old to be anything but a transitional figure. Instead, he reigned for a generation. Even after his formal retirement in 1989, Mr. Deng remained an all-powerful patriarch, ordering a purge of the military leadership in 1992 and rescuing his economic reform program from a conservative backlash. As his health slipped precipitously -- his last public appearance was during the Lunar New Year festivities in early 1994 -- he seemed further removed from daily decision-making. But still he was consulted to resolve major policy and personnel issues. In the 18 years since he became China's undisputed leader, Mr. Deng nourished an economic boom that radically improved the lives of China's 1.2 billion citizens. By early in the next decade, the reforms Mr. Deng ignited may well propel China's economy to the position of third largest, after the United States and Japan, but China's prosperity will be diluted by the increasing number of Chinese. Nearly 270 million will not have jobs at the turn of the century. At the end of his life, Mr. Deng seemed unable to chart a clear path to economic success his economic reforms still faced daunting challenges. China's rise as a great economic power was becoming a race against time as population growth and incomplete reform were adding to the siege of China's straining foundations. Shortages of water and arable land mounted, and unchecked industrial pollution contributed to an overall degradation of the environmental landscape. Still, in cities and in villages, real incomes more than doubled in the Deng era. Most Chinese who have watched a television or used a washing machine or dialed a telephone have done so only since Mr. Deng came to power. The struggle to survive in the Chinese countryside has greatly eased. A former American Ambassador to China, J. Stapleton Roy, who as a young man in Nanjing witnessed the Communist takeover in 1949, said once in an interview, ''If you look at the 150 years of modern China's history since the Opium Wars, then you can't avoid the conclusion that the last 15 years are the best 15 years in China's modern history.'' During most of those years, Mr. Deng symbolized the Chinese aspiration to move beyond the ideological extremism that had marked the Maoist era and reclaim for the Chinese a long-denied prosperity. But in doing so, he also came to symbolize a stubborn and inflexible resistance to democratic stirrings. For Mr. Deng, China's economic reform could only occur under the authoritarian rule of the Communist Party. China's security forces, often harsh and brutal under Mao, continued to be so under Mr. Deng. China today remains perennially criticized as a nation whose rulers seem to respect human rights only grudgingly. A Small Figure, A Towering Presence Mr. Deng's early reputation as a visionary who delivered the Chinese from suffering was blackened most notably by his leading role in ordering the June 1989 military crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing. The tank and machine-gun assault on students and bystanders that came to be known as the Tiananmen massacre diminished his prestige as a world leader and isolated China politically for years afterward. A generation of students and intellectuals, many of whom had fled the country, held Mr. Deng responsible and scorned his image. But much of the country, particularly the peasantry, seemed grateful to Mr. Deng for providing them with the first prolonged period of peace and stability in this century. If intellectuals could not forgive the brutality at Tiananmen, peasants could not forget that he had ended a long chapter of deprivation. In foreign policy, Mr. Deng negotiated an end to the last vestige of British colonial power in China with an agreement to return Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty later this year. Reunification with Taiwan eluded him, but he worked to settle China's border disputes, normalize relations with the United States and repair the 30-year rift with the Soviet Union. His goal was to focus the totality of national energy on China's economic development. Even the Chinese military had to serve the new national priority by accepting deep budget cuts through the 1980's. As a leader, Mr. Deng cut a most unusual figure in the Chinese pantheon. He was emperor-like in a century in which the Chinese overthrew their last emperor after three millenniums of imperial rule. Mr. Deng was first among equals in the small circle of revolutionary elders who survived Mao. The posts and titles Mr. Deng held in the Communist Party hierarchy never quite equaled or conveyed his stature as paramount leader, a term that seemed invented for Mr. Deng, who was still arguably the most powerful citizen of China when he died. Yet his physical presence offered no clue to his storied abilities to manipulate events ''much like a puppeteer,'' as the political scientist Lucian W. Pye put it. The conventional wisdom was that Mr. Deng was five feet tall but, as one scholar observed, ''that was surely an exaggeration.'' In an essay in 1993, Professor Pye described an audience with Mr. Deng: ''As he settles into an overstuffed chair, his sandaled feet barely touch the floor, and indeed hang free every time he leans forward to use the spittoon. He has an atrocious Sichuan accent, which makes his words slur together like a gargle. There are few signs of liveliness of mind, of wit or humor, and no sustained, systematic pursuit of ideas.'' Xiao Rong, the youngest of Mr. Deng's three daughters, said in a biography of her father: ''In the eyes of his children, Father is a man of introverted character and few words. Only with old colleagues and old friends does he like to talk, and carries on in a loud voice.'' Henry A. Kissinger, who helped to engineer the normalization of relations with China during the Nixon Administration, once pronounced Mr. Deng a ''nasty little man.'' But others found a certain charm. When Queen Elizabeth II paid a visit in October 1986, she was warmed by his self-effacing greeting: ''Thank you for coming all this way to meet an old Chinese man.'' Although he picked his political heirs carefully, Mr. Deng was plagued by the problem of succession. In May 1989 he worried aloud to the Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev: ''The only thing that can't be brought to pass is the abolition from the system of lifelong positions for leaders.'' That same year, Mr. Deng named Jiang Zemin, the current President and Communist Party chief, as the ''core'' of the ''third generation'' leadership, after him and Mao. But many Chinese say Mr. Jiang could face trouble managing the party now without Mr. Deng behind him and could be swept aside, much as Mao's nominal successor, Hua Guofeng, was swept aside by Mr. Deng. Neither intellectual nor poet, Mr. Deng was best known as a pragmatist who focused on the problems of the day, unencumbered by history or ideology. His years as a military strategist and political commissar, balancing real military capabilities against the expectations of politicians, gave him a keen sense of what was possible. He is best remembered for his simple maxims rather than for coherent policies: To defeat ideological attacks from the Maoists, he often quoted the Maoist dictum, ''Seek truth from facts.'' To emphasize that there was no road map for economic reform, he said the Chinese must ''cross the river by feeling out the stones with our feet.'' His most famous aphorism was an old proverb from his native Sichuan: ''It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice.'' Fear of Disorder, Grounded in History In this century China has been a land of warlords, invading armies, floods, famines and revolution. Tens of millions have died violently, or wretchedly from starvation. Mr. Deng's inherent fear of disorder and the violence it has wrought explains his deep opposition to political pluralism. ''If all one billion of us undertake multiparty elections, we will certainly run into a full-scale civil war,'' he told President Bush in February 1989. ''Taking precedence over all China's problems is stability.'' There was a time when Mr. Deng appeared briefly to embrace democratic ideals: As he struggled to regain power in 1978, he identified with the goals of the Democracy Wall movement in Beijing. But in early 1979, after he had gained the upper hand politically, he crushed the movement and sent its leader, Wei Jingsheng, to prison for 15 years. When Mr. Wei, once an electrician at the Beijing Zoo, emerged in September 1993 after serving 14 1/2 years, he was still Mr. Deng's fiercest and most fearless critic, and found himself returned to prison seven months after his release. The Dark Shadow Of Tiananmen In 1984, on the 35th anniversary of Communist rule, students at Beijing University hoisted a banner saying, ''Hello, Xiaoping!'' showing their affection through the familiarity of their greeting. At the outset of 1987, Beijing University students marching for democracy chanted, ''Xiaoping, hear our voice!'' still hoping that Mr. Deng would embrace their goal. Instead he turned on them, crushed their movement and sacked the Communist Party general secretary, Hu Yaobang, for encouraging the democratic cause. The more Mr. Deng resisted political reform, the more he seemed a guardian of a party elite that was doing little to bring corruption under control as China's economy gained speed. The party leaders, including Mr. Deng, were being chauffeured around in black Mercedes sedans. Some of their children became known as the princelings of conspicuous new wealth. And the leaders all seemed oblivious to their hypocrisy as they admonished the masses to guard against ''bourgeois liberalization.'' The death of Mr. Hu in April 1989 unleashed pro-democracy forces for a third time in Mr. Deng's first decade as leader, but he was no longer a figure of hope. One Beijing University poster mourning Mr. Hu captured the antipathy toward Mr. Deng. ''The Wrong Man Died,'' it said. Zhao Ziyang, the party chief tapped by Mr. Deng as a possible successor, showed sympathy for the Tiananmen demonstrators and was removed on the eve of the crackdown. Mr. Zhao's liberal tone in economic reform and political tolerance was buried by new edicts from the hard-line faction led by Prime Minister Li Peng. In the aftermath of Tiananmen, Mr. Deng and his family took care to disguise his precise role in ordering the tanks and machine-gunners into Beijing, where they killed hundreds, perhaps thousands, of demonstrators and bystanders. Mr. Evans, the former British Ambassador, says in his biography that Mr. Deng was angry when he learned of the bloodshed around Tiananmen and told the President, Yang Shangkun, and Prime Minister Li that they had ''bungled the military operation appallingly.'' The sensitivity of fixing historic responsibility for the massacre was never lost on Mr. Deng, who understood that after his death, the harsh verdict with which he branded the Tiananmen demonstrators as counterrevolutionaries could be reversed and he could become history's villain. Mr. Deng's rule brought China nearly to the end of a century that opened with the Qing Dynasty still ensconced in the Forbidden City, the vermilion-walled palace compound at the center of Beijing. In the eight decades since the last Emperor, Pu Yi, was deposed in 1911, tens of millions of Chinese have died in war, invasion and famine. Mr. Deng grew to manhood in the midst of chaos and became a revolutionary after spending five years in France on a work-study program, where he toiled in filthy factories that paid subsistence wages to Chinese. His own family members were victims of a violent century: His father, Deng Wenming, was set upon by bandits near his home and killed in 1938. During the Cultural Revolution of 1966-76, when Mao sought to tear down the Communist Party leadership, Mr. Deng was branded a public enemy, humiliated in ''struggle sessions'' and sent to work in a tractor factory. His younger brother, Deng Shuping, was driven to suicide in 1967 after weeks of abuse by Red Guards. Mr. Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang, was terrorized on the campus of Beijing University and, according to his sister Xiao Rong, attempted suicide by jumping from a fourth-floor physics laboratory window in September 1968. The fall broke his back and he suffered for months without adequate medical attention; he remains paralyzed. Deng Xiaoping, like many of the emperors, combined the pursuit of a better life for the Chinese people with a studied ruthlessness to preserve the institution of power. As a young revolutionary, he exhorted peasants to kill landowners because, he is said to have reasoned, once the masses had blood on their hands, they would be more committed to the Communist cause. Mr. Deng would later earn a reputation as a pragmatist, but in the late 1950's he was an exponent of political repression and accelerated socialism. After intellectuals responded to Mao's invitation to ''let a hundred flowers bloom'' -- to express freely their criticisms of the Communist Party -- Mr. Deng helped lead a witch hunt against those who had taken the invitation in full measure. In 1980, Mr. Deng acknowledged that the Anti-Rightist Campaign had been excessive, but he asserted that the essence of the struggle had been ''necessary and correct.'' Ever since Emperor Qinshi united China more than 2,200 years ago, the Chinese have looked to an imperial figure to rule them with the ''mandate of heaven,'' a feudal concept that was used to buttress the absolute right of the sovereign, but later evolved under Confucian traditions of benevolence and wisdom. The Communist revolution that raised the flag of the People's Republic of China on Oct. 1, 1949, aimed at crushing this past and creating a perfect egalitarian society. But neither Mao nor Mr. Deng seemed able or, indeed, willing to completely bury the imperial tradition. Mao created a cult of personality so broad and pervasive that he had the whole nation mimicking his style of drab clothing, memorizing his quotations from little red books and living under the gaze of his ubiquitous portraits. Under Mr. Deng, China broke out of the monochromatic Mao era to life in full color. A walk down Nanjing Road in Shanghai today reveals the new Chinese glitz under the sparkle of a thousand boutique windows. In the throng of new consumers, the hairdos bounce with the latest styles from Hong Kong above leather jackets trimmed in fur. In contrast to Mao, Mr. Deng was no cultist. Mr. Deng preferred to maneuver on the sidelines, out of the public eye, to exhort policies with occasional pronouncements. Each time that Mr. Deng was purged from power, he fought his way back. Rehabilitated in 1973 after the worst of the Cultural Revolution, he was purged again as Mao lay on his deathbed in 1976. Denounced as an ''unrepentant capitalist-roader,'' it appeared that the notorious Gang of Four, the radicals led by Mao's wife, Jiang Qing, had defeated him. Mao himself decreed that Mr. Deng should be relieved of all his posts Mr. Deng lived under house arrest for nearly a year until one of his old military cohorts, Marshal Ye Jian-ying, intervened after Mao's death, insisting that Mr. Deng's voice be heard in the leadership. The Chinese rejoiced at Mr. Deng's comeback and at the fall of the Gang of Four. To Mao's successor, Hua Guofeng, Mr. Deng pledged his support ''with all my heart.'' But in less than two years, Mr. Deng had rendered Mr. Hua a harmless figurehead and had set about steering China on a new economic course. As the economy soared, Mr. Deng acknowledged that he was as much a witness to history as he was its architect. ''I am a layman in the field of economics,'' he said in 1984. ''I proposed China's economic policy of opening to the outside world, but as for the details or specifics of how to implement it, I know very little indeed.'' Where Mao had preached ''Communes are good,'' Mr. Deng simply preached ''Markets are good.'' The Chinese did the rest. From Sichuan Village To French Factories Deng Xiaoping was born Deng Xixian to a landlord family in the heart of China's most populous province, Sichuan, on Aug. 22, 1904. The Deng household was the wealthiest in the village of Paifang. Mr. Deng's father, Deng Wenming, controlled about 25 acres of land with an annual output of about 10 tons of grain. When his wife could not bear children, he took a second wife, or concubine, whose family name was Dan. Her dowry in 1901 included the red-lacquered bed in which the future Chinese leader was born three years later. Mr. Deng was just entering primary school in 1911 when the last Qing Emperor was overthrown by an amalgam of forces led by Sun Yat-sen. Revolution was gathering throughout China and Mr. Deng would soon be part of it. By 1919, Mr. Deng's father, joining the nation-building spirit of the times, decided to send his son to France for a work-study program. When Mr. Deng, age 16, and 200 other students boarded a steamer at Shanghai on Sept. 11, 1920, he was never to see his parents again. Mr. Deng arrived in Marseilles, and found Europe a seething, ideological vortex of the Industrial and Bolshevik revolutions. He was quickly pulled into its currents. In Paris he befriended the articulate and dashing Zhou Enlai, an ''elder brother'' to Mr. Deng. By 1922, Mr. Deng had joined the Communist Party of Chinese Youth in Europe. To escape the French police, Mr. Deng plotted his departure from France in 1926. His route took him to Moscow, where his revolutionary training continued. During five years in France, Mr. Deng learned few industrial skills that could be transplanted back to China, but he saw the power of Western technology. He seemed unmarked by France's high culture or by its philosophers of democracy and human rights. His daughter Xiao Rong says the reason is that Mr. Deng was part of an under-class in France, exploited as a foreign laborer and persecuted as a Communist. ''What he came in contact with was not democratic,'' Ms. Deng said. Political Conversion, And Return to China After 11 months of ideological and military training in Moscow, Mr. Deng began taking orders from the Communist International. He returned to China as the chief political adviser to one of the powerful warlords who had carved up northern China. But the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek was determined to eradicate the Communists. Mr. Deng fled south where he was reunited with Zhou Enlai at Wuhan in 1927. There, Mr. Deng was named secretary to the Communist Party Central Committee. He adopted the name Deng Xiaoping, whose origin he has never publicly explained. Civil war was raging. Communists were rounded up and executed, particularly in Shanghai, where the party headquarters and Mr. Deng had moved by the end of 1927. In the chaos, Mr. Deng suffered the first of many personal tragedies when his first wife, Zhang Xiyuan, another young revolutionary whom he had met in Moscow, died after a miscarriage in early 1930. Mr. Deng, a widower at 26, did not attend the funeral, his daughter wrote, because, ''Revolution came first.'' In 1929, Mr. Deng led his first successful Communist uprising, in southwestern Guangxi province. But his campaign toward Guangzhou proved a disaster. His Seventh Red Army in tatters, Mr. Deng reached Mao Zedong's base in 1931. His loyalty to Mao's vision of the revolution briefly cost him his freedom during the internal party struggles of the early 1930's. Mr. Deng married Jin Weiying, another party member, in 1932, but when he came under political attack, she left him to marry his chief accuser, Li Weihan. In October 1933, Chiang Kai-shek marshaled one million men to crush Mao's Communist base in Jiangxi province by building a chain of block houses across the countryside. Thus began in 1934 a yearlong, 6,000-mile retreat known as the Long March. Death from exposure, suffering and frequent attacks thinned the Communist Army from 70,000 to 10,000 as it passed through treacherous and hostile country. Rehabilitated after his first purge, Mr. Deng set out on the Long March as the editor of Red Star, the party paper. By the time the routed army reached the caves of Yanan in remote Shaanxi province, Mr. Deng had nearly died of typhoid fever. And Mao had reversed his own political fortunes and never again lost his command of the revolution. Mr. Deng was one of his closest lieutenants. Japan's invasion of China in 1937 provided Mr. Deng and the Communists the opportunity to defend the nation. It was the period of their greatest exploits as they competed with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists for the affection of the masses. During eight years of war, Communist forces grew from 50,000 to 900,000 in strength and party membership swelled from 40,000 members to 1.2 million. Mr. Deng was appointed top political officer of the 129th Division. By the time Mr. Deng was in his early 30's, he had traveled extensively and commanded armies in the field, experiences giving him a keen sense of the limits of military power and the importance of political discipline in marshaling it. The battlefield hardships Mr. Deng endured created many lasting bonds with China's top field commanders. These bonds also served his rise in the party and may have saved his life when he was later purged. Absorbed with his war duties in 1938, Mr. Deng had little time to react when he received word that his father had been murdered by bandits back in Sichuan. He did not return home. But the next year, during a visit to Yanan, Mr. Deng married for the third and last time. Pu Zhuolin, the daughter of a merchant from Yunnan province, had came to Yanan from Beijing University, where she had studied physics. Mao attended the wedding in September 1939. Never active in politics, Zhuo Lin, the name she adopted in Yanan, bore five children between 1940 and 1952 and stood by her husband through a series of crises. In addition to his wife, Mr. Deng's survivors are his five children: the oldest, Deng Lin, an artist who has exhibited her work in New York and Paris; Deng Pufang, the paraplegic son, who for the last decade has worked on behalf of the handicapped in China; a second daughter, Deng Nan, a vice minister of the State Science and Technology Commission; the youngest daughter, Xiao Rong, who has served her father as a personal aide since 1989, and the youngest son, Deng Zhifang, who studied physics in the United States before returning in 1988 to enter high-profile business ventures. Victory in War, And in Revolution Victory over the Japanese and then over the Nationalists brought the Communists to power with the founding of the People's Republic of China on Oct. 1, 1949. Mr. Deng was dispatched to pacify southwest China and Tibet before returning to Beijing in 1952. Reunited with Zhou Enlai, he served his mentor and the economist Chen Yun on the Economic Commission before taking over the Finance Ministry. But Mr. Deng's administrative skills and wartime connections propelled him upward. He was appointed secretary general of the Central Committee in June 1954 and, by 1956, secretary general of the Communist Party. With Yang Shangkun as his deputy, Mr. Deng virtually controlled the party personnel apparatus, placing thousands of cadres in jobs and building a party network that became the foundation of his power. Beginning in January 1955, one of his most secret tasks was to help Mao and Zhou create and finance the scientific organization that would build and detonate China's first atomic bomb. With the detonation of a fission bomb weighing 3,410 pounds on Oct. 16, 1964, China became a nuclear power. Mr. Deng's rise to the top of the party in the 1950's coincided with Mao's growing disaffection with those who would succeed him. When the Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev attacked Stalin in a secret speech in 1956, Mao was appalled that his putative heirs seemed to identify with the attack. If Stalin's position was not sacred in Soviet history, Mao reasoned, neither was Mao's in Chinese history. Great Leap Forward, And Many Setbacks With a series of internal political campaigns, Mao began assaulting what he perceived as his many enemies. The Anti-Rightist movement of 1957 led into the Great Leap Forward in 1958. The rupture in relations with the Soviet Union soon followed, becoming apparent in 1960 with the abrupt withdrawal of Soviet aid. In July 1963, a final effort was made to patch up the ideological split when Mr. Deng was dispatched to Moscow in what proved to be the last formal contact between leaders of the two Communist parties for 26 years. In the early stages of the political campaigns, Mr. Deng was the instrument of Mao's revenge, sending thousands of Chinese intellectuals to manual labor camps and prisons. Mao was not satisfied. He wanted to propel China forward with agricultural communes and steel production. His Great Leap Forward was perhaps the largest policy-induced economic disaster in history. Backyard furnaces turned the peasantry's tools and cookware into useless molten globs. China's harvest rotted in the fields. No one dared tell Mao of the failure; grain exports continued. Then famine struck. As many as 30 million Chinese died of starvation in the next four years. The catastrophe seemed to remold Mr. Deng, and he thereafter placed more emphasis on practical measures for economic growth, especially those that contained incentives for China's peasantry to increase individual production. As Mr. Deng worked more closely with Yang Shangkun and President Liu Shaoqi, Mao began to suspect they were plotting against him. He complained the party leadership was treating him like a ''dead ancestor'' and he singled out Mr. Deng for making decisions like an ''emperor.'' Luckily for Mr. Deng, he slipped and broke his leg in 1958, thus avoiding the worst confrontation over Mao's policies at the Lushan conference of 1959. Mao mounted a withering counterattack and Mr. Deng did not escape for long. Mao unleashed the Cultural Revolution in 1966 to destroy his adversaries in the party. He exhorted the masses to ''bombard the party headquarters'' and thrust China into the decade of chaos that fostered civil conflict in every school, factory and municipality. Thousands of young Red Guards were allowed into Zhongnanhai, the leadership compound in central Beijing. They rampaged through the homes of President Liu, Mr. Deng and other leaders. Mr. Deng was branded the ''No. 2 capitalist-roader'' in the party after President Liu. Mr. Deng's mordant self-criticism had failed to appease the Red Guards. They continued to attack him as a ''capitalist despot.'' Mr. Deng's penitence and the patronage of Zhou Enlai may have saved his life, but he was stripped of all offices except his party membership. The Deng family was ordered to the countryside. The children were dispersed. Mr. Deng and his wife were sent to Jiangxi province, where they worked in a tractor factory and gardened. By the early 1970's, China seemed to be falling apart. Mao's chosen successor, Lin Biao, was discovered plotting a coup and was killed in a plane crash; Mao feared nuclear war was imminent with the Soviet Union; the economy was in chaos, and Prime Minister Zhou had cancer. After President Nixon's 1972 visit to China, reporters covering a state banquet in April 1973 for the Cambodian leader, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, were surprised to see a small man in a gray Mao suit, white socks and black oxfords. It was Mr. Deng, recalled a month earlier to help heal the country and perhaps succeed Zhou. Mao threw Mr. Deng into a Politburo dominated by radicals, and they soon turned on him. When Zhou died in January 1976, thousands of Chinese swarmed into Tiananmen Square to praise Zhou and to express their opposition to the radicals. Mr. Deng was blamed for the revolt and Mao, near death, agreed to purge him for a final time. Mr. Deng was placed under house arrest. Mao died in September that year, and the Gang of Four was arrested the following month. Mr. Deng pressed to return to his duties and crucial military allies like Marshal Ye Jianying rallied behind him. Mao's last chosen successor, Hua Guofeng, delayed on releasing Mr. Deng, but Mr. Deng's allies prevailed. Mr. Deng's political comeback gathered momentum through 1977 until December 1978, when he was able to establish himself as the country's paramount leader. Eye for Strategy, In War and Peace Mr. Deng moved quickly to get China back on the road to economic modernization. In agriculture, he allowed the provinces to dismantle communes and collective farms, but the peasants moved even faster, dividing up plots of land for private tilling. Output soared. So did profits. Mr. Deng told the military that the threat of world war was receding and, therefore, the military would have to serve the civilian economy. Arms production stopped in many factories and military modernization was deferred, except for strategic weapons to maintain China's nuclear deterrent. Because he had seen what modernization had done for the West, Mr. Deng's strategic vision was broader than Mao's. He told President Carter in January 1979, ''The Chinese need a long period of peace to realize their full modernization.'' And to American businessmen, he said China needed their money and technology. After establishing full diplomatic relations with Washington on Jan. 1, 1979, Mr. Deng made a whirlwind tour of the United States that was full of extraordinary images, from Mr. Deng kissing the children who sang in Chinese at the Kennedy Center to wearing a white 10-gallon hat in Texas. Back home, it seemed for a time that Mr. Deng's openness to economic reform would lead him to support significant democratic reforms. He told party leaders that he endorsed the spirit of China's new democracy movement. ''Democracy has to be institutionalized and written into law,'' he said. But when Wei Jingsheng and his Democracy Wall colleagues turned their criticism on Mr. Deng, the Chinese leader smashed the movement and persecuted its intellectual leaders. Mr. Deng began to equate democracy with the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. ''Our people have just gone through a decade of suffering'' and ''cannot afford further chaos,'' he said. Mr. Deng wanted the energy of the economic reformers, but could not tolerate their political challenge. The Focus of It All: Economic Change Of the changes that Mr. Deng oversaw, economic restructuring was central. And the Chinese often did not wait for new policies as they ''dove into the sea,'' the metaphor for going into business. Farmers began raising fish, shrimp and fruit for new markets that sprang up in every township. Private and collective enterprises multiplied as former peasants began manufacturing toys, fireworks, bricks, clothing -- all manner of everyday items. The agricultural changes were easily accomplished and the farmers, by any previous standard, were getting rich. The first thing many did was to build a new houses, creating a huge demand in the construction industry. In industrial reforms, Mr. Deng started cautiously, creating special economic zones in China's coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, where tax subsidies attracted Hong Kong's manufacturing tycoons. Mr. Deng said the coastal provinces could get rich first, but the real strategy was incrementalism because Mr. Deng feared failure and discredit at the hands of the party's Marxist conservatives. The economic zones ignited an export explosion that continues today, with China dominating the world market in toys, shoes and textiles. The zones multiplied, forming a rimland of coastal wealth, but extending inland only to major cities like Beijing. Along with the wealth came scourges. Child labor and sweat shops appeared as parents sent their children to work, not to school. Shoddy and unsafe factories became firetraps where thousands died in accidents or fires. Fly-by-night companies produced dangerous or useless products, including one ubiquitous contraption that promised to make people taller. Criminal gangs, prostitution and the sale of women into bondage spread from rural to urban areas. Old Communist cadres who wiped out narcotics trafficking in the 1950's were repulsed at its return. Heroin and opium were back. Grafting the success of the coastal provinces onto the larger Chinese economy proved beyond Mr. Deng's capabilities. Today the core of China's economy, the state-owned industrial sector, remains largely unreformed, mired in debt, a slave to party apparatchiks, many of whom are corrupt or incompetent. Over 18 years, Mr. Deng's attempts to restructure this monolithic sector, the source of the Communist Party's power and revenue, have led to a series of ''boom and bust'' inflationary cycles that continue today. Mr. Deng wanted the party to reform the state factories, to make the managers responsible for their profits and losses, and to raise worker productivity. Bankruptcy, as a concept, entered the Communist lexicon for the first time. But the political consequences of widespread layoffs always prevented Mr. Deng's reformers from acting boldly. When they did act, there were no macroeconomic levers to adjust the money supply, only blunt instruments of jawboning from Beijing. When inflation got out of control after the price reform drives of mid-1988, panic buying added to the unrest that sent hundreds of thousands of workers into the streets in support of democracy, but also to protest corruption and mismanagement. The military crackdown at Tiananmen Square and martial law brought the hard-liners back to pre-eminence in economic policy and Mr. Deng had to go along. After the removal of Zhao Ziyang in 1989, Mr. Deng and the other revolutionary leaders could not agree on who should rule. Their compromise was Jiang Zemin, the Shanghai party boss whose strongest suit was consensus-building. The economic bubble that had expanded in the late 1980's finally burst, the economy fell in on itself, production ground to a halt in many industries, foreign investors fled and credit dried up. In November 1989, Mr. Deng announced his retirement from his last formal post, head of the Central Military Commission. But the emphasis in Chinese culture on seniority made it impossible for him to leave politics, or for politics to function without his intervention. The failed Soviet coup in August 1991 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Communist Party seemed to convince Mr. Deng that the most powerful antidote to such a fate for Chinese Communism would be economic growth. He began to criticize conservatives who obsessed over Western ''plots'' to topple Communism through ''peaceful evolution.'' ''Say less and do more,'' he admonished them, trying to return their focus to practical steps to promote economic growth. The reforms were turning loose forces that eventually would challenge the party, whose ideology had lost its moral sway. Millions of Chinese were turning to religion and Confucianism, seeking a moral structure to replace the void left by the party. Mr. Deng understood that economic reform and the forces that it unleashed in Chinese society would eventually challenge the Leninist rule of the party. Thus began a period in which the Communist Party's legitimacy arose from its ability to deliver economic growth and rising incomes. ''In the end, convincing those who do not believe in socialism will depend on our nation's development,'' Mr. Deng said in late 1991. ''If we can reach a comfortable standard of living by the end of this century, then that will wake them up a bit. And in the next century when we, as a socialist country, join the middle ranks of the developed nations, that will help to convince them. Most of these people will genuinely see that they were mistaken.'' One Last Battle Against Conservatives But even as Mr. Deng spoke, the hard-liners in Beijing refused to act and Jiang Zemin was paralyzed by the lack of consensus. At the beginning of 1992, Mr. Deng was rampant against his old adversaries, principally the hard-line faction led by the conservative patriarch Chen Yun. Mr. Chen and many other elders retired as Mr. Deng dominated the 14th Party Congress, which enshrined a new national goal of creating a ''socialist market economy'' by 2000. Mr. Deng also moved against Yang Shangkun and his younger half-brother, Gen. Yang Baibing, who had created a power base in the military that was threatening the post-Deng political order. But the pace of reform was too fast for Mr. Deng's successors, who craved social stability above all to consolidate their rule. Unemployment, sagging state industries and labor unrest bedeviled the leadership up to the moment of Mr. Deng's death. And the pro-democracy forces have gradually been suppressed. Instead of charting a clear path, Mr. Deng's successors stumbled politically, seeking concessions from the world on trade and human rights but offering little in return. A Clinton Administration review of human rights reported that by the end of last year, public dissent had been ''effectively silenced,'' by intimidation, prison or exile. As long as Mr. Deng drew breath, it seemed that China could cope with its contradictions. But as his health inexorably declined, the Chinese seemed to pause and to wonder about the future.

i don't know

Where did Ferdinand Marcos live in exile?

Ferdinand Marcos, Ousted Leader Of Philippines, Dies at 72 in Exile - NYTimes.com Ferdinand Marcos, Ousted Leader Of Philippines, Dies at 72 in Exile By JANE GROSS, Special to The New York Times Published: September 29, 1989 HONOLULU, Sept. 28— Ferdinand E. Marcos, who ruled the Philippines for 20 years until he was ousted in 1986, died in exile here today at St. Francis Medical Center after a long battle with heart, lung and kidney ailments. He was 72 years old. A hospital spokesman, Eugene Tiwanak, said Mr. Marcos died of cardiac arrest shortly after midnight. The former Philippine President had been hospitalized for nearly 10 months, often comatose. His wife, Imelda, was at his bedside. Mr. Marcos, an autocratic leader who imposed martial law in his homeland from 1972 to 1981, died without facing trial on United States criminal charges that he plundered the Philippine Treasury of more than $100 million in his two decades in power. [ An obituary is on page B6. ] Barred From Returning Home In a statement issued in Manila, President Corazon C. Aquino, Mr. Marcos's successor, offered condolences to the Marcos family. Mrs. Aquino announced that she would not allow Mr. Marcos's body to be brought to the Philippines for burial, saying she was acting for ''the safety of those who would take the death of Mr. Marcos in widely and passionately conflicting ways.'' [ Page B6. ] The assassination in 1983 of Mrs. Aquino's husband, the oppostion leader Benigno S. Aquino Jr., was a pivotal event in Mr. Marcos's downfall. President Aquino said Mr. Marcos's death ''closed a chapter in the history of our nation, a chapter uniquely his own.'' In deference to the Marcos family, Mrs. Aquino said she would leave it ''to others, and ultimately to history,'' to assess Mr. Marcos's rule, which ''touched the life of every Filipino who was his contemporary.'' President Bush, in a statement issued at an education summit conference in Charlottesville, Va., commended Mr. Marcos for his exit from power in 1986 amid a popular uprising and pressure from the United States Government after a disputed presidential election. By leaving the Philippines at ''a critical juncture in his nation's history,'' the White House statement said, Mr. Marcos ''permitted the peaceful transition to popular, democratic rule.'' Mr. Marcos's death was announced early this morning by his son, Ferdinand Jr., who emerged from the medical center's intensive care unit after reciting a rosary at his father's bedside, along with his mother and his sister, Irene Araneta. ''God has taken this great man from our midst to a better place,'' said the younger Marcos, 31 years old. ''Hopefully, friends and detractors alike will look beyond the man to see what he stood for - his vision, his compassion and his total love of country.'' Mr. Marcos had been on the brink of death many times in his long hospitalization. A family spokesman, Roger Peyuan, said Mrs. Marcos had instructed doctors to take every possible step to save her husband's life. Mr. Tiwanak said Mr. Marcos's condition began deteriorating 36 hours before his death. He said a pacemaker was implanted about midday on Wednesday, ''and it appeared his functions were coming back to some normalcy.'' Mr. Tiwanak said the pacemaker was needed to keep Mr. Marcos's heart pumping but he also noted that because Mr. Marcos had ''multiple organ problems, any one of those could have gone completely.'' Mr. Marcos had spent most of the time since he entered the hospital in intensive care. According to Mr. Tiwanak, doctors had said that ''if any one of the machines were pulled off he would have died.'' Mr. Tiwanak said Mr. Marcos was semicomatose most of the time before the latest crisis. Mr. Peyuan, the family spokesman, said Mr. Marcos opened his eyes and recognized his son, who had flown here from California, shortly before he died. Liver and Kidney Failure There were several phases in Mr. Marcos's hospital stay when he appeared near death. In mid-May, he had surgery to prepare him for kidney dialysis. In early June, emergency exploratory surgery was performed after an abscess was found in his pancreas. In mid-June, more surgery was performed to correct a bleeding stomach ulcer. In late June, his liver failed and he had a 104-degree fever, but survived to undergo removal of his only functional kidney, which had been transplanted in 1984. Mr. Marcos became dependent on kidney dialysis for survival. His prognosis was poor, but doctors treated him with a new antibiotic. On Sept. 3 his blood pressure dropped sharply. A Marcos aide, Col. Arturo Aruiza, said funeral plans were pending at the Nuuanu Memorial Park Mortuary. A family spokesman said the body would be on view at the family compound in Makiki Heights until Sunday. There are no plans for burial of the body elsewhere, Colonel Aruiza said. Mrs. Marcos has said in the past that she intended to embalm her husband's body and display it in Hawaii while she awaited permission to return to the Philippines. F.A.A. Issues Order In Washington, the Federal Aviation Administration issued an order at the request of the State Department barring any aircraft with the body of Mr. Marcos from leaving Hawaii or any other point in the United States for the Philippines. The F.A.A. said that ''such a return, or the attempt to do so, would create a danger to the safety of the aircraft and persons involved.'' Mr. Marcos's mother, Josefa, died last May at the age of 91. Her body has not buried, because her son hadinsisted on presiding at the funeral. Her body is on display at a museum in the Marcos's home province of Ilocos Norte. After Mr. Marcos's ouster from the Presidency, an inventory at Malacanang Palace in Manila found more than a thousand pairs of shoes belonging to Mrs. Marcos, 888 handbags, 71 pairs of sunglasses and 65 parasols - part of a lavish inventory that shocked and offended the world more than any past estimates of the Marcos's enormous wealth. Here in Honolulu, first in guest quarters at the Hickam Air Force Base and then in a hillside villa, Mrs. Marcos has entertained visitors with piano recitals, videos of her husband's presidential speeches and photographs of the couple in the embrace of world leaders. She recently recorded an album of ballads and is reported to have sung at her husband's bedside when he was alert. Mr. Marcos, his wife and eight others were indicted in New York last year by a Federal grand jury on racketeering charges. In April, the judge separated Mr. Marcos from the other defendants because he was too ill to stand trial. Mr. Marcos and nearly 100 members of his family and entourage arrived here in February 1986 aboard two United States Air Force jets. One carried passengers and the second had luggage and other personal property that was seized by the United States Customs Service. The seized property was valued then at $8.2 million and a bitter fight over custody of the items still is being waged in the Federal courts. The Marcoses have been living in a villa overlooking Honolulu that was provided for them by friends, according to Colonel Aruiza. The hospital bill for Mr. Marcos exceeded $500,000 but Mr. Tiwanak said the initial payment was made through the family's lawyers several weeks ago. Mr. Tiwanak said the hospital has been in touch with the lawyers ''to make sure they keep a current payment.'' Photo of Ferdinand E. Marcos (NYT, 1987)  

Hawaii

Which American led a team to put 10 people on the summit of Everest in 1990?

Marcos flees the Philippines - Feb 25, 1986 - HISTORY.com Marcos flees the Philippines Publisher A+E Networks In the face of mass demonstrations against his rule, Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos and his entourage are airlifted from the presidential palace in Manila by U.S. helicopters. Elected in 1966, Marcos declared martial law in 1972 in response to leftist violence. In the next year, he assumed dictatorial powers. Backed by the United States, his regime was marked by misuse of foreign support, repression, and political murders. In 1986, Marcos defrauded the electorate in a presidential election, declaring himself the victor over Corazon Aquino, the wife of an assassinated rival. Aquino also declared herself the rightful winner, and the public rallied behind her. Deserted by his former supporters, Marcos and his wife, Imelda, fled to Hawaii in exile, where they faced investigation on embezzlement charges. He died in 1989. Related Videos

i don't know

UN Secretary Dag Hammarskjold was killed over which country?

Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down | World news | The Guardian Dag Hammarskjöld Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down Eyewitnesses claim a second aircraft fired at the plane raising questions of British cover-up over the 1961 crash and its causes The wreckage of Dag Hammarskjöld's plane near Ndola, now Zambia. Eyewitnesses claim they saw a second plane fire at the UN chief's plane. Photograph: TopFoto Julian Borger and Georgina Smith in Ndola Wednesday 17 August 2011 14.20 EDT First published on Wednesday 17 August 2011 14.20 EDT Close This article is 5 years old New evidence has emerged in one of the most enduring mysteries of United Nations and African history, suggesting that the plane carrying the UN secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld was shot down over Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) 50 years ago, and the murder was covered up by British colonial authorities. A British-run commission of inquiry blamed the crash in 1961 on pilot error and a later UN investigation largely rubber-stamped its findings. They ignored or downplayed witness testimony of villagers near the crash site which suggested foul play. The Guardian has talked to surviving witnesses who were never questioned by the official investigations and were too scared to come forward. The residents on the western outskirts of the town of Ndola described Hammarskjöld's DC6 being shot down by a second, smaller aircraft. They say the crash site was sealed off by Northern Rhodesian security forces the next morning, hours before the wreckage was officially declared found, and they were ordered to leave the area. The key witnesses were located and interviewed over the past three years by Göran Björkdahl, a Swedish aid worker based in Africa , who made the investigation of the Hammarskjöld mystery a personal quest since discovering his father had a fragment of the crashed DC6. "My father was in that part of Zambia in the 70s and asking local people about what happened, and a man there, seeing that he was interested, gave him a piece of the plane. That was what got me started," Björkdahl said. When he went to work in Africa himself, he went to the site and began to question the local people systematically on what they had seen. The investigation led Björkdahl to previously unpublished telegrams – seen by the Guardian – from the days leading up to Hammarskjöld's death on 17 September 1961, which illustrate US and British anger at an abortive UN military operation that the secretary general ordered on behalf of the Congolese government against a rebellion backed by western mining companies and mercenaries in the mineral-rich Katanga region. Hammarskjöld was flying to Ndola for peace talks with the Katanga leadership at a meeting that the British helped arrange. The fiercely independent Swedish diplomat had, by then, enraged almost all the major powers on the security council with his support for decolonisation, but support from developing countries meant his re-election as secretary general would have been virtually guaranteed at the general assembly vote due the following year. Björkdahl works for the Swedish international development agency, Sida, but his investigation was carried out in his own time and his report does not represent the official views of his government. However, his report echoes the scepticism about the official verdict voiced by Swedish members of the commissions of inquiry. Björkdahl concludes that: • Hammarskjöld's plane was almost certainly shot down by an unidentified second plane. • The actions of the British and Northern Rhodesian officials at the scene delayed the search for the missing plane. • The wreckage was found and sealed off by Northern Rhodesian troops and police long before its discovery was officially announced. • The one survivor of the crash could have been saved but was allowed to die in a poorly equipped local hospital. • At the time of his death Hammarskjöld suspected British diplomats secretly supported the Katanga rebellion and had obstructed a bid to arrange a truce. • Days before his death, Hammarskjöld authorised a UN offensive on Katanga – codenamed Operation Morthor – despite reservations of the UN legal adviser, to the fury of the US and Britain. The most compelling new evidence comes from witnesses who had not previously been interviewed, mostly charcoal-makers from the forest around Ndola, now in their 70s and 80s. Dickson Mbewe, now 84, was sitting outside his house in Chifubu compound west of Ndola with a group of friends on the night of the crash. "We saw a plane fly over Chifubu but did not pay any attention to it the first time," he told the Guardian. "When we saw it a second and third time, we thought that this plane was denied landing permission at the airport. Suddenly, we saw another aircraft approach the bigger aircraft at greater speed and release fire which appeared as a bright light. "The plane on the top turned and went in another direction. We sensed the change in sound of the bigger plane. It went down and disappeared." At about 5am, Mbewe went to his charcoal kiln close to the crash site, where he found soldiers and policemen already dispersing people. According to the official report the wreckage was only discovered at 3pm that afternoon. "There was a group of white soldiers carrying a body, two in front and two behind," he said. "I heard people saying there was a man who was found alive and should be taken to hospital. Nobody was allowed to stay there." Mbewe did not forward with that information earlier because he was never asked to, he said. "The atmosphere was not peaceful, we were chased away. I was afraid to go to the police because they might put me in prison." Another witness, Custon Chipoya, a 75-year-old charcoal maker, also claims to have seen a second plane in the sky that night. "I saw a plane turning, it had clear lights and I could hear the roaring sound of the engine," he said. "It wasn't very high. In my opinion, it was at the height that planes are when they are going to land. "It came back a second time, which made us look and the third time, when it was turning towards the airport, I saw a smaller plane approaching behind the bigger one. The lighter aircraft, a smaller jet type of plane, was trailing behind and had a flash light. Then it released some fire on to the bigger plane below and went in the opposite direction. "The bigger aircraft caught fire and started exploding, crashing towards us. We thought it was following us as it chopped off branches and tree trunks. We thought it was war, so we ran away." Chipoya said he returned to the site the next morning at about 6am and found the area cordoned off by police and army officers. He didn't mention what he had seen because: "It was impossible to talk to a police officer then. We just understood that we had to go away," he said. Safeli Mulenga, 83, also in Chifubu on the night of the crash, did not see a second plane but witnessed an explosion. "I saw the plane circle twice," he said. "The third time fire came from somewhere above the plane, it glowed so bright. It couldn't have been the plane exploding because the fire was coming on to it," he said. There was no announcement for people to come forward with information following the crash, and the federal government did not want people to talk about it, he said. "There were some who witnessed the crash and they were taken away and imprisoned." John Ngongo, now 75, out in the bush with a friend to learn how to make charcoal on the night of the crash, did not see another plane but he definitely heard one, he said. "Suddenly, we saw a plane with fire on one side coming towards us. It was on fire before it hit the trees. The plane was not alone. I heard another plane at high speed disappearing into the distance but I didn't see it," he said. The only survivor among the 15 people on board the DC6 was Harold Julian, an American sergeant on Hammarskjöld's security detail. The official report said he died of his injuries, but Mark Lowenthal, a doctor who helped treat Julian in Ndola, told Björkdahl he could have been saved. "I look upon the episode as having been one of my most egregious professional failures in what has become a long career," Lowenthal wrote in an email. "I must first ask why did the US authorities not at once set out to help/rescue one of their own? Why did I not think of this at the time? Why did I not try to contact US authorities to say, 'Send urgently an aircraft to evacuate a US citizen on secondment to UN who is dying of kidney failure?'" Julian was left in Ndola for five days. Before he died, he told police he had seen sparks in the sky and an explosion before the crash. Björkdahl also raises questions about why the DC6 was made to circle outside Ndola. The official report claims there was no tape recorder in the air traffic control tower, despite the fact that its equipment was new. The air traffic control report of the crash was not filed until 33 hours afterwards. According to records of the events of the night, the British high commissioner to the Rhodesian and Nyasaland Federation, Cuthbert Alport, who was at the airport that evening, "suddenly said that he had heard that Hammarskjöld had changed his mind and intended to fly somewhere else. The airport manager therefore didn't send out any emergency alert and everyone simply went to bed." The witness accounts of another plane are consistent with other insider accounts of Hammarskjold's death. Two of his top aides, Conor Cruise O'Brien and George Ivan Smith, both became convinced that the secretary general had been shot down by mercenaries working for European industrialists in Katanga. They also believed that the British helped cover up the shooting. In 1992, the two published a letter in the Guardian spelling out their theory. Suspicion of British intentions is a recurring theme of the correspondence Björkdahl has examined from the days before Hammarskjöld's death. Formally, the UK backed the UN mission, but, privately, the secretary general and his aides believed British officials were obstructing peace moves, possibly as a result of mining interests and sympathies with the white colonists on the Katanga side. On the morning of 13 September the separatist leader Moise Tshombe signalled that he was ready for a truce, but changed his mind after a one-hour meeting with the UK consul in Katanga, Denzil Dunnett. There is no doubt that at the time of his death Hammarskjöld‚ who had already alienated the Soviets, French and Belgians, had also angered the Americans and the British with his decision to launch Operation Morthor against the rebel leaders and mercenaries in Katanga. The US secretary of state, Dean Rusk, told one of the secretary general's aides that President Kennedy was "extremely upset" and was threatening to withdraw support from the UN. The UK , Rusk said, was "equally upset". At the end of his investigation Björkdahl is still not sure who killed Hammarskjöld, but he is fairly certain why he was killed: "It's clear there were a lot of circumstances pointing to possible involvement by western powers. The motive was there – the threat to the west's interests in Congo's huge mineral deposits. And this was the time of black African liberation, and you had whites who were desperate to cling on. "Dag Hammarskjöld was trying to stick to the UN charter and the rules of international law. I have the impression from his telegrams and his private letters that he was disgusted by the behaviour of the big powers." Historians at the Foreign Office said they could not comment. British officials believe that, at this late date, no amount of research would conclusively prove or disprove what they see as conspiracy theories that have always surrounded Hammarskjöld's death. Commission appeals to US to declassify NSA radio intercepts of warplanes in area where Dag Hammarskjöld's plane crashed Published: 9 Sep 2013 Göran Björkdahl has interviewed eye-witnesses who were afraid to come forward in 1961 Published: 17 Aug 2011 'Some people were taken away after talking about the crash – when they returned they never spoke about it again' Published: 17 Aug 2011 Claims over Patrice Lumumba's 1961 assassination made by Labour peer in letter to London Review of Books Published: 1 Apr 2013

Congo

What was the autobiography of the first president of non-Apartheid South Africa called?

Who Killed U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold? - The Daily Beast Who Killed U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold? A new report puts few conspiracy theories to rest on the 50-year-old mystery. Nina Strochlic 07.12.15 4:01 AM ET It’s shortly after midnight on a still autumn night in 1961 over the forests of northern Rhodesia. Onlookers glance upwards to see two planes streak across the sky. One of them has fire lapping around its engine and wings and plummets to the ground. Across the Mediterranean Sea, American NSA agents stationed in Europe intercept a congratulatory radio transmission. “The Americans just shot down a UN plane,” an accented voice says. The next morning, civilians approach the wreck—some say they see a fuselage riddled with artillery and a man struggling for life. An investigator observing the bodies notes bullet wounds. The plane’s lone survivor stays alive just long enough to describe a series of explosions before the craft went down. The plane’s passengers are Dag Hammarskjöld, the second-ever secretary-general of the United Nations, and his aides and security detail. Hammarskjöld was eight years into his role as Secretary-General, and heading for Rhodesia to negotiate a ceasefire with Moise Tshombe, the leader of Katanga province in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo, where rebels had separated from the government soon after independence. In the days after the crash, the Congolese capital buzzes with rumors. In Leopoldville, where hotel bars are bursting with diplomats, reporters, foreign agents and guns-for-hire, conversations are eavesdropped on and reported. An Associated Press reporter claims to hear two Belgian pilots boasting of their plane-downing deed; a United Nations officer cables rumors of KGB involvement in the crash; and the American ambassador claims it as the work of a rogue Belgian mercenary. What happened on the night of September 17, 1961, has propelled conspiracy theories and baffled experts. A half-century later, on this past Monday, the United Nations released its second official report on the crash. The panel, comprising a Tanzanian justice, an Australian aviation expert and a Danish ballistics expert, was appointed in March by decision of the General Assembly, and traveled to the crash area, in what’s now Zambia, to track down 12 surviving eyewitnesses. But rather than deal a conclusive blow to the conspiracies, the mystery of Hammarskjöld’s untimely death prevails. Were there really two planes in the sky? Was the aircraft already on fire when it hit the ground? Did Hammarskjöld survive only to be shot after the craft? Was the whole thing an elaborate multi-country spy conspiracy to kill the man integral to peace negotiations in a region of the world that was spiraling into East vs. West proxy battles? Almost immediately, rumors about the real cause of the crash began to swirl. Chief among them was the belief that the plane had been purposefully either diverted or shot down, as the man inside was integral to the peace negotiations. Soon after Hammarskjöld’s death, former  President Harry Truman reportedly told the press that Hammarskjöld “was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said ‘when they killed him.’” In the most conspiracy-rife era of our time, when the Cold War was soliciting allegiances, perhaps nowhere was ther such fodder for a Graham Greene spy thriller than central Africa. In the recently decolonized Congo, wars for control were being puppeted from thousands of miles away. The country had split into parts, and all sides were stocked with battalions of mercenaries, and overflowing with spies. Earlier that year, the CIA had secretly assisted in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first democratically-elected prime minister, and would later install a dictator named Mobutu Sese Seko in his place. The United Nations had its work cut out for it, and Hammarskjöld was the man on the ground striving for peace and unity. “He probably knows more state secrets than any man alive,” Parade said about him in a 1960 article. “He hides what he knows behind a cloud of diplomatic double-talk.” The year of Hammarskjöld’s death, he was awarded a posthumous Nobel Peace Prize, and he’s still the youngest person to hold the secretary-general post. But he wasn’t universally popular. Hammarskjöld’s decision to quash the rebellion in Katanga put him on the outs with the Europeans, whose mining interests in the mineral-rich province were aligned with rebel factions. That night, far from what was then Rhodesia, strange tales were slipping out from official American agency stations. In two different National Security Agency outposts, employees reported seeing or hearing interceptions of radio transmissions that indicated an outside attack on a United Nations plane. U.S. Navy Commander Charles Southall was stationed at the NSA facility in Cyprus. In the years after the attack, he swore that he had either heard a recording or read a radio transmission transcript where a pilot reported shooting down an aircraft that night. According to Southall, this transmission had been collected by the CIA and passed to the NSA. At another NSA listening post in nearby Greece, a U.S. Air Force officer was listening to the radio that night and reported strange transmissions. He said he believed he was listening to American ground troops on the radio, and at one point he heard an accented voice say “the Americans just shot down a UN plane.” He recalled hearing the pilot radio in: “I see a transport plane coming low,” he claimed the voice said. “All the lights are on. I’m going to go down to make a run on it. Yes, it’s the Transair DC6. It’s the plane. I’ve hit it. There are flames. It’s going down. It’s crashing.” He was told it was a Belgian pilot known as the “Lone Ranger,” flying a craft used by forces in Katanga, the province where Hammarskjöld was attempting to broker peace. Get The Beast In Your Inbox! Daily DigestStart and finish your day with the top stories from The Daily Beast. Cheat SheetA speedy, smart summary of all the news you need to know (and nothing you don't).

i don't know

Which terrorist group murdered Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro?

US envoy admits role in Aldo Moro killing - Telegraph World News US envoy admits role in Aldo Moro killing Aldo Moro, the former Italian prime minister, who was seized at gunpoint by the Red Brigades in 1978  By Malcolm Moore in Rome 12:01AM GMT 11 Mar 2008 An American envoy has claimed that he played a critical role in the fate of Aldo Moro, the former Italian prime minister who was murdered by terrorists in 1978. Steve Pieczenik, an international crisis manager and hostage negotiator in the State Department, said that Moro had been "sacrificed" for the "stability" of Italy. In a new book called We Killed Aldo Moro, Mr Pieczenik said he was sent to Italy by President Jimmy Carter on the day that Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades, a far-Left terrorist group. Moro, who had been prime minister for a total of more than five years between 1963 and 1976, was snatched at gunpoint from his car in Rome. Related Articles Sting nets Moro kidnapper 18 Jan 2004 He had been heading to parliament for a crucial vote on a ground-breaking alliance he had proposed between the Christian Democrat Party and the Italian Communist Party. The alliance enraged both sides of the political spectrum in Italy, and also upset both Moscow and Washington. Moro's widow, Eleonora, later said Henry Kissinger had warned her husband against his strategy. "You will pay dearly for it," he is alleged to have said. Mr Pieczenik said he was part of a "crisis committee" headed by Francesco Cossiga, the interior minister. Moro was held for 54 days. Mr Pieczenik said the committee was jolted into action by the fear that Moro would reveal state secrets in an attempt to free himself. A false statement, attributed to the Red Brigades, was leaked saying that Moro was dead. Mr Pieczenick said that this had a dual purpose; to prepare the Italian public for the worst, and to let the Red Brigades know that the state would not negotiate for Moro, and considered him already dead. The following month, Moro was shot and placed in the back of a car in central Rome, midway between the headquarters of the Communist Party and the Christian Democrats. In a documentary on French television last weekend, Mr Cossiga admitted the committee had taken the decision to release the false statement.  

Red Brigades

General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave where in 1989?

Red Brigades | Mapping Militant Organizations Mapping Militant Organizations 1984 First Attack September 17, 1970: The Red Brigades set fire to the car of a factory manager in Milan. (0 killed) [1] Last Attack April 16, 1988: The Red Brigades kidnapped a chemical engineer in Mestre. (No reported casualties) [2] Updated June 27, 2012 Narrative Summary The Red Brigades was Italy's largest, longest lasting, and most broadly diffused left-wing terrorist group. At its peak the organization had thousands of active members and supporters, with its strongest presence in the industrial cities of Northern Italy. [3] It sought to overthrow the democratic Italian state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its primary targets were symbols of capitalism and the Italian state. These included politicians, especially those of the center-right Christian Democratic party, law enforcement, and factories. The organization cast its armed activities as acts of self-defense, undertaken on behalf of workers facing repression from factory bosses and police. [4]   The first pamphlet signed by the Red Brigades – then using the singular "Red Brigade," or "Brigata Rossa" – appeared at a Sit-Siemens plant in Milan in 1970 [5] , but the roots of the organization extend back to the late 1960s, as student and worker demonstrations spread throughout Italy and protestors increasingly clashed violently with the police. The fall of 1968, known as the "autunno caldo" or "hot autumn," marked a high point in such violence as well as an organizational turning point as workers began to form collectives as alternatives to existing trade unions. The Red Brigades' founders are believed to have decided to take up arms during a November 28, 1969 meeting of the Metropolitan Political Collective (Collettivo Politico Metropolitano), a coordinating group of leftist student and worker movements, in Chiavari in the province of Genoa. [6]   Some two weeks later, a bomb exploded in Milan's Piazza Fontana, killing 16 and wounding 87. At roughly the same time, two other bombs exploded in Rome, wounding 16. Suspicion for the day's carnage initially fell on the far left, members of which insisted that right-wing groups, likely aided by elements of state intelligence, had planned the attack as a provocation. [7] What later came to be known as the "Piazza Fontana Massacre" was seen on the left as the inauguration of a "strategy of tension" pursued by the right in cooperation with the state. [8]    Members of the Red Brigades attacked property rather than people until 1972; arson against factory managers' cars was particularly common, as were raids against the offices of right-wing organizations. [9] Beginning with the 1974 kidnapping of a Genoa magistrate, the Red Brigades expanded their attacks to include politicians and employees of the state. An April 1975 BR document outlining the organization's "Strategic Direction" identified Italy's long-dominant Christian Democratic party "the principal enemy." [10] The number of BR-directed attacks, including kidnappings and shootings, spiked between 1977 and 1979. The organization's best-known attack of the period was the kidnapping and killing of Christian Democratic leader and former prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978.  The Red Brigades' activities began to decline in 1980. Members began being arrested at higher rates, and those arrested began increasingly to cooperate with authorities, leading to the capture of more members. The group split numerous times over the period. The Red Brigades ceased to exist as a unified organization around 1981. Its core successor, the Red Brigades Fighting Communist Party (BR-PCC) continued to stage high-profile attacks throughout the decade. The Red Brigades' original leaders, many of them in jail, continued to guide the BR-PCC until formally declaring the armed struggle finished in 1988. [11] Attacks have been carried out in Italy under the name "Red Brigades" as late as 2002, though the attackers are likely not formally connected to the original organization. [12] Leadership Antonio Savasta (Unknown to 1982): Savasta was the leader of the Venice branch of the Red Brigades. He was arrested in 1982. [13] Margherita Cagol (1970 to 1975): One of the founders of the Red Brigades, Cagol was Curcio's wife. She was killed in a shootout with police in June 1975. [14] Mario Moretti (1970 to 1981): Moretti was a founding member of the Red Brigades and confessed to having personally fired the shots that killed Christian Democratic Leader Aldo Moro. He was arrested in 1981 and freed in 1998. [15] Renato Curcio (1970 to 1984): Police arrested Curcio, along with co-founder Franceschini, with the help of an informant in September 1974. Curcio remained in prison for about four months until a BR squad directed by his wife and co-founder Margherita Cagol freed him and several others from prison in February 1975. Following his release, Curcio was among the authors of an April 1975 document outlining the BR's "Strategic Direction" and identifying Italy's long-dominant Christian Democratic party "the principal enemy" and "the political and organizational center of reaction and terrorism." Curcio was recaptured in Milan in January 1976. He is believed to have continued to guide the organization from prison. [16] Alberto Franceschini (1970 to 1984): Franceschini was arrested along with Curcio in 1974. He is believed to have continued to guide the organization from prison. Ideology & Goals Communist revolutionary Marxist The Red Brigades sought to seize political power in Italy with a strategy combining elements of the Maoist cultural revolution in China and the Leninist Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The "dictatorship of the proletariat" would be achieved in three phases; first, a period of "armed propaganda," followed by an attack on the "heart of the state," followed by a state of "generalized civil war" which would end with the overthrow of the state. [17] Size Estimates 1970: 50 (Terrorism and Security : the Italian Experience.) [18] 1979: 1,000 "militants" and "some 2,000 external support (Terrorism and Security: The Italian Experience.) [19] 1983: 100 "militants" and "200 external supporters." (Terrorism and Security: the Italian Experience.) [20] Designated/Listed N/A. [21] Resources The Red Brigades got some revenue from kidnappings for ransom and from theft, which is also how they often acquired weapons. In absorbing smaller militant groups, the Red Brigades also took on their material assets, including those of the Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (GAP), which was financed by millionaire publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli until his death in 1972. [22] The group Soccorso Rosso (Red Aid) provided free legal services to left-wing operatives. By October 31, 1982, Italian police had discovered and dismantled some 200 bases belonging to the BR. [23] External Influences The Red Brigades were influenced in their ideology and methods by leftist and militant movements all over the world. As elements of the Italian left moved toward a strategy of political violence in 1967 and 1968, Uruguay's Tupamaros provided a model of urban guerilla warfare at the same time that Palestinian nationalist terrorism became more prominent in the wake of the Six-Day war of 1967. [24] Philosophically, the BR borrowed from Lenin and Mao.  More formally, members of the Red Brigades had contact with other Western European militant movements extant in the 1970s, especially Germany's Red Army Faction (RAF), whose 1977 kidnapping of business leader Hans Schleyer was the model for the Aldo Moro kidnapping a year later. [25] The BR are also believed to have had some connection with France's Actione Direct (AD) and have allegedly provided training for them. [26]   Former Red Brigades members have told authorities that the BR acquired weapons from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), with Libya acting as intermediary, beginning in 1978 or before. [27] BR founders Renato Curcio and Margherita Cagol visited Cuba. [28] There is disputed evidence that the Red Brigades may have received funding from "Eastern bloc" communist countries including Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. [29] One former brigadier has denied these contacts, saying "The RB was formally prohibited from having contact, making liaison, or receiving assistance from the Eastern Bloc." [30] A training camp outside of Benghazi, Libya was allegedly used by Italian terrorists. Former members of the Red Brigades have denied press accounts of training abroad, however, saying that the BR instead used abandoned mines in Italy's mountains as training sites. [31] Geographical Locations Italian terrorist organizations of both the left and right were active primarily in the northwest and center of Italy. Left-wing groups concentrated on Milan, Turin, and Rome, whereas the militant right was most active in Milan and Rome. The BR was the only one of these groups with a strong presence in Genoa. [32] The merger with NAP gave the Red Brigades a foothold in Naples and elsewhere in the more-agrarian south, but the Red Brigades had difficulty sustaining formal "columns" there, particularly after NAP dissolved. [33] Though the BR had its strongest presence in the cities listed above, the organization was active in at least 16 of Italy's 20 regions over its lifespan. [34] Targets & Tactics The Red Brigades typically attacked factories and the offices of right-wing targets such as political parties or certain trade unions. In its first few years such attacks were only against property and most often took the form of office raids and car arson. Early Red Brigades communiqués describe such attacks as punishments for specific "anti-worker" actions, such as the firing of a coworker: "For every comrade they hit, one of them must pay," or, more generally, "for every eye, two eyes; for every tooth, an entire face." Thus, when in late 1970 "first the bosses, then the unions" of Milan's Pirelli plant fired a 50-year-old mechanic, "one of them, precisely the 'first on the list' (as suggested by many of the factory workers), found his car destroyed." [35]   The Red Brigades' 1971 "self-interview" describes such methods as a form of "armed propaganda," which served both to recruit new members and to demonstrate "the conniving between power groups and/or apparently separate institutions." [36]   The Red Brigades claimed its first attack against an individual on March 3, 1972, with the kidnapping of a Sit-Siemens plant manager. They released him the same day. After 1972, the Red Brigades carried out targeted killings and kidnappings of factory managers, magistrates, and political figures, particularly members of the Christian Democratic party.  The BR was one of few left-wing terrorist groups to engage in kidnappings, and conducted by far the most of any left-wing terrorist group, 18 of 24 attributed to the entire terrorist left. [37] Most of the BR's kidnappings were political, whereas other Italian leftist terrorist groups typically kidnapped to raise funds through ransom. [38]   The BR adopted the practice of mass leg-shootings, also called "kneecapping," in 1980, months after another leftist group, Front Line (PL), pioneered the tactic. [39]   The Red Brigades did not carry out mass-casualty explosive attacks. There were four such attacks in Italy between 1969 and 1980, all attributed to right-wing terrorists. [40] Political Activities The Red Brigades abandoned overt political activity after a wave of arrests in 1972. [41] Major Attacks April 18, 1974: Kidnapping of Genoa Assistant State Attorney Mario Sossi. Sossi was the sixth person, and the first state employee, kidnapped by the Red Brigades. In its claim of responsibility, the BR called the kidnapping an attack "on the heart of the state." The group released him on May 23 in exchange for a court order, later blocked, to release eight BR-affiliated prisoners. (). [42] June 17, 1974: The BR killed two members of the right-wing party Italian Social Movement (MSI). (2 killed). [43] November 16, 1977: BR operatives shot Carlo Casalegno, deputy editor of La Stampa newspaper, on a street in Turin in broad daylight. Casalegno died of his wounds on November 29. (1 killed). [44] March 16, 1978: The BR kidnapped Aldo Moro, president of the Christian Democratic party and a former prime minister. In the attack, members of the Red Brigades killed five of Moro's bodyguards. On April 15, a BR communiqué announced that a "People's Tribunal" (Tribunale del Popolo) had tried Moro and had condemned him to death for his role in the "counter-revolutionary function of the [Christian Democrats]." Until May, however, BR communiqués offered to exchange Moro for 13 imprisoned BR members, including founders Franceschini and Curcio. The Italian government refused. Police found Moro's body in a car on May 9, 1978. (1 killed). [45] May 20, 1981: The Red Brigades kidnapped a chemical engineer in Mestre. It was the last attack claimed with the name "Red Brigades" as the organization split into factions. (0). [46] Relationships with Other Groups The Red Brigades was the largest left-wing terrorist organization in Italy, and most other left-wing Italian terrorist groups had some relationship to it as either rivals or allies. Other organizations later split off from the BR or were absorbed by it. The BR's most important ideological rival was Front Line (PL), the second-largest left-wing terrorist group in Italy. Several of the PL's founders were dissident members of the BR who left the group because of its strict hierarchy and the centrality of the armed struggle to its political agenda. The PL viewed the hierarchy as counterproductive, and the armed struggle as merely a tactic in a larger political program. The Red Brigades may have begun to cooperate with the PL in the late 1970s as the smaller organization declined and began calling for a unified proletarian force. The BR's symbol, a five-pointed star, appeared on the PL's claim of responsibility for a 1979 attack on a Turin school. [47]   The BR formed an alliance with Naples-based Armed Proletarian Nuclei (NAP) in 1976. The BR had had difficulty extending its reach into agrarian southern Italy due to its focus on the class struggle in factories, which were concentrated in the industrial north. [48] Most of NAP's leadership was arrested shortly after that, and the BR absorbed the remainder of the group's assets and members. [49]   The BR absorbed several other smaller groups as well, including Partisan Action Groups (GAP), which merged with the Red Brigades in 1970 after itself absorbing the October XXII Circle. [50]   The BR itself began to decline with the arrest of many of its leaders in the early 1980s. The group split; its main successors were the Red Brigades Walter Alasia Column (BR-WA), the Red Brigades Guerrila Party (BR-PG), and the Red Brigades Fighting Communist Party (BR-PCC). Community Relationships Leftist extraparliamentary organizations represented a recruitment pool and a source of logistical and public relations support for the BR, especially Workers' Autonomy (Autonomia Operaia, AUTOP) and Workers' Power (Potere Operaiao, POTOP or PO). [51] This latter group formally dissolved in 1973, though prosecutors investigating the case argued that the "dissolution" was a cover for members' deciding to take up arms with the Red Brigades and others. [52] References ^ Barbato, Tullio. Il Terrorismo In Italia Negli Anni Settanta : Cronaca E Documentazione. Milano: Bibliografica, 1980. p. 52 ^ Brigaterosse.org. "Breve storia delle Brigate Rosse (1970-1987), Parte III." Last updated March 15, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://www.brigaterosse.org/brigaterosse/storia/storia3.htm . ^ Della Porta, Donatella. Il Terrorismo Di Sinistra. Bologna: Il mulino, 1990. p. 92. ^ Brigate Rosse, "Prima intervista a se stessi," 1971. Available: http://www.brigaterosse.org/brigaterosse/documenti/archivio/doc0001.htm ^ Barbato, Tullio. Il Terrorismo In Italia Negli Anni Settanta : Cronaca E Documentazione. Milano: Bibliografica, 1980.

i don't know

Which politician's wife was acquitted in 1990 of defrauding US banks?

Headliners - Ambling Along - NYTimes.com Headliners; Ambling Along Published: July 8, 1990 Imelda Marcos had the shoes; now she has walked. In a case that began four years ago, Mrs. Marcos, the widow of former Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos, was acquitted by a Federal court jury in Manhattan last week of helping her husband loot $200 million from the Philippine treasury and then investing the proceeds in art, jewelry and prime New York City real estate. Though the charges against her included defrauding American banks, jurors said afterward that they questioned whether Federal prosecutors had the right to charge her with other offenses that she and her husband were said to have committed in the Philippines. When the Marcoses fled to Hawaii in 1986, she was seen as the free-spending wife - thousands of pairs of shoes were found in her Manila palace closets - of a corrupt despot. But after Mr. Marcos died last year, there seemed much less interest in punishing his spouse. Said one juror, ''Just because she was married to him doesn't make her guilty.'' Photo: Imelda Marcos (Reuters)

Imelda Marcos

In what year did Saddam Hussein become President of Iraq?

assetrecovery.pdf - DocDroid docdroid Intermediate Training Programme on Asset Tracing, Recovery and Repatriation, Jakarta, September 2007    Efforts to Recover Assets Looted by Ferdinand  Marcos of the Philippines   Sample of overview observations made by commentators  •   The  Marcos  family  case  clearly  illustrates  how  difficult  it  is  for  the  successor  government  of  a  kleptocrat  regime to regain ownership of stolen assets.  •   Having unrestricted access to the assets enables the accused to fend off legal proceedings for decades and to  deplete the funds by enjoying a lavish lifestyle. The Marcos family (Ferdinand Marcos, who died in 1989, his  wife Imelda Marcos, who remains alive and contests all claims to this day, and their children) have skillfully  deployed their assets (allegedly between USD 5 and 10 billion) with the aid of attorneys while still living lives  of great privilege.   •   In  the  opinion  of  the  Government  of  the  Philippines,  it  faced  a  difficult  task  in  recovering  the  assets  on  account of the highly intricate and secretive nature of the Marcos network of accounts. It was lucky to have  the  so-called  Malacañang  documents   to  guide  it  to  at  least  a  part  of  the  stolen  Marcos  assets.  The  Swiss  Government decided in principle to block Marcos' assets. It mandated the Swiss Banking Commission (EBK)  to  ask  the  banks  what  Marcos  assets  they  were  holding.  This  led  to  a  precise  overview  of  Marcos  funds/accounts. When the international mutual legal assistance request arrived, the relevant accounts were  effectively blocked. They could then be compared with the information supplied by the EBK.  •   The Philippine  Government's efforts were  hampered by the fact that the Philippine Presidential Commission  on Good Government (PCGG), the agency established to recover the Marcos assets, was new to the task and  could not draw upon established tools and procedures.  •   Newly introduced was also the Swiss Federal Act on International Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Act  on International Criminal Assistance, IMAC): the Swiss lawyers Salvioni, Fontanet and Leuenberger, who had  been appointed by the PCGG in March 1986, had to apply a new Swiss law, in force as from January 1, 1983,  with  no  guidelines,  no  case  law,  and  no  special  instructions.  It  helped  in  this  situation  that  the  Federal  Department of Justice offered much assistance and that the Swiss Federal Supreme Court confirmed, in most  cases, the decisions of the lower courts in favour of the Philippines.   •   Additional difficulties arose from the fact that there was continued political support for the Marcos family after  they  fled  the  Philippines  and  from  various  individuals  of  the  Philippines  elite  who  had  benefited  from  their  corrupt  system  and  who  therefore  remained  loyal  to  them.  The  fact  that  Imelda  Marcos  was  elected  congresswoman, and Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos' son, Ferdinand Jr., was elected congressman, illustrates  the support they still had in the Philippines.  •   Conflicts of interest arose both within the class of plaintiffs that won damages for human rights abuses from  the  Marcos  family  in  the  USA,  concerning  how  best  to  actually  receive  the  money,  as  well  as  between  the                                                    1    This chronology is work in progress and continues to be open to inputs from experts and other involved and concerned parties. 

i don't know

Who became chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989?

Powell becomes Joint Chiefs’ chairman - Sep 21, 1989 - HISTORY.com Powell becomes Joint Chiefs’ chairman Share this: Powell becomes Joint Chiefs’ chairman Author Powell becomes Joint Chiefs’ chairman URL Publisher A+E Networks The Senate Armed Forces Committee unanimously confirms President George H. Bush’s nomination of Army General Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Powell was the first African American to achieve the United States’ highest military post. Powell was born in 1937 in Harlem, New York, to Jamaican immigrant parents. Joining the U.S. Army after college, he served two tours in Vietnam before holding several high-level military posts during the 1970s and 1980s. From 1987 to 1989, he was national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan and in 1989 reached the pinnacle of his profession when he was appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George Bush. As chairman, General Powell’s greatest achievement was planning the swift U.S. victory over Iraq in 1991’s Persian Gulf War. In 1993, he retired as chairman. Two years later, he embarked on a national tour to promote his autobiography, My American Journey, fueling speculation that he was testing the waters for a possible presidential campaign. By the fall of 1995, public enthusiasm over the possibility of his running for president had reached a feverish pitch. Regarded as a moderate Republican, opinion polls showed Powell trailing close behind Republican favorite Bob Dole and favored over Democratic incumbent Bill Clinton. However, in November 1995, he announced that he would not run for president in the next election, citing concerns for his family’s well-being and a lack of passion for the rigors of political life. From 1997, he served as chairman of “America’s Promise–The Alliance for Youth,” a national nonprofit organization dedicated to building the character and competence of young people. In December 2000, Powell was appointed the first African American U.S. secretary of state by President-elect George W. Bush. Unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, he was sworn in on January 20, 2001 and held that position until January 26, 2005. He was succeeded by Condoleezza Rice. Related Videos

Colin Powell

Who became leader of the Bosnian Serbs in 1992?

Colin Luther Powell - People - Department History - Office of the Historian Colin Luther Powell - People - Department History Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–) Introduction Colin L. Powell was appointed Secretary of State by George W. Bush on January 20, 2001, after being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. He served for four years, leaving the position on January 26, 2005. He was the first African-American to serve as Secretary of State. Colin Luther Powell, 65th Secretary of State Rise to Prominence Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. The son of two Jamaican immigrants, he was raised in the South Bronx. He attended City College of New York, and it was there that he began his military service, joining the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). After his graduation in 1958, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. During his 35 years in the Army he served two tours in Vietnam, was stationed in West Germany and South Korea, and acted as President Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor from 1987 until 1989. In 1989 he was promoted to the rank of general, and was appointed by President George H.W. Bush to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the four years Powell served in that capacity, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in 1991. After his retirement in 1993, he founded America's Promise, an organization which helps at-risk children. He was nominated for Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on December 16, 2000. Influence on U.S. Diplomacy At the beginning of his term, Powell placed an emphasis on reaffirming diplomatic alliances throughout the world, supporting a national missile defense system, working towards peace in the Middle East, and prioritizing sanctions instead of force in potential hot spots such as Iraq. He also focused on reinvigorating U.S. diplomacy through reforms in the Department of State’s organizational culture and an infusion of resources for personnel, information technology, security, and facilities. Powell's term, however, was soon dominated by the challenges the Bush Administration faced after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Powell was one of the foremost supporters of taking swift military action against al-Qaeda and demanded immediate cooperation from Afghanistan and Pakistan in the U.S. search for those who were complicit in the attacks. When the Administration's attention shifted to Iraq and the possibility that Saddam Hussein was manufacturing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Powell pressed to have UN inspectors investigate. In February 2003, Powell presented intelligence to the UN that supported the claim that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and could produce more. Subsequently, the Administration moved quickly toward preemptive military action against Iraq, despite Powell’s advice that war should not begin until a large coalition of allies and a long-term occupation plan were in place. In 2004, some of the intelligence that Powell had brought before the UN in 2003 was found to be erroneous. Although Afghanistan and Iraq demanded a great deal of Powell’s attention during his tenure, he pursued other important U.S. foreign policy initiatives and grappled with various crises that arose between 2001 and 2005. After initially difficult Administration interactions with Russia and China, Powell worked to improve both bilateral relationships. Prominent among these efforts were management of U.S. withdrawal from the U.S.-Russian Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty and the signing of the Moscow Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions in May 2002. In the area of foreign aid, Powell pushed the Administration to increase its commitment to the international fight against AIDS, and oversaw a doubling of development assistance funding. He also pressed for international cooperation to halt the nuclear weapons programs of North Korea and Iran, and the Administration achieved an important nonproliferation success when Libya agreed to give up its weapons programs in 2003. Powell confronted a variety of international crises as well, including a near war between nuclear powers India and Pakistan in 2001-2002, domestic turmoil in Liberia (2003) and Haiti (2004), and the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. His continued belief that Middle East stability required a resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict led him to advocate the 2002 “Road Map” that aimed at creating an independent Palestinian state at peace with Israel. Although President Bush endorsed the plan, Powell was not able to persuade the Administration to make a strong commitment to its implementation. On November 15, 2004, Powell announced his resignation. After stepping down as Secretary of State, he returned to a busy life in the private sector continuing his work with America's Promise Alliance. He serves on the Boards of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Eisenhower Fellowship Program, and the Powell Center at the City College of New York. Born 1937 Entry on Duty: January 20, 2001 Termination of Appointment: January 25, 2005

i don't know

Who was deputy commander of the 1983 US invasion of Grenada?

Joseph Metcalf; admiral led Grenada invasion - The Boston Globe Obituaries Joseph Metcalf; admiral led Grenada invasion Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, commander of all forces on Grenada, pointing to the Marine positions on the island. (upi file/1983) By Matt Schudel, Washington Post  |  March 12, 2007 WASHINGTON -- Joseph Metcalf III, the Navy vice admiral who led the US invasion of the Caribbean nation of Grenada in 1983, which produced lasting lessons for military preparation and media relations, died March 2 at his home after a series of strokes. A native of Holyoke, Mass., he was 79 and had a progressive neurological disorder. Admiral Metcalf, described by The Washington Post as a "colorful and pugnacious commander," was given the assignment to lead the invasion only 39 hours before it was to take place, Oct. 25, 1983. Six days earlier, a Marxist faction had seized control of Grenada's government and executed Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and 15 of his supporters. The United States and several Caribbean nations feared that Grenada could take a sudden turn toward violent revolution, fueled by the presence of several hundred Cuban advisers. About 650 Americans attended medical school in Grenada at the time and there was concern for their safety. Admiral Metcalf, who was commander of the Atlantic 2d Fleet, led an invasion force of about 6,000 troops from all four branches of the military in the attack, code-named Operation Urgent Fury, which began at 5 a.m. It was the first US combat operation since the Vietnam War. His deputy commander was Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, who commanded the Desert Storm operation in 1990-91. Supplemented by about 300 troops from several Caribbean countries, US forces took control of the 133-square-mile island nation within three days and captured the leader of the rebellion, Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, who remains in prison. In the sporadic fighting, 19 Americans and at least 45 Grenadans were killed. All the American medical students were unharmed. The anniversary of the invasion he led, Oct. 25, is now celebrated as Grenada's Thanksgiving Day. At first, little could be learned about the invasion because Admiral Metcalf enforced a strict media blackout, which ignited a battle over the freedom of the press. Several reporters in a chartered fishing boat were turned back by the threatening maneuvers of US military jets. Admiral Metcalf said the orders to restrict the media came from above him. But in 2002, Margaret Belknap, an Army lieutenant colonel and faculty member at the US Military Academy, wrote in Parameters, the US Army War College Quarterly, that "President [Ronald] Reagan left the decision for media access to the military, and ultimately it rested with . . . Metcalf." According to Belknap, "Admiral Metcalf personally ordered shots fired across the bow of the media's vessel, forcing them to return to Barbados." Considered a successful military engagement on the whole, the Grenada operation did expose communication and coordination problems among the military branches, prompting the Pentagon to streamline its planning of multiforce operations. In 1985, Admiral Metcalf landed in more hot water when it was discovered that he and his staff attempted to bring back 24 AK-47 automatic rifles from Grenada as souvenirs. US Customs agents seized the weapons as a violation of federal gun laws and Admiral Metcalf received an official "caution." At the same time, seven Marines and soldiers were court-martialed and sentenced to jail for smuggling weapons from Grenada, prompting criticism of what some saw as lenient treatment of Admiral Metcalf. The House and Senate launched inquiries, but it was later revealed that 300 other service members in the Grenada action had been granted amnesty for turning in weapons seized as spoils of war. "Admiral Metcalf didn't try to hide or smuggle any weapons -- he requisitioned them," said Navy Secretary John F. Lehman Jr. in 1985. "The enlisted people who did what Metcalf did were given amnesty. I've never seen so much bounce from so little substance." Admiral Metcalf joined the Navy in 1946 as an enlisted man. A year later, he enrolled in the US Naval Academy, graduating in 1951. He commanded one of the Navy's first ships equipped with cruise missiles and in 1966 commanded a ship in the first amphibious landing of the Vietnam War. As the United States withdrew from Vietnam in 1975, Admiral Metcalf was in charge of evacuating all surface ships. After Grenada, he became deputy chief of staff of Naval Operations for Surface Warfare. Not long before his retirement in 1987, he devised the concept of "revolution at sea," in which he recommended that Navy ships be made of composite materials and designed to conceal communications equipment and weapons. Admiral Metcalf's decorations included four awards of the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, three awards of the Legion of Merit, and two Bronze Stars. He leaves his wife of 56 years, Ruth; three children; a brother; and 11 grandchildren. © Copyright 2007 Globe Newspaper Company. More:

Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.

What was Mother Teresa's real first name?

United States PSYOP in Grenada - Operation Urgent Fury UNITED STATES PSYOP IN GRENADA This article on Grenada was selected by Military Colleges Online as one of the “99 Crucial Sites on 20th Century American Military History. ” The invasion of the island-nation of Grenada is important because it was an early extension of American power that showed several weaknesses within the American military establishment. The problems and the confusion that occurred during the occupation of this tiny island led to changes in command and communication that was to benefit the United States Military in future campaigns. Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard Maurice Bishop with Fidel Castro The Grenada story began on 13 March 1979 when Maurice Bishop overthrew the legitimate government and established a communist society. The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (New Jewel Movement) ousted Sir Eric Gairy, Grenada's first Prime Minister, and established a people's revolutionary government. Grenada began construction of a 10,000 foot international airport with the help of Cuba. There was speculation that this airfield could be used to land military fighters and transports, threatening South America and the southern United States. President Ronald Reagan accused Grenada of constructing facilities to aid a Soviet and Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean. There was also worry about the large number of weapons flowing into Grenada. One shipment in 1979 contained 3400 rifles and 3 million rounds of ammunition. In addition, there were about 600 American medical students studying in Grenada and another 400 foreign citizens. The safety of these Americans became a factor when Maurice Bishop and several members of his cabinet were murdered by elements of the people's revolutionary army on 13 October 1983. The even more reactionary and violent Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard who led a Marxist-influenced group within the Grenadian Army replaced Bishop. President Reagan called the leaders of the new government "a brutal group of leftist thugs." SGT Barton of the 82nd Airborne Division stacks his C-rations near a pile of captured Cuban weapons. The United States reacted to the bloody coup in Grenada within two weeks. On 25 October 1983 American troops landed on the beaches of Grenada. They were assisted in part by members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), specifically Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua, Dominica, St Lucia and St Vincent. They were opposed by Grenadian and Cuban military units and military advisors from the Soviet Union, North Korea, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Libya.    Almost everything that could go wrong did go wrong during this operation. A Navy SEAL reconnaissance mission floundered in heavy seas and four of the SEALs drowned after a night combat equipment water jump in the ocean about 40 kilometers off the north-northwest tip of Port Salinas, Grenada. They were dropped into the teeth of a squall along with a “ Boston Whaler” from an Air Force C-130 and immediately went under. Navy SEALs John Butcher, Kevin Lundbergh, Stephen Morris and Robert Schamberger drowned during the drop. Later investigation found that the SEALs had never attempted the night drop of a team and a boat before. There were navigation problems with the lead C-130 and the pilot could not guarantee finding the targeted drop zones. Ranger units could not communicate with each other directly and had to be transmitted through Air Force communications. The intelligence was faulty and the location of the medical students and enemy anti-aircraft weapons was incorrect. The mission got off late and the UH-60 helicopters that were supposed to reach Grenada in darkness arrived after dawn, eliminating all hope of surprise. When the helicopters attempted to test fire their machine guns they discovered that the ammunition was regular link instead of mini-gun ammunition, which caused the weapons to jam. When the 82nd Airborne was asked for an artillery barrage their shells fell short because the cannoneers had left their aiming circles behind and were unable to communicate with the supported force to adjust fire. Army helicopters flying wounded to the Navy ship Guam could not find it at first and did not have the frequencies to talk to the Navy and determine where the ship was located. Worse, as the Army helicopters ran out of fuel and were forced to land on the decks of Navy ships, they were refused fuel because a Navy Controller in Washington found that no payment arrangements had been worked out between the sister services. This order was of course, countermanded by the Navy Admiral in charge.    A 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment Death Card We don’t know if the Rangers actually brought this card to Grenada but it was prepared for the invasion and copies were found in the headquarters of the Ranger Regiment. It tells the government troops that the Rangers are in their rear area and cannot be stopped. The Rangers originally expected to land at Salines airfield. When it was discovered that the enemy had set up runway obstacles, a decision was made to have them parachute (in some cases with double loads) from 500 feet altitude. Since the men had removed their gear, they had to refit in the aircraft. The aircraft were out of assigned order and the runway clearing team would not be the first on the field. The Air Force refused to conduct a mass parachute drop requested by the Rangers. There was an alleged problem with the prompt evacuation of the wounded because Army helicopter pilots were not qualified to land on Navy ships. This requirement was quickly waived. As an example of further interservice rivalry, Norman Schwarzkopf adds in It Doesn’t take a Hero, Bantam Books, 1992, that he had to give a Marine Colonel a direct order and threat of court-martial to fly Army Rangers in Marine helicopters. The 82nd Airborne had serious dehydration problems and this led directly to the introduction of light-weight BDUs shortly after the operation. The Grenada Radio Fiasco Perhaps the most famous of the fiascoes was depicted in the Clint Eastwood movie Heartbreak Ridge. Enemy machine-guns pinned down navy SEALs assaulting the Governor-Generals mansion. Two American gunships flew overhead but the men on the ground were unable to communicate directly with them. There were major problems with the radios of the various services and communication was curtailed.  As a result, one pinned-down American actually used his personal credit card to send a collect call from the mansion to Fort Bragg N.C to request a fire mission. The message was forwarded from North Carolina to the naval ships off shore and the fire order was carried out. Despite all this, the casualty rate for United States forces were only 19 dead and 116 wounded. The Grenada military suffered 49 dead and 358 wounded. The Cuban count was 29 dead and over a hundred wounded. Colonel John T. Carney Jr. talks about the problems in No Room for Error: The Covert Operations of America’s Special Tactics Units from Iran to Afghanistan, Ballantine, N.Y., 2002: We achieved our mission, but took heavy casualties. Nineteen men were killed in action and 123 wounded. The enemy was a hastily organized force of about 50 Cuban military advisers, over 700 Cuban construction workers, and one thousand two hundred members of Grenada ’s People’s Revolutionary Army. Many of the casualties were from friendly fire. To this day, I doubt that any one person knows how ineptly Urgent Fury was planned and executed…Operation Urgent Fury became the military equivalent of a Japanese Kabuki dance created by three or four choreographers speaking different languages, all working independently of each other. In the long run, however, the operation proved a defining moment for special operations, for it led directly to the creation, by Congressional mandate, three years later, of the U.S. Special Operations Command… British Major Mark Adkin, Commanding Officer of the Caribbean Peace-keeping Force (CPF), mentions the problems in Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada (Issues in Low Intensity Conflict), Lexington Books, 1989. He says that the U.S. armed forces came extremely close to a major political defeat due to poor planning on the part of senior officers. The Americans did not have topographical maps of the island and used old British touring maps. The location and strength of the enemy forces were almost completely unknown. This led directly to the loss of several helicopters and caused Delta Force to abort two missions. There was no fully integrated communications system. The Americans lacked precise data on the location of the medical students they were to rescue. More than a thousand American medical students were spread out over three locations instead of only at the True Blue campus in the southern tip of the island. Major General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the task force's deputy commander, and never one to pull a punch commented on the operation: Even though higher headquarters screws it up every way you can possibly screw it up, it is the initiative and valor of the small units, the small-unit leadership, and the Soldiers on the ground that will win for you every time. During the entire operation from 25 October through 15 December 1983, 7,355 troops took part in Operation Urgent Fury. The Americans overcame poor planning and overwhelmed the defenders with mass, speed and firepower. In all, this campaign went almost as badly as the ill-fated 1980 hostage rescue in Iran (Operation Eagleclaw). However, like that operation, the United States military studied the problems, published the lessons learned, and came away with a leaner and more efficient Special Operations force. The doctrine of the Special Operations groups for Low Intensity conflict was written to deal with military incursions such as Grenada and Panama. The confusion and inability to communicate that was Urgent Fury led directly to the improvements that would guarantee victory in future American military operations. On the positive side, the cameras were rolling as the medical students were rescued. The entire world saw young men and women hugging and kissing U. S. troops. It was a genuine act of emotion and gratitude that could not be faked. One soldier who took part in the operation told me: The best American PSYOP of Grenada was inadvertent. When the rescued students kissed U. S. Soil on national news, the political impact was enormous. The battle for Grenada was the first combined-service campaign of the U.S. military in years. Afterwards, such operations would be practiced constantly resulting in the near flawless invasion of Panama in 1989, and perhaps the greatest military victory in American history, Operation Desert Storm, a year later. Some aspects of the PSYOP campaign were carried out by the Army, Navy, Air Force, Reserve and National Guard. For instance, according to Retired Colonel Alfred H. Paddock, writing in an article entitled “PSYOP: A Historical Perspective,” for Perspectives, Volume 22, Number 5 & 6, 2012: Working with the 4th Group, the Navy’s Reserve Audiovisual Unit (NARU 186) produced a cassette tape of PSYOP messages and music which the Pennsylvania Air National Guard’s 193d Special Operations Group (then Coronet Solo) broadcast over radio to the Grenadian people concurrent with the landing of U.S. Marines and Army Rangers. The Navy deployed its mobile 10 kilowatt radio station (AN/ULT-3) which, together with Coronet Solo, provided coverage of the island until the Army’s 50 kilowatt set could be installed…The Joint Psychological Operations Task Force electronically transmitted its initial leaflet with directions for its production and dissemination to the aircraft carrier USS Guam. After printing on the Guam, Marine helicopters distributed 50,000 leaflets as Marine forces landed in Grenada. Permanent presses at the 4th Group’s headquarters at Fort Bragg, NC, printed and packaged leaflets targeting both the Grenadian population and Cubans on the island. Air force MC-130 aircraft dropped 300,000 of these in the St. Georges area and along the western coast on the second day of hostilities. Between 25 October and 8 December the PSYOP task force produced and disseminated more than 900,000 leaflets, handbills, and posters. In regard to PSYOP in Grenada, Stanley Sandler says in Cease Resistance: It's Good for You: A history of U.S. Army Combat Psychological Operations, 1999: 4th PSYOP Group loudspeaker teams attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, in addition to persuading significant numbers of frightened Peoples Revolutionary Army (PRA) troops to turn themselves in, confirmed the enemy's low morale as well as the desire of even some of the Cuban "Construction Battalions" to remain on the island with their Grenadian wives and families. Regarding leaflets, Sandler says: But other, more specialized leaflets, emphasized that this was a combined operation with other Caribbean nations as well as the United States acting against a foreign threat. Something new was added when U.S. PSYOP troops photographed captured Grenadian Communist leaders in captivity, thus reassuring citizens that they could now go about their business unmolested by a cabal whom most genuinely feared. One such leaflet, headlined "These hoodlums are now in custody," displayed most unflattering photos of the subjects while another showed the two chiefs of the Marxist clique, Bernard Coard and Hudson Austin, in safe custody on a U.S. Navy ship with the message "Former PRA members: Your corrupt leaders have surrendered. Knowing resistance is useless...Join your countrymen now in rebuilding a truly democratic Grenada. Sandler says in an article printed in Mindbenders, Vol. 9, No.3, 1995: The 4th PSYOP Group distributed leaflets giving the Grenadian population guidance and information, and a newly-deployed 50-kilowatt transmitter, "Spice Island Radio," broadcast news and entertainment throughout the island. The Grenada Radio Station antenna with wires cut by the U. S. Navy Seals. Radio Free Grenada was one of the first targets of American bombs. To replace Radio Free Grenada, the U.S. set up Spice Island Radio, under the overall control of the Psychological Operations Section of the Army. A twelve-man team of Navy journalists immediately flew in from Norfolk, recruited some local announcers, and Spice Island Radio was on the air. Their first broadcast called on Grenadians to lay down their arms. The head of the Navy team, Lt. Richard Ezzel, told Reuters, "We wanted to save lives. The Cuban-Built Air Strip Still under Construction An expert on radio PSYOP added: One of the first objectives was the island’s commercial AM transmitter.  The Soviet Union had provided it. The control panel of the transmitter gave control functions in Russian.  The locals had put labels in English below those controls. The US Navy sent in a Seal Team to quiet the transmitter just prior to the invasion.  While the building exterior received a lot of light weapons damage, the transmitter was reasonably unscathed. The Navy cut the feed lines to the antenna to disable the transmitter.  The US Navy’s PSYOP 10KW broadcast transmitter aboard ship off the coast of Grenada began broadcasting using a tethered balloon antenna. The 4th PSYOP Group brought in the TRT-22 and after several days of being bounced around from site to site, finally set up near the new airport at Port Salines.  It was there several months. Donald R Wooldridge told me about putting up the antenna. He was part of a 9-man team from Fort Huachuca, Arizona that installed the 250 foot TRT-22 antenna for the 4th PSYOP Group. He said: Everything turned out well because of our leadership. We had a lot of problems with the supported unit and ended up sleeping outside of the building and got rained on every single day. We installed it in four days with a team that had seven members who just graduated from school. FM 33-1-1, Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures mentions the antenna in Appendix K: “The PSYOP Dissemination Battalion Operational Procedures.” It says in part: The AN/TRT-22 system is a radio production and broadcast system. The 50-kw AM transmitter can broadcast on any frequency from 535 KHz to 1620 KHz to a range of approximately 120 to 150 kilometers. The system is manned by one 8-man broadcast team from the radio platoon. The 256-foot antenna tower requires a special team to erect with an installation time of 5 to 7 days. This antenna erection team, which consists of one NCOIC and five enlisted personnel from the signal/communications support element at Fort Huachuca, AZ, must be deployed from other units; the PSYOP Dissemination Battalion does not have organic capability to erect this antenna. The complete AN/TRT-22 system consists of nine S-280 shelters with dolly sets, two 200-kw generators, a large heliax cable spool, and a prime mover (M35A2). The system requires one C-5 for air transport. The AN/TRT-22 has limited mobility in that it is designed to be deployed to one location. The 50,000-watt transmitter requires two 200-kw generators working alternately for 24 hours of broadcast power consuming 568 to 605 liters of fuel per 24 hours. Department of the Army FM 33-1, Psychological Operations, July 1987, mentions the Grenada PSYOP campaign. The 1983 Grenada operation included PSYOP elements from all the services. These elements provided the commander with the primary means of mass communication with both the enemy and local populace. The communication capability was especially important during the initial phases of the operation. Leaflets directing the populace to remain indoors and tune their radios to a specific frequency were designed by the Army and printed aboard Navy ships. Other leaflets, produced both at Ft. Bragg and on the island, were effectively used during the consolidation operations to encourage Grenadian civilians to report information concerning Peoples Revolutionary Army (PRA) and Cuban soldiers. An Air Force airborne transmitter station was used by PSYOP elements to broadcast information after the Grenada radio station was rendered inoperative during the first day of operation. By the third day, a small land-based PSYOP station commenced operations. Later, Army PSYOP elements deployed a large 50KW transmitter capable of broadcasting to the entire island. Eventually, PSYOP personnel were broadcasting 11 hours per day. PSYOP Loudspeaker Team Vehicle-mounted loudspeakers were also used for psychological consolidation activities. 8th Special Operations Squadron The 8th Special Operations Squadron is the second longest continuously operational active duty squadron in the U.S. Air Force. Since its inception in 1917, the 8th SOS has flown 17 different types of aircraft. This list includes DH-4s, B-26s, B-57s, A-37s, MC-130Hs and the MC-130E Combat Talon I currently flown by the 8th. The squadron was called on again in October 1983 to lead the way in the rescue of American students endangered on the island of Grenada. After long hours of flight, the aircrew members faced intense ground fire to airdrop U.S. Army Rangers to Point Salinas Airfield in the opening moments of Operation Urgent Fury. They subsequently followed up with three psychological operations leaflet drops designed to encourage the Cubans to discontinue the conflict. Navy Sea King Helicopters The Navy also took part in the PSYOP campaign. SH-3H Sea King helicopters from Squadron HS-15 based on the Aircraft Carrier Independence dropped leaflets over Central Grenada. EC-130 Commando Solo The website of the 193d Special Operations Wing of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard adds: The EC-130 was also used over Grenada, originally modified using the mission electronic equipment from the EC-121, known at the time as the Coronet Solo. Soon after the 193rd SOW received its EC-130s, the unit participated in the rescue of US citizens in Operation Urgent Fury, acting as an airborne radio station informing those people on Grenada of the US military action. The Commando Solo's airborne radio station played an initial pre-invasion "warning" broadcast tape to the people of Grenada on 25 October, the first day of the American invasion. The tape was produced two days earlier on 23 October at the request of Army Lieutenant Colonel George Coburn, the PSYOP Plans officer of the Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) J58. A Naval Reserve PSYOP element, Naval Reserve Atlantic Fleet (LANTFLT) PSYOPS AVU 0286, drilling at Naval Air Reserve Norfolk assisted with the project. The tape was produced by Television Production Specialist W. B. Church, also the reserve unit's Program Manager. A number of the citizens of Grenada were interviewed some years later who vividly recalled that broadcast. To a man, each credited it with reducing initial hostilities and resistance. The revised Radio Free Grenada began broadcasts within days of the invasion. Major General George Crist selected a group of local radio announcers to operate the station even before the new pro-American interim government was formed. Resistance was moderate and security was ensured on the island, opening the doors for a multilateral peacekeeping force with American and Caribbean troops to rebuild peace and stability on Grenada. U. S. Army Blackhawk helicopters on Grenada Sergeant Jim Peterson, who served with A Company, 2nd Battalion of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, vividly remembers returning to Salinas Airport with his unit when a UH-60 Blackhawk slowly flew overhead playing Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from what appeared to be a loudspeaker above the wheels. This was one aircraft loudspeaker broadcast that, contrary to what some may have thought, was not a sanctioned psyop broadcast, but rather the actions of an individual UH-60 Blackhawk pilot.  The unknown pilot was apparently motivated by the classic scene from the Vietnam War movie Apocalypse Now where Air Cavalry Troop Commander Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore says: We'll come in low, out of the rising sun, and about a mile out, we'll put on the music... Yeah, I use Wagner -- scares the hell out of the slopes! My boys love it ! Put on psych-war operations, make it loud. I can't say what effect, if any, that selection of music had on the Cuban soldiers, but according to Jim Peterson the musical display was well received by the US Army and Air Force personnel in the area, and boosted their spirits. There were very few PSYOP leaflets disseminated over Grenada during the few days of armed struggle. At first we only knew of three. They are all plain text and none contain pictures or photographs. The first is found in both a light and dark green text and border. The text is: People of Grenada. Your Caribbean neighbors with U.S. support have come to Grenada to restore democracy and insure your safety. Text on the back is: Remain indoors, avoid conflicts and no harm will come to you. Further emergency information will follow. The second has purple text and border. The text on the front is: CITIZENS OF GRENADA Take every precaution to insure your safety. Help us avoid accidentally injuring you or members of your families by taking the steps on the reverse side. Please remain calm and no harm will come to you. Text on back explains: CITIZENS OF RENADA. Take every precaution to insure your safety. Help us avoid accidentally injuring you or your families by taking the following steps: Do not leave your home. Avoid confrontations and do not interfere with U.S./Caribbean Forces. If fighting starts in your area, stay in your homes and on the floor. Stay off roads and highways. Further emergency information will follow. PLEASE REMAIN CALM AND NO HARM WILL COME TO YOU. The third leaflet comes in two slightly different varieties (dark blue and light blue text and border) and is written in English and Spanish. It has the same message on both sides. The English message is: CUBAN NATIONALS. Your Caribbean neighbors and U.S. Forces have come to Grenada to restore Democracy and evacuate U.S. Citizens. Stay out of the conflict. Remain in your compound or home. Avoid confrontations and do not interfere with on going operations. If you remain out of the way you will not be harmed. (Spanish translation on the other side). The fourth leaflet showed up a bit later. I never heard of it being dropped during the invasion, but it was depicted in the book Grenada - Revolution, Invasion and Aftermath, Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Sphere Books, London, 1984. He describes it as: Safe conduct pass in the form of a Cuban 5 peso banknote bearing the picture of Antonio Maceo, black hero of Cuban independence (Authors note: Antonio Maceo y Grajales, 1845-1896). Distributed by U.S. troops for use by Cubans during the October invasion. By some coincidence I was at Ft. Bragg shortly after the war and while visiting one of the librarians at the Special Forces Library noticed the banknote leaflet under a piece of glass on his desk. I did some fast talking and was able to trade one of my articles on PSYOP for the leaflet. Genuine Cuban 5 Peso banknote I later wrote this leaflet up in the International Banknote Society Journal, Volume 30, No. 4, 1991. The banknote leaflet parodied the Cuban 5 peso note of 1961-1965. The genuine Cuban note is green, but the propaganda note is crudely drawn in bright pink-violet. The text on the front in both English and Spanish is: SAFE CONDUCT PASS. To those who are resisting the Caribbean Peace Force. You will be taken to a safe place where your needs will be met. Food, clothing, shelter and medical treatment is available. The back of the banknote leaflet has "SAFE CONDUCT" at the top and bottom of the note in English and Spanish. Sandler points out that: The use of a Cuban rather than a Grenadian note showed that planners were understandably more concerned with resistance from the Cuban construction battalions than any from the rag-tag Grenadian local defense forces. Esto O Esto Other leaflets are known but it is unclear if they were dropped during the invasion or afterwards as part of the consolidation campaign. O'Shaughnessy says: A more gruesome poster carried a drawing of a bleeding corpse and a relieved group of soldiers surrendering with the caption "Esto - o esto" ("This - or this"). The text on the back is:  Your defeat is inevitable. You are facing thousands of troops from six different countries. Cease resistance and return to Cuba with honor where your family await you. I have also seen a leaflet with text: Stop Communistic Designs on Grenada NOW. Expose former PRA & Cuban renegades and their arms caches. Support a Democratic Grenada. Another leaflet shows the four horsemen of the apocalypse. Three of them are leaders of the communist government, the fourth is death. The text is: What did the PRA produce? Death and Destruction. Support a New Beginning. Brightness out of Darkness. Colonel Paddock adds: There was a very successful PSYOP amnesty program. It used radio, loudspeaker, and face-to-face media to announce the governor general’s three-day amnesty program. During this period, more than 1,000 members of the People’s Revolutionary Army — over half of the main force — turned themselves in. Safe Conduct Pass This pass says on back: Present this pass to any member of the Caribbean peace keeping force. You will be taken to a safe place where your needs will be met. Food, Medical treatment, shelter, clothing is available. Weapons Rewards Poster The U.S. also prepared reward posters for weapons. One shows an AK-47 in the center covered by a red "prohibited" symbol. The text is: WANTED By Authorities. Functional Rifles SEC 264.00. Functional Pistols SEC 264.00. Cubans Still Hiding Out SEC 1320.00. Caches will be determined by amount of weapons, ammo, and/or explosives. REWARDS are being offered for helping authorities find functional weapons, ammunition and Cubans still hiding out. INFORMATION WILL BE KEPT SECRET and rewards will be given for providing the location of the weapons, ammunition or Cubans. Contact the Caribbean Peacekeeping Force, U.S. Forces, or the Army Claims Office in St. George's. You can also call on the newly established telephone HOTLINE 3206. In regard to rewards Paddock points out: This successful program offered rewards for weapons, ammunition, or information leading to the capture of Cubans. Conducted over an eight-week period, this campaign employed face-to-face communication, radio, loudspeakers, posters, handbills and leaflets dropped by helicopters. By mid-January 1984 more than 196 weapons, 400 grenades, 13,500 rounds of ammo, and a Soviet BTR-60 armored personnel carrier were turned in. Unexploded Ordnance Warning U.S. leaflet-poster depicts skulls at the upper left and right. The text is: DANGER! Unexploded ammunition, booby trapped weapons, and equipment in area. DO NOT TOUCH! Large quantities of weapons and equipment were left behind or unexploded. Do not touch anything, it may be booby trapped. Do not risk severe injury or death. Report this equipment to: Caribbean Security Forces. Danger! There are certainly dozens of such consolidation leaflets that were prepared during the occupation and before the installation of a new government in Grenada. Dignity Card The last item we will mention and illustrate is what might be called a "dignity card." One of the most handsome paper products produced by the 4th PSYOP Group was a card produced for the American troops. The text and illustrations are in a dark blue on bright white cardboard. The title at the top front of the card is "REPRESENT YOUR NATION AND UNIT WITH DIGNITY AND HONOR." The three symbols are military patches, all topped with an "Airborne" tab. The patch at the far left is of the 82nd Airborne Division, the one in the center is the 18th Airborne Corps, and the one at the far right represents Special Forces. Text on the back of the card is: PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR FELLOW SOLDIERS BY KEEPING THE CIVILIAN POPULATION FRIENDLY TO YOU. FOLLOW THESE DO'S AND DON'TS. DO 1. Do avoid any unnecessary bloodshed. 2. Do avoid making any cultural, racial, and ethnic insults or comments. Be polite and respectful to local population. 3. Do avoid the destruction of monuments, archives, health and religious facilities or other institutions which might directly aggravate the Grenadian or world population. Treat religious centers with respect. 4. Do permit the peaceful operations of farms and businesses operated by the indigenous population. Treat religious centers with respect. 5. Do provide humanitarian assistance when required. 6. Do avoid confusion with the local civil population and minimize damage to their personal property. 7. Do treat refugees or civilian detainees as you would want your own family treated in a similar situation. 8. Do always maintain proper military bearing as you are the direct representative of the President of the U.S. and will be looked upon as such by all who come in contact with you. DON'T 1. Don't fraternize with local women or make flirtatious or degrading comments toward them. 2. Don't make derogatory remarks about local customs or the daily activities of the people. 3. Don't display arrogance or intimidate the civilian population. 4. Don't enter into discussions involving politics, religion or economics. 5. Don't take any unauthorized transfer of equipment or goods brought to Grenada. 6. Don't treat the Grenadian as inferior. Many of the people you meet will think and feel differently about things than you do. 7. Don't talk to the press. Refer all media personnel to your commander or authorized spokesman." Author’s note: The dignity card asks that the American troops keep the civilian population friendly. No one is friendlier toward children than the American soldier. In the above photograph Grenadian children climb all over an American jeep. Hopefully that M-60 machinegun is not primed and ready to fire.   The Best PSYOP Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2 Battalion, 508th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division members Specialist 4 Ricky Brown,Timothy Gibson and David North make friends with Grenadian students from a local Catholic school SP4 Rick Brown said that all the locals he encountered were very glad that the Americans had landed, and said that the Cubans had forced them to attend meetings on the glory of Communism twice a day. They would sound sirens across the island to tell the people that it was time for political instruction. Rick recalls the dislike of the Grenadian for the Cubans. He told me: A couple of us were tasked to walk some Cuban prisoners up a jungle trail to the tactical operations center and we were accosted by a rather large Grenadian man with a big knife in his hand. He was crying and said the Cubans had raped both his daughters. We had to protect the Cubans and push him back with our weapons at port arms position. He said he had been in prison and prayed every night for the Americans to come. Many of the Grenadian troops took off their uniforms and ran away while others assisted us by telling us where the Cubans were hiding. PSYOP Mistakes What may be a minor PSYOP mistake is mentioned in Review of Psychological Operations Lessons Learned from Recent Operational Experience, Christopher J. Lamb, National Defense University Press, Washington, D.C., September 2005. The author mentions a US poster that the enemy used to attack the American government: PSYOP often lacks an organized red-teaming effort to improve product quality and assist with damage limitation when effects go awry. PSYOP products can produce untoward effects among the target audiences but also may produce unintended blowback from domestic or international audiences. Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada provides a classic example of a product that was effective in a local target audience but had unintended blowback elsewhere. In this operation, a photograph of a black New Jewel leader seated naked on a chair with only a towel draped across his lap and a white PSYOP soldier standing over him was disseminated as a poster across Grenada to demonstrate to the populace that they should no longer fear their former leaders. Although the photograph generated little negative reaction from the Grenada – RESCUED FROM RAPE AND TORTURE There is a rumor of an American “black” operation during the invasion of Grenada . According to the rumor, the Central Intelligence Agency prepared and airdropped a pro-American anti-Communist comic book over the Island in an attempt to explain why the Americans had come. The following is what has been implied about this operation. A private comic book entrepreneur named Malcolm Ater founded Malcolm Ater Productions in New York City in July 1946. By 1950, Malcolm Ater Productions was called Commercial Comics Inc., now based in Washington . Ater seems to have specialized in political comics, producing them for Senator Scott Lucas, Connecticut Governor Chester Bowles, Senator Brien McMahon, Congressman Al Loveland and Arkansas Governor Sid McMath. Perhaps because of his independent stature and his location in the nation’s capitol, the CIA is alleged to have used him to produce a 14-page comic book for Grenada . Because this was a black operation, neither the CIA nor Commercial Comics appears anywhere in the book. It is alleged that Ater was paid $35,000 by the CIA for his work on the project. The cover of the comic depicts Grenadians being murdered by communists, and then freed by Americans, and finally the joyous celebration of the Grenadian people for the American troops. The inside front cover states that the comic is a product of the Victims of International Communist Emissaries (V.O.I.C.E.) and the introduction is signed by A. C. Langdon, 1984. The story tells of Grenadian citizens held hostage in their own homes and later freed by the Americans, and features Antonio Langdon who was held a prisoner in a communist prison for four and one-half years. Langdon tells American reporters how the communists took over power in Grenada . The book ends with the American rescue and gives an address where Langdon can be reached. The problem with this being a black CIA operation is that the invasion was in 1983 and the book clearly is dated 1984. In addition, it depicts the end of the invasion when that could not be known if the book was dropped during the invasion. It appears that this is clearly a privately produced post-invasion booklet. There seems no way this could be a black operation, but if anyone found these comic books on Grenada during or shortly after the invasion I would like to hear from them. A West Indian bibliography says: A Grenada ; claims to have been shot and tortured by the communist forces. So, perhaps the comic book was partially paid for by the CIA a year after the attack to explain the U.S. invasion to Grenadians after the fact. Enemy Propaganda Anti-American Poster PSYOP was not only an American prerogative. The Soviets broadcast and published anti-American propaganda during the Grenada invasion. They wished to protect and defend their Cuban allies, busy building and protecting the big air field on Grenada. Colonel Frank L. Goldstein says in Psychological Operations, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, AL, 1996: In late 1983, the Soviet newspaper Izvestiya not only attacked the United states for invading Grenada but also accused US forces of using chemical weapons to poison some 2000 Grenadians, including women and children, and of recording their suffering and deaths on film. The gruesome fabrication, which was read by millions of Soviet citizens, further stated that the bodies were shipped back to the United States for additional study. The author of that article was A. Kuvshinnikov. For a long time I tried to discover who A. Kuvshinnikov was or is, or whether it was a pseudonym. Then another article by A. Kuvshinnikov appeared in Izuestiya on 21 August 1987. This article was said to be from the US campuses.   They awoke to the sounds of airplanes flying overhead. When they went outside to see what was causing the commotion they noticed soldiers dug into the hills around their house. They heard gunfire and assumed that the American military was invading. Radio Free Grenada was broadcasting and telling the Grenadian people to fight to the death and protect their shores from the invaders. As the American troops were landing the Grenadian soldiers surrounded the student's house and an anti-aircraft gun was placed in the front yard. After some hours together, and the liberal sharing of a few bottles of Clarke's Court Rum and friendly conversation, the medical students convinced the soldiers to let them go to a neighbor's house in the dead of night. Dr. Siegel found the young Grenadian soldiers to be very courteous and kind and believes that they were as terrified as the students were. The students heard some Spanish spoken, but do not know if there were Cubans among the soldiers. Upon returning to their house a day later they found discarded military uniforms and AK-47 rifles on the living room floor. Their luggage had been looted and it was clear that the deserting soldiers had decided that it was safer to be in civilian clothing. Medical Students with their Lockheed C-141 Starlifter Rescue Aircraft On the third day of the invasion the medical students located a patrol of American Airborne Rangers and were immediately escorted on foot to the St. George's

i don't know

Which famous daughter was made chief designer at Chloe in 1997?

Stella McCartney - Biography - IMDb Stella McCartney Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trivia  (31) | Personal Quotes  (3) Overview (4) 5' 5" (1.65 m) Mini Bio (1) Stella Nina McCartney was born in London, England in 1971 to ex-Beatle Paul McCartney and famed rocker photographer, Linda McCartney . Stella's birth almost ended in disaster where both mother and child almost died - the traumatic event led her father to pray she be born "on the wings of an angel", thus inspiring the name of her parent's band "Wings". McCartney admits she had a "normal" childhood, despite her famous parents - though she did travel the globe with them and their group, the whole family lived in a two-bedroom while she was growing up. Stella was on her own and independent by the time she was in college, making her own money (and sometimes having to clean dishes at a near-by restaurant to do so.) At age 15 she had the opportunity to work with Christian Lacroix on his first couture collection and in 1995, she graduated from London's Central St Martins College of Art & Design, showcasing at her collection of clothes modeled by good celebrity friends Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss . In 1997, with two collections under her belt, McCartney was appointed chief designer at Paris fashion house Chloé, but resigned four years later to enter in a joint venture with the Gucci Group. The line opened three stores and later Stella expanded her brand to include perfume. In 2000, she was presented VH1/Vogue Designer of the Year award by her father. Most recently, McCartney designed a line of clothing and accessories for H&M, helping sales to skyrocket with her designer name and in August of 2003, married publisher Alasdhair Willis. - IMDb Mini Biography By: ratisfatter@yahoo,com Spouse (1) ( 30 August  2003 - present) (4 children) Trivia (31) Designed Madonna 's wedding dress. [2000] For her graduation fashion from St. Martin's, Stella featured a song by her father, "Stella May Day", and her clothes were modeled by friends Kate Moss , Yasmin Le Bon and Naomi Campbell . Is an active member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals [PETA]. She is the daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney and the late Linda McCartney . Was the head designer for Chloé. Studied at Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design. Her traumatic birth compelled her famous father to pray that she be born "on the wings of an angel". This quote inspired Paul to name his upcoming band - "Wings". Married publisher boyfriend Alasdhair Willis in Scotland on August 30, 2003. Younger half-sister of pottery designer Heather McCartney Designs for her own label, under the umbrella of Gucci Group. Older half-sister of Beatrice Milly McCartney Former stepdaughter of Heather Mills . Is a vegetarian, like her parents. Has four children with her husband Alasdhair Willis. son, Miller Alasdhair James Willis, born on February 25, 2005, weighing 7lbs 7ozs, daughter, Bailey Linda Olwyn, born on December 8, 2006, weighing, 7lbs 14oz, son, Beckett Robert Lee, born on January 8, 2009 and daughter Reily Dilys Stella, born on November 23, 2010, weighing 8 lbs. Launched a range of affordable clothing with H&M in 2005, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld - for the second time, as he was head designer of Chloe before she took the title.

Stella McCartney

Which supermodel was married to Rod Stewart?

Stella McCartney facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Stella McCartney September 13, 1971 • London, England Fashion designer While some may think that being the daughter of one of the world's most famous, respected, and wealthy rock stars would lead to plentiful advantages when building a career, British designer Stella McCartney might not completely agree. McCartney, daughter of Sir Paul—who happens to be a former member of the Beatles, perhaps the most popular and influential rock band ever—has talent and ambition to spare, but her fame-by-association has caused many to speculate that it is her family connections rather than her design collections that have propelled her career. Being a McCartney has its advantages—through family acquaintances, a teenaged Stella made important connections in the design world—but had she been lacking in talent and business sense, such connections would have been meaningless. Instead, McCartney proved that her combination of creativity, sense of style, and understanding of the fashion industry could make her a powerful force in fashion regardless of her parentage. In 1997, less than two years after graduating from college, McCartney made headlines when she was hired as the creative director for Chloe, a respected design house in Paris , France . She spent four years at Chloe, helping to redefine the company's image and increasing the company's sales by appealing to young, hip consumers. In 2001 McCartney left Chloe to start her own company in partnership with the celebrated Gucci Group. She spent the following years issuing new collections, opening boutiques in New York , London, and Los Angeles , and, in 2003, launching a new fragrance line called Stella. "I have a vision for the way I want a woman to dress, perhaps because I'm a woman and know what I like to wear.... It's not about what it looks like in the studio or on the runway. It's what it looks like on a real person that matters." Down on the farm McCartney was born in London in 1971, not long after the breakup of the Beatles. Her father, a musician of exceptional talent, went on to form the band Wings, in which her mother, Linda, played keyboards and sang backup. Linda McCartney also became known for her skilled photographic portraits of musicians and other subjects, and was an outspoken advocate for animal rights as well as an accomplished vegetarian cook and cookbook writer. While the McCartneys led an unconventional life, traveling around the world on tour with the band with their children in tow, they were determined that their home base would be a tranquil refuge from the rock-and-roll lifestyle. The family, including Stella, her half-sister Heather (from Linda McCartney's first marriage), sister Mary, and brother James, moved to a farm by the time Stella was ten years old. Living in a modest farmhouse, the family raised sheep, rode horses, and grew organic produce. Stella was heavily influenced by the family's back-to-nature lifestyle and her parents' values, becoming a vegetarian herself as well as a committed animal rights activist. Next-Generation Jagger Jade Jagger, jewelry designer and famous offspring, has encountered much of the same skepticism that Stella McCartney has faced. As the daughter of Mick Jagger (1943–), lead singer of the Rolling Stones, and Bianca Jagger, a symbol of high fashion, Jade has struggled to establish an identity separate from that of her world-famous parents. Even as she has forged a successful design career, she still has critics suggesting that her professional accomplishments are due to her fame as a Jagger rather than her own talent. Born in 1972, Jagger certainly had an unconventional upbringing as the daughter of one of rock music's most notorious bad boys. Her father has provided material for tabloid newspapers for most of his adult life, with one high-profile and stormy relationship after another (Mick and Bianca divorced around 1980). As a teenager Jade acquired a reputation for being a bit wild herself. She made headlines in 1988 when she was expelled from a prestigious private school in England for sneaking out to meet her boyfriend. And she was known for throwing, and attending, great parties. Jagger's lifestyle mellowed a bit when she became a mother in the early 1990s; she now has two daughters, Assisi and Amba. Jagger has done some modeling and has long been a part of the fashion scene, but her vocation is designing jewelry. Jagger started her own company, Jade Inc., in 1998, creating and selling fine jewelry with a modern twist. In 2002 Jagger was hired as the creative director for the upscale British jewelry company Garrard. Once the Crown Jewelers—those responsible for crowns, tiaras, and other decorative items worn by British royalty—Garrard is a long-established traditional company that was formerly known as Asprey & Garrard. When those controlling the company split the brands into two separate firms, it was decided that Garrard, while remaining a provider of expensive luxury items, would also try to reach out to a younger and more informal crowd. Jagger was seen as the right person to navigate the company through this new territory. In a 2002 article in WWD, Samantha Conti wrote that Jagger's goal at Garrard was to "blend the classic and the avant-garde, which means that blue diamond tiaras sell alongside funky gold dog tags, the rocks on some rings roll—literally—in a see-saw motion, and pendants are inspired by hip-hop and heraldry." Jagger designed a line of jewelry that playfully incorporated royal symbols such as crowns and family crests. While Jagger will never completely escape associations with her famous dad, she has forged a successful career independent of her family connections, earning praise for her funky and fashionable creations. McCartney had known ever since her early teen years that she wanted to be a fashion designer; she was designing and making clothes by age thirteen. At age fifteen she had a brief internship in Paris with acclaimed designer Christian LaCroix. Later, during her university years, McCartney became an apprentice to tailor Edward Sexton, learning the finer points of tailoring on London's famed Savile Row, home to numerous traditional and highly respected custom clothing companies. She briefly worked at the French company Patou, makers of expensive custom-made clothes, but left the company in objection to their use of fur in some of their products. McCartney attended Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London. Along with her fellow design students, McCartney designed a line of clothing to be displayed in a student fashion show as part of a graduation project. Like many of the other students, McCartney enlisted some friends to model her clothing during the show. Unlike her peers, however, McCartney's friends were supermodels Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss. Her models' fame, as well as her own celebrity stemming from her family ties (and the presence of her famous parents in the audience), attracted hordes of reporters and photographers from all over the world to the student show. Many of the other students resented the circus atmosphere and the fact that the press left the show immediately after McCartney's clothes had been shown. Some in the media and the fashion industry speculated that the extraordinary attention the young designer received had everything to do with her last name and little to do with her talent as a designer. But buyers for a number of upscale department stores, including Bergdorf Goodman and Neiman Marcus, disagreed, buying McCartney's line for sale in their stores. A rapid rise After her 1995 college graduation, McCartney opened her own boutique in London to sell her designs. Her designs featured a mix of crisp tailoring with lacy, romantic pieces, a combination that conveyed a sense of strong femininity. Her specialties were slip dresses and luxurious swishy silk skirts. "My mom always collected thrift-shop stuff—especially Italian slips," McCartney related to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante. "I've always loved underwear and antique fabrics and lace for all their soft texture." Her designs were snapped up by fashion-conscious shoppers, including models, actresses, and musicians. In December of 1996, a man came into McCartney's boutique describing himself as the owner of a clothing store in Rome , Italy. He asked extensive questions about her collection and her ideas on how to sell fashions to women of all ages, and was impressed by McCartney's thorough understanding of quality clothing as well as the marketing of such items. He later introduced himself as Mounir Moufarrige, president of the long-admired Parisian design firm Chloe. Moufarrige, eager to revive his struggling company by appealing to consumers younger and hipper than Chloe's traditional customers, had traveled to McCartney's shop to meet the woman who had been generating so much buzz. Weeks later, Moufarrige offered the twenty-five-year-old designer a job as creative director of Chloe. Many in the fashion industry, including esteemed designer Karl Lagerfeld, who had previously held McCartney's position at Chloe, felt outraged that Moufarrige had hired a young and untested designer for such a significant position. McCartney soon silenced her critics, however, by bringing tremendous visibility and success to Chloe. Beginning with her first successful show with Chloe, in the fall of 1997, McCartney displayed her signature style of clean lines combined with delicate and sexy pieces. Critics acknowledged that her designs were not terribly bold or innovative, but they held tremendous appeal for consumers. McCartney not only improved the fortunes of Chloe, she also helped usher in a new trend in women's clothing that favored romantic, flirtatious styles over the plainer, nofrills look popular in the early 1990s. Just two years after she joined Chloe, Robin Givhan wrote in the Washington Post that under McCartney's direction, "Chloe has not just gotten substantially better. It has been transformed." McCartney's professional success, however, was tempered by personal tragedy during this period. In 1998 her mother died after a three-year battle with breast cancer. In 2000 McCartney won the VH1/Vogue Fashion and Music Designer of the Year Award. During that same year, she designed a bridal gown for one of the most high-profile weddings in the celebrity world—that of pop superstar (and McCartney pal) Madonna to filmmaker Guy Ritchie. During 2001 McCartney led Chloe in a new direction, overseeing the introduction of a more casual, less expensive clothing line called See. Her success at Chloe and increasing name recognition as a designer to watch generated numerous rumors that McCartney would not stay at the Paris company much longer. Her rapid rise through the ranks of the fashion industry led many to believe that she would soon strike out on her own and, after four years with the Paris firm, McCartney did in fact leave. She had struck a deal with the renowned Gucci Group to start her own design house. The ups and downs of independence McCartney wasted no time creating the first line for her new company, which bears her name and is half owned by Gucci. Just a few months after striking out on her own in the fall of 2001, she showed her first collection. The reception was not exactly favorable. McCartney deviated from her signature style, as reported by Lisa Armstrong at New York Metro.com: "McCartney, who'd become a reliable source of lovely, easy-on-the-eye garments, chose this moment to replace her stock-in-trade flirtiness with something more hard-core." Armstrong pointed out that the timing of the show did not help matters; it took place one month after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington, D.C., a time when people sought comfort, not confrontation. Fashion journalists wrote harsh reviews of the show, with McCartney's critics reiterating their opinion that the designer was famous simply because of her name. With her next few collections, however, McCartney once again proved her critics wrong. She returned to her roots, focusing on designing clothes that made women feel and look good. In the fall of 2002 McCartney opened her first store, in New York City, to feature her new company's designs. Her second store opened the following spring in London, with a third opening in the Los Angeles area in the fall of 2003. In the stores, which are called simply "Stella McCartney," she sells her clothing as well as shoes, bags, and other accessories, including her own perfume, a scent called Stella. All of her products reflect McCartney's dedication to animal rights and other causes. In her clothing designs she emphasizes cottons and silks. Not one of her products, including shoes and bags, is made out of leather or fur. The company manufacturing her fragrance is prohibited from using genetically modified materials—that is, plants that have been altered by humans—and will not accept plants that were harvested by children or that are on any endangered species list. McCartney attributes her socially conscious attitude to the earthy styles of her parents, particularly her mother. She has also credited her mother with informing her fashion sensibility: the confidence to wear clothes she loves rather than following trends, a combination of vintage and modern looks, and the choice of a natural look over a highly polished one. Describing her mother's naturalness to Shane Watson of Harper's Bazaar, McCartney noted: "You look at people in her position now, and they're all manicured and their hair's straightened, and she was so not that, ever. She never waxed her legs, never dyed her hair, and that is so rare.... I mean, my mum really was the coolest chick in the world." While the loss of her mother was devastating, McCartney has also experienced much personal and professional happiness in recent years. In August of 2003 she wed magazine publisher Alasdhair Willis in a small but elaborate ceremony. Taking place on a three-hundred-acre estate on the Scottish island of Bute, the wedding featured truck-loads of white roses imported from the Netherlands , a bagpipe band, and a fireworks display. Guests—including such celebrity pals as Gwyneth Paltrow, Liv Tyler, and Madonna—were transported in carriages pulled by Clydesdale horses. A large team of security guards kept the press at bay, ensuring a calm and private affair. On the professional front, McCartney has achieved increasing success with each new collection. Tom Ford, the former creative director of Gucci, told Armstrong why he has so much confidence in McCartney: "She has everything it takes to be successful—the drive, the will, and the intelligence. She has great style, great taste." For More Information Periodicals "And I Love Her." People (September 15, 2003): p. 66. Bellafante, Ginia. "Tired of Chic Simple? Welcome to the New Romance." Time (April 6, 1998): p. 66. Conti, Samantha. "Jagger's New Jewels." WWD (September 16, 2002): p. 17. Diamond, Kerry. "Stella's Sexy New Scent." Harper's Bazaar (September 2003): p. 248. Fallon, James. "Life with Gucci." WWD (July 3, 2001): p. 1. Givhan, Robin. Washington Post (January 29, 1999): p. C1. Watson, Shane. "Twenty-four Hours with Stella McCartney." Harper's Bazaar (September 2002): p. 426. Web Sites Armstrong, Lisa. "Stella Nova." New York Metro.com. http://www.newyorkmetro.com/shopping/articles/02/fallfashion/stellanova/ (accessed on July 14, 2004). Stella McCartney. http://www.stellamccartney.com/ (accessed on July 14, 2004). "Who's Who: Stella McCartney." Vogue.com. http://www.vogue.co.uk/whos_who/Stella_McCartney/default.html# (accessed on July 14, 2004). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA

i don't know

Who was America's first world chess champion?

The World Chess Champion American - Business Insider Bobby Fischer, the last US World Chess Champion. Da Nes via flickr It's been a very long drought for Americans when it comes to the World Chess Championship. The last American to win was, famously, Bobby Fischer in 1972. Fischer defeated Boris Spassky in Iceland, but never defended his title. It was of course a long drought before 1972: in the modern era, post-1900, there had never been a World Chess Champion from the United States, prior to Fischer, and the only players who even had a shot after him were Robert Byrne and Gata Kamsky. Norways's Magnus Carlsen, the current WCC, is actually the first player from the West since Fischer to claim the title.  On Friday in Moscow, the next World Championship cycle began, with the 2016 Candidates Tournament. Eight Grandmasters will compete to face Carlsen in New York in November . And for the first time ever, two Americans are in the field, both with excellent chances to win. Fabiano Caruana, 23, is the number three player in the world by ranking. Hikaru Nakamura, 28, is number six.  As it turns out, the players faced each other in Round 1 of the Candidates; Naka had the white pieces, Fabby had the black, and they played to a draw, splitting a point. The remainder of the field consists of only three other players in the current world top ten, as ranked by FIDE, chess's governing body: Anish Giri of the Netherlands, Levon Aronian of Armenia, and Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria. The Candidates lineup isn't selected based on ratings, but rather on competitive criteria derived from a variety of different tournaments and tournament cycles. Viswanathan Anand, for example, is in because he won the last Candidates and met Carlsen for the WCC match, ultimately losing for the second straight time. That said, Anand, the world number 12, seems to save his best for the Candidates: he notched a win in the first round with white against Topalov (who was the World Champ in 2005). World 13 Sergey Karjakin and wildcard Peter Svidler, world number 16, both from Russia, round out the field. GM Hikaru Nakamura. US Chess Championship But all eyes will be on the Americans, for obvious reasons: Carlsen is the most captivating World Champion since Fischer, a global celebrity; the WCC is coming to New York; and while Anand was a great World Champion, five times, and spurred a chess boom in India, a Carlsen vs. Nakamura or Caruana would be a spectacle and boost chess to a level of excitement it hasn't seen since the Fischer boom. Of the two, Nakamura has on paper the better chances, given that his form has been solid for several years . He won a big tournament in Zurich recently. But he a dismal record against Carlsen, no wins and 12 losses (18 draws). He has had Carlsen on the ropes a few times and still lost in demoralizing fashion.  GM Fabiano Caruana. Alina L'Ami Caruana's recent play, after an astonishing 2014, has been iffy. However, he is ranked higher than Nakamura (although his rating, 2794, is only slightly better than Naka's 2790). And he  switched his affiliation from Italy to the US only last year . That said, he's beaten Carlsen more than he's lost to the World Champion, 5 wins against 8 losses and 10 draws. Carlsen himself said that he thinks Caruana has the best chance of the two Americans to win the Candidates — but that could just be Carlsen trying to get in Nakamura's head. The Candidates is pretty grueling: 14 rounds played over the next two weeks. I'll try to highlight the more interesting games and keep track of the American challengers. World Champion Magnus Carlsen. FIDE For what it's worth, an interesting media dustup has developed as the Candidates is kicking of. For the first time since the internet has become a major factor in chess fandom, both the Candidates and the World Chess Championship will only be viewable on WorldChess.com . This includes the game moves. Before, a lot of real-time coverage and analysis was generated across the internet by sites freely distributing the information.  But now everyone will be obliged to register at WordChess.com (it's free, by the way).  "This is a substantial change from the way chess has been broadcasted," World Chess and its organizing parent, Agon Ltd., said in a statement. "Previously it was common practice that all websites were able to receive moves without broadcast limitations, resulting in a diffusion of major tournaments’ audiences and sponsorship values," the organization added. "The move is designed to enhance and safeguard the viewing experience for chess fans and to protect the commercial future of World Championship events." Other sites can recap the games, but Agon and World Chess are stipulating a two-hour delay. Chess.com wrote a lengthy post analyzing the legal ramification of this. It's worth a read if you've been following major chess events at a variety of sites. Other outlets have taken strong exception to World Chess' decision. Chessdom.com, for example, claimed that the move was an offense against journalism and the growth of the game and complained that it had already put its coverage plan in place long before World Chess and Agon limited coverage.   

Bobby Fischer

Which Swiss-born Californian first used an amplifier with a guitar?

Bobby Fischer - Biography - IMDb Bobby Fischer Biography Showing all 27 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (16) | Personal Quotes  (2) Overview (5) The Bad Boy of Chess Height 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (1) Bobby Fischer was the greatest American chess player in history and might have been the most talented chess player ever to play the game. His career and legacy were marred by eccentricities that developed into what likely was full-blown mental illness that made him an exile from his country of birth that he represented in the greatest proxy battle of the Cold War and from the game he loved. The chess legend was born Robert James Fischer on March 9, 1943 in Chicago to Regina Wender Fischer. His mother was a Jew who had been born in Switzerland but raised in St. Louis who became a naturalized U.S. citizen. The actual identity of his father is unknown. Regina listed German biophysicist Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, her first husband, as the father on Bobby's birth certificate, but they had been separated since 1939. Bobby's actual father likely was Hungarian physicist Paul Newmenyi, who like his mother, was Jewish. As his mental stability broke down late in life, Bobby became a vicious anti-Semite, insisting he wasn't Jewish. The young Bobby grew up without a father with his mother and older sister. It was his sister who whet his appetite for chess when she bought a chess set when Bobby was six year old. Reportedly possessed of a super genius I.Q. of 180, Bobby had a remarkably retentive memory. A monomaniac when it came to chess, his memory combined with an uncanny knack for the game and a determination to win transformed him into the greatest chess player in the world. Bobby became a National Master at the age of 12 and won America's Junior Chess Championship at the age of 13, making him the youngest Junior Champ in history. The 13 year-old Bobby defeated 26-year-old Donald Byrne, winner of America's chess championship, in a 1956 game heralded as "The Game of the Century." By this age, Fischer was showing gifts for improvisation and innovation that marked him as a chess genius. As a 14 year-old on the cusp of his 15th birthday, he won the U.S. Chess Championship in 1958, giving him the title of International Master. Later that same year, he broke future opponent Boris Spassky 's record to become the youngest World Chess Federation Grand Master; Bobby was 15, and Boris was 18 when he set the distinction. The two names would become linked forever in chess history. (When the two first played each other in 1960, Fischer lost during an Argentine tournament, though the two tied and were co-winners of the tourney. He would not beat Spassky until their famous world title match in Iceland in 1972.) Bobby quit high school at the age of 16 to earn his daily bread by the sweat of his brow as a chess player. In a 1961 match against American champ Samuel Reshevsky, Bobby dropped out of the match claiming a scheduling dispute with the match organizer after tying Reshevsky in 11 games. Such eccentric behavior heralded his future. By '62, Fischer was considered the best non-Soviet chess player in the world. Bobby came to hate the Soviet players, who he claimed colluded with each other to him at a disadvantage. In 1966, Bobby placed second behind Boris Spassky in a super-tournament held in California. A year later, he withdrew from the tournament cycle that culminated in the World Championship, again over a scheduling dispute. The cycle ended in 1969 with Spassky crowned as the World Chess Champion. In 1968, Fischer began an 18-month-long sabbatical from the game, which included sitting out the '69 American Championship tournament as he was dissatisfied with the prize money and the tourney format. Failing to compete should have disqualified him from the 1969-72 Championship cycle, but he was able to compete for the world title when an American Grand Master surrendered his own spot for Fischer. Starting with the 1970 USSR v. Rest of the World tournament in which he beat former World Champion Tigran Petrosian, the master who had been defeated by Spassky in '69, Bobby began his march to the world championship. Through 1971, he had won 20 straight games in international tournament play, the second-longest win streak in the history of the game. Petrosian broke the streak but was in turn defeated by Fischer to win the right to challenge Spassky, a player he had never beaten, for the world title. Though he hated Soviet players for what he considered collusion (drawing matches between themselves so they could concentrate on beating non-Soviet players like Fischer), he liked and respected Boris Spassky. Spassky returned the affection and esteem. By 1972, he was in the position to make good his boast that he was the greatest chess player in the world. His difficult nature when it came to setting match and tournament conditions flared up again, and though he wanted to play in Yugoslavia, he accepted Spassky's suggestion of Iceland for the world title match. Negotiations were so prickly, President Richard Nixon 's national security adviser, Henry Kissinger intervened, personally contacting Bobby to ensure that he did not drop out of the match, which was seen as a proxy battle in the ongoing Cold War between America and the Soviet Union. Though he later denounced the United States, at the time, Bobby embraced the Cold War rhetoric, declaring the match was "the free world against the lying, cheating hypocritical Russians." Held in Reykjavik, Iceland from July through September 1972, the drama of the world championship boosted the image and popularity of chess to new heights. Bobby lost the first two games, the first on a bad end move and the second by forfeit when he refused to participate. Because of his eccentric demands, he came close to forfeiting the match, but Spassky agreed to his demand to play in a new room with no TV cameras, the presence of which had upset Fischer. Fischer won the third game of the match, the first time he had beaten Boris Spassky in 12 years. For the rest of their play in 1972 and their 1992 rematch, Fischer never fell behind Spassky in terms of play or points. Spassky was baffled by Fischer's innovative moves, as he played new lines and combinations that Boris had never encountered before. Fischer won the match and became World Chess Champion by a score of 12.5 points to 8.5 on seven wins, one loss and 11 draws in 19 games. His championship was heralded by the U.S. media as a victory for the individualistic America over the collectivist U.S.S.R., whose players had dominated chess since the end of the Second World War. It was front page news, and it made Bobby Fischer a celebrity. He reportedly turned down a $1-million offer to endorse a chess set brand as he faded from the public spotlight. Fischer did not play competitively for the next three years, and in 1975, he forfeited his title by refusing to defend it when the World Chess Federation did not meet one or two of his many demands (estimated at between 64 and a hundred). The world title went to Anatoli Karpov by default, though Fischer continued to insisted he was the world chess champion. Fischer did not play competitively until 1992 when he met Boris Spassky for a rematch on the resort island of Sveti Stefan in in Montenegro, which was part of all that remained of Yugoslavia along with Serbia. The match was held in defiance of United Nations sanctions against Slobodan Miloseviæ's Serbia for war crimes. Bobby beat Boris, winning $3.35 million in prize money (approximately $5.65 million in 2012 dollar, when factored for inflation), but because the United States intended to enforce the U.N. sanctions, he had violated American law and could have served up to 10 years in jail upon returning to America. A defiant Fischer went into exile instead, living in Hungary before moving to the Philippines and then Japan. It was while living in the Philippines during the opening days of the new millennium that Bobby Fischer established himself as a world-class crank. After the 9/11 attacks on the United States, he praised the attacks and spewed forth anti-Semitic drivel on radio broadcasts. The Soviet hater of the Cold War era had become a rabid America hater and Jew-basher at the start of the global war on terror. His anti-Semitism became so extreme, he renamed himself "Robert James" and insisted he wasn't Jewish. During a stop-over in Japan, Fischer was arrested for traveling with an invalid U.S. passport. He promptly renounced his American citizenship. The arrest meant he could not leave Japan as he was a stateless person wanted by the United States. Facing a potential extradition to the country of his birth, Iceland came through and granted him citizenship, which allowed him to leave Japan. The country was still grateful for the publicity he had brought to its then-unknown capital of Reykjavik. Thus, Fischer moved to Iceland, the place where he had became part of not only chess lore, but of world history Bobby Fischer died on January 17, 2008 in Reykjavik after having been gravely ill. He made it to his 64th year, which was symbolic, as a chessboard has 64 squares. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2) Only American to win the FIDE World Chess Championship (1 September 1972). Awarded the title of Chess Grandmaster in 1958. In 1953, he played his first chess tournament at the age of ten at the Brooklyn Chess Club Championship. He came in fifth place. Fischer was wanted in the United States for violating economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia by playing a chess match there in 1992. He fled to Japan and was arrested in July 2004 for trying to leave Japan on a revoked U.S. passport. Thus, he was detained in Japan awaiting deportation to the United States. He renounced his U.S. citizenship and tried to become a German citizen, but was denied. Finally, in March 2005, Iceland's parliament voted to grant him Icelandic citizenship. He remained a fugitive in the U.S. until his death. Due to his anti-American and anti-Semitic statements, he became a controversial figure in the final decades of his life. He, for example, asked the editors of Encyclopedia Judaica to remove his name from the publication because he was, and has never been, Jewish (1984) and denied the Holocaust in several interviews. On a radio show shortly after the 9/11 attacks, he proclaimed them "a wonderful news" (2001). The episode Law & Order: Criminal Intent: Gone (2005) was inspired by his biography (2004). Attended Erasmus Hall High School together with Barbra Streisand . Has an older sister, Joan. Born to Regina Wender, a naturalized American citizen of German Jewish descent, he was considered the son of her first husband, Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, a German biophysicist. They were married from 1933 to 1945, but some sources claim that his biological father was Hungarian physicist Paul Nemenyi. Died at the age of 64, ironically the number of fields on a chessboard. Inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame in 2001 (one of five charter inductees). Inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1985 (one of two charter inductees). The last movie Fischer saw before his death was Ridley Scott's American Gangster (2007). Became a citizen of Iceland. [March 2005] Being deported to U.S. for violating U.N. sanctions. [July 2004] Even though he had a very high IQ, it is reported that he was a very poor student in high school and dropped out at fifteen. Personal Quotes (2) All that matters on the chessboard is good moves. Chess is life.

i don't know

Who was chairman of the Watergate hearings?

Watergate Watergate   � Senator Sam J. Ervin Jr. Library and Museum � "My colleagues on the Committee are determined to uncover all the relevant facts surrounding these matters, and to spare no one, whatever his station in life may be. . . .The nation and history itself are watching us.  We cannot fail our mission."                                                                                     Senator Sam J. Ervin Jr. Senator Sam was elected to Congress in 1954 where he had a most distinguished career.  At the age of 76, he was thrust into the national spotlight when he was named as the Chairman of the Senate Watergate Committee. Throughout this televised process, his devotion to and knowledge of the Constitution, his dogged determination to get to the truth and his down-home demeanor laced with bits of wisdom made Senator Sam a household name and one of the most memorable political figures of our time. As then Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield stated, "Sam is the only man we could have selected on either side who would have the respect of the Senate as a whole." "Sam is the only man we could have selected on either side who would have the respect of the Senate as a whole." Mike Mansfield,

Sam Ervin

Who was credited with popularizing the term rock 'n' roll?

The Watergate Story | The Government Acts - The Washington Post Part 2 The government acts By the summer of 1973, the Watergate affair was a full-blown national scandal and the subject of two official investigations, one led by Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox , the other by North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin , chairman of the Senate Watergate Committee. Archibald Cox is sworn in as special Watergate prosecutor by Judge Charles Fahy, left, during a ceremony at the Justice Dept. in May 1973.(UPI) Cox, a liberal Harvard Law School professor with a crew cut, had served as Solicitor General in the Kennedy administration. He was appointed by Nixon's new Attorney General Elliot Richardson to investigate the burglary and all other offenses involving the White House or Nixon's reelection campaign. Ervin, a conservative Democrat best known for his interest in constitutional law, was chosen by Senate leaders to chair a seven-member investigatory committee. As the Senate Watergate Committee's nationally-televised hearings captured national interest, Ervin's folksy but tenacious grilling of sometimes reluctant witnesses transformed him a household name. The scandal had spread beyond the original burglary. In April 1973, it was revealed that Watergate burglars, Hunt and Liddy, had broken into the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the former Defense Department analyst who gave the top-secret Pentagon papers to the New York Times. Seeking information to discredit Ellsberg, they found nothing and left undetected. In May, a Senator revealed that a young Nixon staffer named Tom Huston had developed a proposal for a domestic espionage office to monitor and harass the opponents of the president. The plan, never implemented, disclosed a "Gestapo mentality," said Sam Ervin. John Dean was the first White House aide to break with the Nixon White House. " Dean Alleges Nixon Knew of Cover-up Plan ," Woodward and Bernstein reported on the eve of his testimony. On the stand, Dean disclosed that he had told Nixon that the coverup was " a cancer on the presidency ." VIDEO | John Dean testifies to the Senate Watergate Committee about his conversations with Nixon. But the most sensational revelation came in July 1973, when White House aide Alexander Butterfield told the committee that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his phone calls and conversations in the Oval Office. When Nixon refused to release the tapes, Ervin and Cox issued subpoenas . The White House refused to comply, citing "executive privilege," the doctrine that the president, as chief executive, is entitled to candid and confidential advice from aides. "Thus the stage was set for a great constitutional struggle between a President determined not to give up executive documents and materials and a Senate committee and a federal prosecutor who are determined to get them," said The Post on July 24, 1973 . "The ultimate arbitration, it was believed, would have to be made by the Supreme Court." After protracted negotiations, the White House agreed to provide written summaries of the taped conversations to the Senate and the special prosecutor. Ervin accepted the deal but Cox rejected it. On Saturday, Oct. 20, Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson resigned rather than carry out the order, as did his top deputy Williams Ruckleshaus. Solicitor General Robert Bork became the acting attorney general and he dismissed Cox. The special prosecutor's office was abolished. The firings, dubbed "the Saturday Night Massacre," ignited a firestorm in Washington. Amid calls for impeachment , Nixon was forced to appoint a new special prosecutor, a prominent Texas lawyer named Leon Jaworski who had been a confidante of President Lyndon Johnson. Nixon's credibility suffered another blow on November 20, when his lawyers informed a federal judge that one of the key tapes sought by investigators contained 18-minute erasure that White House officials had trouble explaining. When Nixon declared at a press conference : " I am not a crook ," more than a few Americans found his denial unconvincing. On Dec. 31, 1973 Jaworski issued a report saying that besides the original seven burglars, 12 other persons had pleaded guilty to Watergate-related offenses and criminal proceedings against four more individual were in progress. Nixon rejected accusations of wrongdoing and insisted he would stay in office.

i don't know

What were Gary Gilmore's final words before his execution in 1977?

The execution of Gary Gilmore - Jan 17, 1977 - HISTORY.com The execution of Gary Gilmore Share this: The execution of Gary Gilmore Author The execution of Gary Gilmore URL Publisher A+E Networks Gary Gilmore, convicted in the double murder of an elderly couple, is shot to death by a firing squad in Utah, becoming the first person to be executed in the United States since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, in violation of the eighth Amendment to the Constitution, the death penalty qualified as “cruel and unusual punishment,” primarily because states used capital punishment in “arbitrary and capricious ways,” especially in regard to race. However, in 1976, with 66 percent of Americans supporting the death penalty, the court ended the constitutional ban on capital punishment, provided that states create specific guidelines for imposing death sentences. In 1977, Gary Gilmore, a career criminal who had murdered the elderly couple because they would not lend him their car, was the first person to be executed since the end of the ban. Defiantly facing a firing squad, Gilmore’s last words to his executioners before they shot him through the heart were “Let’s do it.” Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Get This Day In History every morning in your inbox!

Let's Do It

In which country was Ivana Trump born and brought up?

Gary Mark Gilmore #1 10-07-76 Summary: On Monday, July 19, 1976, Max Jensen went to work as usual at the self-service gas station in Orem, Utah. That night, Gilmore had a spat with his girlfriend and went driving with her mentally unstable younger sister, April. At around 10:30 pm he told April he wanted to make a phone call. He left her in the truck and walked away. Gilmore went around the corner, out of her sight, and into the Sinclair service station. He spotted the attendant and quickly saw that no one else was around. He walked up to Max Jensen and pulled out a .22 Browning Automatic. He instructed Jensen to empty his pockets, which the young Mormon quickly did. Then he told Jensen to go into the bathroom and lie down on the floor with his arms under his body. Jensen got into the position. He was obeying everything that Gilmore said. Then inexplicably, Gilmore put the gun close to Jensen's head. "This one is for me," he said, and fired. Then he placed the muzzle right against Jensen's skull and shot him once again, this time "for Nicole." (girlfriend Nicole Baker Barrett) Gilmore spent the night with April at a motel and the following night, he walked into the City Center Motel in Provo, not far from Brigham Young University. He confronted the attendant, Ben Bushnell, who lived on the premises with his wife and baby. Gilmore told Ben to give him the cash box and get down on the floor. Then he shot Bushnell in the head. Bushnell's wife came in, so Gilmore grabbed the cash box and left. Trying to dispose of the gun in a nearby bush, Gilmore shot himself in the hand. By Wednesday, Gilmore's cousin, Brenda Nicol, turned him into the police. Gilmore gave up near a roadblock without a fight. At first, he denied the murders, but later admitted both. In October, Gilmore was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. He chose death by firing squad and waived all appeals. Despite the efforts of other groups to stop it, 6 months after the murders, the execution was carried out. Gary Gilmore was the first person executed in the U.S. in almost 10 years. In prison most of his life and paroled only four months before the murders, Gilmore becomes a celebrity with his efforts to hasten his execution. Citations: Gilmore v. Utah, 429 U.S. 1012, 97 S.Ct. 436 (1976). Final / Special Meal: Steak, potatoes, milk and coffee. Last Words / Final Statement: �Let�s do it.� Utah Execution Chair for Firing Squad: Internet Sources: Gary Gilmore a/k/a Gary Mark Gilmore Born: 4-Dec-1940 Murder Max Jensen, Orem, UT (9-Jul-1976) Murder Ben Bushnell, Provo, UT (20-Jul-1976) Suicide Attempt 16-Nov-1976 Shot: Firing Squad Salt Lake City, UT (17-Jan-1977) Risk Factors: Smoking, Alcoholism Is the subject of books: Executioner's Song, 1979, BY: Norman Mailer Shot in the Heart, 1994, BY: Mikal Gilmore (Gary's brother) Gary Gilmore From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gary Mark Gilmore (December 4, 1940 � January 17, 1977) was an American criminal and spree killer who gained international notoriety for demanding that his death sentence be fulfilled following two murders he committed in Utah. He became the first person executed in the United States after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a new series of death penalty statutes in the 1976 decision Gregg v. Georgia (these new statutes avoiding the problems that had led earlier death penalty statutes to be deemed unconstitutional in Furman v. Georgia). Early life Gilmore was born in Waco, Texas, the second of four sons born to Frank and Bessie Gilmore. His parents drifted around the western United States while he and his brothers grew up, his father earning a living selling advertising space in magazines. Gilmore was raised in a dysfunctional family, and had a horrible relationship with his father. Gary's brother Mikal described their father as a "cruel and unreasonable man." Frank Gilmore's mother claimed that he was the illegitimate son of magician Harry Houdini, who rejected his paternity. Mikal has said he believes the story is not true, however his father believed this. The Gilmore family settled in Portland, Oregon in 1952. Gilmore began getting into trouble with the law as a teenager, with offenses ranging from shoplifting, car theft and assault and battery. Although Gilmore had an I.Q. of 133, had high scores on both scholastic and academic tests, and clear artistic skills, he dropped out of high school at age 14. He ran away from home with a friend to Texas to see his place of birth, returning to Portland after several months. By the age of 14, Gilmore started a small car theft ring with other friends, resulting in his first arrest. He was released to his father with a warning. Two weeks later he was back in court on another car theft charge. The court ordered him, at age 14, to Oregon's MacLaren Reform School for Boys, from which he was released the following year. He was sent to Oregon State Correctional Institution on another car theft charge in 1960, and was released later that year. In 1962, Gilmore was arrested and sent to the Oregon State Penitentiary for armed robbery and assault. He faced assault and armed robbery charges again in 1964, and was given a 15-year prison sentence as a habitual offender. He was granted conditional release in 1972 to live in a halfway house in Eugene, Oregon on weekdays, and study art at a community college. Gilmore never registered, and within a month he was arrested and convicted for armed robbery. Due to his violent behavior in prison, he was transferred from Oregon to the maximum security federal prison in Marion, Illinois in 1975. He was conditionally paroled in April 1976 and went to Provo, Utah to live with a distant cousin, named Brenda Nicol, who tried to help him find work. Gilmore worked briefly at his uncle Vern Damico's shoe store and for Spencer McGrath's insulation company, but he soon returned to his previous lifestyle, stealing items from stores, drinking, and getting into fights. Gilmore met and had a romance with Nicole Baker, a 19-year-old widow and divorcee, with two young children which was at first casual, but soon became intense and strained due to Gilmore's aggressive behavior and Nicole's family pressure to break off her relationship with him for a variety of reasons, including their age difference and Gilmore's unpredictable behavior. Murders On the evening of July 19, 1976, Gilmore robbed and murdered Max Jensen, a Sinclair gas station employee in Orem, Utah. The next evening, he robbed and murdered Bennie Bushnell, a motel manager in Provo. He murdered these people even though they complied with his demands. As he disposed of his .22 caliber pistol used in both killings, he accidentally shot himself in the hand, leaving a trail of blood from the gun to the service garage where he had left his truck to be repaired shortly before the murder of Bushnell. The garage owner, seeing the blood and hearing on a police scanner of the shooting at the nearby motel, wrote down Gilmore's license number and called the police. Gilmore's cousin, Brenda, turned him in to police shortly thereafter, after he placed a phone call to her asking for bandages and painkillers for the injury to his hand. Gilmore gave up without a fight as he was trying to drive out of Provo. He was charged with the murders of Bushnell and Jensen, although the latter case never went to trial, apparently because there were no eyewitnesses. On October 7, at 10:13 AM, the jury retired to consider the verdict. By mid-day, they returned with a guilty verdict. Later that day, the jury also unanimously recommended the death penalty because of special circumstances to the crime. At the time, Utah had two methods of execution � firing squad or hanging, so Judge Bullock allowed Gilmore to choose between the two. Gilmore's reply was, "I'd prefer to be shot." The execution was set for Monday, November 15 at 8 a.m. Utah was the only state in the Union offering death by firing squad. It was in keeping with the Mormon doctrine of Blood Atonement, first enunciated by Brigham Young. In November 1976, during a Board of Pardons hearing, Gilmore said, "They always want to get in on the act. I don't think they have ever really done anything effective in their lives. I would like them all � including that group of reverends and rabbis from Salt Lake City � to butt out. This is my life and this is my death. It's been sanctioned by the courts that I die and I accept that." Gilmore received several stays of execution, brought about by the efforts of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the last of which occurred just hours before the re-scheduled execution date of January 17. That stay was overturned at 7:30 a.m. on the morning of the 17th, and the execution was allowed to proceed as planned. During the time Gilmore was on death row awaiting his execution, he attempted suicide twice, the first time on November 16 as a result of the first stay issued, and again one month later. While incarcerated, Gilmore developed a deep dislike for two of his fellow inmates, convicted murderers and rapists Pierre Dale Selby and William Andrews, the "Hi-Fi Murderers." The two were eventually executed for their crimes in 1987 and 1992 respectively. Execution Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977, at 8:07 a.m. The night before, Gilmore had requested an all-night gathering of friends and family at the prison mess hall. On the evening before his execution, he was served a last meal consisting of a steak, potatoes, milk and coffee, of which he consumed only the milk and coffee. His uncle, Vern Damico, who attended the gathering later claimed to have secretly smuggled in three small, one-ounce Jack Daniels whisky shot bottles for Gilmore which he supposedly consumed. He was then taken to an abandoned cannery behind the prison which served as the prison's death house. He was strapped to a chair, with a wall of sandbags placed behind him to absorb the bullets. Five gunmen, local police, stood concealed behind a curtain with five small holes cut for them to place their rifles through which were aimed at him. After being asked for any last words, Gilmore simply replied, "Let's do it!" The Rev. Thomas Meersman, the Roman Catholic prison chaplain, imparted Gilmore's last rites. After the prison physician cloaked him in a black hood, Gilmore uttered his last words to Father Meersman: Gary: Dominus vobiscum (Latin translation: "The Lord be with you.") Meersman: Et cum spiritu tuo ("And with your spirit")[1] References in popular culture According to his brother Mikal Gilmore's memoir Shot in the Heart, Utah's tradition dictated that a firing squad comprise five men�four of them with live rounds, and one with a blank round, so that each of the shooters could cast doubt to having fired a fatal shot. However, upon inspecting the clothes worn by Gary Gilmore at his execution, Mikal noticed five holes in the shirt�indicating, he wrote, that "the state of Utah, apparently, had taken no chances on the morning that it put my brother to death" (p. 390). Gilmore's story is documented in Norman Mailer's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Executioner's Song (1979), which was adapted by Mailer for the 1982 television movie of the same name starring Tommy Lee Jones as Gilmore. Jones won an Emmy Award for his portrayal of Gilmore. Gilmore's brother's memoir Shot in the Heart was made into an HBO movie starring Giovanni Ribisi, Elias Koteas, and Sam Shepard. The December 11, 1976 episode of NBC's Saturday Night featured guest host Candice Bergen and the cast singing a Christmas-themed medley entitled "Let's Kill Gary Gilmore For Christmas." Dressed in winter attire and surrounded by fake snow, the performers sang the medley of familiar Christmas carols with altered lyrics. Among its more memorable lyrics are set to "Winter Wonderland": "In the meadow we can build a snowman / One with Gary Gilmore packed inside / We'll ask him, 'Are you dead yet?' He'll say, 'No, man' / But we'll wait out the frostbite till he dies." [2] Later in the TV season and subsequent to Gilmore's death, NBC re-ran the episode, but the network removed this musical sequence. In its place, NBC inserted a brief, Christmas oriented film�filmed at an airport�about people meeting friends and relatives after disembarking from airplanes. For a subsequent broadcast of this episode in 2005, NBC reinserted the original Gilmore sequence. The Oakland-based performance artist Monte Cazazza sent out photos of himself in an electric chair on the day of Gilmore's execution. One of these was mistakenly printed in a Hong Kong newspaper as the real execution. Cazazza was also photographed alongside COUM Transmissions/Throbbing Gristle members Genesis P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti for the "Gary Gilmore Memorial Society" postcard, in which the three artists posed blindfolded and tied to chairs with actual loaded guns pointed at them to depict Gilmore's execution. [1] In 1977, The Adverts had a top 20 hit in the UK with the song "Gary Gilmore's Eyes". The lyrics describe an eye donor recipient realizing his new eyes came from the executed murderer. The song was later covered by the German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen. A country version of the song was recorded by Dean Schlabowske. On October 2, 1979 (Sting's birthday), The Police released the album Regatta de Blanc [2] which featured a track entitled "Bring on the Night." This ballad, which displays Andy Summers' surreal and spacious guitar talents, is an ode to Gary Gilmore's ultimate deathwish. Gilmore is also the main character of artist Matthew Barney's Cremaster 2 (1999), the second part of The Cremaster Cycle, a series of five films dealing with surreal and controversial topics and themes. In 1980, The Judy's on their Wonderful World of Appliances album released the song "How's Gary?" which presumably asks Gary Gilmore's mother what's wrong with him, because he never comes out to play anymore; also inquiring what the holes in his vest are and why he's wearing a silly blindfold. Season 2 episode 3 of "Seinfeld" that aired on February 6th 1991, originally had a reference to Gary Gilmore's line of "Let's do it" until the scene was changed during the final shoot. In the deleted scenes from the episode Jerry is trying to decide upon buying "The Jacket" when he finally remarks to Elaine: "Well, in the immortal words of Gary Gilmore 'Let's do it'". On the TV sitcomRoseanne on Season 8, Episode 23: "The Wedding" that aired on May 7th 1996, Roseanne's daughter, Darlene says to her just before her wedding, " Well in the words of Gary Gilmore, "Let's Do It!"". The Welsh playwright Dic Edwards dramatised Gilmore's life in his 1995 play Utah Blue. In Christopher Durang's play Beyond Therapy (1983), the character Bruce claims that he "Wanted to see Gary Gilmore executed on public television." Dan Wieden, founder of advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, credits the inspiration for his "Just Do It" Nike slogan to "Let�s do it", Gary Gilmore�s last words before he was executed. Time Magazine (December 13, 1976) Monday, Dec. 13, 1976 The Law: Much Ado About Gary What's to become of Gilmore, the killer who wanted to die? Will they just do away with Gilmore, or will they give him another try? The Ballad of Gary Gilmore To all appearances, the long wait seemed almost over for Gary Mark Gilmore last week. Just as he had been demanding ever since his conviction two months ago for the murder of a 25-year-old motel clerk in Provo, Utah, Gilmore was being given the right to die. After a steamy two-hour hearing before the state board of pardons, the board voted 2 to 1 to grant the condemned man's plea that he stand "like a man" in front of a firing squad in the first U.S. execution in almost a decade. The following day, District Court Judge J. Robert Bullock set the execution date for sunrise, Dec. 6, just two days after Gilmore's 36th birthday. "That's acceptable," Gilmore said quietly. The pardon-board hearing took place, like some futuristic fantasy, on television. At 9 a.m. Gilmore was led in, his tattooed wrists manacled. He wore a white prison uniform, and he looked somewhat gaunt from his twelve-day hunger strike (he has lost about 201bs.). Ex-Judge George W. Latimer. 75. chairman of the board, asked Gilmore if he had anything to say. Answered Gilmore: "Your board dispenses privileges that I always thought were sought, deserved and earned. I haven't earned anything. To paraphrase Shakespeare, this is much ado about nothing. I simply accepted my sentence." Gilmore repeated his earlier charge that Governor Calvin Rampton was a "moral coward" for staying his execution last month. As for the others who wanted to speak in his defense�the witnesses at the hearing included a right-to-life housewife and a vociferous representative of the Citizens Against Pornography and Other Crimes Committee �Gilmore was equally blunt: "All I have to say to all of them�the rabbis, the priests, the A.C.L.U.�I'd like them to butt out. It's my life and my death." "Courtroom graphics and Gilmore in chains," said TV Reporter John Hollenhorst as he sat in the studio of Salt Lake City's KSL-TV and watched the 10 p.m. news. "The story today has all the visual elements." "Most people around here want the Gilmore story to disappear because they're embarrassed by the publicity," said the program's producer, Janice Evans. "But I think it's terrific." The next day's hearing before Judge Bullock was brisk. Again the manacled prisoner was asked whether he had anything to say. Gilmore rose shakily to his feet and made one request: "I understand, your honor, they are planning to seat me in a chair with a hood over my head. I don't want that. I don't want a hood, and I want to be standing." The judge said he did not have the authority to set the details of the execution but would notify Warden Samuel Smith of Gilmore's request. That left only the time to be set. "I'm going to set it at sunrise Monday," the judge said. "Do you request another time?" "I don't request anything," Gilmore said. Outside Salt Lake's massive Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution, a handful of pickets paraded among the Christmas shoppers with sandwich boards demanding RELEASE GILMORE NOW. "The man I see there is not a guilty killer," said Demonstrator Larry Wood, 30, pointing to a newspaper photograph of the wan Gilmore at the hearing. "He looks like a high beam to me. We Christians should turn the other cheek." Though Gilmore has persistently disavowed all lawyers who tried to win him a reprieve, the decisive intervention came when Stanford Law Professor Anthony G. Amsterdam moved in the following day, on behalf of Gilmore's mother. Amsterdam, a leader in the fight against capital punishment for a decade, filed a petition with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, who is responsible for emergency appeals in the Utah area. "The need for a stay of execution is obvious," said Amsterdam. "Such stays are commonly granted in death cases. Indeed, the only factor that makes this application unusual is [Gilmore's] assertion that he wished to be executed." Among Amsterdam's reasons for appealing: that there may have been judicial errors in the original trial, that Gilmore may have waived his constitutional rights without fully understanding them, that his defense lawyers were inadequate, and that Utah's capital punishment law may be unconstitutional. Justice White duly turned the petition over to the full court. The next day the court voted 6 to 3 to stay the execution for one day so that Utah state authorities can provide more information. That demand is very likely to require several further delays. So, for a time, the execution was called off. In the dingy foyer of the Utah State Prison, Gilmore's aunt, Ida Damico, and her daughter, Brenda Nicol, maintain a sort of vigil. They say, though, that if they had been on Gilmore's jury, they would have voted to convict. "The Indians had the right idea," says Brenda, a cocktail waitress in Orem. "When a rapist was caught, he got tied down and everyone was invited to throw stones. You better believe the other young bucks got the right idea. Poor Gary�I love him even though he is a murderer. Gary says the only way to atone for the dead is to give your own life. He's prepared and so are we." The family has already discussed the division of Gilmore's worldly possessions, including parts of his body. One of Brenda's children hopes to get Gilmore's pituitary gland. "I wish I could get his brain, "Aunt Ida says with a smile. "I always wanted to go to college." As Gilmore waits out the next round, book, magazine and television offers keep flooding in. Gilmore has fired his first agent, Dennis Boaz, who until recently was also his lawyer, in favor of his uncle, Vern Damico. Damico listened to a $5,000 bid from the National Enquirer, a $100,000 bid from David Susskind, and then accepted a more elaborate contract from Los Angeles Photographer and Entrepreneur Lawrence Schiller. For a $100,000 down payment, plus royalties, Schiller has arranged a package deal that includes a TV dramatization of Gilmore's life and death for ABC's Movie of the Week. As money comes in, along with celebrity, so do bills. Last week a Massachusetts insurance company filed suit against Gilmore to collect $45,818 in death benefits for one of his shooting victims. Even so, there will be money left over that Gilmore has promised to parcel out among his family, to the relatives of his victims and to such favorite charities as a Pennsylvania society of handicapped artists. Gilmore, who has spent 18 of his 36 years behind bars, says he will keep only $1,000 so that during his remaining days in prison he can live well. Chief Defense Lawyers: Michael Esplin and Craig Snyder Chief Prosecutor: Noall T. Wootton Judge: J. Robert Bullock Dates of Trial: October 5-7, 1976 Verdict: Guilty Sentence: Death SIGNIFICANCE: Convicted killer Gary Gilmore's craving for self-destruction fueled a re-examination of capital punishment in America and led to a best-selling book, The Executioner's Song, and a subsequent movie. At age 35, Gary Gilmore had spent more than half his life behind bars. In April 1976 he was paroled from the federal penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, and went to live with family members in Utah. On July 19, 1976, he robbed and killed a gas station attendant in Orem, Utah. The next day, he held up a motel in nearby Provo, forced the manager, Ben Bushnell, to lie face down on floor, then shot him through the head. Less than 24 hours later, Gilmore was in custody. Because there were eyewitnesses to the motel killing, it was decided to try Gilmore on the Bushnell murder first. When the trial began on October 5, 1976, the evidence against Gilmore was overwhelming. Peter Arroyo, a motel guest, described seeing Gilmore in the registration office. Prosecutor Noall Wootton asked, "How far away from him were you at the time?" "Somewhere near ten feet." "Did you observe anything in his possession at the time?" "In his right hand he had a pistol with a long barrel. In his left hand he had a cash box from a cash register." Moments later Arroyo found Ben Bushnell, shot to death in the office. Gilmore had accidentally shot himself in the hand while escaping from the motel. When detectives traced the blood spots to some bushes, they discovered a. 22-caliber pistol. Gerald F. Wilkes, an FBI ballistics expert, compared a shell casing found there with one from the murder scene. Wootton asked him, "Would you tell the jury, please, what your conclusions were?" "Based on my examination of these two cartridges, I was able to determine that both cartridge cases were fired with this weapon and no other weapon." In the face of such damning testimony, Gilmore's chief counsel, Michael Esplin, declared that the defense intended to offer no evidence, a decision that did not sit well with the defendant. Gilmore loudly protested that he be allowed to testify. Judge J. Robert Bullock told him, "I want you to fully understand that if you do that then you're subject to cross-examination by the State's attorney. Do you understand that?" Gilmore replied affirmatively. At this point Gilmore's other attorney, Craig Snyder, stepped in with an explanation of why he and Esplin had offered no defense. Essentially both felt that there was no defense. Snyder's argument obviously impressed the mercurial Gilmore who abruptly said, "I'll withdraw my request. Just go ahead with it like it is." "What?" gulped Judge Bullock, stunned by this turn of events. Gilmore said it again. "I withdraw my request." All that was left was for both sides to make their closing arguments. At 10:13 A.M. on October 7, 1976, the jury retired to consider their verdict. Before mid-day they were back with a verdict of guilty. Later that day they unanimously recommended the death penalty. Because Utah had dual methods of capital punishment�hanging and firing squad�Gilmore was given a choice. "I prefer to be shot," he said. When Gary Gilmore went to Death Row, nobody in America had been executed in over a decade, and nobody expected Gilmore to be the first�except Gilmore. He adamantly refused to appeal his conviction or sentence, dismissed both of his lawyers when they did, and insisted that he just wanted to be shot and be done with it. Anything, he said, was preferable to spending the rest of his life behind bars. Two failed suicide bids, on November 16 and December 16, 1977, only strengthened his resolve. Despite frantic legal wrangling by opponents of capital punishment, Gilmore got his wish. On January 17, 1977, he was strapped to a chair in the Utah State Prison. Five marksmen took aim at the white circle pinned to Gilmore's shirt, then shot him through the heart. "Gary Gilmore: Death Wish," by Katherine Ramsland. Freedom It's not that his ambitions were great that got him into trouble, but that he hadn't the patience to earn what he desired. From a young age, Gary Mark Gilmore just went out and took whatever he wanted�beer, cigarettes, cars, money. More times than not (according to him) he was successful, but when he wasn't, he landed in the slammer. He'd just get an idea into his head and do it. He said he couldn't help himself. Gilmore�s story is documented in a book written by his younger brother, Mikal Gilmore, called Shot in the Heart, and by Norman Mailer, who wrote a narrative nonfiction account, The Executioner�s Song, in which he utilized letters that Gilmore wrote, interviews with many of his intimates, trial transcripts, and interviews or statements that Gilmore gave to the press. Mailer did not himself interview Gilmore, but his account relies on actual documents, with an emphasis on how those around Gilmore perceived him. There are also a few film clips available of Gilmore as he spoke to the press or to the courts, and an A&E documentary collected these into an overview of his fight to die rather then face years in prison. Gilmore is a historical case, in that he was the first man to be executed after the U. S. Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty, and because he refused all appeals to which he was legally entitled. Born on December 4, 1940, he'd aspired as a boy to become a man of God. By the time he was thirty-five, he'd spent more than half of his life in prison, from juvenile detention to a federal penitentiary. At age 14, he dropped out of school. By fifteen, he was running an illegal car theft ring. That's when he was first arrested, although he'd been drinking for three years, harassing teachers, playing hooky, and stealing petty items. According to his own statements to court-ordered psychologists, he developed a need for bravado, which meant staring down approaching trains until near-impact or sticking a wet finger into an outlet. Upon his first arrest, his father Frank got a lawyer and got him off, teaching him to manipulate the legal system and skirt responsibility for criminal acts. After all, Frank had made a living at it for many years. He was a professional con man, but could not abide the taint of criminality in his son. However, Gilmore then stole something that got him into Oregon's MacLaren Reform School for Boys. He spent a year there, and then went in and out of jail until he was eighteen. At that point, he ended up in the Oregon State Correctional Institution on a car theft charge. His father couldn't do much for him, especially after he piled up an array of disciplinary charges while in prison. Then he was out and then in again, and this time while he was behind bars, Frank Gilmore died. According to statements made by one of the wardens in the documentary, �A Fight to Die,� Gary went wild, tearing up his cell and attempting suicide. This was a blow he could not bear. Yet there was no release for him, no respite to mourn. He became violent to guards and inmates alike. Because he was so difficult to handle, he was heavily drugged with an anti-psychotic called Prolixin, and only with his mother's horrified intervention was he removed from this dehumanizing regimen. He never forgot its paralyzing effects. He got out when he was 21 and promptly committed robbery and assault for $11. At this point, the State of Oregon decided that he was a repeat offender with a poor prognosis. He went to Oregon State Penitentiary. While incarcerated, his brother Gaylen, the third of Bessie and Frank's four boys, was stabbed in the stomach. Mikal Gilmore documents this tragic incident. Having no money for medical care, Gaylen died. This time, Gary was allowed to attend the funeral, but losing Gaylen had its effect. Gary often ended up in solitary confinement over his inability to conform to the prison routines. Yet spending so much time alone in solitary proved beneficial. With an IQ of 130, he educated himself in literature and began to write poetry. More notably, he developed an artistic talent that won contests. For that, he was granted an early release in 1972 to live in a halfway house in Eugene and attend art school at the local community college. While he welcomed this opportunity, it apparently intimidated him. Rather than show up to register, he stayed away and drank. He visited his brother Mikal, who reported that he was afraid of Gary. Within a month, Gilmore had committed armed robbery and was arrested. When he went to trial again, he asked permission to address the court, which was granted, and his actual words are recorded in several places, including court transcripts. With great articulation, Gilmore made an appeal for leniency. He said that he had been locked up for the past nine and a half years, with only two years of freedom since he was fourteen. Justice had been harsh and he'd never asked for a break until now. He argued that �you can keep a person locked up too long� and that �there is an appropriate time to release somebody or to give them a break. �I stagnated in prison a long time and I have wasted most of my life. I want freedom and I realize that the only way to get it is to quit breaking the law. �I�ve got problems and if you sentence me to additional time, I�m going to compound them.� The judge told him that he had already been convicted once for armed robbery, a serious charge, so there was no option but to sentence him to another nine years. Gilmore was hurt and angry. As promised, he became more violent while in prison and on a number of occasions tried unsuccessfully to kill himself. They wanted to try Prolixin again, but Gilmore begged for an alternative. He was transferred to a maximum-security penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. That meant that no one in his family could visit him. He started writing to a cousin in Utah, Brenda Nicol, and only three years into his sentence, a parole plan was worked out. Brenda gave several interviews about her involvement with Gary, and Mailer offers a complete description of her account. Brenda orchestrated Gilmore�s release. She hadn't seen Gary since he was a boy, but she remembered how distinctive he was. She believed that if she and her family could help him out with a loving community and a job, he'd get along okay. She didn't know that he'd been diagnosed (according the reports that Mailer documents) with a psychopathic personality disorder. She had no idea how compulsive he was, or demanding. It was in her mind to do a good deed, so she worked on bringing Gary home. Finally in 1977, he was released to go live in Provo. He arrived with everything he owned packed in a small gym bag. He was ready for freedom, he firmly believed. Yet life in Utah proved to be hard. He'd hated prison, but the skills he'd developed there to survive just didn't work in a conservative Mormon community. He was briefly employed in his Uncle Vern Damico's shoe shop and then did insulation for a man named Spencer McGrath, but he had a hard time concentrating. The first chance he got, according to interviews that Vern Damico gave to Mailer, he went out drinking. When he couldn't afford beer, he stole it. Then he found himself a beautiful girlfriend, Nicole Baker Barrett, thrice divorced by age 19, and soon returned to a life of compulsive theft because he wanted what he wanted�right now. It was the sight of a white Ford pickup truck priced well beyond his means that appeared to those who knew him to have sparked a spree that could only have ended badly. First Victim Gilmore had bought a blue Mustang from Val Conlin, a used car dealer, but it had problems and often wouldn't run. He still owed on that but he'd seen a ten-year-old, overpriced white truck on the lot that he really wanted. The dealer said no way, not unless he found himself a co-signer. That frustrated Gilmore. By hook or by crook, he intended to have that truck. To his mind, there were always ways of getting money. He'd already stolen some merchandise to sell. Then he managed to collect a bag full of guns---nine of them. He gave one to Nicole, she later told police officers, showed her the rest, and said he intended to sell whatever he could. Nicole�s interview for A&E is the best source of information for what happened in those final days, along with Gilmore�s own documented admissions. Each person who saw him over the next few days later gave interviews on film as well. Gilmore had scared her. He'd already shown a violent side, she later related, and now this. She didn't know what to do. Gilmore had moved into her rented home in Spanish Fork, near Provo, but things weren't always so good. He often took a drug, Fiorinal, for headaches and he drank all the time, which created sexual dysfunction, an inability to think clearly, and a great deal of frustrated anger. He was impulsive and demanding, and there were times when Nicole was actually afraid of him, though she loved him. Once when he'd picked her up she'd had the feeling of an evil presence emanating from him. She thought he might be the devil, and there were times when he acted like he was. He even claimed he knew Charles Manson. Finally it all just got to her. She just took her two children and went to live in an apartment five miles away. Gary went looking for her. He was in a state. She wasn't going to run out on him. He told his cousin Brenda he might just kill her. But he couldn't find her. On top of that, he was now deeply in debt with no clear way out�except the only way he knew. He'd been free less than three months and already he couldn't cope. Mailer interviewed the families of Gilmore�s victim�s and Gilmore�s friends to put together the following accounts: On Monday, July 19, 1976, Max Jensen went to work as usual at the self-service gas station in Orem, Utah. His shift went from 3 in the afternoon until 11. He was just there until he could find a job that paid more so that he and his new wife could get a little security. At around the same time that Max was going through the routines of his job, Gilmore learned that no one would co-sign on the truck for him, so he insisted that he himself could pay it off within a few weeks. Conlin assured Gilmore that he would repossess the truck at once if the payments weren't made. Then Gilmore left with the truck and headed toward Nicole's mother's house. Nicole wasn't there, but her mentally unstable younger sister, April, had a crush on Gary and was happy to go for a ride in his new truck. She told him she wanted to stay out all night. Angry and hurt by Nicole, as he later said in letters to her, he was pleased to oblige. Around 10:30 that evening, he told April he wanted to make a phone call. He left her in the truck and walked away. She had no idea where he was going. Gilmore went around the corner, out of her sight, and into the Sinclair service station. He spotted the attendant and quickly saw that no one else was around. He walked up to the man, whose nameplate read "Max Jensen" and pulled out a .22 Browning Automatic. He instructed Jensen to empty his pockets, which the young Mormon quickly did. Then he told Jensen to go into the bathroom and lie down on the floor with his arms under his body. Jensen got into the position. He was obeying everything that Gilmore said. Then inexplicably, Gilmore put the gun close to Jensen's head. "This one is for me," he said, and fired. Then he placed the muzzle right against Jensen's skull and shot him once again, this time "for Nicole." To his surprise, the blood spread fast and got on his pants. He turned around and left the gas station, not even noticing the wad of cash on the counter. His next move was to take April to see a movie, "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest." Then they went over to Brenda's. She thought Gilmore was strangely agitated. He had some clothes that he didn't seem to want her to see. He didn't stay long and she couldn't get over the feeling that something was up. Without further explanation, Gary drove off with April and they got a room at a Holiday Inn. While they slept, the hunt began for Max Jensen's killer. Around 11:00 p.m., a customer had found the body. The Killing Continues Ben Bushnell, 25, was the manager of the City Center Motel in Provo, not far from Brigham Young University. He and his wife lived on the premises with their infant son, and things looked promising for Ben's future. On Tuesday July 20, Gilmore had trouble with his new truck, so he took it to gas station three blocks from his Uncle Vern's house. Upon learning that a fix could take twenty minutes, according to Norman Fulmer, the man who ran the gas station, Gilmore decided to run a little errand. He walked down the street and saw the City Center Motel next to Uncle Vern's. Emboldened by his previous murder, he got an idea. He went into the lobby. Ben had just come in from the store so he asked Gilmore what he wanted. Gary told Ben to give him the cash box and get down on the floor. Then he shot Bushnell in the head. But the man wasn't dead yet. He lay there twitching and trying to move. Gilmore wasn't sure what to do, but just then Bushnell's wife, Debbie, came out so Gilmore grabbed the cash box and left. He pocketed the cash and placed the box under a bush. A block later, he took the gun he'd used by the muzzle and shoved it into another bush, but something caught the trigger and he took a bullet in the fleshy part of his hand, between the thumb and palm. He went into the garage to get his truck and the owner, Norman Fulmer, spotted the trail of blood. Then on the police scanner Fulmer heard about an assault and robbery at a nearby hotel. He wrote down the truck's license plate number and after Gilmore drove away, Fulmer called it in. Patrol cars sped through town and SWAT teams turned out to track and capture Gilmore. They figured he'd just killed a man for around $125. Pretty much like the murder in Orem the night before. Uncle Vern came out to see what all the excitement was about, and it wasn't long before he realized that his nephew was involved. Over the past month, he'd watched Gilmore go from bad to worse, especially when he drank, and this brutal act seemed to cap his latest escalation of acting out. Vern's wife called Brenda, and she in turn called a police dispatcher she knew. Then Gilmore called her. He admitted he'd been shot and needed help. He told her where he was. Brenda sent the police to go get him. About the same time that they were evacuating neighbors and closing in, Debbie Bushnell was learning that the paramedics couldn't save her husband. He was dead. Afraid that Brenda wasn't coming, Gilmore left the house where he'd gotten some first aid and drove right through a police roadblock. Then it dawned on the cops that he was the guy. They set out after him and eventually ordered him to stop just outside Nicole's mother's house. Gilmore gave up without a fight. He asked only that they be careful of his wounded hand. Nicole was there. She went out and saw him lying on the ground. Then she overheard the cops suggest that he'd just committed two murders. She couldn't help but wonder if her leaving him had something to do with it, but she also though he was one stupid, crazy son-of-a-bitch. Brenda soon learned that no one else had been hurt and Gilmore was now in custody. She knew he'd hate her for it, and when he asked her the next day why she had turned him in, she said, "You commit a murder Monday, and commit a murder Tuesday. I wasn't waiting for Wednesday to roll around." (This is her recollection as she recounted it to both Mailer and the A&E crew.) While Gilmore eventually accepted the fact that what he'd done was wrong and he deserved to be punished, he never totally forgave her for this betrayal. When she turned him in, she had effectively separated him forever from Nicole. To his mind, she could have driven him to the border and let him go up to Oregon. He didn't seem to get it. Upon his arrest, Gary said that he'd talk with one cop, Gerald Nielsen, and he freely spoke about his various interactions with Gilmore in film and to Mailer. At the hospital, a test on Gilmore's hand indicated that he'd recently held metal in it. Then it was set in a cast. Nielsen then tried to get him to admit to the murders. He said that he had not killed anyone and that he could account for his whereabouts. He even said there were witnesses who would vouch for him. The facts were, as he recounted them, that he'd come across a guy holding up the man at the motel. He tried to stop it and got shot in the hand for his trouble. On the night before, he'd been with April the whole night and she'd be able to tell them that he hadn't killed anyone. The story didn't check out; it was full of holes. In fact, there was a witness who had seen Gilmore with the gun and the cash box at the motel. April knew that Gilmore had left her to "make a phone call." Then Val Conlin found Gilmore's stash of stolen guns. He called the police and turned them in. Nielsen went back to try again. This time Gary simply said he didn't know why he had killed the two Mormons. He didn't have a reason. He admitted that if he hadn't been caught, he'd likely have gone on killing. Not much later, he said that he ought to die for what he'd done. On August 3, at the preliminary hearing, prosecutor Noall Wootton met Gilmore for the first time. Mailer indicates from interviews that Wootton was impressed with the prisoner's intelligence, and it struck him that this man embodied the system's utter failure to rehabilitate. Gilmore would never be anything but dangerous---yet he might have been so much better than that. For the next few months, Gilmore and Nicole wrote love letters to each other with great intensity, sometimes three a day. She knew that he faced life in prison, and possibly worse, yet she couldn't unhook herself from this enigmatic man who'd walked into her life and changed it forever. They swore an eternal bond. By October, everything was ready for trial. Since the case for the Bushnell murder was the strongest, the prosecution concentrated on it. If need be, they could go back and try Gilmore for Jensen's murder, but Wootton expected to prove his case. He had plenty of witnesses, even without the questionable confession. If Harry Houdini was really Gary Gilmore's grandfather, as his mother had often intimated, perhaps he'd passed down a few tricks on getting out of hopeless situations. Gilmore would need them. Destined For Death How does someone with talent and intelligence fall into such a life? Why would Gary Mark Gilmore develop into a habitual criminal who so thoughtlessly took the lives of two young men who'd done nothing to him? In his case, the answer seems to lie with the turbulent family in which he'd grown up; it had been full of fantasy and denial, coupled with rampant and random abuse. Years later, Gary's youngest brother, Mikal, researched their family's history for his book, Shot in the Heart, to see where things went wrong. His feeling was that Gary reminded their father of his own failings in life and therefore got the brunt of the man's anger. Gary's conduct disorders as a juvenile, coupled with his compulsive personality, took the path of least resistance ---straight into the narcissistic and remorseless depths of psychopathy. He never knew when he'd get beaten, nor why, so he formed a notion of a harsh and punitive reality that made no sense. In many ways, the prison system itself was a metaphor of his father. No matter how he resisted and reacted, he'd always get beat up. Frank Gilmore Sr. was a con man and an alcoholic. He'd married Bessie on a whim, and he'd had many wives and families before her, none of whom he cared about or supported. They had a son, Frank Jr., and then Gary came along while they were wandering aimlessly through Texas under the pseudonym of Coffman to avoid the law. Frank christened him Faye Robert Coffman, which Bessie quickly changed to Gary, but this birth certificate proved to be a sore spot years later. Gary thought he'd been illegitimate, deciding that this was the reason that his father had never loved him. Frank had many dark secrets and Bessie was a Mormon outcast. They seemed to cling to each other to escape the realities of their pathetic lives. Frank craved independence and would disappear for long stretches of time. Bessie, for her part, did not allow the children to touch or hug her, so there was emotional deprivation from both parents. Yet Bessie did want security, so she persuaded Frank to settle in Portland, Oregon, and open a legitimate business. He actually succeeded at it and for a while they were happier. Yet Frank drank heavily, which sent him into terrible rages. He'd whip his sons severely. The boys soon learned that no matter what they said or did, their father simply wanted to brutalize them, all the while insisting that they love him. One time, Gary was abandoned on a park bench while his father went to scam someone and he ended up in an orphanage for several days. As he grew older, Gary reacted. He began to despise people in authority, and they in turn, treated him in a way that reminded him of his father. Both parents turned a blind eye to his problems, pretending they would just go away somehow. Neither respected the law, and they would rather get their children off than let them learn the consequences of their actions. The point at which psychological intervention might have made a difference for Gary, Frank refused to pay for it. On top of all of this, Bessie had a deep-rooted superstition about Gary that went back to her own childhood. She believed that as a girl playing with a Ouija board, she had conjured up a demonic ghost that had attached itself to her family. When one of her sisters was killed and another paralyzed in an accident, she felt certain it was the ghost. Then she married Frank and found out that his mother, Fay, was a medium who could get spirits to materialize. One night while at Fay�s house with three of her sons, including Gary, she learned that there was to be a �special� s�ance to contact a spirit who had died under the shameful suspicion of murder. Bessie stayed away. After the ceremony, she found Fay in a state of exhaustion with an expression on her face of great fear and helplessness. She helped the older woman to bed, but later that night Bessie woke up to the feel of being touched, and when she turned over, she was looking into the face of a leering inhuman creature. She jumped out of bed and saw Fay, an invalid, staggering toward her, insisting that she get out now. �It knows who you are!� Fay shouted. Bessie ran to Gary�s room and saw the same figure leaning over her son, staring into his eyes. She grabbed the kids and ran. Fay died shortly thereafter and Gary began to have terrible, shuddering nightmares that he was being beheaded. He was certain something was trying to get him and the nightmares haunted him the rest of his life. Bessie saw the entity again in their house, and that�s when Gary began to get into trouble. He continued having dreams, swearing that something was in the room with him. Bessie concluded that the thing had taken over her son�s soul. His life thereafter was filled with angry, malevolent energy that seemed bent on self-destruction. Whether influenced by a demon or by familial abuse, Gary developed a death wish that guided his actions. He seemed destined to die in some violent manner, though he'd often heard his mother's horror stories of an execution that she claimed to have witnessed as a girl. She'd been enraged that her father had taken her, a mere child, to witness a hanging. She told this story over and over. All of the boys believed that she'd really witnessed this incident and it had left a deep impression on them. Yet when Mikal researched it in Utah records, he realized that it was impossible for her to have witnessed such an event. She had made it up, possibly deriving this metaphor from her helplessness and anger. Yet it was a fatal vision that may have marked her second son with a sense of inevitability. Mikal concludes that the lies she told revealed terrible psychological truths that became an unspoken emotional legacy for her sons. They wanted to erase themselves from existence, and in fact, one was murdered, one was executed, one dropped into a psychological coma�and one (Mikal) became a writer. The Trial Two public defenders, Craig Snyder and Mike Esplin, took on Gilmore's case, but it looked pretty hopeless. There was an eyewitness who placed him near the Bushnell murder with the cash box and gun in his hand, and to top it all, he'd shot himself with the same gun. Then there was his cache of stolen guns, not to mention his apparent confession to a cop and later to his cousin. He'd told Brenda to tell his mother "it was true." As vague as that was, the jury could construe it as an admission of guilt. Their best hope was to find some legal technicality and take it to an appeals court. While Noall Wootton was asking for the death penalty on the grounds that Gilmore was a danger to society should he ever escape and a threat to other inmates if sent to prison, no one had been executed in Utah for sixteen years. Wootton wasn't a death penalty advocate, but he did believe there was no possibility for Gilmore's rehabilitation. And even if he managed to get this sentence, he believed there was small likelihood of its being carried out. Gilmore's trial lasted only two days, starting on October 5, 1976. The transcripts lay out the main events: An FBI ballistics expert matched two spent cartridges and the bullet from Bushnell to the gun left in the bush, a patrolman had traced Gilmore's trail of blood to that same bush, and the witness named Gilmore as the person he saw at the motel. The defense had no defense. When the two lawyers quickly rested without calling witnesses, Gilmore protested. The following day he asked the judge if he could take the stand to present his own defense. He figured that, based on what they had heard from the prosecution, it would take the jury less than half an hour to convict him and he wanted the chance to tell his story. He thought he had a good case for insanity. After all, he'd felt completely dissociated during the commission of the crime, like it was inevitable and he couldn't have done anything differently. He didn't have control. His lawyers stood up and indicated that they had consulted four separate psychiatrists, all of whom had said that Gilmore had known what he was doing and that it was wrong. While he did have an antisocial personality disorder, which may have been aggravated by drinking and Fiorinal, he still did not meet the legal criteria for insanity. Faced with that, Gilmore withdrew his request. He seemed suddenly to resign himself to the hopelessness of his situation. He'd already experienced some remorse for what he'd done but thought he'd probably end up doing it again. Never had he felt so much pain as that week without Nicole, according to what he said in his letters to her, and he knew he'd have kept up the spree, mindlessly hurting others. In closing, Wootton took pains to point out that Ben Bushnell had been shot by a gun held directly against his head. It had been no random shot but quite deliberate. Esplin countered with the fact that Gilmore himself had been wounded by the gun going off accidentally. It could have been the case that it had discharged accidentally in the incident that had resulted in Bushnell's death, even if held against him. Maybe Bushnell had moved suddenly. Since there are no eyewitnesses, who was to say differently? He urged the jury to find Gilmore guilty of a lesser crime of second-degree murder committed during a robbery, or even to acquit him altogether. On October 7, 1976, after an hour and twenty minutes, the jury returned a verdict of Guilty of Murder in the First Degree. Then after lunch, the sentencing phase�called the Mitigation Hearing-- began. Again, the defense lawyers were at a disadvantage, since it was Gary's own family who had turned him in. Clearly they were afraid of him. Brenda felt that Gilmore had betrayed her trust and that he ought to pay for what he'd done. Getting good witnesses looked pretty hopeless. Yet no one could have predicted at that moment that Gilmore's own worst enemy in this regard would be himself. At the end of the hearing, Gilmore was asked if he had anything to say, with the expectation that he would show some remorse, but all he said was, "I am finally glad to see that the jury is looking at me." The sentence was death, arrived at unanimously, and to be carried out on November 15, just over a month hence. Gilmore was asked to choose between being hanged or shot by a firing squad. He chose the latter, believing that a hanging could easily be botched. While his attorneys prepared the expected course of action, Gilmore took the unexpected one. Backlash Although his attorneys had every intention of running an appeal, they told Mailer, Gilmore made up his mind to accept his due. He fired Esplin and Snyder and hired Dennis Boaz, a lawyer from California who had written to him on a whim in support of his desire to go through with the execution. Boaz also revealed his interactions with Gilmore to Mailer, who talked with various other people who�d spoken to Boaz. Gilmore traded an exclusive interview for the man's services, but as Mailer saw it, Boaz got hungry for the writer's life and started talking too much to the media. Gary decided to fire him. Yet the very idea that a man was going to be executed stirred the residents of Utah into attention. This hadn't happened in sixteen years. To top it off, in 1972 the U. S. Supreme Court had ruled in the case of Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty as currently applied was cruel and unusual. Therefore, it was unconstitutional. All states were ordered to commute death sentences to life imprisonment. There was no more death row. Then four years later, after the states had revised their laws, the Supreme Court made a series of rulings that allowed capital punishment to be reinstated for certain types of murders. Thus, as of July 2, 1976, just three weeks before Gilmore committed his murders, such an act became a capital offense in Utah, and not without considerable controversy. While the hiatus had only lasted four years, it had been ten full years since the U. S. had executed anyone. Then when Gilmore said that he did not wish to appeal, the Attorney General, Earl Dorius, wondered if the court might be caught in a net of its own making. Gilmore was supposed to be executed within sixty days of sentencing. There were no provisions for what might happen if they didn't get the deed done within the scheduled time frame. They hadn't executed a man in so long he couldn't be certain that they'd be ready in time. Dorius wondered if it was possible that, on a technicality, Gilmore might just go free. In fact, as he indicated to Mailer, he wasn't altogether certain how to put together a firing squad. Just a few days before his scheduled execution, Gilmore argued his case before the Justices of the Utah Supreme Court, insisting that he did not wish to spend his life in prison, particularly not on death row. He thought the sentence was fair and proper and he wanted to accept it like a man. "It's been sanctioned by the courts," he said, "and I accept that." To his mind, it was his karma to die. He'd had dreams of it all his life and had come to believe that he owed a debt from a past life. The manner in which he was to die would be a learning experience for others. That was all right with him. By a vote of 4 to 1, the Justices granted his wish. He requested that his last meal be a six-pack of beer. But there were groups who could not abide such a decision, either on Gilmore's part or on the part of the law. The protests began at once, and his former lawyers felt duty-bound to continue to file an appeal. When Gilmore's mother heard about it, she told her youngest son. Mikal's comment, according to Mailer, was not to worry. "They haven't executed anyone in this country for ten years," he said, "and they're not going to start with Gary." November 15th came and went. Associations against the death penalty, including the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, intended to stop this execution. They did not want such a precedent on the record of the court giving in to a defendant and dispensing with the appeals process. On behalf of the prison population, as well as future prisoners, they felt they could not allow this procedure to continue in the direction in which it was going. A Stay of execution was granted, despite Gilmore's protests. He was ready to die. He wanted this over with. Then he and Nicole formed a plan, which was documented in their letters to each other. She also admitted to it later in filmed interviews. Gilmore instructed her to go around to various doctors to collect as many barbiturates as she could get. She managed 50 pills. Smuggling half in a balloon inside her vagina, she handed them over to Gary. Then at midnight, she swallowed her dose. Gary was supposed to do likewise, but he waited till closer to morning, which gave the appearance that he wanted her to die while he was found and saved. In fact they both survived, but now Nicole was effectively cut off from her lover. There were to be no more communications between them. Nicole was signed in to a psychiatric facility for observation. In the meantime, the rights to Gilmore's story were up for sale. He authorized Uncle Vern to negotiate, and he ended up selling to Lawrence Schiller and ABC for $50,000, which Gilmore distributed randomly among relatives and former associates from prison. He fully expected to die in December. Authorizing another lawyer, Ron Stanger, to speak on his behalf, he went before the Utah Board of Pardons to plead his case once more and ask all the religious and civil rights groups to butt out. "It's my life and my death," he insisted on film. He hadn't realized that no one had taken the sentence seriously. He didn't know it was all a joke. He expected that if they were going to hand it down, they were going to carry it out. As he spoke, his courage and anger were both evident. He wanted this over with. His execution was set for December 6, two days after his thirty-sixth birthday. Then on December 3, Gilmore�s mother stepped in. She was represented by the same lawyer whose rhetoric had convinced the Supreme Court to stop capital punishment several years earlier until the laws were changed. She requested a Stay on her son's behalf. He'd been on a hunger strike ever since he'd been separated from Nicole, she claimed through the lawyer, so he didn't know what he was doing. She should be able to step in. Gilmore composed an open letter to her, published by the press, to ask that she allow him to get on with it. Ten days later, the Stay was overturned and Gilmore ended his 25-day hunger strike. Upon learning that he would still have to wait another month for his execution, he tried once again to kill himself, but was found in time. Then Mikal decided that he needed to try to stop the process. He went to Utah to talk with his brother, describing the meeting in detail in his book, and was ultimately convinced that Gary knew what he was doing and wanted to do it. On film, Mikal said that Gary had quoted Nietzsche to him, that "a time comes when a man should rise to meet the occasion." That's what he was trying to do. During their last meeting, Gary kissed Mikal on the mouth and said, "See you in the darkness." Mikal left without taking any further action. Finally it was scheduled for January 17, 1977. Overnight, the courts had continued to wrestle with the legal questions before them. A federal court judge in Salt Lake City ordered a Stay, but the Tenth Circuit Court in Denver set it aside. The ACLU continued to protest this right up to the moment that Gilmore began his walk as a dead man. Even as late as 7:30 a.m., Gilmore's fate hung in the balance. It was the U. S. Supreme Court that finally decided the issue. The execution was allowed to go on as scheduled. The End and the Beginning The night before he was to die, Gilmore had been given plenty of drugs. His relatives visited and he was in good spirits. Uncle Vern admitted on A&E that he�d brought him some whiskey, which Gilmore drank down. Then Johnny Cash, his favorite singer, called and sang him a song. Gilmore tried to sing it with him. Then he made a tape for Nicole on which he asked her to kill herself for him. Finally, the circus was over. All of those who believed the con was bluffing, that he'd change his mind at the last minute, were in shock. Gilmore had asked to be allowed to die and he was going to die. At 8:00 a.m. on January 17, 1977, the volunteer firing squad got into place. Four of the five weapons were loaded and one would fire a blank. That way, each man would have some idea that perhaps he was not the one who had ended another man's life. They placed the barrels of their rifles through small square holes in a wall as Gilmore was strapped into a chair. He gave his watch to Vern to give to Nicole; he'd broken it at his estimated time of execution. A paper target was placed over his heart and a black corduroy hood over his head. He was strapped into the chair. The least movement could make the bullets miss their mark. Mailer gives a full account of the final minutes, which were also described on film by some of those who attended. Asked for last words, Gilmore said, "Let's do it." Then to the priest delivering last rights, he said in Latin, "There will always be a father." The countdown began. Gilmore appeared calm. There were three distinct shots. His head went forward into the strap, his right hand delicately lifted, then dropped. The spectators he'd requested to witness the event watched as blood flowed from his heart down his shirt and onto the floor. The doctor went forward to listen, and said that he was still alive. In twenty more seconds, it was over. Three lives had been tragically wasted. Bessie got the news that there had been a Stay, but then she saw on the television that her second son, Gary Mark Gilmore, had been executed. Some of his organs were donated before he was cremated, and his ashes were spread in three designated areas of Utah, including Spanish Fork. His immortal words, "Let's do it," opened the door for other convicted criminals to be put to death. Since 1977, there have been 711 executions in the United States. [Katherine Ramsland has written a dozen books and numerous articles, as well as publishing folklore and short stories. After publishing two books in psychology, Engaging the Immediate and The Art of Learning, she wrote Prism of the Night: A Biography of Anne Rice. At that time, she had a cover story in Psychology Today on our culture's fascination with vampires. Then she wrote guide books to Anne Rice's fictional worlds: The Vampire Companion: The Official Guide to Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles, The Witches' Companion: The Official Guide to Anne Rice's Lives of the Mayfair Witches, The Roquelaure Reader: A Companion to Anne Rice's Erotica, and The Anne Rice Reader. Her next book was Dean Koontz: A Writer�s Biography, and then she ventured into journalism with Piercing the Darkness: Undercover with Vampires in America Today. She has also written for The New York Times Book Review, The Writer, Million: The Magazine of Popular Fiction, The Newark Star Ledger, Magical Blend, Publishers Weekly, and The Trenton Times. Her background in forensic studies positioned her to assist former FBI profiler John Douglas on his book, The Cases that Haunt Us. Ramsland holds master�s degrees, respectively, in clinical and forensic psychology and a Ph.D. in philosophy. She has been a professor at Rutgers University, a therapist, and a psycho-educator specializing in the psyche's dark side.] BBCNews Executions Out of the Ordinary During the 1950s and 1960s 10 states, including Michigan and New York, abolished the death penalty and the rate of executions nationwide began to decline. By 1968 executions had stopped and in 1972 the Supreme Court ruled, in the case of Furman v Georgia, "that the imposition of the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment". But 35 states responded by drafting new death penalty statutes and in 1976 the Supreme Court reversed its decision, ruling that the punishment of death did not violate the constitution provided that "guided discretion" was exercised in imposing it. In October 1976 Gary Gilmore was convicted of a double murder in Utah and sentenced to death. Gilmore, who had spent much of his life in prison, could not bear the prospect of spending years behind bars and decided not to appeal the sentence. The American Civil Liberties Union appealed on his behalf - and to his annoyance - but on 17 January 1977 Gilmore was executed by firing squad, the first execution in the US for a decade. Norman Mailer later wrote a book about Gilmore, The Executioner's Song, which was made into a TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones. ABOLISH Archives Washington Post (January 18, 1977) by William Greider. PROVO, Utah - Early this morning at the mountain prison, attended by scribes and camera crews, the state of Utah delivered Gary Mark Gilmore back to his maker. Gilmore was judged defective as a human being in October. Last summer he murdered 2 Utah citizens, a service station attendant named Max Jensen and a motel clerk named Bennie Bushnell. While in prison awaiting execution, Gilmore twice tried to kill himself and insisted that the legal authorities proceed to do it for him without further delay. This morning the government of Utah complied, despite a last-minute legal flurry from civil liberties lawyers. It was done as tastefully as possible under the circumstances. Gilmore was taken to a cinder block shed, strapped in a chair and shot. As easy as pouring blood into water. Gilmore, alive for 36 unsuccessful years, attained celebrity by being the subject of the 1st American execution in nearly a decade. His official last words to the warden, witnesses and 5 anonymous gunmen with their .30-cal. rifles was: "Let's do it."... It was an unpleasant spectacle -- not the killing itself, which was done in privacy, but the swarming attention and brittle humor of the news media, which, after all, made Gilmore into a mythical creature larger than his real self, perhaps made him even enviable to others with freakish wishes for self-destruction. For those who need to know these things, Gilmore bled profusely when shot. The prison people pinned a paper target to his clothing, over his heart, and 4 riflemen hit it (1 of the 5 had a blank in his gun though nobody is supposed to know which one). The scene was then cleaned up a bit before the press was taken in to look it over. Some sort of gravel was spread around the platform to cover the blood stains under the black leather arm chair. The chair had been wiped clean but it had 4 bullet holes in its back, stained with blood, and there was a drying trickle of blood on the plywood board behind where Gilmore had sat. The 4 slugs are presumably still buried in the backstop of sandbags and a flowered mattress -- valuable souvenirs if anyone takes the trouble to retrieve them. Gilmore, it was reported by an eyewitness, did nothing untoward at the moment of his death. He did not quiver with fear. He did not shrink from the black corduroy hood placed over his head and shoulders, did not struggle or cry out at the last moment. His head turned slightly when he was shot. His body shrugged a trifle. That's all. (source: Washington Post) Super70's.Com The Execution of Gary Gilmore At eight minutes after 8:00 a.m on January 17, 1977, Gary Mark Gilmore was executed by a firing squad in Draper, Utah. The execution ended the life of a man who had killed at least two people and who had spent 18 of his 36 years behind bars for various offenses. Two aspects of the case kept it on the front pages for months. First, the death penalty had been reinstated in the United States in 1976 (not without controversy) after a 10-year hiatus and Gilmore was to become the first prisoner to be executed. Second, he fought the justice system to ensure he would be executed quickly. In Cold Blood Over the course of two nights in mid-July 1976, Gary Gilmore murdered a motel owner (Bennie Bushnell) in Provo, Utah and a gas station attendant (Max Jensen) in nearby Orem in an apparent attempt to get the attention of his estranged girlfriend Nichole Baker. Both men were forced to lie face down on the floor before he shot them in each in the head at point-blank range. Capture In the early morning hours of July 21, 1976 Gary Gilmore was arrested in Provo, Utah for the murders of the two men. At the time of his arrest Gilmore was on probation from a 12-year sentence for armed robbery and had been staying with relatives. He was turned in by his cousin Brenda Nicol, who later told him "You commit a murder Monday, and commit a murder Tuesday. I wasn't waiting for Wednesday to come around." Speedy Trial One of the most remarkable aspects of the case was the speed at which he went through the justice system. He was that he was arrested in July, then tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by October and the sentence was carried out in January. The pace was no accident. Multiple Suicide Attempts Not satisfied with the amount of time the state was taking to execute him, Gilmore tried to speed things up with repeated suicide attempts (by drug overdose) and became front page news for this, the attempts by others to stop the execution, and his own refusal to make any appeals. He had said "Death is the only inescapable, unavoidable, sure thing. We are sentenced to die the day that we are born." His girlfriend Nicole also tried to take her own life at the same time as him. She failed too and was placed in a mental hospital and was not allowed to see Gary again. The only contact she had with him until his execution was via letters. Multiple Appeals His original execution date was November 15, but the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) - both death penalty opponents - filed motions in the courts and multiple Stays were ordered. But the final appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court on the morning of January 17th, 1977 was denied and Gilmore's wish to be executed was granted. It had been only nine months since he had been paroled. Firing Squad When asked if he had any last words by the warden, he simply replied "Let's do this." As is the custom with a firing squad, four of the five rifles were loaded with real bullets and the fifth had a blank (None of the members knows which gun is which. This leaves a shadow of doubt in each member's mind about whether or not they really killed him.) He was shot at 8:08 a.m. and pronounced dead a minute later. His body was cremated and his ashes spread over three areas in Utah by a family member in accordance with his wishes. Executioner's Song The Executioner's Song , a book written by Norman Mailer in 1979, is a must read if you are interested in reading about the Gilmore case. The book, which won a 1980 Pulitzer Prize, was later turned into a made-for-TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones, Eli Wallach and Rosanna Arquette. Jones won an Emmy for his portrayal of Gilmore. Scott Vallum "The Story of Gary Gilmore: Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer and Shot in the Heart by Mikal Gilmore," by Scott Vollum, Doctoral Student, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University. I submit these two books together because they are, in many ways, good companions to one another. Together, these two books provide you with a thorough history and analysis of a single criminal--Gary Gilmore. After reading both of these books you feel like you actually know and understand Gary Gilmore and what drove and motivated him to his criminal acts. EXECUTIONERS SONG In Executioner's Song, Norman Mailer's Pulitzer Prize winning novel, we are presented with the adult criminal life of Gary Gilmore and the resulting execution that would be the first in America since the Furman v. Georgia decision. The book starts with Gilmore getting out of prison, follows his failed attempts at a "legitimate" life, the events leading up to a killing spree, and the resulting path back through the justice system. This time, however, he would not be released back into society. He was sentenced to death and in response demanded that the sentence be carried out. He refused to cooperate in any attempt to appeal his death penalty sentence and even went so far as to challenge the system to put actions to their words. This is significant because no one had been executed since the Furman case. Gary Gilmore would force the hand of a system that was reluctant to begin executing people again. Arguably, he opened up the flood gates for the implementation of the death penalty in the decades that were to follow. Executioner's Song paints a very thorough portrait of a man driven to murder and to eventually demanding the end of his own life. In regard to the Sutherland's three elements of Criminology: The making of law, breaking of law, and reaction to the breaking of law, they are all represented in this book. Making of Law: The representation of the making of law in Executioner's Song is not explicit but the execution of Gary Gilmore began a new era for the use of death as a punishment in American society effectively making it part of law once again. Also, the question of whether the state can force an individual to adhere to the appeals processes so important in death penalty cases was asked. Ultimately, there was a situation in which the offender was asking the state to take his life. This raises a lot of potential legal issues surrounding the death penalty. The door was closed on these issues when the execution of Gary Gilmore was carried out. While these are not explicit examples of the portrayal of the making of law, they were important events that molded the way the death sentence is perceived and implemented under the law. Breaking of Law: The representation of the breaking of law is more clear and pervasive in Executioner's Song. We are presented with a good example of a life-course-persistent criminal in Gary Gilmore. We are also presented with some good examples of Agnew's General Strain Theory at work. Gary Gilmore is a man that wants things in life but does not see the legitimate means to obtain them as existing for him. He feels that the world is against him and reacts to this with anger and violence. The many forms of strain that persisted throughout Gary Gilmore's life resulted in frustration and anger that ultimately led to a murderous rampage. Reaction to the Breaking of Law: The reaction to the breaking of law is clear in this book. This books depiction of Gilmore's adjudication and time spent in prison and ultimately his execution are great examples of the system at work. SHOT IN THE HEART Shot in the Heart, too, presents us with the life of Gary Gilmore. However, this book is written by his youngest brother and presents us with a portrayal of Gilmore's childhood and life growing up in a family with an abusive father. This book gives us the background from which Gary Gilmore came and provides a deeper understanding of the man presented to us so well in Mailer's Executioner's Song. What we begin to see, as this book chronicles Gilmore's young life, is the genesis of a murderer. The crime correlates of social class and family are clearly analyzed in this very poignant account of a future murderer's upbringing. CBS News Famous Cases Killed by a firing squad just after 8 a.m. on Monday, Jan. 17, 1977, Gilmore became the first convict to be executed in the United States after a near-decade pause following a Supreme Court ruling. Gilmore, who had asked to be executed, had been convicted of murdering Bennie Bushnell and Max David Jensen, both shot during robberies. Asked if he had any last words, Gilmore said, "Let's do it." Gilmore, who had vowed not to flinch before the firing squad, sat placidly, a hood covering his head, as five anonymous gunmen armed with .30-caliber rifles took aim and fired. Four of the rifles were loaded with live ammunition; one held a blank. Prior to his execution, Gilmore drew attention with two suicide attempts by drug overdose and his pleas for death. Gilmore's uncle, one of the only people to have close contact with the convict before his death said of the execution, "I would like to say at this time, Gary, my nephew, died like he wanted to die, in dignity. He got his wish to die. He died in dignity. That's all I have to say." At the time there were 358 other Americans - including four women - on death row throughout the country. Gilmore's death publicly marked the resumption of executions in the United States. Gilmore v. Utah, 429 U.S. 1012, 97 S.Ct. 436 (1976). After entering stay of execution, the United States Supreme Court held that convicted murderer who had been sentenced to death had made a knowing and intelligent waiver of any and all federal rights which he might have asserted after the sentence was imposed so that the stay of execution, which had been granted upon application of the convicted murderer's mother and next friend and over the convicted murderer's objection would be terminated. Stay of execution terminated. Mr. Chief Justice Burger concurred and filed an opinion in which Mr. Justice Powell concurred. Mr. Justice Stevens concurred and filed an opinion in which Mr. Justice Rehnquist concurred. Mr. Justice White dissented and filed an opinion in which Mr. Justice Brennan and Mr. Justice Marshall concurred. Mr. Justice Marshall dissented and filed an opinion. Mr. Justice Blackmun dissented and filed an opinion. On October 7, 1976, Gary Mark Gilmore was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by a judgment entered after a jury trial in a Utah court. On December 3, 1976, this Court granted an application for a stay of execution of the judgment and sentence, pending the filing here by the State of Utah of a response to the application together with transcripts of various specified hearings in the Utah courts and Board of Pardons, and until �further action of the Court on the application for stay.� The State of Utah has now filed its response and has substantially complied with the Court's request for transcripts of the specified hearings. After carefully examining the materials submitted by the State of Utah, the Court is convinced that Gary Mark Gilmore made a knowing and intelligent waiver of any and all federal rights he might have asserted after the Utah trial court's sentence was imposed, and, specifically, that the State's determinations of his competence knowingly and intelligently to waive any and all such rights were firmly grounded. Accordingly, the stay of execution granted on December 3, 1976, is hereby terminated. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER, with whom Mr. Justice POWELL, joins, concurring. On December 2, 1976, Bessie Gilmore, claiming to act as �next friend� on behalf of her son, Gary Mark Gilmore, filed with this Court an application for stay of execution of the death sentence then scheduled for December 6, 1976. FN1 Since only a limited record was then before the Court, we granted a temporary stay of execution on December 3, 1976 FN2 in order to secure a response from the State of Utah. That response was received on December 7, 1976. On December 8, 1976, a response was filed by Gary Mark Gilmore, by and through his attorneys of record, Ronald R. Stanger and Robert L. Moody, challenging the standing of Bessie Gilmore to initiate any proceedings in his behalf. FN1. This case may be unique in the annals of the Court. Not only does Gary Mark Gilmore request no relief himself; on the contrary he has expressly and repeatedly stated since his conviction in the Utah courts that he had received a fair trial and had been well treated by the Utah authorities. Nor does he claim to be innocent of the crime for which he was convicted. Indeed, his only complaint against Utah or its judicial process, including that raised in the state habeas corpus petition mentioned in note 3, infra, has been with respect to the delay on the part of the State in carrying out the sentence. FN2. The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice REHNQUIST, and Mr. Justice STEVENS dissented from issuance of the stay. When the application for a stay was initially filed on December 2, a serious question was presented as to whether Bessie Gilmore had standing to seek the requested relief or any relief from this Court. Assuming the Court would otherwise have jurisdiction with respect to a �next friend� application, that jurisdiction would arise only if it were demonstrated that Gary Mark Gilmore is unable to seek relief in his own behalf. See Rosenberg v. United States, 346 U.S. 273, 291, 73 S.Ct. 1152, 1161, 97 L.Ed. 1607 (1953) (separate opinion of Mr. Justice Jackson for six Members of the Court). However, in view of Gary Mark Gilmore's response on December 8, 1976, it is now clear that the �next friend� concept is wholly inapplicable to this case. Since Gary Mark Gilmore has now filed a response and appeared in his own behalf, through his retained attorneys, any basis for the standing of Bessie Gilmore to seek relief in his behalf is necessarily eliminated. The only possible exception to this conclusion would be if the record suggested, despite the representations of Gary Mark Gilmore's attorneys, that he was incompetent to waive his right of appeal under state law and was at the present time incompetent to assert rights or to challenge Bessie Gilmore's standing to assert rights in his behalf as �next friend.� FN3 FN3. When Bessie Gilmore's application for a stay first came before the Court, we did not have before us for consideration transcripts of the various hearings at which Gary Mark Gilmore was said to have waived his federal constitutional rights. As today's order makes clear, each Justice has now had an opportunity to review the relevant transcripts and reports concerning mental competence and waiver. After examining with care the pertinent portions of the transcripts and reports of state proceedings, and the response of Gary Mark Gilmore filed on December 8, I am in complete agreement with the conclusion expressed in the Court's order that Gary Mark Gilmore knowingly and intelligently, with full knowledge of his right to seek an appeal in the Utah Supreme Court, has waived that right.FN4 I further agree that the State's determinations of his competence to waive his rights knowingly and intelligently were firmly grounded.FN5 FN4. At a hearing on November 1, 1976, on a motion for a new trial, Gilmore's attorneys informed the trial court that they had been told by Gilmore not to file an appeal and not to seek a stay of execution of sentence on his behalf. They also informed the trial court that they had advised Gilmore of his right to appeal that they believed there were substantial grounds for appeal, that the constitutionality of the Utah death penalty statute had not yet been reviewed by either the Utah Supreme Court or the United States Supreme Court, and that in their view there was a chance that the statute would eventually be held unconstitutional. The trial court itself advised Gilmore that he had a right to appeal, that the constitutional issue had not yet been resolved, and that both counsel for the State and Gilmore's own counsel would attempt to expedite an appeal to avoid unnecessary delay. Gilmore stated that he did not �care to languish in prison for another day,� that the decision was his own, and that he had not made the decision as a result of the influence of drugs or alcohol or as a result of the way he was treated in prison. On November 4, the state trial court concluded that Gilmore fully understood his right to appeal and the consequences of a decision not to appeal.On November 10, the Utah Supreme Court held a hearing on the Utah Attorney General's motion to vacate a stay of execution of sentence entered two days earlier by that Court. Gilmore was present, and, in response to questions from several Justices, stated that he thought he had received a fair trial and a proper sentence, that he opposed any appeal in the case, and that he wished to withdraw an appeal previously filed without his consent by appointed trial counsel.Finally, at a hearing before the trial court on December 1, Gilmore again informed the court that he opposed all appeals that had been filed. FN5. In the pretrial period, from August 5 to October 6, 1976, the trial court appointed psychiatrists to examine Gilmore on two occasions, to determine his competency to stand trial and his sanity at the time of the offense. Three of the five psychiatrists who examined Gilmore in that period found no evidence of mental illness or insanity. The record before us does not include the findings of the other two psychiatrists, which were presented to the trial court when it concluded that Gilmore was sane for the purpose of standing trial.After trial, at the November 1 hearing, the state trial court ordered sua sponte that the Utah State Prison Psychiatrist, or other available psychiatric personnel of the prison, examine Gilmore to determine his ability to decide not to appeal. In the order, the court noted that Gilmore had instructed his attorneys not to appeal after they had informed him that there was substantial legal merit to such an appeal. On November 3 the Prison Psychiatrist submitted a report, based on a one-hour psychiatric interview and a review of Gilmore's medical records, concluding that Gilmore's decision to waive appeal was the �product of an organized thought process� and that Gilmore had not �become �insane� or mentally ill.� On the same day, two prison psychologists submitted a second report, based on psychological tests and an individual interview, concluding that �(Gilmore) presently has the mental capacity and the emotional stability to make the necessary decision concerning his sentence and to understand the consequences.�Gilmore apparently attempted to take his own life on November 16. The Prison Psychiatrist subsequently reported to the Board of Pardons that Gilmore's mental state on November 24 was �exactly as described� in the Psychiatrist's report to the court on November 3. When the record establishing a knowing and intelligent waiver of Gary Mark Gilmore's right to seek appellate review is combined with the December 8 written response submitted to this Court,FN6 it is plain that the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the �next friend� application filed by Bessie Gilmore. This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Art. III of the Constitution only over �cases and controversies,� and we can issue stays only in aid of our jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. ss 1651, 2101(f). There is no dispute, presently before us, between Gary Mark Gilmore and the State of Utah, and the application of Bessie Gilmore manifestly fails to meet the statutory requirements to invoke this Court's power to review the action of the Supreme Court of Utah. No authority to the contrary has been brought to our attention, and nothing suggested in dissent bears on the threshold question of jurisdiction. FN6. On December 8, 1976, Gilmore, by counsel, advised this Court of the filing of a petition in a Utah state court seeking habeas corpus relief. Although that petition is not in the papers before us, it is understood that the ground relied upon is not the deprivation of any constitutional right but that there is a 60-day limitation under Utah law upon the carrying out of the sentence of death, an issue which has not been presented to the Utah Supreme Court as of this date. In his dissenting opinion, Mr. Justice WHITE suggests that Gary Mark Gilmore is �unable� as a matter of law to waive the right to state appellate review. FN7 Whatever may be said as to the merits of this suggestion, the question simply is not before us. Gilmore, duly found to be competent by the Utah courts, has had available meaningful access to this Court and has declined expressly to assert any claim here other than his explicit repudiation of Bessie Gilmore's effort to speak for him as next friend. It follows, therefore, that the Court is without jurisdiction to consider the question posed by the dissent. FN7. Mr. Justice WHITE's dissent expresses the view that absent an affirmative decision by �the state courts� as to the validity of Utah's capital punishment statute, �the imposition of the death penalty in this case should be stayed.� However, Gilmore has not challenged the validity of the statute under which he was convicted, and there is no other party before this Court with requisite standing to do so. Mr. Justice STEVENS, with whom Mr. Justice REHNQUIST joins, concurring. In my judgment the record not only supports the conclusion that Gilmore was competent to waive his right to appeal, but also makes it clear that his access to the courts is entirely unimpeded and therefore a third party has no standing to litigate an Eighth Amendment claim or indeed any other claim on his behalf. Without a proper litigant before it, this Court is without power to stay the execution. Mr. Justice WHITE, joined by Mr. Justice BRENNAN and Mr. Justice MARSHALL, dissenting. As Justice Wilkins said in dissent below,FN1 there are substantialquestions under Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972), about the constitutionality of the Utah death penalty statute. Because of Gary Gilmore's purported waiver of his right to challenge the statute, none of these questions was resolved in the Utah courts. I believe, however, that the consent of a convicted defendant in a criminal case does not privilege a State to impose a punishment otherwise forbidden by the Eighth **440 Amendment.FN2 Until the state courts have resolved the obvious serious doubts about the validity of the state statute, the imposition of the death penalty in this case should be stayed. FN1. Prior to Gilmore's seeming waiver, the trial judge also appeared ready to certify an appeal in order that the State Supreme Court could pass on the issue of the validity of the death penalty statute, an issue he had not himself addressed. FN2. Nor in the absence of a state court decision sustaining the death penalty statute would a purported waiver of the Eighth Amendment necessarily be a defense to a wrongful-death action, see Utah Code Ann. s 78-11-7, based on an execution imposed under an unconstitutional statute. Given the inability of Gary Gilmore to waive resolution in the state courts of the serious questions concerning the constitutional legality of his death sentence, there is no jurisdictional barrier to addressing the question upon the petition of the defendant's mother. See Rosenberg v. United States, 346 U.S. 273, 291, 73 S.Ct. 1152, 1161, 97 L.Ed. 1607 (1953) (separate opinion of Justice Jackson). Without examining the constitutionality of the Utah death statute, on November 10, 1976, the Utah Supreme Court vacated its stay of Gilmore's sentence and dismissed the appeal which his then attorneys had filed on his behalf. Pending the filing of a timely petition for certiorari, I would continue the stay previously issued by this Court; and upon said filing it would appear that the judgment of the Supreme Court of Utah should be vacated and the case remanded to the state courts for reconsideration in the light of the death penalty decisions announced by this Court last Term. Cf. Collins v. Arkansas, 429 U.S. 808, 97 S.Ct. 44, 50 L.Ed.2d 69 (1976); Neal v. Arkansas, 429 U.S. 808, 97 S.Ct. 45, 50 L.Ed.2d 69 (1976). Mr. Justice MARSHALL, dissenting. I fully agree with my Brother WHITE that a criminal defendant has no power to agree to be executed under an unconstitutional statute. I believe that the Eighth Amendment not only protects the right of individuals not to be victims of cruel and unusual punishment, but that it also expresses a fundamental interest of society in ensuring that state authority is not used to administer barbaric punishments. Irrespective of this, however, I cannot agree with the view expressed by THE CHIEF JUSTICE that Gilmore has competently, knowingly, and intelligently decided to let himself be killed. Less than five months have passed since the commission of the crime; just over two months have elapsed since sentence was imposed. That is hardly sufficient time for mature consideration of the question, nor does Gilmore's erratic behavior from his suicide attempt to his state habeas petition evidence such deliberation. No adversary hearing has been held to examine the experts,FN1 all employed by the State of Utah, who have pronounced Gilmore sane.FN2 The decision of the Utah Supreme Court finding a valid waiver can be given little weight. In the transcripts that the court prepared for us, it omitted a portion of its proceedings as having �no pertinency� to the issue of Gilmore's �having voluntarily and intelligently waived his right to appeal.� That �irrelevant� portion involved*1020 a discussion by Gilmore's trial counsel of his opinion of Gilmore's competence and the constitutionality of the Utah statute. It is appalling that any court could consider these questions irrelevant to that determination. It is equally shocking that the Utah court, in a matter of such importance, failed even to have a court reporter present to transcribe the proceeding, instead relying on recordings made by dictating machines which have produced a partly unintelligible record. These inexplicable actions by a court charged with life or death responsibility underscore the failure of the State to determine adequately the validity of Gilmore's purported waiver and the propriety of imposing capital punishment. FN1. If Gilmore's own lawyers refused to question his competence, the court could certainly ask other counsel acting as amicus curiae to present that side of the issue. FN2. As THE CHIEF JUSTICE notes, the opinion of the Prison Psychiatrist, the only doctor who has considered Gilmore's competency since the waiver decision was publicly announced, was based on a review of Gilmore's medical records and a one-hour interview. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN, dissenting. I am of the view that the question of Bessie Gilmore's standing and the constitutional issue are not insubstantial, and, indeed, in the context of this case, are of manifest importance. I therefore would have the pending application set for expeditious hearing and given plenary, not summary, consideration. See Mr. Justice Harlan's haunting admonition, which I joined, in New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 752, 755 (1971) (Harlan, J., dissenting).

i don't know

Who wrote the stage musical Cabaret?

Cabaret Undressed! The Real-Life Stories Behind the Gritty, Glittering Broadway Hit | Broadway Buzz | Broadway.com Cabaret Undressed! The Real-Life Stories Behind the Gritty, Glittering Broadway Hit Features By Gemma Wilson April 23, 2014 - 7:05PM Joel Grey in 'Cabaret' & Alan Cumming in 'Cabaret' About the Show Videos Did you know Liza Minnelli auditioned for Sally Bowles in the Broadway production of 'Cabaret' and didn't get the part? Willkommen back to Broadway, Cabaret ! The classic Kander and Ebb musical has arrived for a return engagement on the Great White Way, with Alan Cumming reprising his Tony-winning performance as the Emcee alongside Oscar nominee Michelle Williams , who is making her Broadway debut as British cabaret singer Sally Bowles. In the iconic tale set in 1930s Berlin, the Emcee holds court over the seedy Kit Kat Klub, where Sally strikes up a relationship with an American writer, Cliff. Cabaret opens at Studio 54 on April 24, but a classic isn't born overnight! Read on for a look at what has long made Cabaret such a crowd-pleasing, game-changing favorite. Welcome to Berlin The Weimar Republic, which flourished between Germany's defeat at the end of World War I and Hitler's rise to power in 1933, was a vibrant cultural period famous for its music, film, art and philosophy, as well as its tolerance of decadent behavior (including prostitution and homosexuality). 1920s Berlin was the center of Weimar culture, but when the Nazi Party began rising to power, this liberal mecca started crumbling as artists and intellectuals fled to safer shores. Capturing a Culture Writer Christopher Isherwood compiled his experiences living in Weimar Berlin into a semi-autobiographical collection of stories, Goodbye to Berlin, in 1939. The character of Sally Bowles was based on German nightclub singer Jean Ross—her name was borrowed from composer Paul Bowles. British playwright John Van Druten adapted Isherwood's work into the 1951 Broadway play I Am a Camera, which was panned by the critics (Walter Kerr of The New York Times famously said, "Me no Leica"), but won actress Julie Harris the first of five Tony Awards for playing Sally. Broadway Tug-of-War After his musical The Boy Friend became a big hit in the West End and on Broadway in the mid-'50s, composer/lyricist Sandy Wilson adapted I Am A Camera into a musical, only to find that the rights had been scooped up by producer Harold Prince. Prince commissioned Joe Masteroff to write the musical's book, but the pair agreed that Wilson's take on the material didn't feel authentic to 1920s Berlin. Instead, they enlisted John Kander and Fred Ebb to write the score, and Wilson got the boot. The Evolution of the Emcee When it came to creating the world of Cabaret, director Hal Prince recalled his own time in Germany as a young man in the army—specifically a Stuttgart nightclub called Maxim's. "There was a dwarf MC, hair parted in the middle and lacquered down with brilliantine, his mouth made into a bright red cupid's bow, who wore heavy false eyelashes," Prince explained in The Making of Cabaret . Joel Grey, who created the role of the Emcee on Broadway, came up with the white-faced, pink-cheeked look that defined the role for decades. "I found this greasepaint called 'Juvenile Pink,' and I thought to myself, 'This creep, he would want to look young, and this is what he would use,'" Grey recalled. Redefining Broadway When Cabaret opened in 1966, it turned the idea of a Broadway musical on its head. There was no overture—instead, audiences were caught off-guard by a drumroll and loud cymbal crash. A giant mirror reflected the audience back on itself. The story dealt with everything from anti-Semitism to abortion, which was unusual for the day. "This marionette's-eye view of a time and place in our lives that was brassy, wanton, carefree and doomed to crumble is brilliantly conceived," wrote New York Times critic Walter Kerr. At First, Liza Didn't Get the Part The 1972 film version of Cabaret was just as successful as its stage debut, due in part to its magnetic leading lady, Liza Minnelli. But the young actress had initially tried out for the Broadway musical, and didn't get the part of Sally. "I knew I'd get the movie for some reason," Minnelli told The Huffington Post . "I remember saying to myself, 'That's all right, I'll do the film." Minnelli not only got her wish, but she won an Oscar for her performance, alongside original Broadway star Joel Grey as the Emcee and director Bob Fosse. And as an added bonus, the film basically revived the whole concept of the movie musical, which had been languishing for years. Thanks, guys! Sam Mendes Made it Seedier… In 1993, Donmar Warehouse artistic director Sam Mendes revived the stage musical at the non-for-profit theater in London's Covent Garden, starring then-unknown Scottish actor Alan Cumming as the Emcee and Jane Horrocks as Sally. The director made it just as game-changing as the original—he stripped down the material, sat the audience at tables and let them order drinks, and was one of the first directors to cast actor-musicians to be both the ensemble and the band. Best of all, the production got the stamp of approval from John Kander. "[Alan Cumming] is disgusting," the composer told Mendes  with delight. "He's right in your face." ...And Wilder... When Roundabout Theatre Company wanted to bring the production to Broadway, Mendes insisted they find an honest-to-God nightclub. After two years, they found Henry Miller's Theatre (now the Stephen Sondheim), which had previously been a nightclub called Xenon, and before that, an X-rated movie house. Renamed the Kit Kat Klub, the rundown theater's gritty atmosphere was just the place for the in-your-face revival. ...And It Paid Off Cabaret opened on Broadway in 1998 (with some major changes from new co-director and choreographer Rob Marshall) and scooped up Tony Awards for Best Revival, for Cumming, for Natasha Richardson as Sally, and for Ron Rifkin as Herr Schultz. But when a construction crane fell on the Kit Kat Klub, the show had to temporarly close—that is, until Mendes kicked in the doors on the then-derelict Studio 54. "In addition to its rich and varied history, [Studio 54] happens to be the most atmospheric, theatrically viable space that I've seen in New York," he told the Associated Press . If You've Got It, Flaunt It 21 years after he first put on his Emcee's dingy suspenders and nipple glitter, Cumming is returning to Broadway in the role that made him a star. "It starts rehearsals the day after my 49th birthday," Cumming teased in The Aesthete . "So I'll be entering my 50th year dancing my tits off and being a sexpot." Thank God, he says, for muscle memory! The Toast of Mayfair When Cabaret announced its return to Broadway, the question on everyone's mind was, who will play Sally? Anne Hathaway and Emma Stone were rumored to be interested in the part, but in the end it went to stage newbie Michelle Williams. Williams admitted that being the new girl makes her "feel like a baby" in rehearsal, but she has a champion in Liza Minnelli. "I’m excited to see what they will do with the show and am sure it will be great,” said Minnelli, calling the new star a "wonderful actress." Come to the Cabaret, Michelle! In here, life is beautiful... See Alan Cumming and Michelle Williams in Cabaret at Studio 54.

Bob Fosse

Flamenco dancer Joaquin Cortes hit the headlines in 1996 over his relationship with which supermodel?

Cabaret (1972) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A female girlie club entertainer in Weimar Republic era Berlin romances two men while the Nazi Party rises to power around them. Director: Bob Fosse Writers: Joe Masteroff (based on the musical play "Cabaret" book by), John Van Druten (based on the play by) | 2 more credits  » Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 25 titles created 24 Feb 2011 a list of 47 titles created 28 May 2015 a list of 25 titles created 11 Jan 2016 a list of 31 titles created 9 months ago a list of 40 titles created 4 months ago Search for " Cabaret " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 8 Oscars. Another 27 wins & 15 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Director/choreographer Bob Fosse tells his own life story as he details the sordid life of Joe Gideon, a womanizing, drug-using dancer. Director: Bob Fosse Two youngsters from rival New York City gangs fall in love, but tensions between their respective friends build toward tragedy. Directors: Jerome Robbins, Robert Wise Stars: Natalie Wood, George Chakiris, Richard Beymer Murderesses Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart find themselves on death row together and fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows in 1920s Chicago. Director: Rob Marshall Three friends struggle to find work in Paris. Things become more complicated when two of them fall in love with the same woman. Director: Vincente Minnelli Edit Storyline Cambridge University student Brian Roberts arrives in Berlin in 1931 to complete his German studies. Without much money, he plans on making a living teaching English while living in an inexpensive rooming house, where he befriends another of the tenants, American Sally Bowles. She is outwardly a flamboyant, perpetually happy person who works as a singer at the decadent Kit Kat Klub, a cabaret styled venue. Sally's outward façade is matched by that of the Klub, overseen by the omnipresent Master of Ceremonies. Sally draws Brian into her world, and initially wants him to be one of her many lovers, until she learns that he is a homosexual, albeit a celibate one. Among their other friends are his students, the poor Fritz Wendel, who wants to be a gigolo to live a comfortable life, and the straight-laced and beautiful Natalia Landauer, a Jewish heiress. Fritz initially sees Natalia as his money ticket, but eventually falls for her. However Natalia is suspect of his motives and cannot ... Written by Huggo Did You Know? Trivia The original Broadway production of "Cabaret" opened at the Broadhurst Theater on November 2, 1966, ran for 1165 performances and won the 1967 Tony Award for the Best Musical. Joel Grey recreates his role in the movie for which the won the 1967 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. See more » Goofs As Max drops off Brian and Sally packs for the African trip, Brian's shirt changes style and colour. In Max's car his shirt is blue with a rounded collar but, by the time he enters the apartment, it is white with a pointed collar. See more » Quotes [on the pronunciation of "phlegm"] Brian Roberts : P H is always pronounced as F, and, uh, you don't sound the G. Natalia Landauer : Then why are they putting the G, please? Brian Roberts : That's, that's a very good question, but rather difficult to explain.

i don't know

Which Italian fashion designer was murdered on the orders of his ex-wife?

Italian Fashion Designers - Our Top Six Selection Italian Fashion Designers When compiling a list of top Italian fashion designers, we stopped counting when we reached 60. Here are our picks for the most recognized names in the field today, in alphabetical order: 1. Armani Legendary Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani was born on 11 July 1934 in Piacenza. His career began as an assistant designer for Nino Cerruti, but he left in 1970 to work as a freelancer. With a partner, Sergio Galeotti, he established the Armani label four years later. In the 1980s Armani began designing for numerous Hollywood names, which catapulted him to international fame. In 2001, Forbes named him the most successful Italian fashion designer and estimated his net worth at $1.7 billion. Armani was the first designer to ban models with a body mass index (BMI) under 18. He has designed uniforms for various sporting events and has recently opened a restaurant in New York City. 2. Dolce & Gabbana Domenico Dolce, born in 1958, near Palermo, Sicily, and Stefano Gabbana, born in 1962 in Milan, began as a couple, but separated in 2005. Unlike others in a similar situation, they were able to continue their business partnership and achieve outstanding success with their sleek and stylish clothing designs. They have utilized their celebrity connections to great effect at their runway shows but have been dogged by legal wrangles, including a 2009 tax evasion charge. By 1997, their annual turnover was £400 million, and it topped £597 by 2005, making them one of the most financially successful Italian fashion designers. 3. Ferré Born in Legnano on 15 August 1944, Gianfranco Ferré originally graduated as an architect in 1969 but began designing accessories a year later. He started his own company in 1974 and launched his first women's collection in 1978, followed by his first men's collection in 1982, and his first couture collection in 1986. Ferré became Stylistic Director of Christian Dior in Paris from 1989 to 1997. Sophisticated white shirts have become the symbol of his personal signature in fashion design. His label offers several lines of men's wear, plus an underwear line, a sports line and a range of fragrances. His range of licensed products now includes shoes, stationery, luggage, home furnishings, perfumes and timepieces. Ferré won a number of prestigious awards during his career, including the L'Occhio d'Oro for Best Italian Fashion Designer six times. 70% of Ferré sales are achieved in export, with the US being the biggest market. Ferré distributes in exclusive boutiques worldwide. Ferré died on June 17, 2007. On June 25 of 2008 the company entered into a worldwide joint venture with Dubai-based GIO Developments. The first project will be erected in Dubai. GIO Developments will oversee the real estate, construction, management and operations aspects of the projects, while Gianfranco Ferré will oversee content, design and style.  4. Prada Prada was founded by Mario Prada as a leather goods shop in Milan, Italy. After his death in the mid-1950s, Mario's daughter-in-law ran the company for almost twenty years, succeeded by her daughter, Miuccia Prada, in 1970. Miuccia, born Maria Bianchi on 10 May 1949, had a Ph.D. in Political Science but with her husband, Patrizio Bertelli, set about expanding Prada's product line. In 1979 she released a set of backpacks and totes, followed by a nylon tote. A shoe line was released in 1984, the classic Prada handbag in 1985, and a women's wear collection in 1989. Prada's popularity skyrocketed and it became identified with affluent working women who held demanding jobs. Men's ready-to-wear collections were launched in the mid-1990s. Prada's originality made it one of the most influential Italian fashion designers, and the brand became a premium status symbol in the 1990s. In 1983, Prada began expansion across continental Europe and the US and later Japan. The company went on an ultimately unsuccessful merger and purchasing spree which slowed in the 2000s. Prada manufactures its wares in Italy, apparently keeping labor costs down by using Chinese laborers at the plants. Prada, along with Calvin Klein and Gucci, is known for the practice of casting new models to walk exclusively in their runway shows. An exclusive or opening spot in a Prada show is among the most coveted bookings in the modeling world. 5. Valentino Valentino Clemente Ludovico Garavani, best known as Valentino, was born on 11 May 1932 in Voghera, Lombardy. Valentino became interested in fashion while in primary school when he apprenticed under his aunt Rosa and local designer Ernestina Salvadeo. At 17, he moved to Paris and studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts and at the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne. Later he apprenticed to Jacques Fath, followed by Balenciaga, Jean Desses and Guy Laroche. In 1959 he decided to return to Italy and set up in Rome. Valentino's international debut took place in 1962 in Florence. His first show was a huge success and his designs were suddenly in demand. In 1966, he moved his shows from Florence to Rome, and by the mid-1960s he was considered the undisputed king of Italian fashion designers. In 1964, Valentino met Jacqueline Kennedy, who helped make him a sought-after designer in the USA. Throughout the 1970s Valentino spent considerable time in New York City. 1989 marked the opening of the Accademia Valentino, in Rome, for the presentation of art exhibitions. In 1998 Valentino and his partner Giancarlo Giammetti sold the company to HdP, an Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by the late Gianni Agnelli, the head of Fiat.  Valentino and Giammetti are renowned for their extensive collection of art. Valentino owns villas and apartments around the world, all boasting an extensive array of art pieces. He also spends much time on T. M. Blue One, his 152-foot yacht. Valentino: The Last Emperor, a feature-length documentary on the designer, premiered at the 2008 Venice International Film Festival. The film had its North American premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and became the highest-grossing documentary debut of 2009. To celebrate the 45th anniversary of Valentino's career, a fashion extravaganza took place in Rome in July 2007. During the festivities, the Mayor of Rome announced that the site of the Valentino museum would be a building in via San Teodoro. In 2007 Valentino announced that he would retire after his final Haute-Couture show in Paris. It was presented at the Musée Rodin on January 23, 2008. Valentino was presented with the Medal of the City of Paris the following day for his services to fashion. 6. Versace Gianni Versace (December 2, 1946 – July 15, 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house which produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. He also designed costumes for the theatre and films. Giovanni (Gianni) Versace was born in Reggio di Calabria, Italy, on December 2, 1946, where he grew up with his older brother Santo and younger sister Donatella, along with their father and dressmaker mother, Francesca. Versace began his apprenticeship at a young age, helping his mother find precious stones and gold braid for embroidering dresses. He studied architecture before moving to Milan at the age of 26 to work in fashion design. In the mid-1970s, his knits drew the attention of headhunters at Genny and Callaghan. Versace presented his first signature collection for women at the Palazzo della Permanente Art Museum of Milan. His first menswear collection followed in September of the same year. The first boutique was opened in Milan's Via della Spiga in 1978. He was influenced by Andy Warhol, Ancient Roman and Greek art as well as modern abstract art. Versace was shot dead on July 15, 1997, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk.  Donatella Versace Donatella Versace (born 2 May 1955) is Vice-President of the Versace Group and Chief Designer of the Versace fashion line. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of the company. In the mid 1970s, Donatella followed her older brother, Gianni, to pursue knitwear design in Florence. Donatella had planned to work for her brother in Public Relations, but she was more valuable to Gianni as a "muse and critic". Donatella was the first designer to use notable celebrities to wear her clothing on the catwalk and in other public media such as advertisements. Donatella soon proved to be the public relations giant within the Versace label and spread its name throughout Europe and the United States. In July 1998, a year after Gianni Versace was killed, Donatella mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year, but is equally famous for her celebrity friends and extravagant parties.  Branching into other fields, the company created the grand, luxurious Palazzo Versace resort on the Gold Coast of Australia. Another Versace development, the world's tallest hotel, the Burj al-Arab in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), features a large collection of Versace furniture and beddings in its expensive and lavish rooms. Plans for the Palazzo Versace Dubai were announced in May 2005. While the Versace Group is not as financially robust as it was in its earlier and peak stages, the Versace Group has publicly made clear that Donatella and Allegra Versace will hopefully bring new life to the Versace label.

Gucci

How old was George Gershwin when he died?

Fashion designer Versace shot dead: from the archive, 16 July 1997 | From the Guardian | The Guardian Share on Messenger Close The fashion guru and tycoon Gianni Versace , founder of one of haute couture's most flamboyant and renowned empires, was shot dead outside his villa in Miami Beach yesterday morning in what police believe was a carefully planned murder. The chief of Miami Beach police, Richard Barreto, said: "I believe that he was targeted," but refused to confirm a rumour that a contract had been put out on Versace's life. By last night, the FBI had launched a huge manhunt for the killer, a white male in his twenties who walked up and shot Versace twice in the head at point-blank range. The designer was opening the gate to the villa after returning from buying an Italian newspaper at a favourite local restaurant, the News Cafe. Only days ago, Versace, aged 50, was being showered with praise for his latest collection at the Paris show, acknowledging applause from the catwalk flanked by supermodels. Yesterday, there were pools of blood on the pavement outside his elegant villa after the shooting at 9am. Mr Barreto indicated that the handgun used in the murder had been sent for examination. Asked if there was anyone else in the villa at the time of the murder, he said: "My information is that he was alone." He refused to comment on a local rumour that there had been an unspecified "incident" involving Versace outside his home two nights ago. An eyewitness, Eddie Biachi, said: "There were two shots fired in his head. The police came very fast; they were trying to help him, revive him." A surgeon, Phillip Villanueva, said Versace had been shot in the back of the head. Al Boza, a police spokesman, said Versace had been opening the gate to his home on Ocean Drive when he was approached by a "white male, aged about 25, wearing a grey T-shirt, black backpack and black shorts, and a white hat ... who shot him at point-blank range". Local television reports said the man's clothing had been dumped in a nearby garage and had been recovered for analysis by police. Witnesses said the killer got into a vehicle which looked like a taxi. The driver has not been found. There were three theories last night: a killing by a jealous, obsessed maniac; a contract killing, either the result of a love affair or professional relationship turned sour; or by the Mafia or some other criminal mob. There had been no sign of any overt threat to Versace, at least none that was recorded by police in the United States or Italy . The nature of the murder suggests that the killer either knew Versace personally or had "staked him out". Versace, the first of Italy's leading designers to confirm that he was gay, went into the fashion business 25 years ago, setting up his own house with his sister Donatella. There had been tensions recently over succession within the vast company. Despite becoming more reclusive, Versace was a popular figure on the social circuit of Ocean Drive's "beautiful people" and entertained his friends frequently and in style. His elegant, three-storey mock-Spanish villa was a landmark on the fashion circuit, although in a quiet stretch of Ocean Drive, away from the hotels and the famous Art Deco strip. Versace had clothed the world's best-known women, including Princess Diana, who "relaunched" herself recently as a glamour queen in Vanity Fair magazine wearing a dress from his latest collection. She said yesterday she was "devastated" by the news of his death. In Versace's native Italy, the news provoked disbelief and concern over what could emerge from the police inquiry. The Milan fashion business is pivotal to the success of one of the world's biggest textile industries and its good name has been sullied twice recently. Last May, Versace's brother, Santo, was convicted of bribery along with two of Italy's leading designers. In 1995, Maurizio Gucci, of the luggage-to-frocks luxury goods dynasty, was shot dead outside his office in Milan. His wife, Patrizia Reggiani Martinelli, was arrested and charged with ordering his murder earlier this year. As Versace acknowledged in an interview two years ago, there have been rumours - vigorously denied by the family - that the company founded to market his creations had underworld links. In 1995, the Independent on Sunday paid substantial damages for what it admitted were libels about his business practices. Yesterday, many Italians noted privately that the shots to the back of Versace's neck were typical of an underworld hit. Fellow designers expressed incredulity. "The news of Gianni Versace's death has left me in a state of shock," said Giorgio Armani. "My reaction is one of revolt against such an unnatural and violent death." Versace's murderer, Andrew Cunanan , shot himself in the head when cornered by Miami police in a houseboat three miles from the murder scene. The gun he used was the same he shot Versace with eight days earlier. He had killed four other men in a killing spree which had started in April 1997.

i don't know

Who was the first black man to receive the Nobel Peace Prize?

The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000 Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-2000 by Geir Lundestad * Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, 1990 - Introduction This article is intended to serve as a basic survey of the history of the Nobel Peace Prize during its first 100 years. Since all the 107 Laureates selected from 1901 to 2000 are to be mentioned, the emphasis will be on facts and names. At the same time, however, I shall try to deal with two central questions about the Nobel Peace Prize. First, why does the Peace Prize have the prestige it actually has? Second, what explains the nature of the historical record the Norwegian Nobel Committee has established over these 100 years? There are more than 300 peace prizes in the world. None is in any way as well known and as highly respected as the Nobel Peace Prize. The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, to cite just one example, states that the Nobel Peace Prize is "The world's most prestigious prize awarded for the 'preservation of peace'." Personally, I think there are many reasons for this prestige: the long history of the Peace Prize; the fact that it belongs to a family of prizes, i.e. the Nobel family, where all the family members benefit from the relationship; the growing political independence of the Norwegian Nobel Committee; the monetary value of the prize, particularly in the early and in the most recent years of its history. In this context, however, I am going to concentrate on the historical record of the Nobel Peace Prize. In my opinion, the prize would never have enjoyed the kind of position it has today had it not been for the decent, even highly respectable, record the Norwegian Nobel Committee has established in its selections over these 100 years. One important element of this record has been the committee's broad definition of peace, enough to take in virtually any relevant field of peace work. On the second point, the selections of the Norwegian Nobel Committee reflected the insights primarily of the committee members and secondarily of its secretaries and advisors. But, on a deeper level, they also generally reflected Norwegian definitions of the broader, Western values of an idealist, the often slightly left-of-center kind, but rarely so far left that the choices were not acceptable to Western liberal-internationalist opinion in general. The Norwegian government did not determine the choices of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, but these choices reflected the same mixture of idealism and realism that characterized Norwegian, and Scandinavian, foreign policy in general. As we shall see, some of the most controversial choices occurred when the Norwegian Nobel Committee suddenly awarded prizes to rather hard-line realist politicians. Nobel's Will and the Peace Prize When Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896, it was discovered that he had left a will, dated November 27, 1895, according to which most of his vast wealth was to be used for five prizes, including one for peace. The prize for peace was to be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding of peace congresses." The prize was to be awarded "by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting." Nobel left no explanation as to why the prize for peace was to be awarded by a Norwegian committee while the other four prizes were to be handled by Swedish committees. On this point, therefore, we are dealing only with educated inferences. These are some of the most likely ones: Nobel, who lived most of his life abroad and who wrote his will at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, may have been influenced by the fact that, until 1905, Norway was in union with Sweden. Since the scientific prizes were to be awarded by the most competent, i.e. Swedish, committees at least the remaining prize for peace ought to be awarded by a Norwegian committee. Nobel may have been aware of the strong interest of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) in the peaceful solution of international disputes in the 1890s. He might have in fact, considered Norway a more peace-oriented and more democratic country than Sweden. Finally, Nobel may have been influenced by his admiration for Norwegian fiction, particularly by the author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , who was a well-known peace activist in the 1890s. Or it may have been a combination of all these factors. While there was a great deal of controversy surrounding Nobel's will in Sweden and that of the role of the designated prize-awarding institutions, certainly including the fact that the rebellious Norwegians were to award the Peace Prize, the Norwegian Storting quickly accepted its role as awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize. On April 26, 1897, a month after it had received formal notification from the executors of the will, the Storting voted to accept the responsibility, more than a year before the designated Swedish bodies took similar action. It was to take three years of various legal actions before the first Nobel Prizes could actually be awarded. 1901-1913: The Peace Prize to the Organized Peace Movement Although there was nothing in the statutes that prevented the Storting from naming international members, the members of the Nobel Committee of the Storting (as the committee was called until 1977) have all been Norwegians from the very beginning. They were selected by the Storting to reflect the strengths of the various parties, but the members elected their own chairman. From December 1901 and until his death in 1922, Jørgen Løvland was the chairman of the Nobel Committee. He was one of the leaders of the Venstre (Left) party and served briefly as Foreign Minister (1905-1907), and then as Prime Minister (1907-1908). A majority of the five committee members in this period consistently represented that party. Initially, Venstre represented a broad democratic-nationalist coalition, emphasizing universal suffrage, first for men, later for women, and independence from Sweden. The party strongly wanted to isolate Norway from Great Power politics; not only did it want Norway's full independence, but also some form of guaranteed permanent neutrality, based on the Swiss model. Yet at the same time, the party had a definite interest in international peace work in the form of mediation, arbitration and the peaceful solution of disputes. Small countries, certainly including Norway, were to show the world the way from Great Power politics to a world based on law and norms. Norwegian parliamentarians, particularly from Venstre, took a strong interest in the Inter-Parliamentary Union formed in 1889. After Switzerland, Norway was the first country to pledge an annual contribution, first for its general operations (1895), and then for its office in Bern (1897). Norway was to have hosted the Union's conference in 1893, but because of the tense situation vis-à-vis Sweden the conference in Oslo was held only in 1899. These same liberal politicians were also highly sympathetic to the peace groups and societies that sprang up in many countries in the last decades of the 1800s, groups which starting in 1889 were internationally organized in the more or less annual Universal Peace Congress. The Permanent International Peace Bureau, founded in 1891 in Bern, became the international headquarters of this popular movement. (The movement long struggled with difficult finances, despite small fixed annual grants from Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway.) A third element in the peace work of this period was the more official movement, culminating in the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, called by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, to the enormous surprise of the governments of most other major powers. (The tsar was never seriously considered for the Peace Prize.) Those few members of the Nobel Committee who did not represent Venstre tended to be jurists who took a special interest in building peace through international law, a desire shared by Venstre. Thus, former conservative Prime Minister and law professor Francis Hagerup was a committee member from 1907 to 1920. He was also chairman of the Norwegian delegation to the second Hague Conference in 1907. With this composition of the Nobel Committee in mind, the list of the Nobel Laureates for the years 1901 to 1914 comes as no big surprise. Of the 19 prizes awarded during this period, only two went to persons who did not represent the Inter-Parliamentary Union, popular peace groups or the international legal tradition. The first two elements may also be said to have reflected the point in Nobel's will about the prize being awarded for "the holding and promotion of peace congresses." The first prize in 1901 was awarded to Frédéric Passy (and Jean Henry Dunant ). Passy was an obvious choice for the first prize since he had been one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress. He was himself the leader of the French peace movement. In his own person, he thus brought together the two branches of the international organized peace movement, the parliamentary one and the broader peace societies. In 1902, the Peace Prize was awarded to Élie Ducommun , veteran peace advocate and the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau, and to Charles Albert Gobat , first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and who later became Secretary General of the International Peace Bureau. (In 1906-1908 Gobat coordinated both groups, further underlining the close relationship between them.) In 1903 the prize went to William Randal Cremer , the "first father" of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. In 1889, Bertha von Suttner had published her anti-war novel Lay Down Your Arms. After that, she was drawn into the international peace movement. She undoubtedly exercised considerable influence on Alfred Nobel, whom she had known since 1876, when he later decided to include the Peace Prize as one of the five prizes mentioned in his will. In 1905, she was awarded the Peace Prize, the first woman to receive such a distinction. Her supporters strongly felt that the prize had come too late, since she had had such an influence on Nobel. In 1907, the prize was awarded to Ernesto Teodoro Moneta , a key leader of the Italian peace movement. In 1908, the prize was divided between Fredrik Bajer , the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau, and Klas Pontus Arnoldson , founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League. In 1910, the Permanent International Peace Bureau itself received the prize. In 1911, Alfred Hermann Fried , founder of the German Peace Society, leading peace publisher/educator and a close collaborator, shared it with Tobias Michael Carel Asser . In 1913, Henri La Fontaine was the first socialist to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was head of the International Peace Bureau from 1907 until his death in 1943. He was also active in the Inter-Parliamentary Union. International legal work for peace represented the third road to the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1904, the Institute of International Law , the first organization or institution to receive the Peace Prize, was honored for its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law. In 1907, Louis Renault , leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, shared the Peace Prize with Ernesto Teodoro Moneta . In 1909, the prize was shared between Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet, Baron d’Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque , who combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration, and Auguste Marie François Beernaert , former Belgian Prime Minister, representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Like d'Estournelles and Renault, Beernaert was also a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Thus, few if any of the Laureates summed up the different stands of the early peace movement in the way Beernaert did. The Laureate of 1911, Tobias Michael Carel Asser, was also a member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law. When America's Elihu Root received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912, he had served both as U.S. Secretary of War and Secretary of State. But he was awarded the prize primarily for his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court, which was finally established in 1920. Jean Henry Dunant (1901) and Theodore Roosevelt (1906) are the two Laureates who clearly fall outside any of the categories mentioned so far. Dunant, who founded the International Red Cross in 1863, had been more or less forgotten until a campaign secured him several international prizes, including the first Nobel Peace Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee thus established a broad definition of peace, arguing that even humanitarian work embodied "the fraternity between nations" that Nobel had referred to in his will. Roosevelt was the twenty-sixth president of the United States and the first in a long series of statesmen to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He received the prize for his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case. Internationally, however, he was best known for a rather bellicose posture, which certainly included the use of force. It is known that both the secretary and the relevant adviser of the Nobel Committee at that time were highly critical of an award to Roosevelt. It is thus tempting to speculate that the American president was honored at least in part because Norway, as a new state on the international arena, "needed a large, friendly neighbor - even if he is far away," as one Norwegian newspaper put it. Even if, or perhaps rather because, the prize to Roosevelt was controversial, it did in some ways constitute a breakthrough in international media interest in the Nobel Peace Prize. 1914-1918: The First World War and the Red Cross The First World War signified the collapse of the peaceful world which so many of the peace activists honored by the Nobel Peace Prize had worked so hard to establish. During the war, the number of nominations for the prize diminished somewhat, although a substantial number was still put forward. During the difficult war years, the Nobel Committee in neutral Norway decided to award no prize, except the one in 1917 to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The ICRC had been established in 1863 as a Swiss committee; the preceding year, the Convention for the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (the Geneva Convention) had been signed. During the First World War, the ICRC undertook the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides, including their right to establish contacts with their families. 1919-1939: The League of Nations and the Work for Peace In the 1920s, Venstre's domination of the Nobel Committee continued even after the death of Jørgen Løvland and despite the choice of Conservative law professor Fredrik Stang (1922-1941) as the new chairman of the committee and the inclusion of Labor party historian Halvdan Koht in 1919. Old-timers Hans Jakob Horst and Bernhard Hanssen served on the committee from 1901 to 1931 and from 1913 to 1939, respectively. They were joined by Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (1925-1936) who meanwhile served as both Norway's Prime Minister and Foreign Minister during three separate periods. In the 1930s, the membership of the committee became more mixed, but the Venstre members now maintained the balance between more conservative and social democratic members. Still, during the period from 1919 to 1939, the growing political tension within the committee and the presence of certain stubborn individuals, resulted in as many as nine "irregular" years, when either no prize was awarded or it was awarded one year late, compared to only one such year in the period from 1901 to 1913. After the First World War, Norway became a member of the League of Nations. This break with the past was smaller than it might seem. In the Storting, 20 members, largely Social Democrats, voted against membership. Even most of the 100 who voted in favor came to insist on the right to withdraw from the sanctions regime of the League in case of war. Norway basically still perceived itself as a neutral state. The old ideals of mediation, arbitration, and the establishment of international legal norms definitely survived, only slightly tempered by the experiences of the war and the membership in the League. Yet at the same time, some states and some statesmen were definitely regarded as better than others. Most Norwegian foreign policy leaders felt closest to Great Britain and the United States, despite significant fishery disputes with the former and the geographical distance and isolationism of the latter. At least eight of the 21 Laureates in the period from 1919 to 1939 had a clear connection with the League of Nations. For the Nobel Committee the League came to represent the enhancement of the Inter-Parliamentary Union tradition from before 1914. In 1919, the Peace Prize was awarded to the President of the United States, Thomas Woodrow Wilson for his crucial role in establishing the League. Wilson had been nominated by many, including Venstre Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen. In a certain sense the prize to Wilson was obvious; what still made it controversial, also among committee members, was that the League was part of the Versailles Treaty, which was regarded as diverging from the president's own ideal of "peace without victory." The prize in 1920 to Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois , a prominent French politician and peace activist, showed the continuity between the pre-1914 peace movement and the League. Bourgeois had participated in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907; in 1918-1919 he pushed for what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its "spiritual father." Swedish Social Democratic leader Karl Hjalmar Branting had also done long service for peace, but was particularly honored in 1921 with the Peace Prize for his work in the League of Nations. His fellow Laureate, Norway's Christian Lous Lange , the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, had been the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union since 1909 and had done important work in keeping the Union alive even during the war. After the war he was active in the League until his death in 1938. In 1922, the Norwegian Nobel Committee honored another Norwegian, Fridtjof Nansen , for his humanitarian work in Russia, which was done outside the League, but even more importantly for his work on behalf of the League to repatriate a great number of prisoners of war. From 1921, he was the League's High Commissioner for Refugees. The refugee problem proved rather intractable. The Nansen International Office for Refugees was authorized by the League in 1930 and was closed only in 1938. For its work, it received that year's Nobel Peace Prize. In 1934, British Labour leader Arthur Henderson received the Peace Prize for his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament. No single individual was more closely identified with the League from its beginning to its end than Viscount Cecil of Chelwood who was honored with the prize in 1937. Only Koht's threat of resignation from the committee prevented the Peace Prize from being awarded directly to the League of Nations. In 1924, the committee even discussed awarding the prize to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. In the years 1919-1939, the Nobel Committee also continued to honor the less official workers for peace. Since the peace societies of the pre-1914 period had lost most of their importance, this category of Laureates was now considerably more mixed than it had been in the earlier period. The clearest connection to the past was found in the shared prize for 1927 to Ludwig Quidde and Ferdinand Buisson . Buisson had joined his first peace society as early as 1867 and he had also been active in the Inter-Parliamentary Union, while the younger Quidde had joined the German Peace Society in 1892. In 1927, they were honored for their contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation. In 1930, Lars Olof Nathan Söderblom was the first church leader to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace. In 1931, Jane Addams was honored for her social reform work, but even more for establishing in 1919, and then leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Sharing the prize with Jane Addams was Nicholas Murray Butler , president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, promoter of the Briand-Kellogg pact and leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement. Sir Norman Angell , who received the Peace Prize for 1933, had written his famous book The Great Illusion as early as 1910. In the book he argued that war did not pay, not that it was impossible as it was frequently understood to have stated. In the inter-war years, he was a strong supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist/educator for peace in general. The most clear-cut representative in this period of the legal tradition to limit or even end war was the former American Secretary of State, Frank Billings Kellogg . He was awarded the 1929 Peace Prize for the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy. While Theodore Roosevelt and, to a lesser extent, Elihu Root, were the only prominent international politicians to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in the years before 1914, at least five prominent politicians in addition to Kellogg were to be so honored between 1919 and 1939. In 1926 alone, the Nobel Committee actually awarded the reserved prize for 1925 to Vice President Charles Gates Dawes of the United States and Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain of Great Britain and the 1926 prize to Foreign Minister Aristide Briand of France and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann of Germany. Dawes was responsible for the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925, under which Germany accepted its western borders as final. The four prizes reflected recognition of the changed international political climate, particularly between Germany and France, which Locarno helped bring about. It was probably also an effort by the committee to strengthen Norway's relations with the four international powers that mattered most for its interests. In 1936, the prize was awarded to Argentine Foreign Minister Carlos Saavedra Lamas for his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia. Lamas also played a significant role in the League of Nations. The most controversial award of the inter-war period was undoubtedly the one for 1935 to Carl von Ossietzky , the anti-militarist German journalist held by the Nazis in a concentration camp who had become an important international symbol for the struggle against Germany's rearmament. The prospect of a prize to Ossietzky led to the withdrawal from the committee of both Koht, at that time Norway's Foreign Minister, and Mowinckel, who served several times as Prime Minister. This was done to establish a separation between Norway as a state and the Norwegian Nobel Committee. At least Koht was also skeptical of the choice of Ossietzky as a Laureate. This was the first such withdrawal in the committee's history. The Storting then decided that no government minister could serve on the committee while in office. Hitler's reaction to the award was strong. He issued an order under which no German could receive any of the Nobel Prizes. (This affected two Chemistry Laureates, Richard Kuhn in 1938 and Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt in 1939 and Medicine Laureate Gerhard Domagk in 1939.) Ossietzky was not permitted to go to Oslo to receive the prize; he was transferred to a private sanatorium, but died 17 months later. The prize to Ossietzky illustrated how controversy could be combined with prestige for the prize, although this became much clearer over time than it was in 1936. 1940-1945: The Second World War and Another Prize to the Red Cross On April 9, 1940, Germany attacked Norway and two months later the entire country was occupied. The Norwegian government fled to London. Committee meetings were actually held during the first years of the war, but from 1943 with the committee members scattered, no further meetings were held. The early meetings focused on non-prize business. By underlining the Swedish nature of the Nobel Foundation, the Nobel Committee in Oslo escaped a German takeover of its Institute building. No Peace Prize had been awarded for 1939 since the war had broken out well before the prize was normally announced. Later, during the war virtually no nominations came in. When the committee was able to meet again after the war, it decided to give the Peace Prize for 1944 to the International Committee of the Red Cross , the same Laureate as in 1917, with much the same reasoning. In the darkest hour the ICRC had "held aloft the fundamental conceptions of the solidarity of the human race." In so doing it had promoted the "fraternity between nations" which Nobel had referred to in his will. 1945-1966: The Cold War and the United Nations In 1945, Norway joined the United Nations with considerable enthusiasm. There was little of the division and hesitancy that had characterized Norway's policy toward the League of Nations. The German attack on Norway had destroyed most of the earlier confidence in neutrality; so when the Cold War began and Norway felt it had to make a choice between East and West it definitely chose the West, first in the form of the Marshall Plan and then NATO. Norway became quite a loyal member of NATO, but remnants of the more traditional attitudes could be found in the policy of no foreign troops and no atomic weapons on Norwegian soil, in its negative attitude toward European and even Nordic integration and in a lingering skepticism toward Great Power politics and arms build-ups. The idealist component in Norwegian foreign policy now moved away from arbitration and mediation and more toward arms control and disarmament, aid to poor countries, and, increasingly, questions of human rights, certainly including those in Allied countries. From 1945 to 1965 the Labor party dominated Norwegian politics. From 1949 to 1965 it also held a majority on the Nobel Committee, but the three Labor members rarely behaved as a group, since two were strongly Western-oriented (Martin Tranmæl and Aase Lionæs) and one was more neutral (Gustav Natvig Pedersen). The chairman of the committee from 1942, in effect from 1945 to 1966, Gunnar Jahn, was a stubborn Venstre politician; the Conservative leader C.J. Hambro was equally stubborn and had strong links back to the inter-war years. From 1949 to 1964 membership on the committee remained entirely unchanged. Again, tension within the committee was one strong factor behind the large number of years with no prize or postponed prizes (eight) during this period. Of the 20 prizes awarded in this period, nine were in some way or other related to the United Nations, thus reflecting both the strong Norwegian support for the organization as such and the continuation of the long committee line going back to the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the League of Nations. Long-time U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was given the 1945 award primarily for his, and America's, strong leadership in the creation of the UN. In 1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin was honored as the founding director-general of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization, the first scientist to win the Peace Prize, not for his scientific discoveries as such, but for the way in which they were employed to "promote cooperation between nations." In 1950 the prize went to Ralph Bunche , the principal secretary of the UN Palestine Commission, for his mediation of the 1949 armistice between the warring parties. Bunche was also the first black person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. More loosely connected to the UN, in 1951 veteran French and international labor leader Léon Jouhaux was the recipient of the Peace Prize. He had helped found the International Labor Organization in 1919 and had been active in the League of Nations. After the war he was a French delegate to the UN General Assembly. In 1954 the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , established in 1951, was honored, thereby underlining the long-standing interest of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the question of refugees. The Peace Prize in 1957 to Canada's Lester Bowles Pearson was given primarily for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations. As Foreign Minister of Canada he had become one of the leading UN statesmen of his period. In 1961, the prize was awarded to the second Secretary General of the UN, Dag Hammarskjöld , for strengthening the organization. Hammarskjöld is the only person to have received the prize posthumously, a few months after his death in a plane crash in the Congo; the Nobel statutes were later changed to make a posthumous prize virtually impossible. (In 1965 and 1966 a majority of the committee clearly favored giving the prize to the third Secretary General, U Thant, and even to the first, Norway's Trygve Lie, but chairman Jahn more or less vetoed this.) The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) , established by the UN General Assembly in 1946, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1965. Most of the politicians who were given prizes related to the UN combined their UN work with a clear Western orientation in the Cold War. This went for Hull, Bunche, Jouhaux, and Pearson and, to a lesser extent, also Hammarskjöld. In this period no Communist politician was ever seriously considered for the prize. (Soviet diplomat and feminist Alexandra Kollontay was discussed in 1946-1947, but quickly rejected.) A whole series of Indians - Gandhi and Nehru, but also other politicians, philosophers and scholars - were considered, but all were found wanting in one way or another. Still the committee was reluctant to give the prize to politicians who were seen as too exclusively Western in their orientation. The only exception was George Catlett Marshall , Peace Laureate of 1953. Marshall's name was of course closely linked with the famous Marshall Plan, but the Cold War nature of his work was played down by the committee in favor of his role during the Second World War and his humanitarian work in general. During this period too, the Norwegian Nobel Committee continued to honor individuals and organizations that had worked to strengthen the ethical underpinnings of peace. At least four of the awards fall under this category: the 1946 joint awards to Emily Greene Balch , co-founder and long-time leader of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the acknowledged dean of the American peace movement, and to John Raleigh Mott , long-time executive of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and world ecumenical leader working for peace on the basis of the Bible. Thus, Balch followed closely in the footsteps of Jane Addams and Mott somewhat less closely than in those of Nathan Söderblom. In 1947 the prize went to two arms of the Quaker movement, the Friends Service Council in Britain and the American Friends Service Committee , for their work for social justice and peace, certainly including their relief work during and after the Second World War. The humanitarian category of Peace Prize Laureates was well established through the prizes to Dunant, the two to the ICRC, to Nansen and to the Nansen Office. In this period it could be argued that at least in part, the prizes to Mott and to the Quakers and certainly the prize to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees fell in this category. Another clear-cut example was the prize for 1952 to Albert Schweitzer , the well-known medical missionary in Gabon who had started his work there as early as 1913. Schweitzer's ethical philosophy rested on the concept of "reverence for life." In the same category was the prize in 1958 to Georges Pire , Dominican priest and theologian, honored for his work on behalf of European refugees and even more for the spirit that animated his work. On the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Red Cross, the 1963 prize was divided between the Swiss International Committee of the Red Cross and the international League of Red Cross Societies , representing the two major arms of the Red Cross movement. Neither was the disarmament category a new one. Possibly the prizes to Suttner and Arnoldson (who had favored an appeal stating, among other things, that "I want all armed forces to be abolished") and certainly to Henderson and Ossietzky could be seen as falling in this category. The continuity with the past was most clearly seen in the award in 1959 to Philip J. Noel-Baker . Noel-Baker had helped found both the League of Nations and the United Nations. His special interest was still disarmament and he had participated in the League's Conference on Disarmament in 1932. With the introduction of nuclear weapons, his work for disarmament became even more insistent. The biggest surprise in this category was the prize for 1962, awarded in 1963, to Linus Carl Pauling . Pauling had won the Nobel Chemistry Prize in 1954 , but he then became increasingly preoccupied with the hazards of the nuclear arms race. He worked hard to bring about a test-ban treaty and the respect accorded him was strengthened by the signing of the partial test-ban treaty of 1963. Still, in many American circles Pauling was considered to harbor pro-Communist sympathies. The Western-oriented majority of the Norwegian Nobel Committee was actually against giving him the prize. What secured him the prize was chairman Jahn's threat to resign from the committee unless Pauling got it. Jahn, too, had become increasingly preoccupied with the danger of nuclear weapons. One important category of Peace Prize Laureates was fully established in this period - those who worked for human rights. Some of the earlier Laureates had touched upon elements of human rights, although they had been primarily honored for other contributions. This went for Buisson, founder of the French League of the Rights of Man, Ossietzky, honored also for his right to speak out on the armament question, and Jouhaux, champion of economic and social rights. The first definite human rights prize was probably still the one for 1960 to Albert John Lutuli . The Zulu chief had been elected president-general of the African National Congress in 1952 and held this position until his death in 1967. He was thus in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, a struggle which was receiving added international attention after the Sharpville massacre of March 1960. In a period when the ANC was about to change its tactics, Lutuli stood explicitly for non-violence. The Peace Prize to Lutuli is also often seen as signaling a change in the selection of Laureates in a more global direction. (More about this shortly.) In 1964 American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. received the Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle against segregation, the American version of apartheid. 1967-1989: The Cold War and the Globalization of the Prize In the mid-1960s the membership of the Norwegian Nobel Committee changed. The Labor party lost its majority in 1965, and Jahn retired at the end of 1966. Labor held the chairmanship under Nils Langhelle (1967), Aase Lionæs (1968-1978), the first woman leader, and John Sanness (1979-1981). Lionæs had become a member of the committee as early as 1949; she was in fact the only woman on the committee until 1979. She was also the only one of the pre-1965 members continuing on the committee. Lionæs had tried to secure the Peace Prize for Eleanor Roosevelt, but failed; in general she did not particularly push female candidates. The non-Socialist majority held the chairmanship under conservative Bernt Ingvaldsen (1967) and Egil Aarvik (1983-1990) of the Christian People's Party, but it too rarely acted in unison. So, as in the earlier period, personal views were more important than party loyalties. In this period there were only three irregular prizes. After 1965 political power fluctuated between Labor and non-socialist governments, but differences between the major parties were small on most foreign policy questions, with the primary exception of the very divisive issue of Norwegian membership in the European Community. In the Middle East, traditionally strong sympathies for Israel were increasingly balanced by a growing understanding of the Palestinian/Arab cause. Support for the UN remained very strong; the same was the case with backing for NATO, although the Vietnam war was to accelerate a more critical attitude to the United States, particularly among youth and the increasingly important women groups. Impatience with the limited results achieved in arms control and disarmament, particularly on the nuclear side, was growing. On the Norwegian Nobel Committee this impatience was reflected in Chairman Aarvik's personal views. Norway's interest in human rights in most corners of the world was clearly also rising. In this period four prizes were awarded to UN-related activities. In 1968, during the UN International Rights Year, and exactly twenty years after the approval by the UN General Assembly of the Declaration of Human Rights, René Cassin received the Peace Prize. Cassin was generally considered the father of the declaration, but had also served as vice-president and then as president of the European Court of Human Rights. (He had also been a French delegate to the League of Nations.) In 1969 the International Labour Organization (ILO) was honored. ILO was established in 1919 and it was the only organization associated with the League of Nations to outlive it; as a specialized agency of the UN, its work rested on the principle that peace had to be based on social justice. In 1981, on its thirtieth anniversary, the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees received its second Peace Prize. Norway as a country had long made the largest per capita contribution of any country to this UN office. In 1988 the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces were honored. There was a strong feeling that as the Cold War was coming to an end, the UN ought to become more important and that this would be reflected in a new role for peacekeeping. In addition, the 1982 Peace Prize to Sweden's Alva Myrdal and Mexico's Alfonso García Robles could be considered at least in part a UN prize, since much of their disarmament work had been done in various UN negotiations. Again no Communist politician was awarded the Peace Prize. Instead the human rights prizes to the Soviet dissident, and one-time creator of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov in 1975, to Polish labor leader Lech Walesa in 1983, and to the 14th Dalai Lama in Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso , in 1989, the year of the Tiananmen Square massacre, were severely criticized by the Communist leadership in the three countries involved. Again the neutralist movement as such went unrecognized. On the Western side, German Chancellor Willy Brandt received the prize in 1971 for his Ostpolitik, an effort to bring East and West Germany, as well as Eastern and Western Europe, closer together. Brandt had spent the years from 1933 to 1945 in exile in Norway and Sweden, had excellent connections with Norwegian politicians and spoke perfect Norwegian. In 1974 former Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato received the Peace Prize for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation. Sato was the first Asian to accept the Peace Prize, to the surprise of many in that part of the world, including even in Japan, who saw him as a rather conventional politician. In 1973 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to US National Security Adviser and Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger and North Vietnamese leader and negotiator Le Duc Tho for the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces. This award is definitely the most controversial one in the history of the Nobel Peace Prize. Le Duc Tho declined the Peace Prize, the only person to have done so, since there was still no peace agreement. Kissinger did not come to Oslo to receive the prize in person and soon indicated he wanted to return it, but was told the statutes did not permit this; two of the committee members resigned after it had become known that there had been disagreement and that they had in fact been against the award. (They supported Brazilian archbishop Helder Camara, who received a Norwegian people's prize instead.) Public reaction to the prize, both in Norway and internationally, was largely negative. The 1973 controversy may have influenced the Storting to establish a new precedent under which the legislators themselves could no longer be members of the newly re-named Norwegian Nobel Committee. The members now tended to be either ex-politicians or persons not so explicitly connected with party politics. The most important reason behind the change, however, was a general desire to distinguish more clearly between the Storting itself and the non-parliamentary committees it appointed. Regional crises represented nothing new in the Cold War. The Nobel Committee had previously awarded prizes to those who had worked to solve such crises, whether this be the crucial Franco-German conflict or the war between Paraguay and Bolivia. With the Cold War and the end of Western colonial rule over large parts of the world, such crises took on added prominence, also for the Nobel Committee. The situation in the Middle East was particularly difficult. In 1950 Ralph Bunche and in 1957 Lester Pearson had received the Peace Prize for their efforts there. In 1978, Egyptian President Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin were honored for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel. This agreement too, proved controversial. Only Begin came to Oslo to receive the award. A technicality prevented the American president, Jimmy Carter, from being the third Laureate; the committee actually wanted to include him, but he had not been nominated when the deadline expired on February 1 of that year. In Western Europe the situation in Northern Ireland represented the bloodiest ethnic-national conflict. The Peace Prize for 1976 was awarded to Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan for their efforts to end that conflict through a popular mobilization against violence. In Norway the Nobel Committee was strongly criticized for being late in recognizing the two women; they had in fact been given a Norwegian people's peace prize before the Nobel one. In 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez , Costa Rica's president, was honored for his leadership in having the five presidents of Central America sign a peace agreement for the area. Both of these awards could be seen as the intervention of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in conflicts where progress toward peace had definitely been made, but conflicts had been far from resolved. The committee clearly hoped that the prize itself would provide an added impetus for peace. This effect was very limited in Northern Ireland, but more significant in Central America, although it still took years before all the many conflicts there were more or less resolved. On the issue of arms control and disarmament, referred to as "the reduction of standing armies" in Nobel's will, the Nobel Committee, by general Western standards, again proved relatively radical. This was seen in the 1982 Peace Prize to Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles, but even more clearly in the 1985 prize to International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) . The committee had been so impressed by the cooperation between Soviet and American physicians within the IPPNW that it explicitly invited founders Evgeny Chazov and Bernard Lown to receive the award on behalf of the organization. Conservatives in West Germany, Britain, and the United States particularly criticized the committee's decision. (So did former committee chair Lionæs.) In this, as in other periods, some humanitarians were also honored. Somewhat in the tradition of Boyd Orr, Norman Borlaug , an American of Norwegian descent, was selected in 1970 for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America. In 1979 Mother Teresa received the prize. She came from a family of Catholic Albanians, but lived most of her life in Calcutta, working for the poorest of the poor through her order, the Missionaries of Charity. Among the more general peace advocates in this period, several have already been mentioned: Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan, Alva Myrdal and the Dalai Lama. The best example was perhaps still the 1986 Laureate, Elie Wiesel . Wiesel was a Jewish survivor of the Holocaust and had become the leading interpreter of the relevance of this event for contemporary generations. Human rights represented the fastest growing field of interest for the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The awards to the ILO and the Dalai Lama and, even more, to René Cassin, Andrei Sakharov and Lech Walesa have already been mentioned. In 1974, Seán MacBride shared the prize with Eisaku Sato. MacBride had a multi-faceted background, but was honored primarily for his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists. In 1977 the prize was awarded to Amnesty International itself. Founded in 1961, it was an increasingly important organization aimed particularly at protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience. In 1980 the Argentinian human rights activist Adolfo Peréz Esquivel was honored. Esquivel had founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country. His message was also seen as relevant for much of the rest of Latin America. The apartheid regime in South Africa continued to preoccupy the Nobel Committee and the Norwegian public. In 1984 Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu was recognized for his non-violent struggle to bring apartheid to an end. The South African government strongly disliked the award, as it had Lutuli's, but again it let the Laureate travel to Oslo to receive it. It was only in this period that the Nobel Peace Prize became truly global in its approach. The first Peace Prize to a person not from Europe and North America had been the one to Lamas in 1936. The next one was Lutuli's in 1960. Yet, even Lutuli's prize did not really signal an unmistakable trend, since only from the 1970s onwards did the Nobel Committee regularly award Asians (Le Duc Tho, Eisaku Sato, the Dalai Lama, in a sense also Mother Teresa), Africans (Anwar Sadat, Desmond Tutu) and Latin Americans (Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Alfonso García Robles, Oscar Arias Sánchez). Thus, in the 1970s and 1980s there were as many Laureates from Africa, Asia, and Latin America combined as from North America and Western Europe combined. (In addition there were Andrei Sakharov and Lech Walesa from Eastern Europe and Menachem Begin from Israel.) One may ask why it took the Norwegian Nobel Committee so long to recognize persons from these other continents. The answer has several elements. For centuries Europe and North America dominated the rest of the world. There were few other independent actors. Reflecting this, very few nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize were submitted by persons from Asia, Africa and Latin America. In addition, most Western politicians simply did not pay much attention to what was going on in these vast regions; some even considered those who lived there inferior. Such feelings certainly affected Norwegians too, probably also some of the members of the Nobel Committee. Mohandas Gandhi was, however, nominated five times and he was put on the committee's short list three times. In 1948 the committee awarded no prize; it indicated that it had found "no suitable living candidate", a reference to Gandhi. It thus seems likely that he would have been awarded the prize if he had not been assassinated in January 1948. Still, the committee had had earlier opportunities to honor the man who, in hindsight, is generally seen as the leading spokesman of non-violence in the 20th century. Under the statutes then in force, Gandhi could have been awarded even the 1948 prize, as seen by the posthumous prize awarded to Hammarskjöld in 1961. Yet, a posthumous prize was an obvious complication. Gandhi had his supporters on the committee, but the majority felt that despite his own non-violence, violence had sometimes resulted from his actions, even before the bloody division between India and Pakistan; he was also perceived as too much of an Indian nationalist. Such feelings might have been affected by Norway's traditionally very close relationship to Britain, by a rapidly growing skepticism to neutrality in the Cold War and even by a more general underestimation of individuals from "underdeveloped" parts of the world. The reaction to apartheid in South Africa after the Sharpeville massacre was to modify such underestimation, but, as we have seen, this happened rather slowly. The decolonization process in Asia and Africa certainly also had an impact. All forms of racial stereotyping were banned from civilized public discourse. The growing emphasis on human rights furthered the globalization of the prize, as did the emphasis on finding a solution to regional crises in different parts of the world. 1990 - : Pluralist Globalization Around 1990 huge changes were taking place internationally. The Cold War came to an end, with the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1989 and of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. Expectations were high for the new post-Cold War world, but it soon became obvious that an end to the Cold War did not signal the end of war and conflict. The arms race slowed down considerably, but it still continued in various parts of the world. Old conflicts lingered; many new ones arose. Human rights advanced greatly, with the emergence of new democracies in Central and Eastern Europe, in Latin America and Asia, and even in Africa, but almost half the world's population still lived under some form of dictatorship. The composition of the Norwegian Nobel Committee underwent few dramatic changes in the 1990s. The committee majority again moved left of center in terms of Norwegian politics, with the Labor party having two representatives and the Socialist Left one. After Aarvik's death in 1990, Labor's Gidske Anderson served as chair of the committee for only half a year, until illness forced her to step down. The committee chairman from 1991 to 1999, Francis Sejersted, was a Conservative professor of history. In 2000 former Labor cabinet minister Gunnar Berge became the new chairman. From 1979 the committee regularly had two women members; from 2000 it even had a female majority. In the 1990s the prize was awarded on a regular basis every year. The Norwegian Nobel Committee celebrated the end of the Cold War with the 1990 Peace Prize to Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev , President of the Soviet Union, the person who, in the Committee's opinion, had done more than any one else to bring the Cold War to an end. Encouraged by the end of the Cold War, the committee was also prepared to intervene even more frequently than before in regional conflicts around the world in the hope that the Nobel Peace Prize could not only award deeds done, but also provide an added incentive for peace. The prize in 1993 to Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk could be regarded as a success in that respect, although it came at a stage when most of the transition from apartheid to democracy had already been accomplished. In 1994, the Peace Prize was awarded to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres for the Oslo Agreement, which brought about a mutual recognition and a framework for peace between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel. The three politicians had accomplished much, but they were still far from establishing a final peace between Israelis and Palestinians. The award resulted in one member leaving the committee, the leading spokesman in Norway for the Likud party in Israel. This was the third resignation in the history of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In 1996, the prize was awarded to East Timorese leaders Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta. The tragic situation in East Timor after the Indonesian invasion in 1975 had been almost forgotten internationally. Due to the effect of the Nobel Peace Prize and, even more, of the Indonesian economic and political collapse in 1997-1998, East Timor was able to start on the road toward independence. In 1998 the committee honored Northern Irish leaders John Hume and David Trimble . Through the Good Friday Agreement of that year, the major parties to that protracted conflict agreed on the principles for its resolution, although it might take years before the agreement is fully implemented. In 2000 the Peace Prize was awarded to South Korean President Kim Dae-jung , both for his "sunshine policy" of contacts and cooperation with North Korea and his long-standing commitment to human rights in South Korea and elsewhere. The Norwegian Nobel Committee also further strengthened its somewhat radical profile within the field of arms control and disarmament. Two such prizes were awarded in the 1990s. The first one came in 1995, on the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs . Rotblat had initially worked on the Manhattan Project, which created the bombs, but had left the project to take up a life-long struggle against nuclear weapons. He had helped create the Pugwash Conferences where since 1957, scientists from the United States, the Soviet Union and many other countries had met in an effort to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in international relations. The second prize came in 1997 when the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and its coordinator, Jody Williams , were honored for their work to ban and remove anti-personnel land mines and to support the victims of such mines. In the 1990s the human rights tradition was extended by prizes to two women. In 1991 the Peace Prize was awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi , the leader of the opposition against the Burmese military regime. Her party won an overwhelming victory in the 1990 election, but she was then confined to house arrest. While her cause now came to receive broad international support, the military regime continued in power. Somewhat more controversial was the 1992 award, on the 500th anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America, to Rigoberta Menchú Tum , the Maya Indian campaigner for human, particularly indigenous, rights in Guatemala and the rest of Latin America. The humanitarian tradition was continued through the 1999 award to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - or Doctors Without Borders - for its "pioneering humanitarian efforts on several continents." The work of MSF clearly had a human rights dimension in addition to the humanitarian one. As already mentioned, the 2000 award to Kim Dae Jung also combined two traditional elements in the history of the Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize through 100 Years: Some Conclusions Thus, some lines of development can be distinguished in the almost 100 year history of the Nobel Peace Prize. First, although the Norwegian Nobel Committee never formally defined "peace," in practice it came to interpret the term ever more broadly. This approach could have its pitfalls, but avoided the danger of locking the committee into fixed categories and gave the committee flexibility to adapt to new concerns. In the early years, the emphasis was definitely on the organized peace movement and the codification of international law, but even in the very first year of the Peace Prize the first humanitarian, and five years later, the first statesman were selected. Later the balance shifted away from the organized peace movement and international jurists, although some of them continued to be selected and the category came to include church leaders and even a Holocaust interpreter. Humanitarians became more numerous, and this category came to include scientists who worked to alleviate hunger. Disarmers became more numerous too, and this category came to include those who supported limited arms control and not necessarily full disarmament. Different kinds of statesmen were awarded the Peace Prize, some for addressing global concerns, others for helping to solve regional crises, still others for the general principles they espoused. The human rights category was added to the list and gradually became perhaps the most numerous one. Second, from a slow start, the list of Laureates became increasingly global, so that by the 1970s all continents except Australia and Oceania were represented. In the nominations and correspondence to the committee, it is easy to see how a prize to one continent stimulated interest in the prize in this area. Third, although Bertha von Suttner was awarded the Peace Prize in 1905, particularly in the early decades few women were selected. In recent decades, this too has changed, although not as dramatically as the geographical distribution of the Laureates, so that by 2000 ten women have received the Nobel Peace Prize. Fourth, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has increasingly come to use the Peace Prize not only as a reward for achievements accomplished, but also as an incentive for the Laureates to achieve even more. This may be said to reflect the growing courage of the committee members or, perhaps more accurately, the increasing stature of the Nobel Peace Prize. No prize will be able to establish a "perfect" historical record, whatever that might be. Most observers will agree that the omission of Gandhi from the list of Nobel Laureates is a serious one, but it might be the only one of such a nature. There may well have been some Laureates that perhaps should not have received the prize, but still did. But there is not much of a consensus on which ones these Laureates are. Controversy is certainly no good judge in this respect. (These days, when even Mother Teresa is considered controversial by some, it may also be difficult to know what is controversial.) In historical hindsight, several of the more controversial prizes are now considered among the most successful ones (Ossietzky, Lutuli, Sakharov, the Dalai Lama, Gorbachev). On the other hand, the prize to Kissinger and Le Duc Tho shows that controversy is no guarantee of historical success. On the whole, however, after taking into consideration what a treacherous field "peace" is and also the record of the many other peace prizes, it can certainly be argued that the standing of the Nobel Peace Prize would not have been what it is if it had not been for its highly respectable record. This essay has attempted to place the history of the prize within a Norwegian context. This is natural since the committee members through these 100 years have all been Norwegians. Until 1936 they sometimes included even prominent members of the Norwegian government; until the 1970s they were frequently members of the Storting. Later they were often ex-politicians, many of them having served in prominent positions. Some of the politicians honored, from Roosevelt to Arafat, Peres and Rabin, may well have served Norwegian state interests in the sense that their selection fitted well into government policy. On the more speculative side, the non-award to Gandhi may also have been influenced by Norway's close relationship to Britain, and after the Second World War any award to the leading figures behind the movement toward European economic and political integration was clearly difficult in a country as divided on that issue as was Norway. (Brandt was only a partial exception.) On the other hand, some of the committee's selections were clearly problematic from the point of view of the Norwegian government. The best illustrations of this were probably the awards to Ossietzky and the Dalai Lama. In principle almost everyone would prefer a Nobel Committee with an international membership. In practice, however, an international committee would have faced serious problems. (What would such a committee have done during the Cold War?) The connections to Norwegian values, as well as to Norwegian politics, may be regarded as questionable for the prestige of the Peace Prize, but it may in fact have had its advantages. Thus, after the Second World War hardly any term has been and still is more popular in Norwegian foreign policy parlance than "bridge-building." While an increasingly rich Northern state firmly attached to the West and with strong sympathies for Israel, Norway has been concerned with building bridges to the East, to the South, and increasingly to the Palestinians and other Arabs. It is a separate question how realistic such attitudes are as a basis for a country's foreign policy, but as a basis for prize selections, a blend of idealism and realism may not be so bad. The values that underpinned the Nobel Peace Prize were concretely defined by Norwegians, but they were part of a wider Scandinavian and Western context. They represented the Norwegian version of Western liberal internationalism. Thus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has been a strong believer in international organizations, from the Inter-Parliamentary Union to the League of Nations and the United Nations. Organizations and rules had been employed to contain conflicts within Norway; they could also temper international strife. Small nations almost instinctively prefer international law to the might they do not possess, and they believe in the arbitration, mediation and peaceful solution of international disputes. In a similar way, the Nobel Committee believed in humanitarian assistance to the weak and the poor, in arms control and disarmament, and, more and more fervently, in human rights generally. When we look at the nationalities of the Laureates, we also get an idea of where liberal internationalism has been most strongly represented (or has been perceived by the Norwegian Nobel Committee as being most strongly represented). Virtually all of the organizations honored had clear roots in this Western ideology. Although liberal internationalism was in many ways ideally suited for smaller powers, it also had many supporters in the Great Powers. On the individual side, nineteen of the Laureates have come from the United States, representing both leading politicians - two presidents, one vice-president, five secretaries of state - and those more distant from and skeptical to the centers of power (Addams, Balch, Pauling, King, Williams); twelve have come from Great Britain, again reflecting both traditions, Austen Chamberlain and Joseph Rotblat perhaps representing the extremes; eight have been French, four have been German. Five have been Swedish (Arnoldson, Branting, Söderblom, Hammarskjöld and Myrdal). Two have been Norwegian (Lange, Nansen). Thus, perhaps, in compiling its record through these 100 years, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has actually been able to be both very Norwegian and quite international at the same time. * Published as a chapter of the book: "The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001. Geir Lundestad has been Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo and Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee since 1990. He was born in Sulitjelma, a mining community in Northern Norway, in 1945. He received his MA (Cand. philol.) in history from the University of Oslo in 1970, PhD from the University of Tromsø in 1976. Lundestad held positions at the University of Tromsø from 1974: Associate Professor of History, Professor of American Civilization 1979-88, Professor of History 1988-90. He has also been a research fellow at Harvard University (1978-79, 1983) and at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. (1988-89). While being the Director of the Nobel Institute, Lundestad is also Adjunct Professor of International History at the University of Oslo. His main publications are: The American Non-Policy Towards Eastern Europe 1943-1947 (1975), America, Scandinavia and the Cold War 1945-1949 (1980), East, West, North, South. Major Developments in International Politics since 1945. (First Norwegian Edition in 1985, later revised, Fourth Edition 1999), 'Empire' by integration: the United States and European integration 1945-1997 (1998).   First published 15 March 2001   Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/lundestad-review/index.html>

Ralph Bunche

Which golfer became only the fifth in history to win both the British and US Open championships in the same year, in 1982?

Ralph J. Bunche 1st Black To Win Nobel Prize On This Day In 1950 | News One Leave a comment 100 reads Dr. Ralph J. Bunche (pictured) achieved a few firsts as an African American, but none may be more more notable than the political scientist and academic winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. Becoming the first Black person to win the coveted award, Dr. Bunche maintained a dignified stance despite the rampant segregation he and others like him faced. SEE ALSO: Comedian, Entertainer Redd Foxx Was Born On This Day In 1922 Born Ralph Johnson Bunche on August 7, 1903, or 1904 in Detroit, his early life involved some shuffling around before settling with his family in New Mexico. As a young boy, he lost his mother and brother, which led to he and his sister relocating to Los Angeles to live with his grandmother, Lucy Taylor Johnson. Bunche’s move to California proved fruitful, and with the push from his grandmother, he excelled in academics and sports. After obtaining his undergraduate degree from the University of California, Bunche continued his studies at Harvard University. There, he would become the first African American to obtain a political doctorate from the lauded institution in 1934. Bunche was not seen as a radical advocate for racial equality, opting instead to use education as a means to make balance in the world. However, he did exhibit a willingness to look at racial discrimination with a discerning eye. Historians still maintain that Bunche was largely moderate in his political pursuits all the same. Bunche’s work in the early formation of the United Nations would prove to be one of his more significant moves. During World War II, Bunche worked for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which would later spawn the CIA. He later joined the State Department before joining a planning committee for the United Nations in 1945. Bunche later joined the UN’s secretariat and was instrumental in peace negotiations as a mediator between Arab and Israeli forces in the troubled Palestine region. From 1947 to 1949, Bunche served as a bridge of communication between the two sides and sparked the signing of the Armistice Agreements . The Agreements would signal the official end of the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. For his efforts, Bunche was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Black man and person of color to win the award. Bunche’s legendary work caught the attention of then-President Harry Truman, who wanted the mediator to join his cabinet as the assistant Secretary of State. Bunche reportedly turned the job down, because he realized his family would endure racism and segregation despite his weighty job title. After several years of humanitarian work and remaining a staunch advocate of peaceful negotiations between warring nations, Bunche’s journey would come to an end in New York City. After suffering several ailments, Bunche passed away on December 8, 1971, at the age of 68. Bunche’s legacy is firmed by an impressive list of awards, honors, tributes, and honorary degrees too numerous to list. This proves without doubt that Dr. Bunche’s work was not only vital in the annals of history for Black Americans, but also the entire globe. Learn more about Dr. Ralph J. Bunche here .

i don't know

How many times did tennis legend Jimmy Connors win the US Open in the 1970s?

Tennis legend Jimmy Connors reveals all - Video on NBCNews.com Rock Center   |  May 10, 2013 Tennis legend Jimmy Connors reveals all From his engagement to Chris Evert, to the role his mother played in his tennis career, to his gambling addiction when his life on the court faded, legend Jimmy Connors reveals all to Rock Center’s Harry Smith. Share This: Did Camp Lejeune water cause man’s breast cancer? Rock Center Game Gone Wrong: Bryan Stow and his recovery Rock Center Boston bombing amputee rises to her feet Rock Center Activists say Goodwill exploits workers with penny wages Rock Center Stella! Inside the empire of Stella McCartney Rock Center Brian Williams signs off Rock Center with a look back Rock Center Boston bombing amputee walks with new legs Rock Center Some workers at Goodwill paid as little as 22 cents an hour Rock Center Paul McCartney: Being Stella’s dad, ‘pretty cool’ Rock Center In the Newsroom: Happy 'Trololo' birthday to you Rock Center 19-year-old hopes to revolutionize nuclear power Rock Center Aesha, three years later: ‘I’m a very lucky girl’ Rock Center June 14, 2013 This content comes from Closed Captioning that was broadcast along with this program. >>> for mother 's day, our next report focuses on one of the most intense mother /son relationships you will ever come across. jimmy connors became a tennis legend famous for his grit also his volcanic temper, but it's the portions of his new memoir that deal with his life off the tennis court that are deservedly getting the most attention. tonight for the first time he talks about all of it with harry smith . >> reporter: at a municipal tennis court off highway 101 a man repeats a ritual he's been performing since his mother put a racket in his hand. yes, that's jimmy coners. grinding away at a public tennis court . maybe we shouldn't be surprised because in the 1970s , connors was the guy who dragged tennis kicking and screaming from the country clubs to the streets. you come on the scene, you're brash. you yell at umpires. you flip off people in the crowd. you use your tennis racket in obscene ways sometimes. we'll find the pictures. >> i'm not denying anything. >> reporter: love him or loathe him, fans wanted to see him. >> this is what they pay for. this is what they want. >> reporter: they're amazed by you. they're transfixed on you. but they don't necessarily like you. >> well, not at the beginning, no. i mean i'm going to get hammered for this, but i don't really care. tennis needed a face-lift. we needed people who were loving baseball, basketball. >> reporter: the average sports fan. >> the real sports fan. not the average sports fan. the real sports fan who wanted to come see two guys going at it willing to give everything they had, break their back for them, leave their blood on the court and have fun doing it. >> reporter: you were the torch that lit that fire. >> burn. let it burn . i needed something to do. >> reporter: and now connors is likely to burn a few bridges after a long self-imposed exile. he's emerged with a raw and revealing memoir called "the outsider." >> you know, i look back, it was painful writing this book. going back. i had amnesia for so long. it resurrected a lot of things that kind of made me look at myself. >> reporter: here are the headlines. how his engagement to chris evert ended. how he brazenly humiliated his wife with a very public affair . how he tortured him family with a high stakes gambling addiction and how he never said no to his mother who taught him the game but also tried to wall jimmy off from the world. east st. louis, illinois, north 68th street, the house where tennis lessons from mom began on a backyard practice wall. when the family moved, the new house had a full-sized court. people said there's something wrong with this relationship. why is it? what's this deal with connors ? your opponents would call you a mama's boy. what was that like for you? >> but never to my face. it's interesting because i've said many, many times that it's okay for joe montana 's dad to hit him with the football, wayne gretzky 's dad to give him a hockey stick but a relationship with your mother especially who had the guts to step up just wasn't acceptable. >> reporter: jimmy and his mother . their relationship was the source of his success and the reason for his rage. >> i think a lot went back to the incident with my mother . >> reporter: you're at a tennis court -- >> right. when she got smacked. >> reporter: jones park in east st. louis. jimmy and his mom were playing here one day when gloria asked two men playing nearby to turn down their radio. in response one man hit her so hard he knocked her teeth out. how old were you? >> 8. about 7, 8 years old. >> reporter: to hear you talk about it, it sounds like it happened yesterday. >> it did. in my mind, it did. >> reporter: because she was hurt pretty badly. >> i don't know if she ever got over it or not, but she never said a word about it after that day. >> reporter: really? >> not a word. nope. >> reporter: gloria connors would mold jimmy 's tennis career, no matter where it would take them, no matter the cost. your mother had the right idea on that. in 1968 , gloria took jimmy to beverly hills . he was 16. there gloria surrendered the rest of jimmy 's tennis education to tennis legend pancho sigura. >> she had taken me as far as she could. and she realized that. that was more her genius, not only did she give me the game, very compact, easy playing game, but she knew when to turn me loose. >> reporter: take me back to 1974 . you won 99 matches, 15 tournaments, all of the grand slams except the french open . that's a pretty good year. >> that's a career. >> reporter: cover of "time" magazine. >> that's one of the coolest right there. being on the cover of "time". >> reporter: and to top it all off, the bad boy of tennis was dating the princess of the court, chris evert . when 19-year-old evert and 21-year-old connors both won wimbledon in 1974 , the british press dubbed it the love double. the two were engaged with a november wedding date. why didn't you and chris get married? >> bad timing at the time for both of us. even though we had something very special during the time that we were together, it was -- you know, the pressure on us was unbelievable. >> reporter: last week word spread of connors ' shocking revelation. from what i'm reading, it looks to me like she had an abortion. did you and chris have a conversation about this? about making a decision like that? >> well, that was certainly a decision that needed to be made, and you know to have faced that together and to go through that together was a necessarily, sure. >> reporter: in reaction, chris evert released this statement. jimmy connors has written about a time in our relationship that was very personal and emotionally painful. i am extremely disappointed that he used the book to misrepresent a private matter that took place 40 years ago and made it public without my knowledge. in 1978 , connors married the former patti mcguire . she was the new playmate of the year. by this time, gloria connors had developed a reputation as an iron lady who controlled all aspects of her son's life. how did you get along with jimmy 's mom? >> not well. not well. i mean, i loved her, but she was a tough cookie. all 5'2". >> reporter: what was that about? because you write in your book that your mother basically froze patti out. >> well, you know, my mom, as like patti said, she hunched her shoulders and did what she did, which was, you know, almost, you know, push patti aside. >> reporter: jimmy , here's your point to say, i should have stood up to my mother and -- >> listen, you're leaning in to me. that's a bad sign. >> reporter: in the book, connors writes how in 1983 he openly cheated on patti . let me just ask you why did you stay? >> bottom line is i loved him. and you know, no one's infallible. we all make mistakes. >> i think that, you know, it's been written many times that patti connors was a saint to put up with jimmy connors . and i've said that's the only thing the press really got right about my whole career. they don't know how right they are about that. >> reporter: but most tennis fans remember about jimmy connors and what some of us will never forget took place in september of 1991 , the u.s. open . we were riveted that labor day . his 39th birthday. watching an epic nearly five-hour match, connors beat aaron cricksteen, a top ten player 15 years his junior. >> i've never felt anything like that before ever. and for me, that's what i waited 20 years to hear. >> reporter: when connors finally left the game in the late '90s and the cheering stopped, his landing in real life wasn't pretty. patti was busy at home with son brett and daughter aubrey. without the adrenaline rush of tennis , jimmy turned to compulsive big money gambling, an expensive substitute. what did you tell him? >> either that goes or i go. >> reporter: really? >> yeah, i'm not going to put up with that. >> reporter: so you still gamble? >> no. >> reporter: done? >> finished. >> reporter: now on new artificial hips connors is at the muni court regularly breaking a sweat with good friends cindy nally and pete moran na. as ever, he's generous with hackers. >> no, impossible! >> reporter: i've always wanted to do it. >> what? >> reporter: and is accommodating to autograph seekers. >> pleasure to meet you.

three

Which pop star did model Iman marry in 1992?

Connors has no apologies, for his career or book FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Connors has no apologies, for his career or book During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center. Post to Facebook Connors has no apologies, for his career or book During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/165k9KB CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 10 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Connors has no apologies, for his career or book Chris Oddo, Special for USA TODAY Sports Published 8:03 a.m. ET May 13, 2013 | Updated 6:08 p.m. ET May 13, 2013 Jimmy Connors, shown here at the U.S. Open in 2012, speaks his mind in a controversial book that arrives in bookstores this week. (Photo: Dan Istitene, Getty Images) Story Highlights Jimmy Connors shows the same in-your-face personality in his new book that he showed as a player "I've got scars on the outside and scars on the inside" Connors' book 'The Outsider' arrives in stores this week During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center. Connors' controversial memoir The Outsider, which will be released this week, is written with the same tough-as-nails edginess that defined the eight-time Grand Slam winner during 2½ decades of hair-raising, in-your-face tennis. As it turns out, the man who won more titles (109) and compiled more wins (1,237) than any other male player in tennis history can also spin an entertaining tale. The 401-page romp takes readers on a roller-coaster ride from Connors' formative years through an era of professional tennis in the 1970s that was part circus, part wild west and part gladiator pit, but always it reinforces the notion that Connors was a man who loved tennis and wanted desperately to win at all costs. Now 60, Connors freely admits that he misses the big stage. "There's no doubt," he told USA TODAY Sports in a phone interview last week. "To have been able to play at the level that I was able to play at and to go through all of that for such a long period of time, to all of the sudden wake up one day and not have that is a bit of shock." Always eager to leave the tennis court awash in his own blood, sweat and tears, Connors has approached his first book with the same vitality, choosing to unearth personal demons, lurid infidelities and old secrets for all the world to read. He writes of his own struggles with a gambling addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder. He airs out intimate details of his romance with Chris Evert, which ended with a terminated pregnancy, and vilifies legends Arthur Ashe and Andre Agassi, all the while being unafraid to take a self-deprecating tone. And, true to form, he makes no apologies. "Tennis gave Agassi everything — his fame, his money, his reputation, even his current wife — and he went on to knock it in his book," writes Connors. Connors and Ashe had a strained relationship, which Connors attributed to Ashe's resentment of all the money he was making on non-sanctioned challenge matches at the time. These matches diminished the prestige of the ATP tour in Ashe's view, and Ashe also had a beef with Connors' lack of enthusiasm for Davis Cup competition. "All he had to do was come up and talk to me face to face, man to man, but he chose not to," Connors writes of the time that Ashe left a note in his locker at Wimbledon outlining his views. "It annoyed me, but not so much as when he walked out on Centre Court wearing his Davis Cup jacket, with U.S.A. emblazoned across his chest." But these quips and quarrels pale in comparison to the startling revelation that Chris Evert had become pregnant during her much publicized relationship with Connors in 1974. The fallout ended up breaking up their engagement. "That was a part of my life, and a very big part of my life at the time," he said of his relationship with Evert. "It was not labored on and it was said as a matter of fact."  (Photo: File) "All these questions come up," says Tennis Channel commentator Justin Gimelstob, on what might have spurred Connors to dredge up some sensitive issues from his past. "What's his motivation? Why? Nobody could truly know those, it's just people speculating. At the end of the day he knows why he did what he did, and why he does what he does." Connors believes he owed it to his readers to give them everything he had. "People, when they watched me play tennis, saw what I was able to give them, and that's what I tried to do with the book," he said. "I guess it would have been very easy to sit down and just write only the good things, right?" If Connors had chosen to write only the good things, there would have been no shortage of material to draw from. Trained by his mother Gloria and his grandmother, affectionately called "Two-Mom," the Belleville, Ill., native embarked on a wild ride that eventually landed him in southern California where his mother would deliver him to the venerable touring pro Pancho Segura, one of the top male pros in the 1950's, for further priming. When asked what he saw in him, Segura told Connors, "I loved your pride. You were born to be a champion." Connors, 5-9 and 155 pounds, didn't cut an intimidating figure, but his tenacity more than made up for anything that he might have lacked in size. "The guy personified leaving it all on the court," says Gimelstob, who credits Connors with inspiring his love for tennis when he was a youth. "He symbolized maximizing effort and getting every ounce of talent out of your body. He was the ultimate competitor." "You felt like he gave you such a gigantic effort every time he stepped on the court," says Steve Flink, a notable tennis historian and author. "He was a singularly compelling player." He was ornery, too. Defiant, anti-establishment and obstinate, Connors clashed with tennis' powers that be, turning fans and fellow players against him at the beginning of his career. "That was more or less my upbringing," Connors told USA TODAY Sports. "It was well documented that it was me and my mom and my family against the world." It didn't help that he was aligned with a salty promoter by the name of Bill Riordan who brought lawsuits against ATP bigwigs and created an air of contempt around Connors even as he took his place at the pinnacle of the sport in 1974. "I was simply in the middle of a nasty power struggle and being cast as the villain," Connors writes in his memoir. "Well, screw you, I'll use the aggravation to motivate myself." It would take a while, but eventually Connors would shed some of his defiance and let the crowds join him in his no-holds-barred quest for glory. "What he learned to do over time was to enjoy himself more and he didn't have to stop being who he was but he could find a way to win the fans over," Flink says. "He found a way to embrace them." But Connors never dropped the ferocity that made him such a terror to play against. Nor did he ever let go of his belief that tennis was meant to be a form of entertainment as much as it was meant to be a competition. "The fans that came to watch us play, they weren't there just to see the tennis," he says. "We had to be the fight on the hockey arena, we had to be the walk-off home run in the seventh game of the World Series, we had to be the 100-yard kickoff return on the gridiron. We had to do that to get those sports fans to come in and be a part of us." Bad behavior was what the fans craved in those days, and the marquee players of that era — Ile Nastase, John McEnroe and Connors, to name a few — gave them what they wanted. Crotch-grabbing, bird-flipping, name-calling, in a time before political correctness and smartphones, anything went. "What we were able to do and get by with, I don't know if that would be acceptable today," Connors says. "It was a wild west show back when we were playing, and shooting from the hip and the lip wasn't a bad thing." It may not have been a bad thing for Connors and other greats at the top of the tennis food chain, but for players looking to make their mark, it could be tricky. "Sometimes they were above the game," says ESPN commentator Brad Gilbert, a former pro. "Jimmy could bring the crowd into it. It took a lot to beat him tennis-wise, let alone he could get away with a lot more than any of the players can today." Connors would whip the crowd into a frenzy one last time when he reached the U.S. Open semifinals in 1991 at the age of 39, an age when all of his contemporaries had been long retired. Connors remembers those two weeks as the best of his career. "Being able to play that kind of tennis at 39 was pretty spectacular," he says. "I'd spent my whole career trying to get the fans involved like that and to get that kind of a reaction. We always had the tennis fan. But the real sports fan coming in and being a part of what we were doing, that was the best ever." In the stands for every one of Connors' matches that year in New York, Gimelstob remembers it well. "You felt his will," he said. "Tennis is a blood sport, and he personified that." "Connors was regarded differently and his image changed," Flink says. "He had learned to enjoy the public arena more than he ever had and he found a way to not have to play against the crowds but to play for them. That was the key, now he played for them, and now he didn't see them as enemies any more either. He realized that he could win them over and that they could help him." More than 20 years later, Connors has elected to share the inside stories of a life spent in the tennis trenches with those fans who helped him take his tennis to the highest level. From first-hand accounts of his intense rivalry with John McEnroe ("Mac is the one player I can watch limping around the court and feel good about saying 'F--- that guy.' ") to placing big wagers on himself to win Wimbledon at a London betting house, it's all there in black and white. Connors has turned back the clock and come out swinging, using words on the printed page like weapons, deploying them in the same fashion that he used to deploy his legendary two-handed backhand. With Connors, there is only one endgame. He plays to win, and he knows we want to see him lay it on the line. "Playing in front of 25,000 people and millions more on television, and performing and doing what I worked so hard to try to accomplish was, in my opinion, the ultimate," Connors says. "Do I miss it? Of course I do. I've got scars on the outside and scars on the inside, but it's been 60 years of good living." Follow Chris Oddo on Twitter, @TheFanChild .

i don't know

Which actress links Dorothy in The Golden Girls and Maude Findlay in Maude?

Bea Arthur, “Maude” “Golden Girls” star | The Seattle Times Bea Arthur, “Maude” “Golden Girls” star Originally published April 26, 2009 at 12:00 am Updated May 3, 2009 at 3:37 am The cast members of the television series “Golden Girls” were clockwise from left, Bea Arthur, Rue McClanahan, Betty White and Estelle Getty. Beatrice Arthur, best known as the acerbic Maude Findlay on Norman Lear's sitcom "Maude" and as the strong-willed Dorothy Zbornak on the long-running "The Golden Girls," died Saturday. She was 86. Share story Claudia Luther LOS ANGELES — Beatrice Arthur, best known as the acerbic Maude Findlay on Norman Lear’s sitcom “Maude” and as the strong-willed Dorothy Zbornak on the long-running “The Golden Girls,” died Saturday. She was 86. Ms. Arthur, a stage-trained actress who was a success on Broadway long before television audiences got to know her, died of cancer at her Los Angeles home, family spokesman Dan Watt said. In 1966, the tall and husky-voiced actress won a Tony Award for her performance as Angela Lansbury’s sharp-tongued sidekick, Vera Charles, in the original production of “Mame” on Broadway, which also was named best musical that year. Time magazine said of her performance, she “delivers a line as if someone had put lye in her martinis.” Most Read Stories Unlimited Digital Access. $1 for 4 weeks. She had little experience in either film or TV when Lear saw her singing a song called “Garbage” in an Off-Broadway show, “The Shoestring Revue.” In 1971, Lear brought her to Hollywood for a guest role on CBS’ “All in the Family.” She played Edith Bunker’s loudmouthed cousin, Maude, who tangled with Edith’s equally loudmouthed husband, Archie Bunker, from opposite sides of the political fence. Within a year, Ms. Arthur had her own show, “Maude,” which ran for six years on CBS. In the series, Maude is living in Tuckahoe, N.Y., with her fourth husband, Walter Findlay (Bill Macy), daughter Carol (Adrienne Barbeau), grandson Phillip (Brian Morrison), and a black maid named Florida (Esther Rolle), whose sassy repartee with her boss was one of the best parts of “Maude.” (Rolle’s character spun off into another series, “Good Times.”) “Maude” came at the onset of the feminist movement and addressed serious issues, including infidelity, death, depression and abortion, but there were always laughs. Maude’s most famous line, delivered often and with withering drollery, was: “God will get you for that, Walter.” Playing Maude earned Ms. Arthur five Emmy nominations and a statuette in 1977. But, despite the show’s enormous success, Ms. Arthur did not enjoy being the public face of feminism, a role she said was thrust upon her. “It put a lot of unnecessary pressure on me,” she told the Chicago Sun-Times in 2001. After she left “Maude,” she returned to TV briefly in 1983 for ABCs failed takeoff of the British series “Fawlty Towers,” titled “Amanda’s.” She returned to television in triumph in 1985 as Dorothy, the divorcée on “The Golden Girls,” the NBC hit that ran from 1985-92, twice won Emmys for best comedy and continues to enjoy a long afterlife in syndication. “The Golden Girls” followed the lives of three older women sharing a household in Miami with Dorothy’s widowed mother, Sophia (Estelle Getty), who has suffered a small stroke that frees her from the constraints of tactfulness. Much of what made the show work was the snappy mother-daughter dialogue, with Ms. Arthur as what executive producer Paul Witt called the “isle of sanity who could look at the other three characters from the audience’s perspective.” The series also co-starred Betty White as the naive Rose and Rue McClanahan as the saucy Blanche. All won Emmys for their portrayals; Ms. Arthur’s came in 1988. Much quieter by nature than her famous characters, Ms. Arthur often said that what she and they had in common was: “All three of us are 5-foot-9 ½ in our stocking feet and we all have deep voices.” And all, she said, tended to be “bubble-prickers.” In a 2008 interview with The Associated Press, Ms. Arthur said she was lucky to be discovered by TV after a long stage career, recalling with bemusement CBS executives asking about the new “girl.” “I was already 50 years old. I had done so much Off-Broadway, on Broadway, but they said, ‘Who is that girl? Let’s give her her own series.’ “ She was born Bernice Frankel on May 13, 1922, in New York City, the daughter of department-store owners, and was raised in Cambridge, Md. She studied at the Dramatic Workshop of the New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator. She also joined the famed Actors Studio, where she met her future husband, Gene Saks, who later directed Broadway shows and movies, particularly film versions of Neil Simon plays. In 2002, “Bea Arthur on Broadway: Just Between Friends,” a one-woman show she developed with composer Billy Goldenberg, appeared on Broadway for two months. The show also toured the U.S., Canada, Australia and elsewhere. “I simply wanted to see if I had the guts to just come out and be myself, which is something I never felt very comfortable doing,” she told her audiences in the show. In addition to performing, Ms. Arthur supported animal rights and AIDS research. She had lived in Los Angeles for many years. Before marrying Saks, Ms. Arthur was married briefly to playwright Robert Alan Aurthur, from whom she acquired part of her stage name. “Bernice” became “Beatrice” because she always hated her given name, and she simplified the spelling of his last name. Ms. Arthur and Saks, who married in 1950 and divorced in the late 1970s, had two sons, Matthew and Daniel, who survive her, as do two grandchildren. Claudia Luther

Bea Arthur

Which of the Friends cast has a son called Julian in real life?

Beatrice Arthur | Golden Girls Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Episodes appeared in: Entire series Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (13 May 1922 – 25 April 2009) was an American actress, comedian and singer whose career spanned seven decades. Arthur achieved fame as the character Maude Findlay on the 1970s sitcoms All in the Family and Maude, and as Dorothy Zbornak on the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls , winning Emmy Awards for both roles. A stage actress both before and after her television success, she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as Vera Charles in the original cast of Mame (1966). Bea passed away April 25, 2009 of cancer. Bea Arthur with Rue McClanahan on the CBS-TV series Maude Contents Edit In 1971, Arthur was invited by Norman Lear to guest-star on his sitcom All in the Family, as Maude Findlay, the cousin of [Edith Bunker. An outspoken liberal feminist, Maude was the antithesis to the bigoted, conservative Republican Archie Bunker, who described her as a "New Deal fanatic". Then nearly 50, Arthur's tart turn appealed to viewers and to executives at CBS, who, she would later recall, asked "'Who is that girl? Let's give her her own series.'" [1] That series, previewed in her second All in the Family appearance, would be simply titled Maude . The show, debuting in 1972, found her living in the affluent community of Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York, with her fourth husband Walter (Bill Macy) and divorced daughter Carol (Adrienne Barbeau). Her performance in the role garnered Arthur several Emmy and Golden Globe nominations, including her Emmy win in 1977 for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. Maude would also earn a place for Arthur in the history of the women's liberation movement. [2] The groundbreaking series didn't shirk from addressing serious sociopolitical topics of the era that were fairly taboo for a sitcom, from the Vietnam War, the Nixon Administration and Maude's bid for a Congressional seat, divorce, menopause, drug use, alcoholism, nervous breakdown, mental illness, abortion, to spousal abuse. A prime example is "Maude's Dilemma", a two-part episode airing near Thanksgiving of 1972 in which Maude's character grapples with a late-life pregnancy, ultimately deciding to have an abortion. Even though abortion was legal in New York State, it was illegal in many other regions of the country, and as such sparked controversy. As a result, dozens of affiliates refused to broadcast the episode when it was originally scheduled, substituting either a repeat from earlier in the season or a Thanksgiving TV special in its place. However, by the time of the summer rerun season six months later all the flak had died down, and the stations that refused to air the episode upon its first run reinstated it for the reruns the following summer. As a result, a reported 65 million viewers watched the two episode arc either in their first run that November or during the following summer as a re-run. [3] The episode aired two months before the U.S. Supreme Court legalized the procedure nationwide in the Roe v. Wade outcome in early 1973. [4] By 1978, however, Arthur decided to move on from the series. That year, she costarred in Star Wars Holiday Special, in which she had a song and dance routine in the Mos Eisley Cantina. She hosted The Beatrice Arthur Special on CBS on January 19, 1980, which paired the star in a musical comedy revue with Rock Hudson, Melba Moore and Wayland Flowers and Madame. [5] After appearing in the short-lived 1983 sitcom Amanda's (an adaptation of the British series Fawlty Towers), Arthur was cast in the sitcom The Golden Girls in 1985, in which she played Dorothy Zbornak , a divorced substitute teacher living in a Miami house owned by Blanche Devereaux ( Rue McClanahan ). Her other roommates included widow Rose Nylund ( Betty White ) and Dorothy's Sicilian mother, Sophia Petrillo ( Estelle Getty ). Getty was actually a year younger than Arthur in real life, and was heavily made up to look significantly older. The series became a hit, and remained a top-ten ratings fixture for seven seasons. Her performance led to several Emmy nominations over the course of the series and an Emmy win in 1988. Arthur decided to leave the show after seven years, and in 1992 the show was moved from NBC to CBS and retooled as The Golden Palace in which the other three actresses reprised their roles. Arthur made a guest appearance in a two-part episode. Later career Edit After Arthur left The Golden Girls, she made several guest appearances on television shows and organized and toured in her one-woman show, alternately titled An Evening with Bea Arthur and And Then There's Bea. She made a guest appearance on the American cartoon Futurama, in the Emmy-nominated 2001 episode "Amazon Women in the Mood", as the voice of the Femputer who ruled the giant Amazonian women. She also appeared in a first-season episode of Malcolm in the Middle as Mrs. White, Dewey's babysitter, who is taken away in an ambulance for reasons unknown. She was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance. She also appeared as Larry David's mother on Curb Your Enthusiasm. In 2002, she returned to Broadway, starring in Bea Arthur on Broadway: Just Between Friends, a collection of stories and songs (with musician Billy Goldenberg) based on her life and career. The show was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event. The previous year had been the category's first, and there had been only one nominee. That year, Arthur was up against solo performances by soprano Barbara Cook, comedian John Leguizamo, and Arthur's fellow student in Piscator's program at The New School, actress Elaine Stritch, who won for Elaine Stritch: At Liberty. In addition to appearing in a number of programs looking back at her own work, Arthur performed in stage and television tributes for Jerry Herman, Bob Hope , Peggy Lee, and Ellen DeGeneres. In 2005, she participated in the Comedy Central roast of Pamela Anderson, where she recited sexually explicit passages from Anderson's book Star Struck in a deadpan fashion. Awards and nominations for The Golden Girls

i don't know

What was the name of Jed's nephew in The Beverly Hillbillies?

Jed Clampett - The Beverly Hillbillies Characters - ShareTV Buddy Ebsen began his career as a dancer in the late 1920s in a Broadway chorus. He later formed a vaudeville ... Character Bio Although he had received little formal education, Jed Clampett had a good deal of common sense. A good-natured man, he is the apparent head of the family. Jed's wife (Elly May's mother) died, but is referred to in the episode "Duke Steals A Wife" as Rose Ellen. Jed was shown to be an expert marksman and was extremely loyal to his family and kinfolk. The huge oil pool in the swamp he owned was the beginning of his rags-to-riches journey to Beverly Hills. Although he longed for the old ways back in the hills, he made the best of being in Beverly Hills. Whenever he had anything on his mind, he would sit on the curbstone of his mansion and whittle until he came up with the answer. Jedediah, the version of Jed's name used in the 1993 Beverly Hillbillies theatrical movie, was never mentioned in the original television series (though coincidentally, on Ebsen's subsequent series, Barnaby Jones, Barnaby's nephew J.R. was also named Jedediah). In one episode Jed and Granny reminisce about seeing Buddy Ebsen and Vilma Ebsen—a joking reference to the Ebsens' song and dance act. Jed appears in all 274 episodes. Episode Screenshots

The Beverly Hillbillies

What was Green Acres called on radio?

The Beverly Hillbillies | Beverly Hillbillies Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Green Acres The Beverly Hillbillies is an American situation comedy originally broadcast for nine seasons on CBS from 1962 to 1971, starring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer, Jr. The series is about a poor backwoods family transplanted to Beverly Hills, California, after striking oil on their land. A Filmways production created by writer Paul Henning , it is the first in a genre of "fish out of water" themed television shows, and was followed by other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS. In 1963, Henning introduced Petticoat Junction , and in 1965 he reversed the rags to riches model for Green Acres . The show paved the way for later culture-conflict programs such as McCloud, The Nanny, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Doc (TV series). Panned by many entertainment critics of its time, it quickly became a huge ratings success for most of its nine-year run on CBS. The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top twenty most watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons, twice ranking as the number one series of the year, with a number of episodes that remain among the most watched television episodes of all time. [1] The ongoing popularity of the series spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox. [2] In 1997, the episode "Hedda Hopper's Hollywood" was ranked #62 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. [3] Contents Edit The Beverly Hillbillies series starts with the OK Oil Company learning of oil in Jed Clampett's swamp land and paying him a fortune to acquire the rights to drill on his land. Patriarch Jed moves with his family into a mansion next door to his banker (Milburn Drysdale) in the wealthy Los Angeles County city of Beverly Hills, California, where he brings a moral, unsophisticated, and minimalistic lifestyle to the swanky, sometimes self-obsessed and superficial community. The theme song introduces the viewer to the world's most fortunate hunting accident – whereby Jed shoots at game but instead hits "Black Gold, Texas tea": he had discovered oil. Double entendres and cultural misconceptions were the core of the sitcom's humor. Frequently, plots involved the outlandish efforts taken by Drysdale to keep the Clampetts in Beverly Hills and their money in his bank. The family's periodic attempts to return to the mountains were often prompted by Granny due to a perceived slight she received from one of the "city-folk." The Beverly Hillbillies accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run. Nearly a half century since its premiere, the series remains in syndication on MeTV. The Hillbillies themselves were Buddy Ebsen as the widowed patriarch Jed "J.D." Clampett; Irene Ryan as his ornery mother-in-law, Daisy May "Granny" Moses; Donna Douglas as his curvaceous, tom-boy daughter Elly May Clampett; and Max Baer, Jr. as Jethro, the brawny, half-witted son of his cousin Pearl Bodine. Pearl (played by Bea Benaderet ) appeared in most of the first season episodes, as did Jethro's twin sister Jethrine, played by Baer in drag, using Linda Kaye Henning 's voiceover. Pearl was the relative who prodded Jed to move to California, after being told his modest property could yield $25 million. The supporting cast featured Raymond Bailey as Jed's greedy, unscrupulous banker Milburn Drysdale; Harriet E. MacGibbon as Drysdale's ostentatious wife Margaret Drysdale; and Nancy Kulp as "Miss" Jane Hathaway, Drysdale's scholarly, "plain Jane" secretary, who pined for the clueless Jethro. While Granny frequently mentioned that she was from Tennessee, the series never specified the state from which the Clampetts moved to California. However, they often referred to nearby towns such as Joplin, Branson, Springfield, Tulsa, Silver Dollar City, all of which are in or near southwest Missouri. In the eighth episode of season 8, named "Manhattan Hillbillies," Granny tells the police officer in Central Park that her family comes from Taney County (which is in southwest Missouri). Early episodes also contained several references to Eureka Springs, which is in northwest Arkansas. All of the communities are in the Ozark Mountains. The show's creator was Hamilton (Buddy) Morgan, a television technician from NYC. Producer Paul Henning is from Independence, Missouri, and donated 1,534 acres (621 ha) for the Ruth and Paul Henning Conservation Area near Branson. [4] Animal trainer Frank Inn provided animals for all three of Hennings's hit shows, which included Elly May's "critters," such as chimp Alfie, who portrayed Cousin Bessie, and Duke, Jed's hunting bloodhound. Cousin Bessie was known to strategically outsmart Jethro whenever the latter attempted to make her a beast of burden. A three-act stage play based on the pilot was written by David Rogers in 1968. [5] Crossovers with related shows Edit Two episodes of Petticoat Junction feature characters from The Beverly Hillbillies: "Granny, the Baby Expert" featuring Granny, and "A Cake from Granny" featuring Granny and Miss Jane. Although none of the characters from The Beverly Hillbillies ever appeared on Green Acres, an episode of Green Acres was named after The Beverly Hillbillies. Theme music Edit The show's theme song, " The Ballad of Jed Clampett ", was written by producer and writer Paul Henning and originally performed by bluegrass artists Flatt and Scruggs . The song was sung by Jerry Scoggins (backed by Flatt and Scruggs) over the opening and end credits of each episode. Flatt and Scruggs subsequently cut their own version of the theme (with Flatt singing) for Columbia Records; released as a single, it reached #44 on Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart and #1 on the Billboard Hot Country chart (the lone country chart-topper for the duo). Flatt and Scruggs also had another Billboard country top ten hit with the comic "Pearl, Pearl, Pearl", an ode to the feminine charms of Miss Pearl Bodine who was featured in the episode "Jed Throws a Wingding," the first of several Flatt and Scruggs appearances on the show. The six main cast members participated on a 1963 Columbia soundtrack album which featured original song numbers in character. Additionally, Ebsen, Ryan, and Douglas each made a few solo recordings following the show's success, including Ryan's 1966 novelty single, "Granny's Miniskirt." The series generally featured no country music beyond the bluegrass banjo theme song, although country star Roy Clark and the team of Flatt and Scruggs occasionally played on the program. Pop singer Pat Boone appeared on one episode as himself, with the premise that he hailed from the same area of the country as the Clampetts (Boone is, in fact, a native of Jacksonville, Florida, although he spent most of his childhood in Tennessee). The 1989 film UHF featured a "Weird Al" Yankovic parody music video, "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*," combining " The Ballad of Jed Clampett " and Dire Straits' "Money for Nothing." Broadcast History Edit NOTE: The most frequent time slot for the series is in bold text. Wednesday at 9:00-9:30 PM on CBS: September 26, 1962—June 10, 1964; September 25, 1968—March 26, 1969 Wednesday at 8:30-9:00 PM on CBS: September 23, 1964—April 3, 1968; September 24, 1969—March 18, 1970 Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM on CBS: September 15, 1970—March 23, 1971 Popularity Edit Written-off as lowbrow by some critics, the show shot to the top of the Nielsen ratings shortly after its premiere and stayed there for several seasons. During its first two seasons, it was the number one program in the U.S. During its second season, it earned some of the highest ratings ever recorded for a half-hour sitcom. The season two episode "The Giant Jackrabbit" also became the most watched telecast up to the time of its airing, and remains the most watched half-hour episode of a sitcom as well. [6] The series enjoyed excellent ratings throughout its run, although it had fallen out of the top 20 most watched shows during its final season. Nielsen ratings Not in the Top 30 Influence on other television shows Edit Because of the show's high ratings, CBS asked creator Paul Henning to pen two more folksy comedies, spawning a mini-genre of rural sitcoms during the 1960s. Petticoat Junction featured an extended family, including three pretty young women of marrying age, running a small hotel in the isolated rural town of Hooterville. Green Acres flipped the Clampetts' fish-out-of-water concept by depicting two city sophisticates moving to Hooterville , which was populated by oddball country bumpkins. Certain actors appeared on more than one of these series: Bea Benaderet, who had played Jethro's mother during the first season of The Beverly Hillbillies, was the mother of the family on Petticoat Junction. Linda Kaye Henning , who provided the voiceover for the Beverly Hillbillies character Jethrine, portrayed Benaderet's daughter Betty Jo Bradley on Petticoat Junction (the only female who remained all seven seasons). Edgar Buchanan , who starred in all 222 episodes of Petticoat Junction and guest-starred in 17 episodes of Green Acres, also guested in three episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies, always as the character Uncle Joe Carson. Charles Lane played Homer Bedloe, vice president of the C. & F. W. Railroad, on both shows. He also played an apartment landlord to Jane Hathaway ("Foster Phinney") during the 1970–71 season. Sam Drucker, played by Frank Cady , of both Petticoat Junction and Green Acres, also appeared in several episodes of the Beverly Hillbillies. Several animal actors trained by Frank Inn , including Higgins the dog , also moved between series as needed. Despite the actor cross-overs and the character Uncle Joe Carson's multiple appearances (which made it clear that the three shows were set in the same fictional universe), the two Hooterville series retained identities that were distinct from The Beverly Hillbillies. Primetime Emmy Nominations Edit 1963 Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead) - Irene Ryan (Winner: Shirley Booth for Hazel (TV series)) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy - Richard Whorf (Winner: John Rich (director) for The Dick Van Dyke Show) Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Humor (Winner: The Dick Van Dyke Show) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy - Paul Henning (Winner: Carl Reiner for The Dick Van Dyke Show) 1964 Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead) - Irene Ryan (Winner: Mary Tyler Moore for The Dick Van Dyke Show) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy - Richard Whorf (Winner: Jerry Paris for The Dick Van Dyke Show) 1967 Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy - Nancy Kulp (Winner: Frances Bavier for The Andy Griffith Show) Cancellation and "the Rural Purge" Edit The Clampetts' truck (a 1921 Oldsmobile truck modified by George Barris) on display at Planet Hollywood in Downtown Disney. Another truck is at the College of the Ozarks. [7] The 1970–71 season failed to gain a top 30 Nielson placing [8] and the show was cancelled in 1971 after 274 episodes. The CBS network, prompted by pressure from advertisers seeking a more sophisticated urban audience, decided to refocus its schedule on several "hip" new urban-themed shows and, to make room for them, all of CBS's rural-themed comedies were simultaneously cancelled, despite some considerable Nielsen ratings. [9] This action came to be known as "the Rural Purge ." Pat Buttram , who played Mr Haney on Green Acres, famously remarked that, "It was the year CBS killed everything with a tree in it." [10] In addition to The Beverly Hillbillies, the series that were eliminated included Green Acres , Mayberry R.F.D. , and Hee Haw , the last of which was resurrected in first-run syndication, where it ran for another twenty-one years. Petticoat Junction had been canceled a year earlier due to declining ratings following the death of its star, Bea Benaderet . Main cast Edit J.D. "Jed" Clampett Although he had received little formal education, Jed Clampett has a good deal of common sense. A good-natured man, he is the apparent head of the family. Jed's wife (Elly May's mother) died but is referred to in the episode "Duke Steals A Wife" as Rose Ellen. Jed is shown to be an expert marksman and is extremely loyal to his family and kinfolk. The huge oil pool in the swamp he owned was the beginning of his rags-to-riches journey to Beverly Hills. Although he longs for the old ways back in the hills, he makes the best of being in Beverly Hills. Whenever he has anything on his mind, he sits on the curbstone of his mansion and whittles until he comes up with the answer. Jed's full first name is never given in the television series, though 'Jedediah' was used in the 1993 Beverly Hillbillies theatrical movie (coincidentally, on Ebsen's subsequent series, Barnaby Jones, Barnaby's nephew J.R. was also named Jedediah). In one episode Jed and Granny reminisce about seeing Buddy Ebsen and Vilma Ebsen—a joking reference to the Ebsens' song and dance act. Jed appears in all 274 episodes. Granny (Daisy May Moses) Called "Granny" by all, relatives or not, shotgun-toting Daisy Moses, Jed's mother-in-law, is a true daughter of Dixie. Paul Henning, the show's creator/producer quickly disposed of the idea of Granny being Jed's mother, which would have changed the show's dynamics, making Granny the matriarch and Jed subordinate to her. Granny can be aggressive but is often over-ruled by Jed. She is a confederate to the core, defending President Jefferson Davis, the Stars and Bars, and the simple life. Short-fused and easily angered, Granny fancies herself a "dunked" (not "sprinkled") Christian with forgiveness in her heart. She abhors "revenuers" and blue-coat Yankees. A self-styled "M.D." — "mountain doctor" — she claims to have an edge over expensive know-nothing city physicians. In lieu of anesthesia, Granny uses her "white lightning" brew before commencing on painful treatments such as leech bleeding and yanking teeth with pliers. Short and scrappy, Granny often wields a double-barreled, 12-gauge shotgun and fires it numerous times during the run of the show (in a first-season episode she chases Milburn Drysale with it when she found out his family had a feud with her family back in the hills). She fires it once at the front lawn when Jed is witching for water and several times on the skeet shooting range. During the mock Indian invasion she believed she was shooting live shells, though Milburn Drysdale had removed the buckshot to protect the actors portraying the Indians. She fires rock salt and bacon rind at a crow during the "Happy Valley" episode, and again at the back of an armored truck in which Milburn Drysdale was taking refuge in. She fires at (and hits in the posterior) Milburn Drysdale with rocksalt believing he is the ghost of "Lady Clemintine" ending their second visit to "Clampett Castle" in Kent, England. Granny also fires "Lady Fingers" (which Elly had baked for Jethro to take to the Army Reserve) into the posterior of an actor portraying Gen. Ulysses S. Grant during "The Battle of Culpepper Plantation" She is also able to tell the precise time via a sun dial and the weather via a beetle (Granny Versus the Weather Bureau). Without her glasses, Granny is extremely nearsighted — once in a crossover with the Petticoat Junction show, Granny mistakes a dog for a baby child and a coffee pot for a telephone. Two of Granny's phobias are "Injuns" (she actually buys wigs so the Clampetts won't be "scalped") and the "cement pond" (swimming pool–she has a fear of water). In a long story arc in the show's ninth season, Elly May dates a U.S. Navy frogman, which confuses Granny: After seeing the frogman climb out of the pool in his skin-diving wear, she thinks that anyone who swims in the pool will be turned into a frog. She also has a peculiar way of retelling the War Between The States, in which she thinks the South has won and Jefferson Davis is the president, while calling Sherman's March "Sherman's Retreat to the Sea". Any attempts to correct her meet with failure. She is also known for slicing off switches to use on Jethro, mainly whenever he goes too far with his dumb and idiotic schemes. There are references to Granny growing up in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. From episode 9: "When I was a girl back in Tennessee, I set so many boys' hearts on fire that they took to calling that neck of the woods The Smoky Mountains." Granny's full name, Daisy Moses, allegedly an homage to the popular and dearly loved folk artist Anna Mary Robertson, known to the world as Grandma Moses. (Grandma Moses died in 1961, a year before The Beverly Hillbillies made its television debut.) Granny is frequently referred to as "Granny Clampett" in a number of episodes but technically she is a Moses. Granny appears in all 274 episodes. Elly May Clampett Elly May, Jed's only child, is a mountain beauty with the body of a pinup girl and the soul of a tomboy. She can throw a fastball as well as "rassle" most men to a fall, and she can be as tender with her friends, animals, and family as she is tough with anyone she rassles. She said once that animals could be better companions than people, but as she grew older she saw that, "fellas kin be more fun than critters." Elly is squired about by eager young Hollywood actors with stage names like "Dash Riprock" and "Bolt Upright." Other boyfriends for Elly include Sonny Drysdale, Beau Short, beatnik Sheldon Epps, and Mark Templeton, a frogman. Elly's most notable weakness, oft mentioned when she is being "courted," is her lack of kitchen skills. Family members cringe when, for plot reasons, Elly takes over the kitchen. Rock-like donuts and cookies, for example, are a plot function in an episode featuring Wally Cox as bird watching Professor Biddle. Elly is briefly considered for film stardom at the movie studio owned by Jed. In one episode, hearing Rock Hudson and Cary Grant are both single, Granny asks that Elly be introduced to them. During the final season Elly May takes a job as a secretary at the Commerce Bank after Jed and Granny persuade her that it would be a good way to "meet a husband." In the 1981 TV movie of The Beverly Hillbillies, Elly May is head of a zoo. Elly May appears in all 274 episodes. Jethro Bodine Jethro (though he addresses Jed as his uncle) is the son of Jed's cousin, Pearl Bodine. He drove the Clampett family to their new home in California and stayed on with them to further his education. The whole family boasts of Jethro's "sixth grade education" but nevertheless feels he is a bit of an idiot. Jethro is simply naive in the first season of the show but becomes incredibly ignorant and pompous as the series progresses. He often shows off his cyphering abilities with multiplication and "go-zin-ta's," as in "five gozinta five one times, five gozinta ten two times," etc. The tallest student in his class in the town of Oxford (so named because "that's where the oxen used to ford the creek") because of his age, he is often impressing others that he graduated "top of his class at Oxford." In Beverly Hills, he decides to go to college. He manages to enroll late in the semester at a local secretarial school due to his financial backing and earns his diploma by the end of the day because he didn't understand what was going on in class and was too disruptive. (This was an ironic in-joke—in real life Max Baer Jr, has a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration from Santa Clara University(Also Minored in Philosophy)). Many stories in the series involve Jethro's endless career search, which include such diverse vocations as a millwright, a brain surgeon, street car conductor, double-naught spy, Hollywood producer (a studio flunky remarks Jethro has the right qualifications for being a producer-a 6th grade education and his uncle owns the studio. The in-joke gag of Jethro as a movie producer was replayed in the 1981 movie), soda jerk, short order cook, and once as a bookkeeper for Milburn Drysdale's bank. More often than not, his overall goal in these endeavors is to obtain as many pretty girls as humanly possible. Out of all the Clampett clan, he is the one who makes the most change from 'country bumpkin' to 'city boy.' Another running gag is that Jethro is known as the "six foot stomach" for his ability to eat: in one episode he eats a jetliner's entire supply of steaks; in another episode Jethro tries to set himself up as a Hollywood agent for cousin "Bessie"-with a fee of 10,000 bananas for Bessie and 1,000 bananas for Jethro. At one time Jed mentions that Jethro was the only baby he knew born with a full set of teeth "just like a beaver." Jethro appears in 272 episodes; he is not in the third- or second-to-last episodes but Baer of course remains billed in the title credits. Baer claimed he only auditioned for the role of Jethro for fun and never expected to get the part. Supposedly, he clinched the part largely because of his grin. Duke The Clampetts' family dog. He's an old bloodhound that Jed had bought for four bits (50 cents) when he was a puppy. In early episodes, Jethro tries to teach Duke to fetch sticks, though to Jed it looks as if Duke is teaching Jethro how to do the trick. In a couple of episodes, Duke gets involved with a French poodle that was brought in to mate with Mrs. Drysdale's pampered pooch Claude. Apparently, the poodle has better taste and has Duke's puppies instead. When Mrs. Drysdale wants Claude to get revenge against Duke, Jed warns her that he's seen that old hound dog hold his own against a bobcat. The Drysdales Milburn, Margaret, and Sonny: The Drysdales are the Clampetts' next door neighbors. Milburn is the Commerce Bank's tightwad president and the friendly bumpkins' confidant. The haughty Mrs. Drysdale touts a heritage that traces back to the Mayflower, but money-hungry Milburn's concerns are strictly monetary. When suffering an anxiety attack, Milburn sniffs a stack of money and is quickly revived. Mr. Drysdale appeases the Clampetts and says that anything they do is unquestionably right. He often forces others, especially his secretary, to placate the Clampetts' by granting their unorthodox requests. Although wife Margaret, a blue-blooded Bostonian, has obvious disdain for the "peasant" hillbillies, she tacitly agrees to tolerate them (rather than Milburn lose their ever growing account—which is $96,000,000 in 1969, equal to $608,406,534 today). Margaret loathes all four "vagabonds," but her most heated rivalry is with Granny, with whom she occasionally has some "scraps." Raymond Bailey appears in 247 episodes. Harriet E. MacGibbon appears in 55 episodes between 1962 and 1969, she is not seen in the last two seasons of the show although is occasionally mentioned. Margaret's aged father has gambled away most of their money. Mrs. Drysdale's son—and Milburn's Stepson—is Sonny (played by Louis Nye ), who is a forty-something collegian who doesn't believe in working up a sweat and is an insufferable mama's boy. Finding Elly May a lovely, naive Pollyanna, he courts her until she literally tosses him. Although the character is fondly remembered by fans, Sonny only appears in four episodes, three in 1962 and a final appearance in 1966. Nancy Kulp (center) as The Beverly Hillbillies' Jane Hathaway Jane Hathaway Jane Hathaway, whom the Clampetts addressed as "Miss Jane," is Drysdale's loyal and efficient secretarial assistant. Though she always carried out his wishes, she was inherently decent and was frequently put off by her boss' greed. When she was annoyed with him, as was often especially when one of Drysdale's schemes went too far, she would usually and forcefully say "Chief!" Jane was genuinely fond of the family (to the Clampetts, she was considered family; even Granny, the one most dead-set against living in California, liked her very much and thought of her as part of the family), in fact, she actually harbored something of a crush on Jethro for most of the series' run. At first, she mistook the Clampetts as the servants, until she realized who they really were (which almost cost her her job). Miss Hathaway frequently has to "rescue" Drysdale from his idiotic schemes, receiving little or no thanks for her efforts. In one episode, she and Granny, disguised as "geisha girls," finally have enough and "crown" Drysdale and Jethro, who have made one too many comments about women serving men. Jane is loyal to Drysdale as well, despite her misgivings toward his avarice and greed. In one episode, the Clampetts, feeling money has corrupted them, give all of their money to Virginia "Ginny" Jennings ( Sheila Kuehl ), a college student. While Drysdale moans the loss of the money, Jane immediately tells him to stop thinking about the Clampetts and start trying to get the Jennings account. Eventually, everyone discovered Jennings' real motives, and she was gone, with the Clampetts getting their money back, and things were as they were before. In one episode, it is established that Miss Jane sacrificed her job as the top secretary of the top executive of the top insurance company to join Mr. Drysdale at the Commerce Bank. Miss Jane was a Vassar graduate. Jane Hathaway appears in 246 episodes. Note- In 1999 TV Guide ranked her number 38 on its '50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time' list. [11] Semi-regulars Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs Country music stars Flatt and Scruggs (who play themselves in seven episodes, 1963–68), are longtime friends of the Clampetts "back home" (Kimberling City, Missouri) who visit with the Clampetts when they are on tour in California. The duo had a number-one Billboard country single with the show's "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" (although the song is actually performed in the credits by Jerry Scoggins to Flatt and Scruggs' instrumental). Actress Joi Lansing played Flatt's wife, Gladys, in five episodes, 1963–68. John Brewster Brewster (played by Frank Wilcox ), is the President & CEO of the OK Oil company headquartered in Tulsa who purchases the oil rights to the gusher on the Clampett home back in the hills. The Clampetts are quite fond of him, and his wife occasionally visits them in California. John Brewster appears in 14 episodes, 1962–1966. Janet Trego Janet (played by Sharon Tate ) is a beautiful secretary at the Commerce Bank. Although Janet appears in 15 episodes, 1963–65, her role is generally quite minor. Tate was later murdered by Charles Manson's "Family" just before the start of the eighth season. Sam Drucker Sam (played by Frank Cady ) owns the general store in Hooterville. Granny is constantly under the impression that Sam wants to marry her, however Sam has no intentions of doing so. He appears in 10 episodes between 1968–1970. Cady also starred as Sam Drucker in Petticoat Junction and Green Acres. Cady reprised the role of Sam Drucker for the 1990 Green Acres reunion movie Return to Green Acres Helen Thompson Helen (played by Danielle Mardi) is a beautiful British secretary at the Commerce Bank. Helen takes over Jane Hathaway's job as Mr. Drysdale's secretary after Ms. Hathaway resigned. Helen appears in 17 episodes between 1969–1971. Helen was one of the ringleaders of the protest group the secretaries of the Commerce Bank created, GRUN (Girls Resist Unfair Neglect). She, along with many other secretaries as well as Elly and Granny, lived with Ms. Hathaway for a short time in her apartment. Shorty Kellums Shorty (played by Shug Fisher ) is Jed's longtime buddy from back home whom Jed reunites with in 1969 when the Clampetts go back for an extended period to the Hills. Shorty is a wiry little man who is crazy about voluptuous girls half his age. Shorty later moves into the Clampett mansion in Beverly Hills for a period. Shorty Kellums appears in 17 episodes in the 1969–70 season, and returned again briefly during 1970–71. Elverna Bradshaw Elverna is Granny's longtime rival back in the Hills, a gossip second to none. She makes a brief appearance in a 1963 episode when the Clampetts go back to the Hills to fetch Pearl to California but is not seen again until 1969 when the Clampetts return to their native land for an extended visit. However, both Granny and Jed referred to the character in several episodes throughout the series' run. Elverna (played by Elvia Allman ) and Granny rekindle their feud in a match to see who will be first wed, Elverna's daughter or Elly May. For reasons not really explained, Elverna also moves into the Clampett Beverly Hills mansion during the same period that Shorty does; both of them, however, are gone from the estate for the final 1970–71 season, presumably having returned home. Elverna Bradshaw appears in 13 episodes, 1963–1970. Matthew and Mark Templeton The Templetons are two brothers both played by actor Roger Torrey , who originally auditioned (unsuccessfully) for the part of Jethro. Matthew is seen in three episodes in October 1969 during the Clampetts' stay in the Hills where Granny tags the preacherman as a prospective husband for Elly. Unfortunately, Granny learns that Matthew is married. Just a year later back in California, Elly meets Matthew's brother, Mark Templeton, who is a marine biologist, a frogman whom Granny believes is actually part frog. The Mark Templeton storyline played out for nine episodes and was abruptly dropped although advance publicity for the show indicated Elly May and Mark would be marrying during the season; however, the show was cancelled at the end of that season as part of the CBS Rural Purge . The "critters" Edit Most episodes revolved around the clash between the "uncivilized" hillbilly culture represented by the Clampetts and the "civilized" American culture of the Drysdales. The Clampetts lived as they always had, even in their large, elegant mansion, never abandoning their mountain attire or replacing the old rattletrap truck in which they had moved to California. Although when asked what kind of truck it is, Jethro said 'I think it's a Stutz', it is actually based on a 1921 Oldsmobile. All the Hillbillies were handy with firearms and always seemed to have their weapons close at hand and ready to draw. They continued to grow their own food, and Granny made lye soap and moonshine. The extreme potency of the moonshine liquor and the harshness of the lye soap were running gags throughout the run of the series. As another running joke, the movie theaters back in the hills were still showing films from the silent movie era and the Hillbillies were unaware of talking pictures or more contemporary movie stars. Granny's favorite actor was Hoot Gibson, but she also had an intense crush on William S. Hart, and the whole Clampett family adored Mary Pickford. Silent movie legend Gloria Swanson made a memorable guest appearance on the show as herself in an episode that featured a comic parody of a silent melodrama. The Clampetts did, however, have a television, on which they watched soap operas and "rasslin'", as well as John Wayne movies, as he was apparently one of the few "talkie" movie stars of whom they were aware. Wayne made a brief cameo as himself after the Clampett mansion was "attacked" by stuntmen dressed as Native Americans. Pearl and Granny often fought for kitchen supremacy. Pearl once told Granny "a blood cousin trumps a mother-in-law". This underscored a familial disconnect between Jethro and Granny; although they shared no bloodlines, Jethro still called her "Granny" (as did everyone else on the show, including Miss Jane and the Drysdales). Other than their kitchen wars, relations between Granny and Pearl were generally friendly. The second season began with a brief mention of Pearl having moved back to the hills, an ironic departure, as it was Pearl who had urged Jed to move to California. The change came about because actress Bea Benaderet had left the show to star in Petticoat Junction . Mrs. Drysdale soon became Granny's main sparring partner. Although both Douglas and Baer were well into their twenties when the series started, during the first years of the series, their characters were supposed to be teenagers. Elly May was enrolled in an elite girls' school in the first season, although no further mention was made of her education in later episodes. Jethro was enrolled in a sixth-grade class with much younger students; a few episodes later on, the scripts suggested that he was still in school. Should Granny or one of her kin feel lonely for the hills, banker Drysdale would bend over backwards to placate the offended subject. Drysdale went so far as to re-create the log cabin the Clampetts had lived in and place it right next to the "cee-ment pond" and the still Granny had installed to make moonshine. Another time Drysdale followed the Clampetts to the "Hills" and bought up the Silver Dollar City "bank" just to make sure he had a controlling interest in the Clampetts' money. One running gag was that when Jed would take money out of his pocket, Drysdale's blood pressure would go up. A similar running joke was that when it seemed the Clampetts would take their money out of his bank, Drysdale's face would turn green. A variation of the joke of Drysdale's face changing color is in one episode when, after being given some of Granny's "Tennessee Tranquilizer" (moonshine), Drysdale's face turns red. Another frequent source of humor dealt with Jethro's endless career search, which included such diverse vocations as soda jerk, brain surgeon, Hollywood celebrity, and secret "double naught" agent/spy. Jethro coveted movie star fame and relished becoming a "playboy" like Elly's beau Dash Riprock. Jethro's stupidity usually caused such career attempts to fail spectacularly, as when he decided to open a "topless" restaurant ("The Happy Gizzard"), where the waiters and waitresses were hatless. The one time in the series when Jethro almost succeeded as a "Hollywood celebrity" was when "Cousin Roy" ( Roy Clark ) tried to get Jethro to back him up as a country singer in Hollywood; Jethro refused and failed as usual. Jethro did have one success, of sorts. When he rescued a Bird Watchers girl troop who fell into the "cement pond" (they were attacked by ants), Jethro got a "lifesaving badge". Misunderstandings were a general source of humor in the program: when the Clampetts did not understand something they had never encountered before (such as a water faucet), or when various city dwellers could not comprehend something the Clampetts were talking about. A group of businessmen overheard Jed talking about "crawdads" and concluded that he was discussing a new type of military vehicle, which they wanted to invest in. Conversely, when Jed muses to Mr. Brewster about whether he can afford to move to Beverly Hills, Brewster responds with, "Why, Mr. Clampett, with your money, you could afford the Taj Mahal," to which Jed rejoins, "I'll take it!" When Brewster insists he was making a joke; Jed allows that he can go right ahead. Brewster: "Well, that was the joke." Jed: "Mr. Brewster, you're an awfully nice feller, but I've heard a sight better jokes than that!" The Clampetts went back to the hills for Christmas during the first season but did not return there until the eighth season, during which several episodes were filmed on location in Kimberling City, Missouri. During this period, Shug Fisher and Elvia Allman joined the cast as Shorty and Elverna (Allman had appeared on an episode in the first season playing the same character). One constant throughout the series was that the Hillbillies, who were scrupulously honest, were surrounded by cynical, conniving and money-hungry "city-folk," whose plans were always foiled (usually unknowingly) by the Clampetts. Merchandise Edit The 1960s saw a plethora of tie-in merchandise hit store shelves, particularly toys. Several different coloring books and jigsaw puzzles were released, as was a fairly long-running comic book. There were even Hillbillies Halloween costumes. A Beverly Hillbillies lunchbox is among the most valuable pieces of memorabilia from the era. The Beverly Hillbillies made the cover of TV Guide nine times between 1962 and 1970. Donna Douglas is the only cast member pictured on every cover. Donna Douglas was also one of the most publicized actresses of the era, making the covers of many movie magazines. In 1993, a 110-card set of Beverly Hillbillies trading cards was released by Eclipse Comics. Although timed to coincide with the release of the 1993 Beverly Hillbillies film, these cards featured photos from the original television series, with storylines and character details on the back. An earlier card series from 1963 is highly sought by collectors and is among the most expensive non-sports cards sets. Reunions Edit In 1981, a Return of the Beverly Hillbillies television movie, written and produced by series creator Paul Henning , was aired on the CBS network. Irene Ryan had died in 1973, and Raymond Bailey had died in 1980. The script acknowledged Granny's passing but featured Imogene Coca as Granny's mother. Max Baer decided against reprising the role that both started and stymied his career, so the character of Jethro Bodine was given to another actor, Ray Young. The film's plot had Jed back in his old homestead in Bugtussle, having divided his massive fortune among Elly May and Jethro, both of whom stayed on the West Coast. Jane Hathaway had become a Department of Energy agent and was seeking Granny's "White Lightnin'" recipe to combat the energy crisis. Since Granny had gone on to "her re-ward", it was up to Granny's centenarian "Maw" ( Imogene Coca ) to divulge the secret brew's ingredients. Subplots included Jethro playing an egocentric, starlet-starved Hollywood producer, Jane and her boss ( Werner Klemperer ) having a romance and Elly May owning a large petting zoo. The four main characters finally got together by the end of the story. Having been filmed a mere decade after the final episode of the original series, viewer consensus was that the series' original spirit was lost to the film on many fronts, chief of which being the deaths of Ryan and Bailey and Baer's absence, which left only three of the six original cast members available to reprise their respective roles. Further subtracting from the familiarity was the fact that the legendary Clampett mansion was unavailable for a location shoot as the owners' lease was too expensive. Henning himself admitted sheer embarrassment when the finished product aired, blaming his inability to rewrite the script due to the 1981 Writers Guild strike. [12] The Last Hillbilly Hurrah Edit In 1993, Ebsen, Douglas, and Baer reunited onscreen for the only time in the CBS-TV retrospective television special, The Legend of the Beverly Hillbillies which ranked as the 4th most watched television program of the week – a major surprise given the mediocre rating for the 1981 TV-movie. It was a rare tribute from the "Tiffany network" which owed much of its success in the 1960s to the series but has often seemed embarrassed by it in hindsight, often down-playing the show in retrospective television specials on the network's history and rarely inviting cast members to participate in such all-star broadcasts. The Legend of The Beverly Hillbillies special ignored several plot twists of the TV movie, notably Jethro was now not a film director but a leading Los Angeles physician. Critter-loving Elly May was still in California with her animals but Jed was back home in the Hills, having lost his fortune, stolen by the now-imprisoned banker Drysdale (a plot twist that many fans found unsettling for this good-natured show.) Nancy Kulp had died in 1991 and was little referred to beyond the multitude of film clips that dotted the special (which curiously failed to include a single film clip of Harriet MacGibbon.) The special was released on VHS tape by CBS/Fox Video in 1995 and as a bonus feature on The Official Third Season DVD Set in 2009. Reruns and syndication Edit The Beverly Hillbillies is still televised daily around the world in syndication. In the United States, the show is broadcast on TV Land and MeTV and was previously on WGN America. [13] A limited number of episodes from the earlier portions of the series run have turned up in the public domain and as such are seen occasionally on many smaller networks. The show is distributed by CBS Television Distribution, the syndication arm of CBS Television Studios. The repeats of the show that debuted on CBS Daytime on September 5–9, 1966 as "Mornin' Beverly Hillbillies" through September 10, 1971 and on September 13–17, 1971 as "The Beverly HILLBILLIES" lasted up to Winter 1971–1972. It aired at 11:00–11:30am Eastern/10:00-10:30am Central through September 3, 1971, then moved to 10:30–11:00am Eastern/9:30-10:00am Central for the last season on CBS Daytime. Media Edit There are 55 episodes of the series that are in the public domain, (all 36 season one episodes and 19 season two episodes), because Orion Television, successor to Filmways, neglected to renew their copyrights. As a result, these episodes have been released on home video and DVD on many low-budget labels and shown on low-power television stations and low-budget networks in 16 mm prints. In many video prints of the public domain episodes, the original theme music has been replaced by generic music due to copyright issues. Before his death, Paul Henning , whose estate now holds the original film elements to the public domain episodes, authorized MPI Home Video to release the best of the first two seasons on DVD, the first "ultimate collection" of which was released in the fall of 2005. These collections include the original, uncut versions of the first season's episodes, complete with their original theme music and opening sponsor plugs. Vol. 1 has, among its bonus features, the alternate, un-aired version of the pilot film, The Hillbillies Of Beverly Hills (the version of the episode that sold the series to CBS), and the "cast commercials" (cast members pitching the products of the show's sponsors) originally shown at the end of each episode. With the exception of the public domain episodes, the copyrights to the series were renewed by Orion Television. However, any new compilation of Hillbillies material will be copyrighted by either MPI Media Group or CBS, depending on the content of the material utilized. The trademarks, concepts and character rights are the exclusive property of CBS Broadcasting. For many years, 20th Century Fox, through a joint venture with CBS called CBS/Fox Video, released select episodes of Hillbillies on videocassette. After Viacom merged with CBS, Paramount Home Entertainment (the video division of Paramount Pictures, which was acquired by Viacom in 1994) took over the video rights. In 2006, Paramount announced plans to release the copyrighted episodes in boxed sets through CBS DVD later that year. The show's second season (consisting of the public domain episodes from that season) was released on DVD in Region 1 on October 7, 2008 as "...The Official Second Season". The third season was released on February 17, 2009. [14] Both seasons are available to be purchased together from major online retailers. Movie version In 1993, a movie version of The Beverly Hillbillies was released starring Jim Varney as Jed Clampett and featuring Buddy Ebsen in a cameo as Barnaby Jones, the lead character in his long-running post-Hillbillies television series. See also

i don't know

Which 90s sitcom character was said to be a symbol of failing values which caused LA riots, according to Dan Quayle?

The '90s / Useful Notes - TV Tropes So if this is what sold pickup trucks in the early '90s, what did the chick-car ads look like? Some useful notes regarding the Real Life 1990s , from tropers who remember them. Daily Life: For the first time in U.S. history, more Americans lived in affluent suburban neighborhoods rather than in cities or towns or on farms. Fueled by this millions-strong middle class, the American "consumer culture" that had been burgeoning since The '50s reached its apotheosis. There were more creature comforts and general amusements than ever before (including some that were relatively new for the decade, such as cellular phones and hand-held videogame consoles), as well as more people to enjoy them and more dollars with which to buy them. The factor most responsible for setting the stage for this fabulous prosperity remains controversial among social scientists and political pundits, but the general consensus is that the country was reaping a generation's worth of benefits from a dramatic economic shift (dubbed the "New Economy") that had phased out the old industrial labor market (which, had allegedly subordinated the material interests of laborers to those of management) and reoriented American workers toward businesses that capitalized more on individual ingenuity and creativity (such as computer technology). The 1990s were the point at which drug awareness reached the point of Narm . Anti-drug commercials were sprinkled in between shows aimed at eight-year-olds, most of whom weren't exactly being offered to begin with . note Though the young actresses involved helped usher millions of boys into adolescence. Programs like DARE were at their most aggressive (and least effective), and Rachael Leigh Cook was tearing up her kitchen for unclear reasons . Amongst adults, employee drug tests were ubiquitous no matter your line of work. Moral Guardians were at their most hot-and-bothered since The '50s , as a result of shows like Beavis And Butthead and The Simpsons , violent video games (more on that below) and musicians like Marilyn Manson and most Gangsta Rap artists. The guardianship was thought to have jumped the shark in 1994 when a Jerry Falwell-produced video claimed that President Bill Clinton was a Serial Killer who had ordered hits on political enemies , but it came back with a vengeance after Columbine provided them with a holy grail of things to panic about — two teenagers who played Doom and listened to "violent" rock music shooting up their school while dressed in black. In the UK, there was a fair bit of controversy surrounding the James Bulger case of 1993, infamously involving two ten-year-old boys murdering the much younger Bulger, and it had been rumoured they were trying to imitate horror movies such as Child's Play 3 . Naturally prompting a moral panic over the effects of violent media on children... TV ads were still the dominant form of marketing in the '90s. Because everyone was watching either cable or over-the-air TV, the formulaic advertisements that provided a telephone number ("Call 1-800-[number]"/"You must be 18 or older to call"/"But wait, there's more!") with the blue background and scrolling yellow letters were very familiar. While they still exist today, they serve as a nostalgic throwback. On the subject of the National Curriculum, this was the decade the National Curriculum assessments, colloquially known as "SATs" were brought in, designed to test kids in English, Maths and Science at the end of every "Key Stage" (typically at the end of Years 2, 6 and 9). These have attracted a lot of criticism (including from teachers' unions) over the stress they were supposedly putting kids under, teaching to the tests, their use as part of school league tables etc. Entertainment: As for the US networks , NBC was pretty much king of the roost thanks to its lineup of sitcoms , Fox had The Simpsons , The X-Files , and its massive sports contracts to fall back on, and CBS and ABC were pretty much neck-and-neck at the bottom. ABC did have a success story with TGIF, though. 1995 saw the birth of The WB and UPN , and while neither would reach the mass appeal of the Big Four, they would ultimately be successful within their own niches (teenagers and young adults for the WB, and African-Americans for UPN). Cable (and, in the US, it was just cable; satellite TV didn't become a thing until very late in the decade like it did in the UK) was still largely a wasteland of reruns, syndication , cooking shows, infomercials, movies, and scrambled softcore porn . The common joke about cable, as told in a famous Bruce Springsteen song , was that it was "57 channels and nothin' on." USA Network , for instance, was mainly known in those days for their game show reruns and the USA Cartoon Express. The few channels that did become popular did so by carving out their own niches instead of trying to compete with broadcast television; MTV targeted teenaged and young adult music fans, ESPN targeted sports fans, HBO targeted movie buffs, Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon dueled for children's viewership, and the Discovery Channel , The History Channel , and TLC competed for people who wanted to feel smart. It was only at the end of the decade when HBO started debuting shows like The Sopranos and Sex and the City and proving that cable was a viable outlet for popular original programming; before then, the Big Four networks stood dominant. In the UK, it was the decade that pretty much finished The BBC and ITV duopoly once and for all, thanks in part to the deregulation of the Thatcher government and the emergence of satellite TV (and to a lesser extent cable). In terms of satellite TV, there was a short-lived rivalry between the government-backed British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB), offering a 5-channel lineup of varied, mostly British-oriented fare, and Rupert Murdoch 's Sky , broadcasting on the pan-European Astra satellite along with a number of other early satellite/cable ventures, and relying much more on entertainment and US imports. This ended with the two services eventually " merging " (read: BSB was taken over by Sky) in late 1990. On the terrestrial front, Channel 4 stopped being funded by ITV, and took a more commercial direction with sometimes raunchy live entertainment shows, as opposed to the more dry, intellectual fare it presented in The '80s ; whilst the launch of Channel Five (with accompanying Spice Girls video!) promised a new, fresh approach to over-the-air broadcasting (but ultimately being notorious for its mildly sordid late night fare). The '90s was more or less the decade of the sitcom . Cheers , Married... with Children , and Seinfeld led the way, followed by Frasier and Friends . The two most popular setups for sitcoms in the era seemed to be either a) dysfunctional families (taking after Married..., Roseanne , and The Simpsons ), or b) "hip" singles in the city, often living together (taking after Frasier and Friends). Sturgeon's Law , of course, was in full effect, and since the aforementioned shows were so popular, the 90% of crap was that much bigger from all the copycats. The worst sitcoms today would seem positively mediocre compared to some of the things that aired back then, like Charlie Hoover . Across The Pond , by contrast, this is the decade where Doctor Who was mainly conspicuous by its absence from TV screens, having been cancelled by The BBC in 1989. The one Hope Spot was the TV movie starring Paul McGann , designed to try and finally crack the US market for the show � it never took off into a new series, which would have to wait until 2005. A loyal fanbase meant the franchise, along with various spinoffs and tributes, continued in other media, though. This is the decade where international interest in telenovelas truly exploded, expanding even further that it was in the previous decade. The decade was practically dominated by Mexican shows, with Venezuelan ones following its steps, at least during the first half. Thalia became a household name on three continents, thanks to the three "María" soaps she starred, up to Mar�a la del Barrio . On the latter half, interest for productions from Brazil and Colombia's soaps increased, due to the comparatively "grittier" and "realistic" feeling they had compared with the most classical Mexican exports, without putting the romance on the backseat. Among the Brazilian soaps, series like Pantanal and Xica da Silva generated intercontinental interest, while Colombia grabbed some on its own with Café con aroma de mujer, Las Aguas Mansas, and Yo soy Betty, la fea . This was a tough decade for musical theater. With the "megamusical" trend Andrew Lloyd Webber spearheaded in The '80s quietly fading away, the only stage musicals that attracted mainstream media attention were RENT and two shows adapted from then-recent Disney Animated Canon successes (Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King). Elsewhere in live entertainment, the Canadian company Cirque du Soleil brought European-style "contemporary circus" to the masses. Its appeal was wide enough that in 1998 they opened non-touring shows in both a Las Vegas casino ("O" at the Bellagio — actually their second such show in the city, the first being Mystere) and a Disney resort complex ( La Nouba , at Florida's Walt Disney World). Some of the most popular female sex symbols from the decade included Pamela Anderson, Cindy Margolis, Sharon Stone, Demi Moore, and Carmen Electra. Some of the more popular male sex symbols included Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Val Kilmer, and Denzel Washington. In 1993, Magic: The Gathering became the first successful collectable card game (at least in the United States). It would be followed by several other competing CCGs. None would succeed at surpassing Magic's popularity, at least until Pok�mon came along...Even then though, most people with Pokémon cards simply collected them with no other motivation. It took until the following decade, when Yu-Gi-Oh! took the world by storm, for most of the kids with Pokémon cards to realize there was a game attached to it. Hence, Magic: The Gathering remained the only truly popular collectible card game people actually played. The Nineties also saw the large scale return of the Disaster Movie . After being a staple of Seventies cinema, the genre was almost completely absent in the Eighties, but from the mid-Nineties on, it blasted back. The difference was CGI, which was now sufficiently advanced (and sufficiently cheap) that all sorts of disasters could be simulated using it. The first new film of this type was Twister in 1996, but copycats swiftly followed it . Kids book series really began to turn themselves into franchises- mainly thanks to their publisher, Scholastic. Goosebumps was an anthology of horror books by R.L. Stine which had kids confronting lots of creepy stuff- it spawned a TV show on Fox Kids . Animorphs revolved around a group of kids forced to save the Earth from an invasion of Puppeteer Parasites with the power to change into different animals- and the horrors of war were taking their toll on the group. It also spawned a TV show on Nickelodeon, albeit a mediocre one. On the educational side of things, The Magic School Bus took off on PBS (although the books began first), and was so popular it even aired on Fox Kids alongside Goosebumps (though it aired on weekday afternoons)! And Harry Potter also arrived on the scene, but didn't really take off until the next decade. Captain Underpants also appeared late in the decade, challenging adults who thought the series "vulgar" and helping kids to get into reading. It hasn't really spawned much, although a film is slated to come out soon. Fashion: Nowadays, '90s fashion is often remembered as being indistinguishable from either The '80s , or the Turn of the Millennium , depending whether or not the focus is before 1996. While there were some stylistic similarities due to proximity of time (urban wear in particular has seen little change since the days of N.W.A. ), in some respects the styles were vastly different. More noticeably different are the styles earlier in the decade; fashion in the mid-90'snote roughly 1992 to about 1998 had a definite "grunge" look to it, and early '90s fashionnote 1990 until about early-mid 1992 included many features held over from the late '80s. Bright "pop" colors were very much au courant, with aquamarine sported by many boys and hot pink a favorite of girls (and, to a lesser degree, boys too ). Leather pants were popular, for men and women, especially in the club scene in the mid-90's and everywhere else in the late 90's. Buffy, boy bands, and Ricky Martin were some of the biggest reasons. Black was the most common color, but brown, red and other colors weren't unheard of. Stores like the Gap and Old Navy cornered the clothing market. The Gap especially hit a chord with their ad campaign, which was mostly good-looking people wearing their clothes while singing pop songs and looking bored out of their minds. Towards the end of the decade, they began losing their momentum in the youth market to Abercrombie and Fitch, Aeropostale, and Banana Republic. In the early part of the decade, unless you were a child, your shirt was always tucked in, regardless of your gender or how formally you were dressed. For women and girls, overalls were extremely popular (starting about 1993), and high-cut jeans were the rule until the later years of the decade. (Just how much later depended on your location.) Unless you were in High School , skirts were practically non-existent. Acid-washed jeans held on for a while from the '80s, but spandex was verboten. Frizzy and/or voluminous hair also briefly remained as an '80s holdover, although flatter hair pushed it out early in the decade. The women's hairstyle most associated with the decade is the "Rachel" cut, worn by Jennifer Aniston in the early seasons of Friends — flat, straight, and square layered. Large, chunky blonde highlights, also known as "streaking" (no, not that kind ), became popular around the same time as the "Rachel" cut, also popularized by Jennifer Aniston. Men's hairstyles, meanwhile, changed drastically throughout the decade, from shaggy in 1994, to a parted bowl-cut in 1997, to Bart Simpson spikes in 1999. Younger men and teenagers with brown hair cut into the bowl-cut sometimes bleached the longer hair of the "bowl" blonde and, if it was long enough, tied it in a ponytail. Impractically small backpacks were in vogue. Tiny vinyl sacks have been on the market for nearly a decade! In another year, they'll be retro! Cargo shorts were very popular for men, though they seldom went below the knee. Men's business attire was particularly distinctive. Pastel-colored shirts and wide, colorful ties were the norm (this was a throwback to the "bold look" of the late 1940s). This is one fashion trend that seems to have survived well past the '90s, to the point that a man can come off as stodgy if he insists on wearing a plain white shirt with his tie. Double-breasted suits with low buttons and bold colors became the norm very suddenly around 1990, coming out of the great swing revival (see below). They disappeared just as suddenly at the end of the decade. Both plaid and neon were extremely popular designs for clothing. Neon more so, but everybody remembers plaid more . In glaring contrast to the arch accessorizing by young middle-class fashion plates in The '80s , kids in this decade (or at least during the early and middle parts of it) seemed to scorn looking like your clothes had actually been ironed. Fashions for young men became rumpled and rather clownish, with unbuttoned pendleton shirts, baggy shorts or jeans with ridiculously wide legs, and sloppy caps sported atop mops of unkempt, occasionally dangling strands of hair. Not all boys dressed like this of course, but the ridiculously casual aesthetic caught on to some degree everywhere. And if we are to believe Cher in Clueless , girls did not find this look attractive at all. From approximately the middle of the decade onward there was a revival of '60s and '70s Hippie-style clothes and jewelry — the Peace symbol, Yin-Yang, and Smiley Face in particular — and then Rave culture surfaced, which had an "infantilizing" effect (girls dressed as fairies and Muppets, guys looking like Dr. Seuss characters with giant hats, and neon pony beads EVERYWHERE). Hip-hop fashion, with its ridiculously baggy clothes, caught on amongst men (and a few women ) in the middle part of the decade, especially in black communities (white people who wore it were often dismissed as posers ). One of the most popular theories for the origin of this fashion style is that it developed in prison, where convicts couldn't get prison uniforms in the right size, and that they took this fashion with them when they were released. This style has been the default style for urban fashion for a long time. Thus making the urban fashion scene kinda stagnant till the fashion style of Swag Rap emerged (circa late 00's). But even then it kinda still exists as a weird awkward parallel to the latter style. Possibly signifying a separate urban culture . Clothing labels became a status symbol. Many articles of clothing had their brand name as the primary design element, letting the wearer proudly say "Yeah, I can afford this." Those who couldn't afford expensive sneakers were ridiculed, while those who did were occasionally murdered and robbed. Toward the later half of the decade, possibly because of the anime boom, there was a rise in the popularity of East Asian culture. Eastern symbols (mostly kanji) were popular on t-shirts, jewelry, and especially tattoos... even if most people displaying them couldn't actually read them. Tube tops made a brief reappearance in 1996/1997, but the fad didn't last long. Cut-off jean shorts were still acceptable for younger people in the beginning of the decade, but by the end they became, in many places, associated with the redneck stereotype. In the mid-1990s, "heroin chic" fashion models known for their skinny physiques, pale skin, and dark rings under their eyes (basically, they resembled heroin addicts) started appearing in advertisements as a response to healthy, vibrant-looking models like Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer. The heroin chic fad immediately sparked controversy, with critics accusing it of glamorizing heroin use. By the late 1990s heroin chic had died out, with many people believing the heroin-related death of fashion photographer Davide Sorrenti to be a contributing factor. Food and Drink: Fast food was a traditional alternative to cooking a meal, and usually relatively cheap. The menus weren't as diverse as they are now (a lot of them were changed to cash in on the low-carb craze), but they still had some decent stuff on there. Regarding dining out, it was usually a weekly thing for most of the middle class. Other days, you'd get fast food or cook at home. Shopping was a baffling ordeal; everything had a low-fat, low-sodium, fat-free, low-sugar, no-sugar, and (later on) low-carb version of itself on the store shelf. Organic food wasn't as popular as it is today, but it was still starting to appear on some store shelves. The '90s saw the rise and subsequent fall of Olestra products. Olestra was a fat-free food additive that made it taste really good, but made the snacks it was applied to have no fat content. If it sounds too good to be true, that's because it is: Olestra made the entire world head to the toilet with intense regularity. Olestra snacks sold like hotcakes in their first couple of years, then subsequently failed. "May cause anal leakage." As Ray Romano put it, "That's the only warning that the tobacco companies could look at and say, 'Well, at least we're not that.'" It seemed like there was a new fad diet every other week. Among the diets to last throughout this time period were the Atkins diet, the Zone diet, and the South Beach diet. The Atkins was probably the most famous: it was the brainchild of a Dr. Richard Atkins, and the basic point of the diet was to watch the carbohydrates one was taking in. The cultural impact was huge, and many donut shops and ice cream parlors lost business because their customers started switching to Atkins. The drink synonymous with the '90s was coffee. Whereas in the past, coffee was what mom and dad drank in the mornings while reading the newspaper, in the '90s coffee became a trendy, must-have beverage, often ordered with a ton of modifiers (tall half-caf, no sugar, whipped cream, two shots of espresso, et cetera). This was the point where Starbucks began (and continues) to pick up in popularity. The fact that coffee was associated with the "hip" cultural center of Seattle was probably not a coincidence. The Drink Order trope started weakening, as not every person always ordered the same thing. Still, some drinks had certain images attached to them: Beer was still very much a working-class beverage - however, some "local" beers and microbrews had more of a classy connotation. Toward the end of the decade, foreign brews such as Ireland's Guinness Draft Stout acquired a surprisingly upscale image in the United States, with the British/Irish pub subculture beginning to gain popularity on the other side of the Atlantic. Wine was the drink of the middle-aged suburbanite wife who was waiting for the kids to get home. Margaritas were seen as a very "fun" drink and were popular with women. Mid-decade saw a brief, inexplicable fad for "crystal clear" versions of sodas, which tasted like Coke, Pepsi, root beer, etc., but didn't have the food coloring, so they looked clear. You'd pick up what you thought was a lemon-lime soda, but it would taste like a cola!!! Yeah... the novelty wore off pretty quickly (although some of us miss those marvelous drinks with a passion). One clear beverage in particular that deserves to be mentioned is Zima. It was a clear alcoholic beverage sold by Coors Brewing Company, and it was marketed as a "manly" alternative to wine coolers for guys who didn't like the taste of beer. The beverage was introduced in 1993 and sold well in its first year, but Coors was disappointed to discover that most people drinking it weren't men, but twenty-something women. Pretty soon comedians such as David Letterman started making jokes about Zima being a sissy drink for girly men, and sales of the drink fell sharply. Surprisingly, Zima would continue to be sold until 2008 before Coors quietly discontinued it, but most people remember Zima as a 1990s thing. Towards the end of the decade, some food products aimed at kids would advertise how EXTREME!! they were by coming in different colors. Green ketchup and blue french fries showed up on shelves, and a lot of kids food changed color when it was being prepared. The products didn't taste any different, but they did stain your clothes a lot more than the normal stuff, and the trend of colored food died out pretty quickly. Headlines: As Communism had begun to fall in many countries around 1989, the Cold War is said to have truly ended in '91 with the dissolving of the Soviet Union. Science: Until the early 1990's, despite thousands of science fiction books, movies and TV shows, the only solar system astronomy had any solid evidence whatsoever for was the one we obviously lived in. Even in the late 1980's there were people wondering if our own solar system was a fluke - the planets being theoretically caused by gasses pulled from the sun by a passing star. Scientists were fairly certain there were other solar systems, but the mid 1990's is when the proof came in by measuring parent stars for gravitational wobbles. In 1998 it was first discovered (from observations of supernovae in distant galaxies) that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to the effects of gravity, but in fact speeding up. Whilst less obviously exciting-sounding than extrasolar planets, it had profound implications for understanding the ultimate fate of the universe: previously it had been thought that what mattered was not that the rate of expansion was slowing down or not, but by how much, so either the universe was "open" (and expansion would continue forever), "closed" (meaning that the universe would collapse and end in a "Big Crunch", the inverse of the "Big Bang") or "flat" (at the critical point between the two, which would still mean it would expand forever). note Open/flat/closed refers to the geometry of spacetime. Now we knew that expansion would have to continuenote well, some esoteric theories might still dispute that. Also, speculation into the causes of this prompted the invocation of "dark energy", a mysterious substance adding to "dark matter" to explain the missing mass in the universe. The Home: Home size in the 1990s continued to increase while lot size decreased, resulting in the modern McMansion. In addition, many housing developments were isolated and rural, increasing commute times and decreasing worker productivity. This, despite the fact that the average family size was decreasing. Many homeowners in the '90s went to great lengths to update their (often old) homes with the latest in decor, which mostly meant investing in a lot of glass and granite. Mean property values in the United States skyrocketed. Family size started getting smaller; whereas back in the day, six- and seven-child families were not unheard of, in the '90s it was very uncommon for a family to have more than three kids, and it was next-to-impossible to find a family with more than five kids. The exceptions were families that objected to contraceptives and families that couldn't afford it in the first place. While seemingly everything else was getting smaller, the family car was getting bigger...and bigger...and so on. Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) were really popular in the '90s with families. Whereas in the past the SUV was the car a rugged camper or backpacker would buy to lug around all his stuff and was a two-door model often with a detatchable fiberglass roof and a 20-year design cycle, the '90s saw the cars firmly associated with the soccer mom shuffling her kids to and from practice. The mantra was that they were safer (unless you were making a sharp turn...) No one thought about gas mileage (gas was very cheap, even adjusted for inflation) or a carbon footprint. Among passenger cars, 4-door sedans commanded an ever-larger market share with each new model year bringing fewer wagons, sporty coupes and small cars than the one before, and hatchbacks practically disappearing from the North American market towards the end of the decade. Homes usually had one phone line each at the beginning of the decade, but by the end of the decade most families who were serious about the Internet had a second phone line for Internet usage. Kids and preteens got very excited when they could get their own phone line to talk to their friends without their parents able to snoop; this was a holdover from the '70s and '80s, but by the '90s, it became particularly commonplace and expected for teens to want their own phone lines. Cell phones, naturally, killed this trope. Local Issues: Rudy Giuliani became mayor of New York City , thus ending the grimy "classic" New York of yesteryear. He was helped greatly by Disney. Disney wanted to adapt Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway play, but Broadway and Times Square were pretty rough at the time. Giuliani knew the amount of revenue that it would bring, so he assured those at Disney that it would be cleaned up by the time they were ready. A particular unit of Los Angeles ' police department underwent a decade of corruption and mafia-style activity in what became known as the Rampart Scandal, later inspiring the television series The Shield . In 1991, several police officers were captured on video beating a suspect named Rodney King; they were acquitted in 1992, leading to six days of rioting in Los Angeles, and riots in several other cities in sympathy, including Las Vegas , Atlanta, Tampa and Toronto. The greater Los Angeles area began work rebuilding its massive rapid transit system, which is still 11-29 years from completion. Despite this, the system would not appear in popular media until 24 . Seattle became a major cultural center for the country during the early '90s, as the home of grunge , Frasier and Microsoft . The Denver suburb of Littleton, Colorado was shocked in the spring of 1999 when Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, two outcast students, gunned down several of their peers at Columbine High School in what was one of the heaviest-reported school shootings of all time. After the shooting, everything from Doom to Marilyn Manson was blamed. Also in the late '90s, America was shocked as a young beauty pageant performer named JonBenet Ramsey was killed. News coverage of the search for her killer(s) dominated the airwaves for quite a while — to this day, it remains unsolved. It also had the effect of changing the opinion of child beauty pageants and the Stage Mom , since both were intensely dissected in the aftermath. Opinion changed from "Oh, she's adorable!" to "This is a little creepy." In California, former NFL running back Orenthal James "O.J." Simpson was allegedly involved in the murder of his ex-wife and a close friend of hers in 1994. While celebrity trials had gotten press before, this one (and the low-speed car chase along LA freeways that preceded it) absolutely dominated national headlines through 1995. The outcome of the trial (found not guilty) caused a great deal of arguing, particularly along racial lines. This trial also featured the first highly-publicized usage of DNA as evidence. As Keith Olbermann would note 20 years after the fact, it also marked the end of the transition in the perception of celebrity from "we don't want to know what's going on in their private lives" to "we want to know everything". Las Vegas , after spending The '80s in rundown shape, was gradually transformed into a luxury casino resort hotbed in the wake of the 1989 opening of Steve Wynn's Mirage Hotel and Casino. The city also tried to cultivate a "family-friendly" image in order to attract more affluent baby boomers and their tweener children, but this proved a dud and ended when Wynn's lavish Bellagio Hotel and Casino opened in 1998. In the United Kingdom it was all change for no change as the Right-Wing eighties conservative government hung on, generating sex-scandal, after sex-scandal, after corruption-scandal until 1997 and Tony Blair took power. The attempts by the Conservatives to hang onto power is generally considered to have delayed the Northern Ireland peace process for at least 3 years. Also in the UK, Glasgow began to throw off its Violent Glaswegian heritage and modernise the city centre. This had the side effect of causing a musical and artistic explosion in the late '90s that bore serious fruit in the following decade. Russia saw little of the stuff described above. The still-smoking ruins of the Soviet Union were a place of suffering, rampant poverty, rise of The Mafiya , unrestrained corporate greed, a never-ending counter-terrorist war in Chechnya... Against this backdrop two former Soviet republics, Armenia and Azerbaijan, went to war over the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh , formerly an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijani SSR, as soon as the Soviet Union toppled. The war ended in a ceasefire in 1994 that is still ongoing. Nagorno-Karabakh declared independence but has to date not been recognized by any country, at least until some peace deal is brokered. After spending the 80's in the economic doldrums Ireland began to grow much more prosperous in this decade, leading the boom years of The Celtic Tiger from 1994 onwards. As well as becoming richer the decade also saw a boom in interest in Irish culture overseas, shaped by the likes of Riverdance. In Japan , the economic bubble of the 1980s burst in 1991, leading to a decade-long recession that's now referred to as "The Lost Decade". Japan has yet to fully recover, because while Japanese companies were languishing in the 90s, rival companies in South Korea and Taiwan picked up steam, making it a lot harder for Japanese companies to start growing again after the Turn of the Millennium . In Canada, the country comes within a hairs breath (Within 1%) of the country splitting apart with Quebec voting to separate from that Canada in an provincial referendum. Fortunately, while the Federalists side despaired that all they seemed to do is delay the inevitable, the frustrated separatist Quebec premier inadvertently prevented that when he went into a Sore Loser tirade complaining about he was thwarted by "Money and the ethnic vote." At that rash statement, his comrades gave themselves a massive Face Palm while minorities got a forceful reminder at how brazenly ethnocentric the separatist side was, and thus the "winning conditions" to have a third separation referendum have proved frustratingly out of reach. Music: Musical tastes in the 1990s varied drastically among different age groups and localities. To listen to Top 40 radio in the 1990s would mean being buried under endless waves of Sixpence, Suzanne Vega , and tons of more mellow vocal artists. In the late '90s, boy bands and pop princesses became extremely popular and started blanketing the airwaves. What was rock music like in the '90s? Well, Hair Metal hung on for the first couple of years in bold defiance of good taste, but was soon acid-washed from history by grunge . Grunge, in turn, suffered a backlash as Kurt Cobain killed himself and increasingly derivative bands partook in a lyrical style that Nathan Rabin dubbed "Hunger-Dunger-Dang." However, even though grunge itself was out, the musical style influenced many bands in what is now known as " post-grunge ", which became prevalent late in the decade and remained so until The New '10s . Nu Metal arose and peaked around the same time as post-grunge, and emo was first starting to get mainstream attention thanks to Weezer . Alternative Rock had finally escaped the college radio ghetto and saw the rise of such bands as R.E.M. , Primus , They Might Be Giants , and Soul Asylum. Meanwhile, on the other side of The Pond , Britpop emerged as a backlash against the dourness of grunge, and became the dominant form of music in Britain. However, the only Britpop band to gain real traction in America was Oasis , with the rest becoming one hit wonders at best. The '90s saw something of a "Canadian Invasion", with Canadian artists like C�line Dion , Shania Twain , Barenaked Ladies , Alanis Morissette and Sarah Mclachlan scoring big hits in the U.S. If you ask South Americans, they will tell you thar this the decade of the Rock En Español. Many Argentinian, Chilean and Mexican rock bands became well known in the mainstreal, although, in the case of Soda Stereo, it was basically becoming continentally famous just in time to dissolve. Social Concerns: As stated above, The '90s was the era in which the Moral Guardians were always in a tizzy. While it was brewing in the '80s and early '90s ( Dan Quayle 's complaints about Murphy Brown , the moral panics over heavy metal and Satanic cults ), the presence of conservative Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush meant that the Christian Right felt itself to have a friend in the White House (regardless of how Reagan and Bush felt), and never felt truly pressured. However, the rise of Bill Clinton (the sax-playing, MTV-loving horndog who " smoked but didn't inhale ") in 1992 and the high profile of his wife Hillary (who, during the election, gave off the image of a textbook Straw Feminist thanks to her snarky quotes about baking cookies and "standing by my man like Tammy Wynette") set off many religious conservatives. The first real shot was fired by Patrick Buchanan in his infamous "culture war" speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention, which became a rallying point for millions on the Christian Right who made "public morality" a major issue throughout the '90s. The first big controversy was centered around Beavis And Butthead , which was never a favorite of those who made the rules. A young boy supposedly lit his trailer home on fire because he wanted to imitate the main characters' pyromaniacal tendencies. The resulting outcry led MTV to move the show to a later timeslot, causing a decrease in ratings. Oh, and that boy who lit his trailer home on fire? They didn't have cable. Violence in the media was another hot-button issue. In the early '90s, Power Rangers had the Moral Guardians having panic-induced heart attacks at the thought of young children imitating their martial-arts style violence. As has been repeatedly stated before, Doom was the next big whipping boy, entering the public consciousness after the Columbine massacre, as was Professional Wrestling . Sexuality in the media was another big sticking point. NYPD Blue had an episode where Dennis Franz' naked ass was shown, creating a great deal of controversy. It also became something of a Never Live It Down moment for Franz. In the UK it was 1994 before a Lesbian Kiss could be shown in a primetime, non-titillating, sympathetic, manner. It would be another four years before a transsexual woman could be shown in the same way. Even with all the Moral Guardians running around, the '90s saw something of a reversal of opinion on homosexuality, and the rebirth of the gay rights movement. While acceptance of gay people was a ways behind what it is today, and gay marriage was never on the table, views of homosexuality were still miles ahead of the blatant homophobia that ran in The '80s . This was helped, in part, by an increasingly large number of celebrities coming out as gay, some less than willingly. In the '90s, there was something of a drive by various media outlets to "out" as many people as they could. Another, and possibly greater, factor in the rise of gay rights was the breaking of the taboo surrounding AIDS. Throughout The '80s , AIDS was perceived as " God's punishment against gays and junkies", which killed cruelly and almost immediately, and was transmitted through means not yet entirely clear. note Scientists suspected from fairly early on that AIDS was spread through bodily fluids only, but the public took some convincing. There was an idea going around in the Eighties that you could catch it from toilet seats. But a couple of high-profile deaths — along with much-loved (and straight) basketball star Earvin "Magic" Johnson announcing that he was HIV-positive in 1991 — changed the public's opinion: Ryan White was a hemophiliac teenager who got infected through contaminated blood transfusions and died of a respiratory infection in 1990 at the age of 18. His story changed public perception from AIDS from a disease that affected only "those people" to something that affected everyone. Kimberly Bergalis was a straight woman who was infected (possibly deliberately) with AIDS by her dentist. Pedro Zamora, an audience favorite character in The Real World : San Francisco , died of AIDS just after that season had aired. Pedro's sympathetic portrayal helped change people's minds about what gay and HIV+ people were like. Finally, there was the public health nightmare that AIDS caused in sub-Saharan Africa, thanks in part to all the misinformation spread about it. When a disease becomes The Plague for an entire continent full of people (who hadn't committed the perceived sins that the disease was being attributed to), it's rather difficult to claim that it's some sort of divine punishment. One of the key figures of '90s controversy was Joycelyn Elders, the Surgeon General under Bill Clinton. Pretty much everything out of her mouth pissed off her opponents: from the suggestion that schools distribute contraceptives and teach a more comprehensive sexual education program to the idea that drugs should be legalized. However, the one concept that will always follow her around was the suggestion that young people should masturbate instead of engaging in potentially risky sexual activity. This was the final nail in her coffin, and she was out after that. People started paying attention to the growing obesity issue in the late '90s. It seemed like every other report was about childhood obesity for a while. Or anorexia. Towards the late 90s, there was a big focus on shutting down pro-ana websites, and for a little while it seemed like the obesity rhetoric was toned down in favor or preventing eating disorders. It's noteworthy, however, that in the late nineties obesity started to be looked upon more as an actual disease than just a person who eats a lot. The term "eating disorders" eventually became a blanket for everything from anorexia to obesity. The hidden problem of sexual harassment and other indignities women had to face in the workplace was finally exposed to the world in the US Senate hearing of potential US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas when his former co-worker, Anita Hill, came forward to claim that Thomas made her life hell with his sleazy treatment of her. Gender politics began to seriously change throughout the decade in ways that suggested the feminist movement of the late 1960's had been ahead of its time. Social attitudes and patterns of thought that had previously been acceptible were challenged and opposed as more women got into postiions of power and influence, especially in TV and the media. There were some notable hangovers of "male chauvanist" hegemony: the Page Three Stunna in British Newspapers , for instance, and the emergence of "lads' mags" as a sort of backlash against against the new reality, such as the controversial Loaded and its wave of imitators such as GQ and Maxim. But in the main comedy had to move on from sexist cheap laughs and jokes at the expense of women, minorites and gays. Values Dissonance became obvious when considering older TV and radio comedy thought perfectly acceptable . Environmentalism became a major concern, especially after the Exxon-Valdez oil spill at the end of the previous decade with Public Service Announcements and shows like Captain Planet and the Planeteers on TV. In the early 1990s, "Save the Rain Forest" was a particularly popular type of environmentalism, especially among young people. This resulted in films like FernGully: The Last Rainforest and at one point McDonald's even had rain forest-themed Happy Meal toys. Sports: Professional basketball exploded in popularity, thanks in no small part to Michael Jordan, the man often called basketball's version of Babe Ruth or Pele . It's no coincidence that the most watched basketball game of all time was in 1998. Also, thanks to a rules change the 1992 Olympics marked the debut of "The Dream Team" - a US men's national basketball team composed almost entirely of NBA superstars who beat their opponents by an average of 43.8 points per game on their way to the gold medal. The Toronto Blue Jays became the first non-American team to win the World Series in 1992 and 1993. The 1994-1995 Major League Baseball players' strike was a major turning point in the history of the sport. This was also the height of the Steroid Era, although the full extent of steroid use was not known yet. The second half of the decade saw the New York Yankees return to prominence after over a decade and a half of mediocrity. 1998 saw professional baseball get a big boost in popularity thanks to Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa's chase of the single season home-run recordnote Roger Maris, with 61. Both men ended up breaking itnote  Mcgwire had 70 to Sosa's 66, but the accomplishment would be tarnished by their later accusations of using performance-enhancing drugs. In addition, new teams were established in Colorado, Miami, Arizona, and Tampa. In American Football , the Buffalo Bills lost four straight Super Bowls at the beginning of the decade. The Dallas Cowboys were the dominant team in the mid-90s, and the NFC won every Super Bowl in the Nineties until John Elway led the Denver Broncos to two titles in 1998 and 1999 (while simultaneously lifting the onus of "never winning the big one" from his own career). Pro football also grew sharply in popularity in the South for the first time with the creation of two new teams in Jacksonville and Charlotte, and the World League of American Football (with its helmet-cams and experimental rules) established a bi-continental league in North America and Europenote Unfortunately, by 1995 the North American teams had either disbanded or moved to the CFL, leaving "NFL Europe" to soldier on until its dissolution in 2007. American motorsports saw a dramatic shift. Internal disputes within CART, the major Indy Car sanctioning organization at the time and once the most popular form of auto racing in North America, caused a second organization, the Indy Racing League (IRL), to split off in 1997. A self-destructive civil war ensued, which wouldn't be resolved until a decade later, causing many followers of open-wheel racing to leave in disgust. Along came NASCAR, which had steadily been growing in popularity nationwide throughout 1980s, and exploded in the 1990s, largely due to the exploits of a young, good-looking superstar from California named Jeff Gordon. The latter half of the decade saw open-wheel racing begin to fade into the backdrop as it was eclipsed by NASCAR in popularity for the first time in history, although NASCAR was unable to shake off its Deep South stereotype. The death of the beloved Ayrton Senna at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix was perhaps the defining moment of the decade for Formula One . The late nineties saw Michael Schumacher's dominion of the sport. Although snowboarding began in the 1980s, it didn't really become popular until the 1990s when most ski areas finally decided to allow snowboarders. Another contributing factor in the rise of snowboarding was the extreme sports craze of the 1990s, which made snowboarding very cool among young people. Snowboarding was so popular during the 1990s that it's credited with breathing new life into the ski resort industry, which had fallen on hard times after the 1980s. In response to the 90s extreme sports obsession. ESPN created an annual sports event called the X Games in 1995 that focused on various extreme sports such as motocross, skateboarding, and BMX. Two years later they would also launch the Winter X Games, which focused on skiing, snowboarding, and snowmobiling. Both the X Games and the Winter X Games remain popular to this day. Technology: From our perch in The New '10s , the '90s can seem hopelessly primitive. In fact, dramatic change was the norm throughout the decade: it began with a handful of people on Usenet or text-only BBSesnote Bulletin Board Systems, tiny message boards usually run by someone out of his basement and/or bedroom, to which you dialed in directly (as in "Come check out my kewl BBS! 555-1212, 8 bits, parity, no stop bit."), and ended with everyone and their dog having web pages and sharing music on Napster. We even had viral videos — "The Spirit of Christmas" came out in 1995, and "Troops" came out in 1997. (You had to download them in pieces, because they were too large to be downloaded all at once.) This was the decade when personal computers really transitioned from the hi-tech novelty of The '80s to being an essential part of everyday life, in the home as well as workplaces and schools. Improving technology expanded the scope of what computers were for- multimedia, desktop publishing, and of course the internet- making them worthwhile for more people to get, whilst the rise of graphical user interfaces that had began in the mid-'80s made them more user-friendly than the old text-based/command line driven systems impenetrable to non-specialists and "whizz-kids". Nevertheless, computers tended to be much more expensive and a comparative luxury by modern standards. Like televisions in the '50s, most homes had only one computer for the whole family to use (if they had one at all), and in the early part of the decade, it might not have been the latest and greatest model (indeed, a small number of 8-bit machines like the Commodore 64 and the Apple ][ were still being made in the very early '90s). It would have almost certainly been a desktop- laptops were bulky, expensive and underpowered compared to similarly-priced desktops, and didn't have the advantage of then non-existent wi-fi. Laptops were like cell phones in the early '90s: a status symbol for high-powered executives. For many young people, the only time when they had access to a reasonably modern computer was in school, and then, it was usually only in the computer lab (if the school even had one). And even then, the odd old machine might be still lingering around for certain specific applications. As the decade wore on, PCs eventually declined in price, and it became a running joke that if you bought a new PC, chances are it would be out of date within 6 months! Another trend was the rise of the now industry standard PC, still sometimes referred to as "IBM compatibles" or "PC clones" due to compatibility with the original IBM Personal Computer . Already the de facto standard in the business world, it was with the rise of Windows 95 and falling hardware prices that the standard really became ubiquitous. Windows 95 incorporated a much-improved user interface to the already Fair for Its Day Windows 3.1, and integrated both Windows and nasty old DOS, the command-line now no longer being default. It also made something of the emerging multimedia boom. That said, Windows 95 and its sequels were, to greater or lesser extent, notoriously buggy and error-prone , so many businesses preferred the more stable Windows NT which also provided better support for things like networking, but wasn't really suitable for gaming. Prior to that, alternative, proprietary standards (most notably the Apple Mac, as well as, at least outside the US, the Amiga and that stalwart of British schools post- BBC Micro , the Acorn Archimedes ), were still modestly successful, and to their supporters, vastly superior to your average "PC clone". As IBM-clones rose in popularity, Apple went through a Dork Age and struggled to keep up until Steve Jobs returned and the iMac was launched, ending the preconception of computers as boring beige boxes with its iconic case design, as well as having such revolutionary things as built in USB ports and the CDR-R/RW drive replacing the floppy drive altogether. The fate of Commodore and Acorn was not so rosy: they both went out of business, although the Amiga and RISCOS platforms were still kept alive by enthusiasts, and the ARM processors found in the Acorn Archimedes evolved into that which power our mobile phones, tablets and Raspberry Pis today. Printers were largely of the dot-matrix variety to begin with, before being gradually superseded by the usually superior (and much quieter!) inkjets as the decade progressed; we also saw the beginning of affordable colour printing. Laser printers existed but were usually bulky, expensive, and monochrome, so were only really favoured by large offices. The only real affordable portable storage came in the form of the floppy disk, and until CD- RO Ms took over, it was the format most software came in as well. As software got more advanced and hence took up more disk space, it took up multiple floppies and provided much annoyance for users having to swap disks constantly when installing software or even in the middle of loading a game! It was also the decade of the CD-ROM, which as the acronym note Compact Disc-Read Only Memory implied, was only meant for distributing software too big to fit on dozens of floppy discs. Before the internet was really well-established, we also had the phenomenon of the multimedia CD-ROM, an ideal format for educational and reference materials to replace old, musty, boring books and probably an ideal way to get parents to buy their kids a computer as they wouldn't be just using it for nasty things like playing Doom . This also had the upshot of meaning computers and games consoles, like the original Playstation, could play audio CDs as well. A failed attempt to make a market for the new technology was the Philips CD-i , which perhaps because people didn't know what it was supposed to be—the controls weren't really suitable for games, which were better served by traditional games consoles whilst PCs did everything else and more—never took off. Nevertheless as an all-in-one home entertainment system, it was arguably slightly ahead of its time. Most of what we now know as the Internet (and the word was always capitalized then) did not exist. Here is a look at how crude the internet was as recently as 1995. No friending networks , very primitive search engines, no streaming video , and use of the words " blog " or "wiki" in casual conversation would earn you blank stares. Message boards only came into their own late in the decade — before that, there was Usenet , a huge collection of discussion groups for every topic in the universe. The main three browsers were Netscape (and its precursor, Mosaic), Internet Explorer, and America Online. Yes, AOL, or as many people came to call it, AOHell. Millions got suckered into AOL's crappy business policy and spyware-ridden software thanks to its mass mailing of CDs and its ads proclaiming that it was "so easy to use, no wonder it's #1!". AOL was instrumental in kick-starting the Eternal September , which is when public interest in the internet first began to surge. Having an internet connection wasn't a given. Many people didn't have a computer to begin with. Many computers were too old to connect to the internet. Even new computers with the latest operating systems didn't always support Internet connectivity out of the box — Windows didn't until the second half of the decade. Many people who had modern computers simply didn't pay for service because it was too expensive for what was still a novelty then, and most people who did have it wouldn't go on for more than an hour at a time because doing so would tie up the phone line. Being able to afford a second phone line for the internet was a big luxury. And it was always the phone line — broadband was an option only found in a few areas and at a very high price, which meant that its use was reserved for the rich and for specialized fields (research, programming). This sound came on every time you turned on your dial-up modem to hook up to the internet. If you wanted to, say, look for sexy pictures online , you would have to wait at least a minute for a grainy, 360x240 image of Cindy Margolis (one of the first sex symbols to become famous primarily through the internet) to slowly load on your screen. Basically, unless you had used the internet, you probably didn't even know it existed, especially early in the decade. In addition, you were constantly getting kicked off the 'net for little reason, especially if you had AOL. At one point, AOL aired a commercial promising that they had hired a hundred thousand new workers for the sole purpose of making sure that this didn't happen so much. There was absolutely no noticeable change in the rate of sudden instant connection death whatsoever. And if you weren't blown offline, other internet users would do you the favor of showing you the door. AOL users were extremely unwelcome on the existing internet, particularly on Usenet . It was presumed that all AOL users (or AO Losers) were either immature twits or simply had no idea how to use a computer. An AOL email address was a sure way to get flamed. The late '90s saw the growth of the "dot-com" bubble, which is when everybody and their dog decided that they were an "e-ntrepreneur" and started up a website offering them some kind of service in the "new economy" that would be created by the internet. As it turned out, claims about the "new economy" were about ten years premature — the spectacular burst of the dot-com bubble put a lot of people out of work, killed most of the start-ups that proliferated, and hammered the economy of Silicon Valley. Still, the dot-com bubble was, in hindsight, the clearest turning point in public acceptance of the internet as a necessity of everyday life, as proven by the fact that its bust had such a large impact on the economy. Afterwards, the "old internet" (or "web 1.0"), reserved primarily for computer geeks and first adopters, was replaced with the multi-billion-dollar networks we have today. Cell phones were in the transition period between the giant bricks of the '80s and the smaller, sleeker, multimedia-enabled devices of today. While prices were coming down, they were still most definitely a luxury item, even more so than a home computer, and were predominantly the domain of businessmen and people who worked on the go. For the rest of us, there were pagers. (Remember Buffy saying "If the Apocalypse comes, beep me"? That's a pager she's talking about.) Cell phones started becoming smaller, cheaper and more common late in the decade, but even then, anything beyond the basics (sending and receiving calls and text messages) was reserved only for the most high-end models. Service was found only in more urban areas, and was still rather spotty. Text messaging was a lot more expensive than it is today, and was practically unheard of. It wasn't for nothing that most people still relied on land lines during this period, and things like pay phones and the Yellow Pages (massive doorstopper books that listed all phone numbers in a given area, which still exist today, but are notorious for being immediately thrown out due to their uselessness) were commonplace. The mobile phone boom only really took off at the very end of the decade, when all of a sudden every man and his dog suddenly seemed to have one- even (gasp!) kids! Due to this transition period, the 90s also saw some now nearly forgotten phone technologies, and strange juxtapositions. Rotary phones (the kind with an analog dial) were still a common sight when cell phones came into the market, so a single household might be using both early 20th century and cutting edge phone technology. There were also "car phones" which could not be used effectively outside the vehicle and were of questionable use inside the vehicle. At home, caller ID was first introduced, creating a minor revolution in how people used the phone, since calls could be screened without resorting to the hassle of an answering machine. Video gaming really started taking off amongst kids. The early '90s saw the Super Nintendo and the Sega Genesis (a.k.a Mega Drive outside of North America), which is seen by some as the first great console war — to this day, it's truly difficult to tell who was the clear-cut winner. Gaming started improving from a technolgical standpoint, and by the late '90s we had both a 64-bit system and the birth of the compact disc as a gaming medium. Nintendo briefly owned the market again after Sega started imploding thanks to infighting between the American and Japanese divisions and general mismanagement , but Sony would take over with the Playstation (one) starting in 1995, and held a choke-hold until the Wii came along in the mid '00s. With video games going 3D, side-scrolling platformers became Deader Than Disco (until nostalgia revived them in the next decade), and by 1997 you could expect to be ostracized for still having a 16-bit system. Ironically, 16-bit platformers have aged much better than most early 3D efforts. A number of noteworthy trends took place in early-mid '90s gaming. Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog pioneered the Mascot with Attitude in 1991, bringing a Totally Radical flair into gaming and spawning a legion of copycats who would often take digs at Mario and Sonic . This trend went out of fashion in the end of the decade, as the Sonic franchise went through its Saturn -era Dork Age and many of its copycats ran head-first into the Polygon Ceiling , with 2001's Conker's Bad Fur Day , a South Park -esque parody of the genre, providing the denouement. Full Motion Video and virtual reality were also hyped up, with many people predicting that the future of gaming was in interactive movies and the ability to actually be in the game, man. After a few years of grainy, sub-VHS-quality video with production values to match , eye strain , and bombs like the Virtual Boy and Night Trap , gamers realized that, no, this was not the future . The later part of the decade, meanwhile, saw the appearance of numerous games that would go on to influence the industry for the next decade. This includes Half-Life , Deus Ex , the first three Resident Evil games, Final Fantasy VII , both System Shock games, the first two installments in the Grand Theft Auto franchise, and Silent Hill , among many others. 1998 in particular may go down as the single "best" year in gaming history, much like how 1939 is remembered by film buffs as the high point of The Golden Age of Hollywood . Of course, accompanying the growth of gaming was the genesis of the anti-gaming movement, which managed to bring about a Senate hearing over the violence in Mortal Kombat and Night Trap . This prompted the creation of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) to pre-empt government censorship. Near the end of the decade, Columbine managed to cause a second moral panic over video game violence , this time targeted at the burgeoning First-Person Shooter genre. Video games were still viewed very much as a children's activity, and anybody over the age of 16 who still played games was viewed as either a shut-in nerd or an Eric Harris-in-waiting. Outside the PC and console arenas, arcades were still popular in the first half of the '90s. Many big restaurants and other establishments had at least one or two machines, and many department stores of the day had a section (usually at the entrance) where the arcade games could be found. At the start of the decade, these machines only needed one quarter to play, just like in the '80s. Then Mortal Kombat and other games came out which needed two quarters to play, and the prices would only go up from there. Around the mid '90s, arcades began a long decline in popularity, as home consoles started catching up to what the dedicated hardware of an arcade cabinet was capable of. While they were still somewhat popular by 2000, by then the writing was on the wall. Averted in Japan, however: In Japan, arcades are viewed as social hang-out spots for children and teenagers, particularly in urban areas. Any noticeable decline in arcade density in Japan would not occur until around 2014, and for entirely different reasons than in the west. Speaking of arcades, pinball would see its highest ever heights and its rock-bottom within this decade. Beginning on a high note with 1990's Fun House , in 1992, Bally would release The Addams Family , the top-selling pinball machine of all time and arguably the only pinball machine that went mainstream. Due to The Addams Family, every arcade had a few pinball games somewhere. However, by 1999, pinball would become so obscure and unpopular that every company that made them either went out of business or moved to more profitable industries, rendering pinball a dead industry for the decade's last few months. The DVD first came into the United States in 1997, with Twister and Blade Runner : The Director's Cut the first two movies to be released on the new format. However, it wouldn't be until the following decade that the DVD really shone in popularity and sales figures. Until then, we were stuck with the poorer-quality, and much bulkier, VHS. Meanwhile, in the music world, it was the domain of the CD, and to a lesser extent the cassette; vinyl had been pushed into obscurity and at most was only really used by DJs, collectors and the hopelessly backward. Cassettes were the main means of recording audio and listening to it on the move, although portable CD players existed and by the end of the decade, recordable CD formats (CD-R and CD-RW) had become affordable for consumers. A whole host of technologies had previously tried to replace the analogue audio cassette; besides a whole host of not-very-successful digital tape formats, by far the most well-known was probably Minidisc, though even that never really caught on and the players/recorders remained quite expensive compared to cheaper cassette machines. The CD had already been introduced in The '80s , but was considered an expensive luxury for audiophiles. It was only around the turn of the decade that the format finally began to take off, thanks to dropping prices of players and discs. MP3 and other audio file formats also came into existence in the decade, but the earliest dedicated MP3 players would not be seen until 1998, had very small storage space and were hideously expensive. Downloading an MP3 file on dial-up internet could take ages; nevertheless, early MP3 downloading sites and file-sharing emerged in the decade (see below). Those with less money and patience were stuck with ripping CDs to their computers or simply playing them straight off the disc. In June 1999, Shawn Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker launched a website named Napster, which allowed people to download music for free and share it with each other. It was the center of a ton of controversy , like everything else in the '90s. While it lasted only two years before it was shut down, its legacy proved impossible to erase. It was one of the first beacons of the death of not only the compact disc, but the whole concept of music needing a physical copy — in 2003, just two years after Napster was shut down, the record companies would rally behind iTunes in order to undercut the explosion of file-sharing websites that emerged to fill the void Napster left. Preceding Napster was the now less well-remembered mp3.com, which, starting in 1997, provided a forum for indie artists to share music digitally for free. (Yes, both free and legal, not that you would think it possible given the controversy surrounding MP3 downloading in the early days.) Early in the following decade it would itself run into controversy after it tried to allow users to upload music ripped from their CDs and stream it anywhere, which the record companies didn't like at all- they successfully sued. Banking was changed forever by digital technology. In 1990 ATMs were rare note and virtually always attached to, if not inside, a bank, by 1999, they were on every street corner. Ditto for in store debit, and the number of places that took credit cards. The '90s became the decade where the only reason to actually talk to someone who worked at the bank was to get a loan or open an account. Until the very late 1990's it was unheard of to pay for fast food with a card. .wav files were hot stuff. These were sound files much bigger than mp3s, so they were only really good for short sound bytes, not full songs. Sites popped up with all sorts of wav files from movies, etc - all ready to download and assign to different events on your computer. These sites stayed up for years until traffic costs and lawsuits threatened them.note Which isn't to say there aren't still a bunch of them... Under the radar, in 1991, a Finnish student by the name of Linus Torvalds began working on a small UNIX-like hobby operating system, initially meant to be confined to x86 systems and other very specific hardware, and making use of GNU-based software tools. Today, of course, the outcome of this little project is known as Linux and has been ported to more platforms than any other operating system, being widely used on servers, supercomputers and even mobile phones. Back then, it was still developing and was seen as much more obscure and geeky than it is now, only hitting the mainstream in the following decade. (Incidentally, the iconic "Tux" penguin mascot was created in 1996, after Torvalds visited the zoo and became obsessed with penguins.)

Murphy Brown

According to the series when was the Cheers bar founded?

Family, Children, Marriage, Divorce April 1993 Dan Quayle Was Right The social-science evidence is in: though it may benefit the adults involved, the dissolution of intact two-parent families is harmful to large numbers of children. Moreover, the author argues, family diversity in the form of increasing numbers of single-parent and stepparent families does not strengthen the social fabric but, rather, dramatically weakens and undermines society by Barbara Dafoe Whitehead Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of American children. In the postwar generation more than 80 percent of children grew up in a family with two biological parents who were married to each other. By 1980 only 50 percent could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout child hood. Most American children will spend several years in a single-mother family. Some will eventually live in stepparent families, but because stepfamilies are more likely to break up than intact (by which I mean two-biological-parent) families, an increasing number of children will experience family breakup two or even three times during childhood. According to a growing body of social-scientific evidence, children in families disrupted by divorce and out-of-wedlock birth do worse than children in intact families on several measures of well-being. Children in single-parent families are six times as likely to be poor. They are also likely to stay poor longer. Twenty-two percent of children in one-parent families will experience poverty during childhood for seven years or more, as compared with only two percent of children in two parent families. A 1988 survey by the National Center for Health Statistics found that children in single-parent families are two to three times as likely as children in two-parent families to have emotional and behavioral problems. They are also more likely to drop out of high school, to get pregnant as teenagers, to abuse drugs, and to be in trouble with the law. Compared with children in intact families, children from disrupted families are at a much higher risk for physical or sexual abuse. Contrary to popular belief, many children do not "bounce back" after divorce or remarriage. Difficulties that are associated with family breakup often persist into adulthood. Children who grow up in single-parent or stepparent families are less successful as adults, particularly in the two domains of life--love and work--that are most essential to happiness. Needless to say, not all children experience such negative effects. However, research shows that many children from disrupted families have a harder time achieving intimacy in a relationship, forming a stable marriage, or even holding a steady job. Despite this growing body of evidence, it is nearly impossible to discuss changes in family structure without provoking angry protest. Many people see the discussion as no more than an attack on struggling single mothers and their children: Why blame single mothers when they are doing the very best they can? After all, the decision to end a marriage or a relationship is wrenching, and few parents are indifferent to the painful burden this decision imposes on their children. Many take the perilous step toward single parenthood as a last resort, after their best efforts to hold a marriage together have failed. Consequently, it can seem particularly cruel and unfeeling to remind parents of the hardships their children might suffer as a result of family breakup. Other people believe that the dramatic changes in family structure, though regrettable, are impossible to reverse. Family breakup is an inevitable feature of American life, and anyone who thinks otherwise is indulging in nostalgia or trying to turn back the clock. Since these new family forms are here to stay, the reasoning goes, we must accord respect to single parents, not criticize them. Typical is the view expressed by a Brooklyn woman in a recent letter to The New York Times: "Let's stop moralizing or blaming single parents and unwed mothers, and give them the respect they have earned and the support they deserve." Such views are not to be dismissed. Indeed, they help to explain why family structure is such an explosive issue for Americans. The debate about it is not simply about the social-scientific evidence, although that is surely an important part of the discussion. It is also a debate over deeply held and often conflicting values. How do we begin to reconcile our long-standing belief in equality and diversity with an impressive body of evidence that suggests that not all family structures produce equal outcomes for children? How can we square traditional notions of public support for dependent women and children with a belief in women's right to pursue autonomy and independence in childbearing and child-rearing? How do we uphold the freedom of adults to pursue individual happiness in their private relationships and at the same time respond to the needs of children for stability, security, and permanence in their family lives? What do we do when the interests of adults and children conflict? These are the difficult issues at stake in the debate over family structure. In the past these issues have turned out to be too difficult and too politically risky for debate. In the mid-1960s Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then an assistant secretary of labor, was denounced as a racist for calling attention to the relationship between the prevalence of black single-mother families and the lower socioeconomic standing of black children. For nearly twenty years the policy and research communities backed away from the entire issue. In 1980 the Carter Administration convened a historic White House Conference on Families, designed to address the growing problems of children and families in America. The result was a prolonged, publicly subsidized quarrel over the definition of family. No President since has tried to hold a national family conference. Last year, at a time when the rate of out-of-wedlock births had reached a historic high, Vice President Dan Quayle was ridiculed for criticizing Murphy Brown. In short, every time the issue of family structure has been raised, the response has been first controversy, then retreat, and finally silence. Yet it is also risky to ignore the issue of changing family structure. In recent years the problems associated with family disruption have grown. Overall child well-being has declined, despite a decrease in the number of children per family, an increase in the educational level of parents, and historically high levels of public spending. After dropping in the 1960s and 1970s, the proportion of children in poverty has increased dramatically, from 15 percent in 1970 to 20 percent in 1990, while the percentage of adult Americans in poverty has remained roughly constant. The teen suicide rate has more than tripled. Juvenile crime has increased and become more violent. School performance has continued to decline. There are no signs that these trends are about to reverse themselves. If we fail to come to terms with the relationship between family structure and declining child well-being, then it will be increasingly difficult to improve children's life prospects, no matter how many new programs the federal government funds. Nor will we be able to make progress in bettering school performance or reducing crime or improving the quality of the nation's future work force--all domestic problems closely connected to family breakup. Worse, we may contribute to the problem by pursuing policies that actually increase family instability and breakup. From Death to Divorce Across time and across cultures, family disruption has been regarded as an event that threatens a child's well-being and even survival. This view is rooted in a fundamental biological fact: unlike the young of almost any other species, the human child is born in an abjectly helpless and immature state. Years of nurture and protection are needed before the child can achieve physical independence. Similarly, it takes years of interaction with at least one but ideally two or more adults for a child to develop into a socially competent adult. Children raised in virtual isolation from human beings, though physically intact, display few recognizably human behaviors. The social arrangement that has proved most successful in ensuring the physical survival and promoting the social development of the child is the family unit of the biological mother and father. Consequently, any event that permanently denies a child the presence and protection of a parent jeopardizes the life of the child. The classic form of family disruption is the death of a parent. Throughout history this has been one of the risks of childhood. Mothers frequently died in childbirth, and it was not unusual for both parents to die before the child was grown. As recently as the early decades of this century children commonly suffered the death of at least one parent. Almost a quarter of the children born in this country in 1900 lost one parent by the time they were fifteen years old. Many of these children lived with their widowed parent, often in a household with other close relatives. Others grew up in orphanages and foster homes. The meaning of parental death, as it has been transmitted over time and faithfully recorded in world literature and lore, is unambiguous and essentially unchanging. It is universally regarded as an untimely and tragic event. Death permanently severs the parent-child bond, disrupting forever one of the child's earliest and deepest human attachments. It also deprives a child of the presence and protection of an adult who has a biological stake in, as well as an emotional commitment to, the child's survival and well-being. In short, the death of a parent is the most extreme and severe loss a child can suffer. Because a child is so vulnerable in a parent's absence, there has been a common cultural response to the death of a parent: an outpouring of support from family, friends, and strangers alike. The surviving parent and child are united in their grief as well as their loss. Relatives and friends share in the loss and provide valuable emotional and financial assistance to the bereaved family. Other members of the community show sympathy for the child, and public assistance is available for those who need it. This cultural understanding of parental death has formed the basis for a tradition of public support to widows and their children. Indeed, as recently as the beginning of this century widows were the only mothers eligible for pensions in many states, and today widows with children receive more-generous welfare benefits from Survivors Insurance than do other single mothers with children who depend on Aid to Families With Dependent Children. It has taken thousands upon thousands of years to reduce the threat of parental death. Not until the middle of the twentieth century did parental death cease to be a commonplace event for children in the United States. By then advances in medicine had dramatically reduced mortality rates for men and women. At the same time, other forms of family disruption--separation, divorce, out-of wedlock birth--were held in check by powerful religious, social, and legal sanctions. Divorce was widely regarded both as a deviant behavior, especially threatening to mothers and children, and as a personal lapse: "Divorce is the public acknowledgment of failure," a 1940s sociology textbook noted. Out-of-wedlock birth was stigmatized, and stigmatization is a powerful means of regulating behavior, as any smoker or overeater will testify. Sanctions against nonmarital childbirth discouraged behavior that hurt children and exacted compensatory behavior that helped them. Shotgun marriages and adoption, two common responses to nonmarital birth, carried a strong message about the risks of premarital sex and created an intact family for the child. Consequently, children did not have to worry much about losing a parent through divorce or never having had one because of nonmarital birth. After a surge in divorces following the Second World War, the rate leveled off. Only 11 percent of children born in the 1950s would by the time they turned eighteen see their parents separate or divorce. Out-of-wedlock childbirth barely figured as a cause of family disruption. In the 1950s and early 1960s, five percent of the nation's births were out of wedlock. Blacks were more likely than whites to bear children outside marriage, but the majority of black children born in the twenty years after the Second World War were born to married couples. The rate of family disruption reached a historic low point during those years. A new standard of family security and stability was established in postwar America. For the first time in history the vast majority of the nation's children could expect to live with married biological parents throughout childhood. Children might still suffer other forms of adversity --poverty, racial discrimination, lack of educational opportunity--but only a few would be deprived of the nurture and protection of a mother and a father. No longer did children have to be haunted by the classic fears vividly dramatized in folklore and fable--that their parents would die, that they would have to live with a stepparent and stepsiblings, or that they would be abandoned. These were the years when the nation confidently boarded up orphanages and closed foundling hospitals, certain that such institutions would never again be needed. In movie theaters across the country parents and children could watch the drama of parental separation and death in the great Disney classics, secure in the knowledge that such nightmare visions as the death of Bambi's mother and the wrenching separation of Dumbo from his mother were only make believe. In the 1960s the rate of family disruption suddenly began to rise. After inching up over the course of a century, the divorce rate soared. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the divorce rate held steady at fewer than ten divorces a year per 1,000 married couples. Then, beginning in about 1965, the rate increased sharply, peaking at twenty-three divorces per 1,000 marriages by 1979. (In 1974 divorce passed death as the leading cause of family breakup.) The rate has leveled off at about twenty-one divorces per 1,000 marriages--the figure for 1991. The out-of-wedlock birth rate also jumped. It went from five percent in 1960 to 27 percent in 1990. In 1990 close to 57 percent of births among black mothers were nonmarital, and about 17 percent among white mothers. Altogether, about one out of every four women who had a child in 1990 was not married. With rates of divorce and nonmarital birth so high, family disruption is at its peak. Never before have so many children experienced family breakup caused by events other than death. Each year a million children go through divorce or separation and almost as many more are born out of wedlock. Half of all marriages now end in divorce. Following divorce, many people enter new relationships. Some begin living together. Nearly half of all cohabiting couples have children in the household. Fifteen percent have new children together. Many cohabiting couples eventually get married. However, both cohabiting and remarried couples are more likely to break up than couples in first marriages. Even social scientists find it hard to keep pace with the complexity and velocity of such patterns. In the revised edition (1992) of his book Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage, the sociologist Andrew Cherlin ruefully comments: "If there were a truth-in-labeling law for books, the title of this edition should be something long and unwieldy like Cohabitation, Marriage, Divorce, More Cohabitation, and Probably Remarriage." Under such conditions growing up can be a turbulent experience. In many single-parent families children must come to terms with the parent's love life and romantic partners. Some children live with cohabiting couples, either their own unmarried parents or a biological parent and a live-in partner. Some children born to cohabiting parents see their parents break up. Others see their parents marry, but 56 percent of them (as compared with 31 percent of the children born to married parents) later see their parents' marriages fall apart. All told, about three quarters of children born to cohabiting couples will live in a single-parent home at least briefly. One of every four children growing up in the 1990s will eventually enter a stepfamily. According to one survey, nearly half of all children in stepparent families will see their parents divorce again by the time they reach their late teens. Since 80 percent of divorced fathers remarry, things get even more complicated when the romantic or marital history of the noncustodial parent, usually the father, is taken into account. Consequently, as it affects a significant number of children, family disruption is best understood not as a single event but as a string of disruptive events: separation, divorce, life in a single-parent family, life with a parent and live-in lover, the remarriage of one or both parents, life in one stepparent family combined with visits to another stepparent family; the breakup of one or both stepparent families. And so on. This is one reason why public schools have a hard time knowing whom to call in an emergency. Given its dramatic impact on children's lives, one might reasonably expect that this historic level of family disruption would be viewed with alarm, even regarded as a national crisis. Yet this has not been the case. In recent years some people have argued that these trends pose a serious threat to children and to the nation as a whole, but they are dismissed as declinists, pessimists, or nostalgists, unwilling or unable to accept the new facts of life. The dominant view is that the changes in family structure are, on balance, positive.   A Shift in the Social Metric There are several reasons why this is so, but the fundamental reason is that at some point in the 1970s Americans changed their minds about the meaning of these disruptive behaviors. What had once been regarded as hostile to children's best interests was now considered essential to adults' happiness. In the 1950s most Americans believed that parents should stay in an unhappy marriage for the sake of the children. The assumption was that a divorce would damage the children, and the prospect of such damage gave divorce its meaning. By the mid-1970s a majority of Americans rejected that view. Popular advice literature reflected the shift. A book on divorce published in the mid-1940s tersely asserted: "Children are entitled to the affection and association of two parents, not one." Thirty years later another popular divorce book proclaimed just the opposite: "A two-parent home is not the only emotional structure within which a child can be happy and healthy. . . . The parents who take care of themselves will be best able to take care of their children." At about the same time, the long-standing taboo against out-of-wedlock childbirth also collapsed. By the mid-1970s three fourths of Americans said that it was not morally wrong for a woman to have a child outside marriage. Once the social metric shifts from child well-being to adult well-being, it is hard to see divorce and nonmarital birth in anything but a positive light. However distressing and difficult they may be, both of these behaviors can hold out the promise of greater adult choice, freedom, and happiness. For unhappy spouses, divorce offers a way to escape a troubled or even abusive relationship and make a fresh start. For single parents, remarriage is a second try at marital happiness as well as a chance for relief from the stress, loneliness, and economic hardship of raising a child alone. For some unmarried women, nonmarital birth is a way to beat the biological clock, avoid marrying the wrong man, and experience the pleasures of motherhood. Moreover, divorce and out-of-wedlock birth involve a measure of agency and choice; they are man- and woman-made events. To be sure, not everyone exercises choice in divorce or nonmarital birth. Men leave wives for younger women, teenage girls get pregnant accidentally--yet even these unhappy events reflect the expansion of the boundaries of freedom and choice. This cultural shift helps explain what otherwise would be inexplicable: the failure to see the rise in family disruption as a severe and troubling national problem. It explains why there is virtually no widespread public sentiment for restigmatizing either of these classically disruptive behaviors and no sense--no public consensus- that they can or should be avoided in the future. On the contrary, the prevailing opinion is that we should accept the changes in family structure as inevitable and devise new forms of public and private support for single-parent families. The View From Hollywood With its affirmation of the liberating effects of divorce and nonmarital childbirth, this opinion is a fixture of American popular culture today. Madison Avenue and Hollywood did not invent these behaviors, as their highly paid publicists are quick to point out, but they have played an influential role in defending and even celebrating divorce and unwed motherhood. More precisely, they have taken the raw material of demography and fashioned it into a powerful fantasy of individual renewal and rebirth. Consider, for example, the teaser for People magazine's cover story on Joan Lunden's divorce: "After the painful end of her 13-year marriage, the Good Morning America cohost is discovering a new life as a single mother--and as her own woman." People does not dwell on the anguish Lunden and her children might have experienced over the breakup of their family, or the difficulties of single motherhood, even for celebrity mothers. Instead, it celebrates Joan Lunden's steps toward independence and a better life. People, characteristically, focuses on her shopping: in the first weeks after her breakup Lunden leased "a brand-new six bedroom, 8,000 square foot" house and then went to Bloomingdale's, where she scooped up sheets, pillows, a toaster, dishes, seven televisions, and roomfuls of fun furniture that was "totally unlike the serious traditional pieces she was giving up." This is not just the view taken in supermarket magazines. Even the conservative bastion of the greeting-card industry, Hallmark, offers a line of cards commemorating divorce as liberation. "Think of your former marriage as a record album," says one Contemporary card. "It was full of music--both happy and sad. But what's important now is . . . YOU! the recently released HOT, NEW, SINGLE! You're going to be at the TOP OF THE CHARTS!" Another card reads: "Getting divorced can be very healthy! Watch how it improves your circulation! Best of luck! . . . " Hallmark's hip Shoebox Greetings division depicts two female praying mantises. Mantis One: "It's tough being a single parent." Mantis Two: "Yeah . . . Maybe we shouldn't have eaten our husbands." Divorce is a tired convention in Hollywood, but unwed parenthood is very much in fashion: in the past year or so babies were born to Warren Beatty and Annette Bening, Jack Nicholson and Rebecca Broussard, and Eddie Murphy and Nicole Mitchell. Vanity Fair celebrated Jack Nicholson's fatherhood with a cover story (April, 1992) called "Happy Jack." What made Jack happy, it turned out, was no-fault fatherhood. He and Broussard, the twenty-nine-year-old mother of his children, lived in separate houses. Nicholson said, "It's an unusual arrangement, but the last twenty-five years or so have shown me that I'm not good at cohabitation. . . . I see Rebecca as much as any other person who is cohabiting. And she prefers it. I think most people would in a more honest and truthful world." As for more-permanent commitments, the man who is not good at cohabitation said: "I don't discuss marriage much with Rebecca. Those discussions are the very thing I'm trying to avoid. I'm after this immediate real thing. That's all I believe in." (Perhaps Nicholson should have had the discussion. Not long after the story appeared, Broussard broke off the relationship.) As this story shows, unwed parenthood is thought of not only as a way to find happiness but also as a way to exhibit such virtues as honesty and courage. A similar argument was offered in defense of Murphy Brown's unwed motherhood. Many of Murphy's fans were quick to point out that Murphy suffered over her decision to bear a child out of wedlock. Faced with an accidental pregnancy and a faithless lover, she agonized over her plight and, after much mental anguish, bravely decided to go ahead. In short, having a baby without a husband represented a higher level of maternal devotion and sacrifice than having a baby with a husband. Murphy was not just exercising her rights as a woman; she was exhibiting true moral heroism. On the night Murphy Brown became an unwed mother, 34 million Americans tuned in, and CBS posted a 35 percent share of the audience. The show did not stir significant protest at the grass roots and lost none of its advertisers. The actress Candice Bergen subsequently appeared on the cover of nearly every women's and news magazine in the country and received an honorary degree at the University of Pennsylvania as well as an Emmy award. The show's creator, Diane English, popped up in Hanes stocking ads. Judged by conventional measures of approval, Murphy Brown's motherhood was a hit at the box office. Increasingly, the media depicts the married two-parent family as a source of pathology. According to a spate of celebrity memoirs and interviews, the married parent family harbors terrible secrets of abuse, violence, and incest. A bumper sticker I saw in Amherst, Massachusetts, read unspoken traditional Family Values: Abuse, Alcoholism, Incest. The pop therapist John Bradshaw explains away this generation's problems with the dictum that 96 percent of families are dysfunctional, made that way by the addicted society we live in. David Lynch creates a new aesthetic of creepiness by juxtaposing scenes of traditional family life with images of seduction and perversion. A Boston-area museum puts on an exhibit called "Goodbye to Apple Pie," featuring several artists' visions of child abuse, including one mixed-media piece with knives poking through a little girl's skirt. The piece is titled Father Knows Best. No one would claim that two-parent families are free from conflict, violence, or abuse. However, the attempt to discredit the two-parent family can be understood as part of what Daniel Patrick Moynihan has described as a larger effort to accommodate higher levels of social deviance. "The amount of deviant behavior in American society has increased beyond the levels the community can 'afford to recognize,'" Moynihan argues. One response has been to normalize what was once considered deviant behavior, such as out-of-wedlock birth. An accompanying response has been to detect deviance in what once stood as a social norm, such as the married-couple family. Together these responses reduce the acknowledged levels of deviance by eroding earlier distinctions between the normal and the deviant. Several recent studies describe family life in its postwar heyday as the seedbed of alcoholism and abuse. According to Stephanie Coontz, the author of the book The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap, family life for married mothers in the 1950s consisted of "booze, bowling, bridge, and boredom." Coontz writes: "Few would have guessed that radiant Marilyn Van Derbur, crowned Miss America in 1958, had been sexually violated by her wealthy, respectable father from the time she was five until she was eighteen, when she moved away to college." Even the budget-stretching casserole comes under attack as a sign of culinary dysfunction. According to one food writer, this homely staple of postwar family life brings back images of "the good mother of the 50's . . . locked in Ozzie and Harriet land, unable to move past the canvas of a Corning Ware dish, the palette of a can of Campbell's soup, the mushy dominion of which she was queen." Nevertheless, the popular portrait of family life does not simply reflect the views of a cultural elite, as some have argued. There is strong support at the grass roots for much of this view of family change. Survey after survey shows that Americans are less inclined than they were a generation ago to value sexual fidelity, lifelong marriage, and parenthood as worthwhile personal goals. Motherhood no longer defines adult womanhood, as everyone knows; equally important is the fact that fatherhood has declined as a norm for men. In 1976 less than half as many fathers as in 1957 said that providing for children was a life goal. The proportion of working men who found marriage and children burdensome and restrictive more than doubled in the same period. Fewer than half of all adult Americans today regard the idea of sacrifice for others as a positive moral virtue. Dinosaurs Divorce It is true that many adults benefit from divorce or remarriage. According to one study, nearly 80 percent of divorced women and 50 percent of divorced men say they are better off out of the marriage. Half of divorced adults in the same study report greater happiness. A competent self-help book called Divorce and New Beginnings notes the advantages of single parenthood: single parents can "develop their own interests, fulfill their own needs, choose their own friends and engage in social activities of their choice. Money, even if limited, can be spent as they see fit." Apparently, some women appreciate the opportunity to have children out of wedlock. "The real world, however, does not always allow women who are dedicated to their careers to devote the time and energy it takes to find--or be found by--the perfect husband and father wanna-be," one woman said in a letter to The Washington Post. A mother and chiropractor from Avon, Connecticut, explained her unwed maternity to an interviewer this way: "It is selfish, but this was something I needed to do for me." There is very little in contemporary popular culture to contradict this optimistic view. But in a few small places another perspective may be found. Several racks down from its divorce cards, Hallmark offers a line of cards for children--To Kids With Love. These cards come six to a pack. Each card in the pack has a slightly different message. According to the package, the "thinking of you" messages will let a special kid "know how much you care." Though Hallmark doesn't quite say so, it's clear these cards are aimed at divorced parents. "I'm sorry I'm not always there when you need me but I hope you know I'm always just a phone call away." Another card reads: "Even though your dad and I don't live together anymore, I know he's still a very special part of your life. And as much as I miss you when you're not with me, I'm still happy that you two can spend time together." Hallmark's messages are grounded in a substantial body of well-funded market research. Therefore it is worth reflecting on the divergence in sentiment between the divorce cards for adults and the divorce cards for kids. For grown-ups, divorce heralds new beginnings (A HOT NEW SINGLE). For children, divorce brings separation and loss ("I'm sorry I'm not always there when you need me"). An even more telling glimpse into the meaning of family disruption can be found in the growing children's literature on family dissolution. Take, for example, the popular children's book Dinosaurs Divorce: A Guide for Changing Families (1986), by Laurene Krasny Brown and Marc Brown. This is a picture book, written for very young children. The book begins with a short glossary of "divorce words" and encourages children to "see if you can find them" in the story. The words include "family counselor," "separation agreement," "alimony," and "child custody." The book is illustrated with cartoonish drawings of green dinosaur parents who fight, drink too much, and break up. One panel shows the father dinosaur, suitcase in hand, getting into a yellow car. The dinosaur children are offered simple, straightforward advice on what to do about the divorce. On custody decisions: "When parents can't agree, lawyers and judges decide. Try to be honest if they ask you questions; it will help them make better decisions." On selling the house: "If you move, you may have to say good-bye to friends and familiar places. But soon your new home will feel like the place you really belong." On the economic impact of divorce: "Living with one parent almost always means there will be less money. Be prepared to give up some things." On holidays: "Divorce may mean twice as much celebrating at holiday times, but you may feel pulled apart." On parents' new lovers: "You may sometimes feel jealous and want your parent to yourself. Be polite to your parents' new friends, even if you don't like them at first." On parents' remarriage: "Not everyone loves his or her stepparents, but showing them respect is important." These cards and books point to an uncomfortable and generally unacknowledged fact: what contributes to a parent's happiness may detract from a child's happiness. All too often the adult quest for freedom, independence, and choice in family relationships conflicts with a child's developmental needs for stability, constancy, harmony, and permanence in family life. In short, family disruption creates a deep division between parents' interests and the interests of children. One of the worst consequences of these divided interests is a withdrawal of parental investment in children's well-being. As the Stanford economist Victor Fuchs has pointed out, the main source of social investment in children is private. The investment comes from the children's parents. But parents in disrupted families have less time, attention, and money to devote to their children. The single most important source of disinvestment has been the widespread withdrawal of financial support and involvement by fathers. Maternal investment, too, has declined, as women try to raise families on their own and work outside the home. Moreover, both mothers and fathers commonly respond to family breakup by investing more heavily in themselves and in their own personal and romantic lives. Sometimes the tables are completely turned. Children are called upon to invest in the emotional well-being of their parents. Indeed, this seems to be the larger message of many of the children's books on divorce and remarriage. Dinosaurs Divorce asks children to be sympathetic, understanding, respectful, and polite to confused, unhappy parents. The sacrifice comes from the children: "Be prepared to give up some things." In the world of divorcing dinosaurs, the children rather than the grown-ups are the exemplars of patience, restraint, and good sense. Three Seventies Assumptions As it first took shape in the 1970s, the optimistic view of family change rested on three bold new assumptions. At that time, because the emergence of the changes in family life was so recent, there was little hard evidence to confirm or dispute these assumptions. But this was an expansive moment in American life. The first assumption was an economic one: that a woman could now afford to be a mother without also being a wife. There were ample grounds for believing this. Women's work-force participation had been gradually increasing in the postwar period, and by the beginning of the 1970s women were a strong presence in the workplace. What's more, even though there was still a substantial wage gap between men and women, women had made considerable progress in a relatively short time toward better-paying jobs and greater employment opportunities. More women than ever before could aspire to serious careers as business executives, doctors, lawyers, airline pilots, and politicians. This circumstance, combined with the increased availability of child care, meant that women could take on the responsibilities of a breadwinner, perhaps even a sole breadwinner. This was particularly true for middle-class women. According to a highly regarded 1977 study by the Carnegie Council on Children, "The greater availability of jobs for women means that more middle-class children today survive their parents' divorce without a catastrophic plunge into poverty." Feminists, who had long argued that the path to greater equality for women lay in the world of work outside the home, endorsed this assumption. In fact, for many, economic independence was a stepping-stone toward freedom from both men and marriage. As women began to earn their own money, they were less dependent on men or marriage, and marriage diminished in importance. In Gloria Steinem's memorable words, "A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle." This assumption also gained momentum as the meaning of work changed for women. Increasingly, work had an expressive as well as an economic dimension: being a working mother not only gave you an income but also made you more interesting and fulfilled than a stay-at-home mother. Consequently, the optimistic economic scenario was driven by a cultural imperative. Women would achieve financial independence because, culturally as well as economically, it was the right thing to do. The second assumption was that family disruption would not cause lasting harm to children and could actually enrich their lives. Creative Divorce: A New Opportunity for Personal Growth, a popular book of the seventies, spoke confidently to this point: "Children can survive any family crisis without permanent damage--and grow as human beings in the process. . . ." Moreover, single-parent and stepparent families created a more extensive kinship network than the nuclear family. This network would envelop children in a web of warm and supportive relationships. "Belonging to a stepfamily means there are more people in your life," a children's book published in 1982 notes. "More sisters and brothers, including the step ones. More people you think of as grandparents and aunts and uncles. More cousins. More neighbors and friends. . . . Getting to know and like so many people (and having them like you) is one of the best parts of what being in a stepfamily . . . is all about." The third assumption was that the new diversity in family structure would make America a better place. Just as the nation has been strengthened by the diversity of its ethnic and racial groups, so it would be strengthened by diverse family forms. The emergence of these brave new families was but the latest chapter in the saga of American pluralism. Another version of the diversity argument stated that the real problem was not family disruption itself but the stigma still attached to these emergent family forms. This lingering stigma placed children at psychological risk, making them feel ashamed or different; as the ranks of single-parent and stepparent families grew, children would feel normal and good about themselves. These assumptions continue to be appealing, because they accord with strongly held American beliefs in social progress. Americans see progress in the expansion of individual opportunities for choice, freedom, and self-expression. Moreover, Americans identify progress with growing tolerance of diversity. Over the past half century, the pollster Daniel Yankelovich writes, the United States has steadily grown more open-minded and accepting of groups that were previously perceived as alien, untrustworthy, or unsuitable for public leadership or social esteem. One such group is the burgeoning number of single-parent and stepparent families.   The Education of Sara McLanahan In 1981 Sara McLanahan, now a sociologist at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, read a three-part series by Ken Auletta in The New Yorker. Later published as a book titled The Underclass, the series presented a vivid portrait of the drug addicts, welfare mothers, and school dropouts who took part in an education and-training program in New York City. Many were the children of single mothers, and it was Auletta's clear implication that single-mother families were contributing to the growth of an underclass. McLanahan was taken aback by this notion. "It struck me as strange that he would be viewing single mothers at that level of pathology." "I'd gone to graduate school in the days when the politically correct argument was that single-parent families were just another alternative family form, and it was fine," McLanahan explains, as she recalls the state of social-scientific thinking in the 1970s. Several empirical studies that were then current supported an optimistic view of family change. (They used tiny samples, however, and did not track the well-being of children over time.) One, All Our Kin, by Carol Stack, was required reading for thousands of university students. It said that single mothers had strengths that had gone undetected and unappreciated by earlier researchers. The single-mother family, it suggested, is an economically resourceful and socially embedded institution. In the late 1970s McLanahan wrote a similar study that looked at a small sample of white single mothers and how they coped. "So I was very much of that tradition." By the early 1980s, however, nearly two decades had passed since the changes in family life had begun. During the intervening years a fuller body of empirical research had emerged: studies that used large samples, or followed families through time, or did both. Moreover, several of the studies offered a child's-eye view of family disruption. The National Survey on Children, conducted by the psychologist Nicholas Zill, had set out in 1976 to track a large sample of children aged seven to eleven. It also interviewed the children's parents and teachers. It surveyed its subjects again in 1981 and 1987. By the time of its third round of interviews the eleven-year-olds of 1976 were the twenty-two-year-olds of 1987. The California Children of Divorce Study, directed by Judith Wallerstein, a clinical psychologist, had also been going on for a decade. E. Mavis Hetherington, of the University of Virginia, was conducting a similar study of children from both intact and divorced families. For the first time it was possible to test the optimistic view against a large and longitudinal body of evidence. It was to this body of evidence that Sara McLanahan turned. When she did, she found little to support the optimistic view of single motherhood. On the contrary. When she published her findings with Irwin Garfinkel in a 1986 book, Single Mothers and Their Children, her portrait of single motherhood proved to be as troubling in its own way as Auletta's. One of the leading assumptions of the time was that single motherhood was economically viable. Even if single mothers did face economic trials, they wouldn't face them for long, it was argued, because they wouldn't remain single for long: single motherhood would be a brief phase of three to five years, followed by marriage. Single mothers would be economically resilient: if they experienced setbacks, they would recover quickly. It was also said that single mothers would be supported by informal networks of family, friends, neighbors, and other single mothers. As McLanahan shows in her study, the evidence demolishes all these claims. For the vast majority of single mothers, the economic spectrum turns out to be narrow, running between precarious and desperate. Half the single mothers in the United States live below the poverty line. (Currently, one out of ten married couples with children is poor.) Many others live on the edge of poverty. Even single mothers who are far from poor are likely to experience persistent economic insecurity. Divorce almost always brings a decline in the standard of living for the mother and children. Moreover, the poverty experienced by single mothers is no more brief than it is mild. A significant number of all single mothers never marry or remarry. Those who do, do so only after spending roughly six years, on average, as single parents. For black mothers the duration is much longer. Only 33 percent of African American mothers had remarried within ten years of separation. Consequently, single motherhood is hardly a fleeting event for the mother, and it is likely to occupy a third of the child's childhood. Even the notion that single mothers are knit together in economically supportive networks is not borne out by the evidence. On the contrary, single parenthood forces many women to be on the move, in search of cheaper housing and better jobs. This need-driven restless mobility makes it more difficult for them to sustain supportive ties to family and friends, let alone other single mothers. Single-mother families are vulnerable not just to poverty but to a particularly debilitating form of poverty: welfare dependency. The dependency takes two forms: First, single mothers, particularly unwed mothers, stay on welfare longer than other welfare recipients. Of those never-married mothers who receive welfare benefits, al most 40 percent remain on the rolls for ten years or longer. Second, welfare dependency tends to be passed on from one generation to the next. McLanahan says, "Evidence on intergenerational poverty indicates that, indeed, offspring from [single-mother] families are far more likely to be poor and to form mother-only families than are offspring who live with two parents most of their pre-adult life." Nor is the intergenerational impact of single motherhood limited to African Americans, as many people seem to believe. Among white families, daughters of single parents are 53 percent more likely to marry as teenagers, 111 percent more likely to have children as teenagers, 164 percent more likely to have a premarital birth, and 92 percent more likely to dissolve their own marriages. All these intergenerational consequences of single motherhood increase the likelihood of chronic welfare dependency. McLanahan cites three reasons why single-mother families are so vulnerable economically. For one thing, their earnings are low. Second, unless the mothers are widowed, they don't receive public subsidies large enough to lift them out of poverty. And finally, they do not get much support from family members-- especially the fathers of their children. In 1982 single white mothers received an average of $1,246 in alimony and child support, black mothers an average of $322. Such payments accounted for about 10 percent of the income of single white mothers and for about 3.5 percent of the income of single black mothers. These amounts were dramatically smaller than the income of the father in a two-parent family and also smaller than the income from a second earner in a two-parent family. Roughly 60 percent of single white mothers and 80 percent of single black mothers received no support at all. Until the mid-1980s, when stricter standards were put in place, child-support awards were only about half to two-thirds what the current guidelines require. Accordingly, there is often a big difference in the living standards of divorced fathers and of divorced mothers with children. After divorce the average annual income of mothers and children is $13,500 for whites and $9,000 for nonwhites, as compared with $25,000 for white nonresident fathers and $13,600 for nonwhite nonresident fathers. Moreover, since child-support awards account for a smaller portion of the income of a high-earning father, the drop in living standards can be especially sharp for mothers who were married to upper-level managers and professionals. Unwed mothers are unlikely to be awarded any child support at all, partly because the paternity of their children may not have been established. According to one recent study, only 20 percent of unmarried mothers receive child support. Even if single mothers escape poverty, economic uncertainty remains a condition of life. Divorce brings a reduction in income and standard of living for the vast majority of single mothers. One study, for example, found that income for mothers and children declines on average about 30 percent, while fathers experience a 10 to 15 percent increase in income in the year following a separation. Things get even more difficult when fathers fail to meet their child-support obligations. As a result, many divorced mothers experience a wearing uncertainty about the family budget: whether the check will come in or not; whether new sneakers can be bought this month or not; whether the electric bill will be paid on time or not. Uncertainty about money triggers other kinds of uncertainty. Mothers and children often have to move to cheaper housing after a divorce. One study shows that about 38 percent of divorced mothers and their children move during the first year after a divorce. Even several years later the rate of moves for single mothers is about a third higher than the rate for two-parent families. It is also common for a mother to change her job or increase her working hours or both following a divorce. Even the composition of the household is likely to change, with other adults, such as boyfriends or babysitters, moving in and out. All this uncertainty can be devastating to children. Anyone who knows children knows that they are deeply conservative creatures. They like things to stay the same. So pronounced is this tendency that certain children have been known to request the same peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich for lunch for years on end. Children are particularly set in their ways when it comes to family, friends, neighborhoods, and schools. Yet when a family breaks up, all these things may change. The novelist Pat Conroy has observed that "each divorce is the death of a small civilization." No one feels this more acutely than children. Sara McLanahan's investigation and others like it have helped to establish a broad consensus on the economic impact of family disruption on children. Most social scientists now agree that single motherhood is an important and growing cause of poverty, and that children suffer as a result. (They continue to argue, however, about the relationship between family structure and such economic factors as income inequality, the loss of jobs in the inner city, and the growth of low-wage jobs.) By the mid-1980s, however, it was clear that the problem of family disruption was not confined to the urban underclass, nor was its sole impact economic. Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth were affecting middle- and upper-class children, and these more privileged children were suffering negative consequences as well. It appeared that the problems associated with family breakup were far deeper and far more widespread than anyone had previously imagined. The Missing Father Judith Wallerstein is one of the pioneers in research on the long-term psychological impact of family disruption on children. The California Children of Divorce Study, which she directs, remains the most enduring study of the long-term effects of divorce on children and their parents. Moreover, it represents the best-known effort to look at the impact of divorce on middle-class children. The California children entered the study without pathological family histories. Before divorce they lived in stable, protected homes. And although some of the children did experience economic insecurity as the result of divorce, they were generally free from the most severe forms of poverty associated with family breakup. Thus the study and the resulting book (which Wallerstein wrote with Sandra Blakeslee), Second Chances: Men, Women, and Children a Decade After Divorce (1989), provide new insight into the consequences of divorce which are not associated with extreme forms of economic or emotional deprivation. When, in 1971, Wallerstein and her colleagues set out to conduct clinical interviews with 131 children from the San Francisco area, they thought they were embarking on a short-term study. Most experts believed that divorce was like a bad cold. There was a phase of acute discomfort, and then a short recovery phase. According to the conventional wisdom, kids would be back on their feet in no time at all. Yet when Wallerstein met these children for a second interview more than a year later, she was amazed to discover that there had been no miraculous recovery. In fact, the children seemed to be doing worse. The news that children did not "get over" divorce was not particularly welcome at the time. Wallerstein recalls, "We got angry letters from therapists, parents, and lawyers saying we were undoubtedly wrong. They said children are really much better off being released from an unhappy marriage. Divorce, they said, is a liberating experience." One of the main results of the California study was to overturn this optimistic view. In Wallerstein's cautionary words, "Divorce is deceptive. Legally it is a single event, but psychologically it is a chain--sometimes a never-ending chain--of events, relocations, and radically shifting relationships strung through time, a process that forever changes the lives of the people involved." Five years after divorce more than a third of the children experienced moderate or severe depression. At ten years a significant number of the now young men and women appeared to be troubled, drifting, and underachieving. At fifteen years many of the thirtyish adults were struggling to establish strong love relationships of their own. In short, far from recovering from their parents' divorce, a significant percentage of these grownups were still suffering from its effects. In fact, according to Wallerstein, the long-term effects of divorce emerge at a time when young adults are trying to make their own decisions about love, marriage, and family. Not all children in the study suffered negative consequences. But Wallerstein's research presents a sobering picture of divorce. "The child of divorce faces many additional psychological burdens in addition to the normative tasks of growing up," she says. Divorce not only makes it more difficult for young adults to establish new relationships. It also weakens the oldest primary relationship: that between parent and child. According to Wallerstein, "Parent-child relationships are permanently altered by divorce in ways that our society has not anticipated." Not only do children experience a loss of parental attention at the onset of divorce, but they soon find that at every stage of their development their parents are not available in the same way they once were. "In a reasonably happy intact family," Wallerstein observes, "the child gravitates first to one parent and then to the other, using skills and attributes from each in climbing the developmental ladder." In a divorced family, children find it "harder to find the needed parent at needed times." This may help explain why very young children suffer the most as the result of family disruption. Their opportunities to engage in this kind of ongoing process are the most truncated and compromised. The father-child bond is severely, often irreparably, damaged in disrupted families. In a situation without historical precedent, an astonishing and disheartening number of American fathers are failing to provide financial support to their children. Often, more than the father's support check is missing. Increasingly, children are bereft of any contact with their fathers. According to the National Survey of Children, in disrupted families only one child in six, on average, saw his or her father as often as once a week in the past year. Close to half did not see their father at all in the past year. As time goes on, contact becomes even more infrequent. Ten years after a marriage breaks up, more than two thirds of children report not having seen their father for a year. Not surprisingly, when asked to name the "adults you look up to and admire," only 20 percent of children in single-parent families named their father, as compared with 52 percent of children in two-parent families. A favorite complaint among Baby Boom Americans is that their fathers were emotionally remote guys who worked hard, came home at night to eat supper, and didn't have much to say to or do with the kids. But the current generation has a far worse father problem: many of their fathers are vanishing entirely. Even for fathers who maintain regular contact, the pattern of father-child relationships changes. The sociologists Andrew Cherlin and Frank Furstenberg, who have studied broken families, write that the fathers behave more like other relatives than like parents. Rather than helping with homework or carrying out a project with their children, nonresidential fathers are likely to take the kids shopping, to the movies, or out to dinner. Instead of providing steady advice and guidance, divorced fathers become "treat" dads. Apparently--and paradoxically--it is the visiting relationship itself, rather than the frequency of visits, that is the real source of the problem. According to Wallerstein, the few children in the California study who reported visiting with their fathers once or twice a week over a ten-year period still felt rejected. The need to schedule a special time to be with the child, the repeated leave-takings, and the lack of connection to the child's regular, daily schedule leaves many fathers adrift, frustrated, and confused. Wallerstein calls the visiting father a parent without portfolio. The deterioration in father-child bonds is most severe among children who experience divorce at an early age, according to a recent study. Nearly three quarters of the respondents, now young men and women, report having poor relationships with their fathers. Close to half have received psychological help, nearly a third have dropped out of high school, and about a quarter report having experienced high levels of problem behavior or emotional distress by the time they became young adults. Long-Term Effects Since most children live with their mothers after divorce, one might expect that the mother-child bond would remain unaltered and might even be strengthened. Yet research shows that the mother-child bond is also weakened as the result of divorce. Only half of the children who were close to their mothers before a divorce remained equally close after the divorce. Boys, particularly, had difficulties with their mothers. Moreover, mother-child relationships deteriorated over time. Whereas teenagers in disrupted families were no more likely than teenagers in intact families to report poor relationships with their mothers, 30 percent of young adults from disrupted families have poor relationships with their mothers, as compared with 16 percent of young adults from intact families. Mother-daughter relationships often deteriorate as the daughter reaches young adulthood. The only group in society that derives any benefit from these weakened parent-child ties is the therapeutic community. Young adults from disrupted families are nearly twice as likely as those from intact families to receive psychological help. Some social scientists have criticized Judith Wallerstein's research because her study is based on a small clinical sample and does not include a control group of children from intact families. However, other studies generally support and strengthen her findings. Nicholas Zill has found similar long-term effects on children of divorce, reporting that "effects of marital discord and family disruption are visible twelve to twenty-two years later in poor relationships with parents, high levels of problem behavior, and an increased likelihood of dropping out of high school and receiving psychological help." Moreover, Zill's research also found signs of distress in young women who seemed relatively well adjusted in middle childhood and adolescence. Girls in single-parent families are also at much greater risk for precocious sexuality, teenage marriage, teenage pregnancy, nonmarital birth, and divorce than are girls in two-parent families. Zill's research shows that family disruption strongly affects school achievement as well. Children in disrupted families are nearly twice as likely as those in intact families to drop out of high school; among children who do drop out, those from disrupted families are less likely eventually to earn a diploma or a GED. Boys are at greater risk for dropping out than girls, and are also more likely to exhibit aggressive, acting-out behaviors. Other research confirms these findings. According to a study by the National Association of Elementary School Principals, 33 percent of two-parent elementary school students are ranked as high achievers, as compared with 17 percent of single-parent students. The children in single-parent families are also more likely to be truant or late or to have disciplinary action taken against them. Even after controlling for race, income, and religion, scholars find significant differences in educational attainment between children who grow up in intact families and children who do not. In his 1992 study America's Smallest School: The Family, Paul Barton shows that the proportion of two-parent families varies widely from state to state and is related to variations in academic achievement. North Dakota, for example, scores highest on the math-proficiency test and second highest on the two-parent-family scale. The District of Columbia is second lowest on the math test and lowest in the nation on the two-parent-family scale. Zill notes that "while coming from a disrupted family significantly increases a young adult's risks of experiencing social, emotional or academic difficulties, it does not foreordain such difficulties. The majority of young people from disrupted families have successfully completed high school, do not currently display high levels of emotional distress or problem behavior, and enjoy reasonable relationships with their mothers." Nevertheless, a majority of these young adults do show maladjustment in their relationships with their fathers. These findings underscore the importance of both a mother and a father in fostering the emotional well-being of children. Obviously, not all children in two-parent families are free from emotional turmoil, but few are burdened with the troubles that accompany family breakup. Moreover, as the sociologist Amitai Etzioni explains in a new book, The Spirit of Community, two parents in an intact family make up what might be called a mutually supportive education coalition. When both parents are present, they can play different, even contradictory, roles. One parent may goad the child to achieve, while the other may encourage the child to take time out to daydream or toss a football around. One may emphasize taking intellectual risks, while the other may insist on following the teacher's guidelines. At the same time, the parents regularly exchange information about the child's school problems and achievements, and have a sense of the overall educational mission. However, Etzioni writes, The sequence of divorce followed by a succession of boy or girlfriends, a second marriage, and frequently another divorce and another turnover of partners often means a repeatedly disrupted educational coalition. Each change in participants involves a change in the educational agenda for the child. Each new partner cannot be expected to pick up the previous one's educational post and program. . . . As a result, changes in parenting partners mean, at best, a deep disruption in a child's education, though of course several disruptions cut deeper into the effectiveness of the educational coalition than just one. The Bad News About Stepparents Perhaps the most striking, and potentially disturbing, new research has to do with children in stepparent families. Until quite recently the optimistic assumption was that children saw their lives improve when they became part of a stepfamily. When Nicholas Zill and his colleagues began to study the effects of remarriage on children, their working hypothesis was that stepparent families would make up for the shortcomings of the single-parent family. Clearly, most children are better off economically when they are able to share in the income of two adults. When a second adult joins the household, there may be a reduction in the time and work pressures on the single parent. The research overturns this optimistic assumption, however. In general the evidence suggests that remarriage neither reproduces nor restores the intact family structure, even when it brings more income and a second adult into the household. Quite the contrary. Indeed, children living with stepparents appear to be even more disadvantaged than children living in a stable single-parent family. Other difficulties seem to offset the advantages of extra income and an extra pair of hands. However much our modern sympathies reject the fairy-tale portrait of stepparents, the latest research confirms that the old stories are anthropologically quite accurate. Stepfamilies disrupt established loyalties, create new uncertainties, provoke deep anxieties, and sometimes threaten a child's physical safety as well as emotional security. Parents and children have dramatically different interests in and expectations for a new marriage. For a single parent, remarriage brings new commitments, the hope of enduring love and happiness, and relief from stress and loneliness. For a child, the same event often provokes confused feelings of sadness, anger, and rejection. Nearly half the children in Wallerstein's study said they felt left out in their stepfamilies. The National Commission on Children, a bipartisan group headed by Senator John D. Rockefeller, of West Virginia, reported that children from stepfamilies were more likely to say they often felt lonely or blue than children from either single-parent or intact families. Children in stepfamilies were the most likely to report that they wanted more time with their mothers. When mothers remarry, daughters tend to have a harder time adjusting than sons. Evidently, boys often respond positively to a male presence in the household, while girls who have established close ties to their mother in a single-parent family often see the stepfather as a rival and an intruder. According to one study, boys in remarried families are less likely to drop out of school than boys in single-parent families, while the opposite is true for girls. A large percentage of children do not even consider stepparents to be part of their families, according to the National Survey on Children. The NSC asked children, "When you think of your family, who do you include?" Only 10 percent of the children failed to mention a biological parent, but a third left out a stepparent. Even children who rarely saw their noncustodial parents almost always named them as family members. The weak sense of attachment is mutual. When parents were asked the same question, only one percent failed to mention a biological child, while 15 percent left out a stepchild. In the same study stepparents with both natural children and stepchildren said that it was harder for them to love their stepchildren than their biological children and that their children would have been better off if they had grown up with two biological parents. One of the most severe risks associated with stepparent-child ties is the risk of sexual abuse. As Judith Wallerstein explains, "The presence of a stepfather can raise the difficult issue of a thinner incest barrier." The incest taboo is strongly reinforced, Wallerstein says, by knowledge of paternity and by the experience of caring for a child since birth. A stepfather enters the family without either credential and plays a sexual role as the mother's husband. As a result, stepfathers can pose a sexual risk to the children, especially to daughters. According to a study by the Canadian researchers Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, preschool children in stepfamilies are forty times as likely as children in intact families to suffer physical or sexual abuse. (Most of the sexual abuse was committed by a third party, such as a neighbor, a stepfather's male friend, or another nonrelative.) Stepfathers discriminate in their abuse: they are far more likely to assault nonbiological children than their own natural children. Sexual abuse represents the most extreme threat to children's well-being. Stepfamilies also seem less likely to make the kind of ordinary investments in the children that other families do. Although it is true that the stepfamily household has a higher income than the single-parent household, it does not follow that the additional income is reliably available to the children. To begin with, children's claim on stepparents' resources is shaky. Stepparents are not legally required to support stepchildren, so their financial support of these children is entirely voluntary. Moreover, since stepfamilies are far more likely to break up than intact families, particularly in the first five years, there is always the risk--far greater than the risk of unemployment in an intact family--that the second income will vanish with another divorce. The financial commitment to a child's education appears weaker in stepparent families, perhaps because the stepparent believes that the responsibility for educating the child rests with the biological parent. Similarly, studies suggest that even though they may have the time, the parents in stepfamilies do not invest as much of it in their children as the parents in intact families or even single parents do. A 1991 survey by the National Commission on Children showed that the parents in stepfamilies were less likely to be involved in a child's school life, including involvement in extracurricular activities, than either intact-family parents or single parents. They were the least likely to report being involved in such time-consuming activities as coaching a child's team, accompanying class trips, or helping with school projects. According to McLanahan's research, children in stepparent families report lower educational aspirations on the part of their parents and lower levels of parental involvement with schoolwork. In short, it appears that family income and the number of adults in the household are not the only factors affecting children's well-being. Diminishing Investments There are several reasons for this diminished interest and investment. In the law, as in the children's eyes, stepparents are shadowy figures. According to the legal scholar David Chambers, family law has pretty much ignored stepparents. Chambers writes, "In the substantial majority of states, stepparents, even when they live with a child, have no legal obligation to contribute to the child's support; nor does a stepparent's presence in the home alter the support obligations of a noncustodial parent. The stepparent also has . . . no authority to approve emergency medical treatment or even to sign a permission slip. . . ." When a marriage breaks up, the stepparent has no continuing obligation to provide for a stepchild, no matter how long or how much he or she has been contributing to the support of the child. In short, Chambers says, stepparent relationships are based wholly on consent, subject to the inclinations of the adult and the child. The only way a stepparent can acquire the legal status of a parent is through adoption. Some researchers also point to the cultural ambiguity of the stepparent's role as a source of diminished interest, while others insist that it is the absence of a blood tie that weakens the bond between stepparent and child. Whatever its causes, the diminished investment in children in both single-parent and stepparent families has a significant impact on their life chances. Take parental help with college costs. The parents in intact families are far more likely to contribute to children's college costs than are those in disrupted families. Moreover, they are usually able to arrive at a shared understanding of which children will go to college, where they will go, how much the parents will contribute, and how much the children will contribute. But when families break up, these informal understandings can vanish. The issue of college tuition remains one of the most contested areas of parental support, especially for higher-income parents. The law does not step in even when familial understandings break down. In the 1980s many states lowered the age covered by child-support agreements from twenty-one to eighteen, thus eliminating college as a cost associated with support for a minor child. Consequently, the question of college tuition is typically not addressed in child-custody agreements. Even in states where the courts do require parents to contribute to college costs, the requirement may be in jeopardy. In a recent decision in Pennsylvania the court overturned an earlier decision ordering divorced parents to contribute to college tuition. This decision is likely to inspire challenges in other states where courts have required parents to pay for college. Increasingly, help in paying for college is entirely voluntary. Judith Wallerstein has been analyzing the educational decisions of the college-age men and women in her study. She reports that "a full 42 percent of these men and women from middle class families appeared to have ended their educations without attempting college or had left college before achieving a degree at either the two-year or the four-year level." A significant percentage of these young people have the ability to attend college. Typical of this group are Nick and Terry, sons of a college professor. They had been close to their father before the divorce, but their father remarried soon after the divorce and saw his sons only occasionally, even though he lived nearby. At age nineteen Nick had completed a few junior-college courses and was earning a living as a salesman. Terry, twenty-one, who had been tested as a gifted student, was doing blue-collar work irregularly. Sixty-seven percent of the college-age students from disrupted families attended college, as compared with 85 percent of other students who attended the same high schools. Of those attending college, several had fathers who were financially capable of contributing to college costs but did not. The withdrawal of support for college suggests that other customary forms of parental help-giving, too, may decline as the result of family breakup. For example, nearly a quarter of first-home purchases since 1980 have involved help from relatives, usually parents. The median amount of help is $5,000. It is hard to imagine that parents who refuse to contribute to college costs will offer help in buying first homes, or help in buying cars or health insurance for young adult family members. And although it is too soon to tell, family disruption may affect the generational transmission of wealth. Baby Boomers will inherit their parents' estates, some substantial, accumulated over a lifetime by parents who lived and saved together. To be sure, the postwar generation benefited from an expanding economy and a rising standard of living, but its ability to accumulate wealth also owed something to family stability. The lifetime assets, like the marriage itself, remained intact. It is unlikely that the children of disrupted families will be in so favorable a position. Moreover, children from disrupted families may be less likely to help their aging parents. The sociologist Alice Rossi, who has studied intergenerational patterns of help-giving, says that adult obligation has its roots in early-childhood experience. Children who grow up in intact families experience higher levels of obligation to kin than children from broken families. Children's sense of obligation to a nonresidential father is particularly weak. Among adults with both parents living, those separated from their father during childhood are less likely than others to see the father regularly. Half of them see their father more than once a year, as compared with nine out of ten of those whose parents are still married. Apparently a kind of bitter justice is at work here. Fathers who do not support or see their young children may not be able to count on their adult children's support when they are old and need money, love, and attention. In short, as Andrew Cherlin and Frank Furstenburg put it, "Through divorce and remarriage, individuals are related to more and more people, to each of whom they owe less and less." Moreover, as Nicholas Zill argues, weaker parent-child attachments leave many children more strongly exposed to influences outside the family, such as peers, boyfriends or girlfriends, and the media. Although these outside forces can sometimes be helpful, common sense and research opinion argue against putting too much faith in peer groups or the media as surrogates for Mom and Dad. Poverty, Crime, Education Family disruption would be a serious problem even if it affected only individual children and families. But its impact is far broader. Indeed, it is not an exaggeration to characterize it as a central cause of many of our most vexing social problems. Consider three problems that most Americans believe rank among the nation's pressing concerns: poverty, crime, and declining school performance. More than half of the increase in child poverty in the 1980s is attributable to changes in family structure, according to David Eggebeen and Daniel Lichter, of Pennsylvania State University. In fact, if family structure in the United States had remained relatively constant since 1960, the rate of child poverty would be a third lower than it is today. This does not bode well for the future. With more than half of today's children likely to live in single-parent families, poverty and associated welfare costs threaten to become even heavier burdens on the nation. Crime in American cities has increased dramatically and grown more violent over recent decades. Much of this can be attributed to the rise in disrupted families. Nationally, more than 70 percent of all juveniles in state reform institutions come from fatherless homes. A number of scholarly studies find that even after the groups of subjects are controlled for income, boys from single-mother homes are significantly more likely than others to commit crimes and to wind up in the juvenile justice, court, and penitentiary systems. One such study summarizes the relationship between crime and one-parent families in this way: "The relationship is so strong that controlling for family configuration erases the relationship between race and crime and between low income and crime. This conclusion shows up time and again in the literature." The nation's mayors, as well as police officers, social workers, probation officers, and court officials, consistently point to family breakup as the most important source of rising rates of crime. Terrible as poverty and crime are, they tend to be concentrated in inner cities and isolated from the everyday experience of many Americans. The same cannot be said of the problem of declining school performance. Nowhere has the impact of family breakup been more profound or widespread than in the nation's public schools. There is a strong consensus that the schools are failing in their historic mission to prepare every American child to be a good worker and a good citizen. And nearly everyone agrees that the schools must undergo dramatic reform in order to reach that goal. In pursuit of that goal, moreover, we have suffered no shortage of bright ideas or pilot projects or bold experiments in school reform. But there is little evidence that measures such as curricular reform, school-based management, and school choice will address, let alone solve, the biggest problem schools face: the rising number of children who come from disrupted families. The great educational tragedy of our time is that many American children are failing in school not because they are intellectually or physically impaired but because they are emotionally incapacitated. In schools across the nation principals report a dramatic rise in the aggressive, acting-out behavior characteristic of children, especially boys, who are living in single-parent families. The discipline problems in today's suburban schools--assaults on teachers, unprovoked attacks on other students, screaming outbursts in class--outstrip the problems that were evident in the toughest city schools a generation ago. Moreover, teachers find many children emotionally distracted, so upset and preoccupied by the explosive drama of their own family lives that they are unable to concentrate on such mundane matters as multiplication tables. In response, many schools have turned to therapeutic remediation. A growing proportion of many school budgets is devoted to counseling and other psychological services. The curriculum is becoming more therapeutic: children are taking courses in self-esteem, conflict resolution, and aggression management. Parental advisory groups are conscientiously debating alternative approaches to traditional school discipline, ranging from teacher training in mediation to the introduction of metal detectors and security guards in the schools. Schools are increasingly becoming emergency rooms of the emotions, devoted not only to developing minds but also to repairing hearts. As a result, the mission of the school, along with the culture of the classroom, is slowly changing. What we are seeing, largely as a result of the new burdens of family disruption, is the psychologization of American education. Taken together, the research presents a powerful challenge to the prevailing view of family change as social progress. Not a single one of the assumptions underlying that view can be sustained against the empirical evidence. Single-parent families are not able to do well economically on a mother's income. In fact, most teeter on the economic brink, and many fall into poverty and welfare dependency. Growing up in a disrupted family does not enrich a child's life or expand the number of adults committed to the child's well-being. In fact, disrupted families threaten the psychological well-being of children and diminish the investment of adult time and money in them. Family diversity in the form of increasing numbers of single-parent and stepparent families does not strengthen the social fabric. It dramatically weakens and undermines society, placing new burdens on schools, courts, prisons, and the welfare system. These new families are not an improvement on the nuclear family, nor are they even just as good, whether you look at outcomes for children or outcomes for society as a whole. In short, far from representing social progress, family change represents a stunning example of social regress. The Two-Parent Advantage All this evidence gives rise to an obvious conclusion: growing up in an intact two-parent family is an important source of advantage for American children. Though far from perfect as a social institution, the intact family offers children greater security and better outcomes than its fast-growing alternatives: single-parent and stepparent families. Not only does the intact family protect the child from poverty and economic insecurity; it also provides greater noneconomic investments of parental time, attention, and emotional support over the entire life course. This does not mean that all two-parent families are better for children than all single parent families. But in the face of the evidence it becomes increasingly difficult to sustain the proposition that all family structures produce equally good outcomes for children. Curiously, many in the research community are hesitant to say that two-parent families generally promote better outcomes for children than single-parent families. Some argue that we need finer measures of the extent of the family-structure effect. As one scholar has noted, it is possible, by disaggregating the data in certain ways, to make family structure "go away" as an independent variable. Other researchers point to studies that show that children suffer psychological effects as a result of family conflict preceding family breakup. Consequently, they reason, it is the conflict rather than the structure of the family that is responsible for many of the problems associated with family disruption. Others, including Judith Wallerstein, caution against treating children in divorced families and children in intact families as separate populations, because doing so tends to exaggerate the differences between the two groups. "We have to take this family by family," Wallerstein says. Some of the caution among researchers can also be attributed to ideological pressures. Privately, social scientists worry that their research may serve ideological causes that they themselves do not support, or that their work may be misinterpreted as an attempt to "tell people what to do." Some are fearful that they will be attacked by feminist colleagues, or, more generally, that their comments will be regarded as an effort to turn back the clock to the 1950s--a goal that has almost no constituency in the academy. Even more fundamental, it has become risky for anyone--scholar, politician, religious leader--to make normative statements today. This reflects not only the persistent drive toward "value neutrality" in the professions but also a deep confusion about the purposes of public discourse. The dominant view appears to be that social criticism, like criticism of individuals, is psychologically damaging. The worst thing you can do is to make people feel guilty or bad about themselves. When one sets aside these constraints, however, the case against the two-parent family is remarkably weak. It is true that disaggregating data can make family structure less significant as a factor, just as disaggregating Hurricane Andrew into wind, rain, and tides can make it disappear as a meteorological phenomenon. Nonetheless, research opinion as well as common sense suggests that the effects of changes in family structure are great enough to cause concern. Nicholas Zill argues that many of the risk factors for children are doubled or more than doubled as the result of family disruption. "In epidemiological terms," he writes, "the doubling of a hazard is a substantial increase. . . . the increase in risk that dietary cholesterol poses for cardiovascular disease, for example, is far less than double, yet millions of Americans have altered their diets because of the perceived hazard." The argument that family conflict, rather than the breakup of parents, is the cause of children's psychological distress is persuasive on its face. Children who grow up in high-conflict families, whether the families stay together or eventually split up, are undoubtedly at great psychological risk. And surely no one would dispute that there must be societal measures available, including divorce, to remove children from families where they are in danger. Yet only a minority of divorces grow out of pathological situations; much more common are divorces in families unscarred by physical assault. Moreover, an equally compelling hypothesis is that family breakup generates its own conflict. Certainly, many families exhibit more conflictual and even violent behavior as a consequence of divorce than they did before divorce. Finally, it is important to note that clinical insights are different from sociological findings. Clinicians work with individual families, who cannot and should not be defined by statistical aggregates. Appropriate to a clinical approach, moreover, is a focus on the internal dynamics of family functioning and on the immense variability in human behavior. Nevertheless, there is enough empirical evidence to justify sociological statements about the causes of declining child well-being and to demonstrate that despite the plasticity of human response, there are some useful rules of thumb to guide our thinking about and policies affecting the family. For example, Sara McLanahan says, three structural constants are commonly associated with intact families, even intact families who would not win any "Family of the Year" awards. The first is economic. In intact families, children share in the income of two adults. Indeed, as a number of analysts have pointed out, the two parent family is becoming more rather than less necessary, because more and more families need two incomes to sustain a middle-class standard of living. McLanahan believes that most intact families also provide a stable authority structure. Family breakup commonly upsets the established boundaries of authority in a family. Children are often required to make decisions or accept responsibilities once considered the province of parents. Moreover, children, even very young children, are often expected to behave like mature adults, so that the grown-ups in the family can be free to deal with the emotional fallout of the failed relationship. In some instances family disruption creates a complete vacuum in authority; everyone invents his or her own rules. With lines of authority disrupted or absent, children find it much more difficult to engage in the normal kinds of testing behavior, the trial and error, the failing and succeeding, that define the developmental pathway toward character and competence. McLanahan says, "Children need to be the ones to challenge the rules. The parents need to set the boundaries and let the kids push the boundaries. The children shouldn't have to walk the straight and narrow at all times." Finally, McLanahan holds that children in intact families benefit from stability in what she neutrally terms "household personnel." Family disruption frequently brings new adults into the family, including stepparents, live-in boyfriends or girlfriends, and casual sexual partners. Like stepfathers, boyfriends can present a real threat to children's, particularly to daughters', security and well-being. But physical or sexual abuse represents only the most extreme such threat. Even the very best of boyfriends can disrupt and undermine a child's sense of peace and security, McLanahan says. "It's not as though you're going from an unhappy marriage to peacefulness. There can be a constant changing until the mother finds a suitable partner." McLanahan's argument helps explain why children of widows tend to do better than children of divorced or unmarried mothers. Widows differ from other single mothers in all three respects. They are economically more secure, because they receive more public assistance through Survivors Insurance, and possibly private insurance or other kinds of support from family members. Thus widows are less likely to leave the neighborhood in search of a new or better job and a cheaper house or apartment. Moreover, the death of a father is not likely to disrupt the authority structure radically. When a father dies, he is no longer physically present, but his death does not dethrone him as an authority figure in the child's life. On the contrary, his authority may be magnified through death. The mother can draw on the powerful memory of the departed father as a way of intensifying her parental authority: "Your father would have wanted it this way." Finally, since widows tend to be older than divorced mothers, their love life may be less distracting. Regarding the two-parent family, the sociologist David Popenoe, who has devoted much of his career to the study of families, both in the United States and in Scandinavia, makes this straightforward assertion: Social science research is almost never conclusive. There are always methodological difficulties and stones left unturned. Yet in three decades of work as a social scientist, I know of few other bodies of data in which the weight of evidence is so decisively on one side of the issue: on the whole, for children, two-parent families are preferable to single-parent and stepfamilies. The Regime Effect The rise in family disruption is not unique to American society. It is evident in virtually all advanced nations, including Japan, where it is also shaped by the growing participation of women in the work force. Yet the United States has made divorce easier and quicker than in any other Western nation with the sole exception of Sweden--and the trend toward solo motherhood has also been more pronounced in America. (Sweden has an equally high rate of out-of-wedlock birth, but the majority of such births are to cohabiting couples, a long-established pattern in Swedish society.) More to the point, nowhere has family breakup been greeted by a more triumphant rhetoric of renewal than in America. What is striking about this rhetoric is how deeply it reflects classic themes in American public life. It draws its language and imagery from the nation's founding myth. It depicts family breakup as a drama of revolution and rebirth. The nuclear family represents the corrupt past, an institution guilty of the abuse of power and the suppression of individual freedom. Breaking up the family is like breaking away from Old World tyranny. Liberated from the bonds of the family, the individual can achieve independence and experience a new beginning, a fresh start, a new birth of freedom. In short, family breakup recapitulates the American experience. This rhetoric is an example of what the University of Maryland political philosopher William Galston has called the "regime effect." The founding of the United States set in motion a new political order based to an unprecedented degree on individual rights, personal choice, and egalitarian relationships. Since then these values have spread beyond their original domain of political relationships to define social relationships as well. During the past twenty-five years these values have had a particularly profound impact on the family. Increasingly, political principles of individual rights and choice shape our understanding of family commitment and solidarity. Family relationships are viewed not as permanent or binding but as voluntary and easily terminable. Moreover, under the sway of the regime effect the family loses its central importance as an institution in the civil society, accomplishing certain social goals such as raising children and caring for its members, and becomes a means to achieving greater individual happiness--a lifestyle choice. Thus, Galston says, what is happening to the American family reflects the "unfolding logic of authoritative, deeply American moral-political principles." One benefit of the regime effect is to create greater equality in adult family relationships. Husbands and wives, mothers and fathers, enjoy relationships far more egalitarian than past relationships were, and most Americans prefer it that way. But the political principles of the regime effect can threaten another kind of family relationship--that between parent and child. Owing to their biological and developmental immaturity, children are needy dependents. They are not able to express their choices according to limited, easily terminable, voluntary agreements. They are not able to act as negotiators in family decisions, even those that most affect their own interests. As one writer has put it, "a newborn does not make a good 'partner.'" Correspondingly, the parental role is antithetical to the spirit of the regime. Parental investment in children involves a diminished investment in self, a willing deference to the needs and claims of the dependent child. Perhaps more than any other family relationship, the parent-child relationship--shaped as it is by patterns of dependency and deference--can be undermined and weakened by the principles of the regime. More than a century and a half ago Alexis de Tocqueville made the striking observation that an individualistic society depends on a communitarian institution like the family for its continued existence. The family cannot be constituted like the liberal state, nor can it be governed entirely by that state's principles. Yet the family serves as the seedbed for the virtues required by a liberal state. The family is responsible for teaching lessons of independence, self-restraint, responsibility, and right conduct, which are essential to a free, democratic society. If the family fails in these tasks, then the entire experiment in democratic self-rule is jeopardized. To take one example: independence is basic to successful functioning in American life. We assume that most people in America will be able to work, care for themselves and their families, think for themselves, and inculcate the same traits of independence and initiative in their children. We depend on families to teach people to do these things. The erosion of the two-parent family undermines the capacity of families to impart this knowledge; children of long-term welfare dependent single parents are far more likely than others to be dependent themselves. Similarly, the children in disrupted families have a harder time forging bonds of trust with others and giving and getting help across the generations. This, too, may lead to greater dependency on the resources of the state. Over the past two and a half decades Americans have been conducting what is tantamount to a vast natural experiment in family life. Many would argue that this experiment was necessary, worthwhile, and long overdue. The results of the experiment are coming in, and they are clear. Adults have benefited from the changes in family life in important ways, but the same cannot be said for children. Indeed, this is the first generation in the nation's history to do worse psychologically, socially, and economically than its parents. Most poignantly, in survey after survey the children of broken families confess deep longings for an intact family. Nonetheless, as Galston is quick to point out, the regime effect is not an irresistible undertow that will carry away the family. It is more like a swift current, against which it is possible to swim. People learn; societies can change, particularly when it becomes apparent that certain behaviors damage the social ecology, threaten the public order, and impose new burdens on core institutions. Whether Americans will act to overcome the legacy of family disruption is a crucial but as yet unanswered question.   Not all children of divorce are doomed, but in just about every way we have to measure such things, divorce hurts children.   Review by Wendy Dennis   IN 1993, Barbara Dafoe Whitehead wrote "Dan Quayle Was Right", a widely read article for the Atlantic Monthly magazine, in which she argued the verdict was in on divorce and it wasn't good: divorce devastated huge numbers of children in lasting ways; kids raised in intact families did significantly better than others; alternative family structures weakened the social fabric. This was not a particularly popular point of view to be espousing in North America at the end of the 20th century, and she took a fair bit of flak Single parents, doing the best they could, got mad. Feminists, who saw divorce as a hard-won right, got mad. Divorce, like abortion, is one of those issues that tends to cause riots in the streets. If the message is politically incorrect or uncomfortably disturbing - as this one was - people take aim and shoot the messenger. Faced with widespread resistance to hearing the dark truth about divorce, Dafoe Whitehead did what any self-respecting writer would: She wrote a book. In The Divorce Culture, the author, a social historian and critic, debunks many of the ideas behind current divorce trends. Peering through a historical and cultural lens, she argues that since the mid-sixties, Americans have embraced an "expressive divorce culture" which sees divorce as an individual entitlement, ticket to personal growth and vehicle for social progress, particularly for women and children. After 30 years of persistently high divorce rates and a significant body of research studying the phenomenon, the latter view, says the author, is an illusion.(Today, nearly half of all North American children are likely to experience parental divorce or separation by the age of 20. In Canada, an estimated 31-32 per cent of marriages end in divorce, while in the United States, the figure is just under 50 per cent.) If you're a reader who likes to know the truth, however awful, The Divorce Culture is for you. Still, I think this book should come with a warning label for divorced parents, or anyone considering becoming one. You think your kids will "bounce back" from your divorce ? Guess again. Divorce is less like a cold for children than "a serious chronic disease. You think you'll eventually re-partner and create a new family unit where the kids will live happily ever after? Forget it. Children in stepfamilies are more likely than kids from intact families to drop out of school, become unwed teenage mothers and wind up unable to hold steady jobs as young adults. Of course, not all children of divorce are doomed, but, in just about every way we have to measure such things, says the author, divorce has hurt children. It sets in motion a chain of disruptive events which unleash "a host of destabilizing forces" into their lives. She writes: "Indeed, if recent social history were written through the eyes of children, 1974 might be described as the Great Crash, a moment when divorce became the leading cause of broken families and unexpectedly plunged children into a trough of family instability, increased economic vulnerability, and traumatic loss." Dafoe Whitehead offers persuasive evidence to depict a world of exhausted mothers, lost fathers and uninterested, sometimes cruel step-parents. But those who've managed to stay married and defy the statistics have no cause for smudginess; the author sees a society corroding through its abandonment of the value of commitment; juvenile crime is up, and more violent; the teen suicide rate has more than tripled; school performance has continued to decline. A meticulous researcher, the author is as comfortable surveying Edith Wharton's writings, the social trends in Hallmark's greeting cards and the etiquette manuals of Emily Post as she is interpreting social-science data. Those familiar with the latter will recognize a trustworthy reporter; those unfamiliar will sense a broadly informed, even-handed writer who refuses to draw conclusions unless they're firmly rooted in empirical evidence. Much of her data is fascinating, and little-known: These days, a marriage may be a more important resource than a college degree; parents who are college graduates and married form the new economic elite among families with children. Legislators and family court judges take note: Children continue to long for their fathers after they leave the household, and one form of long-term damage suffered by a majority of such children is the disruption of a relationship with their dads. Fathers who live with their kids usually work hard to increase their incomes, while fathers who've been banished from the day-to-dayness of their children's lives tend to lose the incentive to put more money into their households. Moreover, the trend toward punitive child-support enforcement measures has been largely ineffective in resolving a problem whose origins go far deeper than a loaded label like "deadbeat dad" suggests. The Divorce Culture is an intensely moral book, but not a moralizing one. Unlike "family values" advocates who tend to see the world in black and white, or pretty colourized pastels, Dafoe Whitehead sees divorce as an event with a chain of moral and social consequences. At the book's heart is a passionate respect for children. She doesn't argue against divorce per se, but questions "casual divorce", in which an adult's desires take precedence over a child's needs. She concludes by imagining a world where marriage is strengthened as the central institution for child-rearing, a world offering a "vision of the obligated self" bound to sacrifice for the next generation, where a new consciousness about the meaning of commitment flourishes. The author appears, from the acknowledgments, to be living with her husband and kids in an intact family. Since I've yet to meet a parent for whom getting divorced was anything but a wrenching experience, the term " casual divorce " struck me as an oxymoron, and made me wonder if the author had ever been through a divorce involving children. As a divorced parent who has seen, perhaps more than some, the dark side of divorce for children, but has also witnessed some of its unexpected triumphs, I felt uneasy at times reading about divorce by someone who may never have been there. Admittedly, this is an emotional reaction, and to some extent an irrational one. Never having been divorced certainly doesn't disqualify a writer from tackling the subject, and Dafoe Whitehead does a superb job. But divorce, like parenthood, is one of those experiences that can't fully be understood, I think, by someone on the other side. When one looks at children of divorce only through the clinical eye of the social scientist - or indeed from on high, where judges sit - a key element of the story may go missing. Still, Dafoe Whitehead has written an original, iconoclastic book on a subject long overdue for public debate. Anyone with an interest in divorce, which means anyone living in North America as the millennium approaches, will find it thought-provoking. But it should be required reading for every legislator, policymaker, family court judge, lawyer, mediator and mental health professional working in the divorce industry. No doubt many will be surprised and uncomfortable to discover that a great number of their sacrosanct notions about what is in the "best interests of the children" are nothing more than misconceptions that fly utterly in the face of the evidence. ABOUT THE AUTHOR   WENDY DENNIS is a journalist and author who has written for numerous publications,including The Globe and Mail, Maclean's, Cosmopolitan, New Woman and TV Guide. Currently a contributing editor to Toronto Life, Dennis has been a columnist for Flare, won a National Business Writing Award, been nominated for a National Magazine Award,and taught at Ryerson University's School of Journalism. Her best-selling book, HOT AND BOTHERED: Men and Women, Sex and Love in the 90s, was published in eight countries.   MACFARLANE, WALTER & ROSS $29.95 IN CANADA The painful dissolution of a marriage is a tragically familiar phenomenon; the unexamined question is why it is so. This searing anatomy of a divorce, from mediation to litigation--through motions, appeals family assessments, and custody trial--illuminates a real-life drama in which the villain is a process that encourages conflict, rewards manipulation, and reinforces cultural stereotypes. For beyond the courtroom is the culture: the expectations and assumptions of wives and husbands and the prejudices that surround our notions of motherhood, fatherhood and the nature of parenting. Circumstances conspired to place Wendy Dennis at the edge and the centre of this story. When she met Ben Gordon, he was going through a bad divorce. An ex-wife in a difficult divorce herself, Dennis knew the pitfalls from a woman's and a mother's perspective. She was also a seasoned journalist, skeptical and observant. As she and Ben became intimately involved, she had an unprecedented inside look at the system we have devised to deal with contested divorce. Nothing in her experience or imagination prepared her for the events to which she bore witness. When his marriage failed, Ben's simple ambition was to ensure that he would remain deeply involved as a father to his two young daughters, and avoid a long, messy divorce in which the children suffer and no one wins but the lawyers. But after seven painful years and $275,000 in legal fees, the "remedy" of the courts left him deep in debt and a stranger to his children. Dennis' observations of Ben's attempts to remain more than a visitor in his children's lives overthrew virtually every popular assumption about the family law system, and many of her own. She saw lawyers play the game of law and grow richer; she saw judges with too many cases and too little wisdom; she saw therapeutic "experts" wield extraordinary power with devastating consequences; and she saw an arbitrary system without accountability profess to act in the best interests of children but fail spectacularly to do so. Rarely does a book appear that can touch its readers' hearts and minds at a deeply personal level and at the same time challenge a society's prevailing archetypes. Such books become lightening rods, arousing passion and controversy. This year THE DIVORCE FROM HELL is that book. In response to " The War Over the Family " (December 4, 1997) To the Editors: I recognize that review essays give authors scant time to explore books in depth, but Andrew Hacker's treatment of The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families [NYR, December 4, 1997] leaves the impression that I romanticize single parenthood. My book never equates divorce with "liberation." In fact, it points out that children of divorced parents, unwed mothers, and stepfamilies have, on average, more adjustment problems than children raised by continuously married couples. An effective parental alliance and respectful marriage offer children many advantages. A healthy marriage, however, is not always what one gets, and a high-conflict marriage is usually harder on kids than divorce or nonmarriage. My book suggests we can save more marriages than we currently do by adjusting work policies, school hours, and the household division of labor to the reality that mothers are in the workforce to stay. But modern socioeconomic trends ensure that, like it or not, family diversity is also here to stay. Recognizing reality is not the same as romanticizing it, but it does mean rejecting the fantasy that we can reinstitute lifelong marriage as the main mechanism for organizing obligations between men and women, young and old. The age of marriage for women is at an all-time high. For men it has tied the previous peak in 1890. Meanwhile, the average 60-year-old has another 25 years to live. Thus both young and old have more opportunities for a satisfying life outside marriage than ever before. And women's economic independence gives them the option to leave a bad marriage or refuse a shotgun one. We should distinguish between risks inherent in a particular family structure and risks that flow from other family dynamics or social factors. Researchers studying children who do poorly after divorce, for example, have found their behavior problems were often already evident years before the divorce took place, suggesting that both child maladjustment and divorce are frequently symptoms of more deep-rooted family dysfunctions. A mother's parenting skills, income security, and educational status have more impact on her child's outcome than her marital status. I too am concerned when young women with poor job and education prospects have babies without being ready for parenthood. But the decline in real wages for poorly educated young men means that marriage is often not the best solution to a teen's out-of-wedlock pregnancy. And pressuring young mothers into marriage is not necessarily best for their kids. One study of teens who gave birth while unmarried found that the reading scores of their children were higher when the mothers remained single than when they wed the father of their child, probably because such marriages tend to be especially conflicted. My book demonstrates that parental strife, poverty, social isolation, lead poisoning (still all too common in inner-city neighborhoods), and the corrupting effects of a winner-take-all, dependents-be-damned economy have measurably worse effects on children than a one-parent family per se. Dr. Hacker takes exception to my report that single parents talk to their children and praise good grades more than adults in two-parent families. But I also noted that single parents are more likely to get angry when grades fall, a reaction that escalates parent-child hostility, and that they face difficulties in setting firm generational boundaries. My point was simply that every family form has typical vulnerabilities to avoid, while almost every family also has strengths it can cultivate. Whatever their unease about family change in the abstract, most Americans agree that it makes more sense to teach all types of families how to build on their strengths and minimize their weaknesses than to issue pronouncements of doom for one-parent families while ignoring the stresses facing two-parent ones. That's why I'm more optimistic than Dr. Hacker about the possibility that we can move past polarized debates over "the" family to help all our families meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. Stephanie Coontz Olympia, Washington To the Editors: Andrew Hacker's account of my book, The Divorce Culture [NYR, December 4, 1997], is largely at odds with what the book actually says. Let me correct his errors and then turn to his chief omission. Hacker writes: "Whitehead generally blames liberal attitudes and policies for the rise of the 'divorce culture.' She fails to ask how and why the same ethos has pervaded conservative circles as well." He then lists some notable Republicans who are divorced: Gingrich, Reagan, Dole, etc. In fact, I don't blame liberal policies. If he sees contrary evidence, let him cite it. As for attitudes, I argue that the divorce culture has been supported by a consensus that runs across ideology and party. In a section entitled "The Ideological Consensus," I write: "Liberals were attracted by the psychological benefits as well as the political advantages expressive divorce seemed to hold for women. Liberals saw such traits as self-esteem, self-confidence, and self-determination as valuable assets for women. If divorce nurtured such traits and often required women to use them in the workforce, then divorce was fully compatible with the larger goal of economic independence for women�. For their part, conservatives found the ideology of expressive divorce compatible with their philosophical commitment to a deregulated environment that left the individual free to pursue opportunities and maximize profits. And on practical grounds as well, conservatives embraced the idea of divorce as an individual prerogative to be freely exercised by adults�. Leading conservative politicians had themselves exercised this prerogative, including�Phil Gramm and Bob Dole and�Newt Gingrich." Thus, I do exactly what he criticizes me for failing to do. Mr. Hacker also omits the central argument of the book: namely, that the divorce culture has contributed to the decline of child well-being over the past twenty-five years. To be sure, a number of conditions figure in this decline, but I focus on divorce for several reasons. First, it does damage to a substantial minority of the one million children a year who have experienced it over the course of more than two decades. Second, it is a middle-class phenomenon. Mainstream America clings to the easy illusion that the declining well-being of children has to do almost entirely with the behavior of unwed teen mothers or poor women on welfare rather than with the fragility of marital commitment within its own ranks. This has led to the scapegoating of some of the nation's most vulnerable families. Three, the divorce culture undermines the foundation of our public commitment to children. A society cannot sustain a public ethic of obligation to children if it also embraces a private ethic that tells adults that they should put their own needs and interests before their children's happiness and security. Finally, Andrew Hacker characterizes my views as a call to a nineteenth-century code of self-abnegating duty. This misrepresents and caricatures what Isay. I call for a social ethic that treats children as the principal stakeholders in their parents' marriages and places the needs and interests of children first in the dissolution of marriage. Moreover, Professor Hacker uncritically accepts the idea that self-restraint is antithetical to individual freedom. When it comes to divorce, that view runs contrary to the evidence. In a divorce culture, the state expands its role in the regulation and control of individual and family relationships. Self-restraint is replaced by restraint by the state and that often takes remarkably coercive forms. Now that New York has opened Family Court to the public, I suggest that Professor Hacker take a look at what goes on there. Perhaps then he might understand why the social ethic of family life that Iespouse is far less limiting of adult freedoms than the often oppres-sive legal consequences of quick and easy divorce. Barbara Dafoe Whitehead Amherst, Massachusetts Andrew Hacker replies: True, Whitehead and I both cited conservative leaders�Gramm, Gingrich, Reagan, Dole�who discarded original wives for younger partners. She believes they were acting on their "philosophical commitment to a deregulated environment." I was more prepared to put it down to hormones, which transcend ideological lines. And it may be that some liberals sought to ease divorce in hopes of aiding women. Even so, men of all persuasions have been the major beneficiaries. Whitehead also wants to deny that "self-restraint is antithetical to individual freedom." That sounds a lot like Gramm and Gingrich. Choices must always be made between what we want to do and what we ought to do. The more we go one way, the less we'll have of the other. Ask anyone who has stuck with a tiresome spouse for the sake of the children.   WORKS DISCUSSED IN THIS ESSAY Maggie Gallagher, The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love (Regnery Publishing, 1996). John R. Gillis, A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values (Basic Books, 1996). David Popenoe, Life Without Father: Compelling New Evidence that Fatherhood and Marriage are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society (Martin Kessler Books, 1996). David Popenoe, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and David Blankenhorn, eds., Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America (Rowan and Littlefield, 1996). Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Divorce Culture (Knopf, 1997).   In 1976, a team of social researchers returned to the small midwestern city that Helen and Robert Lynd immortalized as "Middletown" a half century earlier in the sociological classic by that name. Like the rest of the country in the 1970s, Middletown�actually Muncie, Indiana�had been shaken by the series of social and cultural upheavals that had suddenly undone the seemingly placid domesticity of the postwar era�the pill, the sexual revolution, the women's movement, the divorce revolution. Middletowners were strikingly ambivalent about these changes. For example, they "detested'' divorce. Nostalgic for the era when divorce was scandalous and hard to get, they deplored the weakening of the spiritual foundations of marriage. Nevertheless, by 1976 a majority of Middletowners had experienced one or more divorces in their own families. Asked about the divorces of people they knew, they expressed little disapproval. Speaking of the breakup of a daughter's marriage to an alcoholic or of a friend's to a philanderer, they said they were glad that divorce was now easy to get and no longer shameful. As one woman put it, "Women no longer feel they have to be married to be accepted. Women aren't staying in a miserable situation just to say they have a husband." Middletown both opposed divorce and supported it. As the researchers noted, however, these attitudes are not as contradictory as they seem at first glance. Middletowners were deeply committed to marriage as an institution and a way of life, but they did not believe that loveless marriages should remain intact. They saw divorce as a necessary remedy, but worried whether divorce had become too easy. In short, Middletowners were moralists about marriage in general and pragmatists when it came to particular troubled marriages. [Theodore Caplow et al., Middletown Families: Fifty Years of Change and Continuity (Minnesota University Press, 1981)] Two decades later, Americans have still not come to terms with the gap between the way we think our families ought to be and the complex, often messy realities of our lives�or as John Gillis puts it, in his new book A World of Their Own Making, the gap between the families we live with and the symbolic families we "live by." Back in the 1970s, when the research team returned to Middletown, family was not yet a major partisan issue. By the end of the 1970s, however, "family values" had become a major battleground in a still ongoing political and cultural war. In 1980, the moral uneasiness of Middletown and the rest of America served as political fuel that helped launch the Reagan era and the conservative ascendancy. In 1992, it looked as if the fuel finally had run out; voters were turned off by Dan Quayle's attack on Murphy Brown, Marilyn Quayle's attack on working women, and Pat Buchanan's call for a religious war for "family values." In August 1993, columnist Christopher Matthews predicted that never again would the Republicans waste their resources on the "fool's gold" of cultural issues. Instead, they would follow the Clinton campaign mantra "the economy, stupid." "The GOP has done a political/moral gut check and decided that the most vital 'family value' is a daddy, mommy, or live-together bringing home the bacon." Yet less than a year after the election, "Dan Quayle was right" became the new national consensus. A sudden surge of op-eds, magazine articles, and talk show punditry warned that the growth of single-parent families was the root cause of poverty, crime, youth violence, and other social ills and thus the single greatest problem facing the nation. (The American Prospect, in its Summer 1994 issue, was one of the few publications to look critically at these claims.) With liberals and moderates joining in, the conservative rhetoric of moral crisis has come to dominate discussions of welfare, education, and crime and helped to drive American domestic policy well to the right. With yet another national election behind us, it is a good time to step back and reflect on the strange career of "family values" as a theme in American political life. Why was the public's verdict on Dan Quayle so quickly reversed? Along with his economic message in 1992 Clinton had articulated a pluralistic vision of family values:"an America that includes every family. Every traditional family and every extended family. Every two-parent family, every single-parent family, every foster family." What happened to that vision? HISTORY VS. HYSTERIA A bumper crop of recent books on family is a good starting place. John Gillis's book attempts to place America's current obsession with the family into historical and cultural perspective. Gillis, a social historian, uses the past not as a repository of lost virtues, but as a way to illuminate the present. Family life has changed drastically in America and the rest of the industrialized world. But as Gillis reminds us, family change is nothing new; neither is anxiety about the state of the family. Recent research into family life in past times reveals that diversity, instability, and discontinuity have been part of the European experience of family at least since the late Middle Ages, and continued into the new world. Despite the nostalgia that has engulfed American culture in recent years, there never was a "golden age"; of family. When the Lynds visited Middletown in the 1920s, it was in the midst of the mother of sexual revolutions�the age of flaming youth. The 1950s, now revered as the pinnacle of the American family dream, was to people who lived it also an age of anxiety. For cultural critics of the time, the great menaces to family life and American character were juvenile delinquency, comic books (the Senate even held hearings on comics), and, strange as it may seem now, the suburbs. History is an antidote to hysteria. Gillis, along with other historians of the family, recognizes that we are now, for good or ill, living through one of the most intensive periods of social, economic, and political change since the democratic and industrial revolutions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. But the world is not what it was in 1955 or 1855; families today face unprecedented conditions�some of which stem from changes few would want to reverse, such as women's strides toward equality. Four of these books bring us into the firing line of the current cultural war over the family. They represent part of the output of the Institute for American Values, the think tank responsible for the sudden shift in the national debate on the family since 1992. Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, author of The Divorce Culture, wrote the op-ed on Murphy Brown that inspired the remark in Dan Quayle's speech; she was also the author of the 1993 cover article in the Atlantic Monthly declaring that "Dan Quayle Was Right." Whitehead's new book expands on those earlier pieces about the dangers of divorce and single parenthood. So do the books by her colleagues�Maggie Gallagher's The Abolition of Marriage, David Popenoe's Life Without Father, and most of the articles in Promises to Keep, a book of readings edited by Popenoe, along with Jean Bethke Elshtain and David Blankenhorn, who have also written variations on the same themes. Their argument is, we live in a "post-marital," "post-nuclear family" society. Marriage has disappeared as a cultural ideal. A "culture" or ideology of liberation and self-fulfillment, originating in the 1960s and sustained by the liberal elite, has spread throughout the society, leading to the disintegration of the two-parent family and the desertion of their children by vast numbers of men. Single parenthood, or "fatherlessness," whether it occurs in the inner city or the suburbs or through divorce or out-of wedlock birth, is a tragedy for children, and a catastrophe for the rest of society. It is the direct cause of our worst individual and social problems: poverty, crime, violence, delinquency, drug and alcohol abuse, school failure, teenage pregnancy, welfare dependency. In short, it is the number one domestic problem facing the country, because it drives all the rest. The solution? A crusade to dismantle and repeal the culture of divorce and unwed parenthood. As the Institute for American Values writes in its mission statement, "the two-parent family, based on a lasting monogamous marriage," is "the most efficacious one for child rearing." These authors differ on particular issues such as no-fault divorce (Gallagher would abolish it, Whitehead has recently argued that doing so would be a mistake), or premarital sexual relationships (Popenoe favors responsible ones, Gallagher is shocked by the idea). But they all agree that the heart of the problem lies in the prevailing cultural values. They favor a range of public and private initiatives to "restore" marriage and make alternatives to the two-parent biological family socially unacceptable and practically difficult. Since these arguments have become the conventional wisdom over the past four years, there is a certain d�j� vu quality to the books. Social scientists and others who take issue with this analysis have been on the defensive, fending off charges of being "against" the two-parent family, "for" divorce and single parenthood, and indifferent to children's well-being. Nevertheless, the analysis remains flawed. The Institute for American Values and its associates present a skewed and misleading version of the research evidence on the causes and effects of divorce and single parenthood. For example, institute writers feature the highly pessimistic divorce studies of Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues, which have been severely criticized on methodological grounds by other divorce researchers. The children in Wallerstein's study were not studied before the divorce to determine whether their problems were new. Nor were they compared to children whose parents remained in unhappy marriages or, indeed, to any other control group. At the same time, Whitehead and her colleagues ignore more systematic research that does not support horror stories about the effects of divorce. In 1991, for example, the journal Science published a report based on a large, two-nation study of children at age 7 and later at age 11. The results showed that, compared to those who remained in intact families, children whose parents had divorced in the interim did have more problems, but they had shown those problems at age 7, before the parents divorced. Even without discounting the effects of pre-divorce problems, the differences between children of divorced and intact families are not as gross and categorical as these writers insist. The figure "How Divorce Affects Children's Well-Being" illustrates why it is misleading to write, as Whitehead repeatedly does, of the "average child of divorce." Note that while the average score of the divorced group is lower than that of the non-divorced, the two curves overlap. Some of the divorced group score higher than the average of the intact family group. Despite all the hand-wringing, there is no evidence that the remarkable demographic changes of recent decades represent a basic shift in family values. Indeed, marriage and two-parent families remain the norm and continue to prevail statistically. Anyone reading these books and little else on family structure, however, is likely to be surprised to learn that, according to the Census Bureau, most children are born to married mothers and spend most of their youth with their two parents. And the divorce rate has been revised down to 40 percent from 50 percent. Of course, families are more varied and more fragile than in the past, and today's Ozzies and Harriets are both working outside the home. But we are far from a culture that has "abolished" marriage and the nuclear family. On the contrary, cross-national surveys reveal that we are the most traditionalist of Western nations in our family values. We have the highest marriage rates in the industrial world. Our attitudes toward divorce would predict that we would have the lowest rates of divorce, rather than one of the highest. Nor is this a recent trend: We have always had higher rates of both marriage and divorce than other Western nations. The Institute for American Values views the family in a social and economic void, as if family behavior were shaped only by culture and values. Indeed, Whitehead and her colleagues seem to have invented a germ theory of culture, in which bad ideas and values spring up, infect a few minds, and then spread relentlessly throughout the population. But most family scholars believe that the recent transformation of the family results from an accumulation of cultural, social, and economic changes. Shifts in women's roles are pivotal. The shift to a service economy, for example, has drawn women into the workplace; a series of life-course revolutions has reduced the period of active child care in a women's life to a small segment of an 80-year life span. Educational levels of both sexes have risen. THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN Part of the reason for the impact of Whitehead and colleagues is that they place the well-being of children at the center of the national debate. The number of children involved in divorce is huge�more than a million a year. Children growing up in single-parent families are on the average likely to face greater disadvantages than children in two-parent families. The United States is plagued by a host of social problems, including the highest child poverty rates in the Western world. And it is certainly true that the nation's future depends on finding solutions to the problems plaguing many children and families. But because these writers' definition of family is so narrow, their genuine concern for children has contributed to a frightened and punitive public mood. Instead of seeking ways to assist children who grow up in less-than-ideal family situations, these writers call for policies that will disadvantage them still further. Whether or not the new welfare bill does threaten more than a million children with destitution, the vast majority of Americans were willing to take that risk to send a message of disapproval to single mothers. Similarly, exaggerating the effects of divorce on children is likely to have unfortunate consequences. In his book Childhood, the anthropologist and physician Melvin Konner writes that "to continue sounding a hysterical alarm about the effects of this experience without better evidence is simply irresponsible. It preserves bad marriages that may harm children more than divorce does, and it creates an epidemic of hurtful guilt and shame in many millions of parents who failed at marriage after doing the best they could." It is also irresponsible to ignore how the risks to children in divorced and single-parent families can be reduced. Whitehead scoffs at the notion of a "good divorce," but a number of factors do make a great difference. Indeed, a broad scholarly consensus holds that economic hardship and high levels of marital and family conflict are the major causes of stress in children's lives. These are more important than the number of parents living in the home for predicting developmental outcomes. More recently, researchers have found that maternal stress and depression account for substantial variation in children's psychological functioning, including school achievement. Children do better after divorce when finances are adequate, when both parents remain involved, when parents manage to contain their conflicts, and when other life stresses aren't added onto the stress of divorce. Again and again, the importance of a warm, responsive relationship with the custodial parent comes through as a critical factor. One recent study of adolescents after divorce found that a nonresidential parent's remembering special occasions like holidays and birthdays had a significant impact on the child's adjustment. In general, Whitehead and her colleagues have a highly selective approach to the research literature. Many of the family researchers cited in Whitehead's Atlantic article protested her misuse of their data. Sara McLanahan, for example, has objected to efforts to "demonize single mothers." "The evidence does not show," she wrote in these pages [" The Consequences of Single Motherhood ," TAP, Summer 1994], "that family disruption is the principal cause of high school failure, poverty, and delinquency." She points out that the high school dropout rate for children in two-parent families is 13 percent, compared to an overall rate of 19 percent. "So the dropout rates would be unacceptably high, even if there were no single-parent families." Further, while McLanahan points to vulnerabilities in single-parent families in order to propose policies to remedy them, Whitehead and her colleagues point to them as signs of the moral failings of such families. McLanahan's comments highlight an even larger problem with the analysis: The passions aroused by debates about Dan Quayle and the virtues of two-parent families have obscured the stresses and anxieties experienced by families in all living arrangements and across class, racial, and ethnic lines. The largest source of family change and family stress is the shift to a postindustrial, globalized economy, a change that many scholars have compared to the industrial revolution. Indeed, the effects of today's transformation on the family are precisely to reverse the gender-based division of labor that emerged when work moved out of the home and men followed it. The breadwinner-housewife family, with the accompanying domestic ideology of "separate spheres," was a social arrangement associated with the earliest stages of the industrial revolution. Further economic development has drawn women out of the home in a slow and, until the 1970s, nearly invisible revolution that has been in progress for more than a century. Commentators on both sides of today's family debate agree that the shift in gender roles has unraveled the traditional marriage bargain�she does all the family work, he brings home the bread and the bacon. Now that wives are also employed outside the home, they expect husbands to share in caring for the children and the housework. Men are doing more than their fathers did, but not enough to live up to the ideal of equal sharing that increasing numbers of both men and women claim as their ideal marriage. Economic shifts have also had unsettling effects on families by pulling the rug out from under blue-collar families and people with no more than a high school education. As sociologist Frank Furstenberg has pointed out, marriage has come to be a luxury item, something many young men feel is beyond their economic reach. Living in a society that is becoming polarized economically, we should not be surprised that family life is also becoming polarized. In the 1950s, a young man just out of high school could support a family. In the 1990s, the lack of high-paying industrial jobs and the need for higher education has prolonged the transition to adulthood. Living together unmarried�which in a legal sense counts as single parenthood�has been the low-cost way to start a family. No country has anything like the polarized, partisan "family values" debate we have here. Even in England, John Major's "Back to Basics" campaign became an embarrassment. Instead, both right and left in most other rich industrial nations have supported attempts to mitigate the strains arising out of family change. Why has the United States been unable to adapt pragmatically to late-twentieth-century social realities? Paradoxically, it may be our very devotion to family values that makes the theme so politically appealing and yet so ineffectual. Despite the decline of "traditional" family households and the rise of single-parent families, these demographic shifts don't necessarily reflect a fundamental change in what Ameri cans believe and value. Ac cord ing to surveys and other studies of American culture, marriage and parenthood remain essential ingredients of the American dream. Indeed, John Gillis argues that our current obsession with family values reflects Americans' reverence for the family as a religious symbol, whether or not they are traditionally religious or live in "traditional" families. He describes how American family culture has become increasingly like a religion; living rooms have been turned into shrines of family photographs, and family rituals like Christmas, Thanksgiving, birthdays, anniversaries, and a host of others have been elaborated in ways that were unknown until recent years. BACK TO THE FUTURE The country badly needs a realistic national conversation about family matters where we could explore our concerns, differences, and ambivalences�and seek the common ground buried under the polarizing, moralizing rhetoric. Above all, we need to ask whether secure, family-sustaining jobs are a possibility or a pipe dream in the kind of economy we now have, and what we can do if they are not. Such a conversation began in the middle 1970s, when President Ford supported the ERA as well as the International Women's Year, newspapers carried pictures of the President as the New Man making his own breakfast, and the First Lady was an outspoken feminist. The Democrats introduced the family theme to national politics under the banner of "family policy." Walter Mondale and Daniel Patrick Moynihan were among the first to propose that government had a role to play in "strengthening families"; Jimmy Carter picked up the theme in his presidential campaign and promised, if elected, to convene a White House Conference on the Family. For a brief time, the country seemed ready to confront the changes in the family. The Ford and early Carter years were a time of relative social calm. Policy intellectuals began to take an interest in the family, out of disillusion with the social programs of the 1960s and as a way to give policies for the poor a more universal appeal. An array of study groups, foundations, and government task forces began to take stock of the state of the nation's children and families in order to propose policies to cope with older problems as well as the new realities. In a 1979 article in the Harvard Education Review, Joseph Featherstone summed up reports by the Carnegie Council and the National Science Foundation among others: American families were under stress, though recent changes did not amount to a collapse of the family. The impact of the economy and working conditions on families was a central theme; the reports addressed the conflict between work and family by proposing government and corporate policies such as flexible work schedules for men and women and leaves for pregnancy and child rearing. Jobs, a decent income, and adequate housing and health care, they said, are the minimal conditions for a healthy family life. The care of young children is an important form of work, and anyone who does it should have an adequate income. These recommendations sound utopian in the 1990s, yet are generally similar to family policies that most other advanced Western countries have adopted. Ironically, writing in the 1970s, Featherstone felt obliged to defend these proposals against "the current fashion for sneering at liberal reforms" then rampant on the left. Incremental liberal reforms would not overthrow capitalism, he conceded, but would temper "the viciousness of the system" and lead to further reforms. Yet Featherstone was presciently pessimistic that a new focus on the family would help spawn new policies; instead, he feared that it would lead to an era of private solutions to public problems�"an era of empty therapizing and empty spiritualizing." The fate of the White House Conference on the Family justified this pessimism. The idea of such a conference had wide appeal across the political spectrum. Yet its planning stages quickly became a battleground over abortion, sex education, the equal rights amendment, gay rights, and the very definition of family. The conference was renamed "The White House Conference on Families." The planners, considering this move a simple recognition of the reality of family diversity, assumed the issue was, as one put it, "How do we make it healthy and functional and positive for those people who find themselves in those many situations?" They were surprised to find that the name change galvanized conservative forces determined to limit the definition of family to the basic unit of husband, wife, and children. One of the original architects of the New Right, Paul Weyrich, whose idea it was to use moral issues to "ignite people who do not ordinarily vote Republican," recently recalled that the White House conference was the decisive event that turned religious activists toward Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party. In the early 1990s, it again seemed reasonable to hope that the ideologically polarized debate about family values might give way to a more constructive, nuanced discussion. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number of conservatives and liberals attempted to find common ground on a number of child and family issues�for example, child care and enhanced economic security for families raising children. Once again, however, pragmatism was overcome by moral panic. The war over family values has been a convenient way for both conservatives and liberals to avoid confronting the harder political questions: What kind of country are we becoming? Will we become more like the other rich democracies, conservative and social democratic, who invest in families, whatever their form, as an essential part of the nation's social infrastructure? Or will we continue further down the path of increasing inequality, toward what Edward Luttwak has called the Brazilianization of American society, as more Americans live in middle-class suburban comfort or the well-guarded enclaves of the wealthy while those outside the gates grow poorer and angrier. There are some signs of hope. One is the fate of the 1994 Republican revolution, which demonstrated that although liberalism may have become a dirty word, naked conservatism is frightening. As a campaign epithet, "liberal" lost its sting; the candidates who made the most derogatory use of the L-word went down to defeat. With welfare off the table, the 1996 debate shifted away from talk of virtues and values and toward the small incremental policies aimed at "soccer moms": 48-hour hospital stays, extension of medical and family leave, and the like. Another sign of hope is the revival of the AFL-CIO in the last election, under the new direction of John Sweeney. Seeking ways to move its agenda forward, labor is beginning to reclaim the language of family by speaking of "working families." One survey found that 83 percent of a national sample agreed with the statement that "working families have less economic security because corporations have become too greedy and care more about profits than their employees." The idea of appealing to core American values like fairness and loyalty is a strategy that can help liberals transcend the identity politics that has outlived its usefulness. Executives of some of our largest corporations are also at the forefront adapting to the new realities of family life. Still another sign of hope is the moral vision that has been articulated by the U.S. Catholic Bishops and other religious groups offended by the claims of the Christian Coalition to define family values for the rest of the country. A recent article in Christian Century called for "a new political agenda" that stresses "both personal responsibility and social justice, good values and good jobs, sexual morality and civil rights for homosexuals. . . ." If liberals want to add their own approaches to the problems of American families, a good starting place would be the old memos and reports issued in the 1970s�not just as a source of good ideas, but also as a warning of where the pitfalls lie. But liberals find themselves in a far more difficult situation than they did 20 years ago. The demise of the political left has transformed liberals into the only left there is. The right wraps itself in the mantle of virtues and values, intones the standard litany of social crisis�crime, drugs, illegitimacy, teenage pregnancy, divorce, welfare dependency�and blames liberal permissiveness and policies. And when cultural conservatives argue that only the stable, monogamous, two-parent family can raise healthy children and keep social chaos at bay, liberals are left either defending everything but the nuclear family, or joining the anti-single-mother, anti-divorce, anti-remarriage crusade. Seemingly, reconciling these contradictions would require the sleight of hand of a Dick Morris. In fact, Morris sheds some useful light on these dilemmas. In his recent book, Morris says his polling found that voters were far less polarized than the public debate; massive majorities embraced an "amalgam" of conservative and liberal views. On welfare, for example, majorities favored work requirements and time limits but also day care, job opportunities, and training. In other words, they favored the kind of welfare bill Clinton proposed in 1994. During the 1996 campaign, Morris and Clinton even considered advocating sex education and condom distribution in the schools, based on a program Clinton carried out in Arkansas. "Until we get real and give out birth control in schools," Morris advised the President, "you'll never crack teen pregnancy." In one poll, Morris asked voters which they preferred, a program that promoted abstinence or one that gave out birth control information and condoms. Voters backed birth control by two to one. Yet Morris thought it was too risky to go into an election without at least 70 percent support. "We chickened out," he writes. Nevertheless, liberals can take heart from these numbers and other statistics like them. Americans repeatedly have shown that while they cherish the family, they define family in an inclusive and pluralistic way. In short, Middletown pragmatism is alive and well, along with Middletown morality. Whitehead, Popenoe, and their colleagues have missed an opportunity to speak to both sides of American ambivalence, to open up a national discussion of the complexities of American family life today. Liberals needn't swallow the ideological bait and become the advocates of divorce and every nontraditional alternative. Indeed, it is hard to find a liberal or feminist who argues that a loving, harmonious, two-parent family is not preferable to a post-divorce single or recombined family. But that's beside the point. Loving, harmonious families are unlikely to break up. "Just Say No" to divorce is the answer that Whitehead and her colleagues propose for those who find themselves in unloving, miserable marriages. The family restorationists claim to speak for children, but their primary concern is to castigate parents in the "wrong" family forms. Ironically, in their ideological zeal, they fail to consider how the divorce process can be made less destructive to the millions of children already living in divorced and single-parent families. In effect, they are writing off the well-being of these children. The liberal response to hand-wringing about the decline in family values should be to shape a political and economic climate that values all our children and supports those who care for them. We should have no part of efforts to hold children hostage to a narrow definition of family that looks only at form and not at love, care, and responsibility. Because social change has come on as suddenly as an earthquake, it is not surprising that nostalgia has engulfed American culture in recent years. In a sense, we are all pioneers, leading lives for which the cultural scripts have not yet been written. But liberals need to retain and support our enduring values of compassion and democratic hope, and not succumb to the easy language of loss and moral crisis. We are going to have to make our politics fit the families we live in, not the families we would like to live by. A Reply to Arlene Skolnick, " Family Values: The Sequel ," May-June 1997   In " Family Values: The Sequel ," Arlene Skolnick raises two important questions. First, is the trend toward family fragmentation�understood as a steady decline in the proportion of children growing up with their two parents�a harmful one? And second, should progressives and other people of goodwill seek to reverse this trend? Skolnick's answer to the first question hovers somewhere between "maybe" and "probably not." Much of her essay is a defense of the idea that, from a child's perspective, divorce and unwed child bearing are not so bad after all�or at least not as bad as some people (like the two of us) say, and certainly not as bad as some other bad things, such as unemployment, low income, or parents who squabble or are unhappy. Her answer to the second question is a flat "no": "We [liberals] should have no part of efforts to hold children hostage to a narrow definition of family that looks only at form and not at love, care, and responsibility." We disagree with both of these answers. Let us briefly explain why. On the question of whether today's disintegrating-family trend is harmful to children, Skolnick's determined optimism is increasingly rare today, both in the society at large and among the social scientists who study these issues. Indeed, her sanguine view evokes the 1970s, when the family structure revolution was still new and, in the area of sexuality and procreation, everything seemed possible. (Remember books from that era with titles like Creative Divorce?) Perhaps this time-warp factor explains why one of Skolnick's few concrete recommendations is that, when devising family policy for the next century, "a good place to start would be the old memos and reports issued in the 1970s." Perhaps. But as Skolnick herself points out, nostalgia is no substitute for analysis. A quarter century has passed since the early 1970s. During that interval, scholars have accumulated a great deal of knowledge about the dimensions and consequences of the family structure revolution. And despite whatever nostalgia we may feel for a bygone era, surely we must recognize that, analytically speaking, we can't go back to a more innocent time. Indeed, to examine the current academic literature in this area is to encounter again and again the story of fair-minded scholars who, on the weight of accumulating evidence, have substantially altered their previous judgments about the benign consequences for children of divorce and unwed child bearing. This list includes Norval Glenn, David Eggebeen, Lynn White, Peter Uhlenberg, Ronald Angel, Sar Levitan, and numerous others�most of whom, by the way, are Democrats. For example, Norval Glenn, a former editor of the Journal of Family Issues now at the University of Texas, reports that "in the 1970s, the prevalent scholarly view was that such changes as the increase in divorce, out-of-wedlock births, single-parent families, and stepfamilies were benign and adaptive, if not distinctly beneficial." Yet, "by the 1990s, this view began to change, as evidence accumulated about the negative effects of marital disruption on children and about other social costs of the family changes. Not all family social scientists participated in this shift, but it is significant that the most prominent scholars and those most directly involved in the relevant research were most likely to do so." Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur tell a similar story in their 1994 book, Growing Up with a Single Parent: "The idea that single mothers were to blame for producing a class of criminals, drug addicts, jobless men, and long-term welfare recipients seemed wrongheaded, given what we had learned as graduate students in the 1970s. Hadn't social scientists demonstrated that the negative effects attributed to single motherhood were really due to poverty and racial discrimination? So we thought when we began our study." But by the 1990s, after years of careful research, they had changed their view: "in our opinion [today] the evidence is quite clear: Children who grow up in a household with only one biological parent are worse off, on average, than children who grow up in a household with both of their biological parents, regardless of the parents' race or educational background, regardless of whether the parents are married when the child is born, and regardless of whether the resident parent remarries." Other recent large-scale studies have come to remarkably similar conclusions. Children raised outside of intact marriages are more likely to be poor, to have trouble in school, to report psychological problems, to commit violence against themselves and others, to use drugs, and to experience sexual and physical abuse. As adults, children of divorce report lower levels of satisfaction, more depression, and more physical health problems; they also, on average, obtain less education and hold less-prestigious jobs. They are also more likely to get divorced themselves and to bear children outside of marriage. Even studies that "control" for income�a technique that tends to minimize the effects of divorce, since lower income is in itself one of the most reliable consequences of family breakdown�repeatedly find that, as Paul Amato and Bruce Keith conclude in their meta-analysis of 35 studies on divorce, " . . . parental divorce (or permanent separation) has broad negative consequences for quality of life in adulthood." Consider also, as a matter of special importance for progressives, the well-established relationship between growing family fragmentation on the one hand and growing income inequality and child poverty on the other. Overall, children of single mothers are five times more likely to be poor than children living with married couples. They are also nine times more likely than children in married families to experience "deep poverty," with incomes of less than half the official poverty level. Moreover, poverty for these children is far more likely to endure. To take the two extremes, a child whose mother never marries is 30 times more likely to be poor for most of childhood than the child of a lasting, intact marriage. And according to McLanahan and Sandefur, a child who is not poor to begin with experiences, on average, a 50 percent drop in his or her standard of living after divorce. Child poverty, like crime or school failure, has many causes. But surely the declining number of children raised by both parents is one of the most important. Other countries may have done a better job at narrowing the economic gap that separates children in disrupted families from those in intact families. But no family policy anywhere has succeeded in eliminating the gap. Under these circumstances, how can we fail to be concerned about family disintegration? Skolnick answers with a familiar refrain: It's not divorce that injures children, it's the family conflict that predates the divorce. Like many others who make this claim, Skolnick relies heavily on a single controversial article, published in the journal Science in 1991. The article summarizes findings from two studies of children of divorce, one from Great Britain, the other from the United States. In her essay, Skolnick seriously misreports the results of these studies: "[C]hildren whose parents had divorced in the interim did have more problems, but they had shown those problems at age 7, before the parents had divorced." Wrong. Though margin of error considerations make these numerical estimates less than completely reliable, the British study actually concludes that pre-divorce family problems account for about half of the increased problems with behavior and school achievement experienced by boys from divorced families. The other half of the problems didn't arise until after the divorce. For girls from divorced homes, three-quarters of the drop in school achievement, and all the increase in behavioral problems, took place after the divorce. The U.S. survey, based on a far smaller sample, also found that about half the increased behavioral problems of boys could be attributed directly to the divorce. But the U.S. study also reports that the behavior of U.S. girls actually improved after divorce, an oddly anomalous finding that was never adequately explained by the researchers (though the study's lead author Andrew Cherlin theorized plausibly that daughters of divorce tend to internalize their divorce-related problems, becoming anxious or depressed rather than misbehaving or "acting out" in ways that the study was able to measure). Granted, high levels of family conflict are harmful to children. But Skolnick declines even to address one of the most basic questions: Has the increase in divorce over the last generation taken place primarily among such acutely troubled families? Or alternatively, are we increasingly ending marriages that, at least from the standpoint of child well-being, could and should be saved? There is no definitive answer to this question. But many researchers have reached conclusions similar to those presented by Andrew Cherlin and Frank Furstenberg in their book, Divided Families: ". . . we doubt that such clearly pathological descriptions apply to most families that disrupt. Rather, we think there are many more cases in which there is little open conflict but one or both partners finds the marriage personally unsatisfying. . . . Under these circumstances, divorce may well make one or both spouses happier; but we strongly doubt that [divorce] improves the psychological well-being of the children." Offering divorce as the "solution" to parental conflict is far more problematic than Skolnick realizes. Indeed, her implicit suggestion that divorce somehow ends parental conflict is one of those easy assumptions�again, this idea was very common in the 1970s�that the experience of the past three decades is forcing us to relinquish. Numerous studies of middle-class divorces, from scholars such as Eleanor Maccoby, Robert Mnookin, and Frank Furstenberg, find that "good divorces" are rare indeed. Even Constance Ahrons's decidedly optimistic book, The Good Divorce, finds that just 12 percent of divorced couples enjoy low-conflict divorces, and almost all of these couples had enjoyed close, friendly relations prior to divorce. By contrast, about 50 percent of divorced parents engage in bitter, open conflict. Good divorces, her research suggests, do not typically heal angry, conflict-filled marriages as much as they terminate relatively friendly ones. Today's divorce rate, far from reducing the family conflict that children experience, probably increases it. For example, Skolnick ignores analyses by Richard Gill and others suggesting that, in a high-divorce society, not only do more troubled marriages end in divorce, but more marriages become troubled and unhappy. A divorce-oriented society thus generates precisely that "parental conflict" that Skolnick embraces as a reason not to worry about divorce. In addition, the divorce experience itself frequently opens up vast new territory for parental conflict, on issues ranging from late child support checks to who owns the toys. Not surprisingly, parents who cannot contain their conflicts when they are married do not usually uncover large new reserves of patience, understanding, and empathy for their former partners after divorce. Finally, if preexisting conflict, rather than divorce itself, explains most of the problems that these children face, then children of never-married mothers ought to do better than children of divorce on psychological, behavioral, and academic measures. But they do not: Children in both kinds of single-parent homes appear to face a roughly similar set of disadvantages. Overall, experience should teach us to be cautious about pinning all our hopes for children's well-being on the idea that we can make parents more cooperative after the divorce than they were before. Accordingly, doesn't it make sense to devote at least part of our attention to the cultural messages, corporate practices, government policies, and economic conditions that may be destabilizing marriage and thus exposing more of our children to the risks of family fragmentation? Skolnick would like to attribute almost all of the explosive rise in single-parent homes to changing economic conditions. "The largest source of family change and family stress," she maintains, "is the shift to a postindustrial, globalized economy. . . ." To illustrate this idea, she points out that "living together unmarried�which in a legal sense counts as single parenthood�has been the low-cost way to start a family." Is that so? One might begin by asking: Low-cost for whom? For the man, who typically ends up keeping more of his money and time for himself? Or for his child and the mother of his child, who typically get less of both? More generally, the best efforts of scholars to measure the impact of economic factors like male wages and unemployment have come to the same conclusion: Economic factors do explain part, but only a small part, of the recent decline in marriage. For example, several scholars have concluded that trends in unemployment and wage rates can explain no more than 20 percent of young black men's retreat from marriage. A recent study of the economic determinants of divorce by the economists Saul Hoffman and Greg Duncan concludes that "male incomes, [female] wages, and AFDC benefits did not play a large role in the change in the divorce rate over the past few decades and that the trend reflects primarily either changes in behavior or changes in noneconomic factors." To answer the second key question raised by her essay�can or should anything be done to reverse the trend of family fragmentation?�Skolnick suddenly shifts her mood. She even shifts her epistemology. If contemplating the consequences of the current family trend puts Skolnick in an unusually optimistic state of mind, contemplating the possible intensification of that trend in the future causes her to become a complete fatalist. For Skolnick, nothing�absolutely nothing�can or should be done to slow down or reverse the trend of family fragmentation, or what she terms family "diversity." The fix is in. It's here to stay. Anyone who says otherwise is actually hurting children. Much of Skolnick's argument here depends upon our acceptance of an overly simplistic dichotomy between demographics and culture, between the "families we live with" and the "families we live by." For Skolnick, the former consist of real, flesh-and-blood human beings. The latter, on the other hand, consist only of ideas in our heads, fragments of ideology that, unless we are careful, will divert us from the material reality. From this perspective, caring about "the families we live with" means caring about "demographic changes," "economic shifts," and issues like jobs, housing, health care, and condom distribution. But caring about "the families we live by" can only mean yielding to "moral panic" and politically harmful "hysteria." This way of describing family life�this way of describing any aspect of life�is intellectually unserious. A first principle of social analysis requires understanding the inevitable tension, in all human affairs, between the social "is" and the moral "ought"�between the material and the ideal, between how we act and what we believe. But Skolnick wants to wave this tension away, pretending that it does not exist. In her survey of contemporary family change, the "is" emerges as triumphant and utterly sovereign. The "ought" becomes at best an epiphenomenon, at worst a dangerous distraction from the core task of accommodating the "is." This recommendation that, in Dietrich Bonhoffer's phrase, we become "servile before fact" is especially unsuited to progressives, since it represents such a sharp break with the American tradition of social reform. Sixty years ago, for example, the union organizers who founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations declined to be servile before the fact of workplace exploitation, even though the smart money and the smart analysts strongly favored current management. Thirty years ago, civil rights leaders in the South declined to be servile before the fact of segregation, even though the laws, the police, and local elite opinion overwhelmingly favored segregation�which was, in those days, one of the "the customs we lived with." Similarly, there is absolutely no reason why progressives today should embrace Skolnick's advice that we become servile before the fact of family fragmentation�unless, of course, we believe that family fragmentation is a good thing. We reject the pessimistic, even reactionary, claim that current rates of family disintegration constitute an untouchable fact before which reformers must scrape, bow, and make excuses. We reject as well the charge that concern for the health of marriage as an institution somehow signals a lack of compassion for children growing up in single-parent homes. We concede that, in the relatively short time since today's scholars and reformers have begun to focus seriously on this problem, no one has come up with a perfect or definitive solution for reversing family fragmentation and fostering hands-on fatherhood, while at the same time defending and strengthening the ideal of equal regard between men and women. But anyone who cares about the prospects for our children must surely confront these challenges in the years ahead. ARLENE SKOLNICK RESPONDS Maggie Gallagher and David Blankenhorn respond as if we were on Crossfire, and try to force the argument into a falsely polarized either/or mold. If they are "against" "family fragmentation," I must be "for" it. The result is a caricature of what I wrote and a distortion of the social science literature. They pounce on any evidence that divorce or family structure affects children's well-being, then discard or downplay evidence of other factors that may be even more important. Most researchers take a shades-of-gray position on family structure. The evidence does show that children in divorced, remarried, or unmarried families are at greater risk for a number of problems, but there is little support for the frightening picture of such families painted by these authors and their colleagues. The vast majority of children in single-parent families turn out reasonably well. Alan Acock and David Demo, who examined a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in four family structures, reported "few statistically significant differences across family types on measures of socioemotional adjustment and well-being." It is true that other researchers have found higher rates of divorce-related problems. Mavis Harrington observes, for example, that about twice as many children from divorced families have behavioral problems as those from continuously intact families�20 percent to 25 percent, she estimates, as opposed to 10 percent. "You can say 'Wow, that's terrible,'" she comments, "but it means that 75 to 80 percent of kids from divorced families aren't having problems, that the vast majority are doing well." Sara McLanahan, who also protests the use of her data to scapegoat single parents, makes a similar point. Of course the doubling of risk is worrisome, but it's important to keep in mind that many of the problems experienced by children from divorced or never-married families are caused by poverty, lack of education, psychological problems in the parents, poor parenting skills, and other preexisting factors. Despite their insistent claims of concern for children, Gallagher and Blankenhorn dismiss factors having a greater and more direct impact on children's well-being than family structure. For example, study after study shows that the key determinant in a child's adjustment is the quality of the relationship with the primary parent; Janet Johnston of Stanford has found that even in hostile, high-conflict divorces, a good parent-child relationship can buffer a child from the effects of a difficult environment. Still, family conflict strongly affects children's development. Gallagher and Blankenhorn reveal the surprising limits of their familiarity with the research literature when they write, "Like many others who make this claim, Skolnick relies heavily on a single controversial article, published in the journal Science in 1991." It's hard to understand how anyone who prescribes national policy on the basis of the social science evidence can ignore�or, worse, fail to know about�an entire body of research, dating back to the 1950s, showing that marital conflict is more strongly linked to adjustment difficulties among children than to the marital status of their parents. Nobody should divorce casually, but the question is, Divorce compared to what? An angry or conflict-ridden marriage can be more harmful to children than a loving single parent. Recent research shows that a widespread but far quieter problem�parental depression�is also a significant risk factor for child development. And depression, particularly in women, can result from marital unhappiness. As Richard Weissbourd observes, "Whether parents are chronically stressed or depressed often more powerfully influences a child's fate than whether there are two parents in a home or whether a family is poor." In short, whether a family consists of two parents is less important for a child than how well the family (in whatever form) functions. Of course, it would be better for children if more marriages were successful. But rather than adopt policies to make divorce more difficult (which may actually discourage marriage in the first place), we ought to address the problems afflicting children in all our families. Continuing the debate from " Family Feud ," July-August 1997 and " Family Values: The Sequel ," May-June 1997. BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD In a review essay that purports to include my book, The Divorce Culture, Arlene Skolnick ignores what the book actually says. Instead, she falsely ascribes to me things I have never written. Let me begin with some of her many errors and misrepresentations. Then I will draw on my own argument, since it reveals the weaknesses in her view of how liberals should think about family structure changes. I have never written: "fatherlessness is the number one domestic problem facing the country because it drives all the rest." I do not point to the vulnerabilities of single-parent families as signs of their "moral failings." I do not argue for making alternatives to two-parent biological families socially unacceptable and practically difficult. I do not use "horror stories" about divorce. I do have files of touching letters from children of divorce, but I use none of this anecdotal evidence. I rely only on clearly identified historical, literary, legal, and social science evidence. I do not say that our culture has "abolished" marriage and the nuclear family. I do not call for policies that will disadvantage children. I do not treat family structure changes in a social and economic void or profess a "germ theory" of divorce. Indeed, I cite many background factors behind the steep increase in divorce rates, including postwar economic affluence; the growing opportunities for women in education and the workplace; women's greater relative economic independence and thus greater freedom to leave bad marriages; weakening social sanctions against parenthood outside of marriage; the relaxation of cultural prohibitions against divorces involving children; and rising expectations for adult emotional satisfactions within marriage. All figure in the growing fragility of marriage and the increased likelihood of marital breakdown and dissolution. I place the seedbed for the divorce revolution in the late 1950s, not the 1960s. Finally, I do not "mislead" by "repeatedly" using the phrase she attributes to me as a direct quotation: "average child of divorce." Skolnick also writes, "Many of the family researchers cited in Whitehead's Atlantic article [April 1993, " Dan Quayle Was Right "] protested her misuse of their data" and then says in the next sentence, as if to illustrate: "Sara McLanahan, for example, has objected to efforts to 'demonize single mothers.'" Several researchers, including three mentioned in the article�but not McLanahan�did protest, but not over misuse of their data. (The piece went through the Atlantic's meticulous fact-checking process and such misuse would not have survived.) In a letter to the Atlantic, they contended that I "imply erroneously that most children of divorce will have lasting problems." However, in a passage that directly quotes research opinion, the article itself says the exact opposite: "while coming from a disrupted family significantly increases a young adult's risks of experiencing social, emotional or academic difficulties, it does not foreordain such difficulties. The majority [italics mine] of young people from disrupted families have successfully completed high school, do not currently display high levels of emotional distress or problem behavior and enjoy reasonable relationships with their mothers." Moreover, Skolnick creates the impression that McLanahan has accused me of misusing her data and demonizing single mothers. I am not aware of any such accusations. Indeed, before the article was published, I read the entire passage on her work to McLanahan and made the changes she suggested. As to how we should think about single motherhood, I agree with the views expressed by McLanahan and Gary Sandefur in their book, Growing Up with a Single Parent (1994): "we reject the argument that people should not talk about the negative consequences of single motherhood for fear of stigmatizing single mothers and their children. While we appreciate the compassion that lies behind this position, we disagree with the bottom line. Indeed, we believe that not talking about these problems does more harm than good." Another glaring error: Skolnick identifies me as the leader of a group of writers based at the Institute for American Values, referring six times to "Whitehead and her colleagues." I parted company with the Institute for American Values more than two years ago, and I wrote The Divorce Culture after I left. My work is mine alone, not the "output" of any organization. By generating this smokescreen of falsehoods, Skolnick avoids contending with my ideas. Most scholars agree that the divorce revolution occurred as a result of the social, economic, and cultural factors I identify above. But these factors alone do not explain its single most remarkable feature: the virtual disappearance of widespread social concern over the harmful impact of divorce on children. Earlier in the century, when the divorce rate was minuscule by today's standards, people worried about the damage it did to children. Yet at the very moment that divorce began to affect a historically unprecedented one million children each and every year, this concern vanished. Why this dramatic shift? Simply put, there was a sea change in the American conception of divorce. The society no longer defined divorce as a social or family event, with multiple stakeholders, notably the children whose interests must be represented and served. Instead, it saw divorce as an individual and psychological event with a single stakeholder, the initiating adult. Divorce also ceased to be regarded as a last-resort remedy for an irretrievably broken marriage and began to be identified with positive outcomes for adults and especially for women: greater happiness and independence; a stronger self-image; and enhanced capacity for initiative, assertiveness, and risk taking. In this conception, children were no longer viewed as stakeholders in marriage or divorce. There was ideological consensus on this new conception. Conservatives embraced its affirmation of unfettered individualism, which gave adults the freedom to pursue their own individual interests in a socially and legally deregulated environment. Liberals were attracted to the psychological and social benefits of divorce for women. Freed from their economic and psychological dependency on marriage, women would be able to hold their own against men in the workplace and in family life. This conception of divorce, with its disenfranchisement of children, threatens the child-saving tradition of twentieth-century liberalism. Two defining goals of the liberal project have been to secure greater rights and freedoms for women and to improve the welfare of children. In the past, these goals were compatible because liberals could assume an identity of maternal and child interests. What helped women would help their children. Consequently, if mothers were emotionally stronger and happier after divorce, presumably their children would be as well. However, the empirical evidence on the impact of divorce on children challenges this assumption. A majority of women do report improved psychological health and outlook after divorce, but their children often suffer serious economic disadvantage and emotional loss, including weaker ties to their father. Thus, the advantages of divorce for adults, especially women, are not equally or reliably shared by their children. Liberals like Skolnick try to evade this conflict by soft-pedaling the hardships of divorce for children. Thus, Skolnick argues, concerns about the harmful impact of divorce on children are exaggerated because, by one scholar's estimate, only 25 percent of children (roughly 250,000 per year for more than 25 years) suffer long-term damage. It is inconceivable that she would dismiss such a rate if it applied to unemployment or domestic violence. Her view is a remarkable and tragic retreat from the liberal tradition. Moreover, by branding concerns over marital instability and father absence as "moral panic," she abandons one compelling argument for why we must act to reverse the decline in high school-educated male wages: It shrinks the pool of marriageable men and responsible fathers. Skolnick is at odds with another liberal tenet. Usually it is liberals who argue that the structural organization of social, economic, and political life shapes outcomes, while it is conservatives who say that individual character and agency count. Here, it is Skolnick who says structure doesn't matter. Rather, it is the quality of relationships that determines children's outcomes. Of course, consistent love, nurture, and supervision are essential to successful child rearing, and these qualities can be found in many different family structures, from single-mother households to married-parent households to foster-parent households and even in some kinds of institutional settings�a point I make in my book. But the idea that family structure has no bearing on the quality of nurture and care giving is nonsense. Structure does matter precisely because it influences the quality and duration of parental nurture and investment. Nondisrupted two-parent households simply have a greater capacity to make higher and often longer-term investments of time and money in their children than the fast-growing alternatives: one-parent, stepparent, and foster-parent families. To say this is not to promote intolerance for other family forms�all families deserve respect. Rather, it is to make an empirical statement about the capacities of different family structures to achieve good outcomes for children. Moreover, if structure does not matter, then the liberal crusade against structural inequalities has been a wild goose chase. Given Skolnick's logic, rather than work to change structures, liberals should work to improve the quality of relationships between rich and poor, corporate moguls and low-wage workers, Donald Trump and the homeless. More to the point, Skolnick's is a politics of sentimentality, where the goal of securing the objective conditions for child well-being is replaced by the subjective goal of feeling good about ourselves and our families. Her politics is akin to the advertising strategy of for-profit managed health care companies: They tell us warmly how much they care as they cut back ruthlessly on care itself. Skolnick's view also makes it impossible for liberals to make a persuasive case that all American adults have a collective public duty to all American children. A society cannot sustain an ethic of public obligation to children if it also accepts a private ethic that disenfranchises them. If parents are entitled to put their needs and self-interest before those of their own children, why should they or any other adults feel an obligation to help a stranger's child? If fathers can cut back on their private support to their own flesh and blood, why would they tax themselves to provide public supports to other people's children? Finally, Skolnick ignores traditional liberal skepticism about the application of marketplace values to family life. Earlier in this century, progressive reformers warned that divorce was the domestic equivalent of robber-baron capitalism. In this tradition, liberals held that family relationships, like relationships in labor unions, were governed by principles of solidarity, mutual aid, and binding obligation whereas the marketplace was governed by principles of individual self-interest, short-term contract, and nonbinding relationships. Yet Skolnick rejects this view of familial relationships and uncritically accepts a popular conception of divorce that advances marketplace values. Divorce is an arena for entrepreneurship and whatever costs it creates are off-loaded onto the children who, as teenagers put it, have to "suck it up and deal." This is why divorce is embraced by libertarian conservatives. It is hard to detect much difference on divorce between Arlene Skolnick and Newt Gingrich. Both take the same position: Can't help it. Can't change it. Can't get hung up on what it does to the kids. DAVID POPENOE Just when it seemed liberals were finally getting it right about the family, along comes Arlene Skolnick to prove otherwise. Her arguments set liberals back more than 30 years, to 1965, when the left made its first serious misstep in the family values debate. That was the year that President Lyndon B. Johnson, drawing on the work of Daniel Patrick Moynihan, called "the breakdown of the American family structure" the chief threat to the well-being of black Americans. Most liberals were outraged: Family structure was not the cause of inner-city problems; poverty was. Focusing on family structure merely stigmatized and blamed the victims. Now, it seems, we're still right where we started 30 years ago. The economy may have come a long way since then�but the family hasn't. Indeed, the structural conditions of white families today�judged in terms of rates of single parenthood and out-of-wedlock births�are about what they were for black families in 1965. Many on the left have finally come to acknowledge the family pathology�yes, pathology�of the inner-city ghetto. But when the idea is generalized to the population as a whole, liberals still don't get it. Family? they ask. What's the problem? It's the economy, stupid. No doubt we should be doing more for the poor, more to improve the economy in every way possible. Yet it's clear that money is not the whole answer to our nation's family problem. If it is, why, in an era of unprecedented affluence, have the living conditions of children of all classes deteriorated? Why, moreover, is the distribution of family structures more or less the same in Brentwood as it is in Bedford-Stuyvesant�with many of the same social consequences in both places. A good society depends heavily on strong families raising emotionally secure and moral children who can grow up to contribute to the commonweal. Despite Skolnick's pleadings to the contrary, the social science evidence overwhelmingly indicates that single-parent and stepparent families are flawed in a sociological sense�the children in these families are two to three times more likely to experience negative behavioral outcomes. Sure, many non-nuclear families are successful. And there will always be children growing up without two parents who need, and should have, extra support from the community and the nation. But what kind of politics is it that denigrates support for two-parent families as an exercise in nostalgia? Arlene Skolnick's main message is this: "Get used to it." Accept that most children will not be growing up with their two parents, and make the best of it. Do we take a get-used-to-it position on racial inequality, environmental degradation, severe poverty, or the campaign finance system? It defies credulity that seeking to curtail the sky-high divorce rate (close to 50 percent), the nonmarital birth rate (now a third of all births), and the absence of fathers from the home (now more than a third of biological fathers) could be considered illiberal or unprogressive. These are tragedies for children, and for the nation. They are also avoidable. Nobody is calling for the end of divorce, the end of sex, or for rescinding the gains that women have made in recent decades. But we should push for later marriages, for sound marriage preparation and marital enrichment programs, and for the end of teen pregnancies. We should extend parental leave and remove marriage penalties from the tax code. And we must get beyond the idea that fostering married, two-parent families is somehow "castigating parents in the 'wrong' family forms." Does the left sincerely want political credibility and a national following? If so, I submit that the path put forth by Arlene Skolnick goes in precisely the wrong direction. Her family platform may appeal to the academic left, but as a way to appeal to the American electorate it is dead wrong. More important, it does not address what children really need. ARLENE SKOLNICK RESPONDS There's a surreal, Alice-in-Wonderland quality to Barbara Whitehead's response to my review. First she accuses me of misquoting her, which is impossible because I never actually quoted her in the article. The sentences she cites as being attributed to her appeared in a paragraph summarizing the general arguments advanced by those currently or previously affiliated with the Institute for American Values. Later, Whitehead states that in order to "soft-pedal" the effects of divorce on children, I cite a scholar who estimates that "only 25 percent" of children suffer long-term damage. "It is inconceivable," Whitehead writes, "that she [that is, me] would dismiss such a rate if it applied to unemployment or domestic violence.'' I searched in vain for that reference in my original article�because it wasn't there. Whitehead was referring to a comment made by Mavis Hetherington, which I quoted in my reply to David Blankenhorn and Maggie Gallagher in the July-August issue of TAP. A small point, perhaps, but indicative of a certain carelessness. Whitehead's next error, however, is more serious. Hetherington states that while between 20 and 25 percent of children from divorced families have problems, compared to 10 percent in intact ones, it means that between 75 and 80 percent are not having problems. But where Hetherington mentions "problems" Whitehead misquotes her as speaking of "long-term damage." Reading parts of Whitehead's polemic, however, I lost sight of what the argument is all about. She states that she does not think that fatherlessness is the major domestic problem facing the country; that she does not think that single-parent families reflect the moral failings of the adults involved; and that she agrees that the majority of young people from disrupted families do not suffer academically or emotionally. Furthermore, she says, she does not favor policies that stigmatize single-parent families or make their lives harder and she is not in favor of policies that disadvantage children�by which, I assume, she means she opposes the recently enacted welfare bill. In the second half of her response, however, Whitehead does a complete about-face. She equates divorce with "robber-baron capitalism," claiming that it tramples on nonmarket values like solidarity and obligation, and inflicts all the costs and damages on children. Whitehead argues that by selfishly putting their own needs and self-interest ahead of their children, parents who divorce thereby undermine any sense of public obligation to children. Curiouser still is the logic of Whitehead's discussion of "structure." It is true that sociologists describe the parental make-up of a household as a "family structure," and that they also speak of "social structure" in describing the broader arrangements (such as the class system) of a particular society. Somehow, Whitehead imagines this to mean that whatever one says about the number of parents in the home determines what one can say about large-scale social structures�that whatever one says about family structure must apply equally and in the same way to whatever one says about larger structures. "If structure does not matter," she writes, "then the liberal crusade against structural inequalities has been a wild goose chase." Aside from pointing out that I never wrote that family structure doesn't matter, there is little one can say in response to such absurd reasoning. David Popenoe takes a moderate tone in part of his response: "Nobody," he writes, "is calling for the end of divorce, the end of sex, or for rescinding the enormous gains that women have made in recent decades." Yet Popenoe, like Blankenhorn and Gallagher, prefers to frame the argument in stark black-and-white terms, when the reality is far more subtle. There are indeed lessons in the history that Popenoe recounts, but they are not what he thinks they are. The controversial Moynihan report that Popenoe refers to, famous for its description of the black family as "a tangle of pathology," was intended more to spur an assault on poverty than to criticize family composition. As Moynihan explained in a 1967 Commentary article, he introduced the topic of family structure in an effort to arouse public attention and to win the support of conservatives who would otherwise have opposed federal programs to provide full employment and guaranteed family incomes. The notion that poverty and unemployment can lead to family instability and socially destructive behavior was neither novel nor necessarily conservative. But the mixture of morality, pathology, race, and economics turned out to be explosive. In the resulting uproar, both left and right focused on the theme of family pathology�and Moynihan's economic message was lost. Both left and right misunderstood Moynihan to be blaming the poor for their own difficulties. Indeed, contrary to Popenoe's version of events, conservatives won, succeeding over time in shifting the focus from poverty and economic dislocation to the behavior of the poor. Since 1965, two major developments have had a profound impact on families. One was the shift at the end of the postwar boom to a lean-and-mean postindustrial economy that stripped family-sustaining career opportunities from many blacks and noncollege-educated adults of all demographic groups. Young adults in the family-forming stage of life have been hit especially hard by an insecure and uncertain job market. Popenoe may not be aware of it, but marriage has always been a matter of both love and money�something a man had to be able to "afford." This is still true today, when a man is expected to help cook the bacon as well as bring it home. Further, there is a literature reaching back to the Great Depression showing that economic conditions play a large role not only in the decision to marry, but in the quality of marital life. In recent years, as Frank Furstenberg has pointed out in American Demographics, marriage has become a "luxury item," something that most low-income people would prefer, but find beyond their reach. Of course, economics is not the whole story. The other major shift was a revolution in women's roles and in middle-class attitudes toward them. The increasing economic independence of women has made divorce and even out-of-wedlock childbearing�a la Murphy Brown�socially permissible, not only among outspoken feminists, but also, surveys show, more generally. But it is impossible to debate seriously someone like Popenoe who equates stepparenting with teenage pregnancy, and calls the life conditions of children in Brentwood and Bed-Stuy comparably "deteriorated." Popenoe's proposals for premarital counseling and marital enrichment programs make sense. Still, anyone with common sense and a modicum of experience realizes that in this day and age, there will always be children whose family structure does not conform to the idealized standard of two nondivorced parents. Those children need society's concern, regard, and respect. The narrow and fundamentally corrosive vision of Popenoe and his colleagues will contribute little to the well-being of children across the breadth of American society.

i don't know

Which sitcom with Vickie Lawrence was a spin-off from the Carol Burnett Show?

Spin Off: "The Carol Burnett Show" and "Mama's Family" The Carol Burnett Show and Mama's Family The Carol Burnett Show (1967-1979) Mama's Family (1983-1990) Type: Spin Off    Okay, most spin offs involve introducing characters on one show as part of a certain reality and then spinning them into a connected show. But there are exceptions, and one of the principal exceptions is when a show starts as a skit on some sort of variety show and then gets fleshed out into a shows all its own. See the difference? No shared reality which, if you look around this site you'll see, is what I think is the most fun about this stuff.    There are lots of examples of this kind of spin off: The Tracey Ullman Show and The Simpsons, The Jackie Gleason Show and The Honeymooners and, our topic, The Carol Burnett Show and Mama's Family.    Starting as a recurring bit on The Carol Burnett Show, Mama's Family centered on a lower class southern family with Vicki Lawrence playing Thelma "Mama" Harper the matriarch of the Harper clan. Part of what got Vicki Lawrence hired onto The Carol Burnett Show was how very much she looked like Carol Burnett. They looked like they could be sisters. In this skit though Carol Burnett played Mama's daughter Eunice.    The skits were basically about the various members of the Harper clan fighting and arguing over some problem or another. Lots of loudness. It wasn't my favorite skit but I guess I'm in the minority.    Well, several years after the end of The Carol Burnett Show, Mama and her family were resurrected as a series for NBC. The show brought back Vicki Lawrence as Mama as well as Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman in their roles of Eunice and Eunice's husband Ed. Eunice and Ed only appeared occasionally though. To fill out the cast, many new characters were brought in: new Harpers, new friends of the Harpers... These parts were played by both new faces as well as sitcom vets like Rue McClanahan, Betty White and Ken Berry.    After two seasons, NBC dropped the show. It disappeared for a season before it then reappeared in first run syndication. Gone were all the real big big names - Burnett, Korman, White, McClanahan - everyone except for Vicki Lawrence and Ken Berry and the less famous members of the supporting cast. It stayed alive in syndication for four more seasons bringing joy, I guess, to...well dozens of people... maybe... and to bring a tear of suffering to my eye when I would accidentally catch a moment of it. Given the choice of watching Mama's Family or the stunningly bad Small Wonder - the story of a young robot girl raised as a real girl by a family almost half as lifelike as herself - I would have to choose the deadly poison. Sometimes TV ain't pretty folks.

Mama's Family

Who was creator and executive producer of Magnum PI?

Vicki Lawrence Bringing Her Fan-Favorite 'Mama' Character To Palace Theater Show In Waterbury - Hartford Courant MaryEllen Fillo Contact Reporter Vicki Lawrence Show: Need some common sense? Mama is coming to Waterbury's Palace One of the most beloved television personalities of her generation, Emmy Award-winning comedienne, actress and singer Vicki Lawrence is best known for her co-starring role on "The Carol Burnett Show," and as the sharp-tongued matriarch, Thelma Harper, on the long-running television hit "Mama's Family," a spin-off from the popular "The Family" sketches from "The Carol Burnett Show." She's bringing both to The Palace Theater in Waterbury on Saturday, April 18. Her new stage show is a little bit Vicki Lawrence and little bit Mama, with both offering music, comedy and some real-life observations. The 66-year-old Lawrence was home in Long Beach, Calif., soaking in the sun, wishing for a little rain, and really quite mellow compared to her well-known "Mama" persona as she spilled the Beans with Java. Q: This year marks a special anniversary for you and Mama: 40 years together. How does that all feel? A: It feels great, and who knew what Mama would become? When the writers wrote the first sketch it was supposed to be for Carol; she was supposed to be Mama. But after she read it, she said she felt playing Eunice was a better fit and they were upset. She suggested that Mama would be better played by me and that was double-upsetting to the writers. When we rehearsed the first time, Carol suggested we play it "Southern," and that's when the writers walked out saying "you've ruined this." But on the contrary, everyone loved it; the characters were arguably Carol's favorites, and the writers couldn't crank out the episodes fast enough. Q: Why do you think people like Mama so much? A: I think everyone has someone like Mama in their family and everyone relates to that crazy person. In fact, she was probably at Easter dinner saying what she wanted. Q: Are you like her in any way? A: I think as you get older you earn the right to say what you are thinking. I'm just not sure Mama says it in the nicest way. Q: Do you have any concerns that it is Mama that has become your claim to fame, the character you are most identified with, that for all practical purposes that is who you have been typecast as for decades now? A: I know there will be a picture of Mama in the paper when I die. She earned a lovely living for my family and in that respect, I cannot fault her. She is a good energizer bunny. She is great fun to play, and I get to hide behind her and say everything I want. I do get jealous of her, though. She gets the good jokes and everyone wants to see her. And in some ways, she is sort of like me. Everyone wants to see her. I walk down the street, and it's "where's Mama?", like I am going to go get her out of the car. Q: So who are we going to see at the show this week? A: When we put this show together, I knew Mama had to be a big part of it. She is great fun to write for but I said to everyone who helped with this show that I need to be me before I am not anymore. I am funny, so I am going to open for Mama in the show. My half will be autobiographical and I will probably sing my one hit, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia." My life has been funny and serendipitous and comical. I think the audience will like it. Q: Has Carol Burnett ever seen your show? A: She is going to see it shortly. We see each other as often as we can, and I have driven my agent crazy asking that it be done in Santa Barbara so she can come see it. So in June, it is and hopefully she will come down. Q: Any special ties in Connecticut? A: I have comped about 10 tickets for my husband's family, who called last week when they found out I was going to be playing there. They live in Connecticut. It will be nice to see family. Q: When did you know you wanted to be a performer? A: I did a lot of high school plays and sang with every musical group. I was a member of the Young Americans and went on the road with them but it never occurred to me to do it for a living. I thought I was going to be a dental hygienist. I do have a little bit of a tooth fetish. I wrote a fan letter to Carol and she came out to see me in a little local contest. I feel like I was kidnapped by show business. Q: I know you are married to the guy that was your makeup artist. What benefits come with that now that you are, well, aging? A: I have to say not so much anymore. I would like to say he gets up at 4 a.m. and makes me up so when I wake up I say "I look so pretty today." But mostly these days he just tells me when I have a little too much rouge on. Q: What is something most people don't know about you? A: I love to cook. I read cookbooks like other people read novels. Sometimes people tell me I should write a cookbook but I am not a chef, just a good cook. Mama could probably write a cookbook but it would have recipes in it like tuna cashew casserole and I'm not sure who would like that. Q: Any last words? A: I just hope everyone comes out, because you will laugh a lot. My favorite compliment was a few years ago in Laughlin, Nev., which is about 90 miles from Vegas and has a lot of senior citizens and mobile homes. The man in charge comes down to say hello and we are chit-chatting and he asks me "do you want to know what the word is on the casino floor about your show?" So I say yes, and he says, "wear your Depends because you will be laughing so hard." I thought that was, like, the nicest compliment. It is just my joy to make people laugh. So a word to the wise: wear those Depends! Tickets for the Vicki Lawrence show Saturday, April 18, at the Palace Theater in Waterbury start at $42 for the show at 8 p.m. Information:  palacetheaterct.org

i don't know

What was the name of the vet in Daktari?

Daktari (TV Series 1966–1969) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Dr. Marsh Tracy was a veterinarian running an animal study center in Africa. Helping him were his daughter Paula, American Jack Dane and Mike, a local. Also living with the Tracys--and ... See full summary  » Creators: a list of 23 titles created 23 Jan 2012 a list of 2657 titles created 12 Sep 2012 a list of 3690 titles created 15 Jan 2013 a list of 29 titles created 5 months ago a list of 39 titles created 4 months ago Search for " Daktari " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Ranger Porter Ricks is responsible for the animal and human life in Coral Key Park, Florida. Stories center on his 15-year-old son Sandy and 10-year-old Bud and, especially, on their pet dolphin Flipper. Stars: Brian Kelly, Luke Halpin, Tommy Norden When a native village is apparently terrorized by a Lion, the local sergeant enlists the help of a veterinarian working at a nearby animal study center. It is soon discovered that the Lion ... See full summary  » Director: Andrew Marton The ongoing saga of the Martin family and their beloved collie, Lassie. Stars: Lassie, Jon Provost, June Lockhart Sonny and his kangaroo Skippy live in Waratah National Park in New South Wales. Matt Hammond, Sonny's father is the park ranger. Skippy saves the day in many adventures. Stars: Ed Devereaux, Tony Bonner, Ken James The series revolves around Evie Ethel Garland, who is the daughter of Troy and Donna Garland. However, Troy is an alien from the planet Antereus. As a benefit of her half-alien parentage, ... See full summary  » Stars: Donna Pescow, Maureen Flannigan, Burt Reynolds The story of a young bee named Maya and her adventures. Stars: Michiko Nomura, Ichirô Nagai, Etha Coster Les barbapapa (TV Series 1973) Animation | Short | Family The Barbapapas are creatures that can change their form, and those are the adventures is this unusual family in his struggle to find his place in the planet while helping other people and animals Stars: Allen Swift, Julia Holewinski, Leen Jongewaard The humourous adventures of a family of pop musicians. Stars: Shirley Jones, David Cassidy, Susan Dey A sarcastic Martian comes to live with a hapless young Terran on Earth. Stars: Ray Walston, Bill Bixby, Pamela Britton Pumuckl is a nice and sometimes naughty goblin who used to live with a cabinet maker named Franz Eder. Mr. Eder has had to live through quite some trouble because Pumuckl always was up to ... See full summary  » Stars: Gustl Bayrhammer, Hans Clarin, Toni Berger In the 21st century, the Tracy family operate a unique private mechanized emergency response service. Stars: Sylvia Anderson, Peter Dyneley, David Graham Top Cat is the leader of a group of alley cats, always trying to cheat someone. Stars: Leo DeLyon, Allen Jenkins, Arnold Stang Edit Storyline Dr. Marsh Tracy was a veterinarian running an animal study center in Africa. Helping him were his daughter Paula, American Jack Dane and Mike, a local. Also living with the Tracys--and equally a part of the show's starring cast--were a crossed-eyed lion named Clarence and a chimp named Judy. The series' storylines were largely centered around protecting the wildlife of the local game preserve from poachers and other threats. Written by Marg Baskin <marg@asd.raytheon.ca> The jungle's great for adventure. In fact it's wild. (season 3) See more  » Genres: 11 January 1966 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Originally they wanted Ralph Helfer 's own daughter Tana Helfer to be the little girl in the Pilot because she was able to ride their Zebra Folsom around so well but Tana hated acting. See more » Connections My Favorite Show as a Child 4 October 2005 | by lambiepie-2 (Los Angeles, CA) – See all my reviews This was the best family show around for its time. Although I was very young when this aired, I loved this and "Flipper". They don't (won't) make programming such as this anymore for network television...probably because there isn't a market for something so simplistic but entertaining to all. There were elements in this show for every member of the family. But of course it was Judy the monkey and Clarence the cross-eyed lion that captured the child in me. And of course, Marshall Thompson was a vet (my first exposure to one!) in one of the most exotic and troubled locations in this world and Yale Summers was...very, very....cute. Plus being a big music fan as I was with older siblings, I cannot ever forget the theme song of "Daktari". Why? Well, for all you music buffs (if I am not mistaken...please correct me!) members (or all) of group that performed the song was of Osibisa. Too Cool!!! Great family programming of an age long gone in television. 30 of 32 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

marsh tracy

Who bought CBS in 1929 and remained on the board until 1983?

1000+ images about Cheryl Miller /Daktari on Pinterest | The lion, Lion and Veterinarians Daktari | Dr Marsh Tracy, Clarence & Paula Tracy | Marshall Thompson & Cheryl Miller | ©CBS. Première diffusion : à partir du 25 août 1969. See More

i don't know

Which executive producer of Dream On is well known for films such as Trading Places?

‘Trading Places’: More Than 7 Things You May Not Know About The Film (But We Won’t Bet A Dollar On It) | IndieWire Advertise with Indiewire ‘Trading Places’: More Than 7 Things You May Not Know About The Film (But We Won’t Bet A Dollar On It) 'Trading Places': More Than 7 Things You May Not Know About The Film (But We Won't Bet A Dollar On It) Talk Thirty years ago, “ Trading Places ,” John Landis‘ classic comedy, premiered to critical and commercial success. Not only was it the 4th highest grossing film of 1983 (making over $90 million, behind “Flashdance,” “Terms of Endearment,” and “Return of the Jedi“), but the film also received praise from the likes of Roger Ebert (“This is good comedy”) and Rex Reed (“Trading Places is an updated Frank Capra with four-letter words, and I can think of no higher praise than that”). The film is about two beyond-wealthy yet bored brothers (Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche) who swap out a well-to-do finance guy in their employ ( Dan Aykroyd ) with a homeless conman (Eddie Murphy) just to watch the world burn, oh no, we mean to test the good old “nature vs. nurture” debate. Decades later, “Trading Places” is still hilarious, with its cutting commentary on class and race in America (regrettably still topical), legendary comedic performances by Murphy (way before “ Triplets ” talk and Murphy became the most overpaid actor in Hollywood ) and Aykroyd (way before “ Ghostbusters 3 ” talk and Aykroyd opened up about his belief in aliens ), and so much more (Jamie Lee Curtis plays a hooker with a heart of gold, the 1% lose out in the end, and more). To mark the occasion, check out a few tidbits of trivia that you may not know about the film below and keep your eye on the frozen orange juice market. “Trading Places” is currently available on DVD and Blu-ray (we recommend the “Looking Good, Feeling Good” edition in either format), and can be seen on Netflix: what better time to watch than during this summer weekend (there’s only so much sunshine and fresh air you can soak up), especially with some freshly squeezed orange juice (take that, Duke brothers!)? 1. It Was Originally Meant To Be A Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder Vehicle Called “Black And White” After the uber-success of “Stir Crazy” (grossing over $100 million and ranking 3rd overall for 1980, although with mixed reviews), the team of Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder was a hot ticket. With comedic and literal gold in mind, the story for “Trading Places” was born, though with the slightly more blunt title of “Black and White.” Too bad “ Ebony and Ivory ” was already taken. Remember, this was the early ’80s and a to-be-rated R comedy, so subtlety and racial sensitivity were not high on the checklist (for some context, check out this landmark ‘SNL’ sketch ). Unfortunately (or fortunately, depends on how you feel about “Norbit“), Pryor was unable to do the film and the studio replaced him with Murphy. Rather than taking Pryor’s reins, Murphy had Wilder re-cast and the rest is history. Being the 22-year-old comedian’s second film role (“48 Hours” being his screen debut), Billy Ray Valentine “ made him a phenomenon .” A few years later, Pryor and Wilder would get the chance to work together again for the third time (first was the moderately-received “Silver Streak“) in the critically panned and not-so-classic “See No Evil, Hear No Evil.” 2. Other Casting Options Included Ray Milland, John Gielgud And More Although now we can’t imagine anyone else but Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche playing the dastardly scheming Duke brothers, toying with people’s lives and likelihoods (ahem *Koch brothers* ahem), the producers had a different pairing in mind. Ralph Bellamy (“ The Awful Truth ,” “ His Girl Friday “) may have been the first choice for Randolph, but Don Ameche (“ The Story of Alexander Graham Bell ,” “ Midnight “) wasn’t for Mortimer. Apparently, that honor goes to Ray Milland (“ The Lost Weekend ,” “ Dial M for Murder “), who had to decline because of being un-insurable due to age and health. Milland wasn’t the only English Oscar-winner up for a role in “Trading Places,” Sir John Gielgud was in talks to play Coleman the butler, the part ultimately played by Denholm Elliott. This casting would have made almost too much sense, Coleman being a not-as-biting version of Hobson (the role Gielgud made iconic in the original “Arthur“). The similarities were so apparent that the Pittsburgh Press wrote that “Elliott has what will forevermore be thought of as the John Gielgud part: the effete, efficient and drolly contemptuous English butler.” Funnily enough, Gielgud and Elliott would appear together onscreen later that year in the notoriously horrendous remake of “The Wicked Lady,” with Gielgud playing the trusty butler Hogarth to Elliott’s duped lord of the manor, Sir Ralph Skelton. In “amazing stunt-casting that could have been” trivia, G. Gordon Liddy was up for the role of Clarence Beeks (the inside trader who helps the Duke brothers get rid of Winthorpe to make way for Valentine). If you don’t quite remember your relatively recent U.S. history or “All the President’s Men,” Liddy is the man behind Watergate. Reportedly, Liddy was on board until he got to the part where Beeks becomes a gorilla’s mate . Even without Liddy, they made sure to include an allusion to what might have been in the final copy by having Beeks (Paul Gleason, best remembered for playing the jerk principal in “The Breakfast Club“) reading Liddy’s autobiography “Will” on the train. 3. There Was Improv (But You Weren’t Meant To See It) Unintentionally, “Trading Places” includes some great improvisational scenes, mostly errors or goofs that were kept in the final cut just because they were so darn funny. For example, the whole bit about Ophelia’s accent and outfit not matching on the train (Swedish accent with Austrian/German lederhosen) was improvised due to Jamie Lee Curtis not being able to do the assigned Austrian accent. Luckily for us, Landis kept it in and Curtis got to show her comedic chops (and we’re not referring to her cleavage, though you try searching YouYube for clips of her in this movie and you’ll rediscover that the Internet is full of pervs), letting her break out of the “Halloween” scream-queen mold. 4. What Do Mozart, Mark Twain And The Three Stooges All Have In Common? All three are linked to “Trading Places,” Mozart’s “The Marriage of Figaro” is about “a day of madness,” in which the head-servant conspires to expose his scheming, skirt-chasing employer. Not-so-coincidentally, there are a few allusions to the 18th-century comic opera made in “Trading Places.” During the film’s opening sequence, “The Marriage of Figaro” overture plays while scanning the morning routines of Philadelphians, ending on Louis Winthorpe III (Aykroyd) being served breakfast in bed. On his way to work, Winthorpe whistles “Se vuol ballare” (the aria where Figaro declares “I’ll overturn all the machinery”), foreshadowing the film’s ending where he and Valentine (Murphy) overturn the Duke brothers. How many people actually got that reference during the film’s initial release? Honestly, we’d like to go to a pub quiz with those select few who comprise the intersection of John Landis fans and opera enthusiasts. Another probable source of inspiration, Mark Twain‘s short story “Million Pound Bank Note” is about two eccentric millionaire brothers who give a penniless pauper a one million pound note, betting on whether the un-cashable note is useless or if the possession of it enhances the man’s life in some way. Two old geezers toying with the life of someone down-on-their-luck, sound familiar? More famously and just as applicable, Twain also wrote the classic American novel “The Prince and The Pauper,” in which a prince and a pauper trade places. (See the connection?) When you get a chance, we recommend checking out the 1937 film version with Errol Flynn. Moving on from the definitive source of American wit to some “whoop, whoop, whoop”-ing slapstick, the “nature vs. nurture” debate is one employed in many Three Stooges shorts, though “ Hoi Polloi ” stands out in particular in its resemblance to “Trading Places.” In the short, two professors wager $10,000 (that sure is some moolah for 1935) on whether they can turn the Stooges into gentlemen, specifically on whether environment or heredity win out (think “Pygmalion” without the romance, which is “My Fair Lady” without the songs). Though shelling out more dough than the Duke brothers’ bet of one whole dollar , the old men make no headway with the Stooges. The film concludes with a party in which the society guests end up thwacking and slapping each other silly as the Stooges put on airs, saying, “this is our punishment for associating with the hoi polloi.” Although John Landis has not directly quoted this as a source, to our knowledge (feel free to share in the comment section below), the use of the wager and role-reversal in “Trading Places” does bear a striking resemblance “Hoi Polloi” and Landis is a known Stooges fan . 5. Cameos Include Frank Oz, John Landis And Jamie Lee Curtis’ Sister “Trading Places” is a treasure trove for cameos and inside Landis film jokes. Bo Diddley pops up as a pawnbroker , Jim Belushi wears a gorilla costume at the New Year’s party on the train, comedy duo Franken & Davis (Al Franken and Tom Davis, fellow ‘SNL’ alums) are baggage handlers, Kelly Curtis (Jamie Lee’s sister) plays “Muffy,” one of the girls at Winthorpe’s country club, a trenchcoat-wearing, briefcase-carrying John Landis stands near Valentine after he’s released from jail, executive producer George Folsey, Jr. is the first man to greet Winthorpe at Duke & Duke… Frank Oz‘s cameo as the police officer checking in Winthorpe’s property after he gets arrested is doubly significant as Oz also had a cameo in “Blues Brothers” as a police officer checking Jake Blues (John Belushi) out and giving him back his property. Another fun reference, Winthorpe’s prison number 7474505B is the same as Jake Blues’ in “Blues Brothers.” Speaking of in-jokes, Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche reprise their roles as the Duke brothers in “Coming to America.” In that film, the brothers are homeless on the streets. Seeing them in their hobo state, Prince Akeem (Eddie Murphy) throws the brothers a large wad of cash and Mortimer says to Randolph that it’s enough for a new start. 6. Don Ameche Really Did Not Want To Curse Onscreen Coming out of a 13-year hiatus for the role of Mortimer Duke, Don Ameche was very old school, as you might expect of the man who played Betty Grable‘s love interest twice (“Down Argentine Way” and “Moon Over Miami“). With a combination of conservative values and religious beliefs, it took a bit for Ameche to reconcile saying the F-word and N-word onscreen. Not only did he refuse to do more than one take for the end scene (where he shouts, “Fuck him!”), but every time they shot a scene in which his character used vulgar language, Ameche went out of his way to apologize to the cast and crew, even going as far as to show up early to set in order to do so (or at least according to co-star Jamie Lee Curtis, who shared that story years later on “Larry King Live”). As a credit to Ameche’s talent, we didn’t see this hesitation onscreen, but rather a particular relish when he said those not-so-nice words that thoroughly suited the not-so-nice Mortimer. That cursing was worth it as the role re-launched Ameche’s career and he went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in his next film “Cocoon,” where he played a senior citizen rejuvenated by not-so-kosher means (the fountain of youth meets Atlantis). 7. There’s An “Eddie Murphy Rule” (And No, It’s Not About Helping Hookers) No, it’s not about helping out poor, unfortunate transvestite prostitutes. The “Eddie Murphy Rule” is about “banning using misappropriated government information to trade in the commodity markets.” It took them almost thirty years, but in 2010, the U.S. government finally made it illegal to profit off of ill-gotten information. (Really? Only three years ago?) Commodity Futures Trading Commission chief Gary Gensley actually referenced “Trading Places” on the floor of Congress, “In the movie Trading Places, starring Eddie Murphy, the Duke brothers intended to profit from trades in frozen concentrated orange juice futures contracts using an illicitly obtained and not yet public Department of Agriculture orange crop report.” Officially, this law is Section 136 of the Wall Street Transparency and Accountability Act of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, under Section 746. For our time, money and enjoyment, we’d rather stick with calling it the “Eddie Murphy Rule,” just like we’d rather call a bacon, lettuce and tomato sandwich a BLT.

John Landis

"To which interviewer did Richard Nixon say, ""I never cry except in public?"

John Landis | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos | AllMovie twitter Biography by Jason Buchanan With as much monkeying-around as his movies frequently display, it should come as no surprise to John Landis fans that one of his earliest inspirations as a filmmaker was the original 1933 version of King Kong . The man behind such carefree comedies as Animal House , Landis has also helped to blur the lines between comedy and horror with such efforts as An American Werewolf in London and Innocent Blood , in addition to crafting such fine-tined social satire as Trading Places . Born in Chicago in August of 1950, Landis originally worked in the mailroom at Fox and later as a stuntman before making a name for himself as a director. Landis was in his early twenties when he decided it was time to make a feature, and after a brief flirtation with the idea of crafting an underground porn film, the aspiring director raised the funding needed for his directorial debut from family and friends. The result of his tireless efforts was the relentlessly juvenile but infectiously silly Schlock (aka The Banana Monster [1973]). Featuring the director himself dressed in a cheap monkey costume (designed by frequent collaborator Rick Baker ) and terrorizing a California town, the film opened a door for Landis when David Zucker spotted him discussing the film on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson . Mentioning to friend Robert Weiss that he was impressed with the young filmmaker's energy, Weiss remarked that he was friends with Landis , and the result was The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977). A dream collaboration in anarchic humor, the wildly irreverent, non sequitur humor of The Kentucky Fried Movie struck a chord with audiences fueled on Saturday Night Live , and natural progression lead to the breakthrough comedy Animal House the following year. Based on the writer's college exploits and shot in a mere 28 days, Animal House proved an unmitigated smash hit at the box office despite nearly unanimous critical denouncement. Though critical evisceration would become a trademark of Landis films, the following decade found the now-established director in his prime. Given free reign over his next film by Universal, rumors still persist that The Blues Brothers was the first film in cinematic history to begin production without a finalized budget. A loud and spectacular collage of driving blues music and eye-popping car crashes, the film not only made the world record for the number of cars crashed in a movie, but proved an even bigger hit than Animal House . For his next film, Landis utilized a script he had penned while in Yugoslavia working as a gofer on Kelly's Heroes in 1969. Though An American Werewolf in London may not have been the first horror film to utilize comedy, its truly terrifying scenes contrasted by an ample dose of dark humor proved the spark that would ignite the horror comedy genre later expanded on by the likes of Sam Raimi and Peter Jackson . Yet another runaway hit at the box office, An American Werewolf in London 's shockingly frightful visuals earned makeup artist Baker the first ever Academy Award to be bestowed upon a special effects artist. As successful as Landis ' career had been to date, trouble was on the way when filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie was ground to a halt following the accidental on-set death of star Vic Morrow and two juvenile actors. When special effects caused a helicopter to crash, killing all three passengers instantly, the director, as well as three other technicians who were working on the film, were charged with involuntary manslaughter. Though all would eventually be found not guilty in the case, the trial would drag on for a decade. Despite the tragedy that beset the production of Twilight Zone , Landis would score a massive hit that same year by wolfing it up with pop-superstar Michael Jackson as the director of Thriller . The remainder of the 1980s found Landis scoring mild box-office hits with such efforts as Spies Like Us (1985) and Three Amigios! (1986), though it wasn't until Coming to America (1988) that he would score another direct hit. An ideal vehicle for Eddie Murphy , the film brought the gifted comic actor back into the realm of straight laughs following the one-two action punch of The Golden Child and Beverly Hills Cop II . Though Landis would once again team with Murphy for the third installment of the Beverly Hills Cop franchise, audiences had tired of the comic's wisecracking cop by the mid-'90s, and following on the lackluster performance of Oscar (1991) and Innocent Blood (1992), the director's career went into a bit of a slump. Landis did, however, find moderate success at this point in his career as the catalyst and sometimes director of the popular HBO series Dream On. When it was announced in the late '90s that Landis was set to helm a sequel to The Blues Brothers , fans were left scratching their heads in wonder as to how the film could recapture the chemistry between John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd that had played such an integral part in the success of the original. A rare instance in Landis ' career in which critics and audiences agreed, Blues Brothers 2000 immediately tanked at the box office as mournful fans of the original struggled to comprehend how and why this could have happened. Released straight to video that same year, Susan's Plan offered an equally abysmal attempt at comedy that went largely unseen. As willing to jump in front of the camera as behind, Landis has frequently displayed his healthy sense of humor by appearing in such films as The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984), Darkman (1990), Vampirella (1996), and 2001 Maniacs (2003). In addition to the frequent use of the phrase "See you next Tuesday" in his films, in-jokes abound and fans can always count on the director to break out the old monkey suit for a laugh if all else fails. Movie Highlights Worked in the 20th Century Fox mailroom after dropping out of high school. Made his feature directorial debut in 1973 with the low-budget monster-movie spoof Schlock. During filming of his segment of the 1983 sci-fi anthology Twilight Zone—The Movie, star Vic Morrow and two child actors were killed when a special-effects explosion caused a helicopter to crash. Directed the groundbreaking 14-minute video for Michael Jackson's "Thriller" in 1983. Won a Cable ACE award in 1992 as an executive producer of the HBO comedy series Dream On. Was made a Chevalier dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in 1985; and received the Federico Fellini Prize from Italy's Rimini Cinema in the late '90s. Directed and served as an executive producer on 2007 's Mr. Warmth: The Don Rickles Project; the two friends first met while working on Kelly's Heroes (1970).

i don't know

Who did Dick Van Dyke play in The Dick Van Dyke Show?

Dick Van Dyke - Biography - IMDb Dick Van Dyke Biography Showing all 156 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (122) | Personal Quotes  (23) Overview (3) 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (1) Dick Van Dyke was born Richard Wayne Van Dyke in West Plains, Missouri, to Hazel Victoria (McCord), a stenographer, and Loren Wayne Van Dyke, a salesman. His younger brother is entertainer Jerry Van Dyke . His ancestry includes English, Scottish, German, Swiss-German, and Dutch. Although he'd had small roles beforehand, Van Dyke was launched to stardom in the 1960 musical "Bye-Bye Birdie", for which he won a Tony Award, and, then, later in the movie based on that play, Bye Bye Birdie (1963). He has starred in a number of films throughout the years including Mary Poppins (1964), Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) and Fitzwilly (1967), as well as a number of successful television series which won him no less than four Emmys and three made-for-CBS movies. After separating from his wife, Margie Willett, in the 1970s, Dick later became involved with Michelle Triola . Margie and Dick had four children born during the first ten years of their marriage: Barry Van Dyke ; Carrie Beth van Dyke ; Christian Van Dyke and Stacy Van Dyke , all of whom are now in their forties and married themselves. He has seven grandchildren, including Shane Van Dyke , Carey Van Dyke , Wes Van Dyke and Taryn Van Dyke (Barry's children) and family members often appear with him on Diagnosis Murder (1993). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Taiyo Spouse (2) Often works with his son Barry Van Dyke Performed his own unique style of dancing Grey moustache The role of Rob Petrie on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961). Trivia (122) Often hosted game shows when he was a struggling actor. He hosted Mother's Day (1958) and Laugh Line (1959) but turned down The Price Is Right (1956). Lived with Michelle Triola from 1976 until her death in 2009. Van Dyke had become friendly with her before his marriage ended and in his autobiography he admits that the final cause of his divorce from his wife was when he gave Michelle Triola out of his own pocket the six-figure amount she had sued for unsuccessfully in her infamous "palimony" case against Lee Marvin. Daughter Stacy Van Dyke guest starred on Diagnosis Murder (1993), in Diagnosis Murder: Murder in the Family (1996). Grandson Shane Van Dyke guest-starred in 14 episodes of Diagnosis Murder (1993). According to his book "Those Funny Kids: A Treasury of Classroom Laughter", by age 11 he had grown to 6' 1". Is ambidextrous but writes mainly left-handed. Served in the United States Air Force. He enlisted to be a pilot in the Army Air Corps during World War II, but initially did not make the cut because he did not meet the weight requirement, as he was underweight. He tried three times to enlist, before barely making the cut. He actually served as a radio announcer during the war, and he did not leave the United States. He and his wife Margie married on the radio show "Bride and Groom" because the show paid for the wedding rings, a honeymoon and household appliances. After their wedding, the Van Dykes were so poor that they had to live in their car for a while. Beat out Johnny Carson for the role of Rob Petrie on what later became The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) . Won Broadway's 1961 Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Musical) for "Bye, Bye Birdie" and a Grammy Award for the Mary Poppins (1964) soundtrack. His comic inspiration was Stan Laurel . He says he was able to find him by looking up his name in the phone book in Santa Monica, California, where Laurel lived. He called and Laurel invited him over. The two became good friends. When Laurel died, Van Dyke delivered his eulogy at the funeral. Says that his most memorable role is that of Bert the chimney-sweep in Mary Poppins (1964). Overcame alcoholism in the 1970s. Children: Christian Van Dyke , Barry Van Dyke , Stacy Van Dyke and Carrie Beth van Dyke . Grandchildren: Carey Van Dyke , Shane Van Dyke , Wes Van Dyke and Taryn Van Dyke . Great-granddaughter: Ava Van Dyke. Became a great-grandfather on July 26, 2001, when his grandson Carey Van Dyke ( Barry Van Dyke 's oldest child) and his wife Anne Van Dyke had a baby girl named Ava Van Dyke. Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 25, 1993. But when the star was unveiled, his name was misspelled on the star as "VANDYKE". Being a good sport, he laughed, took a pen and drew a slash between "VAN" and "DYKE". The star was corrected soon after. His album "Songs I Like by Dick Van Dyke" (Command Records, 1963), released at the height of his television success and just before the release of Mary Poppins (1964), was actually a bestseller, remaining on Billboard's top-40 albums chart for several weeks in late 1963-early 1964. His attempt at a Cockney accent in Mary Poppins (1964) is so notorious that a "Dick Van Dyke accent" is an accepted slang term for an American's unsuccessful attempt at any British accent. Despite that, he is quite popular in the UK. In July 1999, he was made an honorary life member of The Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barbershop Quartet Singing in America (SPEBSQSA), Inc. at their annual International Convention in Anaheim, California. He has sung in an a cappella quartet called "The Vantastix" since 2000. The group released a children's album in 2008. The album "Songs I Like By Dick Van Dyke" was recorded on Friday, November 22, 1963. Early in the recording session, the artists and orchestra were informed of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas. In spite of the tragic news, and a deadline from Command Records that had to be met, the recording session continued to a successful conclusion - albeit in an emotionally-charged atmosphere. He said that he scarcely remembers the session because he was in such a state of shock after hearing the news. Rob Petrie, Van Dyke's role on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961), was ranked #22 in TV Guide's list of the "50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time" [20 June 2004 issue]. Although he had light brown hair when he was in his 30s and 40s, he had blonde hair as a child. In his 30s and 40s, he had a talent for playing crotchety, eccentric old men. He played this kind of role in Mary Poppins (1964) as Mr. Dawes Sr. and in a The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) episode where he played one of Rob Petrie's elderly relatives. He played Lionel Jeffries 's son in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) even though Jeffries was actually six months his junior. Is close friends with his The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) co-star Mary Tyler Moore . Grew up in Danville, Illinois, with brother Jerry Van Dyke and fellow celebrities Gene Hackman and Bobby Short . Was a graduate of Danville High School, where he was in the drama club. Was offered the role of Ambassador Thorn in The Omen (1976) before it went to Gregory Peck , but turned it down because of the film's violent and gory content. In a 2013 interview with "The Daily Telegraph" Van Dyke said his decision to decline the role was "stupid". Dabbled in computer animation since the 1980s. Using Newtek's Lightwave 3D from home, he created and animated a CG version of himself that he danced with on The Dick Van Dyke Show Revisited (2004). His cockney accent in Mary Poppins (1964) was so heavily criticized that it may have cost him a Best Leading Actor Academy Award nomination the following year. Son of Loren Van Dyke and wife Hazel Vorice McCord. Had a brief stint as a television weatherman in New Orleans, Louisiana. Had portrayed Albert Peterson in the original Broadway stage version of "Bye Bye Birdie" and reprised his role in the movie Bye Bye Birdie (1963). Is a staunch Democrat and a vocal supporter of gun control. Attended some fundraisers for Eugene McCarthy in the 1968 Democratic primaries. Was a heavy smoker for fifty years, smoking up to two packs of cigarettes a day. He finally managed to quit using gum and patches. He claimed that quitting smoking was much harder than quitting drinking. Best known by the public for his starring roles as Rob Petrie on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) and as Dr. Mark Sloan on Diagnosis Murder (1993). In 1968, he left Hollywood and bought a ranch in Arizona. Actively campaigned in Democrat Pierre Salinger 's losing 1964 fight for senator against Republican George Murphy . Is a huge fan of Barbra Streisand . By the late 1980s, it seemed that Van Dyke's career was over. However, his acclaimed performance as the District Attorney in Dick Tracy (1990) led to Diagnosis Murder (1993), which proved to be a big television comeback for the 67-year-old star. Although highly praised for his dancing in Mary Poppins (1964) and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968), Van Dyke was never trained as a dancer and did not begin dancing until he was in his thirties. He was nearly cast as Fagin in Oliver! (1968) since the Columbia producers felt that Ron Moody , who had played the part in the London stage version, wasn't famous enough to attract movie audiences. Van Dyke ultimately chose to star in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) instead. Did not appear in his first movie until he was 36. He has English, Scottish, German, Swiss-German, and Dutch, ancestry. His family moved from Missouri to Danville, Illinois when Dick was quite young. Made his acting debut playing the baby Jesus in a church Christmas pageant. Was told he cried all the way through it. Was a radio announcer at a Danville Illinois radio station at the age of 16. He did the news as well as spun records. Performed in several variety shows while serving in the United States Army during World War II. Formed a night club stand-up comedy act in the late 1940s with his pal from Danville, Phil Erickson. They toured the country as the slapstick, lip-syncing "Merry Mutes". The act eventually broke up in 1954 and Dick went solo, finding work on New Orleans local television. Buster Keaton and Stan Laurel were two of his comedy idols. Both became fans of Dick's classic TV series. The adult Broadway cast (Dick, Paul Lynde , Maureen Stapleton ) who recreated their roles for the film version of Bye Bye Birdie (1963) were generally disappointed in the film. It was felt that director George Sidney placed far too much focus on Ann-Margret 's teen role, a role that was secondary in the stage hit. Ann-Margret was at the time experiencing a meteoric rise in films. Uncle of Kelly Van Dyke (aka Nancee Kelly ). Received a lemon cake every Christmas from Charles Bronson , who lived nearby in Malibu, for 16 years. Underwent spinal surgery in April 2011. Although Van Dyke is now a committed non-smoker, he admits that he used to smoke 20-40 cigarettes a day. His Diagnosis Murder (1993) co-star, Charlie Schlatter , would reprise his role on an episode of The Sopranos (1999), in 2000. Is one of the two actors to have appeared in every episode of Diagnosis Murder (1993). Went into semi-retirement in the mid-1970s. His mother, Hazel McCord Van Dyke, died at age 95, in 1994. Almost graduated from Danville High School in Danville, Illinois, in 1944. He received his high school diploma in 2004 when he was 78. Was born just 6 months after his parents wedding that same year. Van Dyke was 18 years old when he found out he was born in December of 1925 and not March of 1926, as he'd been previously told. At first, his mother informed him that he had been born prematurely. Later, he learned that he'd been conceived out off wedlock. Before he was a successful actor and a comedian, he did everything from working in an advertising agency to becoming a disc jockey. His mother, Hazel Voice McCord was a Sunday School teacher (before her son) and a housewife, and his father, Loren Van Dyke, was a baseball player for the Terre Haute Huts, and tenor saxophonist for the Danville Schoenbeck Orchestra. Prior to being an actor, he was also a Sunday School teacher and an elder at a Presbyterian church, who ministered every Sunday. Created most of his own comedy routines and physical schticks on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961). Helped his ex- The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) co-star, Mary Tyler Moore get her own sitcom, in the 1970s. Moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with his best friend, Phil Erickson, and wife Margie, in 1948, after he and Erickson grew weary of the West Coast circuit. This was where Marjorie gave birth to two sons, Christian Van Dyke and Barry Van Dyke , within a year. Until he reached 30, he lived in five states. His situation comedy The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) was based on the series "Head of the Family". Met Byron Paul in the Army, who offered him a seven-year contract with CBS in 1955. At the beginning of the third season, The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1971) had moved production from Phoenix to Hollywood, where the change made a big improvement in the ratings, but was canceled because he no longer enjoyed working away from his home and did not want to continue the show without Carl Reiner . His future Diagnosis Murder (1993) co-star and son, Barry Van Dyke , is associated with his father's productions, and other shows. He began working alongside his father, since he was 10. Before he was a successful comedian and actor, he used to work in a hotel. Didn't start dancing until he was 34. Got the lead role of Rob Petrie on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961), after producer Sheldon Leonard was so impressed with Van Dyke's performance in the stage production of "Bye, Bye Birdie.". Before he became a successful comedian and an actor, he was also a two-time children's host. Once rapped and danced with Michele Lee , about who would have won the People's Choice Awards in 1962. Received a phone call from his son and future Diagnosis Murder (1993) co-star, Barry Van Dyke , who asked him to play Dr. Mark Sloan, which he accepted after guest-starring on an episode of Jake and the Fatman (1987). He threatened to leave his role on Diagnosis Murder (1993), at the end of the second season, but CBS insisted that he came back, which fortunately he did, and stayed on the show, for the next six seasons. Separated from his wife, Margie Willett, after 30 years of marriage - they would later divorce in 1984. Remained good friends with son Barry Van Dyke , Victoria Rowell and Charlie Schlatter during and after Diagnosis Murder (1993). Met his future wife, his longtime classmate/sweetheart, Margie Torrell Willett, while attending high school, but did not marry her until long after Van Dyke's Army service. His hobbies include golfing, sailing, spending time with his family, dancing, traveling, comedy, playing piano, using the computer, Bible, praying and singing. Is a close friend and dance partner of Chita Rivera . His ex-wife, Marjory Willett, died in 2008. When The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) started, he actually had a crush on Mary Tyler Moore , who played his wife in the series. His ex-wife, Marjory Willett, detested Hollywood. Went to high school with Donald O'Connor . Was about to open at a theater, and what was supposed to be a one-man show, with his quartet backing him up, but was canceled because of his torn Achilles heel in 2011. Is a huge fan of the situation comedy The Office (2005). After his divorce with Marjory Willett, he remained close friends with her. Alongside Angela Lansbury , Norman Lloyd , William Daniels , Christopher Lee , Mickey Rooney , Ernest Borgnine , Betty White , Edward Asner , Adam West , Marla Gibbs , William Shatner , Larry Hagman , Florence Henderson , Shirley Jones and Alan Alda , Van Dyke is one of the few actors in Hollywood who lives into their 80s and/or 90s without ever either retiring from acting or having stopped getting work. Attended Michael Landon 's funeral in 1991. Met makeup artist, Arlene Silver , at the SAG Awards in 2006, where he was bowled over by her beauty. Six years later, he married her. His ex- Diagnosis Murder (1993) co-star, Victoria Rowell , attended the 2012 wedding of Van Dyke and Arlene Silver , and frequently visits them. Guest-starred on the second episode of Matlock (1986)'s first season, with his old friend Andy Griffith . Eleven years later, Griffith would return the favor by appearing in a two part episode of Diagnosis Murder (1993), reprising his role of Ben Matlock. Acting mentor and friends of Fannie Flagg , his son, Barry Van Dyke , Victoria Rowell and Charlie Schlatter . Made a comeback to television, for the first time in 27 years, with Diagnosis Murder (1993). Began his television series Diagnosis Murder (1993) at age 67. Was rescued from his Jaguar, as it was burning on the Ventura Freeway in Los Angeles on August 19, 2013. Met Andy Griffith in 1954, in New York City. They become friends for over 55 years until Griffith's death in 2012. Was longtime friends with Buddy Ebsen . Van Dyke hosted Ebsen's memorial service on August 30, 2003. Announced he will be retiring from acting and will be leaving Diagnosis Murder (1993) at the end of Season 8 (2000-2001). [October 2000] Treated for bronchitis but was not hospitalized. [September 2008] Like his best friend Andy Griffith , Van Dyke is known to be a very private man. Although he played Maureen Stapleton 's son in Bye Bye Birdie (1963), he was only six months her junior in real life. Endorsed Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election of the United States. In 1961 there was talk of Dick Van Dyke playing Stan Laurel in a biopic. However Laurel himself was against the idea, as he noted that while there was a certain facial resemblance Van Dyke was much taller and had entirely different comedic mannerisms. On Diagnosis Murder (1993), his co-star ( Barry Van Dyke ) played a police sergeant (before lieutenant) for the Los Angeles Police Department who was the doctor's son, in real-life, Barry is Dick's son. He's the surrogate grandfather to all 3 of Charlie Schlatter 's children: Julia Marie, Quinn, and Beck Fredrick. He is a lifelong supporter of the US Democratic Party. He is a self-described Roosevelt New Deal Democrat. Met Michele Lee in the movie The Comic (1969), where the two embarked on a lifelong friendship, for over 45 years. Prior to supporting Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic primaries, Van Dyke had not actively campaigned for a candidate since Eugene McCarthy in 1968. Strongly opposed US involvement in the Vietnam War. In November 2010, Van Dyke was guest on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2005) and claimed that "years ago," he had fallen asleep on a surfboard and drifted out to sea so far that could not see land and that he had been rescued by a pod of porpoises that had pushed him all the way back to shore. During the 1960s, along with Carl Reiner and Robert Vaughn , he was a founding member of Dissenting Democrats. He had always wanted to meet Gene Wilder , believing they would have been friends. Announced he would vote for Hillary Clinton after Bernie Sanders failed to win the Democratic nomination in 2016. Accused CNN of "extreme bias" in its coverage of the 2016 US presidential election. Personal Quotes (23) I've retired so many times now it's getting to be a habit. I remember in the book that Caractacus was married. There was no love interest, no love story. So I think bringing Truly Scrumptious in works very well because we had assumed he was a widower. And they couldn't have picked a better Truly Scrumptious than Sally [ Sally Ann Howes ]. They came up with Sally Ann and I heard her voice, and it was the richest contralto. She auditioned with "The Lovely Lonely Man" and I thought, "My God, this girl is great!" and then she was stunningly beautiful. She loved those kids and they loved her, which I think comes across on the screen. They just thought a great deal of her and she spent a lot of time with them, you know, between shots - telling stories and playing games during all those long waiting periods. I never wanted to be an actor and to this day I don't. I can't get a handle on it. An actor wants to become someone else. I am a song-and-dance man and I enjoy being myself, which is all I can do. I've made peace with insecurity... because there is no security of any kind. In the best of all worlds the producers would take some responsibility for the kinds of things they're putting out. Unfortunately, they don't. And then I-- they keep saying we can't have our First Amendment rights abridged and we can't have censorship. Well we had it back in the Hays days [Production Code Administration, headed by 'Will H. Hays', the official Hollywood censor office], in the Johnson office days. And I think they should--maybe the American people might bring it back if things get bad enough. I think it's such a shame that [ Walt Disney ] didn't live to see computer animation, because he would have had a good time with it . . . In those days it was before the blue screen. They used what was called yellow sulphur lighting--the screen was yellow, and we worked with that all day, and by the time the day was over you couldn't see anything . . . It was just an empty soundstage. And sometimes we didn't even have the music--we would just dance to a click rhythm. But I think technically it holds up today just as well as anything. [about Mary Poppins (1964)] I thought Walt Disney hired me because I was such a great singer and dancer. As it turns out, he had heard me in an interview talking about what was happening to family entertainment. I was decrying the fact that it seemed like no holds were barred anymore in entertainment . . . That's why he called me in, because I said something he agreed with. And I got the part. It was a marvelous relaxer . . . Jack Daniels (Tennessee Whiskey) became my good friend. Then sometime in my early forties he turned on me. But at the time, I thought I would come out, because there was such a strange perception about alcoholism that people had serious character flaws, you know. They had weak wills or something. They had this image of, you know, a guy laying in on the street and skid row, whereas it can happen to normal, average middle-class guy. I think that cigarettes are worse. I think that nicotine ... I've heard heroin addicts and cocaine addicts say it was nothing compared to getting off cigarettes. I'm really in retirement. My career is over. I'm just playing now and having a great time. I like to keep busy, and I'm doing what's fun for me. We had a little ranch way out in the middle of nowhere. My wife didn't like showbusiness - as most spouses don't: they get shunted aside. But it was too soon for me. I could not afford either emotionally or financially to quit and retire. Not in my forties. We finally parted company because of that. And now another forty years have gone by and I've been very busy. I still am. I asked Fred Astaire once when he was about my age if he still danced and he said 'Yes, but it hurts now.' That's exactly it. I can still dance too but it hurts now! I've always kept moving. I was at the gym at six this morning. Of course marrying a beautiful young woman has been a big help. There are so many years between us and we don't feel it. I'm emotionally immature and she's very wise for her age so we kind of meet in the middle. I've found a home here because actors have always said, 'He's really a dancer', and dancers said, 'No, no he's a singer', and singers said, 'No I think he's an actor.' I don't know, I was never that good at anything but I did a little bit of it all. I've never studied dancing but I've always loved to dance. I never sang anywhere except the shower and it took me forever to get into the high school choir. When I auditioned for Bye Bye Birdie (1963) I did a song and a little soft-shoe and for some reason they saw I could move. And I've never studied acting - which is maybe lucky otherwise I'd just be a copy of everybody else. I was a Laurel & Hardy nut. I got to know Laurel at the end of his life and it was a great thrill for me. He left me his bow tie and derby and told me that if they ever made a movie about him, he'd want me to play him. It's quite hard to act yourself all the time. My first wife, Margie, used to say she could see no difference between Rob [the husband he played on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) for five years] and me. She said 'You're not acting. You are exactly the same on screen as you are at home.' People from the UK love to tease me. I invented a whole new dialect. I never could do a British accent, not even in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968). [on turning down The Omen (1976)] My god, that was stupid. Gregory Peck got the part, but at that time there was a lot of violence in it - people impaled on things. I was pretty puritan at the time, a goody-two-shoes, I felt I'd put myself in a position where the audience trusted me. I turned down several things for that reason - either taste or violence or sex or something. My whole generation has disappeared on me. My contemporaries, not in talent but in age, were Paul Newman , Jack Lemmon , Rock Hudson . All gone. I was an alcoholic for about twenty-five years. In the Fifties and Sixties, everybody had their martini, everybody smoked incessantly. The funny thing is that all through my twenties and early thirties I didn't drink at all. Then we moved to a neighborhood full of young families with the same age kids and everyone drank heavily, there were big parties every night. I would go to work with terrible hangovers which if you're dancing is really hard. I was in deep trouble, you get suicidal and think you just can't go on. I had suicidal feelings, it was just terrible. But then suddenly, like a blessing, the drink started not to taste good. I would feel a little dizzy and a little nauseous and I wasn't getting the click. Today I wouldn't want a drink for anything. But I do occasionally think of taking a nice drag. I've been on this gum for ten years and it's just as addictive but at least it's not hurting my lungs. (2013) It took Walt twenty years to talk Travers [ P.L. Travers , author of the Mary Poppins novels] into giving him the rights for the picture and then she fought him tooth and nail all the way through it. She hated me, she hated Julie Andrews , she didn't think either one of us were right. After the premiere she met Walt in the lobby and said, 'All the animation has to go.' Walt said, 'Pamela, the boat has sailed.' Last night CNN International CNN gave me ten minutes live to talk about Bernie Sanders who has been scantily covered by them in favor of the Donald J. Trump circus. It was pre-empted completely to cover another outburst by Trump. This pandering to the scandal hungry public is a total lack of responsible journalism. I accuse CNN of extreme bias. [on Donald Trump ] He has been a magnet to all the racists and xenophobes in the country. I haven't been this scared since the Cuban Missile Crisis. I think the human race is hanging in a delicate balance right now, and I'm just so afraid he will put us in a war. He scares me. See also

The Dick Van Dyke Show

Which English actress and star of Primary Colors appeared as a guest in Cheers?

Dick Van Dyke: "I’d go to work with terrible hangovers. Which if you’re dancing is hard" - Telegraph Film news Dick Van Dyke: "I’d go to work with terrible hangovers. Which if you’re dancing is hard" Master of song, dance and pratfalls, Dick Van Dyke is one of the last great entertainers. What’s his secret? Helena de Bertodano meets him – and his young wife – at home   Dick Van Dyke Photo: Mark Hill   Image 1 of 4 Mickey Rooney, Dick Van Dyke and Bill Cobbs in Night At The Museum, 2006.  Photo: REX FEATURES   Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 1968. Photo: REX FEATURES   By Helena de Bertodano 6:00AM GMT 07 Jan 2013 Meeting an actor is often a disappointing experience – usually they bear little similarity to their roles either in looks or character. Dick Van Dyke is an exception. Although 87, he still has so much exuberance and charm that, when we meet at his Malibu home, it is almost as though Bert the chimney sweep has stepped off the set of Mary Poppins . Or Caractacus Potts from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang has sprung back to life. Van Dyke even looks the same as he did in his heyday – white-haired now, of course, but with that familiar larger-than-life grin and jauntiness. One suspects that he might break into dance at any moment. “It’s quite hard to act yourself all the time,” jokes Van Dyke, his voice as rich and mellifluous as ever. “My first wife, Margie, used to say she could see no difference between Rob [the husband he played on The Dick Van Dyke Show for five years] and me. She said ‘You’re not acting. You are exactly the same on screen as you are at home.’” His apparently effortless brand of deadpan humour – plus a talent for pratfalls – became his trademark, and made The Dick Van Dyke Show a sensation. First airing in 1961, it was grown up, sophisticated and ahead of its time in its treatment of marriage, equality and celebrity culture. Even today, The Dick Van Dyke Show is still talked about as one of the best sitcoms of all time. Later this month, Van Dyke will receive a Life Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). “Dick is the consummate entertainer,” says the the union's co-president Ken Howard, of why they decided to give him the award. “He sets a high bar for actors.” During his 60-plus year career, Van Dyke has worked with, or befriended, almost every great name in the industry. On his wall are paintings of Buster Keaton and Stan Laurel, two of his biggest heroes, both of whom he eulogised at their funerals. They provide a clue to Van Dyke’s own brand of comedy. “I was a Laurel and Hardy nut,” says Van Dyke. One day he looked Stan Laurel up in the local phone book and dialled his number; the two men became firm friends. “I got to know Laurel at the end of his life and it was a great thrill for me. He left me his bow tie and derby and told me that if they ever made a movie about him, he’d want me to play him.” Sadly this has not transpired. At least not yet. But Van Dyke is still very active. So can he still dance? “I asked Fred Astaire once when he was about my age if he still danced and he said ‘Yes, but it hurts now’. That’s exactly it. I can still dance too but it hurts now!” Tall and limber, he works out in the gym every day. “I’ve always kept moving. I was at the gym at six this morning. Of course marrying a beautiful young woman has been a big help.” Earlier this year Van Dyke married Arlene Silver, his 40-year-old make-up artist. “There are so many years between us and we don’t feel it,” he says. “I’m emotionally immature and she’s very wise for her age so we kind of meet in the middle.” Van Dyke sits at a polished wooden table in his home, drinking a cup of coffee, his wirehair terrier Rocky weaving between his legs, which are so long that he sits sideways at the table. He is dapperly dressed in a white long-sleeved polo shirt, cream slacks and Stars and Stripes trainers. Related Articles Emma Thompson in new Mary Poppins film 10 Apr 2012 Around the room are several Emmy awards and a Grammy. As for the SAG award, presented annually to an actor who fosters “the finest ideals of the acting profession”, Van Dyke – referring to the all-encompassing nature of the award – says: “I’ve found a home here because actors have always said ‘He’s really a dancer’ and dancers said ‘No, no he’s a singer’ and singers said ‘No I think he’s an actor.’” I ask him what he sees himself as. “I don’t know, I was never that good at anything but I did a little bit of it all. I’ve never studied dancing but I’ve always loved to dance. I never sang anywhere except the shower and it took me forever to get into the high school choir. When I auditioned for Bye Bye Birdie [he did the Broadway musical before the movie, which launched him in Hollywood], I did a song and a little soft-shoe and for some reason they saw I could move. And I’ve never studied acting – which is maybe lucky otherwise I’d just be a copy of everybody else.” Endlessly self-deprecating, Van Dyke refuses to see his career as anything other than one long string of lucky breaks. Indeed his autobiography, published in 2011, was titled My Lucky Life In and Out of Show Business – although frankly it is hard to spot a time when he was out of it. Born in 1925 in Missouri, to housewife Hazel and Loren “Cookie” Van Dyke, a travelling salesman, Dick describes himself as a shy child who used humour as a way to connect with people. “We worried about you,” his father once told him. “We didn’t think you’d amount to anything.” During the Second World War, Van Dyke enlisted in the US Army Air Corps where he became a radio announcer. After the war, he opened an advertising agency which went bust within the year, then took to the road with a comedy-pantomime act he put together with a friend. Calling themselves The Merry Mutes, they mimed to records by Bing Crosby and Doris Day. Eventually they became a television show. Finding himself in Los Angeles, he persuaded the producers of a programme called Bride and Groom to let him marry his high school sweetheart, Margie Willet, on-air, thus saving himself the cost of the wedding and honeymoon. Nevertheless, money was tight. “We rented a little duplex here on the beach in Malibu for more than we could afford,” he tells me. “The lowest day of my life was when Margie miscarried [she was pregnant with twins] and we came back home and all our clothes and belongings were on the highway.” The couple had been evicted. “Now,” says Dick, gesturing around his lovely house overlooking a lawn with a swimming pool, “I’m back with a vengeance to Malibu. I’ve lived back here 27 years, and I won’t go anywhere else, I just love it.” He lives on a secluded, gated estate spread over the hills in Malibu, where the houses are almost invisible behind the high fences and dense shrubbery. Van Dyke’s house is relatively modest in comparison to others in the vicinity, backing straight on to the winding road, with his white Jaguar parked outside. “Mel Gibson was a neighbour for years. And Olivia Newton John.” He chuckles at the memory of her: “She was a typical Aussie, she’d just open your front door and walk in saying ‘Hi, anybody home?’ Then we had, what’s her name?” – he racks his brain, then his face lights up – “Britney Spears! She moved back here and we had paparazzi and helicopters everywhere. But she only lasted a year.” After the miscarriage, Dick and Margie went on to have four children and remained married for 36 years. Despite Dick’s burgeoning career – by then he had done several major movies as well as The Dick Van Dyke Show – Margie persuaded him to move to Arizona. “We had a little ranch way out in the middle of nowhere. My wife didn’t like showbusiness – as most spouses don’t: they get shunted aside. “But it was too soon for me. I could not afford either emotionally or financially to quit and retire. Not in my forties. We finally parted company because of that. And now another 40 years have gone by and I’ve been very busy. I still am.” For many years afterwards he lived with Michelle Triola, an actress, until her death from lung cancer in 2009. There followed a lonely time for Dick. “I’d go to the movies and find myself talking to strangers. I am not a loner. I never even had a bachelorhood: I went straight from my parents’ home to a marriage.” His solitude following Triola’s death was not long-lived. He began a relationship with Silver, whom he had glimpsed backstage at an awards show. “I thought she was startlingly beautiful and I just introduced myself. Later I was doing a murder mystery and I hired her as my make-up artist. It just grew from there.” Silver, who is attractive with shoulder-length brown hair, comes into the room and sits down. “I didn’t know who he was at first,” she confesses. “I had never seen Mary Poppins. He looked familiar but I didn’t really know why.” “My family all love her,” says Van Dyke. “Both my daughters are crazy about her. My oldest, Christian, he’s the most responsible one and he was the only one who had some doubts about this marriage, thinking possibly I got a gold digger or something…” Silver interjects: “He thought you were getting taken.” “And after we did our vows,” continues Van Dyke, “he came up to me and said ‘Dad, I get it.’” “There’s no role model for this kind of age difference,” says Silver. “Obviously there’s Anna Nicole [Smith, a model who married an octogenarian 62 years her senior] but Dick is not your normal 87 year-old. He has changed the way I look at life – he has such a happy outlook on everything.” The sitting room where we talk is a shrine to their wedding party – the menu, including a Sea of Love elixir and a Cotton Candy martini, stands on a sideboard next to a bouquet of turquoise and white feathers. Silver dreamt up every detail of the wedding herself – the dancing jellyfish, the circus barker, the giant stuffed bear. “Instead of flower girls [bridesmaids] I had feather boys with burlesque fans.” Silver, who has not been married before, says she has not really thought about a family. “I’m not considering kids yet but if it happens, it happens.” Van Dyke is planning a visit to the set of Saving Mr Banks, the forthcoming Disney film starring Tom Hanks and Emma Thompson, about the making of the original Mary Poppins movie. “It took Walt [Disney] 20 years to talk Travers [Pamela Travers, author of the Mary Poppins novels] into giving him the rights for the picture and then she fought him tooth and nail all the way through it. She hated me, she hated Julie Andrews, she didn’t think either one of us were right. After the premiere she met Walt in the lobby and said ‘All the animation has to go.’ Walt said, ‘Pamela, the boat has sailed.’” Dick roars with laughter at the memory. He says he still gets a lot of stick about his terrible Cockney accent in Mary Poppins. “People from the UK love to tease me. I invented a whole new dialect. I never could do a British accent, not even in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.” Although he is still sent lots of scripts, few appeal to him. “They keep asking me to do sitcoms but all I see are a lot of people trying very hard to be funny. And they’re not. I swear all those actors are interchangeable. “Now they shoot scenes with no rehearsal, no read-through, no discussion, they don’t even know the other actors. I just don’t get it. When we did The Dick Van Dyke Show, it was like an improv group – Carl Reiner [the writer and producer] had a rule: ‘I don’t care how crazy it gets as long as it could happen in real life and you react accordingly.’ The minute you try to be funny, you’re not.” At the height of his career, he had such a reputation for playing the amiable hero that he refused to take on any character that was less than wholesome, even turning down a role in The Omen. “My god, that was stupid,” he says today of his decision. “Gregory Peck got the part, but at that time there was a lot of violence in it – people impaled on things. I was pretty puritan at the time, a goody-two-shoes, I felt I’d put myself in a position where the audience trusted me. I turned down several things for that reason – either taste or violence or sex or something.” Later in his career, he did branch into more villainous territory, playing a crooked cop in Warren Beatty’s Dick Tracy and a scheming night security guard in Ben Stiller’s Night at the Museum. Indeed he is eager to reprise the role in Night at the Museum 3, which is said to be in the works. “Those movies were such fun to do. I remember Ben Stiller and Ricky Gervais trying to improvise a scene but they were both laughing so hard we all ended up crying.” He talks so highly of everyone he has ever worked with that I ask him if there is anyone he has not liked. “Faye Dunaway,” Van Dyke says immediately – but out of the side of his mouth as though he is ventriloquising. “I think she was on something that made her testy. She was nice to me but she yelled at everybody else.” In his autobiography he describes her as a “handful”. He played her husband in The Country Girl: “I only agreed to the role because I thought Blythe Danner was going to be my wife,” he jokes today. “But I got to New York to find that she’d been replaced with Faye. We shot one scene that I thought was my best dramatic work ever. Six weeks later, Faye insisted on reshooting it and I had to go back to New York to redo it.” Despite his relentlessly upbeat nature, there have clearly been darker times. He talks openly about fighting alcoholism, which led him into deep depression in middle age. “I was an alcoholic for about 25 years. In the Fifties and Sixties, everybody had their martini, everybody smoked incessantly. The funny thing is that all through my twenties and early thirties I didn’t drink at all. Then we moved to a neighbourhood full of young families with the same age kids and everyone drank heavily, there were big parties every night. I would go to work with terrible hangovers which if you’re dancing is really hard.” He checked himself into treatment clinics twice, but they didn’t help. “I was in deep trouble, you get suicidal and think you just can’t go on.” Did he really contemplate suicide? “I had suicidal feelings, it was just terrible. But then suddenly, like a blessing, the drink started not to taste good. I would feel a little dizzy and a little nauseous and I wasn’t getting the click. Today I wouldn’t want a drink for anything. But I do occasionally think of taking a nice drag [he mimes drawing deeply on a cigarette].” He looks wistful and pops a Nicorette into his mouth. “I’ve been on this gum for 10 years and it’s just as addictive but at least it’s not hurting my lungs.” These days, Van Dyke tends to hang out with a younger generation because, as he puts it bluntly, most of his contemporaries are dead. “My whole generation has disappeared on me. My contemporaries, not in talent but in age, were Paul Newman, Jack Lemmon, Rock Hudson. All gone.” When he is presented with the SAG award, he plans to announce his desire to continue working. “I’m going to say ‘My bucket list is almost empty but I want to work with either Judi Dench or Helen Mirren.’ I’m crazy about Judi Dench.” Knowing Van Dyke’s luck, his wish may yet come true. “Everything in my life has been a surprise. Every turn has been something I never expected.” He looks across at Silver and smiles. “And still is.” Follow Seven magazine on Twitter: @TelegraphSeven Start your free 30 day Amazon Prime trial»  

i don't know

What was the first sitcom to reach No 1 in the Nielsen ratings?

Comedy series losing viewers: A sad reality | cleveland.com Comedy series losing viewers: A sad reality comments Associated Press file If Ricky and Lucy Ricardo could see what's happened to sitcom ratings, they'd probably look like this. Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball in the 1956 "I Love Lucy" Christmas special. A list of comedies that were No. 1 So what are you laughing at? Well, according to the ratings supplied each week by Nielsen Media Research, you're not finding much of anything that tickles the old funny bone. The 2008-09 season is about 2 months old, and only one comedy, "Desperate Housewives," is in the top 10. Although filmed on the same Universal Studios back-lot street that was home to "Leave It to Beaver" and "The Munsters," ABC's soapy and satirical series is far removed from the classic half-hour sitcom form that prospered in the prime-time neighborhood for so many years. So what is America watching? That's easy. Three genres rule the ratings roost: procedural crime dramas (led by No. 1 in total viewers "C.S.I." and accounting for 10 of the top 25), reality shows (led by No. 2 "Dancing With the Stars" and accounting for six of the top 25) and medical dramas (with both "Grey's Anatomy" and "House" making the top 15). Do the math. Take away these three genres, and 18 of America's 25 top-rated shows disappear. Where does that leave the sitcom? CBS This season's top-rated sitcom is "Two and Half Men," and it's 12th overall on the Nielsen list. From left, John Cryer, Charlie Sheen, Angus T. Jones. There's just one half-hour comedy in the top 25, Charlie Sheen's "Two and a Half Men." It's the only ratings bright spot for a form that, up to six years ago, was a constant and substantial part of the nation's television diet. Compare the current state of comedy to the 1988-89 season, when eight of the top 10 shows were half-hour comedies. Comedy was king, all right, placing a staggering 16 shows among the top 25 that season. Twenty seasons later, comedy hasn't merely abdicated its prime-time crown. It has gone into exile. You can't even make the excuse that the 1988-89 season was some kind of comedic aberration in the history of television. Seven of the top 10 shows for the 1962-63 season were sitcoms; nine of the top 10 for the 1978-79 season; and eight of the top 10 for the 1991-92 season. The country's love affair with the sitcom blossomed during the 1952-53 season, when "I Love Lucy" claimed viewers' hearts and the No. 1 spot. It was the first sitcom -- filmed on a soundstage using three cameras and a live audience -- to accomplish this. "Friends," No. 1 for the 2001-02 season, was the last. NBC "Friends" was the last sitcom to be No. 1 for a season -- seven seasons ago. Clockwise from left, Matt Le Blanc, Lisa Kudrow, David Schwimmer, Matthew Perry, Jennifer Aniston and Courteney Cox Arquette. Those two victories span 50 television seasons, and a sitcom was the No. 1 show for 24 of them. But there's nothing funny about the numbers being posted by half-hour comedies during the last few seasons. Is the sitcom dead? Or is it just comatose, waiting to snap back to consciousness and vitality? A genre that needs a shaking up? "It's a tough form," said writer-comedian Larry Wilmore, an Emmy winner and a regular on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show." "I think a lot of it could be generational. Some people, with the three-camera sitcom, it's just not their visual language or whatever, and you've just got to keep shaking it up." There are plenty of writers and producers, like Wilmore, shaking up the TV notion of comedy. You can find comedy all over the television landscape. You can't find sitcoms. Even NBC's acclaimed half-hour Thursday comedies, "30 Rock" and "The Office," don't qualify as traditional sitcoms (not using the three-camera, live audience method). But TV historian Earle Marsh, co-author of "The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows," believes the sitcom is only one hit show away from a lightning comeback. "Nothing in television is ever dead," said Marsh, a Cleveland Heights native. "It's a cyclical business. Remember, in 1984 the prime-time soap was king, and everybody was saying the sitcom was dead. Along came 'The Cosby Show,' and the sitcom was king again." True, but the season before "Cosby" premiered, there still were seven sitcoms in the top 25. The reports of the sitcom's death were greatly exaggerated in 1984. There also hadn't been a disruption in a mentoring system that had been working since the radio comedies of the 1930s. Young comedy writers learned their craft from veteran producers. Carl Reiner ("The Dick Van Dyke Show") helped to guide Garry Marshall, who went on to produce "The Odd Couple," "Happy Days" and "Laverne & Shirley." "It's harder for writers to get established and sell scripts," Marsh said. "And this has been a long drought, but you'll see a breakthrough sitcom, and then everyone will copy it." A lack of creative confidence Wilmore agrees that the sitcom will come back, but America and the networks might first need to become disenchanted with the supercheap reality shows. "Both Jimmy Burrows, the pre-eminent director of sitcoms, and Garry Marshall pointed to reality shows and said, 'For some reason, people would rather laugh at their neighbor in a crazy situation than at a fictional character like a Jackie Gleason-type,' " said Michael Kantor, the writer, producer and director of "Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America," a documentary PBS will premiere in January. "I think a lot of confidence has left the creative space," said Kevin Reilly, president of Fox's entertainment division. "I see really talented people coming in very skittish, not knowing what to pitch, what to sell. I see executives trying to figure out where is that nerve to hit. I'll tell you one thing we're doing, which just sounds silly, but we've agreed we're not going to take comedy pitches in our office. We're going out to meet the writers on their turf. . . .We've got to do anything to mix it up." It makes good business sense, too. While reality shows post big one-time ratings, they don't offer back-end profits through repeats, merchandising, syndication, foreign sales, cable runs, foreign distribution and DVD sales. "Look at 'Seinfeld,' " Marsh said. "Nothing has longer legs than a sitcom, because you can watch the same episode over and over. A hit sitcom is the gift that keeps giving."

I Love Lucy

Who in the singing Jackson family appeared in Different Strokes?

Comedy series losing viewers: A sad reality | cleveland.com Comedy series losing viewers: A sad reality comments Associated Press file If Ricky and Lucy Ricardo could see what's happened to sitcom ratings, they'd probably look like this. Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball in the 1956 "I Love Lucy" Christmas special. A list of comedies that were No. 1 So what are you laughing at? Well, according to the ratings supplied each week by Nielsen Media Research, you're not finding much of anything that tickles the old funny bone. The 2008-09 season is about 2 months old, and only one comedy, "Desperate Housewives," is in the top 10. Although filmed on the same Universal Studios back-lot street that was home to "Leave It to Beaver" and "The Munsters," ABC's soapy and satirical series is far removed from the classic half-hour sitcom form that prospered in the prime-time neighborhood for so many years. So what is America watching? That's easy. Three genres rule the ratings roost: procedural crime dramas (led by No. 1 in total viewers "C.S.I." and accounting for 10 of the top 25), reality shows (led by No. 2 "Dancing With the Stars" and accounting for six of the top 25) and medical dramas (with both "Grey's Anatomy" and "House" making the top 15). Do the math. Take away these three genres, and 18 of America's 25 top-rated shows disappear. Where does that leave the sitcom? CBS This season's top-rated sitcom is "Two and Half Men," and it's 12th overall on the Nielsen list. From left, John Cryer, Charlie Sheen, Angus T. Jones. There's just one half-hour comedy in the top 25, Charlie Sheen's "Two and a Half Men." It's the only ratings bright spot for a form that, up to six years ago, was a constant and substantial part of the nation's television diet. Compare the current state of comedy to the 1988-89 season, when eight of the top 10 shows were half-hour comedies. Comedy was king, all right, placing a staggering 16 shows among the top 25 that season. Twenty seasons later, comedy hasn't merely abdicated its prime-time crown. It has gone into exile. You can't even make the excuse that the 1988-89 season was some kind of comedic aberration in the history of television. Seven of the top 10 shows for the 1962-63 season were sitcoms; nine of the top 10 for the 1978-79 season; and eight of the top 10 for the 1991-92 season. The country's love affair with the sitcom blossomed during the 1952-53 season, when "I Love Lucy" claimed viewers' hearts and the No. 1 spot. It was the first sitcom -- filmed on a soundstage using three cameras and a live audience -- to accomplish this. "Friends," No. 1 for the 2001-02 season, was the last. NBC "Friends" was the last sitcom to be No. 1 for a season -- seven seasons ago. Clockwise from left, Matt Le Blanc, Lisa Kudrow, David Schwimmer, Matthew Perry, Jennifer Aniston and Courteney Cox Arquette. Those two victories span 50 television seasons, and a sitcom was the No. 1 show for 24 of them. But there's nothing funny about the numbers being posted by half-hour comedies during the last few seasons. Is the sitcom dead? Or is it just comatose, waiting to snap back to consciousness and vitality? A genre that needs a shaking up? "It's a tough form," said writer-comedian Larry Wilmore, an Emmy winner and a regular on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show." "I think a lot of it could be generational. Some people, with the three-camera sitcom, it's just not their visual language or whatever, and you've just got to keep shaking it up." There are plenty of writers and producers, like Wilmore, shaking up the TV notion of comedy. You can find comedy all over the television landscape. You can't find sitcoms. Even NBC's acclaimed half-hour Thursday comedies, "30 Rock" and "The Office," don't qualify as traditional sitcoms (not using the three-camera, live audience method). But TV historian Earle Marsh, co-author of "The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows," believes the sitcom is only one hit show away from a lightning comeback. "Nothing in television is ever dead," said Marsh, a Cleveland Heights native. "It's a cyclical business. Remember, in 1984 the prime-time soap was king, and everybody was saying the sitcom was dead. Along came 'The Cosby Show,' and the sitcom was king again." True, but the season before "Cosby" premiered, there still were seven sitcoms in the top 25. The reports of the sitcom's death were greatly exaggerated in 1984. There also hadn't been a disruption in a mentoring system that had been working since the radio comedies of the 1930s. Young comedy writers learned their craft from veteran producers. Carl Reiner ("The Dick Van Dyke Show") helped to guide Garry Marshall, who went on to produce "The Odd Couple," "Happy Days" and "Laverne & Shirley." "It's harder for writers to get established and sell scripts," Marsh said. "And this has been a long drought, but you'll see a breakthrough sitcom, and then everyone will copy it." A lack of creative confidence Wilmore agrees that the sitcom will come back, but America and the networks might first need to become disenchanted with the supercheap reality shows. "Both Jimmy Burrows, the pre-eminent director of sitcoms, and Garry Marshall pointed to reality shows and said, 'For some reason, people would rather laugh at their neighbor in a crazy situation than at a fictional character like a Jackie Gleason-type,' " said Michael Kantor, the writer, producer and director of "Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America," a documentary PBS will premiere in January. "I think a lot of confidence has left the creative space," said Kevin Reilly, president of Fox's entertainment division. "I see really talented people coming in very skittish, not knowing what to pitch, what to sell. I see executives trying to figure out where is that nerve to hit. I'll tell you one thing we're doing, which just sounds silly, but we've agreed we're not going to take comedy pitches in our office. We're going out to meet the writers on their turf. . . .We've got to do anything to mix it up." It makes good business sense, too. While reality shows post big one-time ratings, they don't offer back-end profits through repeats, merchandising, syndication, foreign sales, cable runs, foreign distribution and DVD sales. "Look at 'Seinfeld,' " Marsh said. "Nothing has longer legs than a sitcom, because you can watch the same episode over and over. A hit sitcom is the gift that keeps giving."

i don't know