Datasets:

lmms-lab

/

ScienceQA

like 3

Follow

LMMs-Lab 197

Which closing is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade4

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The first closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Identify the question that Gabriel's experiment can best answer.

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Gabriel mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37°C room. Then, Gabriel used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon. Figure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify the experimental question

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?

What do these two changes have in common? sewing an apron melting glass

closed choice

grade4

natural science

chemistry

Physical and chemical change

Compare physical and chemical changes

Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.

Step 1: Think about each change. Sewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change. Melting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Glass melting is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

What is the capital of Oregon?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Salem is the capital of Oregon.

Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Sean is not qualified to run the Environmental Club. Have you seen his sister's huge, horrifically inefficient car? The planet cries whenever she turns on the ignition.

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Classify logical fallacies

A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against

The text argues that Sean isn't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a fuel inefficient car. However, the behavior of Sean's sister does not necessarily reflect Sean's own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

Which correctly shows the title of a book?

closed choice

grade6

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Formatting titles

The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine"

A book should be in italics. The correct title is **As Days Go By**.

Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?

The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on February 21, 2017. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Africa on that day. Look at the map. Then, answer the question below. Data source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division

closed choice

grade7

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

Identify and compare air masses

To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg.

Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent. The legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air. 2 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range. 11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.

What is the capital of Arkansas?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.

Using only these supplies, which question can Tiana investigate with an experiment?

Tiana leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: one bar of milk chocolate one bar of dark chocolate a stove a pot

closed choice

grade7

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!

What can Danny and Peter trade to each get what they want?

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Danny and Peter open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

closed choice

grade6

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Trade and specialization

Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images. Danny has tomatoes. Peter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.

Can Hevea brasiliensis cells make their own food?

This organism is Hevea brasiliensis. It is a member of the plant kingdom. Hevea brasiliensis is commonly called a rubber tree. Rubber trees make a white liquid called latex. Rubber trees use latex for protection. Latex has a bad taste and can be poisonous to some animals. So, the latex helps to stop animals from eating the rubber tree's leaves and branches.

yes or no

grade4

natural science

biology

Classification

Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms

In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes

Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis.

Why might fanning eggs increase the reproductive success of a male fifteen-spined stickleback? Complete the claim below that answers this question and is best supported by the passage. Fanning eggs increases the chances that ().

Animals often behave in certain ways that can increase their reproductive success. Read the passage about a specific animal behavior. Then, follow the instructions below. Fifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning. By fanning his nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fans his eggs, the more eggs hatch. Figure: a fifteen-spined stickleback.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

literacy-in-science

Adaptations and natural selection

How can animal behaviors affect reproductive success? Identify evidence to support a claim

Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce. Animals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. For example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates. Animals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce. Many behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. But the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that are fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood.

Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of fanning eggs. Use this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the male fifteen-spined stickleback. Choice "Fifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning." is correct. Choice "By fanning his nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fans his eggs, the more eggs hatch." is incorrect. Choice "Choice "Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male will build a nest for females to lay eggs in." is incorrect." is incorrect. Choice "Fanning eggs does not affect whether a male builds a nest. Instead, the male builds a nest before he fans his eggs. So, the passage does not support this claim." is incorrect. Choice "Choice "Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male's offspring will become adults." is incorrect." is correct. Choice "According to the underlined text, fanning eggs helps bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male stickleback fans his eggs, the more of his eggs hatch. This increases the chances that the male's offspring will become adults, which can increase his reproductive success." is incorrect. Choice "Choice "Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male will spend more energy while waving his fins." is incorrect." is incorrect. Choice "To increase his reproductive success, the male stickleback needs to have offspring that survive to reproduce. Spending more energy waving his fins does not directly increase the male's chances of producing offspring that survive to reproduce. So, spending more energy waving his fins is not why fanning eggs increases the male's reproductive success." is incorrect.

Based on this information, what is Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait?

In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). Sebastian is a guppy from this group. Sebastian has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.

Sebastian's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Sebastian's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail. To check this answer, consider whether Sebastian's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele. Sebastian's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.

What kind of sentence is this? Bert campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.

closed choice

grade10

language science

punctuation

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?

There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!

The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Particle motion and energy

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A. Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.

How long is a basketball court?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.

The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 25 meters. 25 millimeters and 25 centimeters are too short. 25 kilometers is too long.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade6

social science

geography

Oceania: geography

Identify and select countries of Oceania

This country is Nauru.

What is the capital of Minnesota?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota.

Which property do these three objects have in common?

Select the best answer.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of objects

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.

Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. Sugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the ocean water and the wet ice cube are not. A translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent. A rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough. The property that all three objects have in common is translucent.

Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Tara is good at knitting socks.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Traits and heredity

Identify inherited and acquired traits

Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.

People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait.

Which of these states is farthest west?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest west.

What is the capital of Hawaii?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.

Which greeting is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade3

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The first greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Lee is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Particle motion and energy

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A. Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.

Select the organism in the same genus as the peregrine falcon.

This organism is a peregrine falcon. Its scientific name is Falco peregrinus.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Classification and scientific names

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. Pelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus. Pelecanus rufescens is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus. Falco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco peregrinus are in the same genus.

Which better describes the Pantanal ecosystem?

Figure: Pantanal. The Pantanal is a wetland ecosystem located mostly in Brazil.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Describe ecosystems

An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there

A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby.

How long is a hummingbird's beak?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.

The best estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 1 inch. 1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too long.

What is the capital of Arkansas?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.

Which of these states is farthest west?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west.

What is the capital of Mississippi?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Jackson is the capital of Mississippi.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.

The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater. There is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.

Select the solid.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

States of matter

Identify solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

The air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire. Vinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space. Oxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Oxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank. A stuffed tiger is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed tiger in your hands, the stuffed tiger still has a size and shape of its own.

Which of these states is farthest east?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest east.

Is caramel sauce a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

States of matter

Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.

Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

chemistry

Solutions

Compare concentrations of solutions

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container. Use the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter. Solution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.

What is the direction of this pull?

A water skier glides on the water behind a boat. A force from the boat pulls the water skier forward.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Force and motion

Identify directions of forces

A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.

The boat pulls the water skier. The direction of the pull is toward the boat.

What is the capital of Wyoming?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.

How long is a diving board?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.

The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 9 feet. 9 inches is too short. 9 yards and 9 miles are too long.

Select the animal that has a backbone.

Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify animals with and without backbones

Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.

A penguin is a bird. Like other birds, a penguin has a backbone. A fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.

Which statement best describes the average monthly precipitation in Boston?

Use the graph to answer the question below.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

Use climate data to make predictions

Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.

To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph. Choice "Jan" is incorrect. Choice "Feb" is incorrect. Choice "Mar" is incorrect. Choice "May" is incorrect. Choice "Oct" is incorrect. Choice "March is drier than January, February, and October." is incorrect. Drier months have a lower average precipitation than wetter months. October has a lower average precipitation than March. So, March is not drier than October. Choice "March is the month with the highest average precipitation." is incorrect. January, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation. Choice "About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October." is incorrect. The average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months.

Select the mammal.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.

An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin. Alligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes. An anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. An anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools. A bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak. Bald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide! A yak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. Yaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Where Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

What's the difference between weather and climate?

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the text carefully. Where Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills. This passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Eve lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown. Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other. The north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.

Which is this organism's scientific name?

This organism is an Aldabra giant tortoise. It is also called Aldabrachelys gigantea.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

biology

Classification and scientific names

Identify common and scientific names

An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.

Aldabrachelys gigantea is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, Aldabrachelys gigantea is the scientific name.

Which is a compound sentence?

closed choice

grade3

language science

grammar

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence simple or compound?

A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.

The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but. Pam found her coat, but her gloves are still missing.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Magnets

Compare strengths of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.

Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker. The magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.

Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?

closed choice

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Persuasive strategies

Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements

The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a "real person" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury

The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by evoking a fear of illness.

Select the part that fills most of the space inside a plant cell.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

biology

Cells

Identify functions of plant cell parts

Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.

The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The thick liquid is made mostly of water. It also includes other important chemicals and cell parts. The cytoplasm holds the cell's structures in place and protects them from being damaged.

Select the mammal below.

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A human is an example of a mammal.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk. A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.

Is the following statement about our solar system true or false? Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.

Use the data to answer the question below.

true-or false

grade7

natural science

earth-science

Astronomy

Analyze data to compare properties of planets

A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.

To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth. Then compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.

Bees and other animals can be pollinators. How does a pollinator pollinate a flower?

This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Plant reproduction

Angiosperm and conifer life cycles

Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction. Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil. Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm. Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another. After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.

A pollinator picks up pollen when it brushes against a flower's anthers. Pollen then falls off the pollinator onto the pistil of that flower, or another flower. A pollinator might drop pollen anywhere, but pollination happens only when pollen lands on the top of the pistil.

Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?

closed choice

grade7

language science

writing-strategies

Persuasive strategies

Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements

The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a "real person" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury

The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It focuses on the brand's values (real cheese) and its long history (since 1941).

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? gnaw - group

closed choice

grade3

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since gown is between the guide words gnaw - group, it would be found on that page.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Las Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year.

Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

What's the difference between weather and climate?

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the text carefully. Las Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year. This passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Las Vegas. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

Identify the question that Ashley's experiment can best answer.

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Ashley glued lids onto 16 cardboard shoe boxes of equal size. She painted eight of the boxes black and eight of the boxes white. Ashley made a small hole in the side of each box and then stuck a thermometer partially into each hole so she could measure the temperatures inside the boxes. She placed the boxes in direct sunlight in her backyard. Two hours later, she measured the temperature inside each box. Ashley compared the average temperature inside the black boxes to the average temperature inside the white boxes. Figure: a shoebox painted black.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify the experimental question

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?

What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "This is the best day of my life," Mr. Bradley mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. The best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bradley was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time.

Which correctly shows the title of a poem?

closed choice

grade3

language science

capitalization

Formatting

Capitalizing titles

In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or

Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The correct title is "What Dreams Are Made Of."

How long is a paper clip?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of distance

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.

The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 31 millimeters. 31 centimeters and 31 kilometers are both too long.

How long does it take to peel a banana?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose units of time

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.

The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 15 seconds. 15 minutes is too slow.

Select the mixture.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

Mixtures

Identify mixtures

A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together.

Based on the bubble map, has table tennis ever been part of the Winter Olympics?

This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of.

yes or no

grade6

language science

writing-strategies

Visual elements

Read graphic organizers

A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.

A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of. Table tennis is not directly connected to Winter Olympics. This tells you that no, table tennis has never been part of the Winter Olympics.

What is the capital of Idaho?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Boise is the capital of Idaho.

Select the plant.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify plants and animals

Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.

A koala is an animal. It eats leaves. Koalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day! A coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves. Coconut trees grow in warm, rainy places.

What is the name of the colony shown?

closed choice

grade4

social science

us-history

English colonies in North America

Identify the Thirteen Colonies

The colony is Pennsylvania.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade8

social science

geography

Oceania: geography

Identify and select countries of Oceania

This country is the Federated States of Micronesia.

What is the capital of Oregon?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Salem is the capital of Oregon.

Which object has the least thermal energy?

The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Heat and thermal energy

How is temperature related to thermal energy?

All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.

All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6°C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.

Below are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.

Humans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Hint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

earth-science

Conservation and natural resources

Evaluate natural energy sources

Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines. Some ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Wood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution. Sunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution.

Which is the hardest?

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of materials

Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.

Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the wax crayons are the hardest. If you squeeze wax crayons, they will not change shape.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Figure: Smethport, Pennsylvania. Northwest Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year. Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

Weather and climate around the world

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the passage carefully. Northwest Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year. This passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Smethport. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

What is the capital of Maryland?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.

The time between 1820 and 1860 is called the antebellum period. What does antebellum mean?

closed choice

grade4

social science

us-history

Early 19th century American history

Antebellum Period: economies of the North and South

Antebellum means "before the war." Ante and bellum are Latin root words. The root ante means "before." The root bellum means "war." The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War.

Based on this information, what is Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene?

In a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur. Hachiko, a Labrador retriever from this group, has brown fur. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.

An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene is ff.

Which text uses the word can in its traditional sense?

closed choice

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Word usage and nuance

Explore words with new or contested usages

Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.

The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to. Kelsey can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols. The first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to. If Kelsey prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard.

Which animal's feet are also adapted for grabbing prey?

Bald eagles eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The 's feet are adapted for grabbing prey. Figure: bald eagle.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: feet and limbs

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.

Look at the picture of the bald eagle. The bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The swamp harrier has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Particle motion and energy

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A. Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.

Which of these states is farthest north?

closed choice

grade2

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Virginia is farthest north.

Based on this information, what is this rose plant's genotype for the flower form gene?

This passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants: In a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele F is for double flowers, and the allele f is for single flowers. A certain rose plant from this group has single flowers. This plant has two alleles for single flowers.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.

An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has two alleles for single flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower form gene is ff.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade7

social science

geography

Oceania: geography

Identify and select countries of Oceania

This country is Solomon Islands.

Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?

Shoebills live near marshes and lakes in Africa. They eat fish, frogs, and small reptiles that live in shallow water. Shoebills hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading. The 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water. Figure: shoebill.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: feet and limbs

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.

Look at the picture of the shoebill. Long legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading. The white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk, perch, and swim.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card. Maria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.

Is a brick a mineral?

A brick has the following properties: solid no fixed crystal structure made in a factory not a pure substance

yes or no

grade6

natural science

earth-science

Rocks and minerals

Identify rocks and minerals

Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.

Many bricks are made from clay. Clay is found in nature, but bricks are not! To make a brick, a piece of clay is first shaped into a block. Then, the block is heated in a special oven called a brick kiln.

Is the following statement about our solar system true or false? The largest planet is made mainly of ice.

Use the data to answer the question below.

true-or false

grade8

natural science

earth-science

Astronomy

Analyze data to compare properties of planets

A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15

To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 15, which is the largest out of all the planets. Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.

What can Dean and Estelle trade to each get what they want?

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Dean and Estelle open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Dean nor Estelle got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted: Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below. Dean's lunch Estelle's lunch

closed choice

grade7

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Trade and specialization

Look at the table and images. Dean wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.

Which type of sentence is this? Kenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.

closed choice

grade7

language science

grammar

Phrases and clauses

Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?

A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.

The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause. Kenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.

The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them. Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

What is the capital of Hawaii?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.

Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. The tree branch () under the weight of all the children.

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Creative techniques

Use personification

Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.

Complete the sentence with the word groaned. It describes the branch as if it were a person calling out.

Complete the text. There were two main sides in World War I. One side was called the () and the other was called the ().

closed choice

grade4

social science

world-history

20th century American history

World War I: the war begins

There were two main sides in World War I. One side was called the Allied powers and the other was called the Central powers. Sometimes the Allied powers are also called the Allies or the Triple Entente. Some countries fought against the Central powers but were not a part of the official Allied powers. They were called the Associated powers.

Which of the following could Edna and Trisha's test show?

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below. Edna and Trisha were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test. They poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used. Figure: preparing a concrete slump test.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Engineering practices

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.

Which animal's feet are also adapted for swimming?

The is found in rivers and streams in South America. It eats small fish, worms, and crustaceans, which it often finds underwater. Its feet are adapted for swimming. Figure: Suriname toad.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: feet and limbs

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.

Look at the picture of the Suriname toad. The Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The blue-footed booby has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The short-beaked echidna has long claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The short-beaked echidna uses its feet to dig burrows.

Which property do these three objects have in common?

Select the best answer.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of objects

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. A bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy. A bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The popcorn and the caramel corn are not bouncy. A stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The popcorn and the log are not stretchy. The property that all three objects have in common is bumpy.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade7

social science

geography

The Americas: geography

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

chemistry

Solutions

Compare concentrations of solutions

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container. Use the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter. Solution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.

Which better describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem?

Figure: East Siberian Taiga. The Eastern Siberian Taiga is a taiga ecosystem in Russia.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Describe ecosystems

An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there

A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Eastern Siberian Taiga has cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees.

What is the capital of Nevada?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Carson City is the capital of Nevada.

What is the mass of a guitar?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose customary units of mass

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.

The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 6 pounds. 6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade6

social science

geography

Oceania: geography

Identify and select countries of Oceania

This country is New Zealand.

Select the statement that is supported by the data.

Fresh water is a natural resource that humans use every day. Fresh water has many uses, including drinking, cleaning, taking care of livestock, irrigating farms, and generating electricity. Since 1950, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has tracked the volume of fresh water used in the United States. The graph below shows the volume of fresh water withdrawn, or taken by humans for any use, in a given year. The data were collected every five years, starting in 1950 and ending in 2005. Data source: United States Geological Survey

closed choice

grade6

natural science

earth-science

Natural resources and human impacts

Evaluate claims about natural resource use: groundwater

On the graph, the year is shown on the x-axis. The volume of fresh water withdrawn in a year is shown by the height of each bar. To determine which statement is supported by the data, evaluate how the volume of fresh water withdrawn changed over time. The volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. From 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. This means that the volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. So, this statement is supported by the data. The volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased every five years between 1950 and 2005. From 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. But after 1980, the bars do not continue to get taller. This means that the volume withdrawn did not always increase between 1950 and 2005. So, this statement is not supported by the data.

How long is a hammer?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of distance

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.

The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 22 centimeters. 22 meters and 22 kilometers are both too long.