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What are some of the sight seeing and outdoor activities to do in Portugal, Spain	Cerqueira The Sephardim (in Hebrew ספרדים, Sephardi; plural, Sephardim) is the term used to refer to the descendants of Jews from Portugal and Spain. The word comes from the Imocetus Imocetus is an extinct genus of ziphiid cetaceans, with one species, G. piscatus, from the Miocene of Portugal and Spain. Globicetus Globicetus is an extinct genus of ziphiidae cetaceans, with one species, G. hiberus, from the Miocene of Portugal and Spain. Cyclone Xynthia The storm also caused damage in Portugal and Spain. The strongest wind gust recorded in Portugal was while in Spain a gust of was recorded. In France a wind gust was recorded at the Pic du Midi. Scout Association of Malta In Scouting, children experience competitive and non-competitive activities that include physical and problem-solving activities, outdoor activities (such as water-sports, cooking, hiking, walking, aerial challenges and much more). Each Scout Group and Section within our Groups organize weekly outdoor activities ranging from community work to hikes, camping and life skills, which activities are all of a non-formal educational nature. Culture of Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia has an abundance of outdoor recreational activities. Outdoor activities include, but are not limited to, hiking along the Appalachian Trail; Civil War Heritage Trails; rock climbing and whitewater paddling. Other outdoor activities include hunting and fishing. Less rustic activities are trips to Callaway Gardens; circuses; rattlesnake roundups; and Zoo Atlanta. William Stuart Michelson As a youth, Michelson was involved in outdoor activities, especially those involving camping and outdoor skills. To this day, he remains a student of outdoor activities such as sailing, primitive survival skills, archery, and firearms proficiency. Portugal Northern Portugal has its own original martial art, Jogo do Pau, in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting and orienteering. Hispidella Hispidella is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus is monotypic with only one known species, Hispidella hispanica, native to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). Portugal–Spain border Portugal's maritime borders, also known as the Exclusive economic zone of Portugal is currently disputed by Spain in the Savage Islands area, between Madeira and the Canary Islands.	Day 1: Arrival in Lisbon - Transfer from the airport to the hotel (8.6 miles/14 km) Day 2: Lisbon - Visit to Belém Tower (5.5 miles/9 km) - Jerónimos Monastery - St. George's Castle - Alfama neighborhood Day 3: Sintra - Visit to Pena Palace (18.7 miles/30 km) - Sintra National Palace - Cabo da Roca (14.6 miles/23.5 km) Day 4: Cascais - Beach day in Cascais (16.8 miles/27 km) - Visit to Boca do Inferno - Cascais Marina Day 5: Óbidos - Visit to Óbidos Castle (52.8 miles/85 km) - Walk through the village - Visit to Alcobaça Monastery (22.8 miles/37 km) Day 6: Nazaré - Visit to Nazaré beach (30.7 miles/49.5 km) - Cable car ride - Visit to the Chapel of Our Lady of Nazaré Day 7: Coimbra - Visit to Coimbra University (68.3 miles/110 km) - Walk through the historic center - Visit to the Old Cathedral Day 8: Aveiro - Boat ride through the canals of Aveiro (44.7 miles/72 km) - Visit to the Aveiro Cathedral - Walk through the Fisherman's Quarter Day 9: Porto - Visit to the Ribeira neighborhood (46.6 miles/75 km) - Climb the Clérigos Tower - Visit to the São Bento train station - Tour of the Port wine cellars Day 10: Departure from Porto - Transfer from the hotel to the airport (10.4 miles/17 km)	creative_writing
Why is the most of the world's land is north of the equator?	Geography of Uganda Geography - note: Uganda is one of six African states that lies on the equator. Most part of Uganda is north of the equator. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Blockade of Africa The original 1807 Act only allowed for British ships to be searched and applied only to British subjects. The slave trade on the African coast therefore continued, though without, at least on a legal basis the presence of British slavers. However, in 1810, under considerable diplomatic pressure, a convention with Portugal was signed widening the mandate of the Royal Navy. In 1815, Portugal strengthened their anti-slavery legislation by abolishing all trade north of the equator, allowing the Royal Navy a much freer hand. With the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain obtained treaties with several other powers including France, which abolished its trade entirely in 1815 (but did not commit to right of search), and Spain, which agreed to cease trade north of the equator in 1818, and south of the equator by 1820. A clause was also inserted into the Congress of Vienna which called for the eventual abolition of the trade by all signatories. In 1826, Brazil signed an agreement similar to that of Portugal, and ceased trade north of the equator. History of North Dakota The land of North Dakota has been a central theme in North Dakotan literature. In fiction, poetry, autobiography, drama, history, travel publications and websites, recurring theme regarding North Dakota's land include: its beauty, unforgivingness, solace, starkness, uniformity, and the hard work it demands to survive and thrive. Many of the state's writers focus on the relationship of the people and the land. The landscape has not significantly changed since first impressions were recorded, and the relationship between people and land has likewise changed little. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Tesla US dealership disputes In August 2021 Tesla opened their first store and service center in the state on Nambé Pueblo tribal land north of Santa Fe. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Cape Kane Cape Kane was named after Arctic explorer Elisha Kent Kane (1820 – 1857) at the time that it was the nearest land to the North Pole that had been put on the map. Geography of Ghana Its southernmost coast at Cape Three Points is 4° 30' north of the equator. From here, the country extends inland for some to about 11° north. The distance across the widest part, between longitude 1° 12' east and longitude 3° 15' west, measures about .	It just happened to be the way at the moment. Believe it or not, the earth's continents are slowly moving. Around 300 million years ago, our planet had one big mass of land called Pangaea. It was mainly south of the equator. In another 200 million years, things will look different again.	open_qa
How many awards did the film The Walrus and the Whistleblower win per this entry of information?	The Walrus and the Whistleblower In June 2020, the film was named as the winner of 2020 Rogers Audience Award, alongside the films 9/11 Kids, There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace, First We Eat and The Forbidden Reel, and as Overall Favourite at Hot Docs. The Audience Award allowed the film to be fast tracked in the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature category, provided it meets all other criteria for eligibility. Northern Banner, a division of Raven Banner Entertainment, subsequently announced that it had acquired the rights to distribute the film in Canada, probably starting before year end. The US and international distribution rights went to Gravitas Ventures. Marineland of Canada Demers's campaign against the institution is profiled in the 2020 documentary film The Walrus and the Whistleblower. It was released as part of the Hot Docs Documentary Film Festival. It documented the relationship former Marineland trainer Phil Demers had with the walrus Smooshi before he quit in 2012 and became a vocal critic of the park. In June 2020, the film was named as the winner of 2020 Rogers Audience Award and as Overall Favourite at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. The Audience Award allowed the film to be fast tracked in the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature category, provided it meets all other criteria for eligibility. The Walrus and the Whistleblower The film premiered as part of the 2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada it was not screened theatrically, but premiered as part of the festival's online streaming component and aired on CBC Television on May 28 as part of the network's special Hot Docs at Home series of films from the festival. First We Eat The film premiered as part of the 2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada it was not screened theatrically, but premiered as part of the festival's online streaming component. It was named one of five winners of the festival's Rogers Audience Award, alongside the films The Walrus and the Whistleblower, 9/11 Kids, The Forbidden Reel and There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace. The Walrus and the Whistleblower According to a film industry newsletter, the film was made in association with the Documentary Channel, and CBC Docs. The Documentary Channel's announcement about the film stated that Demers had appeared four times on the Joe Rogan show, has testified before the Canadian Senate, and is being sued for $1.5 million for plotting to steal Smooshi, the walrus. The Forbidden Reel The film premiered in 2019 at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam. It had its Canadian premiere at the 2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, where it was named one of five winners of the festival's Rogers Audience Award, alongside the films The Walrus and the Whistleblower, 9/11 Kids, First We Eat and There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace. The Walrus and the Whistleblower The Walrus and the Whistleblower is a 2020 Canadian documentary film directed by Nathalie Bibeau. The film profiles Phil Demers, a former employee of Marineland who attempted to blow the whistle on allegedly inhumane treatment of animals at the institution. Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival In 2020, to help mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on film promotion and distribution, festival organizers opted to split the Rogers Audience Award among all of the top five Canadian films rather than naming a single winner. The films The Walrus and the Whistleblower, 9/11 Kids, The Forbidden Reel, First We Eat and There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace were each awarded $10,000, while the Jury Award was presented to the film Prayer for a Lost Mitten. There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace On June 8, the film was named as one of five recipients of the Rogers Audience Award at Hot Docs, alongside the films The Walrus and the Whistleblower, 9/11 Kids, First We Eat and The Forbidden Reel. Although it was not the overall winner of the audience balloting, in light of the pandemic situation and its ongoing effects on film distribution, the award committee opted to split the award among all of the top five Canadian films. Marineland of Canada The CBC's Documentary Channel item about the film stated that Demers had appeared four times on the Joe Rogan show, has testified before the Canadian Senate, and is being sued for $1.5 million for plotting to steal Smooshi, the walrus.	2. the 2020 Rogers Audience Award, and the Donald Brittain Award in 2021.	closed_qa
What are some areas that firefighters can safely stay in while fighting a wildfire?	Dead man zone Firefighters try to stay out of the dead man zone at all times, working from safe points such as burnt ground or a large area of non-burnable ground, such as a cricket or Australian rules football oval, or a large car park. This is achieved by attacking the fire from the flanks, or the rear, so that burnt ground is always nearby, and the fire is always in front of the firefighters. This avoids two disadvantages of attacking fires at the head of the fire where spot fires may start behind them or changes in wind behavior might accelerate the spread of the fire. Dead man zone The result of several inquiries into firefighter death in Australian bushfires found that firefighters should stay out of the dead man zone and that they should always keep 250 liters of water in their truck for personal safety. This is now a standard operating procedure in the NSW Rural Fire Service, Country Fire Service and Country Fire Authority in Australia. Dead man zone Outcomes from Project Vesta have been integrated into firefighter training in Australia and are beginning to appear in the United States. Dead man zone The term dead man zone was coined by members of the CSIRO research team in Australia who were investigating the spread of bushfires (Project Vesta). The dead man zone is approximately around the fire that is likely to burn. This dead man zone can be a safety net for firefighters if the fire is moving at a high speed. The dead man zone can also be prepared in a way that slows down the fire. Firefighters can get outside the dead man zone safely without seeing what the fire is going to do and develop a plan of attack or defense upon the fire's next move. If the dead man zone is not used, wind change can sneak up on the firefighters and resulting in potentially unsafe distances where they are not able to defend themselves. This can be a life or death situation if not approached properly, and there have been examples of firefighters that became trapped and ultimately killed in Australia. Project Vesta, headed by scientist Phil Cheney, found that when the wind changes direction, the line of fire will move out at its maximum rate of spread almost immediately, and that the spread speed was nearly three times what was previously thought. Project Vesta's research into bushfire behavior makes up the majority of what is known about bushfires today. Linton Bushfire The coronial inquest examining the fire and the deaths, was one of the longest-running inquests in the history of the state. It was this inquest, that led to changes in safety operating procedures in the SA Country Fire Service and Victorian Country Fire Authority, relating to the Dead Man Zone. Wildfire suppression Wildland fire, known in Australia as bush fire, has played a major role in Australia due to arid conditions. Notable fire services tasked with wildfire suppression include NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW), the New South Wales Rural Fire Service, the South Australian Country Fire Service, the Western Australian Parks and Wildlife Service, the Victorian Department of Environment Land Water and Planning (DELWP), and the Country Fire Authority. State Fire Service Firefighters from State Fire Service (PSP, JRG) use red helmets. Firefighters from Voluntary Fire Service (OSP) use white helmets. Blackwater Fire of 1937 Post led more than 40 firefighters, consisting of USFS, CCC, and BPR employees, up the ridge seeking an opening in the forest to take refuge. Spot fires blew ahead of Post and his crews preventing them from advancing further up the ridge, but they found a rocky outcropping and lay prone on the ground as the fire engulfed them. Crammed together on the outcropping, Post's men moved around to avoid the flames and USFS employee Paul Tyrrell (who later died) used his own body to keep several CCC firefighters from panicking and to shield them from the fire. The flames and heat nevertheless drove five firefighters to charge the flames in an attempt to escape to the other side of the firefront, but only one of them survived. A total of nine firefighters were killed on the fire lines and six more died later from their burns, while another 38 suffered various injuries. The Blackwater Fire is tied for fourth involving the greatest loss of life by firefighters on a wildfire in U.S. history. It killed more professional wildland firefighters in the U.S. than any other in the 103 years between the Great Fire of 1910 and the Yarnell Hill Fire in 2013. Reactions to the 2005 French riots The Paris Fire Brigade developed an Urban Violence Plan, inspired by the experience of firefighters in Northern Ireland (Libération, Oct. 29). The hot zone is identified and the fire engines wait outside this zone. When a fire is reported, a minimal team is engaged (two men outside the fire engine) under cover of the police forces; when the fire does not show any risk of spreading or causing casualties, the firefighters withdraw without attempting to put it out. While in the zone, firefighters stay alert for projectiles. The layout of the area is taken into account so that firefighters may not be trapped in a dead end. Country Fire Authority The Country Fire Authority (CFA) is a volunteer fire service responsible for fire suppression, rescues, and response to other accidents and hazards across most of the state Victoria, Australia. CFA comprises over 1,200 brigades organised in 21 districts, and shares responsibility for fire services with Fire Rescue Victoria (FRV), which employs full-time paid firefighters in major urban areas; and Forest Fire Management Victoria (FFMV), which manages fire prevention and suppression on Victoria's public lands. CFA operations and equipment are partly funded by the Victorian Government through its Fire Services Levy, and supplemented by individual brigades' fundraising for vehicles and equipment.	Firefighters can use burnt areas, car parks and sports areas to stay safe during a wildfire	information_extraction
List me some important facts about Tobiashammer from given text	Tobiashammer The mill made iron products such as scythes, sickles, ploughshares, lances and swords. Later, it also carried out copper processing; washbowls, washtubs, kettle drums, brewing implements, pots, cans and pans were made. The kettle drums, which were produced into the late 20th century, were made from a single piece of copper, forged under the tilt hammer and still set a standard today in terms of their sound. Tobiashammer The first hammer forge was probably built in 1482 on the River Ohra. In 1592 the mill was bought by Tobias Albrecht, since when it has been named after him. The works originally had three huge iron hammers which were raised by the motion of a water wheel. Trip hammer One or more trip hammers were set up in a forge, also known variously as a hammer mill, hammer forge or hammer works. The hammers were usually raised by a cam and then released to fall under the force of gravity. Historically, trip hammers were often powered hydraulically by a water wheel. Hammer mill A hammer mill, hammer forge or hammer works was a workshop in the pre-industrial era that was typically used to manufacture semi-finished, wrought iron products or, sometimes, finished agricultural or mining tools, or military weapons. The feature that gave its name to these workshops was the water-driven trip hammer, or set of hammers, used in the process. The shaft, or 'helve', of the hammer was pivoted in the middle and the hammer head was lifted by the action of cams set on a rotating camshaft that periodically depressed the end of the shaft. As it rose and fell, the head of the hammer described an arc. The face of the hammer was made of iron for durability. Freibergsdorf Hammer Mill The first record of the hammer mill dates to the year 1607, when the owner of the demesne in Freibergsdorf, Ernst Schönlebe, was granted water for his (iron) bar mill or Zainhammer. On several occasions, the water of the Goldbach was the subject of dispute between the Freiberg Mine, the hammer mill and a neighbouring mill. Over the course of the centuries, the hammer works primarily manufactured iron products both for the mining industry (e. g. tools like hammers, chisels, crow bars) as well as implements for agricultural use. Until its sale to St. John's Hospital in 1903, the hammer mill had been privately owned. Between 1903 and 1945 it made copper products almost exclusively. Commercial operations were finally ended in 1974. Trip hammer The tilt hammer or tail helve hammer has a pivot at the centre of the helve on which it is mounted, and is lifted by pushing the opposite end to the head downwards. In practice, the head on such hammers seems to have been limited to one hundredweight (about 50 kg), but a very rapid stroke rate was possible. This made it suitable for drawing iron down to small sizes suitable for the cutlery trades. There were therefore many such forges known as 'tilts' around Sheffield. They were also used in brass battery works for making brass (or copper) pots and pans. In battery works (at least) it was possible for one power source to operate several hammers. In Germany, tilt hammers of up to 300 kg were used in hammer mills to forge iron. Surviving, working hammers, powered by water wheels, may be seen, for example, at the Frohnauer Hammer in the Ore Mountains. Abinger Hammer Abinger hammer mill was in operation during the second half of the 16th century. The reputed manufacture of guns for use against the Spanish Armada has no basis in fact; the mill being incapable of casting iron. The waters of the Tillingbourne powered the water wheel which drove the heavy , hammer of the forge. The forge closed in 1787 despite attempts to save or convert it. A contemporary forge, Finch Foundry, survives in Devon. Frohnauer Hammer The Frohnauer Hammer still has the original hammer mill technology from the second half of the 17th century. The heart of this system is the three tilt hammers, whose shafts are driven by an overshot water wheel. The hammers themselves have a weight of 100 kg, 200 kg and 250 kg (220 lb, 440 lb, and 550 lb respectively). They can develop a hammer force of up to 12 tons. Nowadays, during demonstrations, only the small hammer is operated. The bellows system has also been preserved. A water-driven, manual lathe and a drill spindle may be viewed in an outbuilding. Dammam (drum) Doubtful cylinder drums, worn by standing musicians on a belt around their hips and played with both hands, are illustrated as first known in the Middle East in the Neo- Assyrian period (first half of the 1st millennium BC). In Iraq, the dammām is one of the drums commonly called tabl, which can be tubular drums or kettle drums. Medieval authors only exempted the flat frame drums (duff) from this classification. The grammarian al-Mufaddal ibn Salama (died around 904) mentions the single-skinned beaker drum in addition to the two-skinned cylinder drum tablkabar (precursor to today's darbuka) and the dubious hourglass drum kūba. Cylindrical drums, together with the small pair of kettle drums naqqāra (pl. nuqqāirāt), the medium-sized kettle drum kūs (pl. kūsāt ), gongs (tusūt), bells (dschalādschil) and various wind instruments belonged to the medieval military bands, which were up to 40 strong and were used to represent the ruler. The instrument's are illustrated in the painter Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti's miniature illustrations from 1237 in Baghdad, in the manuscript Maqāmāt (Assemblies) of al-Hariri. Frohnauer Hammer The Frohnauer Hammer is an historic hammer mill in Frohnau, a village in the municipality of Annaberg-Buchholz in the Ore Mountains of southeast Germany. The mill is an important witness to proto-industrial development in the Ore Mountains. Of the once-numerous hammer mills only three others remain working in Saxony: the Dorfchemnitz Iron Hammer Mill, the Grünthal Copper Hammer Mill and the Freibergsdorf Hammer Mill.	1. On the River Ohra, the first hammer forge was probably constructed around 1482. 2. Tobias Albrecht purchased the mill in 1592, and ever since, it has carried his name. 3. The factory's three enormous iron hammers, which were elevated by the rotation of a water wheel, were originally installed. 4. The mill produced iron tools like lances, scythes, sickles, and ploughshares. 5. Later, it also engaged in copper processing; pots, cans, pans, brewing equipment, kettle drums, washbowls, and washtubs were produced. 6. The single-piece copper kettle drums, which were forged with the tilt hammer and produced until the late 20th century, set a standard for sound even today.	summarization
Describe a morning routine from a 2 year olds perspective	Bias against left-handed people In 1999, Swiss researchers took 1,700 Swiss adults ages 34–74 and divided them into age groups, with the youngest being 35–44 and the oldest being 65–74. The researchers found almost twice as many people in the youngest age group considered themselves left-handed when compared to the oldest age group. In addition, the incidence of the older group switching to their right hand for writing was more than triple that of the younger group. Researchers found that among the four age groups and the prevalence of left-handedness declined from 11.9% among 35 to 44 year olds and roughly 12.5% among 45 to 54 year olds to roughly 8% among 55 to 64 year olds and 6.2% among 65 to 74 year olds. Additionally, researchers found that only 26.6% of 35 to 44 year olds switched to right-handedness for writing and roughly 73% wrote with their left hand. Among 45 to 54 year olds, roughly 52% write with their right hand and roughly 48% write with their left hand. Roughly 85% of 55 to 64 year olds wrote with their right hand and roughly 15% of 55 to 64 year olds wrote with their left hand. 88.9% of 65 to 74 year olds wrote with their right hand while 11.1% wrote with their left hand. Video games in France As of 2021, there are a total of 36.5 million gamers in France, 53% of which are male. The age group of 24-35 year olds are the biggest gamer demographic by age, holding 31.1% of the French gamer population. However, 10-14 year olds in France have the highest percentage of gaming usage compared with other age groups, with over 96% of 10-14 year olds reporting to play video games in 2020. Childcare in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition The Ley 14/1970 required for the first time that children aged two to six be considered part of the education system, and effectively created educational preschool for two and three year olds, and nursery school for four and five year olds. These programs were not built around the hours that mothers would likely be at work. A Morning A Morning (formerly New Day, Breakfast at The New RO in the case of Ottawa, and A-Channel Morning) is a morning television show that formerly aired on Canada's CHRO-TV in Ottawa and the other stations in the A system (except for A Atlantic). Good Morning Baltimore Tracy Turnblad wakes up to a new day in Baltimore, and sings about everything she encounters on the way to school. She dreams of being a star. The song takes us through Tracy’s morning routine, for instance, hitching a ride with the garbage man when she misses the bus for school. Happy Sixteen The film is about the life of a group of sixteen year olds who have fun hanging out, dancing and partying etc.. In amongst this, the teenagers play pranks on a biology teacher who wakes up in a meadow. The plot also involves a love triangle. Anette Prehn In 2015-2016, Anette Prehn’s BRAINSMART trilogy was published in Danish. The series contain Brainsmart Parenting, Brainsmart Leadership and Brainsmart Pedagogy. Currently, Anette Prehn is writing a series of seven mini books for the 10+ year olds. Leader's Gardens The children's playground is for under 7 year olds, new equipment was installed in 2012 with a rubber surface, and there is also skateboard area. Management of cerebral palsy OT can address cognitive and perceptual disabilities, especially of the visual-motor area. For children with CP who have difficulty remembering the order and organization of self-care tasks in the morning, an occupational therapist can construct a morning routine schedule with reminders. An occupational therapist may analyze the steps involved in a task to break down an activity into simpler tasks. For example, dressing can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps. This can be done by having a caregiver lay out the clothing in order so the child knows what needs to be put on first. Berkshire Country Day School Early Childhood includes Beginner 2 year olds and up to Pre-Kindergarten. The school embraces the Reggio Emilio format of inviting and sustaining ongoing learning. Early Literacy skills are developed through imaginative play and daily exposure to books. Math concepts are investigated through hands on use of materials such as manipulatives, puzzles and blocks. Students begin to learn about the science process by engaging in their physical world and in focused activities such as caring for animals and following the weather.	I wake up and I'm alone in my bed, it's dark and I feel afraid. I call out for my mommy and feel so relieved when I hear her footsteps to my bedroom. She snuggles in beside me and I feel happy and content. I wake again with sunshine in my eyes and know it's morning time as the sun is up. I rollover and see my mommy is still sleeping beside me. I sit up and tell her it's morning time. My brother comes running in and asks me to play in the playroom. I'm so excited to go play with my toys! I race down the hall and pick out my favorite puzzle, it has all the colors of the rainbow! I ask my brother for help to complete the puzzle and feel proud when it's done. I hear my mommy calling us from downstairs, she is saying breakfast is ready. My tummy feels hungry and I go downstairs and to the kitchen island where she brings my favorite, a big bowl of porridge! As I'm eating, I feel some fall on my chin. I point this out to mommy and she wipes it with a cloth. When I'm finished, mommy says it's time to get dressed. I want to help so I take off my pajamas all by myself!	creative_writing
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?	How much wood would a woodchuck chuck A traditional, if nonsensical, response to the question is: A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood. Other — similarly unhelpful — responses include So much wood would a woodchuck chuck as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood!, He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood., and As much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood! How much wood would a woodchuck chuck How much wood would a woodchuck chuck (sometimes phrased with could rather than would) is an American English-language tongue-twister. The woodchuck, a word originating from Algonquian wejack, is a kind of marmot, regionally called a groundhog. The complete beginning of the tongue-twister usually goes: How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? The tongue-twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects, with five w sounds interspersed among five ch sounds, as well as 6 ood sounds. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck The origin of the phrase is from a 1902 song The Woodchuck Song, written by Robert Hobart Davis for Fay Templeton in the musical The Runaways. The lyrics became better known in a 1904 version of the song written by Theodore Morse, with a chorus of How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?, which was recorded by Ragtime Roberts, in 1904. Bob Roberts (singer) Roberts also recorded for Edison, Victor, and other companies. He recorded prolifically, recording some songs for several different labels. One of his biggest comedy successes was with The Woodchuck Song, written by Theodore Morse, with a chorus of How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?, which he recorded in 1904 for Edison, Columbia, Victor, and Zon-O-Phone Records. He also recorded for both Edison and Columbia as part of a duo with Albert Campbell. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck The tongue-twister is documented as folklore in 1972 at Farmington, Michigan. It is used in the title of Werner Herzog's 1976 film How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck, a documentation of the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship in New Holland, Pennsylvania. Auction chant The auction chant was explored in the 1976 documentary How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck, by Werner Herzog. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck A 1957 Associated Press piece refers to the question as a riddle which beats the Sphinx, since it's still unanswered. A more concrete answer was published by the Associated Press in 1988, which reported that a New York fish and wildlife technician named Richard Thomas had calculated the volume of dirt in a typical long woodchuck burrow and had determined that if the woodchuck had moved an equivalent volume of wood, it could move about on a good day, with the wind at his back. Another study, which considered chuck to be the opposite of upchucking, determined that a woodchuck could ingest of wood per day. How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (film) Herzog used two of the featured auctioneers Ralph Wade and Scott McKain as actors in his later film Stroszek. How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (film) How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (German: Beobachtungen zu einer neuen Sprache, literally Observations of a New Language) is a 1976 documentary film by German director Werner Herzog, produced by Werner Herzog Filmproduktion. It is a 44-minute film documenting the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship held in New Holland, Pennsylvania. The film also contains a section about the Amish and shows Amish speaking Pennsylvania German. How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck (film) Cinematographer Edward Lachman got his start working with Herzog on this film; he would work on La Soufrière (1977) shortly after.	This phrase is not meant to have an answer because it's a tongue twister. Tongue twisters are meant to be difficult to say, especially when spoken quickly. It's regarded as a fun way for children to learn about alliteration, how to pronounce and enunciate similar sounding words with different meaning and supports a basis for spoken language development.	general_qa
Tell me whether these are literary characters or fruits: Gandalf, banana, Frodo Baggins, Aragorn, orange, apple, Sauron	The Hunt for Gollum The film is set during the timespan of The Fellowship of the Ring. It takes place 17 years after Bilbo Baggins's 111th birthday party and just before Frodo Baggins leaves the Shire for Rivendell (an interval which was not outlined in the ). The wizard Gandalf fears that Gollum may reveal information about the One Ring to the Dark Lord Sauron, and sends the Ranger Aragorn, heir of Isildur, on a quest to find him. The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest Meanwhile, during the Third Age, a still weakened Sauron covertly established a stronghold at Dol Guldur. In response to this undetermined evil, the Valar sent five Maiar to Middle-earth. Taking the form of wizards, they were led by Saruman. Unsure of the origin of the evil power in Dol Guldur, the wizard Gandalf was sent to investigate. However, Sauron hid from Gandalf, waiting for four hundred years before returning. Around the same time, the One Ring was found by a Hobbit named Sméagol, who became utterly corrupted by it, living in the caves of the Misty Mountains, and physically transforming into a creature known as Gollum. For five hundred years, Gollum was consumed and corrupted by the Ring. Eventually, Gandalf was able to determine the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron. Gandalf reported back to the White Council, but Saruman dissuaded them from moving against Sauron. Only when he learned the One Ring may be in the vicinity of the Gladden Fields did Saruman agree to attack Sauron, hoping to find the Ring himself. The Council drove Sauron from Dol Guldur, unaware that he knew the Ring had been found. Just prior to Sauron's departure, the Ring passed to another hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, who used it to assist in the victory of elves, men and dwarves at the Battle of the Five Armies. Sixty years later, Gollum was captured by Uruk-hai, and taken to Mordor, where he was tortured into revealing the owner and location of the Ring; Bilbo Baggins of the Shire. In the meantime, Bilbo had left the Shire to live in Rivendell, and upon the advice of Gandalf had (very reluctantly) given the Ring to his nephew, Frodo Baggins. With the information given him by Gollum, Sauron, still unable to take physical form, thus sent the Nazgûl to the Shire to retrieve the One Ring. Frodo, and his friends, Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Pippin Took and Meriadoc Merry Brandybuck managed to escape the Shire and head towards Bree. The Hunt for Gollum The scene cuts to Gandalf emerging from Mirkwood's dungeons after interrogating Gollum. Gandalf tells Aragorn that Gollum knows of Bilbo Baggins and The Shire, and explains that he must now go there to warn Frodo. Aragorn suggests sending Frodo to meet him in Bree, and Gandalf readily agrees. The film ends with Gollum speaking to himself in the dungeon, where he vows to kill Bagginses and reclaim his Precious. Aragorn The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger contrasts the warrior-hero Aragorn with the suffering hero Frodo Baggins. Aragorn is, like Beowulf, an epic/romance hero, a bold leader and a healer-king. Frodo is the little man of fairy tale, the little brother who unexpectedly turns out to be brave. But the fairy tale happy ending comes to Aragorn, marrying the beautiful princess (Arwen) and winning the kingdom (Gondor and Arnor); while Frodo, who returns home miserable, with neither Ring nor appreciation by the people of the Shire, gets defeat and disillusionment—the stark, bitter ending typical of the Iliad, Beowulf, the Morte D'Arthur. In other words, the two types of hero are not only contrasted, but combined, halves of their legends swapped over. Flieger comments that the two together mark the end of the old, with Frodo's bitter end and the disappearance of the Ring, the Elves, and much else that was beautiful; and the start of the new, with Aragorn's rise to the throne of Gondor and Arnor, and a world of Men. Sauron In 3017, Gandalf identified Bilbo's Ring, now passed down to Bilbo's cousin Frodo, as Sauron's One Ring. He tasked Frodo and his friend Sam Gamgee with taking the Ring to Rivendell. Soon afterward, however, Gandalf discovered Saruman's treachery. Sauron sent the Nazgûl to the Shire; they pursued Frodo, who escaped to Rivendell. There, Elrond convened a council. It determined that the Ring should be destroyed in Mount Doom, and formed the Fellowship of the Ring to achieve this. Saruman attempted to capture the Ring, but his army was destroyed and his stronghold at Isengard was overthrown. The palantír of Orthanc fell into the hands of the Fellowship; Aragorn, Isildur's descendant and heir to the throne of Gondor, used it to show himself to Sauron as if he held the Ring. Sauron, troubled by this revelation, attacked Minas Tirith sooner than he had planned. His army was destroyed at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. Meanwhile, Frodo and Sam entered Mordor through the pass of Cirith Ungol. Aragorn diverted Sauron's attention with an attack on the Black Gate of Mordor. Frodo and Sam reached Mount Doom, but at the last minute Frodo was entranced by the Ring and claimed it for himself. Gollum then seized the Ring and fell into the Cracks of Doom, destroying the Ring and himself. Thus Sauron was utterly defeated, and vanished from Middle-earth. Tolkien describes Sauron's destruction: The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey The characters of Galadriel, Saruman, and Frodo Baggins appear in the novel The Lord of the Rings, but not in the novel The Hobbit. (Radagast was also dropped from the film version of Lord of the Rings, merely being mentioned in passing). Gandalf, Gollum, Bilbo Baggins, Elrond and the Necromancer appear in both novels, although the latter is referred to in Lord of the Rings as Sauron. Only Bilbo is portrayed by a different actor in the two sets of films, as the age difference affects his character more. The older Bilbo (Ian Holm) appears in the prologue section of this film. Frodo Baggins Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, and one of the protagonists in The Lord of the Rings. Frodo is a hobbit of the Shire who inherits the One Ring from his cousin Bilbo Baggins, described familiarly as uncle, and undertakes the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor. He is mentioned in Tolkien's posthumously published works, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. The Council of Elrond Earlier in The Fellowship of the Ring, Tolkien tells how Bilbo leaves the Shire suddenly, giving his ring to Frodo Baggins. Seventeen years later, the Wizard Gandalf tells Frodo that it is the One Ring lost by the Dark Lord Sauron long ago, and counsels him to take it away from the Shire. Frodo sets out on foot with some of his friends. They are pursued by mysterious Black Riders, but manage to reach the village of Bree, where they meet a Ranger named Strider. He leads them through the wilderness to the Elven sanctuary of Rivendell. Bree (Tolkien) The second occurred during the journey of Frodo Baggins to Rivendell, when he and his companions stayed at The Prancing Pony for a night. After singing The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late, Frodo accidentally put the One Ring on and became invisible. The minor villain Bill Ferny and a squint-eyed Southerner saw him vanish, and informed the Black Riders, who attacked the inn. Aragorn saved him and led the party away, after Butterbur delivered a letter from Gandalf which he had forgotten to deliver months earlier. The Shadow of the Past Gandalf tells Frodo of the Ring's history: The dark lord Sauron made the Ring in Mount Doom and used it to wage war on Middle-earth until Isildur cut the Ring from Sauron's hand, destroying the dark lord's physical form. Isildur refused to destroy the Ring, however, and it eventually led him to his death in the River Anduin. The Ring was lost for 2000 years, until the Stoorish Hobbit Déagol found it while fishing in the Anduin. His relative Sméagol, who was fishing with Déagol, was instantly ensnared by the Ring and murdered him to take it for himself; the Ring turned him into the creature Gollum, who, centuries later, lost his Precious to Bilbo in the riddle game portrayed in The Hobbit. Gollum went in search of Bilbo and the Ring a few years later, and was eventually captured by Sauron, who tortured him into revealing that Baggins from the Shire had the Ring. Gandalf says that Frodo must destroy the Ring by throwing it into the fires of Mount Doom. Frodo decides he must leave the Shire, and agrees with Gandalf that he will travel to Rivendell, home to Elrond, a leader of the Elves. Gandalf hears something, and catches Sam eavesdropping under the window. He tells Sam he will have to go with Frodo.	Gandalf - literary character Banana - fruit Frodo Baggins - literary character Aragorn - literary character orange - fruit apple - fruit Sauron - literary character	classification
What is the difference between common law and civil law?	Bachelor of Laws Historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is much less common among common law countries, who now study the English-derived common law system, which includes the criminal law of some jurisdictions. In Scotland however, the law faculties of the Universities continued to teach ‘civil’ law, that is, the Roman Law basis is the majority of the world’s legal systems. Countries where the legal system was mixed (that is, where a mixture of the common law and the civil law form the foundations of the legal system), such as Scotland, Louisiana, South Africa and Quebec, continue the study of civil law. However, a few institutions in common law countries continue to offer alternatives to strictly English common law: for example Cardiff University's Department of Canon (Ecclesiastical) Law, or combined programmes in common and French civil law (pertinent to Canada's pluralist legal system) at McGill University and University of Ottawa. Law of Azerbaijan The term civil law in Azerbaijan refers to private law, which is opposed to the common law system of Criminal law and Civil law. The major body of statutes and laws governing civil law and procedure are set out in the Civil Code of Azerbaijan, established in December 1999. Common purpose Common design also applies in the law of tort. It is a different legal test from that which applies in the criminal law. The difference between common designs in the criminal law and the civil law was illustrated in NCB v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 at 23, by Devlin LJ: Civil law (common law) Civil law is a major branch of the law. In common law legal systems such as England and Wales and the United States, the term refers to non-criminal law. The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law, as is law of property (other than property-related crimes, such as theft or vandalism). Civil law may, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law and procedural law. The rights and duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law. Law In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined; the numerous legal transplants, typical of modern law, result in the sharing by modern legal systems of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law. The term civil law, referring to the civilian legal system originating in continental Europe, should not be confused with civil law in the sense of the common law topics distinct from criminal law and public law. Civil law (legal system) Civil law is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the law in common law systems historically came from uncodified case law that arose as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally-binding precedent. Common law The role of the legal academy presents a significant cultural difference between common law (connotation 2) and civil law jurisdictions. In both systems, treatises compile decisions and state overarching principles that (in the author's opinion) explain the results of the cases. In neither system are treatises considered law, but the weight given them is nonetheless quite different. Trust law in civil law jurisdictions Trust law is not part of most civil law jurisdictions, but is a common figure in most common law system (and thus in most Commonwealth jurisdictions). Trust law enters civilian jurisdictions through conflict of law arrangements recognizing it as a matter of private international law and has been implemented in the civil code of certain countries such as Liechtenstein and Curaçao. Scandinavian law The Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law (SISL) proclaims that as all of the Nordic states follow the civil law system, Scandinavian law as a whole should be classified as civil law as opposed to common law. Due to the fact that common law has taken little precedence in the development of law in the Nordic countries and additionally that all legal concepts presently adopted in Scandinavian law have been derived from the civil Germanic law, the SISL views Scandinavian law as a civil law system. Bachelor of Civil Law The Louisiana Civil Code requires legal practitioners in the state to have education in both Civil Law, and Common Law, and necessarily sets it apart from other jurisdictions in the U.S.	The primary difference between common law and civil law is that in common law jurisdictions, published court decisions are of primary importance to understanding legal rules. In civil law jurisdictions, published rules or statutes are of primary importance. Common law's origins are found in England, where court decisions filled in gaps in "writs" issued by the monarch. Civil law, by comparison, traces its origins to codes of laws compiled beginning around the time of the Roman Empire. While there are around 150 countries that largely follow a common law model, and 80 that follow a civil law model, the reality is that many jurisdictions incorporate elements of both common law and civil law. Even within a country, different models may apply.	general_qa
Given this paragraph about Sam Baker, what is the Outland Trophy?	Sam Baker (offensive tackle) He was on the official 2006 watch list for the Lombardi Award and the Outland Trophy for the best lineman. In his collegiate career Baker blocked for Reggie Bush and Matt Leinart. He was named a first-team All-Pacific-10 Conference selection by the league's coaches in 2005 and 2006. He was a recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the Football Writers Association of America, Sporting News and CBSSports.com. Sam Baker (offensive tackle) Going into his fourth year as a starter, Baker was on the Lombardi Award and Outland Trophy watch lists. He was ranked as one of the Top 20 Players Heading Into 2007 by Sports Illustrated. Before his final season in 2007, Baker was already regarded by most NFL scouts as a certain top-five player in the 2008 NFL Draft. Sam Baker (offensive tackle) Baker attended the University of Southern California, where he played for coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2003 to 2007. He was a first-team All-American as a redshirt sophomore in 2005. Chris Samuels While attending the University of Alabama, Samuels played for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 1996 to 1999. As senior in 1999, he was named to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first team by the conference's coaches, the Associated Press, the Birmingham News and the Mobile Press Register, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He also won the Outland Trophy as the nation's best college interior lineman, and was a semifinalist for the Lombardi Award. Kyle Murphy (American football) In his final year with the Cardinal, he started all 14 games at left tackle and was named a team captain. His play earned him a spot on the watchlists for the Lombardi Award and the Outland Trophy. He finished the year by being named as a third-team All-American by Phil Steele, and to a spot on the All-Pac-12 first-team. Sam Baker (offensive tackle) Despite suffering from injuries that held him out of games, Baker was again a first-team All-Pac-10 selection for his third consecutive year. Baker was also named Walter Camp first-team All-American in 2007. Greg Roberts (American football) He attended the University of Oklahoma, where he played for coach Barry Switzer's Oklahoma Sooners football team from 1975 to 1978. As a senior in 1978, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American and won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in the country. Quinnen Williams After his redshirt sophomore season, Williams was named a unanimous first-team All-American and first-team All-SEC. He was awarded the Outland Trophy as the nation's best interior lineman. His 20 tackles for loss were tied for second in the SEC, and his eight sacks were tied for fifth in the conference. Mason Crosby Crosby was a first-team All-Big 12 selection in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Following his junior season in 2005, he was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the Associated Press, the Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, and Walter Camp Football Foundation. As a senior, he was again selected as a first-team All-American by Pro Football Weekly and the Walter Camp Football Foundation. He was the runner-up for the Lou Groza Award, despite being heavily favored to win. During his senior season, he became the first player in Big 12 Conference history to be named player of the week eight times, and became Colorado's all-time leading scorer, with 308 career points. Outland Trophy The Outland Trophy is awarded to the best college football interior lineman in the United States as adjudged by the Football Writers Association of America. It is named after John H. Outland. One of only a few players ever to be named an All-American at two positions, Outland garnered consensus All-America honors in 1898 as a tackle and consensus honors as a halfback in 1899. Outland had always contended that football tackles and guards deserved greater recognition and conceived the Outland Trophy as a means of providing this recognition. In 1988, Jim Ridlon was commissioned to design and sculpt the Outland Trophy. A member of the National College Football Awards Association, the award has become one of college football's most prestigious.	The Outland Trophy is given to the best offensive lineman in college football.	closed_qa
What makes the Expanse series better than other sci-fi?	Ty Franck Leviathan Wakes, book one of The Expanse, was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel, while The Expanse series was nominated in 2017 and again in 2020 where it won. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. The Expanse (novel series) Ty Franck has also stated Ridley Scott's Alien as having the single largest influence on The Expanse. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Dulcinea (The Expanse) Dulcinea is the series premiere of the American science fiction television series The Expanse. It originally aired on Syfy in the United States on December 14, 2015. The episode was written by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby and directed by Terry McDonough, and is based on the first chapters of James S. A. Corey's novel Leviathan Wakes, the first novel in The Expanse novel series. Schuco Modell Accurate replication was as good as Solido and the earlier Politoys M series, and better than most Gamas or Conrads. Precision was perhaps on par with later NZG Mercedes and Porsche promotionals. Also, similar to Solido, Schuco avoided the attractive but less realistic jewels for head and tail lights. Alas, when the company comes up with near-perfect models – financial troubles arrive. Wildlife of Botswana Sandveld of the Kalahari desert’s vegetation expanse consists of grasses, namely Kragrostis pallens, Striagostis uniplumis, Anthephora pubescens, Schmidtia pappophoreides and Megaloprotachne albescens. Woody plants recorded are the Grewia avellana, Grewia retinervis, Lonchocarpus nelsii and Terminalia sericia. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand.	What really sets The Expanse apart from other popular science fiction is the science. It's common for sci-fi writers to throw the laws of physics out the window or create a fake invention that bends the rules without any scientific basis to make their concept work. The Expanse has a realism that is unparalleled. If you've ever found yourself yelling at your book or TV saying "That's not even close to possible" then this is the sci-fi series for you.	open_qa
How do you cook ribs?	Rib (aeronautics) There are several types of ribs. Form-ribs, plate-type ribs, truss ribs, closed-ribs, forged ribs and milled ribs, where form-ribs are used for light to medium loading and milled ribs offer the greatest strength. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Spare ribs Spare ribs (also side ribs or spareribs) are a variety of ribs cut from the lower portion of a pig, specifically the belly and breastbone, behind the shoulder, and include 11 to 13 long bones. There is a covering of meat on top of the bones and also between them. Spare ribs (pork) are distinguished from short ribs, which are beef. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Short ribs Beef short ribs are the equivalent of spare ribs in pork, with beef short ribs usually larger and meatier than pork spare ribs. Short ribs When the carcass is cut across the bone to create strips of meat with multiple rib bones, the short rib is known as a flanken cut. These may also be known as crosscut ribs, Eastern European-style ribs, Hawaiian-style ribs, Jewish ribs, Korean-style ribs, or kosher ribs. Flanken-cut short ribs incorporate at least two rib bones, and are often no more than thick. Pappy's Smokehouse Pappy’s sells Memphis-style ribs, and ribs are barbecued without sauce. The ribs are dry-rubbed and cooked over applewood and cherrywood for four hours; customers can add a variety of barbecue sauces in squeeze bottles when they eat. The restaurant sells tons of ribs daily. It is noted to have long lines and the restaurant closes when the ribs run out. Microchampsa Parts of the postcranial skeleton, such as the dorsal osteoderms, vertebrae, ribs, and bones of the manus, are known. The dorsal osteoderms of the lumbar region are fused to double headed ribs. All osteoderms are rectangular and overlap each other. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Short ribs Short ribs, by definition, are not the entire length of rib. When the rib bone is cut into a length, left as a section of meat (a plate) containing three or four ribs or cut into individual ribs with meat attached, the short rib is known as an English cut. They may also be known as barbecue ribs, braising ribs, or fancy cut ribs. A section of short ribs from the plate (ribs six through eight, with their intercostal muscle) is known as a short plate. Rib short ribs are almost always sold as a plate.	1. Spread French's mustard all over the ribs 2. Season ribs top and bottom liberally with the rub. Seriously don't be shy. 3. Place ribs on a smoker at 225 for 2-3 hours (oak). 4. In a bowl mix one cup of honey, brown sugar, a table spoon of apple cider vinegar, Mix together and Drizzle in the middle of the foil, place ribs top side down in the foil. Wrap tight. 5. Return to the smoke for another 1.5-2 hours or until tender but not 'falling off the bone' 6. In a sauce pan add a bottle of your favorite BBQ sauce, one cup of apple jelly, one finely shredded apple, and one tsp of rib rub. 7. Pull them out of the foil, season again with rub. 8. Top with BBQ sauce with apple and apple jelly. 9. Put the ribs back on the pit for 30 minutes for the sauce to set-up. Ingredients: · Three racks of pork ribs · Rib rub · French’s mustard · Honey · Brown sugar · Apple cider vinegar · KC Masterpiece BBQ sauce · Apple jelly · One finely shredded apple	open_qa
Who is Rajinikanth?	Jaishankar Jaishankar emerged with Rajinikanth in fifteen films – Gaayathri, Murattu Kaalai, Garjanai, Thanikattu Raja, Paayum Puli, Thudikkum Karangal, Thai Veedu, Adutha Varisu, Thanga Magan, Anbulla Rajinikanth, Padikkadavan, Maaveeran, Mappillai, Thalapathi, Arunachalam. 12-12-1950 The film's title 12-12-1950 meant that the film didn't have any problems with title changes during release. Other films that depicted Rajinikanth faced issues as those films explicitly stated Rajinikanth's name such as Main Hoon Rajinikanth and Perumaan The Rajinikanth. Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography Naman Ramachandran writes for Sight & Sound and Variety and has previously authored Lights, Camera, Masala: Making Movies in Mumbai. Ramachandran wanted to meet Rajinikanth when he began his work on the book but was not allowed to meet him for reasons of health. Later, Rajinikanth sent a note to him. The author said that he had tried to humanise Rajinikanth. Ramachandran met various people involved in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Telugu films, Rajinikanth's brother, Rajinikanth's daughters Soundarya and Aishwarya, and his friends and acquaintances. He also searched Wikipedia and found that a fact about the actor's early life was wrong. His mother had died when he was nine years old and not five as the online encyclopedia claimed. Ramachandran watched each of his films twice and was spending so much time on his research work that his wife said that she had lost [him] to Rajinikanth for those two years. Ramachandran met Rajinikanth while the book's subject was filming for Kochadaiiyaan in London. Prepared after two years of work researching, the book was released on 12 December 2012. A second edition was released in paperback form in January 2014. Ramachandran has stated that he would aim to make a third edition of the book if Penguin India agrees. Gauravam (1973 film) Madras High Court barrister Rajinikanth is a tour de force criminal defence lawyer who has never lost a case. He is a self-made man with a rags to riches story. He is well respected by other lawyers and is a terror to his opponents in the court. His only unfulfilled ambition is the prestigious position of judgeship and has all the qualifications of being a judge, with an exaggerated ego being his only character flaw. Kannan is Rajinikanth's nephew who is brought up like a son by the childless Rajinikanth and his wife Chellamma. Rajinikanth tutors Kannan in law and wants his ward to be as successful as he is. Kannan is an antithesis of Rajinikanth; he is a loving, loyal, god-fearing man, who occasionally appears in pro bono cases as a public defender. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography is a 2012 biography of the Indian actor Rajinikanth, written by Naman Ramachandran. It is the second biography of the actor, following The Name is Rajinikanth (2008) by Gayathri Sreekanth. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Aishwarya Rajinikanth Aishwarya Rajinikanth (born 1 January 1982) is an Indian film director and playback singer who works in Tamil cinema. She is the elder daughter of actor Rajinikanth and wife of actor Dhanush. She made her feature film directorial debut with 3 (2012) starring Dhanush and Shruti Haasan in the lead. Rajinikanth In January 2011, Rajinikanth was slated to appear in Rana, a period film to be produced by Soundarya Rajinikanth and directed by K. S. Ravikumar, who would work with the actor for a third time. During the principal photography of the film on 29 April 2011, he suffered a mild foodborne illness on the sets, which led to vomiting, dehydration, and exhaustion. He was treated at St. Isabel's Hospital for a day before being discharged. Five days later, he was rushed to the same hospital again after suffering from breathlessness and fever. He was diagnosed with bronchitis and was kept at the hospital for a week, while also spending a few days in an intensive care unit. Several conflicting reports of discharge dates arose, as well as claims of Rajinikanth's health deteriorating. Two days after his last discharge, Rajinikanth was admitted to the Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute on 16 May 2011 for recurring respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. The hospital maintained that Rajinikanth was in stable condition and showed positive response to treatment. It was widely reported that he required a kidney transplantation, which was later denied by Dhanush. Rajinikanth Rajinikanth is a Hindu, who practices spiritualism and is a strong believer of spirituality. He is also a practitioner of yoga and meditation. Rajinikanth has religiously visited major Hindu temples prior to the release of each of his films; for instance he visited the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple before the release of Sivaji in 2007 and visited Sathya Sai Baba at Prasanthi Nilayam in Andhra Pradesh before the release of Kuselan the following year. He also occasionally leaves for pilgrimage to the Himalayas.	Rajinikanth is an Indian action who primarily acts in Tamil movies. Shivaji Rao Gaikwad, known professionally as Rajinikanth (/rədʒɪnɪkɑːnθ/), is an Indian actor, producer and screenwriter who works mainly in Tamil cinema. In a career spanning over five decades, he has done more than 160 films that includes films in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, and Malayalam. He is widely regarded as one of the most successful and popular actors in the history of Indian cinema.	classification
Extract from the text year in which Italy First was launched	Italy First (political party) Italy First was launched as a political association in October 2013 by Gianni Alemanno, a former mayor of Rome (2008–2013) for the PdL. A long-time politician of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) and National Alliance (AN), within which he led the Social Right faction, Alemanno had left the PdL a few days earlier. Italy First (political party) The founding manifesto of Italy First included criticism of the PdL, its participation in the European People's Party and its compliance to Europeanism and economic liberalism. One of the first political campaigns of the new party was against the euro currency. New Italy (foundation) Formed in 2006 within the National Alliance (AN), the successor party of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), New Italy was affiliated to The People of Freedom (PdL), a broad centre-right party led by Silvio Berlusconi, from its foundation in 2009 to 2013, when Alemanno left the party to launch Italy First. New Italy (foundation) In October 2013 Alemanno, who was defeated in his mayoral re-election bid, left the PdL. A few days later, he launched a new political party called Italy First. In doing this, he was actively supported by New Italy, which contributed to the draft of the party's founding manifesto. Forza Italia (2013) The new FI, announced in June 2013, was launched on 18 September and the PdL was formally dissolved into the party on 16 November. The day before a group of dissidents (mainly Christian democrats), led by Berlusconi's former protégé Angelino Alfano, had broken away by announcing the foundation of the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD). Another group of PdL members, led by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno, had left the party earlier in order to form Italy First (they would later join the Brothers of Italy, FdI). According to Berlusconi, the PdL would become a coalition of centre-right parties, including the new FI, Lega Nord (LN), the NCD, the FdI, etc. Italy First (political party) In December 2014 Alemanno, who was mired in a scandal related to his tenure as mayor of Rome, and, consequently, Italy First left FdI. Italy First (political party) The party was supported by the New Italy foundation, previously active within The People of Freedom (PdL) as Alemanno's factional think tank. National Movement for Sovereignty The roots of the MNS can be traced in the tradition of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), the party of the post-fascist right, and its successor, National Alliance (AN), launched in 1993 and established in 1995. Both National Action and The Right are heirs of that tradition. The latter was founded in 2007 by former President of Lazio Francesco Storace, who opposed the merger of National Alliance into The People of Freedom, while National Action was launched in 2015 by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno. Both Alemanno and Storace hailed from the Social Right faction of the defunct National Alliance. Italy First (political party) Soon after its foundation, Italy First participated in the process of enlargement of FdI, a party led by Giorgia Meloni, through the Workshop for Italy and was finally integrated into FdI in March 2014. Italy First thus became a faction within FdI and Alemanno was one of the party's leading candidates in the 2014 European Parliament election: he obtained almost 45,000 personal votes in the South, but was not elected to the European Parliament as FdI was below the 4% national threshold. Italy First (political party) Italy First (Prima l'Italia) was a national-conservative political party in Italy, which was briefly a faction of Brothers of Italy (FdI) and then joined into National Action (AN).	2013	information_extraction
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Damaru, Laouto	Giorgos Xylouris Xylouris plays the laouto as a solo instrument, in contrast to the traditional accompaniment role the laouto has in Cretan music. Normally in an ensemble, the laouto provides the rhythmic backing to the lyra, which is par excellence a singer's instrument. In this role, Giorgos is peerless. In the less usual role of lead instrument he has made the laouto a melodic instrument to frame and adorn song. Laouto The laouto (, pl. laouta ) is a long-neck fretted instrument of the lute family, found in Greece and Cyprus, and similar in appearance to the oud. It has four double-strings. It is played in most respects like the oud (plucked with a long plectrum); in Cyprus the laouto is plucked with a feather. This instrument is known in Albania as llautë (indefinite form) or llauta (definite form), and in Romania as lăuta. Laouto Unlike the oud and other short-necked lutes, the laouto has a higher string tension due to its steel strings and longer neck, and hence it is brighter in tone than the oud. It also has movable frets to permit the playing of the dromoi, or modes of Greek traditional music. The laouto also tends to have only one sound hole (sometimes two) whereas the oud family tend to have three. Despite this, there are many similarities between the laouto and the oud. Damaru A damaru (, ; Tibetan ཌ་མ་རུ་ or རྔ་ཆུང) is a small two-headed drum, used in Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. In Hinduism, the damaru is known as the instrument of the deity Shiva, associated with Tantric traditions. It is said to be created by Shiva to produce spiritual sounds by which the whole universe has been created and regulated. In Tibetan Buddhism, the damaru is used as an instrument in meditation practices. Kingri (string instrument) Kingri is a chordophone Indian bowed string instrument (string spike fiddle), similar to Rabab and Ravanastron. It has a resonator box of unglazed pottery, through which a stick is passed to function as the neck. Bladder fiddle On percussion instruments, the drum has been turned sideways on the instrument and the string runs across it like the sound-table on a spike lute. The string has been dropped in some cases, the bow stick becoming a drumstick and the instrument now a percussion instrument, called a boomba, stamp fiddle, stumpf fiddle, or pogo cello. Also called Devil's stick, Devil's violin, boom bass, hum strum, teufel stick or stomp stick. In the percussion instrument, the string may still have limited use as a chordophone, if it has been set up with a tuning peg to tighten the string; if used in this manner, the instrument is bowed with a notched stick, producing rough sounds. In some modern instruments, the string has been replaced by a long spring, solely a percussion instrument, and in other instruments the string has been dropped altogether. The Polish (Devil's fiddle) often has no string, but includes the memory of the instrument's past, by placing a violin-shaped piece of wood on the instrument. Idakka The idakka (), also spelt edaykka/edakka, is an hourglass-shaped drum from Kerala in south India. This handy percussion instrument is very similar to the pan-Indian damaru. While the damaru is played by rattling knotted cords against the resonators, the idakka is played with a stick. Like the damaru, the idakka's pitch may be bent by squeezing the lacing in the middle. The idakka is slung over the left shoulder and the right side of the instrument is gently beaten with a thin curve-ended stick. It is played in temples and in performances such as Kathakali and Mohiniattam classical dance. Laouto The strings of the laouto were traditionally of gut, although modern laoutos have also steel (or steel wound nylon) strings similar to those of the bouzouki. Damaru The damaru is very common throughout the Indian subcontinent. The damaru is known as a power drum, and when played, it is believed to generate spiritual energy. It is associated with the Hindu deity Shiva. It is believed that Sanskrit language was recognized by the drumbeats of the damaru (see Shiva Sutra for the sounds), and his performance of the cosmic dance of tandava. The damaru is used by itinerant musicians of all stripes, due to its small portable size. Pitched percussion instrument A pitched percussion instrument (also known as a melodic or tuned percussion instrument) is a percussion instrument used to produce musical notes of one or more pitches, as opposed to an unpitched percussion instrument which is used to produce sounds of indefinite pitch.	Damaru is percussion, Laouto is string.	classification
Based on the reference text, what was the start date and the expected completion date of the reconstruction project on the Howard Frankland bridge.	Howard Frankland Bridge Once the reconstruction project is finished in 2025, major traffic congestion on the Howard Frankland bridge is expected to be significantly reduced by the addition of new lanes. On January 7, 2021, FDOT postponed by a week to January 16, 2021 the start date for removing an overpass and the corresponding exit ramp over I-275. It had been scheduled to shut down by 8 p.m., EST, January 9, through January 10. This work was part of the U.S. $600 million toll road project. On January 16 to 17, 2021, workers removed the 4th street north interchange bridge (overpass) from 8 p.m. on January 16, to 12 p.m. on January 17. Exit 32 was closed until late 2021 while the new overpass is constructed. Howard Frankland Bridge After the widening project in 1992, Interstate 275 was increased to eight lanes on the bridge itself. However, this did not increase capacity on either end of the bridge. Backups were still seen on the Howard Frankland heading into Tampa, primarily due to a bottleneck at the SR 60/Veterans Expressway exit. On the St. Petersburg side, after a comprehensive reconstruction project that took over ten years, lane counts were increased from four lanes prior to the bridge to six lanes through downtown St. Petersburg, and eight lanes from Gandy Boulevard to the bridge. Howard Frankland Bridge Overall construction on this large project began in fall 2020 and completion is expected in late 2025. A completely new bridge will carry southbound traffic. Once that bridge is completed, the existing southbound bridge will be converted to carry northbound traffic. When all traffic is moved to the final alignment, the existing northbound bridge will be removed. The newly built bridge for southbound traffic will include a separate pathway for pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and additional vehicle traffic lanes. Howard Frankland Bridge A reconstruction project was planned to begin in 2017 for the new Gateway Expressway project, a plan to build a new toll road to connect different parts in Pinellas County. However, FDOT planned to reconstruct the interstate in smaller phases rather than the original larger two-phase project and the start of construction was delayed to 2020. Howard Frankland Bridge Work began in fall 2020 to rebuild this bridge with separate pedestrian and bicycle lanes, with completion expected in late 2025. The new bridge will be north of the existing bridge. This allows traffic to use the old bridge while the new wider bridge is under construction. The existing southbound bridge will be converted to northbound lanes, once the new bridge is completed. Interstate 275 (Florida) The staged reconstruction project for I-275 between the Howard Frankland Bridge and Downtown Tampa was supposed to begin in mid-2006. However, bids received by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) for the project came in at $100 million (40 percent) over the projected estimates, which was blamed on the rising cost of asphalt and other materials, which was, in turn, partly blamed on the rising oil prices worldwide. As a result, FDOT commenced with the project in four smaller phases, rather than the original, large-scale, two-phase project. Construction began on phase one, the northbound lanes (south of the existing interstate) between Himes Avenue and Downtown Tampa, on August 13, 2007, and was completed in April 2010. Phase two, which includes construction of the northbound lanes from the Westshore area to Himes, was originally scheduled to begin in 2008 but was delayed further. The third phase will consist of transferring northbound traffic onto the new northbound lanes, southbound traffic onto the existing northbound lanes, and the construction of the new southbound lanes from Himes to downtown. Finally, the fourth and final phase will construct the new southbound lanes from the Westshore area to Himes. The entire project was originally scheduled to be completed by around 2013 or 2014, but it was extended until early 2015 and costed an estimated $540 million (equivalent to $ in ), an increase from the original $350-million (equivalent to $ in ) budget. Finally, on March 30, 2015, the fourth and final phase was finished with the new lanes finally opening, ending the long term project in Downtown Tampa. Third Avenue Bridge (New York City) As part of a major NYCDOT reconstruction project from 2001-2005, a new swing span was floated into place on October 29, 2004. Two lanes of Manhattan-bound traffic opened on December 6, 2004, and the remaining three lanes opened in 2005. In addition to replacing the swing span and its machinery, the project included redesigned approach ramps to the bridge on the Bronx side and off the bridge in Manhattan. As reconstructed, the Third Avenue Bridge carries five lanes of Manhattan-bound traffic from the Bronx, which split to three ramps in Manhattan: to East 128th Street and Second Avenue; to Lexington Avenue and East 129th Street; and to the southbound Harlem River Drive/FDR Drive. Gateway Expressway The project includes express lanes on I-275 from south of Gandy Boulevard to 4th Street North, where they will meet express lanes under construction as part of the new Howard Frankland bridge project. Nowra Bridge In August 2019 Infrastructure Australia approved the construction of a new four-lane bridge immediately to the west (upriver) of the existing bridges. This new bridge would become the new crossing for northbound traffic. The existing northbound bridge would be converted for southbound traffic, allowing the bridge built in 1881 to be re-purposed as a pedestrian and cycle bridge. The replacement bridge is expected to cost 342 million; with funding to be shared between the Commonwealth and New South Wales governments, and the private sector. Work commenced in early 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2024. Interstate 95 A few miles to the east was another major project: the Woodrow Wilson Bridge replacement. The bridge carries I-95/I-495 over the Potomac River. The former Woodrow Wilson Bridge, which has since been demolished, was a six-lane bridge that was severely over-capacity. The new bridge is actually two bridges with a total of 12 lanes; five in each direction, with an additional lane in each direction for future use (rapid-bus or train). This project was completed with the 10 lanes opened on December 13, 2008, greatly reducing the traffic delays on the beltway. The lanes are divided into two thru-lanes and three local lanes in each direction. About north of the Wilson Bridge, and about south of Baltimore near Laurel, Maryland, construction on a large new interchange began in 2008, was scheduled for completion in late 2011, and opened to traffic on November 9, 2014, which connects I-95 to Maryland Route 200.	The reconstruction project of the Howard Frankland bridge started in fall of 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2025.	closed_qa
What is the largest state by land size in the United States of America?	Edge Hill, Georgia According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land, tying it with Santa Claus for being the smallest city in Georgia by land size. Texas Texas is the second-largest U.S. state, after Alaska, and the largest state within the contiguous United States, with an area of . Though 10% larger than France, almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, and more than twice the size of the United Kingdom, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 39th-largest. Geography of Libya Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Idaho Idaho ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. The state's capital and largest city is Boise. With an area of , Idaho is the 14th largest state by land area, but with a population of approximately 1.8 million, it ranks as the 13th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. Geography of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is India's fourth largest state by land area, and most populous state, located in the north-central part of the country. It spreads over a large area, and the plains of the state are quite distinctly different from the high mountains in the north. The climate of this state can also vary widely - primarily due to it being far from the moderating effect of the sea and the occasional cold air arising due to western disturbances. Demographics of South Carolina The U.S. state of South Carolina is located in the Southern United States. It is the 23rd largest state by population, with a population of 5,024,369 according to 2017 United States Census estimates. State by State State by State: A Panoramic Portrait of America is a collection of pieces about the United States, with one essay on each of the fifty states. It was conceived of and edited by Matt Weiland and Sean Wilsey. Chihuahua (state) Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area, with an area of , it is slightly larger than the United Kingdom, and slightly smaller than Wyoming, the tenth largest US state by area. The state is consequently known under the nickname ('The Great State' or 'The Big State'). Netball in the United States Netball is run in the United States by two major sports governing boards Netball America and United States of America Netball Association. United States of America Mathematical Talent Search The United States of America Mathematical Talent Search (USAMTS) is a mathematics competition open to all United States students in or below high school.	The largest state by land size in the United States of America is Alaska.	open_qa
What colors are typically associated with Christmas?	Pfeffernüsse In Germany, Pfeffernüsse are associated with Christmas. The cookie has been part of yuletide celebrations since the 1850s. Christmas flowers Holly is the plant most associated with Christmas in many European countries. Holly wreaths are hung on doors, and sprigs of holly are used to trim Christmas puddings. Observance of Christmas by country Examples of candies and treats associated with Christmas are marzipan, toffee, knäck (quite similar to butterscotch), nuts and fruits: figs, chocolate, dates and oranges decorated with cloves. Poinsettia (cocktail) A poinsettia cocktail is a mixture of champagne, Cointreau (or Triple Sec), and cranberry juice. It is named after the poinsettia flower, commonly associated with Christmas. Christmas flowers In New Zealand, the pohutukawa tree is often associated with Christmas, as its bright red flowers usually appear in December. Edam cheese The cheese is also associated with Christmas in Sweden and Norway due to its red color, and is often found on the Christmas Julbord buffet. Christmas Since the 16th century, the poinsettia, a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas carrying the Christian symbolism of the Star of Bethlehem; in that country it is known in Spanish as the Flower of the Holy Night. Other popular holiday plants include holly, mistletoe, red amaryllis, and Christmas cactus. Christmas The traditional colors of Christmas decorations are red, green, and gold. Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which was shed in his crucifixion; green symbolizes eternal life, and in particular the evergreen tree, which does not lose its leaves in the winter; and gold is the first color associated with Christmas, as one of the three gifts of the Magi, symbolizing royalty. Rona Elliot Elliot became program director for NBC's Young Adult Radio Network The Source in 1982. She is credited with first introducing American audiences to Band Aid’s charity single, Do They Know It's Christmas? Christmas traditions The traditional colors of Christmas decorations are red, green, and gold. Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which was shed in his crucifixion, while green symbolizes eternal life, and in particular the evergreen tree, which does not lose its leaves in the winter, and gold is the first color associated with Christmas, as one of the three gifts of the Magi, symbolizing royalty.	Red and Green are associated with Christmas	open_qa
Given this reference text about Jimmy John's, how many Jimmy John's locations are there?	Jimmy John's Jimmy John's is an American sandwich chain headquartered in Champaign, Illinois. The business was founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983. After Liautaud graduated from high school, his father gave him a choice to either join the military or start a business. Liautaud, choosing the latter, initially decided to start a hot dog business, but changed to opening a sandwich business due to costs. Jimmy John's The Jimmy John's franchise has over 2700 locations, with 98% of them being franchises. in 2016, Roark Capital Group purchased a majority stake in the company. Later, in 2019, Inspire Brands purchased the company from Roark Capital Group for an unspecified amount. Jimmy John's On September 25, 2019, Inspire Brands (affiliated with Roark Capital Group) announced that it was buying Jimmy John's for an unspecified amount in a deal unanimously approved by Liautaud and the rest of the Jimmy John's board of directors. At the close of the deal, Liautaud would step down as chairman of the company and transition to become an adviser to the brand. The acquisition was completed on October 18. Jimmy John Liautaud In September 2019, Roark's Inspire Brands announced it was acquiring Jimmy John's for an unspecified amount in a deal unanimously approved by Liautaud and the rest of the Jimmy John's Board of Directors. At the close of the deal, Liautaud said that he will step down as chairman of the company and transition to become an advisor to the brand. The acquisition was completed on October 18. Jimmy John's Jimmy John's was named #1 on the Entrepreneur 2016 Franchise 500. In 2014, YouGov BrandIndex ranked restaurant chains that have the highest millennial brand loyalty, and Jimmy John's topped the ranking with 83% of the vote based on restaurants they would consider going to again. Jimmy John's was named the #2 Most Popular Restaurant for Business Meals by expense reporting program Certify. In 2015, Entrepreneur.com named Jimmy John's one of the 10 Promising Franchises for Ambitious Entrepreneurs. In March 2017, Jimmy John's won Franchise Times' Deal of the Year for attracting Roark Capital Group as the company's new majority owner. FT's judges called the deal one of the best private equity deals of all time in the restaurant business. Jimmy John's After Jimmy John Liautaud graduated second to last in his class at Elgin Academy in 1982, his father gave him a choice to either join the Army or start a business. Although his father wanted him to enlist, the younger Liautaud chose the latter, and his father agreed to loan him $25,000 in exchange for a 48% stake in the business. Initially Jimmy John wanted to open a hot dog stand, but after visiting numerous such stands throughout the summer of 1982, he realized the $25,000 would not be enough for such a venture. After a chance encounter at a sandwich shop, Jimmy John realized that he could open a sandwich shop within his available budget by purchasing premium meats at a neighborhood market and baking his own bread. With the help of his family as tasters, he decided to put four sandwiches on his original menu. Paying $200 a month in rent, Liautaud could only afford used equipment consisting of a refrigerator, a chest freezer, an oven, and a meat slicer. Jimmy John Liautaud James John Liautaud (born January 12, 1964) is an American restaurateur, who is widely known as the founder and former chairman of Jimmy John's sandwich chain. Charleston, Illinois Jimmy John Liautaud founded the first Jimmy John's restaurant in Charleston in 1983, occupying premises near the corner of Fourth Street and Lincoln Avenue. Jimmy John Liautaud After Liautaud graduated from high school in 1982, his father offered him a loan of $25,000 to open a business on the condition that if the business failed, he would enlist in the US Army. Although his father wanted him to enlist, he agreed to loan the money in exchange for a 48% stake in the business. Initially Jimmy John wanted to open a hot dog stand, but after visiting numerous such stands throughout the summer of 1982, he realized the $25,000 would not be enough for such a venture. After a chance encounter at a sandwich shop, Jimmy John realized that he could open a sandwich shop within his available budget by purchasing premium meats at a neighborhood market and baking his own bread. With the help of his family as tasters, he decided to put four sandwiches on his original menu. On January 13, 1983 Jimmy John's Gourmet Sandwiches opened in Charleston, Illinois. Due to the poor location of his first store, Liautaud decided to include delivery of his sandwiches to boost sales. He began by bringing samples door-to-door to the nearby Eastern Illinois University dorms. By the end of his first year, the restaurant started making a profit. At the end of his second year, Liautaud was able to purchase his father's share in the business and he became sole owner. The business continued to grow, and he was able to open his second and third shops in 1986 and 1987. Jimmy John Liautaud In 1988, Liautaud met businessman Jamie Coulter. At the time, Coulter was a Pizza Hut Franchisee, and later founded and ran Lone Star Steakhouse and Saloon and other chains. Coulter helped Liautaud take his business to the next level. In 1994 he sold his first Jimmy John's franchise, in addition to the 10 stores owned by Liautaud himself.	There are currently 2700 locations in the Jimmy John's franchise.	closed_qa
Why do people like Red Light Therapy?	Photosens It is a photosensitiser (activated by 675 nm red light) sometimes used in photodynamic therapy trials. Light therapy There is preliminary evidence that light therapy is an effective treatment for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. Light therapy The effectiveness of light therapy for treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be linked to the fact that light therapy makes up for lost sunlight exposure and resets the body's internal clock. Studies show that light therapy helps reduce the debilitating and depressive behaviors of SAD, such as excessive sleepiness and fatigue, with results lasting for at least 1 month. Light therapy is preferred over antidepressants in the treatment of SAD because it is a relatively safe and easy therapy. Two methods of light therapy, bright light and dawn simulation, have similar success rates in the treatment of SAD. Light therapy Light therapy, also called phototherapy or bright light therapy is intentional daily exposure to direct sunlight or similar-intensity artificial light in order to treat medical disorders, especially seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Treating skin conditions such as neurodermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and eczema with ultraviolet light is called ultraviolet light therapy. Dora Colebrook Her initial findings about light therapy were controversial since the medical consensus in 1920s held that the well-established light therapy was effective. She was still involved in controversy over the efficacy of light therapy into the late 1940s. Light therapy Light therapy has also been suggested in the treatment of non-seasonal depression and other psychiatric mood disturbances, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and postpartum depression. A meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that for patients suffering from non-seasonal depression, light therapy offers modest though promising antidepressive efficacy. A 2008 systematic review concluded that overall, bright light therapy is an excellent candidate for inclusion into the therapeutic inventory available for the treatment of nonseasonal depression today, as adjuvant therapy to antidepressant medication, or eventually as stand-alone treatment for specific subgroups of depressed patients. A 2015 review found that supporting evidence for light therapy was limited due to serious methodological flaws. Light therapy Light therapy has been trialed in treating sleep disorders experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease. Norman E. Rosenthal In 1980, his team at NIMH admitted a patient with depression who had observed seasonal changes within himself and thought previous research regarding melatonin release at night may be able to help him. Rosenthal and his colleagues treated the patient with bright lights, which helped to successfully manage the depression. They conducted a formal follow-up study to confirm the success. The results were published in 1984, officially describing SAD and pioneering light therapy as an effective treatment method. Although not all researchers agree with Rosenthal's conclusions on the effect of light therapy, the latest version of the Textbook of Mood Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association includes a chapter on SAD and light therapy for mood disorders and light therapy for SAD. Light therapy for SAD is also endorsed by the National Institute for Mental Health. Therapy? Therapy? collaborated with the short-lived rap group Fatal (part of the Soul Assassin camp, not to be confused with the hip hop artist Fatal) on the track Come and Die from the soundtrack to the 1993 film Judgment Night. Cairns has contributed vocals and guitar to various recordings with different bands throughout the years – Jonestown Mind (1994) and Waiting For Earthquakes (2001) by The Almighty, Rehab (2000) by UK band Manchild, Radio (2001) by UK band Dog Toffee (although this version remains unreleased), Gleason (2002) by Northern Irish band Throat, Get Your Groove On (2003) by The Wildhearts, F8 (2005) by This Is Menace, The Second Triumvirate of Lavonia (2009) by Italian band Inferno, Crisis? What Crisis? and Ignite (2014) by UK band Thirty Six Strategies and Celebrating Sinking (2015) by Ricky Warwick. Therapy? appear on the 2005 Welt Turbojugend Tage DVD, performing three songs live in Hamburg. Therapy?, along with Biohazard and Gunshot, contributed with remixes on Pitchshifter's 1995 album, The Remix War. Dora Colebrook She was appointed as the secretary to the Medical Research Council's Clinical and Biological Sub-Committee to the Committee on the Biological Actions of Light after an introduction from her brother, the bacteriologist Leonard Colebrook. At that time, light therapy from white or ultraviolet light, was becoming increasing popular for an increasing range of conditions. Her research focused on two areas where it was considered to be effective, namely therapy for varicose ulcers and for generically 'sickly' children. A study of 85 patients with varicose ulcers, comparing light therapy with conventional treatment using paste and dressings, indicated that the latter gave a much better outcome. Her second study, of 287 infant school children, despite some problems with the experimental design, also did not demonstrate a beneficial effect of light therapy. The study compared three treatments namely with UV light therapy, a treatment where the UV light was screened from the children using glass, and a control group who were not treated with light therapy. In a later randomised controlled trial of coalminers, office and factory workers, she was again unable to show a clear benefit of light therapy.	Red Light Therapy is good for anti-aging as well as other benefits. It has been shown to increase the amount of collagen your body produces, thus helping to decrease fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it can help reduce the appearance of scars and stretch marks. It's easy, painless and can even be done at home in as little as 3-10 minutes each day.	creative_writing
Classify the following by how they are affected by a strong permanent magnet as one of "attract", "repel", "nothing": iron nail, paper clips, a tin can, a compass, a plastic cup, a glass window, a leather wallet, a brick, a magnet of opposite polarity, pyrolytic carbon sheet.	Integra-Signum The locomotive's sending magnet is a strong permanent magnet, which induces a current in the receiving magnet in the middle of the track, if the signal's short-circuit contact is closed. The receiving magnet on the locomotive consists of two magnet field detectors, which detect the signal's state according to polarity and timing of the magnetic field emitted by the second magnet outside the track: Daniel Davis Jr. A class of instruments to which Davis referred was the magneto-electric machines that did not use batteries, but were powered by hand to make electricity. He described a strong permanent steel magnet as being the source of electrical power. In the Hand shocker figure, the letter S is the south pole of a permanent U magnet. The letter A represents a U armature of soft iron mounted on an axis that can revolve around rapidly by means of the hand operated wheel pulley mechanism. The iron ends rotated around the magnet poles of North and South of the permanent steel magnet. On the legs of this armature are wound coils of wire connected together. Whenever the legs of the armature approach or recede from the poles of the strong permanent magnet they acquire or lose magnetism and accordingly electrical currents are generated in the coils of wire. This electricity passes by another coil and is mechanically intermittently broken by the revolution of the hand wheel mechanism. This collapsing and building of magnetic fields between the coils produces a high voltage shock to the medical patient. Magnet A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include the elements iron, nickel and cobalt and their alloys, some alloys of rare-earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism. Programmable matter An electropermanent magnet is a type of magnet which consists of both an electromagnet and a dual material permanent magnet, in which the magnetic field produced by the electromagnet is used to change the magnetization of the permanent magnet. The permanent magnet consists of magnetically hard and soft materials, of which only the soft material can have its magnetization changed. When the magnetically soft and hard materials have opposite magnetizations the magnet has no net field, and when they are aligned the magnet displays magnetic behaviour. Field magnet Field magnet refers to a magnet used to produce a magnetic field in a device. It may be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. When the field magnet is an electromagnet, it is referred to as a field coil. Ribbon microphone In a moving-coil microphone, the diaphragm is attached to a light movable coil that generates a voltage as it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet. In ribbon microphones, a light metal ribbon (usually corrugated) is suspended between the poles of a magnet. As the ribbon vibrates, a voltage is induced at right angles to both the ribbon velocity and magnetic field direction and is picked off by contacts at the ends of the ribbon. Ribbon microphones are also called velocity microphones because the induced voltage is proportional to the velocity of the ribbon and thus of the air particles in the sound wave, unlike in some other microphones where the voltage is proportional to the displacement of the diaphragm and the air. Magnetite Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula FeFeO. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth. Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism. Electropermanent magnet An electropermanent magnet or EPM is a type of permanent magnet in which the external magnetic field can be switched on or off by a pulse of electric current in a wire winding around part of the magnet. The magnet consists of two sections, one of hard (high coercivity) magnetic material and one of soft (low coercivity) material. The direction of magnetization in the latter piece can be switched by a pulse of current in a wire winding about the former. When the magnetically soft and hard materials have opposing magnetizations, the magnet produces no net external field across its poles, while when their direction of magnetization is aligned the magnet produces an external magnetic field. Plastic cup A plastic cup is a cup made out of plastic, commonly used as a container to hold beverages. Some are reusable while others are intended for a single use followed by recycling or disposal. Ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) which results in a large observed magnetic permeability, and in many cases a large magnetic coercivity allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are the familiar metals noticeably attracted to a magnet, a consequence of their large magnetic permeability. Magnetic permeability describes the induced magnetization of a material due to the presence of an external magnetic field, and it is this temporarily induced magnetization inside a steel plate, for instance, which accounts for its attraction to the permanent magnet. Whether or not that steel plate acquires a permanent magnetization itself, depends not only on the strength of the applied field, but on the so-called coercivity of that material, which varies greatly among ferromagnetic materials.	Items that are strongly or weakly attracted are called "ferromagnetic" and "paramagnetic", respectively. These include: iron nail, paper clips, a tin can, a compass. Items that are repelled by a magnet are either "paramagnetic" or themselves permanent magnets of the opposite polarity, including: a magnet of opposite polarity, pyrolytic carbon sheet. Items that are not affected by a permanent magnet are called "nonmagnetic" and include: a plastic cup, a glass window, a leather wallet, a brick.	classification
What family do tigers, lions and panthers all belong to?	Andre Felix National Park The main species of fauna found are ostriches, buffaloes, crocodiles, elephants, giraffes, hippos, lions, panthers, wild boars among others. Giza Zoo Mammals at the zoo include giraffes, rhinos, black bears, raccoons, elephants, sea lions, tigers, lions, cheetahs, zebras, agoutis, red foxs, Dorcas gazelles, and Scimitar horned oryxes. Stigmatomycosis Stigmatomycosis is caused by the filamentous fungi Ashbya gossypii, Eremothecium coryli (syn. Nematospora coryli), and Aureobasidium pullulans. All of them belong to the phylum of ascomycetes Ouarsenis The mountain forests are home to several animals such as wolves, foxes, caracals, boars, hyenas, hedgehogs. The area was previously inhabited by lions and panthers. Jean Auguste Margueritte reported that a single person from Beni Mahrez tribe near Theniet El Hed killed 14 lions and 3 panthers in the 1840s. The Three Enchanted Princes A variant from Crete, Die Töchter des Königs Tsun Matsun, was collected by Paul Kretschmer. In this, the brother-in-law are the king of tigers and lions and the king of birds. Badger Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae (which also includes the otters, wolverines, martens, minks, polecats, weasels, and ferrets). Badgers are a polyphyletic rather than a natural taxonomic grouping, being united by their squat bodies and adaptions for fossorial activity. All belong to the caniform suborder of carnivoran mammals. Tiger versus lion The possibility of conflict between lions and tigers had been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which was meant to introduce the lions of Gir Forest in the State of Gujarat, to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, before December 2017. Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore National Park, including one called 'T-38'. Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would trigger frequent clashes. At the same, the American biologist Craig Packer and his students at the University of Minnesota considered that a group of lions (two to three males) would have a clear advantage over a tiger and a pack of lionesses (two to four females) would have a similar advantage over a tigress, despite the general advantage of the latter in weight or height. Coalitions of male lions usually fight as a group against territorial rivals, so he mentions that a tiger may have an advantage in a one-on-one encounter, but they also considered that the additional fighting experience and mane perhaps confer an advantage to a lone male lion since the tiger's fighting style evolved in the absence of a mane. Despite all of this, Craig Packer is of the opinion that for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, the lions would have to be moved there as intact groups rather than as individuals. Although the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favour solitary hunters of prey, these lions are social like their African relatives, and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary. Adyghe grammar The interrogative pronoun хэт? who? is used to address the nouns that belong to the class of human being, and the pronoun сыд? what? is for the nouns that belong to the class of thing. For example: Almaty Zoo Especially widely represented in the Almaty Zoo are predatory animals of the feline family: lions, white lions, Persian and Far Eastern leopards, black panthers, jaguars, cougars, servals and lynxes. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals.	Tigers, lions and panthers are all a part of the cat family	open_qa
Why do people like to travel?	People Like Us (band) People Like Us was a South-African Hi-NRG band from the mid-1980s who had success with their song Deliverance. The Psychology of Time Travel In the Los Angeles Times the author said that I thought, well this could actually be a really interesting route into a story, to think about how if we’d invented time travel rather than space travel, what involvement would psychologists have had? What stressors would they identify in time travel? And who would they be trying to recruit? Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Seascape (play) Nancy expresses her desire to be near the water forever. She loves everything about it and would like to travel from beach to beach. Charlie responds negatively to her dreams. He does not want to do anything or go anywhere. People Like Us (musician) People Like Us has programmed DO or DIY, an experimental arts radio and podcast show, on WFMU since 2003. The show appears weekly on a seasonal basis. WFMU has also created a 24-hour-per-day radio stream of sound collage and music chosen by Bennett. People Like Us (Kelly Clarkson song) People Like Us is a pop anthem with a length of four minutes and 20 seconds, a radio edit of it omits a part of the final chorus. The track begins with a spoken word intro and opens into an up-tempo pop melody, with its lyrics mainly exploring the themes of assurance, empowerment, celebration for the eccentrics and outcasts, which were dedicated by Clarkson as people like us. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. People Like Us (Aaron Tippin song) People Like Us debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of January 13, 2001. People Like Us (Kelly Clarkson song) People Like Us is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson, from her first greatest hits album, Greatest Hits – Chapter One (2012). One of the three songs recorded for the compilation, it was released as its third and final single through RCA Records on April 8, 2013. Written by Meghan Kabir, James Michael, Blair Daly, and produced by Greg Kurstin, People Like Us is an uptempo pop song, with its lyrical content primarily dealing with themes of empowerment, acceptance, and assurance for the eccentrics, who were being dedicated to as people like us.	There are many reasons that people like to travel and the motivation to travel is always unique to each person. The most common reasons are to explore globally famous landmarks, new cultures, different authentic food and to meet new people, which will expand the perspective of different cultures and their value systems. Also, to unwind and relax from their day to busy schedules. Apart from that with the wide use of social media platforms people have more information and knowledge to get influence. People also travel for research and educational purposes to places such as museums, and historical landmarks. Overall, traveling can be an enriching, relaxing, and fulfilling experience that will gather beautiful lifelong memories, experiences, and lessons.	general_qa
Identify which car manufacturer is Chinese or American: Dongfeng, Chrysler	Chrysler Airflite The Chrysler Airflite was a concept car created by the American car manufacturer Chrysler. It was first introduced at the 2003 Geneva Auto Show. The Airflite's looks are a combination of a sporty design, stylish looks, and some of the design cues from another one of Chrysler's cars, the Crossfire. Senova D60 The Senova D60 is a mid-size sedan produced by the Chinese car manufacturer BAIC Motor under the Senova brand. Dongfeng Yufeng The Dongfeng Yufeng (东风御风) or Dongfeng E-Travel is a light commercial van produced by the Chinese automaker Dongfeng since 2012. Dongfeng CA71 The Dongfeng CA71 () is a medium-sized limousine made by the Chinese automobile manufacturer First Automotive Works (FAW) and produced in small numbers in 1958. It was the first passenger car to be produced entirely in China. Dongfeng Nengdi Dongfeng Nengdi (Hangzhou) Motor Co., Ltd. also known as just DND is a Chinese manufacturer of fire trucks. Dongfeng Fengguang 370 The Dongfeng Fengguang 370 is a compact MPV produced by Chinese automaker Dongfeng-Xiaokang (Sokon), a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. Dongfeng Fengguang 330S The Dongfeng Fengguang 330S is a compact MPV produced by Chinese auto maker Dongfeng-Sokon (DFSK), a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. Dongfeng Yangtse In 2016-05-23, Yangzijiang Dongfeng Automobile (Wuhan) Co., Ltd. announced renaming the company to Dongfeng Yangtse (扬子江汽车集团有限公司). Dongfeng Fengguang 330 The Dongfeng Fengguang 330 is a compact MPV produced by Chinese auto maker Dongfeng Sokon (DFSK), a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. Dongfeng Succe The Dongfeng Succe (帅客) or Dongfeng Yumsun is a compact MPV produced by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile, a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.	Chrysler is American, Dongfeng is Chinese	classification
Why is Arsenal FC a great football club?	Culture of Bangalore Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangalore(it has its own IPL team RCB or Royal Challengers Bangalore and has a huge fan following) though it has lost some of its popularity in a small amount of time to football, basketball and tennis. English football clubs Manchester United, Liverpool F.C. and Arsenal FC have a large number of supporters in the city. Bengaluru FC is a football club based in Bangalore and was formed in 2013. The club, which originally participated in the I-League, now plays in the Indian Super League. Arsenal Football Club v Reed Arsenal FC is a well known football club which was founded in 1886. The club generated revenues of £381.7 million in the business year which ended 31 May 2010, inter alia by selling merchandising products. Arsenal FC owns UK trademark registrations for the word Arsenal, registered trademark number 1383343, for the Arsenal Cannon device, registered trademark number 1387461, for the Arsenal FC crest device, registered trademark number 1387589 and the words Arsenal Gunners, registered trademark number 1393203, which were registered in 1989. Matthew Reed had been selling football merchandise articles with the Arsenal FC marks from stalls near the Highbury Stadium for around 30 years. At the stalls were notices and disclaimers, stating that the products were not official. The few official products he had offered were specially labeled. Arsenal Football Club v Reed Arsenal FC is a football club, which owns registered trademarks. Matthew Reed had sold souvenirs bearing the registered trademarks of the Arsenal FC. In January 1999 Arsenal Football Club Plc started proceedings against Matthew Reed. They elected that Reed had infringed certain of the registered trademarks and had carried out acts of passing off. The European Court of Justice had considered whether the third party use affected, or was likely to affect, the essential function of the mark, and had found the third party use of the registered trademarks was liable to have an effect on the functions of the registered trademark. Pele FC Pele FC is a Guyanese football club based in Georgetown, competing in the GFF Elite League, the top tier of Guyanese football. The club was founded in 1971 and is named after Brazilian football legend Pelé. Primo Villanueva Primo Villanueva was and is an athlete, a great football player. But he was not always so. ... Ask Primo Villanueva about some of the boys he was raised with -- and be sure and ask him what athletics did for him. Ritzing It is most famous for its football club, the SC Ritzing. The Arsenal FC football team played a Burgenland XI in the town, on Monday, July 28, 2008, and beat the team 10–2, with Arsenal scoring 7 goals before half time. Suwon FC Suwon FC (; Hanja: 水原 FC) is a South Korean professional football club based Suwon that competes in the K League 1, the top division of South Korea. They play their home games at Suwon Stadium. FC Arsenal Kharkiv FC Arsenal Kharkiv is a football club based in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Arsenal Kharkiv currently plays in the regional competitions of Kharkiv city. In 2005 on the base of the club was formed another club FC Kharkiv. FC Arsenal has a well established infrastructure with series of stadiums and sport schools. Arsenal Football Club Museum The Arsenal Football Club Museum is a museum in Holloway, London, run by Arsenal Football Club and dedicated to the history of the club. Guimarães During Vitória SC European campaigns, the Portuguese team played against teams like Arsenal FC, Atletico Madrid, Real Sociedad, Eintracht Frankfurt, Parma FC and Borussia Monchengladbach.	Arsenal is one of the greatest football clubs in the world for many reasons. First of all, it has one of the largest global fanbases from all continents on the globe. The fan base headcount is within the top 10 of all existing sports teams. It has been one of the most successful clubs in terms of winning silverware, with 13 league titles and 14 FA cups to its name. It has a rich history of having international players that go on to become some of the greatest players in football/soccer history. The club is also located in the heart of London, making it a popular team for people from all around the world to come and visit. It has one of the best stadiums in Europe, Emirates Stadium, that can seat 65,000+ attendants and has an incredible atmosphere on game day.	general_qa
Give me the TLDR on using llamas to guard my livestock.	Llama Research suggests the use of multiple guard llamas is not as effective as one. Multiple males tend to bond with one another, rather than with the livestock, and may ignore the flock. A gelded male of two years of age bonds closely with its new charges and is instinctively very effective in preventing predation. Some llamas appear to bond more quickly to sheep or goats if they are introduced just prior to lambing. Many sheep and goat producers indicate a special bond quickly develops between lambs and their guard llama and the llama is particularly protective of the lambs. Guard llama Research suggests the use of multiple guard llamas is not as effective as one. Multiple males tend to bond with one another, rather than with the livestock, and may ignore the flock. A gelded male of two years of age instinctively bonds with its new charges and is very effective in preventing predation. Some llamas appear to bond more quickly to sheep or goats if they are introduced just prior to lambing. Many sheep and goat producers indicate a special bond quickly develops between lambs and their guard llama and the llama is particularly protective of the lambs. Llama Using llamas as livestock guards in North America began in the early 1980s, and some sheep producers have used llamas successfully since then. Some would even use them to guard their smaller cousins, the alpaca. They are used most commonly in the western regions of the United States, where larger predators, such as coyotes and feral dogs, are prevalent. Typically, a single gelding (castrated male) is used. Llama Using llamas as guards has reduced the losses to predators for many producers. The value of the livestock saved each year more than exceeds the purchase cost and annual maintenance of a llama. Although not every llama is suited to the job, most are a viable, nonlethal alternative for reducing predation, requiring no training and little care. Guard llama Guard llamas may defend against predators in many ways. Llamas are instinctively alert and aware of their surroundings, and may draw attention to an intruder by making a startling alarm call that sounds like a rusty hinge. They may walk or run toward an intruder, and chase or kick or spit at it. Others may stand apart from the group and watch the intruder. Although llamas have been known to kill predators (such as coyotes), they should not be considered attack-animals. They are generally effective against single intruders only, not packs. Guard llamas have been most common on ranches located in the Western United States, where larger predators, such as the coyote, have been more prevalent. Not every llama will guard, however, and it should not be assumed that because it is a llama it will guard. Guard llama Most research on the effectiveness of guard llamas has been done with sheep. A 1990 study reported that 80% of sheep producers with guard llamas rated them as effective or very effective. The study found average rates of loss to predators fell from 21% to 7% after the introduction of a guard llama. In other studies, over half of guard llamas completely eliminated losses due to predators. Coyotes have been injured and even killed by llamas. Llama Llamas were first imported into the US in the late 1800s as zoo exhibits. Restrictions on importation of livestock from South America due to hoof and mouth disease, combined with lack of commercial interest, resulted in the number of llamas staying low until the late 20th century. In the 1970s, interest in llamas as livestock began to grow, and the number of llamas increased as farmers bred and produced an increasing number of animals. Both the price and number of llamas in the US climbed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. With little market for llama fiber or meat in the US, and the value of guard llamas limited, the primary value in llamas was in breeding more animals, a classic sign of a speculative bubble in agriculture. By 2002, there were almost 145,000 llamas in the US according to the US Department of Agriculture, and animals sold for as much as $220,000. However, the lack of any end market for the animals resulted in a crash in both llama prices and the number of llamas; the Great Recession further dried up investment capital, and the number of llamas in the US began to decline as fewer animals were bred and older animals died of old age. By 2017, the number of llamas in the US had dropped below 40,000. A similar speculative bubble was experienced with the closely related alpaca, which burst shortly after the llama bubble. Guard llama A guard llama is a llama that is used in farming to protect sheep, goats, hens or other livestock from canidae such as coyotes, wolves, dingos, dogs, foxes and other predators. In the past, a single gelded (castrated) male was recommended. In more recent years, it has been discovered that single, unbred females make better and safer guardians. Sheep The 1970s saw a resurgence in the use of livestock guardian dogs and the development of new methods of predator control by sheep producers, many of them non-lethal. Donkeys and guard llamas have been used since the 1980s in sheep operations, using the same basic principle as livestock guardian dogs. Interspecific pasturing, usually with larger livestock such as cattle or horses, may help to deter predators, even if such species do not actively guard sheep. In addition to animal guardians, contemporary sheep operations may use non-lethal predator deterrents such as motion-activated lights and noisy alarms. Llamachayuq Llamachayuq (Quechua llama llama, -cha, -yuq suffixes, with a little llama (or llamas), also spelled Llamachayoq) is an archaeological complex with petroglyphs in Peru. It is located in the Apurímac Region, Andahuaylas Province, San Jerónimo District. The site with images of llamas, vicuñas, felines, people and the sun lies near Lliwpa Pukyu (Lliupapuquio) at a height of .	TLDR: LLamas can be used as livestock guards. Typically a single castrated male is the best choice (multiple males will bond with each other instead of bonding with the livestock). Generally llamas are cost effective, require no training and little care.	summarization
Tell me whether these are names of soft drinks or coffee: Starbucks, Peet's, Blue Bottle, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Canada Dry, Pepsi	Keurig Also in September 2015, Keurig launched Keurig Kold, a brewer which creates a variety of cold beverages including soft drinks, functional beverages, and sparkling waters. The machine brews beverages from The Coca-Cola Company (e.g. Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Sprite, Fanta) and the Dr Pepper Snapple Group (e.g. Dr Pepper, Canada Dry) and Keurig's own line of flavored sparkling and non-sparkling waters and teas, sports drinks, and soda-fountain drinks. Names for soft drinks in the United States Names for soft drinks in the United States vary regionally. Soda and Pop are the most common terms for soft drinks nationally, although other terms are used, such as, in the South, Coke (a genericized name for Coca-Cola). Since individual names tend to dominate regionally, the use of a particular term can be an act of geographic identity. The choice of terminology is most closely associated with geographic origin, rather than other factors such as race, age, or income. The differences in naming have been the subject of scholarly studies. Cambridge linguist Bert Vaux, in particular, has studied the pop vs. soda debate in conjunction with other regional vocabularies of American English. Canada Dry Canada Dry is a brand of soft drinks founded in 1904 and owned since 2008 by the American company Dr Pepper Snapple (now Keurig Dr Pepper). For over 100 years, Canada Dry has been known mainly for its ginger ale, though the company also manufactures a number of other soft drinks and mixers. Although Canada Dry originated in Canada, just as the brand name tells, it is now produced in many countries such as the United States, Panama, Mexico, Chile, Japan, and in a number of countries of Europe and the Middle East. Coffee cherry tea Starbucks Coffee and Blue Bottle Coffee have both featured cascara-based drinks on their seasonal menus, including a cascara latte and a cascara fizz, respectively. In October 2019, Dashfire Bitters of Minnesota released a ready-to-drink Manhattan cocktail using fig and cascara. Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Cape Cod The Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Cape Cod is a former bottler of Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper and Canada Dry soft drinks located in Sandwich, Massachusetts, United States. The company was bought out in 2000 by the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England. Abbot Kinney Boulevard Blue Bottle Coffee and Intelligentsia are popular coffee spots, for those of you who are coffee lovers. Pori Brewery In the 1970s and 1980s Pori Brewery was also manufacturing soft drinks like Pepsi and Teem under the license from PepsiCo. Slushy Slushies are either carbonated or non-carbonated. They can also come in a variety of flavors ranging from fruits such as strawberry, watermelon, and pineapples, to sodas such as Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta, and other flavors like caramel, chocolate, vanilla, and even ice coffee. Slushies made using alcoholic drinks are called frozen alcoholic drinks. Cratylus (dialogue) Cratylus ( ; , Kratylos) is the name of a dialogue by Plato. Most modern scholars agree that it was written mostly during Plato's so-called middle period. In the dialogue, Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to tell them whether names are conventional or natural, that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify. Sprite Lemon+ Sprite Lemon+ is a range of primarily lemonade-flavoured soft drinks produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Australia under the Sprite brand. Sprite Lemon+ Zero Sugar is an artificially sweetened version.	Starbucks is a brand of coffee Peet's is a brand of coffee Blue Bottle is a brand of coffee Coca-Cola is a soft drink Sprite is a soft drink Canada Dry is a soft drink Pepsi is a soft drink	classification
Classify each of the following as an American coffee shop chain or an American fast-food hamburger restaurant: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, McDonald's, In-N-Out, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, Burger King, Carl's Jr	The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf (sometimes shortened to simply Coffee Bean or The Coffee Bean, often abbreviated as CBTL) is an American coffee shop chain founded in 1963. Since 2019, it is a trade name of Ireland-based Super Magnificent Coffee Company Ireland Limited. Its 80% stake is by multinational company Jollibee Foods Corporation. It operates as an independent subsidiary and remains headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf After the news hit that the friendly neighborhood felines of One Bonifacio High Street suddenly disappeared, rumors began to circulate that the adjacent hotel had hired a pest control company called Pestbusters to get rid of them. The angry people of the Internet discovered that The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf is part of the Table Group, which also runs Pestbusters, the pest control company that “dealt with” the cats. The coffee chain has been implicated by association and is now being disavowed by its patrons. McDonald's Premium line The Premium coffee line is designed to compete in the high end coffee segment created by Peet's Coffee, specifically the international chains Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts and is advertised under the McCafé brand. Dutch Bros. Coffee Dutch Bros. Coffee is a publicly held drive-through coffee chain in the United States. Founded by Dane and Travis Boersma, it is headquartered in Grants Pass, Oregon, with company-owned and franchise locations primarily located in the western United States although the company has begun to expand as far east as Nashville in the early 2020s. Fast-food restaurant International brands dominant in North America include McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's, the number three burger chain in the USA; Dunkin' Donuts, a New England-based chain; automobile oriented Sonic Drive-In's from Oklahoma City; Starbucks, Seattle-born coffee-based fast-food beverage corporation; KFC and Taco Bell, which are both part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world, Yum! Brands; and Domino's Pizza, a pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery of fast food. Coffee wars The U.S. coffee market has since the early 2010s been primarily contested by its two largest players, Starbucks and Dunkin', which make up most of the country's commercial coffee shops. In 2014 The Guardian reported that There is a war going on in America, and the battleground is coffee. In July 2011 Dunkin' Donuts went public on the U.S. stock market, raising $427.5 million to heat up the fast-food java battle. In 2011 Dunkin' Donuts controlled more than half of the New England coffee market. Around 60 percent of the company's domestic sales were attributable to coffee and beverages. In 2016, Dunkin' Donuts revamped their iced coffee offering, a departure from their portfolio of warm drip coffee and basic espresso-based drinks. Two years later, in 2019, the donut company dropped donuts from its name in order to better compete in the beverage industry. In September 2019, Dunkin' committed $100 million to position itself against Starbucks and McDonalds, calling the former coffeeshop its arch enemy. By June, both companies registered record, yet comparable stock market growth, Dunkin' rising by 24 percent, Starbucks by 29 percent. A 2017 CNN analysis found that Dunkin' was particularly aggressive in the coffee wars. During that year's Starbucks annual meeting Schultz responded to Dunkin' market gains by telling shareholders to metaphorically bring the sabers out. Tim Hortons, a Canadian chain which historically had only a limited presence in the U.S. (primarily in Western New York), made a major expansion into the U.S. in the early part of the 21st century, culminating in its corporate merger with established U.S. fast food chain Burger King in 2014. Hamburger The McDonald's fast-food chain sells the Big Mac, one of the world's top selling hamburgers, with an estimated 550 million sold annually in the United States. Other major fast-food chains, including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W, Culver's, Whataburger, Carl's Jr./Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box, Cook Out, Harvey's, Shake Shack, In-N-Out Burger, Five Guys, Fatburger, Vera's, Burgerville, Back Yard Burgers, Lick's Homeburger, Roy Rogers, Smashburger, and Sonic also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are hamburger chains that specialize in the mid-tier restaurant-style variety of hamburgers. Carl's Jr. Carl's Jr. Restaurants LLC is an American fast food restaurant chain operated by CKE Restaurant Holdings, Inc., with franchisees in North & South America, Asia, Oceania, Europe and Africa. Dhanmondi Thana Dhanmondi is home to many renowned food chains, especially fast food. International chains include KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Chatime, Second Cup, Gloria Jean's Coffees, Coffee World, A&W, Pizza Inn, Secret Recipe, Mövenpick, Baskin-Robbins, New Zealand Natural, The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, CP, Herfy, Tony Roma's and ChicKing. Gastronomy in Singapore Cafes are another new popular option for Singaporeans in recent years. Besides large coffee chains such as Starbucks and The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, new emerging cafes are offering Instagram-worthy food and decent coffee. Diners not only expect good coffee but have high standards for both the taste and appearance of café foods. Popular cafe foods include varieties of Eggs Benedict, pancake and French toast.	Coffee shop chain: Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Dutch Bros, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Fast-food hamburger restaurant: McDonald's, In-N-Out, Burger King, Carl's Jr	classification
What is an unsecured loan?	Loan agreement Within these two categories though, there are various subdivisions such as interest-only loans, and balloon payment loans. It is also possible to subcategorize on whether the loan is a secured loan or an unsecured loan, and whether the rate of interest is fixed or floating. Unsecured creditor An unsecured creditor is a creditor other than a preferential creditor that does not have the benefit of any security interests in the assets of the debtor. Loan guarantee An unsecured personal loan that is popular with borrowers who have a poor credit rating. They also require the guarantor to meet the borrower’s obligations if they default on their loan repayments. Secured transaction The law treats differently those creditors who are secured (i.e. have an authenticated, perfected security interest) from those creditors who are unsecured. An unsecured creditor is simply a person who is owed money and has not received payment according to the terms of the agreed upon transaction. Upon default of a debtor who has multiple creditors, the distinction between being a secured creditor and an unsecured creditor is legally significant. The secured creditor will generally always have priority to getting his money before the unsecured creditors do. In other words, the unsecured creditor is at the back of the line of priority – his only remedy is to obtain a judgment from the court for the amount of the defaulted loan. Sri Guan Teik Enterprise Sdn Bhd Monthly Interest for Secured loan (Gold Pledging) is as low as 1%, whereas for unsecured loan is 1.5% monthly interest. Mortgage industry of the United Kingdom The mortgage part was typically on an interest only basis, while the unsecured loan was on a repayment basis. This meant that when making monthly payments, only the balance for the unsecured part would reduce. This arrangement often resulted in the borrowers becoming mortgage prisoners after the lenders stopped operating (for example Northern Rock), property prices were not rising and the customers were (or still are) unable to remortgage (due to the high loan to value) or sell their property. If they sold the property, the sale price would not cover the mortgage and the unsecured loan, so they would be left without a home and still carry some debt. Payday loan A payday loan (also called a payday advance, salary loan, payroll loan, small dollar loan, short term, or cash advance loan) is a short-term unsecured loan, often characterized by high interest rates. Unsecured guarantor loan A guarantor loan is a type of unsecured loan that requires a guarantor to co-sign the credit agreement. A guarantor is a person who agrees to repay the borrower’s debt should the borrower default on agreed repayments. The guarantor is often a family member or trusted friend who has a better credit history than the person taking out the loan and the arrangement is, therefore, viewed as less risky by the lender. A guarantor loan can, consequently, enable someone to borrow either more money, or the same amount at a lower rate of interest, than they would otherwise be able to secure through a more traditional type of loan. Loan Interest rates on unsecured loans are nearly always higher than for secured loans because an unsecured lender's options for recourse against the borrower in the event of default are severely limited, subjecting the lender to higher risk compared to that encountered for a secured loan. An unsecured lender must sue the borrower, obtain a money judgment for breach of contract, and then pursue execution of the judgment against the borrower's unencumbered assets (that is, the ones not already pledged to secured lenders). In insolvency proceedings, secured lenders traditionally have priority over unsecured lenders when a court divides up the borrower's assets. Thus, a higher interest rate reflects the additional risk that in the event of insolvency, the debt may be uncollectible. Unsecured debt In Australia, both the banks and NBFCs are providing unsecured loans include Private lenders. Unsecured loans are available to businesses that have no collateral or security to guarantee for applying for the loan. For the last few years, many small businesses are approaching private lenders for unsecured loans as	Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets.	open_qa
How does running slow make you run faster?	Py2exe Although this program transforms a .py file to an .exe, it does not make it run faster because py2exe bundles the Python bytecode without converting it to machine-code. It may even run slower than using the Python interpreter directly because of startup overhead. Ganggangsullae People doing 'running' have to run faster than 'walking'. They shouldn't open their legs very much, and they have to raise their knees while running. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Hardware for artificial intelligence Lisp machines were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to make AI programs written in the programming language Lisp run faster. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand. Slow media Slow Media is a branch of the Slow movement, also known as Slow Living. Slow Media is closely related to the Slow Blogging, Slow Books, Slow Communication, Slow Journalism, Slow News, Slow Reading and Slow television (Slow TV) movements, and sometimes used as a term encompassing all of these aspects. Yohan Blake Only Usain Bolt has run faster (9.58s, 9.63s, and 9.69s). His personal best for the 200 m (19.26 seconds) is the second fastest time ever after Bolt (19.19 seconds).	There has been a recent shift in thinking about the types of training that makes a distance runner faster while mitigating the risk of injuries. It has been found that running up to 80% of your weekly miles at a very comfortable slow pace was optimal for the fastest improvement. A slow pace can be measured by running at or below 70% of your maximum heart rate (MHR=220 beats per minute minus your age). For those who don't have a heart rate monitor, another way to measure that you are in this zone is by being able to have a conversation without being out of breath. This “run slow to get faster" methodology has been embraced by the elite running community and some believe has contributed to the multiple recent world records for both men and women in the middle and long distances. This has also been shown to have the same effect on beginner runners and had tremendous benefits that resulted in improved overall speed performance, while reducing the risk of injury in getting to your race day.	general_qa
Give me a bulleted list of all of the Star Wars movies in order by release date.	Dash Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a bullet at the start of each item in a bulleted list. (This is a matter of graphic design rather than orthography.) Bullet (typography) To create bulleted list items for a web page, the markup language HTML provides the list tag codice_1. Each list tag inside an unordered list will generate one bulleted list item. Bullet (typography) Lists made with bullets are called bulleted lists. The HTML element name for a bulleted list is unordered list, because the list items are not arranged in numerical order (as they would be in a numbered list). Usually, bullet points are used to list things. Star Wars Sourcebook Star Wars Sourcebook is a supplement published by West End Games (WEG) in 1987 for , itself based on the Star Wars movies. Bullet (typography) To create bulleted list items for a document, the markup language LaTeX provides the item tag codice_2. Each item tag inside an itemized list will generate one bulleted list item. Star Wars Minute Star Wars Minute is a daily podcast that analyzes, scrutinizes and celebrates the Star Wars movies in sequential order, with each episode covering a single minute of a movie. The podcast is hosted and created by Peter Pete the Retailer Bonavita and Alex Robinson, and features a rotating cast of guest commentators. So far, the series has covered the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, , and Rogue One: a Star Wars Story. The podcast is viewed as a trendsetter for movies by minutes podcasts and Vulture has called it the Ur-text for podcasts that examine films minute-by-minute. Physics and Star Wars The interstellar space opera epic Star Wars uses science and technology in its settings and storylines. The series has showcased many technological concepts, both in the movies and in the expanded universe of novels, comics and other forms of media. The Star Wars movies' primary objective is to build upon drama, philosophy, political science and less on scientific knowledge. Many of the on-screen technologies created or borrowed for the Star Wars universe were used mainly as plot devices. Star Wars Minute Bonavita and Robinson began analyzing Revenge of the Sith on November 13, 2017. Bonavita had only seen the movie once in the theaters, allowing for a unique perspective on the film. Throughout the season, the duo would often reference The Force Awakens and other Disney-Era Star Wars movies, implying that they would continue making Star Wars Minute past the Lucas era of movies. Star Wars: The Essential Guide to Vehicles and Vessels Star Wars: The Essential Guide To Vehicles and Vessels is details 100 vehicles and star-going craft to be seen and read about in the Star Wars movies, the graphic novels and the spin-off books. Star Wars Tech Star Wars Tech is a 2007 forty-six-minute television documentary about the science and technology of Star Wars including droids (robots) and other major aspects. The documentary was included in the special features in the Blu-ray release of all the Star Wars saga films.	1. Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) 2. Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) 3. Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983) 4. Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) 5. Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) 6. Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) 7. Episode VII: The Force Awakens (2015)	brainstorming
Given this paragraph about the M26, tell me how many times Hunt finished in the top 3, and explain your reasoning.	McLaren M26 McLaren relied on the M23 during the rest of the season and for the first few races of 1977 until it was deemed necessary that the M26 was to race in light of the wilting performance of its predecessor. The redesigned car made its debut at the Spanish Grand Prix, where it proved to be a solid, if unspectacular performer. James Hunt, who initially hated the car knuckled down to improve the race pace and reliability of the M26, and throughout the season the car's performance improved noticeably. Hunt won three times during the course of the season, and scored two other podium finishes in the second half of the season. Two other potential victories were lost in Austria and Canada through reliability issues when Hunt was leading easily. At season's end, McLaren had scored 69 points and were third in the constructors' championship. James Hunt The season proved to be one of the most dramatic and controversial on record. While Hunt's performances in the Hesketh had drawn considerable praise, there was some speculation as to whether he could really sustain a championship challenge. Now a works McLaren driver, he dispelled many doubters at the first race in Brazil, where, in a hastily rebuilt McLaren M23, he landed pole position in the last minutes of qualifying. Over the course of the year he would drive the McLaren M23 to six Grands Prix wins, but with superior reliability reigning world champion and main rival Niki Lauda had pulled out a substantial points lead in the first few races of the season. Hunt's first race win of 1976, at the fourth race of the season, the Spanish Grand Prix, resulted in disqualification for driving a car adjudged to be 1.8 cm too wide. The win was later reinstated upon appeal, but it set the tone for an extraordinarily volatile season. At the British Grand Prix, Hunt was involved in a first corner incident on the first lap with Lauda which led to the race being stopped and restarted. Hunt initially attempted to take a spare car, however this was disallowed, and during this time the original race car was repaired, eventually winning the restarted race. Hunt's victory was disallowed on 24 September by a ruling from the FIA after Ferrari complained that Hunt was not legally allowed to restart the race. James Hunt Before the season Hunt had high hopes to win a second world championship; however, in this season he scored only eight world championship points. Lotus had developed effective ground effect aerodynamics with their Lotus 79 car and McLaren were slow to respond. The M26 was revised as a ground effect car midway through the season but it did not work, and without a test driver to solve the car's problems, Hunt's motivation was low. His inexperienced new team-mate Patrick Tambay even outqualified Hunt at one race. In Germany, Hunt was disqualified for taking a shortcut to allow for a tyre change. McLaren M26 The M26 was updated for the 1978 season and Mass was replaced by Patrick Tambay. But after a promising start to the season for Hunt, things began to go drastically wrong for him and for the McLaren team. Lotus introduced their ground breaking Lotus 79 and the M26 was immediately obsolete. Hunt tried too hard in several races making up for the performance deficit which led to race ending retirements, but the pure superiority of the Lotus caused his motivation to fall. Coppuck did an extensive redesign in the mid season, turning the M26 into a partial ground effect car dubbed the M26E. He enlarged the sidepods for the ground effect venturis, redesigned the suspension and added smaller wings front and rear, but there was no improvement in the cars' form and without a test driver to sort the cars' issues, the team's fortunes sunk even further. McLaren In , the M23 was gradually replaced with the M26, the M23's final works outing being Gilles Villeneuve's Formula One debut with the team in a one-off appearance at the British Grand Prix. Hunt won on three occasions that year, but the Lauda and Ferrari combination proved too strong, Hunt and McLaren managing just fifth and third in the respective championships. From there, results continued to worsen. Lotus and Mario Andretti took the titles with their 78 and 79 ground-effect cars and neither Hunt nor Mass's replacement Patrick Tambay were able to seriously challenge with the nonground-effect M26. Hunt was dropped at the end of 1978 in favour of Lotus's Ronnie Peterson, but when Peterson was killed by a crash at the Italian Grand Prix, John Watson was signed, instead. No improvement occurred in ; Coppuck's M28 design was described by Mayer as ghastly, a disaster and quite diabolical and the M29 did little to change the situation. Tambay scored no points and Watson only 15 to place the team eighth at the end of the year. McLaren M23 The M26 was seen as the future and development had ended on the M23 by the end of 1976. However, when the new car proved troublesome, Hunt and Jochen Mass relied on the M23 in the early part of the 1977 season, and even though the car was now four years old it was still competitive, earning several pole positions and podium finishes. Gilles Villeneuve After Villeneuve impressed James Hunt by beating him and several other Grand Prix stars in a non-championship Formula Atlantic race at Trois-Rivières in 1976, Hunt's McLaren team offered Villeneuve a Formula One deal for up to five races in a third car during the 1977 season. Villeneuve made his debut at the 1977 British Grand Prix, where he qualified 9th in McLaren's old M23, separating the regular drivers Hunt and Jochen Mass who were driving newer M26s. In the race he set fifth fastest lap and finished 11th after being delayed for two laps by a faulty temperature gauge. The British press coverage of Villeneuve's performance was generally complimentary, including John Blunsden's comment in The Times that Anyone seeking a future World Champion need look no further than this quietly assured young man. Brett Lunger Lunger's Formula One career started alongside James Hunt in the Hesketh team, followed by a season with Surtees in 1976. For 1977, he started the season with a year-old March 761 run by Bob Sparshott and entered under the name of his sponsor, Chesterfield Racing, but switched to a McLaren M23 after three races. In 1978, he stayed with the McLaren M23 and also tried an M26, but now entered by Sparshott's racing outfit, BS Fabrications. After a one-off drive for Ensign at the end of the season, Lunger moved on to sports car racing. McLaren M26 The McLaren M26 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Coppuck for the McLaren team, to replace the aging McLaren M23 model. The car was designed to be a lighter and lower car than its predecessor, with a smaller frontal area and narrower monocoque. Coppuck began design work in early 1976, with a view to introducing the car in the mid season. McLaren M28 The M28 was completely redesigned, and the B spec car was introduced in Belgium, but there was no improvement in performance. Efforts to resolve the car's problems had made the M28 overweight and slow. However, it was still the preferred chassis over its predecessor, the McLaren M26, and was used during the first half of the 1979 season until a better design could be introduced. As their rivals introduced better cars through the season McLaren rapidly slipped out of the running for the championship. However, it was driven to third in the opening race of the season, the 1979 Argentine Grand Prix, by Watson, who also took sixth in Belgium and fourth at Monaco. Its second driver was Patrick Tambay.	He placed in the top 3 a total of 5 times, because he won three times and had an additional two podium finishes.	closed_qa
List all the persons in the text in alphabetical order using their surname: At acute times where there is a lot of pressure crossing the Channel, whether that’s on tunnel or ferries, then I think there’s always going to be a backup. I just urge everybody to be a bit patient while the ferry companies work their way through the backlog.” Later, speaking on the Laura Kuenssberg programme on BBC One, Braverman denied the situation at Dover would repeat itself and blamed “bad weather”. But her comments variously attracted ire and ridicule. The Liberal Democrats’ home affairs spokesperson, Alistair Carmichael, said: “These comments show Suella Braverman is in complete denial about the impact of the Conservative government’s botched deal with Europe on our borders. For Conservative ministers like Braverman, it is always someone else’s fault. “Businesses and travellers are being tied up in reams of red tape but ministers are refusing to lift a finger. It shows the Conservative party is out of touch, out of excuses and should be out of power.” The former Conservative cabinet minister David Gauke, who was stripped of the Tory whip for rebelling in a Brexit vote, tweeted: “If we were in the EU, the French would not need to do individual passport checks. If no individual passport checks, the process at Dover would be quicker. The Dover queues are, therefore, partly caused by Brexit. Not a contentious point, surely?” Caroline Lucas, the Green party MP, described Braverman as being “on another planet as usual”. She said that the home secretary’s comments regarding no Brexit link contradicted those expressed by the port’s chief executive. In an interview with the Observer a year ago, Doug Bannister, admitted Brexit was causing longer processing times at the border.	Predicted impact of Brexit The first holidays after Brexit and covid crisis delays occur in Dover port. With Brexit rules, all passport need to be checked. In 2022, queue at the border risk to become the new normal. However, French PM considers France is not responsible for Brexit queue at the border, while Port of Dover boss Doug Bannister has told LBC that it's absolutely true that Brexit is ultimately to blame for the extreme delays at the port of Dover because passports require extra checks. Suella Braverman During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. Suella Braverman Braverman's name was already on the list of Conservative parliamentary candidates at the time of the 2003 Brent East by-election, and she had to be persuaded not to seek the nomination. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, a Conservative councillor, was selected to fight the seat, and Braverman campaigned for her. During the campaign, Braverman was featured in The Guardian in an article titled The road to No 10. Suella Braverman Braverman stands on the right wing of the Conservative Party, was a supporter of Brexit, supports the withdrawal of the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights and supports sending cross-Channel migrants to Rwanda. She has said, If I get trolled and I provoke a bad response on Twitter I know I'm doing the right thing. Twitter is a sewer of left-wing bile. The extreme left pile on is often a consequence of sound conservative values. Suella Braverman Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. Suella Braverman At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz, who won with a 15,876-vote (38.4%) majority. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections and was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list; only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election Suella Braverman, the Attorney General for England and Wales, was the first Conservative MP to publicly declare her candidacy, announcing before Johnson resigned. She worked as a barrister before becoming the MP for Fareham in 2015. During an ITV interview with journalist Robert Peston, she called for Johnson to step down as prime minister but said she would not resign from his cabinet because she had a duty and we need an Attorney in government. Braverman said the task of the next Conservative leader would be to finish Brexit, deliver tax cuts and solve our energy crisis. After the first flight of the Rwanda asylum plan was stopped by an interim measure from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), she said she had significant reservations about our relationship with the European Court of Human Rights. As a leadership candidate, she said she would leave the ECHR, which she accused of thwarting our democracy. She was eliminated in the second round of voting and endorsed Liz Truss. Polly Toynbee Toynbee wrote of Rishi Sunak in November 2022. In her opinion choosing Suella Braverman as home secretary was a blunder and things went wrong within days. Toynbee wrote that Braverman's promise to reduce immigration to tens of thousands was unworkable since more than 270,000 people arrived during the year to March 2022, mostly with visas. Only small numbers arrived in boats. Toynbee further said that Braverman's dreams about Rwanda and cruelty and putting arrivals into squalid conditions in the Manston processing centre disrupted policy. Suella Braverman Braverman was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government could protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg. Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed parliamentary private secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. Suella Braverman Had she succeeded in being appointed prime minister, Braverman said her priorities would have been to deliver tax cuts, cut government spending, tackle the cost of living challenges, solve the problem of boats crossing the Channel, deliver Brexit opportunities, withdraw the UK from the European Convention of Human Rights and to get rid of all of this woke rubbish. She also vowed to suspend the UK's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. In August 2022, The Guardian reported that Braverman's leadership campaign had received a £10,000 donation from a company owned by the climate change denier Terence Mordaunt.	- Doug Bannister - Suella Braverman - Alistair Carmichael - David Gauke - Laura Kuenssberg - Caroline Lucas	general_qa
Classify each of the following as either a quantitative major or qualitative major: English, mathematics, physics, statistics, history, law	Qu Hongji Grandson - Qu Tongzu (瞿同祖), Chinese modern historian, was famous for his investigations into History of Law and Social History. Geschwister-Scholl-Institut The BA program is research-oriented. Special attention is paid to the training of methods (quantitative and qualitative methods), which allows students to relate theory and empirical reality to each other. In addition, a minor must be chosen. Available minors are amongst others sociology, communication science, economics, history, law or philosophy. Le Quy Don High School for the Gifted, Danang In Round 2, students sit for exams in Mathematics, Literature, English, and must write a paper on one of the major subjects offered in school. The major subjects are Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Literature, History, Geography, English, French, and Informatics. Quantitative trait locus A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a locus (section of DNA) that correlates with variation of a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms. QTLs are mapped by identifying which molecular markers (such as SNPs or AFLPs) correlate with an observed trait. This is often an early step in identifying the actual genes that cause the trait variation. Quantitative PCR instrument A quantitative PCR instrument is a machine that amplifies and detects DNA. It combines the functions of a thermal cycler and a fluorimeter, enabling the process of quantitative PCR. Pushkala Prasad She is best known for her discussions of various qualitative methodological traditions in Crafting Qualitative Traditions, a book that examines multiple qualitative genres including hermeneutics, ethnography, critical theory, feminism and post structuralism. The book makes fine-grained distinctions both within and between major qualitative traditions such as interpretivism, critical scholarship and various post-genres. It also offers a map of current research taking place within these different traditions. ArviZ ArviZ is an open source project, developed by the community and is an affiliated project of NumFOCUS. and it has been used to help interpret inference problems in several scientific domains, including astronomy, neuroscience, physics and statistics. Lillian Spender Lillian Spender (usually known as Mrs. John Kent Spender; 22 February 1835 – 4 May 1895) was an English writer. She contributed to major English reviews and turned later to novel-writing. Danburite The Dana classification of minerals categorizes danburite as a sorosilicate, while the Strunz classification scheme lists it as a tectosilicate; its structure can be interpreted as either. Quantitative research In most physical and biological sciences, the use of either quantitative or qualitative methods is uncontroversial, and each is used when appropriate. In the social sciences, particularly in sociology, social anthropology and psychology, the use of one or other type of method can be a matter of controversy and even ideology, with particular schools of thought within each discipline favouring one type of method and pouring scorn on to the other. The majority tendency throughout the history of social science, however, is to use eclectic approaches-by combining both methods. Qualitative methods might be used to understand the meaning of the conclusions produced by quantitative methods. Using quantitative methods, it is possible to give precise and testable expression to qualitative ideas. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathering is often referred to as mixed-methods research.	Qualitative: English, history, law Quantitative: mathematics, physics, statistics	classification
Who is Richard Wayne Bogosian?	Richard Wayne Bogosian Richard Wayne Bogosian (born July 18, 1937) is an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1990 to 1993 and Niger from 1985 to 1988. Richard Wayne Bogosian He was chief of the economic section at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait from 1972 to 1976, and Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, from 1976 to 1979. From 1976 to 1979, Bogosian was the chief of the Aviation Negotiations Division. He was the Director of East African Affairs from 1982 to 1985, and was nominated to be the United States Ambassador to Niger on August 1, 1985, by President Ronald Reagan. From 1988 to 1990 he was the Director of the Office of Monetary Affairs. In 1990, Bogosian became the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1990 to 1993. From 1993 to 1994, he was the Coordinator at the U.S. Liaison Office in Mogadishu, Somalia, and Coordinator for Rwanda and Burundi from 1996 to 1997, after the Rwandan genocide. Richard Wayne Bogosian Bogosian was born in Boston, Massachusetts on July 18, 1937. He graduated from Tufts College with an A.B. in 1959 and the University of Chicago with a J.D. in 1962. He joined the U.S. Foreign Service in 1962. He oversaw many diplomatic posts, including at the Foreign Service Institute from 1962 to 1963, in the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs at the Department of State in 1963, at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq from 1963 to 1965, at the Foreign Service Institute again in 1965, as vice consul for the U.S. Embassy in Paris, France, from 1966 to 1968, in the Bureau of Near East and South Asian Affairs at the Department of State from 1968 to 1969, in the Bureau for Intelligence and Research at the Department of State from 1969 to 1971, and in the Foreign Service Institute for Economics in 1972. Richard W. Murphy Richard William Murphy (born July 29, 1929) is an American diplomat and career member of the foreign service. Rich Fields Richard Wayne Fields (born November 30, 1960) is an American broadcaster, spokesman, announcer, and meteorologist. He is best known for a seven-season stint in which he announced for the American version of The Price Is Right. Richard Kauzlarich Richard Dale Kauzlarich (born August 18, 1944) is an American diplomat, writer, and intelligence analyst. Wayne Bush Wayne J. Bush is an American diplomat who was Assistant Secretary General for Executive Management at NATO in 2013. Richard Buangan Richard Lee Buangan is an American diplomat who has served as United States ambassador to Mongolia since November 2022. Wayne Busette Based on General Motors, Ford, and Dodge van chassis, the Wayne Busette was assembled in Richmond, Indiana, alongside the Wayne Lifeguard and Wayne Lifestar. Eric Bogosian Bogosian is the author of three novels published by Simon & Schuster: Mall, Wasted Beauty, and Perforated Heart. All of his dramatic work is in print, published by Theater Communication Group. In 2015, he published , a history of Operation Nemesis which involved a group of Armenian assassins who set out to avenge the deaths of the one and a half million victims of the Armenian genocide.	Richard Wayne Bogosian (born July 18, 1937) is an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1990 to 1993 and Niger from 1985 to 1988. He graduated from Tufts College with an A.B. in 1959 and the University of Chicago with a J.D. in 1962. He joined the U.S. Foreign Service in 1962. He oversaw many diplomatic posts, including at the Foreign Service Institute from 1962 to 1963, in the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs at the Department of State in 1963, at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq from 1963 to 1965, at the Foreign Service Institute again in 1965, as vice consul for the U.S. Embassy in Paris, France, from 1966 to 1968, in the Bureau of Near East and South Asian Affairs at the Department of State from 1968 to 1969, in the Bureau for Intelligence and Research at the Department of State from 1969 to 1971, and in the Foreign Service Institute for Economics in 1972. He was chief of the economic section at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait from 1972 to 1976, and Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, from 1976 to 1979. From 1976 to 1979, Bogosian was the chief of the Aviation Negotiations Division. He was the Director of East African Affairs from 1982 to 1985, and was nominated to be the United States Ambassador to Niger on August 1, 1985, by President Ronald Reagan. From 1988 to 1990 he was the Director of the Office of Monetary Affairs.In 1990, Bogosian became the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1990 to 1993. From 1993 to 1994, he was the Coordinator at the U.S. Liaison Office in Mogadishu, Somalia, and Coordinator for Rwanda and Burundi from 1996 to 1997, after the Rwandan genocide. Bogosian speaks Arabic and French. He is married to Claire Marie Bogosian, and has three children.	summarization
What is Python?	Python (programming language) Python's name is derived from the British comedy group Monty Python, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture; for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs instead of the traditional foo and bar. The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines. Python brongersmai Common names for P. brongersmai include blood python, Brongersma's short-tailed python, Malaysian blood python, red blood python, red short-tailed python, and Sumatran blood python. Wildlife regulations in Florida Amended section 379.372 specifies a list of prohibited species which may not be possessed, imported into the state, sold, bartered, traded, or bred without the authorization of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). Prohibited animals include Burmese or Indian python (Python molurus), reticulated python (Python reticulatus), Northern African python (Python sebae), Southern African python (Python natalensis), amethystine or scrub python (Morelia amethistina), green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), and any other reptile designated as a conditional or prohibited species by the FWC. Tim Peters (software engineer) Peters also wrote the Zen of Python, intended as a statement of Python's design philosophy, which was incorporated into the official Python literature as Python Enhancement Proposal 20 and in the Python interpreter as an easter egg. He contributed the chapter on algorithms to the Python Cookbook. From 2001 to 2014 he was active as a member of the Python Software Foundation's board of directors. Peters was an influential contributor to Python mailing lists. He is also a highly ranked contributor to Stack Overflow, mostly for answers relating to Python. Python License The Python License includes a clause stating that the license is governed by the State of Virginia, United States. The Python Software Foundation License; Python 1.6.1 differs from Python 1.6 only in some minor bug fixes and new GPL-compatible licensing terms. CPython Like many things regarding the Python language, the name Unladen Swallow is a Monty Python reference, specifically to the joke about the airspeed velocity of unladen swallows in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Python (programming language) LibreOffice includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013. Python for S60 The Python for S60 also called PyS60 (Unix name), was Nokia's port of the general Python programming language to its S60 software platform, originally based on Python 2.2.2 from 2002. History of Python Nonetheless, Python 3.0 remained a multi-paradigm language. Coders could still follow object-oriented, structured, and functional programming paradigms, among others, but within such broad choices, the details were intended to be more obvious in Python 3.0 than they were in Python 2.x. Rough-scaled python The rough-scaled python (Morelia carinata) is a large-scaled python species endemic to Australia. No subspecies are currently recognized.	Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation via the off-side rule. Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.	open_qa
When was The White Mandigos band formed?	The White Mandingos Their first album, The Ghetto Is Tryna Kill Me was released in June 2013, and followed with a short tour of the eastern United States, including gigs in New York's New Museum, Boston and Washington DC. The album is a concept album around Tyrone White, a young black man from a New York City housing project, who subsequently obtains a recording contract and gets a white girlfriend. Jenifer and Jenkins have described the album Tommy by The Who as an important influence. Reviewing the album, Baltimore City Paper 's Baynard Woods thought the group actually manage to do service to punk and hip hop and praised the band's sense of humour, particularly the music video for their first single, My First White Girl. Washington City Paper's Marcus J Moore described the video for the group's Warn A Brotha as a cool ode to skateboarding. The White Mandingos The band was formed in late 2012 when Jenkins met up at Jenifer's house in Woodstock to discover if there was anything in common between their respective favourite music genres. They considered their initial collaborations unimpressive, so Jenkins suggested collaborating with Murs, who provided lyrics. The White Mandingos The White Mandingos are a rock supergroup from Woodstock, New York consisting of rapper Murs, former Rolling Stone journalist and MTV / VH1 producer Sacha Jenkins and Bad Brains' bassist Darryl Jenifer. Murs (rapper) Murs was invited by Sacha Jenkins, a hip hop journalist, to join the group The White Mandingos, a collaboration between Jenkins and Bad Brains bassist Daryl Jenifer. They released their first album, The Ghetto is Tryna Kill Me, on June 11, 2013 under the Fat Beats record label. Sacha Jenkins Jenkins is a member of The White Mandingos, a rock band that also features rapper Murs and Bad Brains bassist Darryl Jenifer. Their debut single and full-length LP—both titled The Ghetto Is Tryna Kill Me — were issued by Fat Beats records in June 2013. Murs (rapper) On June 11, 2013, Murs released an album as lead vocalist of a band called The White Mandingos. The album is entitled The Ghetto is Tryna Kill Me. Darryl Jenifer Darryl Jenifer (born October 22, 1960) is an American musician, widely known as the bassist for the hardcore punk band Bad Brains and for the rap-rock group The White Mandingos. He appeared in TV's Illest Minority Moments presented by ego trip and the three-part ego trip's Race-O-Rama on VH1. Sacha Jenkins Between 1997 and 2000, Jenkins was the music editor of Vibe magazine. He has written articles and features for Spin magazine and Rolling Stone about a wide array of recording artists—from Nas to Queens of the Stone Age to The Mars Volta and Kid Rock. Jenkins co-authored Eminem's biography,The Way I Am, with Eminem. With co-author David Chino Villorente, Jenkins created the influential Piecebook series of books. (Piecebooks are the sketchbooks that graffiti artists used to map out their works or pieces before committing them to a larger surface. The Piecebook series highlights drawings that span the globe and go as far back as 1973.) In 2007, Jenkins wrote the foreword to Jon Naar's The Birth of Graffiti, a book devoted to graffiti in New York in the 1970s. The White Birch (album) The White Birch is the second and final album by the New York City band Codeine. Released in April 1994, the album is considered by many to be the band's best album and a clear influence on Low, among other bands. Turing Machine (band) Turing Machine is an American instrumental rock band formed in New York City, United States, in 1998 by Justin Chearno and Scott DeSimon, late of DC's noise-rockers Pitchblende and Gerhardt 'Jerry' Fuchs, who had moved to New York to play with Bitch Magnet guitarist Jon Fine's new band, Vineland. Their music has been described as Angular instrumental indie rock, that has influences as vast as vintage prog, Krautrock and post-punk.	The White Mandingos was formed in late 2012, and their first album 'The Guetto is Tryna Kill Me' was released in June 2013.	closed_qa
Extract what previous provinces Kardzhali a part of in the past	Kardzhali Province The territory of Kardzhali province was acquired by Bulgaria during the First Balkan War in 1912. In 1913 the region was organized as the district (окръг, okrăg in Bulgarian) of Mestanli. This district was part of Stara Zagora province from 1934 until 1949, then it was transferred to the newly formed Haskovo district. In 1959 Kardzhali became the center of a new district with similar borders to the current province. Between 1987 and 1999, the region was part of Haskovo Province, after which it was restored, now as a province and with slightly changed borders. Kardzhali Kardzhali and its neighborhood became part of the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia under the stipulations of the Berlin Congress of 1878, but, after the reunification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia in 1885, it was ceded back to the Ottoman Empire as a township of Gümülcine sanjak in Edirne vilayet. Ottoman rule ended during the First Balkan War when the town and the surrounding area were liberated by the Bulgarian General Vasil Delov on 21 October 1912. The day has been celebrated with concerts and commemorative events as a municipal holiday since 1937. Kardzhali was declared the center of Kardzhali Province, when it was created from the most southern part of Stara Zagora Province in 1949. Stara Zagora Province In the southeastern part of the province on the edge of Radnevo Municipality there is a coal production facility. Between 1934 and 1949, the province included parts of the present Kardzhali Province. Kardzhali Province Kardzhali Province (, ) is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3209.1 km in area. Its main city is Kardzhali. Kardzhali Kardzhali ( , Kărdžali; ; , Kártzali), sometimes spelt Kardžali or Kurdzhali, is a town in the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria, centre of Kardzhali Municipality and Kardzhali Province. The noted Kardzhali Dam is located nearby. Battle of Kardzhali The Battle of Kircaali or Battle of Kardzhali was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. It took place on 21 October 1912, when the Bulgarian Haskovo Detachment defeated the Ottoman Kırcaali Detachment of Yaver Pasha and permanently joined Kardzhali and the Eastern Rhodopes to Bulgaria. The anniversary of that event is celebrated annually on 21 October as a holiday of the city. Kardzhali Municipality Kardzhali Municipality is a municipality in Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria. Its administrative centre is Kardzhali. Kardzhali According to the last census in 2011 Kardzhali Province is the Bulgarian province with the highest relative proportion of ethnic Turks, though Kardzhali municipality and the city itself have a lower proportion of ethnic Turks than the rest of the province. According to the optional question on ethnic identification, the city itself has a Bulgarian majority (many Bulgarians in Kardzhali are Muslims, also known as Pomaks) of 61%, while Turks are 34.9% and others and undeclared are 4.1%. The Kardzhali municipality has a Turkish majority of 55.5%, while Bulgarians are 40.5% and others and undeclared are 4%. In 2001, the population of Kardzhali municipality consisted of 53% Turks, 42% Bulgarians and others and undeclared. The municipal government today is primarily in the hands of the Turkish-dominated Movement for Rights and Freedoms. Haskovo Province Haskovo Province ( - Oblast Haskovo, former name Haskovo okrug) is a province in southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece and Turkey to the southeast, comprising parts of the Thracian valley along the river Maritsa. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Haskovo. The province embraces a territory of that is divided into 11 municipalities with a total population, , of 256,408 inhabitants. Kardzhali Province Kardzhali Province had a population of 149,661 according to the provisional results of the 2011 census, of which were male and were female. Kardzhali is one of the three Bulgarian provinces where less than fifty percent of the population living in urban areas: only 41% lives in urban areas in 2016.	Kardzhali was once a part of Stara Zagora province and Haskovo Province until it was restored in 1999	information_extraction
how to do a self-diagnose of burning out?	Brainstorming In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming. Henri Barki Small Group Brainstorming and Idea Quality: Is Electronic Brainstorming the Most Effective Approach?<br> Brainstorming Individual brainstorming is the use of brainstorming in solitary situations. It typically includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking, word association, and drawing a mind map, which is a visual note taking technique in which people diagram their thoughts. Individual brainstorming is a useful method in creative writing and has been shown to be superior to traditional group brainstorming. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Brainstorming Groups can improve the effectiveness and quality of their brainstorming sessions in a number of ways. Brainstorming According to a meta-analysis comparing EBS to face-to-face brainstorming conducted by DeRosa and colleagues, EBS has been found to enhance both the production of non-redundant ideas and the quality of ideas produced. Despite the advantages demonstrated by EBS groups, EBS group members reported less satisfaction with the brainstorming process compared to face-to-face brainstorming group members. Brainstorming Directed brainstorming is a variation of electronic brainstorming (described below). It can be done manually or with computers. Directed brainstorming works when the solution space (that is, the set of criteria for evaluating a good idea) is known prior to the session. If known, those criteria can be used to constrain the ideation process intentionally. Computer supported brainstorming In computer supported brainstorming, team members contribute their ideas through electronic means either synchronously or asynchronously. The brainstorming software selected by the team mediates the individual interactions and helps to organize and shape the products of the brainstorming session. Computer supported brainstorming can be implemented using a wide variety of electronic technologies. Brainstorming Following these two principles were his four general rules of brainstorming, established with intention to:	Examples to look out for burning out including: Inability to stop thinking about work even when you’re not at work; Relationships with either co-workers or families and friends suffer; Feeling unexplained aches and pains; You spend lots of money outsourcing various personal tasks; Feeling mentally strained- with no plans for vacations; You wonder where you’ll be in the future.	brainstorming
What causes mortgage interest rates to rise in the US?	Adjustable-rate mortgage Adjustable rate mortgages are sometimes sold to consumers who are unlikely to repay the loan should interest rates rise. In the United States, extreme cases are characterized by the Consumer Federation of America as predatory loans. Protections against interest rate rises include (a) a possible initial period with a fixed rate (which gives the borrower a chance to increase his/her annual earnings before payments rise); (b) a maximum (cap) that interest rates can rise in any year (if there is a cap, it must be specified in the loan document); and (c) a maximum (cap) that interest rates can rise over the life of the mortgage (this also must be specified in the loan document). Fixed-rate mortgage The fact that a fixed-rate mortgage has a higher starting interest rate does not indicate that it is a worse type of borrowing than an adjustable-rate mortgage. If interest rates rise, the ARM will cost more, but the FRM will cost the same. In effect, the lender has agreed to take the interest rate risk on a fixed-rate loan. Median multiple The median multiple ratio has an important flaw in that it fails to account for the critical affordability component of mortgage interest rates. Mortgage interest rates are a major impacting factor on affordability as most real estate purchasers utilise mortgage finance to purchase real estate. In 1991 when the World Bank announced the median multiple as the primary affordability indicator, global mortgage rates were around 10%p.a. Since then interest rates have generally been on a long term downward trend. Whilst mortgage rates may not, stay below 10% using the median multiple in isolation to assess affordability has proven over a long period to have been a misleading affordability measure. Home mortgage interest deduction A 2018 American Economic Review study found that eliminating the mortgage interest deduction would causes reductions in house prices, increases in homeownership, decreases in mortgage debt, and welfare improvements. Support for Mortgage Interest Support for Mortgage Interest (SMI) is a welfare benefit in the United Kingdom that entitles a person to help with their mortgage costs. Home mortgage interest deduction The National Association of Realtors strongly supports mortgage interest deduction; in 2008, the association contended that Home prices, particularly in high cost areas, could decline 15 percent if recommendations to convert the mortgage interest deduction to a tax credit are implemented. Super jumbo mortgage While Interest Rates are rarely the focal point of a typical Super Jumbo mortgage borrower's shopping list (most focus on cash flow and tax benefits), lenders routinely charge higher interest rates on super jumbo mortgage products than they would for a borrower with similar qualifying criteria in a conventional jumbo loan, in large part to account for their risk and reduction of liquidity. Below $1,000,000, super jumbo mortgage rates are generally within 50 basis points (half of a percent) of an equivalent jumbo mortgage interest rate, but above $2,000,000 rates can be 1% to 2% higher or more. Flexible mortgage Offset mortgages are helpful because the interest rates on mortgages are higher than the interest rates of a savings account. Causes of the 2000s United States housing bubble Observers and analysts have attributed the reasons for the 2001–2006 housing bubble and its 2007–10 collapse in the United States to everyone from home buyers to Wall Street, mortgage brokers to Alan Greenspan. Other factors that are named include Mortgage underwriters, investment banks, rating agencies, and investors, low mortgage interest rates, low short-term interest rates, relaxed standards for mortgage loans, and irrational exuberance Politicians in both the Democratic and Republican political parties have been cited for pushing to keep derivatives unregulated and with rare exceptions giving Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac unwavering support. Streamline refinancing Streamline refinancing reuses the original paperwork from a home loan, allowing someone to refinance the property before private mortgage insurance (PMI) or insurance rates rise.	Mortgage rates are tied to many factors including the inflation, economic growth, and the Federal Reserve's (Fed) monetary policy. For instance, if the Fed increases rates, this usually results in increased mortgate rates since banks need to ensure that the loan can achieve better returns than investing in US bonds.	open_qa
Give me some movie/tv series to learn English	Brainstorming In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming. Hello English Hello English is an English language-learning application, which allows users to learn the English language through interactive modules. It functions on a freemium pricing model. The app is available on Android, iOS, Windows and Web. Brainstorming Individual brainstorming is the use of brainstorming in solitary situations. It typically includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking, word association, and drawing a mind map, which is a visual note taking technique in which people diagram their thoughts. Individual brainstorming is a useful method in creative writing and has been shown to be superior to traditional group brainstorming. Myungduk Foreign Language High School The English majors learn French for the second language, whereas other language majors learn English. Throughout the school life, they learn most various languages - English, Korean, French and Chinese in their 3rd year.The English major has two classes(3,4). Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Malvern House London 2006 – Malvern House launches the Fast Track intensive English course allowing students to learn English fast. Brainstorming Groups can improve the effectiveness and quality of their brainstorming sessions in a number of ways. Brainstorming According to a meta-analysis comparing EBS to face-to-face brainstorming conducted by DeRosa and colleagues, EBS has been found to enhance both the production of non-redundant ideas and the quality of ideas produced. Despite the advantages demonstrated by EBS groups, EBS group members reported less satisfaction with the brainstorming process compared to face-to-face brainstorming group members. Computer supported brainstorming In computer supported brainstorming, team members contribute their ideas through electronic means either synchronously or asynchronously. The brainstorming software selected by the team mediates the individual interactions and helps to organize and shape the products of the brainstorming session. Computer supported brainstorming can be implemented using a wide variety of electronic technologies.	There are several tv series that can be used to learn English. 1. "Friends" is an American television sitcom that lasts ten seasons from Sep 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004. The show revolves around six friends in their 20s and 30s who live in Manhattan, New York City. The language used in Friends is casual and not challenging to understand. Watching Friends to learn English will help you to build up your vocabulary. 2. "The Big Bang Theory" is an American television sitcom about two physicists at Caltech who share an apartment and their friends. The show has some challenging English word that requires some domain knowledge to understand. This show is recommended to people who have an intermediate English level.	brainstorming
Who was Luis Gonzalez de Ubieta	Luis González de Ubieta Luis González de Ubieta y González del Campillo (1899 – 1950) was an admiral of the Spanish Republican Navy during the Spanish Civil War. He died in exile as the captain of the Panamanian merchant vessel Chiriqui, refusing to be rescued when the ship under his command sank in the Caribbean Sea not far from Barranquilla. Luis González de Ubieta There is little information on Luis González de Ubieta's childhood and youth. His father, Juan Daniel González de Ubieta y Ubieta, was a forestry engineer born in the Gordexola Valley in Biscay. He died in Madrid in 1925 and was survived by his widow, Mrs González del Campillo, and eight children. Luis González de Ubieta Luis González de Ubieta lived in exile in France until the 1940 invasion of France by Nazi Germany, when he moved to Mexico. He then went on to settle in Venezuela. At the beginning of the 1950s, he was the captain of the merchant ship Chiriqui, a cattle transport flying the Panamanian flag. On 30 December 1950, his ship sank off Bocas de Ceniza, close to the mouth of the Magdalena River, in Colombian waters. Luis González de Ubieta refused to be rescued and went down with his ship. Luis González de Ubieta In mid 1936, at the time of the July 1936 pro-Fascist coup attempt that marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, Luis González de Ubieta had risen to the rank of lieutenant commander () of the Spanish Republican Navy. Then he was in command of oceanographic and hydrographic research vessel Ártabro (A-2), based in Cartagena. He refused to join the rebels, remaining loyal to the Spanish Republic. Luis González de Ubieta Under Luis González de Ubieta's command, the Republican Navy concentrated on the protection of maritime convoys supplying the internationally isolated Spanish Republic, as well as the training of naval officers and their ships' crews. Luis González de Ubieta After the fall of Minorca, Luis González de Ubieta, who was the military governor of the island, fled to France on the Royal Navy cruiser with 452 other Republican refugees. From Marseille, he managed to reach Paris with his wife, while other Spanish Republican refugees were taken to Port Vendres and then interned in the Argelès-sur-Mer concentration camp by the French authorities. Luis González de Ubieta Following the defeat of the Spanish Republican fleet on 27 September 1938 at the Battle of Cape Cherchell, when a series of tactical errors on the part of the Republican command resulted in the loss of two cargo ships, Luis González de Ubieta became the Captain General of the fleet and promoted to the rank of admiral after his predecessor, Miguel Buiza, was relieved of his duties. President Manuel Azaña could not hide his disappointment, acknowledging in his memoirs the indecisiveness of the former commander of the Spanish Republican Navy, despite having a greater number of ships. Luis González de Ubieta On 8 January 1939, Luis González de Ubieta was transferred to Minorca to take the command of the naval base at Port Mahon. He also was given the authority to command all of the Republican military forces on the island. Luis González de Ubieta Since most high officers of the Spanish Republican Navy had joined the rebellion, Luis González de Ubieta rose rapidly both in rank and authority within the loyalist fleet. Thus, at the beginning of the civil war, he became commander of the destroyer José Luis Díez and was sent to quell a minor conflict in Alicante when a group of rebel troops from Orihuela and smaller towns of the Vega Baja tried unsuccessfully to initiate a siege of the city. Two months later, he was in charge of the cruiser Miguel de Cervantes, on which he took part in a naval operation that entered the Bay of Biscay (Expedición al Mar Cantábrico) in September and October 1936. Spanish Republican Navy Under Luis González de Ubieta's command the Republican Navy concentrated in the protection of maritime convoys that were supplying the internationally isolated Spanish Republic, as well as in the training of naval officers and their ships' crews.	Luis Gonzalez de Ubieta y Gonzalez del Campillo (1899 – 1950) was an admiral of the Spanish Republican Navy during the Spanish Civil War. He died in exile as the captain of the Panamanian merchant vessel Chiriqui, refusing to be rescued when the ship under his command sank in the Caribbean Sea not far from Barranquilla.	closed_qa
What of the following component part of either Data Engineering or Machine learning? Delta Live Table (DLT), MLFlow, Autoloader, AutoML	AutoAI AutoAI is the evolution of AutoML. One of AutoAI's principal inventors, Jean-Francois Puget, PhD, describes it as automatically performing data preparation, feature engineering, machine learning algorithm selection, and hyper-parameter optimization to find the best possible machine learning model. The hyper-parameter optimization algorithm used in AutoAI differs from the hyper-parameter tuning of AutoML. The algorithm is made optimized for cost function evaluations such as model training and scoring which are typical in machine learning, enabling rapid convergence to a good solution despite evaluation times of each iteration being of long duration. Automated machine learning Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the tasks of applying machine learning to real-world problems. AutoML potentially includes every stage from beginning with a raw dataset to building a machine learning model ready for deployment. AutoML was proposed as an artificial intelligence-based solution to the growing challenge of applying machine learning. The high degree of automation in AutoML aims to allow non-experts to make use of machine learning models and techniques without requiring them to become experts in machine learning. Automating the process of applying machine learning end-to-end additionally offers the advantages of producing simpler solutions, faster creation of those solutions, and models that often outperform hand-designed models. Common techniques used in AutoML include hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning and neural architecture search. Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group The Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning group (KEMLg) is a research group belonging to the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) – BarcelonaTech. It was founded by Prof. Ulises Cortés. The group has been active in the Artificial Intelligence field since 1986. Data engineering Data scientists are more focused on the analysis of the data, they will be more familiar with mathematics, algorithms, statistics, and machine learning. AutoAI 2019 was the year that AutoML became more widely discussed as a concept. “The Forrester New WaveTM: Automation-Focused Machine Learning Solutions, Q2 2019,” evaluated AutoML solutions and found that the more powerful versions offered feature engineering. A Gartner Technical Professional Advice report from August 2019 reported that, based on their research, AutoML could augment data science and machine learning. They described AutoML as the automation of data preparation, feature engineering and model engineering tasks. Automated machine learning AutoML plays an important role within the broader approach of automating data science, which also includes challenging tasks such as data engineering, data exploration and model interpretation. Neural architecture search NAS is closely related to hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning and is a subfield of automated machine learning (AutoML). Databricks The company has also created Delta Lake, MLflow and Koalas, open source projects that span data engineering, data science and machine learning. In addition to building the Databricks platform, the company has co-organized massive open online courses about Spark and a conference for the Spark community called the Data + AI Summit, formerly known as Spark Summit. Data engineering Data engineering refers to the building of systems to enable the collection and usage of data. This data is usually used to enable subsequent analysis and data science; which often involves machine learning. Making the data usable usually involves substantial compute and storage, as well as data processing and cleaning. Machine learning Embedded Machine Learning is a sub-field of machine learning, where the machine learning model is run on embedded systems with limited computing resources such as wearable computers, edge devices and microcontrollers. Running machine learning model in embedded devices removes the need for transferring and storing data on cloud servers for further processing, henceforth, reducing data breaches and privacy leaks happening because of transferring data, and also minimizes theft of intellectual properties, personal data and business secrets. Embedded Machine Learning could be applied through several techniques including hardware acceleration, using approximate computing, optimization of machine learning models and many more.	Delta Live Table (DLT) is used to Data Engineering, MLFlow is used for Machine Learning, Autoloader is used to Data Engineering, AutoML is used for Machine Learning	classification
List 10 highest-grossing actors in the world.	Lists of Oregon-related topics These are lists of Oregon-related topics, attempting to list every list related to the state of Oregon. Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare Adjusted for inflation, it is China's highest-grossing foreign film of all time. Its inflation-adjusted gross revenue in China is estimated to be at least () in 2017. 1975 in film The following table lists known worldwide gross figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1975. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1975. This list also includes gross revenue from later re-releases. 1951 in film The following table lists known worldwide gross figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1951. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1951. This list also includes gross revenue from later re-releases. Secular inflation In economics, secular inflation is a prolonged period of gentle or mild price increases. Secular, or chronic, inflation is basically creeping inflation that continues to persist over a long period of time. Creeping inflation is the gradual, rather than drastic, increase in prices. Although most commonly used to describe a mild inflation rate, secular inflation can be used to describe most inflation rates that are spread over long periods of time. This type of inflation can be consistent (without many downward movements) or intermittent (occurring at regular intervals). Cinema of Spain The 10 highest-grossing Spanish films of all time (as of 2019) by domestic box office gross revenue are listed as follows: Lists of baseball parks Lists of baseball parks is a list of lists, by city, of professional baseball venues. This is an ongoing project, with lists being added from time to time. Built-in inflation Built-in inflation is one of three major determinants of the current inflation rate. In Robert J. Gordon's triangle model of inflation, the current inflation rate equals the sum of demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation. Demand-pull inflation refers to the effects of falling unemployment rates (rising real gross domestic product) in the Phillips curve model, while the other two factors lead to shifts in the Phillips curve. National Association of Actors The National Association of Actors (, ANDA) is the Mexican actors guild. It is a member of the Bloque Latinoamericano de Actores (BLADA, the Latin American Actors' Block) that includes all of the actors' unions in Latin America. Bullet (typography) Alternatives to bulleted lists are numbered lists and outlines (lettered lists, hierarchical lists). They are used where either the order is important or to label the items for later referencing.	The following are non-definitive lists of the actors with the highest career-film grosses. There are box-office gross revenue lists, which are not adjusted for inflation, as well as lists for the number of box-office ticket sales. Because of the long-term effects of inflation on movie theater ticket prices, a list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later actors. Therefore, the gross revenue lists are largely meaningless for comparing acting careers widely separated in time, as many actors from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list, despite their films' achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases. Lead roles This list only includes leading roles and lead ensemble roles, including voice acting. The list is updated as of 12 January 2023. Rank Actor Worldwide total Top-grossing film Films Average 1 Scarlett Johansson $14,519,031,650 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 33 $439,970,656 2 Robert Downey Jr. $14,393,065,668 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 43 $334,722,457 3 Samuel L. Jackson $14,376,505,937 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 64 $224,632,905 4 Zoe Saldaña $12,805,874,340 Avatar ($2,899,384,102) 30 $426,862,478 5 Chris Hemsworth $11,958,567,765 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 25 $478,342,711 6 Chris Pratt $11,742,796,476 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 23 $510,556,369 7 Tom Cruise $11,547,725,996 Top Gun: Maverick ($1,487,575,965) 43 $268,551,767 8 Chris Evans $11,277,890,989 Avengers: Endgame ($2,794,731,755) 29 $388,892,793 9 Tom Hanks $10,704,310,520 Toy Story 4 ($1,073,064,540) 55 $194,623,828 10 Vin Diesel $10,537,096,327 Avengers: Infinity War ($2,048,359,754) 27 $390,262,827	closed_qa
what is Stoicism	Stoicism The Stoics are especially known for teaching that virtue is the only good for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as material for virtue to act upon. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accordance with nature. Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they thought everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve (happiness, ): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to with a life spent practicing the cardinal virtues and living in accordance with nature. Stoicism Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism). Stoicism Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because virtue is sufficient for happiness, a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase stoic calm, though the phrase does not include the traditional Stoic view that only a sage can be considered truly free and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious. Eudaimonia The Stoics make a radical claim that the eudaimon life is the morally virtuous life. Moral virtue is good, and moral vice is bad, and everything else, such as health, honour and riches, are merely neutral. The Stoics therefore are committed to saying that external goods such as wealth and physical beauty are not really good at all. Moral virtue is both necessary and sufficient for eudaimonia. In this, they are akin to Cynic philosophers such as Antisthenes and Diogenes in denying the importance to eudaimonia of external goods and circumstances, such as were recognized by Aristotle, who thought that severe misfortune (such as the death of one's family and friends) could rob even the most virtuous person of eudaimonia. This Stoic doctrine re-emerges later in the history of ethical philosophy in the writings of Immanuel Kant, who argues that the possession of a good will is the only unconditional good. One difference is that whereas the Stoics regard external goods as neutral, as neither good nor bad, Kant's position seems to be that external goods are good, but only so far as they are a condition to achieving happiness. Philosophy of happiness The Stoics therefore spent their time trying to attain virtue. This would only be achieved if one was to dedicate their life studying Stoic logic, Stoic physics, and Stoic ethics. Stoics describe themselves as living in agreement with nature. Certain schools of Stoicism refer to Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia as the goal of practicing Stoic philosophy. Stoic logic Stoicism is a school of philosophy which developed in the Hellenistic period around a generation after the time of Aristotle. The Stoics believed that the universe operated according to reason, i.e. by a God which is immersed in nature itself. Logic (logike) was the part of philosophy which examined reason (logos). To achieve a happy life—a life worth living—requires logical thought. The Stoics held that an understanding of ethics was impossible without logic. In the words of Inwood, the Stoics believed that: Universal monarchy Following the rise of Alexander the Great to universal monarch, Stoicism became the dominant school of the Hellenistic philosophy. The Stoics articulated a form a Greek citizenship that disrespected the walls of the polis hitherto thought to constrain human communities. Its founder, Zeno of Citium (c. 334 – c. 262 BC), advised that inhabitants of all poleis should form “one way of life and one order.” Stoics were radically cosmopolitan by the contemporary standards and preached to accept even slaves as equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature. Later Stoic thinker Seneca in his Letter exhorted, Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock, is smiled upon by the same skies, and on equal terms with yourself breathes, lives, and dies. The Stoics held that external differences, such as rank and wealth, are of no importance in social relationships. Instead, they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. According to the Stoics, all people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should live in brotherly love and readily help one another. Stoicism became the foremost and most influential philosophy under the Hellenistic and Roman universal monarchs and often is called an official philosophy of the monarchy. On Passions Stoicism is a school of philosophy which began in the 3rd-century BCE. The first head (scholarch) of the school, Zeno of Citium, began teaching around 300 BCE, and laid down most of the fundamental doctrines of the school. His successors as head of the school were Cleanthes of Assos and then Chrysippus of Soli. The Stoics grounded their ethics in the belief that the world was rational, ordered, and structured. Only by living according to nature (human nature and cosmic nature) can humans flourish. Since nature is rational, only a life lived according to reason, i.e. according to virtue (aretē), will allow for a life that is smooth, consistent and happy. Failure to reason correctly brings about the occurrence of pathē—a word translated as passions, emotions, or affections. The Greek word pathos was a wide-ranging term indicating an infliction one suffers. The Stoics used the word to discuss generic emotions such as anger, fear and joy. The word passion is often used as a translation of pathos so as not to suggest that the Stoics wanted to be rid of all feeling. However the Stoics were often talking straightforwardly about common emotions. Sage (philosophy) The aim of Stoicism was to live a life of virtue, where virtue consists in a will which is in agreement with Nature. As such, the sage is one who has attained such a state of being and whose life consequently becomes tranquil. The standard was so high that Stoics were unsure whether one had ever existed; if so, possibly only Socrates or Diogenes of Sinope had achieved such a state.	Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to eudaimonia with a life spent practicing virtue and living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism).	summarization
What are really considered the Seven Wonders of the World?	The Seven Wonders of the World (album) The artwork is made to look like a vintage painting of one of the wonders, most likely the Statue of Zeus. Rick Wakeman and The Seven Wonders of the World are written in the font Papyrus. Seven Wonders of the World (film) Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 documentary film in Cinerama. Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man-made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek list of the Wonders of the World. SS 433 In the Seven Wonders of The World documentary series, Arthur C. Clarke mentions SS 443 as one of his seven wonders of the universe. Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and artificial wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Wonders of the World list. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders, is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC. New 7 Wonders of the World The Great Pyramid of Giza, largest and oldest of the three pyramids at the Giza Necropolis in Egypt and the only surviving of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was granted honorary status. Seven Wonders of the World (film) Merian C. Cooper started Seven Wonders of the World as the second Cinerama film after 1952's This Is Cinerama. By September 1953, $1 million had already been spent and it was estimated that it would cost a further $1 million to complete. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Modern historians, working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope, also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm—from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World. The seven wonders label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations, publications and individuals based on different themes—works of nature, engineering masterpieces, constructions of the Middle Ages, etc. Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places to a list of sites to defend or preserve. Seven Wonders of Portugal The six-month-long public elections started on 7 December 2006 to select the top seven wonders. Votes could be cast via internet, telephone and SMS. Results of the vote were announced on 7 July 2007 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, as were the results of the global New Seven Wonders of the World contest. The Seven Wonders of the World (album) The Seven Wonders of the World is a studio album by progressive rock artist and keyboardist Rick Wakeman, released in 1995. The album explores instrumentally the themes of each of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. Each track is introduced by Garfield Morgan, giving a short biography of each wonder before the instrumental track begins. The album is free of any bombastic attack, and each track has a refined tempo and instrumental progression that outlines each wonder's attributes.	There is a lot of debate and even different classifications have come up to define what are the actual Seven Wonders of the World. There are some that are considered the Seven Ancient Wonders and there are some that are considered the New Seven Wonders, but there seems to be a definitive list of the Seven Wonders which is the following: The Great Wall of China The Taj Mahal The Colosseum Chichen Itza Machu Picchu Christ the Redeemer Petra	brainstorming
What are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables?	Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Patent box The Irish Patent Box system is one of the key benefits for companies paying Irish corporation tax. The system was criticised by Lionel Jospin in the early 2000s and more recently by both the EU (Ecofin assessment 2014) and the OECD under its Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting (BEPS) project. The system has been key to attracting international IT companies to Ireland. The economic benefits of beneficial tax regimes for revenues from patents led to similar schemes being introduced in France in 2000 and amended there in 2005 and 2010. Occasional furniture The term occasional furniture is very generic. For example, occasional tables include end tables, lamp tables, sofa tables, coffee tables, and so forth. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta The Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta is a river delta in the Netherlands formed by the confluence of the Rhine, the Meuse () and the Scheldt rivers. In some cases, the Scheldt delta is considered a separate delta to the Rhine–Meuse delta. The result is a multitude of islands, branches and branch names that may at first sight look bewildering, especially as a waterway that appears to be one continuous stream may change names as many as seven times, e.g. Rhine → Bijlands Kanaal → Pannerdens Kanaal → Nederrijn → Lek → Nieuwe Maas → Het Scheur → Nieuwe Waterweg (→ North Sea). Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the delta where the Alpine Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine–Meuse delta, or even Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. By some calculations, the delta covers , making it the largest in Europe. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand. Topographical relief of Spain It stretches from the Ebro delta to Cap de Creus. It presents very contrasted terrains, from deltas and plains to cliffy coasts. The most important delta is the Ebro delta, and the Llobregat and Tordera deltas also stand out. Delta Kappa Delta Delta Kappa Delta (Also known as B.E.T.I.S., , and DKD) is a United States-based college sorority. Delta Kappa Delta is a cultural interest sorority oriented towards South Asian culture and its philanthropy of child abuse prevention and awareness. The sorority was founded at Texas A&M University in 1999. It is a founding member of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association.	Here are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables: 1. Enable citizen engineers to self serve and innovate rapidly with simple pipeline development and maintenance 2. Trust your data with built-in quality controls and data quality monitoring to ensure accurate and useful BI, Data Science, and ML 3. Scale with automated administration through broader visibility into pipeline operations, automatic error handling, and auto-scaling capabilities 4. Support a wider variety of use cases by unlocking the development of real-time and incremental data pipelines to a wider audience	open_qa
What shape are Philodendron leaves?	Philodendron The leaves are usually large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate. They can also be oval, spear-shaped, or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. A quality of philodendrons is that they do not have a single type of leaf on the same plant. Instead, they have juvenile leaves and adult leaves, which can be drastically different from one another. The leaves of seedling philodendrons are usually heart-shaped early in the life of the plant. But after it has matured past the seedling stage, the leaves will acquire the typical juvenile leaf's shape and size. Later in the philodendron's life, it starts producing adult leaves, a process called metamorphosis. Most philodendrons go through metamorphosis gradually; there is no immediately distinct difference between juvenile and adult leaves. Aside from being typically much bigger than the juvenile leaves, the shape of adult leaves can be significantly different. In fact, considerable taxonomic difficulty has occurred in the past due to these differences, causing juvenile and adult plants to mistakenly be classified as different species. Philodendron The trigger for the transformation to adult leaves can vary considerably. One possible trigger is the height of the plant. Secondary hemiepiphytes start off on the dark forest floor and climb their way up a tree, displaying their juvenile type leaves along the way. Once they reach a sufficient height, they begin developing adult type leaves. The smaller juvenile leaves are used for the darker forest floor where light is in scarce supply, but once they reach a sufficient height in the canopy the light is bright enough that the bigger adult leaves can serve a useful purpose. Another possible trigger occurs in primary hemiepiphytes. These philodendrons typically send their aerial roots downward. Once their roots have reached the ground below, the plant will begin taking up nutrients from the soil, of which it had been previously deprived. As a result, the plant will quickly morph into its adult leaves and gain in size dramatically. Another quality of philodendrons leaves is they are often quite different in shape and size even between two plants of the same species. As a result of all these different possible leaf shapes, it is often difficult to differentiate natural variations from morphogenesis. Gasteria nitida Juvenile plants look markedly different to adults. Young plants are distichous (leaves only in two opposite rows); while adults are often rosettes. Juvenile leaves are tongue-shaped and recurved; while adults leaves are more upright and triangular. Juvenile leaves are rough with tubercles; while adult leaves are smooth and shiny. Podocarpus The leaves are simple and flattened, and may be sessile or short petiolate. The phyllotaxis or leaf arrangement is spiral, and may be subopposite on some shoots. The leaves are usually linear-lanceolate or linear-elliptic in shape, though they can be broader lanceolate, ovate, or nearly elliptic in some species. Juvenile leaves are often larger than adult leaves, though similar in shape. The leaves are coriaceous and have a distinct midrib. The stomata are usually restricted to the abaxial or underside of the leaf, forming two stomatal bands around the midrib. Pittosporum divaricatum It exhibits a form of dimorphism with leaves differing in form between the juvenile and adult stages and in the adult leaves where two distinct forms are found. The juvenile leaves are narrowly lanceolate to obovate with margins pinnatifid to dentate. The adult leaves exist in two forms, either entire, or almost so, or deeply lobed or toothed. The flowers are borne singly on the end of shoots. The petal are up to 5mm long and very dark red, often appearing black, subtended by sepals which are 2mm long. The fruits contain between 2 and 6 seeds. Banksia The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1– centimetre long needle-like leaves of B. ericifolia (heath-leaved banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (bull banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia, do not. Leaves are usually arranged along the branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls. Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g., Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves). Ficus crassiuscula It has dimorphic leaves: the leaves of this species change in shape as it progresses from a juvenile to a mature plant. Agathis The juvenile leaves in all species are larger than the adult, more or less acute, varying among the species from ovate to lanceolate. Adult leaves are opposite, elliptical to linear, very leathery and quite thick. Young leaves are often a coppery-red, contrasting markedly with the usually green or glaucous-green foliage of the previous season. Hedera helix The leaves are alternate, long, with a petiole; they are of two types, with palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces. Capparis arborea Leaves alternate on the stem, simple, oblong-lanceolate in shape. Sometimes ovate oblong in shape. 5 to 10 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide. Mostly rounded at the tip, although some leaves pointed at the tip. Juvenile leaves smaller than adult leaves with a prickly pointed leaf tip. Leaf veins visible on both surfaces. The midrib is raised under the leaf, but sunken on the top of the leaf.	They are spear-shaped	closed_qa
Please extract Sinclair's awards from this paragraph and list them in bullets in order from oldest to most recent.	David A. Sinclair In 2014, Sinclair was included in Time 100 as one of the hundred most influential people in the world, and in 2018 he was included in Time magazine's 50 Most Influential People in Health Care. In 2018, Sinclair was made an officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for distinguished service to medical research into the biology of ageing and lifespan extension, as a geneticist and academic, to biosecurity initiatives, and as an advocate for the study of science (2018 Australia Day Honours). David A. Sinclair Sinclair has received numerous awards for his research, including the Irving S. Wright Award of Distinction from the American Federation for Aging Research in 2018, the Advance Award in Life Sciences from the Australian government in 2017, and the Australian Society for Medical Research Medal in 2014. John Sinclair (environmentalist) Sinclair was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2014 Australia Day Honours for distinguished service to conservation and the environment, through advocacy and leadership roles with a range of organisations, and to natural resource management and protection. David A. Sinclair David Andrew Sinclair (born June 26, 1969) is an Australian biologist and academic known for his research on aging and epigenetics. Sinclair is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and is the co-director of its Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research. He is an officer of the Order of Australia (AO). Rosemary Edna Sinclair Sinclair was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to children, especially child abuse and neglect. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2002 Australia Day Honours for service as a leading advocate for the welfare of abused and neglected children, particularly through raising public awareness, developing preventative strategies, education programmes and support services for the parents of 'at risk' children, and through fundraising endeavours to maintain and expand services. Sidney Sinclair Sinclair was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in December 1978. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 1988. Jack Sinclair (physiologist) Sinclair served as scientific secretary of the Medical Research Council in 1966, and was a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Phyllis Omido In 2021, she was included in the Time 100, Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Christine Sinclair In September 2013, Sinclair was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame and in June 2017, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston. In January 2022, Sinclair was awarded with the Best FIFA Special Award, as the world's all-time leading scorer. Alan Sinclair (scientist) In autumn 2018, Sinclair was named 11th in a list of the UK's leading experts into diabetes based on the impact of research. The list is put together by Expertscape, a website that enables people to find the medical professionals and institutions who have the greatest knowledge about a particular medical problem.	-Time's 100 most influential people in the world -Australian Society for Medical Research Medal -Advance Award in Life Sciences -Irving S Wright Award of Distinction -Time magazine's 50 Most Influential People in Health Care -Officer of the Order of Australia	information_extraction
Tell me whether the following animals are part of the cat family: ocelot, lion, jackal, caracal, leopard, fox, tiger, lynx.	Big Cat Rescue In 2019, BCR had 51 animals—17 big cats and 34 small cats of 11 species including bobcat, Canada lynx, caracal, cougar, Eurasian lynx, jaguar, leopard, lion, ocelot, serval and tiger—down from 66 in 2018. Predation Members of the cat family such as the snow leopard (treeless highlands), tiger (grassy plains, reed swamps), ocelot (forest), fishing cat (waterside thickets), and lion (open plains) are camouflaged with coloration and disruptive patterns suiting their habitats. Santa María Quiegolani Wild animals include fox, coyote, cougar, deer, squirrel, badger, armadillo, ocelot, lion, raccoon, opossum, skunk, chupamiel, boar and tepexcuintle. There are iguana, lizard, chintete, turtle, rattlesnake, coral snake and boa. Southern miombo woodlands Larger carnivores include lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), caracal (Caracal caracal), and side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta). Hirkan National Park The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) once roamed these mountains, but is now extinct. Other large mammals here are the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor), lynx (Lynx lynx), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), badger (Meles meles), otter (Lutra lutra), etc. Hyrcanian forests The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was once the apex predator of the biome before its extinction. The remaining large mammals include the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), lynx (Lynx lynx), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), Caucasian badger (Meles canescens), and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Okavango Delta Other species include giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus, impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, lechwe, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah, African wild dog, spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, crested porcupine, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey and Nile crocodile. Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary The wildlife include wide variety of animals. They are chinkara (Gazella bennettii), nilgai (antelope) (Boselaphus tragocamelus), sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), brown palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni), muntjac (barking deer) (Muntiacus muntjak), hare (Lepus nigricollis), leopard, fox, jackal, bats, wild boar, gray langur (Semnopithecus entellus), wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and dhole (wild dog) (Cuon alpinus). 240 bird species have been observed in and around the sanctuary, among them are cranes, spoonbills, storks, ibis, pochards, peafowl, quail, partridges, and various species of wading birds. Snakes include the cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), and rat snake (Ptyas mucosus). Wildlife of Benin Predators include: the lion (panthera leo), the largest predator of Africa (found in both parks); the leopard (panthera pardus) a secretive large African cat (found even outside the two parks); the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is in the national parks but is a rare sight; several (Felis silvestris), a smaller cat; the caracal (Caracal caracal), the African wild cat (Felis sylvestris); the African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus) said to be in W. Park (may be extinct); side-striped jackal (Canis adustus); the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas); the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) found in both parks. Göygöl National Park The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) once roamed these mountains, but is now extinct. Other large mammals here are the lynx (Lynx lynx), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), badger (Meles meles), etc.	Ocelot, lion, caracal, leopard, tiger, lynx are all species that are part of the Felidae family (commonly known as cats). Jackals and foxes are part of the Canidae (or dog) family. While the two groups have physical similarities, they also have distinctive physical and behavioral differences.	classification
Why should you visit Ireland?	Matt Dowling Dowling was, as commis chef, involved in the state dinner for US president Kennedy during his visit to Ireland in 1963. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Topographia Hibernica The author was born about 1146 within the aristocratic FitzGerald/de Barri family in Manorbier Castle in Wales with the birth name of Gerald de Barri. Gerald made his first visit to Ireland in 1183 and returned in 1185. His first visit, to see members of his family who had played a prominent role in the Angevin invasion of the country in 1169, was not more than a year long. His second visit was undertaken at the command of King Henry II, in the company of the king's youngest son, Prince John, and lasted from 25 April 1185 to Easter 1186. Seán Lemass In 1963, Ireland saw the first visit of a sitting US President to Ireland, President John F. Kennedy, the great-grandson of an Irish emigrant, came on an official visit. His visit seemed to symbolise a new age for the post-Famine Irish. During his visit Kennedy visited distant relatives in County Wexford, as well as visiting Dublin, Cork and Limerick. Kennedy later said that his four-day visit to Ireland was one of his most enjoyable. Kennedy later personally invited Lemass back to Washington in October of the same year. One month later the young President Kennedy would be assassinated. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand. TitanCon George RR Martin was the Guest of Honour at Octocon in Dublin in 2010. Game of Thrones had begun filming using Northern Ireland as one of the locations of the TV series. A previous gathering of GoT fans, called the Moot had been held in 2009 and a second one, Moot 2, planned to coincide with Martin's visit to Ireland. Collaboration between all the groups who wanted to have a convention in Belfast gathered and the new Northern Ireland convention was initiated. Moot2 was a success and TitanCon began the following year. Who Knows Ireland Best? Who Knows Ireland Best? is an Irish quiz show broadcast on RTÉ One from 20 January 2012. The show is presented by Derek Mooney, and air on Friday evenings. Who Knows Ireland Best? has been received positively, being described by media as the highlight of RTÉ's spring 2012 season.	Ireland is one of the most beautiful places that I've lived. It does rain quite a bit but on a sunny day I've never seen a more beautiful place. The grass is a vivid green and the nature comes to life on those sunny days. If you like history it's also a great place to explore with various ruins scattered across the country as well as plenty of castles. Ireland also has some great beaches and while the water is cold it's also refreshing and worth the beauty that you will find while you explore the beaches. If it's nightlife you are looking for look no further than Temple Bar in Dublin. The restaurants and pubs are very welcoming with a diverse cuisine that will satisfy anyone's appetite.	creative_writing
What is the name of the meme crypto coin that Elon Musk made famous?	TR-107 In 2002, Mueller co-founded SpaceX with Elon Musk and became the VP of propulsion after cancellation of SLI program. AC Propulsion tzero JB Straubel then told Elon Musk about the newly converted, now lithium-ion powered tzero and arranged a test drive. Musk also encouraged AC Propulsion to commercialize the vehicle. Tom Gage, however, again deferred in favor of working on their electrified Scion xB called the eBox. But he put Elon Musk in contact with Martin Eberhard which led to Elon Musk's Series A funding of Tesla Motors in April, 2004 and their hiring JB Straubel. Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century is Tim Higgins's book about Tesla, Inc., published in 2021, that focuses on the company while under the management of Elon Musk. The book does not contain any interviews with Musk himself, but many anonymous current and former executives from Tesla. In response to the book in general, Musk tweeted Higgins managed to make his book both false and boring. Meme coin Meme coins have surged in popularity since Elon Musk endorsed the use of Dogecoin, one of the first meme coins. He continues to post tweets about Dogecoin in 2022, including one in January where he stated he would eat a Happy Meal from McDonald's on live TV if they started accepting Dogecoin as payment. Meme Man On February 1, 2019, Elon Musk bought the domain name stankmemes.com according to his tweet. In June 2020, when Tesla Inc. shares soared he tweeted stonks and the website featured this meme. Meme Man Elon Musk has used both Meme Man and the stonks meme as a reaction on Twitter, and on January 26, 2021, he tweeted the word Gamestonk!! with an attached link to r/wallstreetbets. Immediately afterwards, shares in GameStop rose 157 percent in extended-hours trading, which some linked with Musk's tweet. Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster In March 2017, SpaceX's founder, Elon Musk, said that because the launch of the new Falcon Heavy vehicle was risky, it would carry the silliest thing we can imagine. In June 2017, one of his Twitter followers suggested that the silly thing be a Tesla Model S, to which Musk replied Suggestions welcome!. In December 2017 he announced that the payload would be his personal midnight cherry Tesla Roadster. Elon Musk filmography Elon Musk is a South-African American entrepreneur and business magnate who has made numerous cameo appearances in films and television shows as himself. These appearances include Iron Man 2, The Simpsons, South Park, The Big Bang Theory, and Rick and Morty. He has also made appearances in many documentary films. Gigafactory Nevada On April 30, 2015, Elon Musk announced that the factory heretofore known simply as the Gigafactory was now to be known as Gigafactory 1 as Tesla plans to build more such factories in the future. At the same event, Musk also said that he believed that other companies would build their own similar Gigafactories. After receiving $800M of orders ($179M PowerWall, $625M PowerPack) within 1 week of unveiling, Musk estimated that the Gigafactory 1 is not enough to supply demand. In May 2017 at a TED Talk, Elon Musk stated his intention to announce three or four new Gigafactory sites to manufacture both batteries and complete cars. Confinity Confinity launched its milestone product, PayPal, in late 1999. Confinity merged with X.com, founded by Elon Musk, in March 2000. The merged company became known as X.com because this was thought to be a name with broader long-term potential than Confinity or PayPal. However, surveys showed that a majority of consumers considered the name X.com vague and potentially pornographic and preferred that the company simply be called PayPal. After a corporate restructuring, which involved the removal of Elon Musk from the company, the company adopted the name PayPal Inc.	Elon Musk brought attention to the crypto currency Dogecoin by tweeting the word "One word: Doge". This brought the coin into meme status with its value starting at $0.0047 and skyrocketing to $0.7376 by May 2021.	general_qa
When was the first bicycle race?	Cycle sport The first bicycle race is popularly held to have been a race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de , Paris, France. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a wooden bicycle with solid rubber tires. The machine is now on display at the museum in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. Track bicycle The first bicycle race is popularly held to have been a 1,200 meter race on the 31 May 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a wooden bicycle with iron tires. The machine is now on display at the museum in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. History of cycling The first documented cycling race was a 1,200 metre race held on May 31, 1868, at the Park of Saint-Cloud, Paris. It was won by expatriate Englishman James Moore who rode a bicycle with solid rubber tires. The first cycle race covering a distance between two cities was Paris–Rouen, also won by James Moore, who rode the 123 kilometres dividing both cities in 10 hours and 40 minutes. Le Vélocipède Illustré Le Vélocipède Illustré organised the world's first 'city to city' (road-race) bicycle race, from Paris to Rouen on 7 November 1869. The event was sponsored by the Olivier brothers, owners of a bicycle manufacturer company called The Michaux Company. They had been delighted with the success of the world's first bicycle race, a day of short races held in Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris and so promoted the 123 kilometre race between Paris and Rouen. The first prize was one thousand gold francs and a bicycle. and the rules said the riders were not 'to be pulled by a dog or use sails'. Jules Suriray Suriray was awarded the patent on 2 August 1869. Bearings were then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by James Moore in the world's first bicycle road race, Paris–Rouen, in November 1869. The bicycle is believed to have been built by Tribout. Kermesse (cycling) A kermesse, also spelled kermess, and kermis in Dutch is a style of road bicycle race that is common in Western Europe. Typically kermesse races are found in Belgium, especially in the northern Flanders region, where they are the most popular style of amateur bicycle race. They also exist in the Netherlands. The bicycle race borrows the name from the kermesse festival where the bicycle race is often held on the same day as a town festival, though not always. James Moore (cyclist) What bicycle did Moore ride in the Paris–Rouen race in 1869? There are two candidates and three or four accounts. Bonneville said that Moore was riding a Suriray bicycle specially built by Tribout, fitted with ball bearings, rubber tyres 481⁄4-inch and 153⁄4-inch wheels with metal rims. It was the first high bicycle, said Bonneville, overlooking the fact that he had elsewhere said the honour belonged to Vibert. The anonymous authors of the series 'Pioneers of the Cycle Industry' in Bicycling News said that Moore rode a heavy wooden Michaux fitted with solid rubber tyres which were secured to the wheel rims by means of sheet-iron braces screwed to the latter, and his machine embodied a type of ball bearing which had been more or less handmade by a Parisian manufacturer... French bicycle industry Perhaps owing to dispute over the invention, in 1865 Lallement emigrated to The United States, where, with the financial backing of James Carroll of Ansonia, Connecticut, he recorded the first U.S. patent on a bicycle, in 1866. Meanwhile, by 1865, the Michaux family was manufacturing 400 velocipedes annually; their bicycles were on display at the first international bicycle exhibition in 1867, and by 1869, the Michaux factory, with a daily production of 200, began selling in the United States. Their wood and iron construction earned these velocipedes the sobriquet Boneshakers. The first boneshaker race was in 1868, in Paris' Parc de Saint Cloud; the winner was James Moore, a friend of the Michaux family. Moore also won the 123 km Paris–Rouen race in 1869, finishing in 10 hours and 40 minutes. GP Liberazione The GP Liberazione is an elite women's road bicycle race held in the Italy. It is rated by the UCI as a 1.2 category race. James Moore (cyclist) The races on 31 May 1868, when Moore was 19, took place in the Saint-Cloud park in Paris. The races were to the park's fountain and back – 1,200 metres on a gravel path.	It's commonly believed that the first bicycle race was held May 31, 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris, France. The race distance was 1,200 m and was won by James Moore, an expatriate Englishman. Moore rode a wooden bicycle with solid rubber tires. Moore's bicycle is now on display in a museum in England.	summarization
I want to buy a work monitor which is to be used along with the laptop. What features of monitor should be considered?	Kings' monitor Kings' monitor belongs to the subgenus Odatria along with the peacock monitor and the Pilbara monitor. Comparatively little is known about this species. Pilbara monitor The Pilbara monitor (Varanus bushi), also known commonly as Bush's monitor, Bush's pygmy monitor, and the Pilbara mulga goanna, is a species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is endemic to Australia. Kimberley rock monitor The Kimberley rock monitor (Varanus glauerti) is a medium-sized species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is native to Northern Australia. Also known as Glauert's monitor or the Kakadu sand goanna, it belongs to the subgenus Odatria. Mortgage (film) Dave and Tina Dodd want to buy a house. They make a contract with shifty John Napper who suggests builder George Shooks. Producer–consumer problem Per Brinch Hansen defined the monitor: I will use the term monitor to denote a shared variable and the set of meaningful operations on it. The purpose of a monitor is to control the scheduling of resources among individual processes according to a certain policy. Tony Hoare laid a theoretical foundation for the monitor. Waveform monitor A waveform monitor is often used in conjunction with a vectorscope. Originally, these were separate devices; however modern waveform monitors include vectorscope functionality as a separate mode. (The combined device is simply called a waveform monitor). Monitor mode Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency MONitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface controller (WNIC) to monitor all traffic received on a wireless channel. Unlike promiscuous mode, which is also used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad hoc network first. Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks, while promiscuous mode can be used on both wired and wireless networks. Monitor mode is one of the eight modes that 802.11 wireless adapter can operate in: Master (acting as an access point), Managed (client, also known as station), Ad hoc, Repeater, Mesh, Wi-Fi Direct, TDLS and Monitor mode. Computer monitor A desktop monitor is typically provided with a stand from the manufacturer which lifts the monitor up to a more ergonomic viewing height. The stand may be attached to the monitor using a proprietary method or may use, or be adaptable to, a VESA mount. A VESA standard mount allows the monitor to be used with more after-market stands if the original stand is removed. Stands may be fixed or offer a variety of features such as height adjustment, horizontal swivel, and landscape or portrait screen orientation. Rock monitor The rock monitor (Varanus albigularis) is a species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is endemic to Central, East, and southern Africa. It is the second-longest lizard found on the continent, and the heaviest-bodied; locally, it is called leguaan or likkewaan. High brightness monitor A high brightness monitor, also known as a sunlight readable monitor or VHB (very high brightness) monitor is a computer monitor designed to operate in very bright environments, for example in broad daylight. Sunlight Readable monitors typically provide at least 1,000 nits of brightness, versus 200-300 nits brightness for a typical desktop computer monitor. Sunlight Readable monitors may also be optically bonded. This process adds a protective outer glass, then fills the air gap between the glass and the LCD panel with an optical-grade resin to eliminate internal reflections and condensation. This also strengthens the outer glass and improves image contrast.	Based on type of work For coding or text content creation - size 24-28 inch monitor would suffice - resolution 1920 * 1080 or lower - can be swirled to landscape or portrait mode - refresh rate of 60-90 hz For video or game content creation - size 28 or higher curved monitors - resolution QHD, UHD, 4K - refresh rate 120 hz - preferable having speakers	open_qa
Give me a list of some of the most popular song from 70s Japanese Pop singer, Mariya Takeuchi	Variety (Mariya Takeuchi album) Variety is the sixth studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Mariya Takeuchi. It was released on 25 April 1984 through Moon Records. Variety is considered as Takeuchi's comeback album after being on hiatus since 1981, and is the first album entirely written by her. The album is produced by Takeuchi's husband, Tatsuro Yamashita. 70th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen On November 22, Mariya Takeuchi was announced as a performer to celebrate the 40th anniversary of her career and perform Inochi no Uta. Tatsuro Yamashita He is known for his collaborations with his wife, singer Mariya Takeuchi, on many songs including Plastic Love as well as with American songwriter Alan O'Day with whom he wrote hit songs Your Eyes, Magic Ways, Love Can Go the Distance, and Fragile. Mariya Takeuchi In 1972, for her third year of high school, she studied in Rock Falls, Illinois, United States, as an international exchange student through the AFS Intercultural Programs. Her nickname was Mako, as one of the AFS yearbooks has a caption that reads Mariya Mako Takeuchi. She entered the Japanese Keio University in 1974 majoring in English literature and won a nationwide English recitation contest by The Japan Times in the spring of that year. She married fellow musician Tatsuro Yamashita in April 1982. They have one daughter. Mariya Takeuchi Takeuchi was born in Taisha in the Hikawa district of Shimane Prefecture in Japan. She grew up in the family Shinise Ryokan (Japanese long-established inn) business by the name of Takenoya, that her paternal great grandfather founded in 1877. Her family always played records from all over the world. She had already learned to play piano and guitar by third grade, but the Beatles left an impression that inspired her to travel. Yukiko Okada Mariya Takeuchi covered three of the songs she wrote for Okada on her fortieth anniversary album Turntable. A compilation album of all eleven songs Takeuchi wrote for Okada, Yukiko Okada Mariya's Songbook, was released in 2019, and debuted at no. 13 on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart on October 28, 2019. For You (Tatsuro Yamashita album) When the album was released in 1982, it would become his second hit studio album, peaking at number one on the Oricon LP charts and two on the CT charts. This was also his last studio album under the AIR/RVC label. Later that year, he would marry Mariya Takeuchi on April 6. Originally, the song Morning Glory was written for Mariya Takeuchi's album Miss M. The songs Sparkle and Loveland Island were used as commercial songs for Suntory beer. Meanwhile, the song Your Eyes was used as a commercial song for Nissui starring Bunta Sugawara. Variety (Mariya Takeuchi album) Takeuchi's five albums released before Variety were mostly written by other songwriters which, although they featured industry stars such as Haruomi Hosono and members of Toto, left her feeling exhausted. She went on hiatus at the end of 1981 due to a sore throat, as well as to marry Yamashita in 1982. Variety (Mariya Takeuchi album) During her break, Yamashita left his record label, RCA Records, for the newly-founded Moon Records. Meanwhile, Takeuchi began writing some of the songs which would be included in Variety. Yamashita originally planned for Takeuchi's comeback album to be written by other songwriters, but changed his mind after listening to some of Takeuchi's work. A promotional single, Mou Ichido, was released on 10 April 1984, followed by a full release on 25 April. The album topped the Oricon Albums Chart. City pop Since the 2010s, city pop has seen a resurgence with artists such as Mariya Takeuchi gaining an international online following, as well as becoming a touchstone for the sample-based microgenres known as vaporwave and future funk. Kim credited Blogspot blogs and Japanese reissues circa 2010 with introduc[ing] music nerds to a strain of AOR, funk, disco, and yacht rock trafficked under the amorphous term ... The music had largely been neglected by Westerners and derided by many Japanese as cheesy, but as YouTube algorithms launched songs into the wider collective consciousness, city pop surged in popularity ... In 2020, The Japan Times contributor Patrick St. Michel reported that, Abroad, boutique labels are reissuing rare records or releasing compilations, though millions have largely experienced city pop through songs such as [Takeuchi's 1984 song] Plastic Love or the seemingly endless playlists backed by anime snippets on YouTube. Another song of the genre that regained popularity was Mayonaka no Door (Stay with Me) by Miki Matsubara on TikTok in 2020, when Japanese parents’ responses to the song were recorded on their children’s phones.	1. Plastic Love 2. Stay with Me 3. September 4. Miracle Love 5. Yume No Tsuzuki	brainstorming
Tell me which one of the following countries are in the European Union: The Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, the United Kingdom, Italy, Luxembourg, Turkey, Australia, Vietnam, Canada.	Raclette du Valais Raclette cheese is native to the Valais and benefits from a AOP. Non-AOP versions are made in various regions and countries of the world, including Switzerland, France (Savoy, Franche-Comté, Auvergne, Brittany), Luxembourg, Austria, Germany, Finland, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Council of the Notariats of the European Union The Conference of the Presidents of the Notariats of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) was founded in Paris in 1976, with its memorandum of understanding signed under the auspices of and within the framework of the International Union of Notaries. Western world Since the fall of the iron curtain the following countries are generally accepted as the Western world: the United States, Canada; the countries of the European Union plus the UK, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland; Australia and New Zealand. United Kingdom membership of the European Union The 1951 Treaty of Paris created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which began to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace, after two world wars had started in Europe in the first half of the century. The six founding countries were Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Championship Hockey Teams included in the game include: Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. Jaan Valsiner He has been a visiting professor in Brazil, Japan, Australia, Estonia. Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Hinduism in France It is the fifth largest in Europe, after those of the United Kingdom, Italy, The Netherlands and Germany. Syria–European Union relations In early 2012, several EU member states, including France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands, closed their embassies in Damascus. Your Favorite Enemies The band has toured and played in Europe (France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland), United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, China, Taiwan, Canada and the United States. Cabo Verde Investimentos Overall, countries that invest in Cape Verde were the countries of the European Union including Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Portugal. Recently other countries invested into the country including Angola, Brazil and some other African countries.	The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Italy and Luxembourg are in the European Union. Rest of the countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, Vietnam and Canada are not a part of the European Union but might have deals allowing them to benefit from the certain conveniences of the European Union such as free trade. For example, while Switzerland has very close ties with European Union nations and has similar benefits, they are not a part of the EU. Switzerland enjoys benefits such as freedom of movement of people between the EU member states and Switzerland, this is due to a separate agreement: Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP).	classification
Solve the following equation: y = 7x + 2 where x = 2	Open formula For example, when reasoning about natural numbers, the formula x+2 > y is open, since it contains the free variables x and y. In contrast, the formula ∃y ∀x: x+2 > y is closed, and has truth value true. Narrowing of algebraic value sets but this is wrong. Each x must represent a single value in the expression. Either x is 2 or x = −2. This can be resolved by keeping track of the two values so that we make sure that the values are used consistently, and this is what a value set does. Quartan prime With the exception of 2 (x = y = 1), one of x and y will be odd, and the other will be even. If both are odd or even, the resulting integer will be even, and 2 is the only even prime. Parity plot A line of the equation y = x, representing perfect model performance, is sometimes added as a reference. Where the model successfully reproduces a benchmark, that point will lie on the line. Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate The sodium salt is the starting point for most BARF derivatives. It is prepared by treating Grignard reagents derived from XCH-3,5-(CF) (X = Br, I) with NaBF. A popular method is summarized in the following equation: Illustrated Tarock Examples: if A declares a 2 Blatt with Pagat ultimo and wins it with 37 points, but loses the Pagat in the last trick, he scores (3 + 2) x 2 = 10 points. Meanwhile B and C score 10 x 2 = 20 each for the captured Pagat. If A declares a Solo with 50, wins with 51 points and declares a Royal Trull, he scores (8 + 15 + 3) x 4 = 26 x 4 = 104 points. If he only scores 49 points, he gets (8 + 3) x 4 = 44 points and the defenders each get 15 x 4 = 60 for the failed with 50. Pasang (game) The board is an 11 x 11 square grid (or a 10 x 10 square board) with pieces played on the intersection points. A 2 x 2 empty square is made in the middle of the board. To be more specific, the middle point of the board is removed along with the four segments connected to it. Also, four diagonal lines from the four corners of the board connect to the four corners of the 2 x 2 empty square. The diagonal lines have no structural relevance to the game, they are just an aid in setting up the pieces on the board in one of over thirty possible patterns. In this article, only two patterns are described. There is a total of 120 intersection points for the pieces to be played upon. Brian Kehoe From 2006 - 2011, Kehoe modeled for various brands including 2(x)ist, Adidas, Joe's Jeans, and Ed Hardy. Line coordinates A linear equation in line coordinates has the form al + bm + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants. Suppose (l, m) is a line that satisfies this equation. If c is not 0 then lx + my + 1 = 0, where x = a/c and y = b/c, so every line satisfying the original equation passes through the point (x, y). Conversely, any line through (x, y) satisfies the original equation, so al + bm + c = 0 is the equation of set of lines through (x, y). For a given point (x, y), the equation of the set of lines though it is lx + my + 1 = 0, so this may be defined as the tangential equation of the point. Similarly, for a point (x, y, z) given in homogeneous coordinates, the equation of the point in homogeneous tangential coordinates is lx + my + nz = 0. Illustrated Tarock Game points are calculated as before. Example: A wins a Zweiblatt with 40 with 41 card points. He scores (5 + 6 + 10) x 2 = 42 game points. Had he won with 39 points, he would have scored (5 + 4) x 2 = 18 points, and the defenders would have scored 10 x 2 = 20 game points for the lost with 40.	Sure, we can solve this equation step by step: 1. y = 7(2) + 2 2. y = 14 + 2 3. y = 16 The final answer is 16	general_qa
Why do some people prefer to drink hot water than cold water?	Dishwashing There is also variation in the temperature and state of water. Some people prefer cold water or hot water, and some people prefer running water or standing water. Countercurrent exchange The result is that the top pipe which received hot water, now has cold water leaving it at 20 °C, while the bottom pipe which received cold water, is now emitting hot water at close to 60 °C. In effect, most of the heat was transferred. Tea pet The main feature of the pee-pee boy is the ability to squirt water when hot water is poured onto it. To do this, the tea pet, which is hollow, is immersed in cold water until it is filled up, and is shaken to ensure it is halfway filled with water; after this, hot water poured over the pee-pee boy will make it pee if the water is hot enough. The hotter the water, the farther it pees. Cold Cold Water Cold Cold Water EP is an EP by artist Mirah, released on March 19, 2002, on K Records. It includes the studio version of Cold Cold Water with acoustic renditions of songs from her Advisory Committee album. Instant hot water dispenser An instant hot water dispenser or boiling water tap is an appliance that dispenses water at about (near-boiling). There are hot-only and hot and cool water models, and the water may be filtered as well as heated. Instant hot water dispensers became popular in the 1970s. Instant hot water dispensers are very similar to portable shower devices; the latter is fitted with a heating element and quickly heats up water, once a switch has been activated. Water heating Water typically enters residences in the US at about , depending on latitude and season. Hot water temperatures of are usual for dish-washing, laundry and showering, which requires that the heater raise the water temperature about if the hot water is mixed with cold water at the point of use. The Uniform Plumbing Code reference shower flow rate is per minute. Sink and dishwasher usages range from per minute. Nurnberg American High School The girls lived in a private residence. Junior Peggy Segur Misch remembered the bitter cold of that first year. Getting hot water for bathing was a problem. A gas heater had to be turned on to heat the bath water. Because there was danger of asphyxiation from the heater, the window in the bathroom had to be wide open while the water was being heated – so it was hot water but cold air. She said the girls bathed only twice a week. Chiriaco (Apurímac) Chiriaco or Chiri Yaku (Quechua: chiri cold, yaku water, cold water, also spelled Chiriaco) is a mountain in Peru which reaches a height of approximately . It is located in the Apurímac Region, Andahuaylas Province, on the border of the districts of Chicmo District and Talavera. Integral Urban House The porch on the main floor with the “roof-top garden” also contained a solar oven which could heat to 300°F from 11:30am to 3:30pm on a sunny day when temperatures were around 70°F. Additionally, the Integral House had a solar-heated hot water system, located on the sloped roof of the main floor on top of the main ground floor entrance. Solar collection panels were placed facing south to capture radiation and heat the hot water used in the house. A tank, which was fed from its bottom from the city's cold water supply, was located in the attic and held all of the water for the house. In order to heat this water, cold water was naturally fed downwards to the base of the solar collector. The water entered the copper piping under the solar collector, picking up heat and naturally rising to the top of the attic storage tank. This process is referred to by Olkowski as a “thermo siphon”. When hot water is desired, the heated water is drawn off from the top of the tank first and automatically mixed with cold water to ensure that temperatures are not too hot for dishwashing or shower use. For excessive overcast or foggy periods, the house had a 30-gallon electric water heater as a backup, but this was not often needed; data collected for 1975 stated that this only provided 5% of the hot water needed for that year. Vaðlaheiðargöng The two water ingresses encountered during the construction of the tunnel were contained and conduits were placed in the tunnel to its western entrance (Akureyri side). The hot water found in 2014 had a volumetric flow of 350L/s of 50 °C and around 500L/s of cold water was found separately in 2015. Initially the hot water was discharged into the sea just west of the tunnel, creating a small tourist attraction of its own, with locals bathing in the hot waterfall by the shore. The local utility, Norðurorka, plans to use the cold water for the local area, including Akureyri in future.	People live in the north tend to live drinking hot beverages, such as tea or hot coco due to the cold weather in the winter. However, for people who have low tolerance in caffeine, it is better for them to not drink the previously listed beverages. A warm cup of water could help heat up the body, while reduce the intake of caffeine. Also, in development areas, cold water source may not be sanitary for people to intake directly. After boiling the water, it kills 99% of germs, and will make it safer for people to drink as well.	general_qa
Given this paragraph about Pittsford, New York, what year was the town settled?	Pittsford, New York The Town of Pittsford (formerly part of the town of Northfield) was settled in 1789 and incorporated in 1796. The Village of Pittsford was incorporated in 1827. It was named by Colonel Caleb Hopkins, War of 1812 hero and subsequently Pittsford Town Supervisor, for the town of his birth, Pittsford, Vermont. Pittsford, Vermont The town of Pittsford, New York, was named by Colonel Caleb Hopkins after his hometown of Pittsford, Vermont, named after William Pitt. Pittsford (village), New York The Village of Pittsford is the oldest village in New York, incorporated in 1827. The village, an Erie Canal community, is in the Town of Pittsford. Pittsford is a suburb of Rochester, New York. Pittsford, New York The Town of Pittsford is located in the southeastern portion of Monroe County approximately eight miles from the city of Rochester, New York. The Town of Mendon lies to the south, the Town of Perinton to the east, the Towns of Henrietta and Brighton to the west, and the Towns of Brighton and Penfield to the north of Pittsford. Pittsford (CDP), Vermont Pittsford is the central village and a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Pittsford, Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 805, out of 2,862 in the entire town. Pittsford, Vermont According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.18%, is water. The unincorporated village of Pittsford is in the center of the town. Pittsford (village), New York Pittsford is a village in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 1,355 at the 2010 census. It is named after Pittsford, Vermont, the native town of a founding father. Pittsford (village), New York Early Pittsford served as the governmental seat for the town of Northfield, comprising most of what is now eastern Monroe County. The settlement contained the county's first school (1794), the first library (1803), the first permanent church (1807), the first post office (1811), and the first newspaper (1815). In 1813, after the surrounding towns were organized, reducing Northfield's territory, the name Pittsford was adopted to honor the Vermont birthplace of Colonel Caleb Hopkins, a farmer, community leader and hero from the War of 1812. Pittsford's first church began meeting in 1803. The congregation survives today as the First Presbyterian Church located on Church Street. Pittsford (CDP), Vermont The CDP is in northern Rutland County, slightly east of the center of the town of Pittsford. It sits on high ground overlooking Otter Creek to the west and Furnace Brook, its tributary, to the southeast. Caleb Hopkins (colonel) In 1791, Caleb Hopkins moved from his hometown, Pittsford, Vermont, in Rutland County, to what is now Monroe County, New York, and built the first log dwelling in the present town of Penfield. In 1800, he moved to the town of Northfield and built a house about south of the present village of Pittsford. The Hopkins Homestead is identified by a historic marker at 3151 Clover Street.	The town of Pittsford was settled in 1789.	closed_qa
Find all sports from this passage that use the term hat-trick.	Hat-trick The term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe H. H. Stephenson taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Fans held a collection for Stephenson, and presented him with a hat bought with the proceeds. The term was used in print for the first time in 1865 in the Chelmsford Chronicle. The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including hockey, association football, Formula 1 racing, rugby, and water polo. H. H. Stephenson HH Stephenson was the first cricketer to be awarded a hat for taking three wickets in consecutive balls, the origin of the hat-trick. He performed the feat for the All-England Eleven against the twenty-two of Hallam at the Hyde Park ground, Sheffield in 1858. A collection was held for Stephenson (as was customary for outstanding feats by professionals) and he was presented with a cap or hat bought with the proceeds. History of English cricket (1846–1863) In 1859, the earliest reference has been found of a hat being presented to a bowler who had taken wickets with three successive deliveries, hence hat-trick. Hat-trick (cricket) In cricket, a hat-trick occurs when a bowler takes three wickets with consecutive deliveries. The deliveries may be interrupted by an over bowled by another bowler from the other end of the pitch or the other team's innings, but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only wickets attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count, although they can contribute towards a so-called team hat-trick, which is ostensibly a normal hat-trick except that the three successive deliveries can be wickets from any bowler in the team and with any mode of dismissal. Midfield The term midfield in baseball and cricket is used to describe the area between the infield (within the bases or near the wickets) and the outfield. Public Schools Association Weekly sports fixtures occur during the summer months in basketball, cricket, tennis, volleyball and water polo, with Term 1 Competitions composed of six Rounds (Each School plays each other once), and a smaller Term 4 Competition (three or four rounds). The Major Competitions are only run over Term 1 for these sports. Franklyn Stephenson Stephenson then joined Nottinghamshire in 1988. With county cricket sides having now only one overseas player, Stephenson came to the club as a replacement for fellow all-rounders Clive Rice and Richard Hadlee. Stephenson impressed in his debut season at Notts, in achieving the all-rounder's double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets. He became only the second and last cricketer since Richard Hadlee, to achieve this feat, in making 1018 runs and taking 125 wickets. He was thereafter named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1989 for this achievement, and was also the Cricket Society's leading all-rounder. Stephenson's attained the batting aspect of the double by notching a century in each innings against Yorkshire in Notts final match of the season. He also took 11 wickets in the game, which Nottinghamshire eventually lost. Gusli In the times of Kievan Rus', the term Gusli is thought to simply refer to any generic stringed instrument. The root of the term comes from the word to make sound in the wind. The term was eventually associated with the trapezoidal Gusli-psaltyry (which may have originated in Byzantium). Metaverse The term metaverse was coined in Neal Stephenson's 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans, as programmable avatars, interact with each other and software agents, in a three-dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world. Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality-based successor to the internet. King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys The sports played at Camp Hill are seasonal: rugby and hockey in the Winter term and Spring term; in the Summer term: cricket and athletics are the main sports. Other sports include basketball, fitness, gymnastics, and tennis. Sixth form students may play football during games periods, and seniors (Years 11–13) especially the sixth form have the opportunity to play a wide variety of sports, including football, hockey, rugby, cricket, athletics, basketball, badminton, volleyball, table tennis, swimming, squash and tennis. All students are required to take part in certain house events (known as Standards) - cross-country, swimming and athletics. Other off-curriculum sports include fencing, swimming, and rugby and cricket training after school.	Term hat-trick is primarily used in Cricket but is also adopted in hockey, association football, Formula 1 racing, rugby, and water polo.	information_extraction
From the text below extract the types of species and the percentage of its habitat in the form {Species}:{Percentage} and place them as a bullet list	Forestry in India India is home to 12% of world's recorded flora, some 47000 species of flowering and non-flowering plants. Over 59000 species of insects, 2500 species of fishes, 17000 species of angiosperms live in Indian forests. About 90000 animal species, representing over 7% of earth's recorded faunal species have been found in Indian forests. Over 4000 mammal species are found here. India has one of the richest variety of bird species on earth, hosting about 12.5% of known species of birds. Many of these flora and fauna species are endemic to India. Dentectus Dentectus barbarmatus is the only species of the monotypic genus Dentectus, a genus of armored catfish. Bangalore geckoella The Bangalore geckoella (Cyrtodactylus srilekhae) is a species of nocturnal terrestrial gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to India. Genettinae Genettinae is a subfamily of the feliform viverrids. It contains all of the genet species (genus Genetta) and the oyan species (genus Poiana). Black-banded rainbowfish The black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) is a species of rainbowfish belonging to the subfamily Melanotaeniidae. The species is endemic to Australia. Importantly, the species is the type species of the genus Melanotaenia. Los Tuxtlas Four of the forty five species of amphibian species are endemic, eleven of the 117 reptile species are. These species account for 14.8% of the amphibians an d16.5% of the reptiles in Mexico. Azteca (ant) Azteca is a strictly Neotropical genus of ants in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. The genus is very diverse and contains around 84 extant species and two fossil species. They are essentially arboreal and many species have mutualistic associations with particular plant species, where the genus Cecropia presents the most conspicuous association. In the Brazilian Amazonia, Azteca species are associated with species of Codonanthopsis. Umbrella species Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation-related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat (the umbrella effect). Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine the status of many species. The umbrella species is often either a flagship species whose conservation benefits other species or a keystone species which may be targeted for conservation due to its impact on an ecosystem. Umbrella species can be used to help select the locations of potential reserves, find the minimum size of these conservation areas or reserves, and to determine the composition, structure, and processes of ecosystems. Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis is a species of diurnal, rock-dwelling, insectivorous gecko endemic to India. Dharna barb The Dharna barb (Puntius fraseri) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Puntius. It is endemic to India.	Here are the types of species and their percentages stated in the given text: Mammal species : 8.6% Bird species : 13.7% Reptile species : 7.9% Amphibian species : 6% Fish species : 12.2% Flowering Plant species : 6.0%	information_extraction
Classify the following as types of birds or types of snakes: robin, cobra, rattlesnake, eagle, viper, raptor, bluejay, cottonmouth, copperhead, sparrow.	Snake Kung Fu Some, for example, imitate the Cylindrophiidae, while others imitate the python, while some schools imitate other types of snakes, like the viper and the cobra. There are two unrelated, Northern and Southern snake styles. Big Thicket There are five species of venomous snakes in the area. Two rattlesnakes, the pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) and the canebrake or timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) are both uncommon to rare. Timber rattlesnakes are a threatened species in Texas, as they are in most states where they occur and are protected by state laws. The Texas coral snake (Micrurus tener) is not uncommon however, they are secretive, often fossorial, and seldom seen. Two of the most common snakes, venomous or non-venomous, are the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus). Venomous snakes deserve caution and respect, but are safely observed when distances of 15–20 feet are maintained. Wildlife of Mali A few reptile species reported are Cerastes cerastes (desert horned viper) and Geochelone sulcata (African spurred tortoise). Other species of snakes or cobra are: Bitis arietans (puff adder), Cerastes cerastes (horned viper), Dispholidus typus (boomslang), Echis jogeri (Joger's carpet viper), Echis leucogaster (white-bellied carpet viper), Echis ocellatus (West African carpet viper), Naja katiensis (West African brown spitting cobra), Naja melanoleuca (forest cobra), Naja nigricollis (black-necked spitting cobra), and Naja senegalensis (Senegalese cobra). Pit viper Many temperate species of pit vipers (e.g. most rattlesnakes) congregate in sheltered areas or dens to overwinter (brumate, see hibernation), the snakes benefiting from the combined heat. In cool temperatures and while pregnant, pit vipers also bask on sunny ledges. Some species do not mass together in this way, for example the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, or the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus. Florida cottonmouth Colloquial names for the Florida cottonmouth include aquatic copperhead, aquatic moccasin, cotton-mouthed snake, gaper, gapper, lake moccasin, mangrove rattler, moccasin viper, North American water viper, pond moccasin, river pit viper, short-tailed moccasin, small-tailed rattler, snap jaw, stub-tail moccasin, swamp lion, swamp moccasin, trap jaw, water mamba, water moccasin, water pilot, water pit moccasin, water rattlesnake, white mouth moccasin, and worm-tailed moccasin. Kamla Nehru Prani Sangrahalay Presently there are variety of snakes. Venomous snakes include the member of big four (Indian Krait, Russell's Viper, Saw-scaled Viper and Indian Cobra) with Banded Krait, Bamboo Pit viper and Common vine snake. The Hound and the Falcon The Hound and the Falcon is a fantasy book trilogy by Judith Tarr, containing the books The Isle of Glass (Bluejay, 1985), The Golden Horn (Bluejay, 1985), and The Hounds of God (Bluejay, 1986). Boyuk Zira Caspian seals, sturgeon, and numerous types of birds, such as teal ducks, herring gulls, and grebes are some of the species that can be found on and around Boyuk Zira Island. Agkistrodon laticinctus Common names for this species include: broad-banded copperhead, copperhead moccasin, copperhead snake, dry-land moccasin, highland moccasin, moccasin, rattlesnake pilot, red eye, Texas copperhead and thunder snake. Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen Northern copperhead, copperhead, resident copperhead, highland moccasin, beech-leaf snake, chunk head, copper (adder), copper-bell, copper belly, copperhead moccasin, copperhead viper, copper snake, copper viper, deaf adder, deaf snake, harlequin snake, hazel head, North American copperhead snake, northern copperhead, pilot, poplar leaf, rattlesnake pilot, rattlesnake's mate, red adder, red eye, red snake, red viper, thunder snake, upland moccasin, white oak snake, adder.	Robin, eagle, raptor, bluejay, and sparrow are all kinds of birds. Cobra, rattlesnake, viper, cottonmouth, and copperhead are several types of snakes.	classification
Write a paragraph about AI governance.	Topic sentence In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. Dash This is a quotation dash. It may be distinct from an em dash in its coding (see Horizontal bar). It may be used to indicate turns in a dialogue, in which case each dash starts a paragraph. It replaces other quotation marks and was preferred by authors such as James Joyce: Technology governance The Institute for Future Initiatives is an organization created in 2019 as a combination of the Policy Alternatives Research Institute (PARI) and the UTIAS Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S). IFI focuses on developing recommendations for social and policy issues for a future world. Their technology Governance Policy Research Unit has completed an artificial intelligence (AI) governance project looking at various implications of AI technology and how to manage them. The Institute is headed by director Hideaki Shiroyama and vice directors Toshiya Watanabe, Kensuke Fukushi, and Ichiro Sakata. Genshi (templating language) Genshi makes use of namespaces to embed instructions into HTML. A typical instruction is given as an , with a Python expression inside the quotes. For example, the following will render a paragraph that shows 4: Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Paragraph A paragraph () is a self-contained unit of discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. Though not required by the orthographic conventions of any language with a writing system, paragraphs are a conventional means of organizing extended segments of prose. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Paragraph English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or main idea, preferably first, and multiple supporting or detail sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. Topic sentences are largely a phenomenon of school-based writing, and the convention does not necessarily obtain in other contexts. This advice is also culturally specific, for example, it differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落). Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Kitty AI: Artificial Intelligence for Governance Kitty AI: Artificial Intelligence for Governance is a 2016 art project by artist and researcher Pinar Yoldas. It is a 12-minute 3D animation.	The AI arms race is heating up, and breakthroughs are happening at an accelerating pace. The release of ChatGPT by OpenAI represents a profound leap forward in how humans interface with machines, showcasing the startling progress in large language models. Meanwhile generative AI capabilities such as Dall-E, Stable Diffusion, and Midjourney are able to generate highly realistic and detailed images from text descriptions, demonstrating a level of creativity and imagination that was once thought to be exclusively human. Humans seem fundamentally wired to continuously advance technology and improve our knowledge and capabilities. Also, the human brain tends to think linearly, causing us to underestimate the exponential progress of technology. Companies and nations are incentivized by market forces and geopolitical game theory to pursue better intelligence through the advancement of AI. The Future of Life Institute recently published Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. The letter — with notable signatories including Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and Andrew Yang — caused a stir, calling for a 6 month pause on advanced AI development: “Therefore, we call on all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4. This pause should be public and verifiable, and include all key actors. If such a pause cannot be enacted quickly, governments should step in and institute a moratorium.” Much of the media and public discourse in response to this letter has focused on who signed it and pushing back on the notion that humanity faces an imminent existential threat of artificial superintelligence. Dystopian claims of runaway artificial intelligence seem hyperbolic to many people, and calling for a 6 month moratorium is not realistic. Good luck convincing China to “pause” their efforts in the AI arms race. But are there no boundaries? Should we proceed with no guidelines? For example … Are we comfortable outsourcing decisions to black box AI systems that lack transparency and explainability, making it impossible for humans to understand the reasoning behind decisions? Should we be worried about the development of AI-powered autonomous weapons that make decisions about the use of lethal force without human input? Should we be worried about the potential for malicious actors to use AI for nefarious purposes, such as sophisticated propaganda campaigns? Are our current laws, regulations and political systems equipped to handle the rapid influx of new AI alignment questions that society will grapple with in the very near future? As AI becomes more advanced, it may become difficult to understand, which could lead to unintended outcomes. AI systems can behave in ways that are unforeseen and difficult to control. The AI alignment problem is a societal challenge that requires collaboration between researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and the public. It will also require international cooperation between governments and the private sector. This is not just a technical challenge, but also a philosophical and ethical one. The open letter mentioned above goes on to recommend: “AI research and development should be refocused on making today’s powerful, state-of-the-art systems more accurate, safe, interpretable, transparent, robust, aligned, trustworthy, and loyal.” This is certainly a worthy goal, and it can be achieved by doing AI in the open. What we currently lack is a framework. Society needs a set of procedures and protocols to make the recommendation from The Future of Life Institute actionable. Jointly, we must consider and debate the pros and cons of many ideas, including but not limited to: Mandatory disclosure of model details, including training datasets, evaluation methodologies, and known biases Development of a framework that establishes model monitoring and audit requirements for advanced AI systems Implementation of laws that impose liability for AI-caused harm Establishment of a regulatory authority for oversight and tracking of highly capable AI systems The first step in achieving a productive framework for safe AI development is an open dialogue among the many stakeholders involved, which includes everyone. We must rise above the hyper-politicized discourse that our dishonest and broken media often forces upon us. This topic is too important and the ramifications are too profound. Join me in advocating for an intelligent and respectful conversation on AI — one that solicits input and open debate from a diverse set of voices to help ensure a path forward that is in our collective best interest.	creative_writing
Who prepares the Global Hunger Index?	Global Hunger Index The 2016 Global Hunger Index (GHI) presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger, focusing on how the world can get to Zero Hunger by 2030. Global Hunger Index The Global Hunger Index differentiates three coping strategies. The lower the intensity of the crises, the less resources have to be used to cope with the consequences: India State Hunger Index The ISHI is constructed in the same fashion as the Global Hunger Index which follows a multidimensional approach to measuring hunger and malnutrition. Klaus von Grebmer In 1999, von Grebmer joined the International Food Policy Research Institute as Director of Communication and stayed in that position until 2011. Under his leadership, the first edition of the Global Hunger Index was launched in 2006; von Grebmer was one of the promoters of publishing a hunger index that would support the public debate on the issues of hunger. He encouraged the author Doris Wiesmann who wrote an initial research paper on indexing hunger under the leadership of Joachim von Braun to move in this direction. In 2015, von Grebmer co-authored the working paper Methodological Review and Revision of the Global Hunger Index which has since then be the basis of an improved and revived Global Hunger Index. He is the lead author of the Global Hunger Indexes from 2006 till today. The index is frequently mentioned in the media around the world as a source to characterize the hunger situation in a given country. Global Hunger Index The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool that attempts to measure and track hunger globally as well as by region and by country, prepared by European NGOs of Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. The GHI is calculated annually, and its results appear in a report issued in October each year. Hunger in Bangladesh The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a means of calculating and tracing hunger and undernutrition at global, regional, and national levels. Hunger in Nigeria The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a means of calculating and tracing hunger and undernutrition at global, regional, and national levels. Klaus von Grebmer The Global Hunger Index has won The Mercury Gold Award for best non-profit-human welfare report twice. The 2010 Global Hunger Index: The challenge of hunger, won the Best of Annual Reports for DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE E.V.in the 2010/2011 Mercury Excellence Award. The 2011 Global Hunger Index, The Challenge of Hunger: Taming price spikes and excessive food price volatility, won the Best of Annual Reports and Overall Presentation for Europe. Global Hunger Index The 2018 Global Hunger Index report presents recommendations for providing a more effective and holistic response to forced migration and hunger. These include focusing on those countries and groups of people who need the most support, providing long-term solutions for displaced people, and engaging in greater responsibility sharing at an international level. Global Hunger Index The 2018 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report—the 13th in the annual series—presents a multidimensional measure of national, regional, and global hunger by assigning a numerical score based on several aspects of hunger. It then ranks countries by GHI score and compares current scores with past results. The 2018 report shows that in many countries and in terms of the global average, hunger and undernutrition have declined since 2000; in some parts of the world, however, hunger and undernutrition persist or have even worsened. Since 2010, 16 countries have seen no change or an increase in their GHI levels.	Global Hunger Index is jointly prepared by Welhunger Life and Concern Worldwide	open_qa
Who won the 149th Boat Race?	The Boat Race 2003 The 149th Boat Race took place on 6 April 2003. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along a tidal stretch of the River Thames in south-west London. The lead changed twice during the race, which Oxford won by one foot (30 cm), the smallest margin of victory in the history of the event. The close race has been described as epic, while multiple Olympic gold-medallist Steve Redgrave suggested that the race was the greatest we will see in our lifetimes. The Boat Race 2003 Umpired by the Boat Race veteran Boris Rankov, the 2003 race was the first to be scheduled on a Sunday. As a result of a collision between the Cambridge boat and a launch, a member of the Cambridge crew was replaced just two days before the race. This was the first Boat Race to feature two sets of brothers on opposing sides. In the reserve race Goldie beat Isis and Oxford won the Women's race. The Boat Race 1992 The 138th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1992. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge cox Andrew Probert was the oldest competitor in Boat Race history at the age of 38 years and 86 days. Oxford won by lengths, the closest margin of victory for twenty years. The race also featured the first German competitor in the history of the event in Dirk Bangert. Umpired by former Cambridge rower Roger Stephens, Mike Rosewell writing in The Times described the race as one of the greatest races since 1829. The Boat Race 1965 The 111th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1965. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford, who led from the start, by three-and-three-quarter-lengths, in the third fastest time in Boat Race history. Isis won the inaugural reserve race while Cambridge won the Women's Boat Race. The Boat Race 1909 The 66th Boat Race took place on 3 April 1909. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge were reigning champions, having won the previous year's race, while Oxford's heavier crew contained three Olympic gold medallists. In a race umpired by Frederick I. Pitman, Oxford won by lengths in a time of 19 minutes 50 seconds. It was their first win in four races and took the overall record to 35–30 in their favour. The Boat Race 1905 The 62nd Boat Race took place on 1 April 1905. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the previous year's race. In this year's race, umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman, Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 20 minutes 35 seconds. The victory took the overall record to 34–27 in their favour. The Boat Race 1967 The 113th Boat Race took place on 25 March 1967. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford by three-and-a-quarter-lengths. Goldie won the reserve race while Cambridge won the Women's Boat Race. The Boat Race 1982 The 128th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1982. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Oxford won by lengths, securing their seventh consecutive victory. Their number five, Boris Rankov, won a record fifth Boat Race as a rower, and Oxford's Clay brothers became the first twins to win the event. The Boat Race 1979 The 125th Boat Race took place on 17 March 1979. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The 150th anniversary race was won by Oxford by lengths. For the first time in 50 years, neither crew featured foreign rowers, while Cambridge's stroke was replaced just hours before the race. Goldie won the reserve race in the slowest time in the history of the race while Cambridge won the Women's Boat Race. The Boat Race 2007 The 153rd The Boat Race took place on 7 April 2007, and featured the most non-British rowers in the history of the event. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The Cambridge crew were considerably heavier than their opponents. Oxford won the toss but Cambridge won the race by lengths in a time of 17 minutes 49 seconds.	The 149th Boat Race took place on April 6, 2003 and was held between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford won the face by one foot (30 cm), making it the smallest margin of victory in the history of the event.	closed_qa
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Ilimba, Khim	Ilimba drum The Ilimba drum is a musical instrument from Zimbabwe. The body of the drum is made from the hard outer shell of a gourd. Khim The khim’s string is a brass 24 gauge string. It is being hitched on the hitch pins on the left side of the sound box. There are 14 groups of strings on the khim, and each group has 3 strings. Overall, the khim has a total of 42 strings Khim The khim ( ; ; ) is a stringed musical instrument derived from the Mesopotamian or Persian Santur. It is similar to the Hammered Dulcimer or Cimbalom. This khim was introduced to Thailand from China, where a similar (though, since the late 20th century, usually larger) instrument is called yangqin, and introduced to Lao and Cambodia from Thailand later. It is played with two flexible bamboo sticks with soft leather at the tips to produce a soft tone. This instrument can be played by either sitting down on the floor with the khim on the floor, or by sitting on a chair or standing while the khim is on a stand. The khim produces a bright and expressive sound when played. It is made of wood, with brass strings that are laid across the instrument. The Australian-born musician and vocal artist Lisa Gerrard specialises in the use of a khim hammered dulcimer, featuring its music on several albums and performing with the instrument live on tour. Ilimba The ilimba is a lamellophone from Tanzania. It is a traditional instrument of the Gogo ethnic group and its most famous player in the 20th century was Hukwe Zawose, who developed a version of the instrument with between 66 and 72 metal keys. Khim The 66-string khim is a large instrument and very heavy. People who play this type of khim should be the musician who has a high degree of performance skill. It can be tuned to the level of international scale as it has many strings. This is made for professional musicians and only used for special occasions. Khim The bridge is a wooden device for the stringed musical instrument which support their strings and transfers the vibration from the strings to the other structural of the instrument. Khim has two bridges and there are many notes on the bridge bases on the different type of khim Kingri (string instrument) Kingri is a chordophone Indian bowed string instrument (string spike fiddle), similar to Rabab and Ravanastron. It has a resonator box of unglazed pottery, through which a stick is passed to function as the neck. Bladder fiddle On percussion instruments, the drum has been turned sideways on the instrument and the string runs across it like the sound-table on a spike lute. The string has been dropped in some cases, the bow stick becoming a drumstick and the instrument now a percussion instrument, called a boomba, stamp fiddle, stumpf fiddle, or pogo cello. Also called Devil's stick, Devil's violin, boom bass, hum strum, teufel stick or stomp stick. In the percussion instrument, the string may still have limited use as a chordophone, if it has been set up with a tuning peg to tighten the string; if used in this manner, the instrument is bowed with a notched stick, producing rough sounds. In some modern instruments, the string has been replaced by a long spring, solely a percussion instrument, and in other instruments the string has been dropped altogether. The Polish (Devil's fiddle) often has no string, but includes the memory of the instrument's past, by placing a violin-shaped piece of wood on the instrument. Pitched percussion instrument A pitched percussion instrument (also known as a melodic or tuned percussion instrument) is a percussion instrument used to produce musical notes of one or more pitches, as opposed to an unpitched percussion instrument which is used to produce sounds of indefinite pitch. Krachappi The Department of Cultural Promotion listed Krachappi as a cultural heritage in 2011. Krachappi is an ancient Thai instrument and has been with the Thai people for over a century. The appearance, playing method, and song of Krachappi are all associated with Thai history. Thai music instruments are divided into 4 groups, namely, strum, string, percussion, and brass.	Ilimba is percussion, Khim is string.	classification
Who is Stephen King?	Stephen King Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. Described as the King of Horror, a play on his surname and a reference to his high standing in pop culture, his books have sold more than 350 million copies, and many have been adapted into films, television series, miniseries, and comic books. King has published 64 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and five non-fiction books. He has also written approximately 200 short stories, most of which have been published in book collections. Stephen King bibliography The following is a complete list of books published by Stephen King, an American author of contemporary horror, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have sold more than 400 million copies, and many of them have been adapted into feature films, television movies and comic books. King has published 65 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and five non-fiction books. He has written over 200 short stories, most of which have been compiled in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine. R. L. Stine Stine has been referred to as the Stephen King of children's literature and is the author of hundreds of horror fiction novels, including the books in the Fear Street, Goosebumps, Rotten School, Mostly Ghostly and The Nightmare Room series. Some of his other works include a Space Cadets trilogy, two Hark gamebooks, and dozens of joke books. As of 2008, Stine's books have sold over 400 million copies. Bibliography of works on Stephen King 2/1/2014 Stephen King Films FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the King of Horror on Film Scott Von Doviak Applause Theatre & Cinema Books Richard Bachman Richard Bachman is a pen name (as well as fictional character) of American horror fiction author Stephen King. King portrays Bachman in the third season of the FX television series Sons of Anarchy. Unpublished and uncollected works by Stephen King According to books by Tyson Blue (The Unseen King), Stephen J. Spignesi (The Lost Work of Stephen King), and Rocky Wood et al. (Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished), there are numerous unpublished works by Stephen King that have come to light throughout King's career. These allegedly include novels and short stories, most of which remain unfinished. Most are stored among Stephen King's papers in the special collections of the Raymond H. Fogler Library at the University of Maine, some of which are freely accessible to the library's visitors. However, others require King's permission to read. Additionally, there are a number of uncollected short stories, published throughout King's long career in various anthologies and periodicals, that have never been published in a King collection. The Bachman Books The Bachman Books is a collection of short novels by Stephen King published under the pseudonym Richard Bachman between 1977 and 1982. It made The New York Times Best Seller List upon its release in 1985. The Dark Half Stephen King wrote several books under a pseudonym, Richard Bachman, during the 1970s and 1980s. Most of the Bachman novels were darker and more cynical in nature, featuring a far more visceral sense of horror than the psychological, gothic style common in many of King's most famous works. When King was identified as Bachman, he wrote The Dark Half – about an author – in response to his outing. Bibliography of works on Stephen King 5/1/2001 The Essential Stephen King: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels, Short Stories, Movies, and Other Creations of the World's Most Popular Writer Stephen Spignesi: New Page Books Horror fiction One of the best-known late-20th century horror writers is Stephen King, known for Carrie, The Shining, It, Misery and several dozen other novels and about 200 short stories. Beginning in the 1970s, King's stories have attracted a large audience, for which he was awarded by the U.S. National Book Foundation in 2003. Other popular horror authors of the period included Anne Rice, Brian Lumley, Graham Masterton, Richard Laymon, James Herbert, Dean Koontz, Clive Barker, Ramsey Campbell, and Peter Straub.	Stephen King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. He is described as the "King of Horror" for his high standing in pop culture, his books have sold more than 350 million copies, and many have been adapted into films, television series, miniseries, and comic books	information_extraction
Give me a list of the greatest chess players of all time	Vladimir Bagirov He was the coach of Mikhail Tal and Garry Kasparov, both of which are considered to be among the greatest chess players of all time. Comparison of top chess players throughout history In 1970, Fischer named Morphy, Steinitz, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Petrosian, Tal, Spassky, Reshevsky, Svetozar Gligorić and Bent Larsen the greatest chess players in history. Comparison of top chess players throughout history In a 1992 interview GM Miguel Quinteros gave the opinion: I think Fischer was and still is the greatest chess player of all time. [...] During his absence other good chess players have appeared. But no one equals Fischer's talent and perfection. Comparison of top chess players throughout history In 2021, Hikaru Nakamura published a youtube video entitled Hikaru's Hot Takes on the Ten Best Chess Players of All Time in which he reviewed a chess.com article on The 10 Best Chess Players Of All Time. In this video he suggested that it was unfair to exclude Paul Morphy and Viswanathan Anand from the 10 greatest players of all time. Hikaru stated that Bobby Fischer should obviously be number 3 and that Garry Kasparov and Magnus Carlsen should be at number 1 and number 2 respectively with the caveat that Kasparov is only number 1 due to his time as number 1 in the world being greater than Carlsen's. At the end of the video, Hikaru said he can live with the top 5 as: Kasparov, Carlsen, Fischer, Capablanca and Karpov but he would put from 6 through 10: Anand, Kramnik, Botvinnik, Lasker, Morphy. Paul Morphy Bobby Fischer ranked Morphy among the ten greatest chess players of all time, and described him as perhaps the most accurate player who ever lived. He noted that Morphy and Capablanca had enormous talent, and stated that Morphy had the talent to beat any player of any era if given time to study modern theory and ideas. Comparison of top chess players throughout history Svetozar Gligorić reported in his book Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess? (Batsford, 2002):At the beginning of 2001 a large poll for the Ten Greatest Chess Players of the 20th Century, selected by Chess Informant readers resulted in Fischer having the highest percentage of votes and finishing as No. 1, ahead of Kasparov, Alekhine, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Karpov, Tal, Lasker, Anand and Korchnoi. World Chess Hall of Fame On view from July 24, 2014 to June 7, 2015, this exhibition explores the career of Bobby Fischer, considered one of the greatest American chess players of all time. Super Street Fighter II In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 10th on a list of the greatest Nintendo games of all time. Shabjdeed The critic Ma'an Abu Taleb named Shabjdeed and Al Nather's 2019 track Mtaktak for a list of the greatest hip-hop songs of all time published by the BBC. 1994 in chess Below is a list of events in chess in 1994, as well as the top ten FIDE rated chess players of that year.	The greatest chess players of all time include Garry Kasparov, Magnus Carlsen, and Bobby Fischer.	brainstorming
What is the team that Michael Jordan played?	DeAndre Jordan In the summer of 2007, Jordan played for Team USA at the 2007 Under-19 World Championships in Serbia. Jordan played only nine minutes per game. The team finished second with an 8–1 record. Nike and Off-White: 'The Ten' Abloh deconstructed the Air Jordan 1, the first shoe designed personally for Michael Jordan in 1984 by Nike. The Jordan brand is currently a subsidiary of Nike, thus Abloh was able to reconstruct the Air Jordan 1. The Air Jordan 1 can be found in many different colours but Abloh decided to use the Chicago colours that Michael Jordan played in, being white red and black. Abloh completely took apart the shoe and readjusted the key elements and placed them around the shoe. Abloh also designed an all-white Europe exclusive version of the shoe. Abloh later designed a light blue coloured edition of the shoe on June 23, 2018, containing the traditional University of North Carolina colours, a common colour used for Air Jordan shoes as it represents the university at which Michael Jordan attended. Michael Jordan, Bella Hadid, Drake, Naomi Campbell, Travis Scott, Odell Beckham Jr and Chris Brown were some of the celebrities who received personalised versions of this shoe before the global release. In June 2019 images were released of a yellow version that had initially been designed by Abloh but was never properly released and was confirmed as a sample. Michael Jordan's Steakhouse Michael Jordan Steakhouse, founded by retired American basketball player Michael Jordan, is a fine-dining restaurant group. The main location was in Grand Central Terminal, New York City, though locations exist in Uncasville, Connecticut; Ridgefield, Washington; and Chicago. Michael Jordan to the Max Michael Jordan to the Max is an IMAX documentary film released in 2000. The film is about the life and career of basketball player Michael Jordan, focusing mainly on his 1998 NBA Playoffs and other significant achievements in his career. It is narrated by Laurence Fishburne. Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan in Flight is a 1993 computer basketball game for DOS. It was developed by and published by Electronic Arts and is endorsed by Michael Jordan although it has no NBA licensed players or teams. Michael Jordan (mycologist) Michael Jordan is an English mycologist, author of The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe, founder and chairman of the Association of British Fungal Groups (ABFG). Michael Jordan: An American Hero Michael Jordan: An American Hero is an American television film that aired on Fox Family Channel on April 18, 1999. It stars Michael Jace as Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan in Flight Computer Gaming World praised the incredible ... 3D-based graphic engine as being so far ahead of everyone else, but criticized Michael Jordan in Flight as being too easy because the product is based on Michael Jordan. Jordan is too good overall. The magazine concluded that it is the most visually realistic sports software on the market ... Now, they need to apply the technology to a game. Larry Jordan (basketball) Jordan is the third of five children, the son of Deloris (née Peoples) and James R. Jordan Sr. He has two brothers, James R. Jordan Jr. and Michael Jordan, and two sisters, Deloris and Roslyn. James retired in 2006 as the command sergeant major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army. His son, Justin Jordan, played NCAA Division I basketball for the UNC Greensboro Spartans and is a scout for the Charlotte Hornets. Jeffrey Jordan Jeffrey Michael Jordan (born November 18, 1988) is an American former basketball player who played for the University of Illinois and the University of Central Florida. He is the oldest child of retired Hall of Fame basketball player Michael Jordan. Jeffrey Jordan is the co-founder of Heir Jordan, a philanthropic foundation that he runs with his younger brother Marcus.	Chicago Bulls	open_qa
Given a reference text about the E.S. Hoyt House, tell me how big the inside of the house is and how many rooms it has.	E. S. Hoyt House The exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about of floor space. It has 99 diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of quarter sawn white oak wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story. The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid's room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase. E. S. Hoyt House The house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company. E. S. Hoyt House The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District. Dr. Ward Beebe House Dr. Ward Beebe was a bacteriologist, and the house was built for him and his wife Bess as a wedding present from her parents. The Beebe house is the firm's only house in Saint Paul, and includes some elements from English Arts and Crafts design as well as the Prairie Style. Purcell and Elmslie designed the primary rooms with good views, since the Summit Avenue location was important. Purcell was quoted as saying, At the time... it was one of the most talked about residential streets in America, broad and with beautiful trees; the views up and down the street were valued. So the unusual corner windows looking both ways from the living room were accepted as a fine response toward a choice and expensive location. The house has a large cross-gabled roof with deep eaves, giving it a broader look than its narrow structure would otherwise indicate. On the inside, the living room and the dining room are centered around a hearth and have no walls between them, similar to the Dr. Oscar Owre House in Minneapolis. The firm preferred to avoid building walls in first-floor living areas so they could increase the sense of space. The second floor has three bedrooms, a bathroom, and a tiny library sitting room with bay windows and a window seat. Elmslie also designed detailed art glass insets for the bookcases near the entrance. Willits House The first floor contains the living room that faces the street, the dining room, kitchen, pantry, servants' quarters, reception, porte cochere, veranda, and terrace. The first floor also contains several fireplaces that are clustered together. An entrance-stair hall, living room, dining room and kitchen rotate around the central fireplace. The plan of the house begins to open up and the rooms are linking much more strongly outward. The house is less contained and architecture that moved outwards was one of the main features. Moving to the second floor of the house, it contains five bedrooms, a sewing room and a library over the south entrance. Instead of continuing the west bedroom (directly over the living room) the full width of the wing, Wright left space for second-floor side porches and urns . Coonley House The Avery Coonley House (built 1908–12) in Riverside, Illinois, is located on a unique small peninsula surrounded by the Des Plaines River. Of the few estates that Frank Lloyd Wright developed, it is one of his largest and most elaborate Prairie School-homes ever built. It is one of just three multi-building prairie complexes built by the famed architect. The other two are the Dana–Thomas House and the Darwin D. Martin House complexes. The Coonley house is also the first example in Wright's work of a zoned plan. The raised second floor includes three zones: The public area (living room and dining room), the bedroom wing (with its pendant guest wing) and finally the kitchen and servants areas. The original residence was over-9000-square-feet and built on a ten-acre parcel. The entrance halls, playroom and sewing room are on the ground floor. An entire complex of interrelated buildings with extensive raised and sunken gardens was designed by landscape architect Jens Jensen. The main structure of the Avery Coonley Estate is the public-living room wing, located on Bloomingbank Road and behind that facing Scottswood Road is the bedroom wing of the mansion. The complex also includes a separate stable-coach house and gardener's cottage (1911). Along with the Robie House, the Coonley Estate represents the maturation of Wright's Prairie Style, typified by wide overhanging eaves, bands of art glass casement windows, free-flowing interior spaces and the harmonious blending of site and structure. Malcolm Willey House The Willey House is primarily built of red brick and cypress. Except for the red linoleum in the kitchen, the rooms on the main floor are floored with mortared brick pavers. A major design feature is the 30-60-90 triangle which shapes the terrace, the skylights, and two clerestory windows in the living room. The house is arranged so that the living room and dining room form a single space: the kitchen was separated from them by plate glass and a group of shelves. This gave a clear view from the kitchen to the living and dining area, allowing Mrs. Willey to watch the rest of the house while in the kitchen. This was an important step away from the historic precedent of compartmentalizing the functions of the house into separate rooms. The house can be considered a bridge between Wright's earlier Prairie School style houses, and his later Usonian style houses, since it incorporates certain elements from both styles. Rooks Nest House An 1882 advert to let the house listed a drawing room, dining room, kitchen, hall, scullery, pantry and larder on the ground floor, four bedrooms on the first floor, attics, WC and cellars. Lily Forster wrote to a friend, describing the house as a very old gabled house and yet it is perfectly new, it has been refurbished and described two sitting rooms, a large hall and six bedrooms. She brought her own furniture into the house and set about decorating the house to her own taste, surrounding the fireplace in the drawing room with a large ornate dark-wood mantlepiece that dominated the room. Lily had the room photographed and a copy sent to a family member, in which she mentioned two little black tea tables, a tall, old-fashioned bureau [with] a small oak bookcase on each side of it and a piano opposite the window. Some years later she had the house redecorated. Samuel P. Hoyt House The Hoyt House is a -story house in the Georgian style, built in dressed and coursed ashlar sandstone. According to its entry on the National Register of Historic Places, it is the finest example of Georgian-style architecture in Utah. It has a center-passage double-pile plan, two rooms deep, five bays across the front. The hall ends at a formal dining room, and is flanked by sitting and service rooms. The house has 14 rooms, nine of them with fireplaces. The main living level features murals by a local artist named Olson. A full basement includes a well, near the basement kitchen, which in turn was connected to the upstairs by a dumbwaiter. House of Sinodi-Popov The facade of the house decorates the modeled drawing. The porch of the house is created with three columns. The house is the two-storeyed, ground first-floor. All facade occupies a squared pediment which settles down over the crowning eaves with croutons. Windows of the first floor decorate capstones. Over windows of the second floor the vegetable ornament is created, and under windows — false rail-posts are made.	The E.S. Hoyt House is about 3,600 square feet and has ten rooms.	closed_qa
Tell me a story in a few sentences about food and how a few short words can make someone hungry	Cambridge English: Young Learners Part 5 has three pictures which tell a story. After each picture/part of the story, children complete sentences about the story using one, two or three words. Part 5 tests reading a story and completing sentences. How to Tell a Story and Other Essays How to Tell a Story and Other Essays (1897) is a series of essays by Mark Twain. In them, he describes his own writing style, attacks the idiocy of a fellow author, defends the virtue of a dead woman, and tries to protect ordinary citizens from insults by railroad conductors. The essays contained include How to Tell a Story, The Wounded Soldier, The Golden Arm, Mental Telegraphy Again, and The Invalid's Story. A Story about a Darning-needle A Story about a Darning-needle or The Darning-Needle () is an 1845 literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen Logan Sandler Angelica Jade Bastien for Roger Ebert wrote of the film, In 'Live Cargo,' director/co-writer Logan Sandler strives to tell a story that finds poetry in the commonplace by shirking narrative conventions. Tell Me a Story (Terry Gilkyson song) Tell Me a Story is a song written by Terry Gilkyson and performed by Jimmy Boyd and Frankie Laine, with the Norman Luboff Chorus. It reached #1 in Australia, #4 on the U.S. pop chart, and #5 on the UK Singles Chart in 1953. Let Me Tell You a Story Let Me Tell You a Story has been given critical acclaim by Almost Nerdy, Nerdy Show, Destructoid.com. and Russian magazine Mir Fantastiki Tell Me a Story (Terry Gilkyson song) The song is a mini-opera of a duet between the Junior, of kindergarten age, who demands his hard working father to read him a story. The father, who has gotten no raise at work, is wanting to seek relief from the world, when all of a sudden, the Junior yells out to him to repeatedly tell him a story. When the father starts to tell the story, the Junior repeatedly interrupts him, telling him not to go back into history, driving the father crazy, who tells Junior to refrain his demanding. The Junior asks his father to tell him a story about a fish who was Bigger than a Whale. This drives the angry father to swat him 3 times on the buttocks, causing the Junior to yell OW and making him go to bed. Even after the song ends, the Junior still asks his father for a story, while giggling. Gutnish Gutnish has many words of its own that make it different from Swedish. The following is a small selection of Gutnish's everyday vocabulary: Irish Fairy Tales A storyteller relates a story about Mongan, king of Ulster: Mongan, his wife, his storyteller, and several of his guards attend a tournament. It begins to hail. As they flee the hail, they wander into Faery and come to a small palace. There, they feast and Mongan agrees to tell a story about his past: Cambridge English: Young Learners Part 5 has a complete story and seven sentences about the story. Each of the seven sentences has a gap. Children complete the sentences about the story using one, two, three or four words. Part 5 tests reading a story and completing sentences.	Driving past the Farmer's Market Café on the Al in Suffolk, England, I saw a sign outside that read, in huge letters, Ham Hock Hash. Nothing else. No other food, no opening times, nothing. Just three little words that launched a thousand U-turns.	creative_writing
Which inventions of the 20th century had the greatest positive impact on human lifespan?	Grant Study According to The Atlantic, George Vaillant's main conclusion is that the warmth of relationships throughout life has the greatest positive impact on life satisfaction. Put differently, Vaillant says the study shows: Happiness is love. Full stop. Four Great Inventions In the 20th century, this list was popularized and augmented by the noted British biochemist, historian, and sinologist Joseph Needham, who devoted the later part of his life to studying the science and civilization of ancient China. Craig Venter Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human lifespan by the use of high-resolution big data diagnostics from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and the use of stem cell therapy. Life extension Life extension is the concept of extending the human lifespan, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the maximum lifespan beyond its generally-settled limit of 125 years. Four Great Inventions These four inventions had a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West. Ann Moore (inventor) When Ann Moore created the Snugli, she did not expect to have such a strong impact on the way parents bond with their babies. She also didn't expect to become one of the most significant inventors the world has seen. Yet the original hands-free soft baby carrier she created in the mid-'60s was able to meet both of these marks. Moore's design has received the honor of permanent placement in the Smithsonian Institute and was also recognized by the Wall Street Journal as one of the most significant inventions of the 20th century. Joseph Bast In a Wall Street Journal interview, Bast said that he believes the climate has warmed in the second half of the 20th century and there is likely a measurable human impact on climate. He believes the human impact on global warming is likely very small and that minimal warming is not a crisis. Maximum life span A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified stretched exponential function for human survival curves. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. 20th century in science Science advanced dramatically during the 20th century. There were new and radical developments in the physical, life and human sciences, building on the progress made in the 19th century.	It would be hard to argue against vaccinations or antibiotics, which have combined to limit or eliminate many life-threatening diseases throughout most of the world, such as polio, tuberculosis, and bacterial infections. Improved labor and delivery practices have significantly cut down maternal and infant morbidity rates. Electricity and synthetic fertilizers have also played key roles in establishing safe and plentiful food supply chains. There are many other examples as well.	general_qa
What is the name of the major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises	Praxeology French social philosopher Alfred Espinas gave the term its modern meaning, and praxeology was developed independently by two principal groups: the Austrian school, led by Ludwig von Mises, and the Polish school, led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński. Praxeology In philosophy, praxeology or praxiology (; ) is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior. Praxeology Previously the word praxiology, with the meaning Espinas gave to it, was used by Tadeusz Kotarbiński (in 1923). Several economists, such as the Ukrainian, Eugene Slutsky (1926) used it in his attempt to base economics on a theory of action. It was also used by Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises (1933), Russian Marxist Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938) during the Second International Congress of History of Science and Technology in London (in 1931), and Polish scholar Oscar Lange (1904–1965) in 1959, and later. Praxeology Austrian economics in the tradition of Ludwig von Mises relies heavily on praxeology in the development of its economic theories. Mises considered economics to be a sub-discipline of praxeology. Austrian School economists, following Mises, use praxeology and deduction, rather than empirical studies, to determine economic principles. According to these theorists, with the action axiom as the starting point, it is possible to draw conclusions about human behavior that are both objective and universal. For example, the notion that humans engage in acts of choice implies that they have preferences, and this must be true for anyone who exhibits intentional behavior. Action axiom The action-axiom is the basis of praxeology in the Austrian School, and it is the proposition that all specimens of the species Homo sapiens, the Homo agens, purposely utilize means over a period of time in order to achieve desired ends. In Human Action, Ludwig von Mises defined “action” in the sense of the action axiom by elucidating: Human Action (political action committee) The name is a reference to the book Human Action: A Treatise on Economics by the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises. Systems philosophy Soon after Laszlo founded systems philosophy it was placed in context by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, one of the founders of general system theory, when he categorized three domains within systemics namely: Austrian School In the 20th and 21st centuries, economists with a methodological lineage to the early Austrian School developed many diverse approaches and theoretical orientations. Ludwig von Mises organized his version of the subjectivist approach, which he called praxeology, in a book published in English as Human Action in 1949. In it, Mises stated that praxeology could be used to deduce a priori theoretical economic truths and that deductive economic thought experiments could yield conclusions which follow irrefutably from the underlying assumptions. He wrote that conclusions could not be inferred from empirical observation or statistical analysis and argued against the use of probabilities in economic models. Human Action Human Action: A Treatise on Economics is a work by the Austrian economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises. Widely considered Mises' magnum opus, it presents the case for laissez-faire capitalism based on praxeology, his method to understand the structure of human decision-making. It rejects positivism within economics. It defends an a priori epistemology and underpins praxeology with a foundation of methodological individualism and laws of apodictic certainty. Mises argues that the free-market economy not only outdistances any government-planned system, but ultimately serves as the foundation of civilization itself. Ludwig von Mises Mises wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of classical liberalism. In his magnum opus Human Action, Mises adopted praxeology as a general conceptual foundation of the social sciences and set forth his methodological approach to economics.	The major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises is the Polish school, which was led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński.	closed_qa
Give me a bulleted list of all artists that performers on the Trolls World Tour Soundtrack.	Lego Trolls World Tour On 9 November 2020, Universal Brand Development and The LEGO Group launched an official music video that was released on YouTube. It features the film's theme song, Just Sing and includes characters from the Trolls World Tour film in Lego form. The song is performed by Justin Timberlake, Anna Kendrick, Kelly Clarkson, Mary J. Blige, Anderson Paak and Kenan Thompson. Trolls (franchise) Trolls World Tour is a 2020 American computer-animated jukebox musical comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film is directed by Walt Dohrn, produced by Gina Shay, and written by Jonathan Aibel, Glenn Berger, Elizabeth Tippet, Maya Forbes and Wallace Wolodarsky, from a story by Aibel and Berger. The film stars the voices of Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, Rachel Bloom, James Corden, Ron Funches, Kelly Clarkson, Anderson .Paak, Sam Rockwell, George Clinton and Mary J. Blige. Trolls World Tour Trolls World Tour (often named as Trolls 2: World Tour) is a 2020 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures, based on the Good Luck Trolls dolls created by Thomas Dam. The sequel to Trolls (2016) and the second installment in the franchise, the film was directed by Walt Dohrn and co-directed by David P. Smith (in his feature directorial debut), from a screenplay by Maya Forbes, Wallace Wolodarsky, Elizabeth Tippet, and the writing team of Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger, and a story by Aibel and Berger. The film features an ensemble cast that includes the voices of Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, Rachel Bloom, James Corden, Ron Funches, Kelly Clarkson, Anderson .Paak, Sam Rockwell, George Clinton, and Mary J. Blige. The film follows Poppy and Branch as they discover several more troll tribes that represent music genres other than their own. Troubles arise when the Queen of the Rock tribe plans to overthrow the foreign music genres to unite the trolls under rock music. Trolls World Tour (soundtrack) Trolls World Tour: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2020 DreamWorks Animation film Trolls World Tour, released by RCA Records on March 13, 2020. The soundtrack is produced primarily by singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. The singles The Other Side by SZA and Timberlake and Don't Slack by Anderson .Paak and Timberlake were released prior to the album. Justin Timberlake Following the announcement of Trolls World Tour, Timberlake teased potential collaborations with a number of artists, through a series of Instagram posts, which included frequent collaborators Pharrell Williams, Nathaniel Hills and Rob Knox, as well as new collaborators such as Anderson. Paak, Brandy Norwood, Lizzo, and Meek Mill. On February 26, 2020, SZA and Timberlake released the single The Other Side, a song part of the Trolls World Tour soundtrack, alongside its music video. On March 9, 2020, Timberlake released a teaser for his upcoming song Don't Slack, which features Anderson. Paak, and is also part of the Trolls World Tour soundtrack. The song was released on March 10, 2020. The Other Side (SZA and Justin Timberlake song) The Other Side is a song by American singers SZA and Justin Timberlake. It was released on February 26, 2020, as the lead single from the Trolls World Tour companion soundtrack, Trolls World Tour (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). Timberlake voices the character Branch in the film. The song was written by SZA, Timberlake, Ludwig Göransson, Max Martin, Frank Iero and Sarah Aarons, while production was handled by Timberlake and Göransson. Trolls World Tour Along with Timberlake, Clarkson, .Paak, Blige and Clinton, songs are provided by Chris Stapleton and SZA. Trolls (soundtrack) After being announced as the voice to the lead character in the musical comedy Trolls opposite Anna Kendrick, Billboard reported that Justin Timberlake also signed on to write and perform original music for the film. Timberlake said in an interview: Trolls (soundtrack) Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2016 DreamWorks Animation film Trolls, released on September 23, 2016 by RCA Records. The soundtrack is produced primarily by singer Justin Timberlake, Max Martin, and Shellback. It features work from Timberlake himself, along with Anna Kendrick, Ron Funches, Zooey Deschanel and Gwen Stefani, who all voice characters in the film, as well as Earth, Wind & Fire and Ariana Grande. The album was certified Platinum in Australia and Double Platinum in the United States. The song Can't Stop the Feeling! was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Grammy Award. September (Earth, Wind & Fire song) A version featuring the band accompanied by Anna Kendrick and Justin Timberlake is featured in the 2016 film Trolls. It was released on September 23, 2016, as part of the Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.	• (SZA and Justin Timberlake) • (Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, James Corden, Ester Dean, Icona Pop, Kenan Thompson and The Pop Trolls) • (Anderson .Paak and Justin Timberlake) • (Anderson .Paak, Justin Timberlake, Mary J. Blige and George Clinton) • (Trolls World Tour)" (Justin Timberlake, Anna Kendrick, Kelly Clarkson, Mary J. Blige, Anderson .Paak and Kenan Thompson) • (Anthony Ramos) • (George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, Anderson .Paak and Mary J. Blige) • (Walt Dohrn and Joseph Shirley) • (Haim and Ludwig Göransson) • (Dierks Bentley) • (Kelly Clarkson) • (Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, James Corden, Icona Pop and The Pop Trolls) • (Rachel Bloom) • (Ludwig Göransson) • (Rachel Bloom) • (Sam Rockwell) • (Justin Timberlake) • (Bloom) • (George Clinton, Mary J. Blige, Anderson .Paak) • (Justin Timberlake, Anna Kendrick, James Corden, Kelly Clarkson, George Clinton, Mary J. Blige, Anderson .Paak, Rachel Bloom, Kenan Thompson, Anthony Ramos, Red Velvet, Icona Pop and Sam Rockwell)	summarization
How much is in a baker's dozen?	Baker's Dozen (card game) Baker's Dozen is a patience or card solitaire using a single pack of fifty-two playing cards. The game is so called because of the 13 columns in the game, the number in a baker's dozen. Dozen According to the 1811 Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, by Francis Grose, a Baker's Dozen is Thirteen; that number of rolls being allowed to the purchaser of a dozen. However, contrary to most sources, according to the anonymous 1785 version of that dictionary, which was probably also by Grose, a Baker's Dozen is Fourteen, that number of rolls being allowed to the purchaser of a dozen. Dozen A baker's dozen, devil's dozen, long dozen, or long measure is 13, one more than a standard dozen. The broadest use of baker's dozen today is simply a group of thirteen objects (often baked goods). The term has meant different things over the last few centuries. Baker's Dozen Donuts Baker's Dozen Donut Corporation is a doughnut store operator in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its name is a reference to the term baker's dozen, meaning thirteen items (one item more than a regular dozen). The Baker's Dozen (concert series) A box set of all thirteen shows was released as The Complete Baker's Dozen as a limited release on November 30, 2018. 13 (number) A baker's dozen, devil's dozen, long dozen, or long measure is 13, one more than a standard dozen. The thirteenth loaf is called the vantage loaf because it is considered advantageous overall to get 13 loaves for the price of 12. The Baker's Dozen (concert series) The Baker's Dozen was a series of thirteen concerts performed by Vermont-based jam band Phish between July 21 and August 6, 2017 at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York. Each night featured a completely unique setlist with no songs repeated throughout the event, with the band playing 237 songs in total. The full set of shows was released as a box set entitled The Complete Baker's Dozen, alongside a three-disc live album of highlights, The Baker's Dozen: Live at Madison Square Garden. The Baker's Dozen (concert series) The Baker's Dozen: Live at Madison Square Garden is an album collecting highlights from the entire run. It was released on November 30, 2018 as a triple CD and six-disc LP. No Kimchi for Me! The book received the A Baker's Dozen: The Best Children's Books for Family Literacy award by the Pennsylvania Center for the Book in 2018. Eberron The World of Eberron comprises a number of features for the Eberron campaign setting. The number 13, also known as a baker's dozen, has been part of a theme Keith Baker used regarding aspects of the world.	A baker's dozen is not 12, it is 13. There is a story for the origin of this practice that dates back to medieval times and bakers throwing in an extra roll or loaf of bread, to avoid being found guilty of cheating their customers based on prices vs quantity of wheat flour sold. In modern times, the practice is more about generosity of your baker; though you might not find a baker who actually gives you 13 when you pay for a dozen donuts.	open_qa
Which is the best work from Goethe?	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe To the period of his friendship with Schiller belong the conception of Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years (the continuation of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship), the idyll of Hermann and Dorothea, the Roman Elegies and the verse drama The Natural Daughter. In the last period, between Schiller's death, in 1805, and his own, appeared Faust Part One (1808), Elective Affinities (1809), the West-Eastern Diwan (an 1819 collection of poems in the Persian style, influenced by the work of Hafez), his autobiographical Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit (From My Life: Poetry and Truth, published between 1811 and 1833) which covers his early life and ends with his departure for Weimar, his Italian Journey (1816–17), and a series of treatises on art. Faust, Part Two was completed before his 1832 death and published posthumously later that year. His writings were immediately influential in literary and artistic circles. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The most important of Goethe's works produced before he went to Weimar were Götz von Berlichingen (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: ) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism. Indeed, Werther is often considered to be the spark which ignited the movement, and can arguably be called the world's first best-seller. During the years at Weimar before he met Schiller in 1794, he began Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and wrote the dramas Iphigenie auf Tauris (Iphigenia in Tauris), Egmont, and Torquato Tasso and the fable Reineke Fuchs. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship Goethe's work on the novel began in the 1770s. An early version of the work, unpublished during Goethe's lifetime, was discovered in the early twentieth century, and published under the title Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Calling (Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung). When the Apprenticeship was completed in the mid-1790s, it was to a great extent through the encouragement and criticism of Goethe's close friend and collaborator Friedrich Schiller that it took its final shape. Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years or Wilhelm Meister's Travels), the sequel to the Apprenticeship, was already planned in the 1790s, but did not appear in its first edition until 1821, and in its final form until 1829. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Goethe's first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants, was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. In 1791 he was made managing director of the theatre at Weimar, and in 1794 he began a friendship with the dramatist, historian, and philosopher Friedrich Schiller, whose plays he premiered until Schiller's death in 1805. During this period Goethe published his second novel, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; the verse epic Hermann and Dorothea, and, in 1808, the first part of his most celebrated drama, Faust. His conversations and various shared undertakings throughout the 1790s with Schiller, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottfried Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, Wilhelm von Humboldt, and August and Friedrich Schlegel have come to be collectively termed Weimar Classicism. Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years Untitled poem: In the austere charnelhouse... (often referred to as Upon Viewing Schiller's Skull, though this title is not from Goethe himself). Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship depicts the eighteenth-century German reception of William Shakespeare's dramas: the protagonist is introduced to these by the character Jarno, and extensive discussion of Shakespeare's work occurs within the novel's dialogues. Wilhelm and his theater group give a production of Hamlet, in which Wilhelm plays the lead role. Shakespeare's work had begun to be translated into German in the 1740s, and had attained tremendous popularity and influence in Germany by the end of the century. A young Goethe had presided over and given a speech in celebration of Shakespeare's genius on October 14, 1771, in Frankfurt. A second simultaneous celebration was held in Strasbourg. Goethe has Shakespeare play a prominent role in Wilhelm's growth with the theater group as he rejoiced the more that his name was Wilhelm and acknowledges Shakespeare as a namesake, friend, and godfather. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Goethe had a great effect on the nineteenth century. In many respects, he was the originator of many ideas which later became widespread. He produced volumes of poetry, essays, criticism, a theory of colours and early work on evolution and linguistics. He was fascinated by mineralogy, and the mineral goethite (iron oxide) is named after him. His non-fiction writings, most of which are philosophic and aphoristic in nature, spurred the development of many thinkers, including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ernst Cassirer, and Carl Jung. Along with Schiller, he was one of the leading figures of Weimar Classicism. Schopenhauer cited Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship as one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with Tristram Shandy, La Nouvelle Héloïse and Don Quixote. Nietzsche wrote, Four pairs it was that did not deny themselves to my sacrifice: Epicurus and Montaigne, Goethe and Spinoza, Plato and Rousseau, Pascal and Schopenhauer. With these I must come to terms when I have long wandered alone; they may call me right and wrong; to them will I listen when in the process they call each other right and wrong. Anna Swanwick She returned to England in 1843 and began translating some of the German dramatists. Her first publication, Selections from the Dramas of Goethe and Schiller appeared in 1843. The selections included Goethe's Torquato Tasso and Iphigenia in Tauris, and Schiller's Maid of Orleans. In 1850, she released a volume of translations from Goethe containing the of Faust, Egmont, and the two plays of the former volume. The translations are in blank verse. In 1878, she published the of Faust; the two parts with Moritz Retzsch's illustrations appeared together in one volume the same year. Miss Swanwick's Faust passed through many editions and was included in Bohn's series of translations from foreign classics. Her English version is accurate and spirited, and is regarded as one of the best in existence. Literary influence of Hamlet Hamlet is one of the most-quoted works in the English language, and often included on lists of the world's greatest literature. As such, it has proved a pervasive influence in literature. For instance, Henry Fielding's Tom Jones, published about 1749, merely describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge. In contrast, Goethe's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, written between 1776–1796 not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also dwells on parallels between the Ghost and Wilhelm Meister's dead father. In the early 1850s, in , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet-like character's long development as a writer. Ten years later, Dickens' Great Expectations contains many Hamlet-like plot elements: it is driven by revenge actions, contains ghost-like characters (Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham), and focuses on the hero's guilt. Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an autobiographical novel and anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer named Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship one of the four greatest novels ever written, while the American philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson selected Goethe as one of six representative men in his work of the same name (along with Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Montaigne, Napoleon, and Shakespeare). Goethe's comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, notably Johann Peter Eckermann's Conversations with Goethe (1836). His poems were set to music by many composers including Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, and Mahler.	Assuming that literature is not an exact science and that works cannot be divided into objectively assessable works, such as good, bad or excellent, and that Goethe created a large number of pieces, I will answer the question as follows: The most important works for Goethe are Goetz von Berlichingen and The Sorrows of Young Werther, since these works gave him initial fame in the Sturm und Drang period.	closed_qa
Why there is no infant rice cereal in the market now?	Yashili Yashili produces a range of foodstuffs including infant formula, infant rice cereal, milk powder, soybean milk powder, juice powder, cornmeal flakes, oatmeal, preserved fruits, nutritional supplements and health foods, totaling more than 300 product items, which are sold throughout China and in overseas markets. Rice cereal Rice cereal is the name commonly given to industrially manufactured baby food based on rice. It is also commonly used in Rice Krispy treats. Its ingredient list is not well defined and depends on the manufacturer. It has been recommended by pediatricians in the United States as the initial food for solid food-ready babies for the second half of the 20th century. Breakfast cereal Over 2016 to 2017, Americans purchased 3.1 billion boxes of cereal, mostly as ready to eat cold cereal. In a $9.8 billion cereal market, cold cereal purchases were 88% of the total (12% for hot cereals), with the overall cereal market declining due to reduced consumption of sugar and dairy products. Kellogg's and General Mills each had 30% of the market share for cold cereals. Honey Nut Cheerios was the leading cold cereal. Freakies Freakies was a brand of sweetened breakfast cereal produced by Ralston and sold in the United States. The cereal – which consisted of crunchy, light brown, torus-shaped amalgam – was Ralston's first major venture into the sweetened ready-to-eat cereal market, and was marketed using a cast of seven creatures known collectively as the Freakies. The Kid in You The Kid in You campaign, started in 1984, proved to be a brilliant response to demographic challenges facing the breakfast cereal industry in the 1980s. As baby boomers aged and consumers showed an increasing interest in nutritious alternatives to the heavily sweetened, child-oriented cereals that had driven growth for two decades, the breakfast cereal market became more complex and segmented. To maintain its lead in the industry, the Kellogg Company had to respond to the gap in the adult cereal market. It positioned Frosted Mini-Wheats as a product with broad-based appeal. The campaign was aimed at adults whose maturity made them concerned about nutrition but whose taste buds still craved flavor. Considered by critics to be a clever and appealing approach, the strategy was quite successful, and led to Frosted Mini-Wheats becoming one of the best-selling cereals in the United States. Pie in American cuisine Variations of the chocolate cookie crumb crust can be made with wafer crumbs or crumbled sandwich cookies, or by melting chocolate in a double boiler and stirring in toasted rice cereal, then pressing the mixture into a pie dish and allowing it to set in the refrigerator. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Rice Krispies Rice Krispies (known as Rice Bubbles in Australia and New Zealand) is a breakfast cereal, marketed by Kellogg's in 1927 and released to the public in 1928. Rice Krispies are made of crisped rice (rice and sugar paste that is formed into rice shapes or berries, cooked, dried and toasted), and expand forming very thin and hollowed out walls that are crunchy and crisp. When milk is added to the cereal the walls tend to collapse, creating the snap, crackle and pop sounds. Rice Krispies Rice Krispies are made by the Kellogg Company. The Snap, Crackle and Pop slogan was in use by 1939 when the cereal was advertised as staying crackly crisp in milk or cream...not mushy! with claims that the cereal would remain floating (without sinking to the bottom of the bowl) even after 2 hours in milk. They were not a shredded or flaked cereal type, but were instead created by a patented process that Kellogg's called oven-popping.	Because there are more concerns on the arsenic in the rice. And it is a bigger concerns for the babies. FDA says that the rice intake for infants is about three times greater than for adults relative to body weight. So more and more families start to change to other alternatives. infant rice cereal is gone by time.	open_qa
What is an isotherm?	Contour line An isotherm (from or thermē, meaning 'heat') is a line that connects points on a map that have the same temperature. Therefore, all points through which an isotherm passes have the same or equal temperatures at the time indicated. An isotherm at 0 °C is called the freezing level. The term was coined by the Prussian geographer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, who as part of his research into the geographical distribution of plants published the first map of isotherms in Paris, in 1817. Gibbs isotherm The Gibbs adsorption isotherm is an equation which could be considered an adsorption isotherm that connects surface tension of a solution with the concentration of the solute. Isothermal process holds. The family of curves generated by this equation is shown in the graph in Figure 1. Each curve is called an isotherm, meaning a curve at a same temperature T. Such graphs are termed indicator diagrams and were first used by James Watt and others to monitor the efficiency of engines. The temperature corresponding to each curve in the figure increases from the lower left to the upper right. Semi-arid climate In climate classification, any one of three isotherms may be used to delineate hot from cold semi-arid climates — that of average annual temperature; or that of the coldest month, either or . The warm side of the isotherm of choice is classified as BSh, the cooler side as BSk. As a result of these differing definitions, some areas can have climates that are classified as either hot or cold semi-arid, depending on the isotherm used. One such location is San Diego, California (at its main airport). The city has cool summers for its latitude, due to prevailing winds off the ocean, so the average annual temperature is below ); however, winters are mild, with an average January temperature of , much closer to the coldest-month isotherm that separates tropical and subtropical climates than to the coldest-month isotherm that separates temperate and continental climates. Boston Under the Köppen climate classification, depending on the isotherm used, Boston has either a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) under the isotherm or a humid continental climate under the 0 °C isotherm (Köppen Dfa). The city is best described as being in a transitional zone between the two climates. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool to mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter areas near the immediate coast will often see more rain than snow as warm air is drawn off the Atlantic at times. The city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Angoon, Alaska The climate is either an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), when utilising the -3 °C isotherm or a warm-summer Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), when utili the 0 °C isotherm. Its climate moderately tempered by a hot current is only slightly more extreme than the north of Scotland. Freezing level The freezing level, or 0 °C (zero-degree) isotherm, represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere (i.e. allowing reflection of the sun by snow, icing conditions, etc.). Any given measure is valid for only a short period of time, often less than a day as variations in wind, sunlight, air masses and other factors may change the level. Rietz-Neuendorf The city experiences a degraded oceanic climate, common in the border of Germany-Poland (Köppen: Cfb). But due to its location to the east and interior (much more than most German cities), the climate is semicontinental, approaching Dfb, characterized for this using old normals and 0 °C isotherm. Level set The name isocontour is also used, which means a contour of equal height. In various application areas, isocontours have received specific names, which indicate often the nature of the values of the considered function, such as isobar, isotherm, isogon, isochrone, isoquant and indifference curve. Humid continental climate Using the Köppen climate classification, a climate is classified as humid continental when the temperature of the coldest month is below or and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above . These temperatures were not arbitrary. In Europe, the average temperature isotherm (line of equal temperature) was near the southern extent of winter snowpack. In the United States, it is more common to use the isotherm instead. The average temperature was found to be roughly the minimum temperature necessary for tree reproduction and growth. Wide temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.	An isotherm is a line that connects points on a map that have the same temperature.	summarization
What is the fastest way to travel between the United States and Croatia?	Croatia–United States relations In 2013, 220,043 Americans, who have made 548,727 overnight stays, came to Croatia on a holiday. The United States and Croatia have a bilateral investment treaty and investment protection agreement. European University Institute The remaining EU member states which are not EUI member states are: Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Lithuania. Youth travel In 2017, the top destinations for youth travel were the United States, Spain, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, Thailand, and Austria. Francisco Diego His most recent exposition “Mexico in a Blink” took place in San Francisco and will travel through United States along the year. The Best Way to Travel Writing for The Guardian in 2015, music journalist Rob Chapman said: Keyboard player Mike Pinder's (Thinking is) The Best Way to Travel on the In Search of a Lost Chord album is one of the great show me the universe and get me home for tea acid songs, and that quintet of late 60s albums is liberally peppered with memorable psychedelic moments.. Fish kick The kick is sometimes cited as the fastest way to swim. An article published by Slate described it as the fastest way for a human to swim when executed properly. An article in the International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport noted that the kick provides an incontestable advantage from a hydrodynamic point of view. The journal published a study that compared swimmers using dolphin kick with fish kick and found that the fish kick was generally faster on a short distance and that it was generally almost as fast, even though the swimmers had no prior experience with the stroke. The kick has been noted for its difficulty in executing correctly. Old Irontown, Utah Brigham Young left Nauvoo, Illinois to establish Salt Lake City in 1847. Young quickly realized that the fastest way to an independent Mormon state was to make the new colony self-sufficient. One important resource in this regard was iron, which was very expensive to ship from the eastern United States. Transport in Guernsey Guernsey is the second largest of the Channel Islands. It is part of the Common Travel Area, allowing passport-free travel to and from the United Kingdom or Jersey. Travel to and from mainland Europe requires a passport or an EU national identity document. Non EU citizens may need a visa. Winston Swift Boyer In the mid-1980s, while living in New York, Boyer received an advance from the Bulfinch Press imprint of Little, Brown and Company to travel the United States and assemble 64 photographs for the book American Roads. Travel writer and historian William Least Heat-Moon wrote the introduction to American Roads and said: Croatia–United States relations Diplomatic relations between Croatia and the United States were established on April 7, 1992 following Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia. The mutual relations continue to be cordial, friendly, and very close.	The fastest way to travel would be by airplane, which would be faster than a boat trip	open_qa
Think up 5 different reasons to give my boss to take off work.	My Boss The film is inspired from the American film The Proposal (2009) starring Ryan Reynolds and Sandra Bullock, which included various dialogues and plot twists which adapted into the film 'My Boss'. You're My Boss You're My Boss is a 2015 Filipino romantic comedy film written and directed by Antoinette Jadaone starring Toni Gonzaga and Coco Martin. It was released on April 4, 2015, by Star Cinema. My Boss Sify.com gave the verdict Masala Entertainer and said, With a brisk pace that barely gives much time to think, My Boss could be an entertaining affair, especially if you are not too bothered about the film’s inspirations and other nuances. This one is perhaps not meant to be taken too seriously and better enjoy this with a pack of popcorn! The film is a copy of the Hollywood film The Proposal (2009) that had Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds in the lead. Take Off! with The Savvy Stews Take Off! with The Savvy Stews (also branded as Take Off!) is an American travel-themed television series. Travel visa For short visits to the visited country. Many countries differentiate between different reasons for these visits, such as: Brainstorming In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Bhanwarlal Meghwal He was a Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly constituency Sujangarh Churu, Rajasthan, serving on 5 different occasions. Brainstorming Individual brainstorming is the use of brainstorming in solitary situations. It typically includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking, word association, and drawing a mind map, which is a visual note taking technique in which people diagram their thoughts. Individual brainstorming is a useful method in creative writing and has been shown to be superior to traditional group brainstorming. Homeschooling in the United States Parents give many different reasons for homeschooling their children. In the 2003 and 2007 NHES, parents were asked whether particular reasons for homeschooling their children applied to them. The three reasons selected by parents of more than two-thirds of students were concern about the school	Here are 5 different reasons you can give your boss to take off work: 1. You have to go to your kid's award ceremony 2. You got food poisoning 3. The power at your house went out 4. You car is in the shop and you have no ride to work 5. Your family made a surprise visit to see you.	brainstorming
What is used to make the dough of boiled Chinese dumplings?	Dumpling Tangbao are Chinese dumplings that have soup in them, the most famous of these is the xiaolongbao (小籠包) from the Jiangnan region. Silesian dumplings There are two methods of forming the dumplings. The first one is by slicing them up with a knife from the dough rolls. The other way is to just hand roll them from the dough and flatten. Finally, a depression for gravy is made with a thumb. The dumplings are then boiled in salted water until they float to the surface. Hapanlohko Hapanlohko is a traditional Karelian dish, made out of potato and rye bread dough. The dough is stored in a wooden sourdough pot before being baked into bread. However some dough is removed first to make Hapanlohko. The dough is boiled in a pot with peeled potatoes, thus completing the recipe. Skjenning Skjenning is made from a dough of boiled, mashed potatoes and wheat flour. When rolling out the flatbread, barley flour is used, and during the cooking process, one side is coated with a mixture of milk and sugar. Boxty Boxty dough can also be boiled like dumplings. This requires squeezing excess moisture from the grated potato and combining with mashed potatoes and flour. The dumplings are seasoned with salt, boiled, sliced and pan-fried in butter. Modern variations can include currants and raisins, or be served with cornflour sauce like steamed pudding. Marillenknödel Small dumplings (Knödel) are formed from dough, in which cored apricots or mirabelle plums are placed. The dumplings are then boiled in slightly salted water and covered in crispily fried bread crumbs and powdered sugar. The dough is usually made of potato (Erdapfel), though also quark (Topfen) and choux pastry are used. Dry pasta line The extruder mixes flour and water to make dough, kneads the dough and pushes it through a die to form the shape, and cuts the pasta to the correct length. Dry pasta lines typically use rectangular dies to extrude long goods pasta and round dies to extrude short goods pasta. The extruder typically uses a vacuum system in the mixing process to keep air out of the dough. Pierogi Lazy varenyky (, ) in Ukrainian and Russian cuisine or leniwe pyrohy in Rusyn are gnocchi-shaped dumplings made by mixing domashniy sir (curd cheese) with egg and flour into quick dough. The cheese-based dough is formed into a long sausage about thick, then cut diagonally into gnocchi, called halushky in Ukrainian and Rusyn, halušky in Czech, and galushki in Russian. The dumplings are then quickly boiled in salted water and served with sour cream or melted butter. The name lazy varenyky faithfully reflects the very quick preparation time of the dish: It usually takes 10 to 15 minutes from assembling the simple ingredients to serving the cooked dumplings. Lazy varenyky differ from standard varenyky in the same way that Italian gnocchi differ from ravioli or tortellini: these are fluffy solid dumplings, not stuffed pockets of dough. The same dish in Polish cuisine is called lazy pierogi (). Black dumplings Kluski czarne or (black dumplings), also known as kluski polskie (Polish dumplings) or kluski żelazne (iron dumplings), are a variety of dumplings popular in Silesia. In addition to minced potatoes and flour, the dough contains also potato starch, which adds to its colour. Duff (dessert) Duff is a Bahamian cuisine dessert dish made with fruit (especially guava) in a dough. Fruit is folded into the dough and boiled, then served with a sauce. Ingredients include fruit, butter, sugar, eggs, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, flour, rum, pepper, and baking powder.	Wheat is used to make the flour of boiled Chinese dumplings.	open_qa
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Polacanthus, Olive Ridley Turtle	Olive ridley sea turtle The olive ridley turtle has a circumtropical distribution, living in tropical and warm waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans from India, Arabia, Japan, and Micronesia south to southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been observed off the western coast of Africa and the coasts of northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Additionally, the olive ridley has been recorded in the Caribbean Sea as far north as Puerto Rico. A female was found alive on an Irish Sea beach on the Isle of Anglesey, Wales, in November 2016, giving this species its northernmost appearance. It was taken in by the nearby Anglesey Sea Zoo, while its health was assessed. A juvenile female was found off the coast of Sussex in 2020. The olive ridley is also found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Galápagos Islands and Chile north to the Gulf of California, and along the Pacific coast to at least Oregon. Migratory movements have been studied less intensely in olive ridleys than other species of marine turtles, but they are believed to use the coastal waters of over 80 countries. Historically, this species has been widely regarded as the most abundant sea turtle in the world. More than one million olive ridleys were commercially harvested off the coasts of Mexico in 1968 alone. Olive ridley sea turtle The olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), also known commonly as the Pacific ridley sea turtle, is a species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae. The species is the second-smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world. L. olivacea is found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but also in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean. El Ostional The fauna in the marine ecosystem of the Bay of Ostional have relatively short lives due to fishing, yet populations are typically high in extent. 304 species of fish and shellfish have been classified, while it is estimated that approximately 1,423 species exist on the Pacific Coast. Some of the predominant sea fauna include octopus, shark, caiman, varied species of crabs, slugs, oysters, olive ridley turtle, and a variety of seabirds such as gulls. Ridley sea turtle Ridley sea turtles are a genus (Lepidochelys) of sea turtle comprising two species: Kemp's ridley sea turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle. Kemp's ridley sea turtle Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii), also called the Atlantic ridley sea turtle, is the rarest species of sea turtle and is the world's most endangered species of sea turtle. It is one of two living species in the genus Lepidochelys (the other one being L. olivacea, the olive ridley sea turtle). Olive ridley sea turtle The generic name, Lepidochelys, is derived from the Greek words lepidos, meaning scale, and chelys, which translates to turtle. This could possibly be a reference to the supernumerary costal scutes characteristic of this genus. The etymology of the English vernacular name olive is somewhat easier to resolve, as its carapace is olive green in color. However, the origin of ridley is still somewhat unclear, perhaps derived from riddle. Lepidochelys is the only genus of sea turtles containing more than one extant species: L. olivacea and the closely related L. kempii (Kemp's ridley). Sea turtle Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the flatback, green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and olive ridley sea turtles. Olive ridley sea turtle Olive ridley sea turtles are considered the most abundant, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels. These turtles are considered endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico, to Chile. Pacific olive ridleys nest around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the US on July 28, 1978. East African coral coast The ecoregion is home to all five of the Indian Ocean's sea turtle species – green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), leatherback sea turtle, (Dermochelys coriacea), and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Dugongs (Dugong dugon) inhabit seagrass meadows, estuaries, and other sheltered coastal waters. Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain Animal species include Dasyurus geoffroii, Calyptorhynchus latirostris, Calyptorhynchus banksii, Banksia aurantia, Caladenia huegelii, Drakaea elastica, and	Olive Ridley Turtle is alive, Polacanthus is extinct.	classification
What is the difference between natural and real numbers?	Apartness relation The prototypical apartness relation is that of the real numbers: two real numbers are said to be apart if there exists (one can construct) a rational number between them. In other words, real numbers formula_9 and formula_10 are apart if there exists a rational number formula_11 such that formula_12 or formula_13 The natural apartness relation of the real numbers is then the disjunction of its natural pseudo-order. The complex numbers, real vector spaces, and indeed any metric space then naturally inherit the apartness relation of the real numbers, even though they do not come equipped with any natural ordering. Completeness of the real numbers is a nested sequence of closed intervals in the rational numbers whose intersection is empty. (In the real numbers, the intersection of these intervals contains the number pi.) Computable analysis The difference between the two models lies in the fact that a function that is well-behaved over computable numbers (in the sense of being total) is not necessarily well-behaved over arbitrary real numbers. For instance, there are continuous and computable functions over the computable real numbers that are total, but that map some closed intervals to unbounded open intervals. These functions clearly cannot be extended to arbitrary real numbers without making them partial, as doing so would violate the extreme value theorem. Since that sort of behaviour could be considered pathological, it is natural to insist that a function should only be considered total if it is total over all real numbers, not just the computable ones. Interval (mathematics) The intervals of real numbers can be classified into the eleven different types listed below, where and are real numbers, and formula_5: Real number The real numbers can be constructed as a completion of the rational numbers, in such a way that a sequence defined by a decimal or binary expansion like (3; 3.1; 3.14; 3.141; 3.1415; ...) converges to a unique real number—in this case . For details and other constructions of real numbers, see construction of the real numbers. Ducci sequence An obvious generalisation of Ducci sequences is to allow the members of the n-tuples to be any real numbers rather than just integers. For example, Square class For instance, if formula_3, the field of real numbers, then formula_4 is just the group of all nonzero real numbers (with the multiplication operation) and formula_5 is the subgroup of positive numbers (as every positive number has a real square root). The quotient of these two groups is a group with two elements, corresponding to two cosets: the set of positive numbers and the set of negative numbers. Thus, the real numbers have two square classes, the positive numbers and the negative numbers. Rational number A real number that is not rational is called irrational. Irrational numbers include , , , and . Since the set of rational numbers is countable, and the set of real numbers is uncountable, almost all real numbers are irrational. Real number The real numbers include the rational numbers, such as the integer and the fraction . The rest of the real numbers are called irrational numbers, and include algebraic numbers (such as the square root ) and transcendental numbers (such as ). Completeness of the real numbers The rational number line Q is not Cauchy complete. An example is the following sequence of rational numbers:	Natural numbers include positive whole numbers. For example, 1 and 2 belong to the natural set of numbers. Real numbers include any numbers between minus infinity and plus infinity. Natural numbers are subset of real numbers.	open_qa
How many total seats are there?	1957 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 7 October 1957. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 78 of the 150 seats in the Storting. As a result, the Gerhardsen government continued in office. 1945 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 8 October 1945, the first following World War II and the end of the German occupation. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 76 of the 150 seats in the Storting, the first time a party had won a majority since the 1915 elections. 1933 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 16 October 1933. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 69 of the 150 seats in the Storting. 1953 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 12 October 1953. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 77 of the 150 seats in the Storting. 1949 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 10 October 1949. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 85 of the 150 seats in the Storting. 1961 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 11 September 1961. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 74 of the 150 seats in the Storting. Although it lost the absolute majority it had held since 1945, the Labour Party was able to continue in government. 1936 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 19 October 1936, the last before World War II and the German invasion of Norway. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 70 of the 150 seats in the Storting. 1918 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 21 October 1918, with a second round between 4 and 11 November. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 51 of the 123 seats in the Storting. Despite receiving the most votes, the Labour Party won just 18 seats, a loss of one seat compared with the 1915 elections. 1930 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 20 October 1930. The Labour Party won the most seats (47 of the 150 seats) in the Storting. 1885 Norwegian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1885. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 84 of the 114 seats in the Storting. Johan Sverdrup remained Prime Minister.	150 seats	closed_qa
What is feeding Springfield Reservoir?	Broad Brook Canal The canal was first constructed circa 1875. It was in length, and fed the Springfield Reservoir at its eastern side with water collected in the Belchertown Reservoir and swamp. This water, however, was thought to be of poor quality, and thus in 1890–1891 the canal was extended north through the Belchertown Reservoir to Jabish Brook, east of Broad Brook. After this addition, the canal's total length was about , of which ran through a cast-iron pipe (54 inches in diameter) across the Cherry Valley dam. The entire canal was worked to be wide at the surface, wide at the bottom, with a depth of . Broad Brook Canal The Broad Brook Canal is a water-supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir (a.k.a. the Ludlow Reservoir) in Ludlow, Massachusetts, a public water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. Its northern segment is also known as the Jabish Canal. Springfield, Massachusetts The 1875 Ludlow Reservoir, also known as Springfield Reservoir, is maintained as an emergency water supply; it is located in Ludlow and fed via the Broad Brook Canal. Combs Reservoir Combs was built in 1797 as the first reservoir to feed the Peak Forest Canal (which opened in 1800) at Whaley Bridge. The canal was critical for transporting goods to and from the corn mills, cotton factories, collieries, and other local industries, as well as connecting to the Ashton Canal for the nearby limestone quarries. In 1831 the Macclesfield Canal was completed, which was connected to the Peak Forest Canal at Marple. The Toddbrook Reservoir at Whaley Bridge was built as an additional feeder reservoir and the dam at Combs Reservoir was raised between 1834 and 1840, in order to meet the demand for a greater water supply to the extended canal system. By the 1940s use of these canals for transporting industrial goods had ended. The reservoir is now owned by the Canal & River Trust. DeRuyter Reservoir In 1899, it was reported that the reservoir had of surface area and a capacity of . Located at the headwaters of Limestone Creek, the reservoir could provide an additional per minute to the canal, for 100 days. Though DeRuyter Reservoir was supposed to ensure the canal remained navigable between Lock No. 39 and a point nine miles west of Higginsville, New York, the reservoir had proved insufficient by 1864, and it was suggested that a feeder canal be constructed at Fish Creek. By 1867, it was considered that the reservoir was 'entirely inadequate' to supply the canal. Chasewater Chasewater is a reservoir located in the parish of Burntwood and the district of Lichfield in Staffordshire, England. Originally known as Norton Pool and Cannock Chase Reservoir, it was created as a canal feeder reservoir in 1797. The reservoir was created to directly supply the Wyrley and Essington Canal and maintain levels in the Birmingham Canal Network. During a period of great industrial growth in the Black Country region the maintenance of water levels in canal infrastructure was essential and Chasewater was in great demand. As canals became less essential for transport of goods during the mid-20th century, the reservoir diversified and became a popular public amenity with activities such as water-skiing, sailing, wakeboarding and cycling. Chasewater is the third largest reservoir by volume in the county of Staffordshire and the largest canal feeder reservoir in the West Midlands. Toddbrook Reservoir Toddbrook Reservoir, a feeder for the Peak Forest Canal, opened in 1838. It is sited above the town of Whaley Bridge in the Derbyshire High Peak area of England. The reservoir is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) providing habitats for herons, ducks and other animals and fish, while rare mosses and liverworts grow on its shores, particularly short-lived species that grow on seasonally exposed mud. The reservoir is used for sailing and angling. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs around the eastern end of the reservoir. The reservoir is owned by the Canal & River Trust and, like the nearby Combs Reservoir, is a feeder reservoir for the Peak Forest Canal. The feeder runs through Whaley Bridge, and with the Combs feed enters the canal system in a pool close to the transhipment shed at the Whaley Bridge canal basin. Delaware and Raritan Canal The main section of the canal runs from Bordentown on the Delaware River to New Brunswick on the Raritan. A feeder canal section (which feeds water into the main canal) stretches 22 miles (35 km) northward from Trenton, upstream along the east bank of the Delaware to Bull's Island near Frenchtown. The feeder canal collects water from higher elevations to the north, and feeds it to the highest section of the main canal, which flows generally north and east to the end, and had flowed south into the Crosswicks Creek at Bordentown. The total length of the entire canal system was approximately 66 miles (106 km). The main section was 44 miles (71 km) long, 75 feet (23 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep; the feeder was 22 miles (35 km) long, 60 feet (18 m) wide and 6 feet (2 m) deep. Middlesex Canal The Middlesex Canal was a 27-mile (44-kilometer) barge canal connecting the Merrimack River with the port of Boston. When operational it was 30 feet (9.1 m) wide, and 3 feet (0.9 m) deep, with 20 locks, each 80 feet (24 m) long and between 10 and 11 feet (3.0 and 3.4 m) wide. It also had eight aqueducts. Bellows Falls, Vermont The Bellows Falls Canal, one of the first canals built in the United States, was dug by a British-owned company from 1791 to 1802. The original canal was 22 feet wide and four feet deep, and had 9 locks, each 75 feet long and 20 feet wide, which allowed shipping to go around Great Falls by being lifted 52 feet (16 m) around the gorge. River traffic declined after railroads were built to the Connecticut Valley in 1849, and by 1858 the canal had become used exclusively for water power to run the paper mills which became established there. In 1874 the canal was enlarged to 75 feet wide and 17 feet deep. By 1908 it was delivering 15,000 horsepower to the mills. When the mills replaced water power with electrical power, the canal was widened again in 1927–28 to 100 feet, and the water was used to power turbines to generate electricity. The canal's bottom was lined with concrete, and the sides secured with rip-rap set in concrete. A fish ladder allows salmon to continue upstream at times when the bulk of the river's flow is diverted to the canal. The canal is now part of the Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District.	The Broad Brook Canal is a water supply canal feeding the Springfield Reservoir also known as Ludlow Reservoir. It is the main water supply for the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. The Broad Brook canal was constructed in 1875 and is 11,960 feet in length.	summarization
How should I prioritize my time?	Bidin' My Time Bidin' My Time is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced by The Foursome ( Who Am I This Time? Who Am I This Time? is a short story written by Kurt Vonnegut, published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1961. The story was collected in Vonnegut's famous anthology Welcome to the Monkey House. It was originally titled My Name is Everyone. Neeti Sastra 81. One ought to ask the following questions repeatedly before beginning any new venture: What is the ideal time? Who are my friends? What is the ideal place? What are my income and expense? Who am I? What is my strength? Party Time? Party Time? is an EP by rapper Kurtis Blow, released in 1983 on Mercury Records. The title track and the song Got to Dance were both party-themed, but the other songs struck a sociopolitical tone. Say Kids What Time Is It? Say Kids What Time Is It? is the debut single of British dance music duo Coldcut. It is renowned as one of the first tracks to be built entirely around music sampling. Who Am I This Time? (film) Who Am I This Time? is a 1982 American made-for-television comedy-drama film directed by Jonathan Demme and based on the 1961 short story of the same name by Kurt Vonnegut. It is the fourth episode of the first season of PBS' American Playhouse series which aired on February 2, 1982. Brainstorming In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming. Spend My Time (song) Spend My Time is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Clint Black. It was released in October 2003 as the second single and title track from his album Spend My Time. It peaked at number 16 in the United States. The song was written by Black and Hayden Nicholas. Henri Barki Small Group Brainstorming and Idea Quality: Is Electronic Brainstorming the Most Effective Approach?<br> Can I Have 5 Minutes of Your Time? Can I Have 5 Minutes Of Your Time? is a 2009 non fiction by American author Hal Becker. It explores sales from Xerox's former #1 salesperson in the USA. Business Week describes it as a fast read because Becker knows what he is talking about”, and All Business calls the book a great training manual for anyone involved in sales.	There's many ways to do this. A good rule of thumb is - how you spend your time should reflect your priorities. So I'd recommend - List out your highest priority goals in the part(s) of your life you're looking to optimize your time eg: time for yourself, time with family, time with friends, time at work etc - Do a sanity check on how you spend your time currently and see if it is out of alignment. You'll then know where to make adjustments - Periodically (eg: every few months), repeat this exercise to course correct as things change in your life	brainstorming
Who is Malcolm X?	Malcolm X Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the Black community. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. Assassination of Malcolm X Malcolm X, an African American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement, was assassinated in Manhattan, New York City on February21, 1965. While preparing to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, Malcolm X was shot multiple times and killed. Three members of the Nation of Islam, Muhammad A. Azizw, Khalil Islam and Thomas Hagan, were charged with the murder and given indeterminate life sentences, but in November 2021, two of the men were exonerated. Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska In the 1920s, the Baptist minister Earl Little founded the Omaha chapter of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association. Little was the father of Malcolm, who later named himself Malcolm X when he became a Black Muslim minister and spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was born in Omaha in 1925, but his family moved away from the city while he was young. The Autobiography of Malcolm X Published posthumously, The Autobiography of Malcolm X is an account of the life of Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little (1925–1965), who became a human rights activist. Beginning with his mother's pregnancy, the book describes Malcolm's childhood first in Omaha, Nebraska and then in the area around Lansing and Mason, Michigan, the death of his father under questionable circumstances, and his mother's deteriorating mental health that resulted in her commitment to a psychiatric hospital. Little's young adulthood in Boston and New York City is covered, as well as his involvement in organized crime. This led to his arrest and subsequent eight- to ten-year prison sentence, of which he served six-and-a-half years (1946–1952). The book addresses his ministry with Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam (1952–1963) and his emergence as the organization's national spokesman. It documents his disillusionment with and departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, his pilgrimage to Mecca, which catalyzed his conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam, and his travels in Africa. Malcolm X was assassinated in New York's Audubon Ballroom in February 1965, before they finished the book. His co-author, the journalist Alex Haley, summarizes the last days of Malcolm X's life, and describes in detail their working agreement, including Haley's personal views on his subject, in the Autobiographys epilogue. Malcolm X: Make It Plain Malcolm X: Make It Plain is a 1994, English language documentary by PBS about the life of Malcolm X, or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. Religion of Black Americans Prominent members of the Nation of Islam included the human rights activist Malcolm X and the boxer Muhammad Ali. Malcolm X is considered the first person to have started the conversion of African Americans to mainstream Sunni Islam, after he left the Nation and made the pilgrimage to Mecca and changed his name to el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz. In 1975, Warith Deen Mohammed, the son of Elijah Muhammad, took control of the Nation after his father's death and converted the majority of its members to orthodox Sunni Islam. Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam Many of Malcolm X's teachings of NOI theology are in his The End of White World Supremacy, while a later more critical discussion of those beliefs can be found in The Autobiography of Malcolm X, co-written with Alex Haley. Malcolm X In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, as well as with its leader, Elijah Muhammad. He subsequently embraced Sunni Islam and the civil rights movement after completing the Hajj to Mecca, and became known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz. After a brief period of travel across Africa, he publicly renounced the Nation of Islam and founded the Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) and the Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. On February21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. Three Nation members were charged with the murder and given indeterminate life sentences; in 2021, two of the convictions were vacated. Speculation about the assassination and whether it was conceived or aided by leading or additional members of the Nation, or with law enforcement agencies, have persisted for decades. Shabazz (name) The name was adopted by Malcolm X, initially when he joined the NOI. Born Malcolm Little, by 1949 he was signing letters as Malachi Shabazz, before taking the name Malcolm X. After returning from his pilgrimage in Mecca, he finally adopted the title and name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, seen as symbolic of his spiritual journey to Orthodox Islam. The surname was borne by his wife Betty Shabazz and his children, and has also been adopted by unrelated persons. No Name in the Street Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister and civil rights activist. In 1946, at the age of twenty, he went to prison for breaking and entering. While there, he became a member of the Nation of Islam. In February 1965, he was preparing to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity. As a fight broke out in the audience, he and his bodyguards went to defuse the situation, and a man seated in the front row of the audience shot him in the chest. Two more men ran onto the stage and shot Malcolm X several times. Malcolm X had 21 gunshot wounds to his chest, left shoulder, arms and legs.	Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the Black community. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1946 for larceny and burglary. In prison he joined the Nation of Islam (adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the White slavemaster name of 'Little'"), and after his parole in 1952 quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans, and criticizing Martin Luther King Jr. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration. Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its free drug rehabilitation program. From the 1950s onward, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, as well as with its leader, Elijah Muhammad. He subsequently embraced Sunni Islam and the civil rights movement after completing the Hajj to Mecca, and became known as "el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz," which roughly translates to "The Pilgrim Malcolm the Patriarch". After a brief period of travel across Africa, he publicly renounced the Nation of Islam and founded the Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) and the Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. On February 21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. Three Nation members were charged with the murder and given indeterminate life sentences; in 2021, two of the convictions were vacated. Speculation about the assassination and whether it was conceived or aided by leading or additional members of the Nation, or with law enforcement agencies, has persisted for decades. A controversial figure accused of preaching racism and violence, Malcolm X is also a widely celebrated figure within African-American and Muslim American communities for his pursuit of racial justice. He was posthumously honored with Malcolm X Day, on which he is commemorated in various cities across the United States. Hundreds of streets and schools in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, while the Audubon Ballroom, the site of his assassination, was partly redeveloped in 2005 to accommodate the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center.	information_extraction
What is counterintelligence?	Counterintelligence Mission Center Counterintelligence Mission Center (CIMC) is the component of the Central Intelligence Agency with primary responsibility for counter-intelligence operations. From 1953 to 1988 it was known as the Counterintelligence Staff and operated within the Directorate of Plans; in 1988 it was succeeded by the Counterintelligence Center. The Counterintelligence Center was transformed into the Counterintelligence Mission Center in 2015. Counterintelligence The term counter-espionage is really specific to countering HUMINT, but, since virtually all offensive counterintelligence involves exploiting human sources, the term offensive counterintelligence is used here to avoid some ambiguous phrasing. General Directorate of Military Counterintelligence On 21 July 2011, the organization changed its name to the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM), whose function is no longer military intelligence but counterintelligence. General Directorate of Military Counterintelligence The General Directorate of Military Counterintelligence () is the military counterintelligence agency of Venezuela, whose function is to prevent intelligence or espionage internally and externally by military and civilians. Diplomatic Security Service The office's counterintelligence division conducts aggressive counterintelligence inquires and counterespionage investigations with other U.S. government agencies. Counterespionage investigations are conducted in coordination with the FBI in accordance with their legal mandates. Bureau of Diplomatic Security The office's counterintelligence division conducts aggressive counterintelligence inquires and counterespionage investigations with other U.S. Government agencies. Counterespionage investigations are conducted in close coordination with the FBI in accordance with their legal mandates. Counterintelligence Counterintelligence is part of intelligence cycle security, which, in turn, is part of intelligence cycle management. A variety of security disciplines also fall under intelligence security management and complement counterintelligence, including: Counterintelligence National Counter-Intelligence Unit. The terminology is not the same as used by other services, but the distinctions are useful: Counterintelligence Mission Center Heads of CIA Counterintelligence include James Jesus Angleton (from foundation until 1974), George Kalaris (1974 to 1977), B Hugh Tovar (1977-1978), David Blee (1978-1985) and Gardner Hathaway (1985 to 1990). FBI Counterintelligence Division The Counterintelligence Division is headed by an assistant director, who reports to the executive assistant director (EAD) of the FBI National Security Branch (NSB).	Counterintelligence is an activity aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service. It includes gathering information and conducting activities to prevent espionage, sabotage, assassinations or other intelligence activities conducted by, for, or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons.	open_qa
How does water feel?	Open Water (novel) The year before Azumah Nelson began writing Open Water, his godfather, aunt, and three grandparents died. He spoke of his writing at the time, saying it came about as I was trying to afford my grief, and in turn, myself, more form and detail. I didn’t want to feel so hazy anymore. So I was spending a lot of the time at libraries, gallery spaces, cinemas, concerts, trying to go past the level of knowing, towards feeling, and asking where those feelings come from. That’s a question which is written throughout Open Water. How do you feel?” Pineapple Water for the Fair Lady The story contains philosophical arguments about the possibility of artificial intelligence and the existence of the soul with allusions to the theories of Alan Turing and Roger Penrose. Questions are raised: can a machine suffer and feel?, is it possible to 'spiritualize' a machine? Life skills For example, decision-making often involves critical thinking (what are my options?) and values clarification (what is important to me?), (How do I feel about this?). Ultimately, the interplay between the skills is what produces powerful behavioral outcomes, especially where this approach is supported by other strategies. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Can You Still Feel? The album was co-produced by Nigel Godrich, famous for his work with the band Radiohead. Falkner recalls listening to the album OK Computer and immediately beginning to look through the album's booklet to find who had produced it. He has stated that he worked well with Godrich in producing a sound that was “exactly right”. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Aerial locomotion in marine animals The speed of motion in air is faster than in water because of drag force. The drag force is proportional to density of the fluid. The animal jumping out of water will feel almost no drag, since the air density is 1,000 times less than water density. Usually animals gain thrust for the jumping as how they lift themselves underwater. Some of them are group behavior. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig. Nan Qi (artist) Nan is a contemporary Chinese ink painter depicting a variety of themes, ranging from the human form to landscapes and abstract concentric ink dots, using Chinese in and xuan rice paper. During his training as a Chinese ink painter, Nan specialised in classical landscapes inspired by Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty artists. Early experimentation with different brush strokes and techniques, varying the dilution of ink and wash, resulted in the distinctive ink “dabs” produced in his early works. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Nan began designing and printing the catalogues for his own exhibitions, and was inspired by the dot matrices used in printing. This gave rise to a progression from ink “dabs” to more and more dot-like brush strokes, culminating in his development of his signature “halo dot” brush stroke in 2004. At this point, the themes and content of Nan’s work were becoming solidly contemporary and modern, moving away from landscapes. Over the next ten years, Nan developed a completely unique repertoire of brush strokes and ink painting techniques, including the “halo dot”, the “Nan Qi Way” for controlling ink flow into highly absorbent rice paper, and the “3D ink” technique, which allows him to create three-dimensional optical illusions by hand.	Water is typically a fluid at room temperature, as a fluid it feels wet. As a solid, its ice, which feels hard. As a gas, its vapor, which feels like a cool mist.	open_qa
Tell me whether these cities are in Minnesota, Arizona or neither.	Quad Cities (Minnesota) The Quad Cities in the U.S. state of Minnesota consist of the cities of Virginia, Eveleth, Gilbert and Mountain Iron; located in the Arrowhead Region, overlapping Iron Range region, Duluth MN-WI MSA and Saint Louis County. Flicko's Video Services The former corporate owned Louisville, Kentucky, store was the first Flicko's location, opening in 2003. The company has franchises in Tennessee (Georgia), Minnesota, Arizona, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Virginia, and Missouri. 2023 Minnesota Twins season The 2023 Minnesota Twins season will be the 63rd season for the Minnesota Twins franchise in the Twin Cities of Minnesota, their 14th season at Target Field, and the 123rd overall in the American League. Nan Bangs McKinnell Nan and Jim spent much of their married life traveling and creating together. The two are remembered as artistic partners with most of their work having been made collaboratively. The two traveled across America and the world, working at colleges and artist's colonies while developing their craft. In 1953, Nan and James attended a ceramics workshop at the Archie Bray Foundation and decided to stay and work there for several years. It was at the Bray where Nan began developing glazes. Nan's deep copper glaze is still widely used today. Her glaze-making also opened up an appreciation for the decorative side of ceramics. As Nan and Jim began working more collaboratively, Nan's decorative eye came out more. In their process, often one would throw a piece on the wheel and the other would decorate it, combining their two separate artistic eyes and influences. Nan was drawn to natural shapes and forms, drawing on flowers, leaves, insects, and other animals. Pong Nan Nan Yik-Pong, better known by his stage name Pong Nan (; born 15 May 1978), is a Cantopop musician, singer-songwriter and actor in Hong Kong of Hakka ancestry. Cratylus (dialogue) Cratylus ( ; , Kratylos) is the name of a dialogue by Plato. Most modern scholars agree that it was written mostly during Plato's so-called middle period. In the dialogue, Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to tell them whether names are conventional or natural, that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify. Mall of America Mall of America (MOA) is a shopping mall located in Bloomington, Minnesota, a suburb of the Twin Cities in Minnesota, United States. It lies southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River, and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. It opened in 1992, and is the largest mall in the United States, the largest in the Western Hemisphere, and the ninth largest shopping mall in the world. Nan Bangs McKinnell In Seattle, Nan began working as a teacher once again, earning money to help support her family back in Nebraska. It wasn't long until Nan was applying for graduate school, and after a few years in Seattle, she was taking summer classes at the University of Washington where she started her art. While the men were away at war, Nan began teaching in an architectural drawing and design classes at the University. As she continued her own studies, Nan realized that painting and design were not her forte and took an introductory class in ceramic engineering and was drawn to clay as an artistic medium. Minneapolis–Saint Paul Minneapolis–Saint Paul is a metropolitan area in the Upper Midwestern United States centered around the confluence of the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is commonly known as the Twin Cities after the area's two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Minnesotans often refer to the two together (or the seven-county metro area collectively) simply as the cities. It is Minnesota's economic, cultural, and political center. Sgùrr nan Clach Geala The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a' Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig.	Duluth - Minnesota Bisbee - Arizona Bend - Neither St Joseph - Minnesota Why - Arizona Guaymas - Neither	classification
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Jingle, Utogardon	Kingri (string instrument) Kingri is a chordophone Indian bowed string instrument (string spike fiddle), similar to Rabab and Ravanastron. It has a resonator box of unglazed pottery, through which a stick is passed to function as the neck. Bladder fiddle On percussion instruments, the drum has been turned sideways on the instrument and the string runs across it like the sound-table on a spike lute. The string has been dropped in some cases, the bow stick becoming a drumstick and the instrument now a percussion instrument, called a boomba, stamp fiddle, stumpf fiddle, or pogo cello. Also called Devil's stick, Devil's violin, boom bass, hum strum, teufel stick or stomp stick. In the percussion instrument, the string may still have limited use as a chordophone, if it has been set up with a tuning peg to tighten the string; if used in this manner, the instrument is bowed with a notched stick, producing rough sounds. In some modern instruments, the string has been replaced by a long spring, solely a percussion instrument, and in other instruments the string has been dropped altogether. The Polish (Devil's fiddle) often has no string, but includes the memory of the instrument's past, by placing a violin-shaped piece of wood on the instrument. Jingle (percussion) That term is referenced in Bob Dylan's hit song, Mr. Tambourine Man. It is an onomatopoeic term, often used together with jangle. An example of that usage is found in the Frank Loesser song Jingle Jangle Jingle. Pitched percussion instrument A pitched percussion instrument (also known as a melodic or tuned percussion instrument) is a percussion instrument used to produce musical notes of one or more pitches, as opposed to an unpitched percussion instrument which is used to produce sounds of indefinite pitch. Krachappi The Department of Cultural Promotion listed Krachappi as a cultural heritage in 2011. Krachappi is an ancient Thai instrument and has been with the Thai people for over a century. The appearance, playing method, and song of Krachappi are all associated with Thai history. Thai music instruments are divided into 4 groups, namely, strum, string, percussion, and brass. String instrument String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. Adolf-Reichwein-Gymnasium There are many music rooms with string, percussion, woodwind and brass instruments, as well as pianos and keyboards. Additionally, pupils have to study music theory. Every student that plays an instrument like the piano, recorder or flute can join the school's Highschool Band. Gubguba The gubguba, also known as gabgubagub, guba, gopijantro, gubgubbi, ananda lahari, premtal, khamak, khomok, chonka, jamidika, jamuku and bapang is an Indian percussion string instrument. Rattle (percussion beater) A rattle is a percussion beater that is attached to or enclosed by a percussion instrument so that motion of the instrument will cause the rattle to strike the instrument and create musical sound. Idiochord An idiochord (, also known as a drum zither) is a musical instrument in which the string of the instrument is made from the same material as its resonating body. Such instruments may be found in the Indian Ocean region, disparate regions of Africa and its diaspora, and parts of Europe and North America.	Utogardon is string, Jingle is percussion.	classification
What is Augusta National Golf Club?	Augusta National Golf Club Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in 1932. Since 1934, the club has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four men's major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the top-ranked course in Golf Digests 2009 list of America's 100 greatest courses and was the number ten-ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazines 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States. Augusta National Golf Club In 2019, the course began co-hosting the Augusta National Women's Amateur with Champions Retreat Golf Club. Champions Retreat Golf Club In 2019, the course began co-hosting the Augusta National Women's Amateur along with Augusta National Golf Club. Augusta National Golf Club Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US, Augusta National has never been rated. During the 1990 Masters Tournament, a team of USGA raters, organized by Golf Digest, evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2. It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1. Sports in Georgia (U.S. state) The Masters Tournament, played in Augusta at Augusta National Golf Club in April is one of four major golf tournaments played in the United States. The tournament was created in 1931 by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, a financier from New York City. The course was designed by golf course architect Alister MacKenzie. Notable golfers from Georgia include Atlanta native Jones, noted as the greatest amateur golfer ever, Davis Love III of Sea Island and Tommy Aaron of Gainesville. George Cobb (golf) Cobb was design consultant at Augusta National Golf Club from the mid-1950s and became good friends with Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, chairman of Augusta National. The club decided to add a par 3, nine-hole course in 1958, which Alister MacKenzie had suggested in the 1930s. Cobb was asked to design it with input from Roberts, and the 1,060 yard little course opened in 1959. The Par-3 Contest has been held on Wednesday of Masters week since 1960. In fifty years of Masters play, no one has ever won the Par-3 and the main tournament in the same week. Augusta, Georgia The city's famous golf course, the Augusta National Golf Club, hosts the first major golf tournament of each year, The Masters. This tournament is the most prestigious in the sport and is one of the four major championships. The best professional and amateur golfers in the world come to Augusta during the first full week of April every year. The grounds of Augusta National are known for being pristine, and the course was ranked in 2009 as the third best golf course in the world by Golf Magazine. Augusta National Golf Club Augusta National Golf Club, sometimes referred to as Augusta or the National, is a golf club in Augusta, Georgia, United States. Unlike most private clubs which operate as non-profits, Augusta National is a for-profit corporation, and it does not disclose its income, holdings, membership list, or ticket sales. Timeline of golf history (1851–1945) Augusta National Golf Club, designed by Alister MacKenzie with advice from Bobby Jones, opens for play. Augusta National Golf Club Augusta National was founded in 1932 by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the 365-acre site of a former nursery/antebellum plantation called Fruitland (later Fruitlands). Jones sought to create a world-class winter golf course in his native state of Georgia. During the first decade of the club's existence, membership was low and finances were short due to the Great Depression and the relatively remote location of Augusta, forcing the duo to scrap future plans for a ladies' course, squash and tennis courts, and various estates.	Augusta National Golf Club, sometimes referred to as Augusta is a private Golf Club in Augusta Georgia that was opened in 1932. Augusta is famously known for hosting the Masters Tournament which is one of the four men's major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course.	summarization
Based on this paragraph about the Final Fantasy series, who created it?	Recurring elements in the Final Fantasy series Final Fantasy is a media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi, and developed and owned by Square Enix (formerly Square). The franchise centers on a series of fantasy and science fantasy role-playing video games (RPGs). The eponymous first game in the series, published in 1987, was conceived by Sakaguchi as his last-ditch effort in the game industry; the title was a success and spawned sequels. While most entries in the series are separate from each other, they have recurring elements carrying over between entries: these include plot themes and motifs, gameplay mechanics, and visual elements. Music of the Final Fantasy series Final Fantasy is a media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and owned by Square Enix that includes video games, motion pictures, and other merchandise. The series began in 1987 as an eponymous role-playing video game developed by Square, spawning a video game series that became the central focus of the franchise. The music of the Final Fantasy series refers to the soundtracks of the Final Fantasy series of video games, as well as the surrounding medley of soundtrack, arranged, and compilation albums. The series' music ranges from very light background music to emotionally intense interweavings of character and situation leitmotifs. Final Fantasy concerts Final Fantasy is a media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and owned by Square Enix that includes video games, motion pictures, and other merchandise. The original Final Fantasy video game, published in 1987, is a role-playing video game developed by Square, spawning a video game series that became the central focus of the franchise. The primary composer of music for the main series was Nobuo Uematsu, who single-handedly composed the soundtracks for the first nine games, as well as directing the production of many of the soundtrack albums. Music for the spin-off series and main series games beginning with Final Fantasy X was created by a variety of composers including Masashi Hamauzu, Naoshi Mizuta, Hitoshi Sakimoto, and Kumi Tanioka, as well as many others. Recurring elements in the Final Fantasy series Final Fantasy began with the development of the titular first game in the series. It was developed at Square, later dubbed Square Enix after its 2003 merger with Enix. Final Fantasy was creator Hironobu Sakaguchi's last ditch attempt at success within the video game market: Sakaguchi had long wished to create a role-playing title, but the company had denied him the opportunity until then. The first Final Fantasy was released in 1987, and was a commercial and critical success that fueled the development of further titles. The series garnered international popularity with the release of Final Fantasy VII (1997) for the PlayStation, which became the highest-selling Final Fantasy title to date. Final Fantasy has become one of Square Enix's major gaming franchises; as of 2016, the series has sold 110 million copies worldwide across 48 video game releases. Final Fantasy VII Remake Final Fantasy VII was developed by Square for the PlayStation console and released in 1997. Its staff included producer, co-writer and series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi, director and co-writer Yoshinori Kitase, artist Yusuke Naora, character designer and co-writer Tetsuya Nomura, and writer Kazushige Nojima. The game was a critical and commercial success, and established the Final Fantasy series as a major franchise. It was expanded through the multimedia project Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, comprising additional games, films, and other media. Music of the SaGa series SaGa is a series of science fiction role-playing video games produced by Square, now Square Enix. The series originated on the Game Boy in 1989 as the creation of Akitoshi Kawazu. It has since continued across multiple platforms, from the Super Nintendo Entertainment System to the PlayStation 2, and like the Final Fantasy series, the story in each SaGa game is independent of its counterparts. The music of the SaGa series consists of musical scores and arranged albums from various composers. Some of these composers have created soundtracks and pieces for other Square Enix franchises including the Final Fantasy series and Mana series. The SaGa series is divided up between the original series, released as the Final Fantasy Legend series in North America, the Romancing SaGa series, the SaGa Frontier series, and Unlimited SaGa. Final Fantasy XI The idea to develop Final Fantasy XI as an online game was conceived by Hironobu Sakaguchi when establishing Square Pictures headquarters in Hawaii. Impressed by western MMORPGs that he discovered there, such as EverQuest, Sakaguchi convinced Square to begin the development of their own MMORPG and suggested that it be based on the Final Fantasy series. Since MMORPG creation was seen as a greater cause, Final Fantasy XI was made by a merger of four crews: the Parasite Eve II and Brave Fencer Musashi teams from Osaka, and the Mana and Chrono Cross teams from Tokyo. Development began in November 1999. The game was the first developed under Square's new philosophy to develop for all platforms and media. Hiromichi Tanaka, the producer of the game, has stated Final Fantasy XI is heavily influenced by Final Fantasy III, especially in its battle and magic systems. According to Tanaka, Square put in Final Fantasy XI what they could not put in the first Final Fantasy titles due to technical limitations, thus making Final Fantasy XI the most [representative] Final Fantasy of all the episodes. The game was developed and ran on the Nvidia GeForce 4 Ti GPU, which the President of Square Yoichi Wada described as the most powerful graphics processor available at the time. The game cost two to three billion yen (~$17–25 million) to create along with the PlayOnline Network Service and was assumed to become profitable over a five-year timespan. By creating a unified game world instead of different ones balkanized by language, development costs were cut 66%. Since recurring monsters of the series are known by different names in the Japanese and English versions of the other installments, it was decided for Final Fantasy XI to use both Japanese and English names for different varieties of the same monsters. Final Fantasy Artniks Final Fantasy Artniks is a Japanese video game developed by Square Enix and the GREE social network. It is the second Final Fantasy social game and the second game developed with GREE. SaGa The SaGa series was created by game designer Akitoshi Kawazu, whose contributions prior to the franchise's introduction include Final Fantasy and Final Fantasy II. At a time when Nintendo's Game Boy was becoming popular worldwide due to the puzzle game Tetris, then-Square president Masashi Miyamoto requested that a development team create a game for the handheld console. Kawazu and fellow designer Koichi Ishii suggested that the company develop a role-playing video game, thus making Makai Toushi Sa·Ga, later released in North America as The Final Fantasy Legend, the company's first handheld title. The gameplay was designed to be difficult, described by Kawazu as the main difference between the SaGa and Final Fantasy series. The character illustrations in all the games in the SaGa series were done by Tomomi Kobayashi, who has also done the illustrations for the MMORPG Granado Espada. Although it has been a long-running series, as of 2008, none of the ten production teams at Square Enix is assigned to the franchise. Akitoshi Kawazu and Production Team 2 are devoted to the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series. Final Fantasy VII Final Fantasy VII G-Bike is a mobile game released for iOS and Android in December 2014, based on the motorbike minigame featured in the original game. In September 2007, Square Enix published Final Fantasy VII 10th Anniversary Ultimania. This book is an in-depth compilation of FFVII story-line and artwork. In 2018, the Universal Studios Theme Park in Japan changed their Space Fantasy roller coaster into a virtual reality ride based around Final Fantasy with characters from Final Fantasy VII.	Hironobu Sakaguchi	closed_qa
Tell me whether these are part of the judicial, executive, or legislative branch of government: Supreme Court, President, House, Senate	Politics of Pakistan The Government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The Executive branch consists of the Cabinet and is led by the Prime Minister. It is totally independent of the legislative branch that consists of a bicameral parliament. The Upper House is the Senate whilst the National Assembly is the lower house. The Judicial branch forms with the composition of the Supreme Court as an apex court, alongside the high courts and other inferior courts. The judiciary's function is to interpret the Constitution and federal laws and regulations. Administrative law In the United States, many government agencies are organized under the executive branch of government, although a few are part of the judicial or legislative branches. YMCA Youth and Government It consists of the legislative, judicial and executive branches. The legislative branch includes the drafting, debating and voting on bills and has the largest percentage of participants. The program has three judicial systems – a Trial Court, an Appeals Court, and a mock Supreme Court. The executive branch includes the Youth Governor, who vetoes and signs legislation from the upper legislatures, and Lt. Governor manages legislation from the lower legislatures. Argentina The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative. The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President—subject to Senate approval—who serve for life. The lower courts' judges are proposed by the Council of Magistracy (a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, researchers, the Executive and the Legislative), and appointed by the president on Senate approval. Government of Oklahoma The state government is based in Oklahoma City and the head of the executive branch is the Governor of Oklahoma. The legislative branch is called the Legislature and consists of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The Oklahoma Supreme Court and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals are the state's highest courts. Executive branch of the government of Honduras The Republic of Honduras is organized according to Title I: On the State of the Honduran Constitution of 1982. According to Title V: Branches of the Government, the three administrative branches are the legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative branch is the Congress of Deputies, which is elected by direct vote. Executive power is held by the president of Honduras or, in their absence, by one of the three vice-presidents. The judicial branch is composed of a supreme court, a court of appeals and other courts specified by the law. Amhara Region The government of Amhara is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the state Supreme Court. Somali Region The Somali regional government is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the State Supreme Court. Judicial Executive Legislative Advisory and Consultative Council JELACC is composed of 9 members who shall serve ex-oficio capacity without any additional emoluments and/or allowances: the President of the Republic, as Chairperson, with the Vice-President, the Senate President, the House Speaker, the Chief Justice as regular members; a Cabinet member to be designated by the President, one Senator and one member from the House Representative to be designated by their respective leaders, and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines to be designated by the Chief Justice. Alabama State Bar The state bar is unlike a traditional state agency which ordinarily operates under the executive branch of government. The Supreme Court has duly noted that members of the bar of Alabama are members of a private incorporated association.	Supreme Court: Judicial President: Executive House: Legislative Senate: Legislative	classification
Categorize the following countries based on the language their majority speaks: Iraq, Iran, Turkey, UAE, Qatar, Afghanistan, Syria	Assyrians in Finland The majority of them living in Oulu, while other smaller communities are seen in the Finnish capital, Helsinki, and as well in Turku and Jyväskylä. They are mostly refugees from Iraq and Iran; this is in contrast to the Assyrian population in neighboring Sweden, where the majority are from Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Walterinnesia The snakes are native to the Middle East, including the countries of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq and Iran. Heyden's gecko It may be found in Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. Azerbaijani dialects The dialects can be distinguished by geographical location such as Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Dagestan and Georgia. Afshar, Qashqai, Aynallu, Bayat, Shahsven, Qajar and Turkman dialects stem from these areas. Others are Tabriz, Urmia, Khoy, Kushchinskiy (central Ostan), Maraga, Merende, Uryantepin, Turkmenchay, Ardabil, Sarabian, Mian, Galugiha (Mazandaran), Lotfabad and Dergez (Khorasan- Rizaui) dialects. Military history of Iran Parthia was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran, but at the height of its power, the Parthian dynasty covered all of Iran proper, as well as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf, the coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and the UAE. Allium stipitatum Some sources regard Allium stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as the same species, while others treat A. stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as distinct. Allium stipitatum in the more inclusive sense occurs in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. Ethnic minorities in Iran Jalal Talabani leader of the Iraqi Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), in a 1998 interview, contrasted the situation in Iran with that of Turkey, with respect to Kurds: Forum for the Future (Bahrain 2005) BMENA region: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Sudan. 1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut The remaining al-Dawa leadership fled to Iran and the group became an effective proxy for the Iranian government against Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, which broke out in September 1980. Ali Askari After the Algiers Agreement, the KDP withdrew from Iraq and based itself in Iran and Turkey, while the Kurdish areas in Iraq fell under Iraqi Army followed by widespread arabization. Meanwhile, Jalal Talabani formed PUK from his exile in Syria, in protest against perceived inability of the feudalist, tribalist, bourgeois, rightist and capitulationist Kurdish [KDP] leadership. From Syria, Jalal Talabani instructed followers to get rid of KDP. KDP leadership under Sami Abd al-Rahman and Idris Barzani, still recuperating from the massive sudden down-turn and in no mood to deal softly with internal enemies, were aware of these general instructions from Talabani and preemptively ambushed and killed dozens of PUK fighters on 3 occasions while PUK were also accused of killing numerous high-ranking Barzanis. Jalal Talabani was now even more insistent on eliminating KDP forces, while Ali Askari who had limited but direct contact with KDP, was urging him that Saddam Hussein was the only enemy and Kurdish infighting must be abandoned.	Iran and Afghanistan are majority Farsi (or a variation of it) speaking. Turkey is the majority Turkish speaking. Majority of people in Iraq, UAE, Qatar, and Syria speak Arabic. Contrary to the generally held belief that Iran and Afghanistan are a Arabic speaking countries, they are not. Farsi is a totally different language.	classification
What country has hosted the Olympic Games the most often?	Greece at the Olympics Greece has hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two occasions, the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896 and again in 2004. Both were held in Athens, which along with Paris, Los Angeles, and Tokyo are the cities that have hosted the Olympic Games twice, with London being the only city to have hosted them three times. The Greek capital also hosted the 1906 Intercalated Games, which at the time were considered to be Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee. Olympic Training Center (Rio de Janeiro) The Olympic Tennis Stadium has a capacity of 8,250 spectatorsl; the Olympic Velodrome hosts 5,000 spectators and the Olympic Aquatics Stadium 18,000 spectators. Arena Carioca 1 (16,000) hosted basketball games, and the Paralympic wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby games. Arena Carioca 2 (10,000) hosted the Olympic judo and wrestling events, and the Paralympic boccia events. Arena Carioca 3 (10,000) hosted the Olympic taekwondo and fencing competitions and the Paralympic judo and wheelchair fencing tournaments. Future Arena (a temporary structure to be re-purposed after the Games) hosted the Olympic handball matches, and the Paralympic goalball matches (12,000). Whistler Blackcomb Blackcomb hosted the bobsled, luge and skeleton events at The Whistler Sliding Centre. Whistler Olympic Park hosted Olympic and Paralympic biathlon, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping, some distance to the south of the Creekside area in the Callaghan Valley. Italy Historically, Italy has been successful in the Olympic Games, taking part from the first Olympiad and in 47 Games out of 48, not having officially participated in the 1904 Summer Olympics. Italian sportsmen have won 522 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 106 at the Winter Olympic Games, for a combined total of 628 medals with 235 golds, which makes them the fifth most successful nation in Olympic history for total medals. The country hosted two Winter Olympics and will host a third (in 1956, 2006, and 2026), and one Summer games (in 1960). Sport in Italy Historically, Italy has been successful in the Olympic Games, taking part from the first Olympiad and in 47 Games out of 48, not having officially participated in the 1904 Summer Olympics. Italian sportsmen have won 522 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 106 at the Winter Olympic Games, for a combined total of 628 medals with 235 golds, which makes them the fifth most successful nation in Olympic history for total medals. The country hosted two Winter Olympics and will host a third (in 1956, 2006, and 2026), and one Summer games (in 1960). Choi In-jeong Choi competed in the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. London Olympics London hosted the Olympic Games in 1908, 1948 and 2012. The 2012 Summer Olympics made London the first city to have hosted the modern Games of three Olympiads. London is the only city in the United Kingdom to have ever hosted the Olympics; the United States is the only country to have hosted Summer Olympics on more occasions than the UK. Also, London is the only city to have bid more than once and still hold a 100% record. Athens Olympic Sports Complex The Olympic Athletic Center of Athens has hosted the Mediterranean Games in 1991, the World Championship in Athletics in 1997 as well as other important athletic and cultural events. The most significant event the Athens Olympic Sports Complex has hosted, was the Olympic Games. OACA was the main venue for the Athens Olympic Games in 2004. The complex was revamped for the games under a design produced by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Sport in Greece Greece was home of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics; the country also hosted the 1906 Intercalated Games, at the time regarded as Olympic Games but not officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee today. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of the only four countries to have done so, and most of the Winter Olympic Games. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics, and its national governing body is the Hellenic Olympic Committee. Summer Olympic Games In 2012, Great Britain hosted its third Summer Olympic Games in London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens (excluding 1906) have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. And in 2028, Los Angeles will in turn become the third city ever to have hosted the Games three times.	The United States has hosted the Olympic Games 8 times between summer and winter Games.	open_qa
What do The Matrix, Point Break, Constantine, and John Wick have in common?	John Wick: Chapter 2 John Wick: Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad. The sequel to John Wick (2014), it is the second installment in the John Wick film series. It stars Keanu Reeves as the eponymous character, Common, Laurence Fishburne, Riccardo Scamarcio, Ruby Rose, John Leguizamo, and Ian McShane. The plot follows retired hitman John Wick, who is forced back into his old life to fulfill a blood oath to an Italian crime lord. Principal photography began on October 26, 2015, and filming took place in New York City, Rome, and Montreal. John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (or simply John Wick: Chapter 3) is a 2019 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski from a screenplay by Derek Kolstad, Shay Hatten, Chris Collins, and Marc Abrams, based on a story by Kolstad. The sequel to (2017), it is the third installment in the John Wick film series. It stars Keanu Reeves as the eponymous character, alongside Halle Berry, Laurence Fishburne, Mark Dacascos, Asia Kate Dillon, Lance Reddick, Anjelica Huston, and Ian McShane. In the film, John Wick goes on the run from a legion of hitmen after a bounty is placed for his murder. John Wick John Wick is an American action thriller media franchise created by Derek Kolstad and centering around John Wick, a former hitman who is forced back into the criminal underworld he had abandoned. John Wick (film) John Wick is a 2014 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski (in his feature directorial debut) and written by Derek Kolstad. It stars Keanu Reeves, Michael Nyqvist, Alfie Allen, Adrianne Palicki, Bridget Moynahan, Dean Winters, Ian McShane, John Leguizamo, and Willem Dafoe. It is the first installment in the John Wick film series. The story follows former hitman John Wick and his attempt to hunt down the men who broke into his home, stole his vintage car, and killed his puppy, which was a last gift to him from his recently deceased wife. Mike Bithell Bithell is the lead developer behind John Wick Hex, a video game based on the John Wick film series. John Wick John Wick (Keanu Reeves) was born Jardani Jovonovich in Belarus. He was an orphan, and was taken in by the Tarasov Russian Mafia where he was raised as an assassin. He was so ruthless that the mafia boss Viggo Tarasov respected and feared him. At the beginning of the first film, Wick had been retired from being a hitman for five years. Point Break Live! Point Break Live! is a parody by Jaime Keeling of the 1991 Keanu Reeves, Patrick Swayze action crime movie Point Break. John Wick (film) John Wick Hex is a tactical third person game set in the John Wick universe, just before the trilogy's events. It has been relatively well-received, with an 80% rating on PC Gamer. It makes use of a timeline and movement budget, as well as a replay function that stitches together a level the player completed into an action sequence. John Wick: Chapter 4 John Wick: Chapter 4 (alternatively stylized as JW4) is an upcoming American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Shay Hatten and Michael Finch. The sequel to (2019), it is the fourth installment in the John Wick film series. Starring Keanu Reeves returning as the title character, filming took place in Berlin, Paris, Osaka and New York City from June to October 2021. John Wick (comics) John Wick is an American comic book limited series written by Greg Pak and drawn by Giovanni Valletta (issues 1–2) and Matt Gaudio (issues 3–5). Published by Dynamite Entertainment, the series is a prequel to the neo-noir action thriller media franchise of the same name created by Derek Kolstad and starring Keanu Reeves as John Wick, with the comic book using Reeves' likeness for the character. The series chronicles a young John Wick after his release from prison and his first vendetta. The series, originally published between November 2017 and January 2018, was published as a graphic novel in June 16, 2020.	They are all Keanu Reeves movies.	classification
What is the Von Neumann architecture?	Von Neumann architecture The von Neumann architecture — also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture — is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description by John von Neumann, and by others, in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The document describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with these components: Von Neumann architecture Both von Neumann's and Turing's papers described stored-program computers, but von Neumann's earlier paper achieved greater circulation and the computer architecture it outlined became known as the von Neumann architecture. In the 1953 publication Faster than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines (edited by B. V. Bowden), a section in the chapter on Computers in America reads as follows: Von Neumann architecture The von Neumann bottleneck was described by John Backus in his 1977 ACM Turing Award lecture. According to Backus: Von Neumann architecture The term von Neumann architecture has evolved to refer to any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time (since they share a common bus). This is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck, which often limits the performance of the corresponding system. Von Neumann architecture The design of a von Neumann architecture machine is simpler than in a Harvard architecture machine—which is also a stored-program system, yet has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading and writing to memory, and another set of address and data buses to fetch instructions. Herman Goldstine As a result of his conversations with Goldstine, von Neumann joined the study group and wrote a memo called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. Von Neumann intended this to be a memo to the study group, but Goldstine typed it up into a 101-page document that named von Neumann as the sole author. On June 25, 1946, Goldstine forwarded 24 copies of the document to those intimately involved in the EDVAC project; dozens or perhaps hundreds of mimeographs of the report were forwarded to von Neumann's colleagues at universities in the United States and in Great Britain in the weeks that followed. While incomplete, the paper was very well received and became a blueprint for building electronic digital computers. Due to von Neumann's prominence as a major American mathematician, the EDVAC architecture became known as the von Neumann architecture. History of general-purpose CPUs A common variant on the RISC design employs the Harvard architecture, versus Von Neumann architecture or stored program architecture common to most other designs. In a Harvard Architecture machine, the program and data occupy separate memory devices and can be accessed simultaneously. In Von Neumann machines, the data and programs are mixed in one memory device, requiring sequential accessing which produces the so-called Von Neumann bottleneck. Xputer The Xputer architecture is data-stream-based, and is the counterpart of the instruction-based von Neumann computer architecture. History of computer science In 1946, a model for computer architecture was introduced and became known as Von Neumann architecture. Since 1950, the von Neumann model provided uniformity in subsequent computer designs. The von Neumann architecture was considered innovative as it introduced an idea of allowing machine instructions and data to share memory space. The von Neumann model is composed of three major parts, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the memory, and the instruction processing unit (IPU). In von Neumann machine design, the IPU passes addresses to memory, and memory, in turn, is routed either back to the IPU if an instruction is being fetched or to the ALU if data is being fetched. Processor register Although all of the above-listed architectures are different, almost all are in a basic arrangement known as the von Neumann architecture, first proposed by the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann. It is also noteworthy that the number of registers on GPUs is much higher than that on CPUs.	Nearly all modern computers are based on this famous architecture consisting of a central processing unit, a memory for storing instructions and data, and a bus to transmit data between components including input and output devices.	open_qa
What is the difference between tennis and pickleball?	Midland Community Center Specialty fitness activities that are sponsored include fencing, martial arts (karate & judo), Yoga, boxing (non-contact), billiards, table tennis, pickleball and badminton. Mike Margolin Margolin, a left-hander, was a collegiate tennis player for the USC Trojans in the early 1970s. He is the brother of tennis player Stacy Margolin, who he partnered with in mixed doubles at three US Open tournaments. Michael Margolin won his first local Pickleball tournament at the 4.0 level in Bend, Oregon in 2022. Margolin resides in Bend where he plays Tennis, Pickleball and bikes regularly. Paddle tennis Pickleball is a similar sport invented in 1965 on Bainbridge Island WA. It uses a similar size court and paddle, but uses a plastic whiffle ball. International Federation of Pickleball The International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) was created to act as the world governing body for the sport of pickleball. The IFP was founded in 2010 by the USA Pickleball Association (USAPA), now USA Pickleball (USAP). The IFP is a nonprofit organization that focuses its resources on providing support to national and local pickleball organizations. Groundstroke In racket sports a groundstroke, or ground stroke, refers to a forehand or backhand shot that is executed after the ball has bounced on the court. The term is commonly used in the sports of tennis and pickleball, and is counter to a volley shot which is taken before the ball has bounced. Groundstrokes are usually hit from the back of the court, around the baseline. Pickleball The U.S. Pickleball National Championships are held near Palm Springs, California and co-hosted by Larry Ellison, co-founder and CEO of Oracle and owner of the Indian Wells Tennis Garden, where they have been played since 2018. They had been previously played in Arizona, from 2009 to 2017. The tournament has the oversight of the U.S.A Pickleball Association; itself reincorporated with an updated rule book in 2005 after its foundation in 1984. The U.S. Open Pickleball Championships are played in another hub of pickleball, Naples, Florida, and started in 2016. Estimates for active players grew to 3.3 million in 2019 up 10% from 2016. As of 2021, there were 58 member countries overseen by the International Federation of Pickleball. Currently, there are over 8000 pickleball locations in the United States. Pickleball The popularity of pickleball has spurred the growth of investors and sponsors. As a result, two pro pickleball tours were independently formed in 2019, and a professional pickleball league was formed in 2021. USA Pickleball USA Pickleball, or USAP, is the de facto governing body for the sport of pickleball in the United States. It was the world's first national pickleball organization established when it was formed in 1984 as the United States Amateur Pickleball Association. It reorganized as the USA Pickleball Association (USAPA) in 2005. The organization adopted the name USA Pickleball in 2020. As the USAPA, the organization published the first official pickleball rule book in 1984 and published the USA Pickleball Association Official Tournament Rulebook in 2008. Since 2005 the organization has operated as a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. All India Pickleball Association The All India Pickleball Association (AIPA) is the governing body of Pickleball in India. It functions as a nonprofit organization, providing support to other national and local pickleball organizations, and it organized the Amateur Pickleball Federation, India as its executive body to conduct pickleball tournaments in India. Established by Mr. Sunil Valavalkar in 2008, in 2015 the AIPA became a founding member of the International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) where Valavalkar serves as Vice President. Backhand The backhand is a shot used in most racket sports, such as tennis and pickleball, where the back of the hand precedes the palm when swinging the racket. Except in the phrase backhand volley, the term refers to a groundstroke (where the ball has bounced before it is struck). It contrasts with the forehand stroke, where the palm precedes the back of the hand. The term is also used in other sports where a similar motion is employed, such as throwing a sport disc.	Pickleball is a slower-paced game. The court is smaller than a tennis court so there is less ground to cover. Pickleball paddles are lighter than tennis rackets; even the ball itself is lighter. Pickleball is typically easier on your joints compared to tennis. Some believe pickleball is an easier sport to learn.	open_qa
Extract all of the names of people in the below text separated by commas and ordered in alphabetical order by first name	National Geographic The magazine began to feature some pages of color photography in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, Luis Marden (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for National Geographic, convinced the magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called miniature 35 mm Leica cameras loaded with Kodachrome film over bulkier cameras with heavy glass plates that required the use of tripods. In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs. National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years, the cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of National Geographic are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of the highest-quality photojournalism in the world. In 2006, National Geographic began an international photography competition, with over eighteen countries participating. National Geographic In addition to being well known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world, the magazine has been recognized for its book-like quality and its standard of photography. It was during the tenure of Society President Alexander Graham Bell and editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor (GHG) that the significance of illustration was first emphasized, in spite of criticism from some of the Board of Managers who considered the many illustrations an indicator of an “unscientific” conception of geography. By 1910, photographs had become the magazine's trademark and Grosvenor was constantly on the search for dynamical pictures as Graham Bell called them, particularly those that provided a sense of motion in a still image. In 1915, GHG began building the group of staff photographers and providing them with advanced tools including the latest darkroom. Luis Marden His expertise in color photography subsequently brought him to National Geographic magazine, where he was officially hired on July 23, 1934. The magazine prided itself on publishing quality color photography, and Marden was making good use of a lightweight Leica, which could hang from a single neck strap. Marden persuaded the magazine to see the benefits of using the small 35mm cameras loaded with the new Kodachrome film over the bulky cameras with tripods and glass plates that were being used by the magazine's photographers at the time. Melville Bell Grosvenor A photography enthusiast, he increased the size of printed photographs in the magazine, and initiated the practice, that continues to this day, of opening articles with a two-page photo feature. He reduced the name of the publication from The National Geographic Magazine to National Geographic. Under Grosvenor's tenure, National Geographic also began to branch out from land expeditions to cover investigations into space and the deep sea. Barry Bishop (mountaineer) In May, 1959, on the strength of his photographs from Antarctica and the Bugaboos, Bishop was hired by the National Geographic Society as Picture Editor for National Geographic. He rose quickly with the magazine, becoming a photographer for the magazine in 1960, and had his first published photography in 1962. His 1963 photography work on the American Everest Expedition earned him a National Press Photographers Association Special Award. Eventually he would become a vice president and Chairman of the Committee for Research and Exploration. Beinn Bhreagh Alexander Graham Bell's father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, was the first president of the National Geographic Society and Bell was its second president. Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was president of the National Geographic Society for many years, and his grandson, Melville Bell Grosvenor, and great-grandson Gilbert Melville Grosvenor were editors of the National Geographic Magazine and also Presidents of the Society. Perhaps as a result, both or Baddeck, the nearest town, are prominently displayed in National Geographic maps of the area, despite their relatively small size. National Geographic In May 2006, 2007, and 2011 National Geographic magazine won the American Society of Magazine Editors' General Excellence Award in the over two million circulation category. In 2010, National Geographic Magazine received the top ASME awards for photojournalism and essay. In 2011, National Geographic Magazine received the top-award from ASME—the Magazine of the Year Award. Melville Bell Grosvenor Melville Bell Grosvenor (November 26, 1901 – April 22, 1982) was the president of the National Geographic Society and editor of The National Geographic Magazine from 1957 to 1967. He was the grandson of telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell. Nature photography Nature photographs are published in scientific, travel and cultural magazines such as National Geographic Magazine, National Wildlife Magazine and Audubon Magazine or other more specific magazines such as Outdoor Photographer and Nature's Best Photography. Well known nature photographers include Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter, Frans Lanting, Galen Rowell, and Art Wolfe. National Geographic Society There are 12 monthly issues of National Geographic per year. The magazine contains articles about geography, popular science, world history, culture, current events and photography of places and things all over the world and universe. National Geographic magazine is currently published in 40 local-language editions in many countries around the world. Combined English and other language circulation is around 6.8 million monthly, with some 60 million readers.	Alexander Graham Bell, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Luis Marden	information_extraction