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en401 | Water is supplied to the plants from below the surface by controlling the level of naturally occurring shallow ground water | Madzi amapelekedwa ku mbewu kuchokera pansi pamthaka posintha kuchuluka kwa madzi opezeka mdothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en402 | Water is made to flow through capillary action that carries it to the surface. Regular drawing down of water is essential to avoid water logging of the plots and crop damage | Madzi amakwera pang'onopang'ono mpaka kufika pamwamba. Kuchepetsa madzi pafupipafupi ndikofunika pofuna kupewa dothi kudzadza madzi ndi kuononga mbewu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en403 | The following factors should be looked into when considering irrigation: Natural conditions: soil type, slope, climate and water supply; Type of crops to be grown; Type of technology: this will directly affect the amount of labour and skills required for operation and maintenance | Zinthu zotsatirazi ziunikidwe pofuna kuchita mthilira: zachilengedwe monga mtundu wa dothi; kutsetsereka kwa malo; nyengo ndi kapezekedwe ka madzi; mtundu wa mbewu zolimidwa; njira za mthilira; izi zidzakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa ntchito komanso luso lofunika pogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en404 | Previous experience with irrigation and levels of training; Costs and benefits; capital costs, operational costs and expected benefits. The selection of an irrigation method must take into account all the above-mentioned factors | Kukhala ndi upangiri wa mthilira komanso maphunziro: ndalama zogwira ntchito ndi phindu lake; mpamba; ndalama zogwilira ntchito komanso phindu lomwe lingapezeke. Kusankha njira ya mthilira kuunike zonse zomwe zanenedwa mmwambazi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en405 | Sandy soils need frequent but small irrigation applications because little water is stored and the water enters quickly (high infiltration rate) | Dothi lamchenga limafuna kuthilira madzi ochepa koma pafupipafupi chifukwa silimasunga madzi ndipo madzi amalowa mwachangu mdothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en406 | Sprinkler may be better than surface irrigation. All methods – surface or overhead can be used on loamy and clay soils | Sprinkler ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino yamthilira. Njira zonse - zapadothi kapena zammwamba zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu dothi losakanikira ndi mchenga komanso dothi la dongo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en407 | Clay soils, with low infiltration rates, are ideally suited to surface irrigation. Other human and technical factors will decide the best method | Dothi la dongo, momwe madzi amalowa pang'onopang'ono, ndi labwino kupanga mthilira wapamwamba. Zina zofunika monga anthu ndi upangiri zithandiza kusankha njira yoyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en408 | Where the land slope is uneven or steeply sloping, up to 12%, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be better than surface methods as they require little or no land levelling | Pomwe malo ndi osasalaza kapena otsetsereka mpaka 12%, mthilira wa sprinkler ndi wodonthenza ungakhale woyenera kuposa wapamwamba chifukwa umangofuna kusalaza pang'ono kapena osasalaza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en409 | Surface irrigation is recommended for a land slope of up to 5%. Any slope above 5% encourages soil erosion | Mthilira wapamwamba pa dothi ndiwoyenera pamalo otsetsereka kufika 5% basi. Malo ena aliwonse otsetsereka kuposa 5% amalimbikitsa kukokoloka kwa dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en410 | However, the expense and operational costs of these methods must be fully understood before any decision is taken to use them | Komabe, pofunika kumvetsetsa ndalama ndi luso logwitsira ntchito pa njira zimenezi chiganizo chilichonse chogwiritsira njira zimenezi chisanapangidwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en411 | If surface irrigation is chosen, the farmers must understand the amount of work required for land levelling and bed preparation | Ngati mthilira wapamwamba padothi wasankhidwa, alimi akuyenera kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yofuna kusalaza malo komanso kukonza mabedi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en412 | Where high winds are common during the dry season, it is better to use surface or micro irrigation methods | Komwe mphepo yamphamvu ndi yosasowa munyengo ya dzuwa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba panthaka kapena micro irrigation | agriculture | agriculture document |
en413 | Sprinkler irrigation should not be selected in an area where there are frequent periods of high wind during the dry season | Mthilira wa sprinkler usasankhidwe kudera komwe kumakhala mphepo yamphamvu pafupipafupi munyengo ya dzuwa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en414 | Water is applied more efficiently with sprinkler and drip irrigation than with surface irrigation | Madzi amathiridwa moyenera ndi sprinkler ndi mdontheza kuposa mthilira wapamwamba | agriculture | agriculture document |
en415 | It is better to use these methods when water is very limited. However, these methods will only be efficient if they are correctly used and maintained by the farmers as they cost more to run due to use of motorized pumps | Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi pamene madzi ndiwochepa. Komabe, njira zimenezi zinhakhale zopambana ngati zagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndi kusamalidwa ndi alimi popeza zimafuna ndalama zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha engine ya pampu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en416 | Maintains a high water table immediately downstream of the dam where farmers can use shallow wells | Zimasunga madzi ambiri mdothi mmunsi mwamalo osungira madzi komwe alimi angathe kugwiritsa ntchito zitsime | agriculture | agriculture document |
en417 | Where the reservoir contains sufficient water, use treadle pumps, solar-powered pumps or motorized pumps | Pomwe malo osungira madzi ali ndi madzi okwanira, gwiritsani ntchito ma treadle pampu, ma pampu oyendera mphamvu yadzuwa kapena pampu okhala ndi engine | agriculture | agriculture document |
en418 | Diversion into a canal system using the natural ground slope. Treadle pump, solar-powered pump or motorized pump if the stream is adequate | Kupatutsa madzi kupita mungalande pogwiritsa ntchito kutsetsereka kwa malo. Treadle pump, pump yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena pump ya engine ngati madzi mumtsinje alimo okwanira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en419 | If the water source contains too much sediment it is better to choose surface irrigation, since the sediments may clog drip or sprinkler irrigation systems | Ngati kochokera madzi kuli matipe ambiri ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mthilira wapamwamba chifukwa matope amenewa amatseka zipangizo za mthilira wa mdontheza ndi sprinkler | agriculture | agriculture document |
en420 | If the water has a high level of dissolved salts it is better not to develop irrigated cropping as yields may be reduced and the soil structure may be damaged over time | Ngati madzi ndi michere yambiri ndibwino osachita mthilira chifukwa zokolola zimachepa ndipo dothi limaonongeka pakutha kwa nthawi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en421 | Where this is the case, whitish stuff and hard pans will be noted in the soil surface | Pomwe izi zili choncho, zinthu zoyera ndiponso dothi loundana loyera limaoneka pamwamba pa dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en422 | However, alkalinity has similar visual signs, and alkalinity test is used to distinguish the two conditions. | Komabe, kuchuluka kwa michere kuli ndi zizindikiro zooneka ngati zomwezo ndipo kuyeza kuchuluka kwa michere kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa zinthu ziwirizi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en423 | Surface irrigation methods can be used for all types of crops. The type of surface method (flat basins or ridged, furrows or micro basins around a tree) will depend on the crop | Njira za mthilira wapamwamba zikhoza kugwiritsida ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya mbewu. Mtundu wa njira yapamwamba monga malo achidikha kapena mmizere, mu ngalande kapena zidikha zing'onozing'ono kuzungulira mtengo, zimatengera mtundu wa mbewu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en424 | As they are expensive to install per hectare, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are mostly used for high value crops | Pakuti ndizodalira ndalama zochuluka kuyika pa hectare, njira ya sprinkler ndi mdontheza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pam mbewu za mtengo wokwera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en425 | Drip irrigation is best for individual plants such as trees or widely spaced row crops like vegetables | Mthilira wodontheza ndiwabwino kwa mbewu imodzi imodzi monga mitengo kapena mbewu zamizere yotalikirana monga ndiwo zamasamba | agriculture | agriculture document |
en426 | It is not suitable for close growing crops such as maize since density of pipes on the field will be high and therefore the cost will be very high | Siwabwino ku mbewu zothithikana monga chimanga chifukwa kuthithikana kwa mapayipi mmunda kukhala kokwera ndipo ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito zikhalanso zochuluka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en427 | It is better to consider more advanced technologies where there is a good reason to reject surface irrigation | Ndibwino kulingalira njira zamakono ngati pali zifukwa zokwanira zikanira mthilira wapamwamba | agriculture | agriculture document |
en428 | The high cost of purchasing and maintaining high technology equipment, and the difficulty of finding spare parts and training users to operate and maintain equipment correctly may make them unsuitable | Mtengo wokwera wogulira ndi kusamala zipangizo zamakono, komanso kuvutika kupeza zipangizo zobwezeretsa zina zikatha kuphatikiza kuphunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti adzigwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala zida moyenera zingapangitse njira imeneyo kukhala yosayenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en429 | Small-scale surface irrigation systems usually need less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance, except in the case of pump purchase and installation. The equipment is often cheap and easy to maintain | Mthilira wapamwamba wamalo ochepa kwambiri sufuna zida zovuta kwambiri kumanga komanso kusamala, kupatula ngati pali kugula ndi kuyika ma pump. Nthawi zambiri zida ndisakwera mtengo komanso zosavuta kusamala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en430 | The choice of an irrigation method should take into account of any irrigation traditions within the target area | Chisankho cha njira yamthilira chiunikire njira zamthilira zamakolo zomwe zilipo mderalo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en431 | In selecting irrigation method both the startup and the running costs must be calculated to see the long-term benefits | Posankha njira yamthilira, werengetserani ndalama zofunika kuyamba ndi kuyendetsa njirayo kuti muone phindu pakutha kwa nthawi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en432 | A method can have high startup costs (high investment) but with low running costs | Njira ikhoza kukhala yofuna ndalama zambiri pachiyambi koma kuyendetsa kwake kukhala kofuna ndalama zochepa chabe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en433 | Therefore it is important to calculate properly all these costs. Labour and energy requirements must also be considered when selecting an irrigation system | Motero nkofunika kuwerengetsera modekha zonse zofuna ndalama. Antchito ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ziganiziridwe posankha njira yamthilira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en434 | There are two broad based categories of technologies that are used for abstraction of irrigation water and these are river diversion and pumping. | Pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a njira zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potenga madzi othilira ndipo izi ndi kupatutsa mtsinje kapena kupopa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en435 | River diversion - This technology takes advantage of gravity. Where the water source is at a higher elevation than the field, water is let to flow by gravity | Kupatutsa mtsinje- njira iyi imadalira kuti chinthu cholemera chimagwa chimagwa chikasiyidwa mmalele. Pomwe pochokera madzi ndi pamalo okwera kuposa munda, madzi adzitsetsereka chifukwa cha kulemera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en436 | The water is diverted from a stream or reservoir and conveyed to the field through canals or pipes | Madzi amapatutsidwa kuchokera mumtsinje kapena malo osungira madzi ndikupititsidwa kuminda kudzera mu ngalande kapena ma payipi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en437 | Schemes that make use of gravity are attractive because of their lower operating costs and ease of use | Minda ya mthilira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kutsetsereka kwa madzi ndi yabwino chifukwa siyofuna ndalama zambiri komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en438 | Where the difference in elevation between the water source and the field is very big, sprinkler systems can also be operated by gravity | Pomwe kusiyana kwa mtunda pakati pa malo omwe madzi akuchokera kupita kumunda ndi kwakukulu, mthilira wa sprinkler ungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yakutsetsereka kwa madzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en439 | Pumping - There are many types of water pumps being used for irrigation. Each pump type has different characteristics and capabilities | Kupopa madzi- Pali mitundu yambiri ya zida zopopera madzi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mthilira. Mtundu uliwonse wa chida chopopera uli ndi zizindikiro komanso kuthekera kosiyana | agriculture | agriculture document |
en440 | Manual water pumps may vary in their performance and suitability for use in the field. Some pumps are heavier than others | Zida zopopera madzi zodalira mphambu za anthu zimasiyana kagwiridwe kake ka ntchito ndipo kuyenera kogwiritsa ntchito kumunda. Zida zina zopopera madzi ndizolemera kuposa zina | agriculture | agriculture document |
en441 | The effort required to operate the pump also varies between different models and designs | Mphamvu zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chida chopopera madzi zinasiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi kaoangidwe kosiyanasiyana | agriculture | agriculture document |
en442 | Manual pumps cost less than electric, petrol or diesel powered pumps, but the quantity of water (discharge) they produce is many times lower | Zida zopopera madzi zodalira mphhamvu za anthu ndizosakwera mtengo kuposa zodalira magetsi ndi mafuta a galimoto koma kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe zimatulutsa ndi ochepa kwambiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en443 | For a farmer wanting to irrigate a small area (less than 0.2 ha per day from a shallow well water source less than 4 m below the surface) a manual pump can be a good choice because of its low purchase and operating costs | Kwa mlimi yemwe akufuna kuthilira malo ochepa (osaposera 0.2 hectare pa tsiku kuchokera pa chitsime chomwe madzi ake ali pa mtunda wosaposera 4m kuchokera pamwamba) kugwiritsa ntchito chida chodalira mphamvu za anthu ndi chisankho chabwino chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en444 | An example of the manual pump available in Malawi is a treadle pump. The average discharge from a treadle irrigation pump can vary between 0.4 to 1.2 litres per second depending on the person operating it and depth from which they are pumping water | Chitsanzo cha chida chodalira mphamvu ku Malawi ndi treadle pump. Mulingo wa madzi a mthilira womwe treadle pump imatulutsa umasintha pakati pa 0.4L mpaka 1.2L pa second kutengera ndi yemwe akugwiritsa ntchito komanso kuya kwa malo omwe akupopa madzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en445 | The potential irrigated area for treadle pump is 0.3 of a hectare, but for the small Money Maker pump, it is 0.2 of a hectare | Malo omwe treadle pump ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi 0.3 hectare koma mtundu waung'ono wa Money Maker pump, malo ake ndi 0.2 hectare | agriculture | agriculture document |
en446 | Motorized pumps are water lifting devices that are propelled by diesel engines, petrol engines, electricity, solar power or wind power | Zida zopopera madzi zokzodalira engine ndi zida zomwe zimanyamula madzi mothandizidwa ndi engine ya mafuta a diesel ndi petrol kapena zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, mphamvu yadzuwa kapena mphamvu yamphepo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en447 | Windpowered pumps have been demonstrated in Malawi on a small-scale. At present, they do not provide enough power to pump the volume of water required for irrigation. They are more appropriate for pumping water for domestic supply or for livestock | Ma pump ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mphepo awonetsedwapo ku Malawi pa mulingo wochepa. Padakali pano, samapeleka mphamvu zokwanira kupopa madzi okwanira kuthilira. Ndiwoyenera kupopa madzi wogwiritsa ntchito zapakhomo kapena kupatsita ziweto | agriculture | agriculture document |
en448 | An example of a motorized pump is radial flow pump commonly known as centrifugal pump. These are often described by the diameter of the delivery connection pipe, where the delivery hose is connected, for example 50 mm pump | Chitsanzo chabwino cha chida chodalira engine ndi radial flow pump yomwe imadziwika ndi dzinal lakuti centrifugal pump. Izi zimafotokozedwa ndi kukula kwa kamwa ya payipi yotenga madzi, pomwe payipi yotulutsa madzi yalumikizidwa, mwachitsanzo pump ya 50mm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en449 | In Malawi, these are found in two common sizes; small motorized of 5hp which can irrigate 3ha and 10hp for 6ha. Most of them are diesel operated | Ku Malawi, zimapezeka mitundu iwiri potengera kukula: yaying'pono ya 5hp yomwe ingathilire ma hectare atatu ndipo ya 10hp yothilira ma hectare asanu ndi imodzi. Ambiri mwa iwo amagwiritsa ntchito diesel | agriculture | agriculture document |
en450 | A centrifugal pump can be used where pressure is required for example with sprinklers or drip | Centrifugal pump ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe mphamvu ya mpweya ikufunika mwachitsanzo mu sprinkler ndi mdontheza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en451 | The operator should ensure that the pressure and discharge of the pump are matched to the requirements of a pressurized irrigation system to avoid wasteful use of fuel | Ogwiritsa ntchito aonetsetse kuti mphamvu ya mpweya komanso katulukidwe ka madzi ku pump kakugwirizana ndi zofunikira za zida zamthilira zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yampweya pofuna kupewa kuononga mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en452 | Petrol engines - These are generally small-sized engines operated by petrol and are portable because of low weight | Ma engine a petrol- Awa kwambiri amakhala aang'ono oyendera petrol ndipo amakhala onyamulika ndi manja chifukwa chopepuka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en453 | The advantages of using petrol engines include: Easy to move from one place to another because of low weight; They are cheaper compared to diesel engines | Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito engine ya petrol ndi monga: Yosavuta kunyamula kuchoka malo amodzi kupita kwina chifukwa ndiyopepuka; Mtengo wogulira ndiwotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi engine ya diesel | agriculture | agriculture document |
en454 | The disadvantages include: They require more regular maintenance hence not long lasting as compared to diesel engines of similar sizes; They are designed to be operated for few hours (two to four hours) per a day hence restricted to small fields | Kuyipa kwake ndi monga: imafuna kukonza pafupipafupi motero simagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali kusiyana ndi engine ya diesel yofanana kakulidwe; zimakonzedwa kuti zigwire ntchito mmaola ochepa (maola awiri mpaka anayi) pa tsiku motero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa minda yaying'ono | agriculture | agriculture document |
en455 | Diesel engines - These are generally heavy built and robust engines operated by diesel. The advantages of using diesel engines include: They are long lasting compared to petrol engines; They can operate for many hours a day hence suitable for irrigating large fields | Ma engine a diesel - nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera ndipo ampphamvu, oyendetsedwa ndi diesel. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ma engine a diesel ndi monga: amagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali kufafaniza ndi ma engine a petrol; amagwira ntchito kwa maola ambiri pa tsiku kotero ndiwoyenera kuthilira minda ikuluikulu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en456 | Disadvantages of diesel engines: They are heavy hence not easy to move from one place to another; They are expensive compared to petrol engines | Kuyipa kwa ma engine a diesel: ndi olemera motero ndiwovuta kunyamula kuchoka malo amodzi kupita ena; ndi okwera mtengo kugula kusiyana ndi ma engine a petrol | agriculture | agriculture document |
en457 | Electrical Power - Where a reliable source of electricity supply is available, an electric motor is normally the most reliable source of power for pumping | Ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi- komwe kuli magetsi yodalirika, engine ya magetsi ndi yokhayo odalirika kugwiritsa ntchito ngati potengera mphamvu yopopera madzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en458 | However, in Malawi, this option has proven to be a challenge for most smallholder farmers as they are unable to operate the pumps due to high electricity tariffs | Komabe ku Malawi njira iyi yaonetsa kuti ndiyovuta kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono pakuti amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito ma pump chifukwa chakukwera mtengo kwa magetsi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en459 | Solar Power-Solar-powered pumps have been demonstrated in Malawi on a small-scale. So far, they have proven to provide enough power to pump the volume of water required for irrigation with a discharge rate of up to 15 litres/sec | Ma pump ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yadzuwa- awa awonetsedwa ku Malawi mochepa. Kufika pano, aonetsa kuti amapeleka mphamvu yokwanira kupopera madzi okwanira kuthilira mbewu popeza amatulutsa madzi kufika 15L pa second | agriculture | agriculture document |
en460 | However, this discharge depends on the number of solar panels installed and the water depth. So far potential areas where solar-powered pumps can be installed for irrigation are those along the lakeshore and the Shire Valley basin where the water table is high | Komabe, kupopa madzi kumadalira chiwerengero cha ma solar panels omwe ayikidwa komanso kuya kwa chitsime. Kufika pano, malo omwe ma pump a mthilira oyendera dzuwa angathe kuyikidwa ndi madera a mphepete mwa nyanja ndi ku chigwa cha Shire komwe madzi mudothi ndi okwera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en461 | The main advantage of using solar-powered pumps is that once installed, there are no operation costs as compared to other motorized pumps which require fuel or electricity to operate | Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito ma pump oyendera dzuwa ndiwakuti, akangoyikidwa palibenso zolira ndalama kuti agwire ntchito kuyerekeza ndi ma pump ena onse omwe amafuna mafuta kapena magetsi kuti agwire ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en462 | The challenge is high installation costs for the panels and farmers have to provide adequate security against theft of the solar panels and pump accessories | Vuto lalikulu ndi ndalama zochuluka zogulira ma solar panel ndipo alimi akuyenera kupeleka chitetezo chokwanira kuopa kubedwa kwa ma solar panel ndi zipangizo za pump | agriculture | agriculture document |
en463 | To ensure that there is a sustainable irrigation development it is important to consider developing the capacity in the irrigation sub sector | Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ulimi wa mthilira ukutukuka, ndikofunika kuganizira zotukula kuthekera pa ntchitozi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en464 | This involves the public sector, the private sector and the farmers themselves. Irrigation service providers need to be equipped with knowledge and skills on modern methods of irrigation | Izi zimaphatikiza ntchito za boma, ntchito zomwe sizaboma, komanso alimi eni ake. Opeleka ntchito za mthilira akuyenera kukhala ndi upangiri komanso luso la njira za mthilira zamakono | agriculture | agriculture document |
en465 | To protect the environment from impacts of unplanned irrigation development the following measures should be taken: Drainage of irrigated lands should be well planned during the initial phase of irrigation development | Poteteza chilengedwe ku mtchitidwe woyamba mthilira mosakonzekera, njira zotsatirazi zitengedwe: Ntchito zonse zochotsa madzi pamalo a mthilira zifotokozedwe pachiyambi pamene pakukonzedwa dongosolo la mthilira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en466 | Encourage developers to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment on their irrigation development projects; Encourage developers to mitigate adverse impacts of irrigation | Kulimbikitsa okonza minda ya mthilira kuchita kafukufuku wa mmene ntchito za mthilira zikhuzire zachilengedwe; kulimbikitsa okonza ntchito za mthilira kuyika njira zopewera kapena kuthana ndi zovuta zobwera chifukwa cha mthilira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en467 | Preservation and conservation of the catchment area to the irrigation systems for instance through afforestation and construction of soil conservation structures | Kusamala komanso kuteteza malo omwe madzi a mthilira akuchokera mwachitsanzo pobzala mitengo ndikumanga zipangizo zotetezera dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en468 | Development of irrigation infrastructure influences soil erosion, as such government recommends that cultivation along rivers should be done 30m away from river banks | Kumanga zipangizo za mthilira kumaonjezera kukokoloka kwa dothi, motero boma limalangiza kuti kulima mbewu mphepete mwa mtsinje kuchitike pamtunda wa 30m kuchokera mumtsinje | agriculture | agriculture document |
en469 | The lower part of the developed area should be managed as indicated under river bank protection | Kumunsi kwa malo omwe akonzedwa kusamalidwe monga mmene mungasamalire mphepete mwa mtsinje | agriculture | agriculture document |
en470 | For the irrigation projects to be sustainable over time it is important that the beneficiaries should be empowered. This can be done through group mobilization and development | Zitukuko za mthilira kuti zikhale zokhalitsa komanso zosaononga chilengedwe, ndikofunika kuti onse omwe akupindula akhale ndi kuthekera. Izi zikhoza kuchitika kudzera kupanga magulu komanso kuwaphunzitsa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en471 | Beneficiaries should take part in all the stages of setting up the irrigation development. Contributions towards the costs of putting up structures should be sourced from the beneficiaries and this can be in kind like provision of labour and other materials | Omwe akupindula atenge mbali pa pamagawo onse a zochitika zokhadzikitsa ntchito za mthilira. Msonkhamsonkha wandalama zokhadzikitsira zipangizo uchokere kwa anthu opindula ndipo izi zikhoza kukhala monga ogwira ntchito kapena zinthu zina kupatula ndalama | agriculture | agriculture document |
en472 | In doing this the beneficiaries will be self-reliant and take full responsibility of ownership of the project and they will not want to see it fail | Pochita izi opindula adzakhala odzidalira okha ndipo adzatenga udindo woyendetsa ntchito ndipo zadzafuna kuti aone ntchito ikulephereka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en473 | Advisory services on irrigation may be sourced from the nearest staff of Ministry of Agriculture, Non Governmental Organisations, Private companies or Farmer organisations wherever appropriate | Ntchito za ulangizi wa mthilira zingathe kupezedwa mwa alangizi omwe ali pafupi ochokera ku unduna wa malimidwe, mabungwe omwe siaboma, makampani omwe siaboma kapena magulu a alimi kutengera chomwe chili choyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en474 | Farm work drudgery is common among smallholder farmers. The majority of farmers use hand tools such as hoes for agricultural cultivation | Kugwira ntchito zolemetsa zakumunda kumachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa alimi ang'onoang'ono. Alimi ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zogwira ndi manja monga makasu pobzala zakumunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en475 | Agricultural mechanization is required to reduce the drudgery in order to improve productivity and production | Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono monga makina a ulimi ndikofunika pofuna kuchepetsa ntchito zolemetsa za alimi ndi cholinga chopititsa patsogolo phindu ndi zokolola | agriculture | agriculture document |
en476 | Agricultural operations such as land preparation, planting, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, transportation and post-harvest processing can be improved with agricultural mechanization. | Ntchito za ulimi monga kukonza minda, kubzala, kuthilira, kuthana ndi tchire, kukolola, kunyamula ndi kusamala zokolola zikhoza kupita patsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito makina a olimira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en477 | The national aim is to increase number of farmers using agricultural mechanization equipment in order to improve productivity and production | Cholinga cha dziko ndi kuchulikitsa chiwerengero cha alimi omwe akugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono za ulimi pofuna kupititsa patsogolo phindu komanso zokolola | agriculture | agriculture document |
en478 | To achieve the national aim, the following strategies are pursued: Provision of tractor and draught animal power services for hire at subsidized rate in order to reduce drudgery of farm operations and improve agricultural productivity | Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga cha dziko, ndondomeko zotsatirazi zitsatiridwe: Kupeleka ntchito za tractor ndi mphamvu za zinyama zobwereketsa pamtengo wotsika pofuna kuchepetsa kulemedwa ndi ntchito zakumunda ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en479 | Training staff and farmers in management and utilization of agricultural machinery and draught animals | Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito ndi alimi pa kasamalidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka makina a ulimi komanso zinyama zothandizira kugwira ntchito zakumunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en480 | Promoting appropriate technologies with emphasis on both manually-operated and animal-powered machinery in order to encourage development of agro-industries in rural areas, such as fruit juice and oil extracting machines. Reduce post-harvest losses through improved agro-processing technologies. | Kupititsa patsogolo njira zamakono potsindika njira zodalira mphamvu za anthu komanso zodalira mphamvu za zinyama ndi cholinga chofuna kulimbikitsa kuyambitsa ntchito za zamalonda za ulimi mmadera akumidzi, monga zida zofinyira zipatso ndi kuwengera mafuta. Kuchepetsa kuonongeka kwa zokolola pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zokonzera zokolola | agriculture | agriculture document |
en481 | In order to increase farm power availability, government has been running farm mechanization schemes since 1999 | Pofuna kuchulukitsa kupezeka kwa mphamvu pamunda, boma lakhala likuyendetsa ndondomeko zopezera makina a ulimi kuyambira 1999 | agriculture | agriculture document |
en482 | These are the tractor hire and oxenization schemes. The purpose of the schemes is to increase access to farm mechanization services by smallholder and medium scale farmers | Izi ndi ndondomeko zobwereketsa ma tractor ndi ng'ombe zolima. Cholinga cha ndondomeko zimenezi ndi kuchulukitsa kufikirika kwa zida ndi zipangizo zamakono za ulimi ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono | agriculture | agriculture document |
en483 | Tractor Hire Scheme - The scheme is operated with the view of ensuring tractor services availability, adaptability, affordability and accessibility to all eligible farmers | Ndondomeko zobwereketsera ma tractor- Ndondomekoyi ikuchitika pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitozi zikupezeka, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito, zosafuna ndalama zambiri komanso zikufikirika ndi alimi onse oyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en484 | It operates throughout the country at ADD and District Agriculture Offices as hiring centres. The scheme mostly targets those that have no access to motorized mechanization | Zikuchitika mdziko muno kudzera mma ADD ndi mthambi ya zamalimidwe mmaboma onse ngati malo obwereketsera. Ndondomekoyi kwambiri imafuna omwe alibe kuthekera kopeza makina oyendera engine | agriculture | agriculture document |
en485 | Oxenization Scheme-The scheme was established to serve smallholder farmers with small and fragmented fields. It provides land preparation and transportation services to smallholder farmers. The scheme is operational at EPA level | Ndondomeko yogwiritsa ntchito ng'ombe zolima- Ndondomekoyi inakhadzikitsidwa kuti itumikire alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi minda ing'onoing'ono komanso yotalikirana. Imapeleka ntchito zokonzera mminda komanso zonyamula katundu kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono. Ndondomekoyi ikugwira ntchito pa EPA | agriculture | agriculture document |
en486 | Tractor Hire Scheme - Field operation and maintenance of tractors and farm machinery: The tractor is a prime-mover which can be used for carrying out farm operations such as ploughing, harrowing, seeding, inter-cultivation, harvesting, transportation, land levelling and operating stationary machines (irrigation pumps, threshers, chaff cutters, cane crusher etc.) | Ndondomeko yobwereketsera ma tractor- kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamala ma tractor ndi zida za ulimi: Tractor ndi chida champhamvu chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwira ntchito zakumunda monga kutembenuza dothi, kuswa dothi likululikulu, kusalaza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina omwe aangoyima monga ma pump a mthilira, zomenyera mbewu, zodulira zakudya za ziweto, zophwanyira mzimbe ndi zina zotero | agriculture | agriculture document |
en487 | All the machines require periodical servicing, maintenance and repairs for efficient and economical performance throughout working life. Although, most of the tractor manufacturers have appointed their dealers | Makina onse akufunika kukonzedwa, kusamalidwa komanso kusintha zomwe zawonongeka kawirikawiri kuti adzigwira ntchito moyenera komanso mosafuna ndalama zambiri pamoyo wawo wonse. Ngakhale ambiri mwa okonza ma tractor anapeza makampani ena kuti adzikonza ma tractor awo akaonongeka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en488 | Due to improper maintenance and servicing of the tractors, it has been found that many tractors have been rendered unserviceable within a short period of time, 5000 tractor hours or even less | Chifukwa chosasamala ndi kusakonza moyenera ma tractor, zapezeka kuti ma tractor ambiri akulephera kukonzeka patatha nthawi yochepa, ena sanafike maola 5000 | agriculture | agriculture document |
en489 | Seizures of engine due to lack of oil in the sump and overheating of engine due to inadequate water in the radiator are common troubles | Kuthima kwa engine kosayembekezera chifukwa chosowa mafuta mu sump komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa engine chifukwa chakupelewera mdzi mu radiator ndi mavuto opezeka nthawi zambiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en490 | Damage of front wheel bearings and other moving parts due to improper lubrication and adjustments have also been noted | Kuonongeka kwa ma bearing akutsogolo ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimazungulira chifukwa chosathira mafuta ofewetsera komanso kusuntha moyenera zadziwika | agriculture | agriculture document |
en491 | Most of the tractors are equipped with gauges and meters such as fuel pressure gauge, oil pressure gauge, water temperature gauge, hour meter, hydraulic pressure gauge and temperature gauge to indicate their operating conditions. Starter switch, light switch, horn button, fuel cut off controls is also fixed on many tractors | Ma tractor ambiri anayikidwa zipangizo zoonetsa ndi kuyeza mulingo monga zoyezera mafuta oyendetsera engine, zoyezera mafuta ofewetsera engine, zoyezera kutentha kwa madzi, zoyezera nthawi, hydraulic pressure gause ndi zoyezera kutentha kuti zidzionetsa kagwiridwe ntchito ka tractor. Zipangizo zoyatsira engine, zoyatsira nyale, zolizira beru, zodulira kuyenda kwa mafuta zimayikidwanso mma tractor ambiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en492 | The tractor is also provided with throttle or accelerator lever/ pedal, clutch pedal/ lever, brake pedal/ lever, gear shift lever (main & auxiliary), steering wheel/ lever, hydraulic control, PTO pulley lever, diff erential lock/ pedal/ lever etc. to exercise control on different operations | Tractor ilinso ndi chopondera moto, chosinthira ma giya, chopondera ma brake, shift lever, chiwongolero, hydraulic control, PTO pulley, differential lock/pedal/lever ndi zina zotero zothandizira kuyendetsa zonse pa tractor | agriculture | agriculture document |
en493 | Daily check points for starting and safety in tractor are: Check fuel in fuel tank; Check coolant/water level in the radiator, or inspect cooling fans on air cooled models of tractor | Zoyenera kupima tsiku ndi tsiku poyatsa komanso pachitetezo cha mutractor ndi: pimani kuchuluka kwa madzi odzidziritsira mu radiator, kapena pimani ma fan oziziritsira mma tractor omwe amayendera zoziritsa za mpweya | agriculture | agriculture document |
en494 | Check tire inflation pressure and conditions of the tyres, cuts, cracks and buckling; Check the battery, cables and terminals and electrolyte level | Pimani kuchuluka kwa mpweya komanso mmene matayala aliri, kuchekeka, ming'alu komanso kupindika; pimani battery, mawaya ndi ma terminal komanso madzi a battery | agriculture | agriculture document |
en495 | Check the transmission and hydraulic oil levels; Check air filter elements, or the oil level in an oil bath type air cleaner | Pimani kuchuluka kwa mafuta a transmission ndi hydraulic: Pimani zosefera mpweya, kapena kuchuluka kwa mafuta mu zosefera mpweya zogwiritsa ntchito mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en496 | Check operator’s seat. Be sure that it is clear of spilled fuel, oil, grease, crop residue, or loose objects. Check the lighting system and ensure “Slow Moving Vehicle Emblem “is placed | Pimani mpando wa oyendetsa tractor: Onetsetsani kuti sipanatayikire mafuta, zinyalala za zokolola kapena zinthu zina zapadera. Pimani magetsi ndipo onetsetsani kuti chizindikiro cha "Slow Moving Vehicle Emblem" chilipo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en497 | Tractor operation safety precautions: Run and maintain the tractor according to the operator’s Manual of Tractor provided by the tractor manufacturer | Kagwiridwe ntchito ka tractor komanso njira zodzitetezera: Gwiritsani ntchito tractor motsatira malamulo omwe okonza tractor anepeleka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en498 | Be alert and alert to drive it safely; Always park the tractor with gear shift lever in the neutral position and with parking brake applied | Khalani tcheru ndipo yendetsani mosamala; Imitsani tractor mutayichotsa mu gear ndipo muyike break oyimitsira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en499 | Drive slowly in difficult conditions; Attend immediately to oil and fuel leakages; Listen to the noise or sound in the engine, power transmission, etc., if any abnormal noise is noticed stop the tractor and investigate the causes | Yendetsani pang'onopang'ono ngati malo ali ovuta; konzani pompopompo ngati mafuta akutayika; mvetserani kaliridwe kapena phokoso la engine, kasinthidwe ka ma gear ndi zina zotero, ngati pali phokoso lodabwitsa imitsitsani tractor ndipo fufudzani zomwe zikuyambitsa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en500 | When stopped put the tractor out of gear, set brakes firmly; Refuel the tractor only when the engine is cool, don't spill fuel and never smoke while refuelling | Ikamyimitsidwa, chotsani tractor mu gear, ikani ma brake zolimba; thirani mafuta pokhapokha engine ya tractor ikazizira, osatayira mafuta komanso osasuta fodya pemene mukuthira mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |