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c.j. mccollum’s $106 million maximum contract extension begins next season. (getty images) portland, ore. – they prepared portland trail blazers guard c.j. mccollum for the aggression everyone would come for him with on the court now, born of his rise as the robin to damian lillard’s batman, born of earning the nba’s most improved player award, and yes, born of a summertime signing to a $106 million maximum contract extension. in mccollum’s mind, nothing’s changed: he’s still the 5-foot-2 high school sophomore who couldn’t start on the varsity team, who struggled to find a division i scholarship offer. in his mind, he’s still the lehigh university star who passed on the nba draft as a junior only to fracture his foot shortly into his senior year and wonder: “did i just blow my only opportunity?” scroll to continue with content ad “i’ve been a role player,” mccollum told the vertical. “i’ve dressed in a suit on the end of the bench. i’ve been a [non-starter] in high school. i’ve been the guy with no scholarships trying to get an offer. i’ve been the guy taking ice baths in trash cans at lehigh because that’s what we had. “i don’t take any of this for granted.” [sign up for yahoo fantasy basketball | mock draft | latest news] how the world comes to reach into your bank account, well, that’s a different story. first of all, mccollum makes $3.2 million this season. the four-year, $106 million contract starts in 2017-18, and yes, mccollum agrees there’s little, if any, preparation for the onslaught that comes with the contract. for some, this is the hardest part: how do you learn to say no? how do you manage the balance between long-lost family and friends, foundations and charities, and those closer who’ll try to get over on your good nature? story continues “it’s insane,” mccollum told the vertical. “people want to try to take advantage of you – who you are, what you stand for, the fact that you’re a nice person. and there are people out there who are genuinely sincere and genuinely need help. people close to me, obviously i’ll help them. but i can’t help everybody. i can’t contribute to every charity. i can’t contribute to every idea somebody has – a new invention, a new product. everybody has ideas for how you should spend your money, before you even have your money. “i have had some outrageous proposals. i just told [agent] sam [goldfeder], ‘don’t even send me anymore.’ people are emailing him with ideas for starting a charity. or a foundation. i’m like, ‘hey, i have a donors fund where i give to the causes that have affected me, causes that i care about.’ people that i haven’t talked to in years will reach out – from numbers, for a reason, that i don’t have saved. you can’t save everybody. but i didn’t get here on my own, and i realize that. when the time is right, i’ll do what is necessary for those i care about. but you can’t save the world. “they want you to invest. i tell people: i have a solid investment scheme. i’m hitting base hits and bunts for the rest of my life. i don’t need any home runs. i don’t need any get-rich schemes. i need to continue to save the proper way, find good percentage rates where i can get money from my money without touching my principle – and protect my assets for my future generations.” for mccollum, what hasn’t changed are his blazers relationships, especially with lillard, a two-time all-star. golden state has the best backcourt in the nba with stephen curry and klay thompson, but portland’s partnership of lillard and mccollum makes a strong case for no. 2. for all the dysfunction that has existed between washington’s john wall and bradley beal, the blazers guards have been a model illustration of the established star reaching out and uplifting, empowering his younger teammate – not trying to stifle him. “dame has deferred to me late in games,” mccollum told the vertical. “you don’t always see that from star players. coach would draw up a play for me late in a game, and he wouldn’t look at him like he’s crazy. he tells me, ‘go get this bucket, man.’ there’s that type of relationship, where whoever has the better matchup, you go with him and you trust him. “we never had to discuss taking a bad shot, or anything like that. we understand how hard we work, and winning is above everything. we want to win. winners are recognized. winners are paid. winners become legends. winners become legacy. they put winners’ banners up. they give winners rings.” when you earn the most improved player award and get a max contract and belong to a team that most believe should win 50 games, everyone pushes harder and harder into your space. mccollum swears he sees it coming now, inside and outside the gym, and that’s the bold, new reality of his life. from where he came – from how he rose – c.j. mccollum knows this: if everything else is changing around you, well, you better not. more nba coverage:

ˈsɔrsəz seɪ ˈlaʊnər 'wɪl ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈsərtənli bi dɪˈklɛrd ˈmɛnəli ənˈfɪt fər traɪəl.' ʤəʤ tɪ riəˈsɛs ˈlaʊnər ə ˈfɛdərəl ʤəʤ ruld ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ðət ðə mæn əˈkjuzd əv əˈtɛmptɪŋ tɪ əˈsæsəˌneɪt rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ˌgɑbriˈɛl ˈgɪfərdz (d-ariz*.) ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri ənd ˈkɪlɪŋ sɪks ˈəðər ˈpipəl ɪn ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs ɪz tu ˈmɛnəli ɪl tɪ stænd traɪəl æt list fər naʊ. ðə ˈhirɪŋ fər ˈʃutɪŋ ˈsəˌspɛkt ˈʤɛrɪd ˈlaʊnər ɪn ˈtuˌsɑn ˈfɛdərəl kɔrt ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈdust səm ˌənɪkˈspɛktɪd ˈdrɑmə ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ˈæftər ən ˈaʊtˌbərst frəm ðə dɪˈfɛndənt lɛd tɪ ɪm biɪŋ ɪˈʤɛktɪd baɪ ˈfɛdərəl ˈmɑrʃəlz, prɛs rɪˈpɔrts sɛd. ˈstɔri kənˈtɪnjud bɪˈloʊ ˈlaʊnər, 22 əˈpɪrd ˈæʤəˌteɪtəd ɛz hi ˈɛnərd ðə ˈkɔrˌtrum ənd ˈleɪtər bɪˈgæn ˈrɑkɪŋ bæk ənd fɔrθ ɪn hɪz sit, fɑks nuz ˌriˈpɔrtəd. ju fər ðə frik ʃoʊ. ʃi daɪd ɪn frənt əv me,”*,” ˈlaʊnər ˈʃaʊtɪd, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə ˈdeɪli stɑr. ɪt ɪz nɑt klɪr tɪ hum ˈlaʊnər wɑz rɪˈfərɪŋ. ˈæftər ðə ˈaʊtˌbərst, ˈmɑrʃəlz kˈwɪkli mɑrʧt ɪm aʊt, bət juz. ˈdɪstrɪkt kɔrt ʤəʤ ˈlɛri bərnz ˈleɪtər əˈlaʊd ˈlaʊnər tɪ rɪˈtərn, ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs sɛd. æst ˈwɛðər hi wɪʃt tɪ rɪˈmeɪn ɪn ðə ˈkɔrˌtrum ər wɔʧ ðə ˈsɛʃən ɔn ə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən fid, ˈlaʊnər sɛd wɔʧ ɔn ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ənd hi wɑz ɛˈskɔrtɪd aʊt, ðə stɑr sɛd. bərnz ˈɔrdərd ˈlaʊnər tɪ bi hɛld ɪn ə ˈprɪzən ˈhɑˌspɪtəl fər əp tɪ fɔr mənθs, ˈæftər wɪʧ hɪz ˈkɑmpətɪns tɪ stænd traɪəl wɪl bi ɪˈvæljuˌeɪtəd əˈgɛn, ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər sɛd. bərnz ruld ˈlaʊnər ˌɪnˈkɑmpətənt ˈæftər rɪˈsivɪŋ rɪˈpɔrts frəm ə ˈbjʊroʊ əv ˈprɪzənz saɪˈkɑləʤəst ənd ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt səˈkaɪətrəst hu boʊθ faʊnd ɪm tɪ bi ˌʃɪzəˈfrɛnɪk. ðə dɪˈfɛns ənd ðə ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən hæd ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɪd ɪn kɔrt ˈfaɪlɪŋz ðət ðeɪ dɪd nɑt plæn tɪ dɪˈspjut ðə doctors’*’ ˈfaɪndɪŋz. ðə ʤəʤ sɛd ˈlaʊnər həz ən ˌɪˈræʃənəl dɪˈstrəst əv ˈlɔjərz ənd bɪˈlivz ðɛr ɪz ə kənˈspɪrəsi tɪ prɪˈvɛnt ɪm frəm ˈgɪtɪŋ ə fɛr traɪəl, ðə stɑr ˌriˈpɔrtəd. hi rɪˈvild ˈrisəntli ðət hi hæd rɪˈsivd tu ˈlɛtərz dɪˈrɛkli frəm ˈlaʊnər dɪˈskəsɪŋ ““attorney-client”*” ˈɪʃuz. ðə ˈɪʃu əv ˈkɑmpətɪns tɪ stænd traɪəl ɪz ˈsɛpərˌeɪt, ɛz ə ˈligəl ˈmætər, frəm ˈɛni ˈɛfərt hi ənd hɪz dɪˈfɛns əˈtərniz meɪ meɪk tɪ ˈɑrgju ðət hi wɑz ˌɪnˈseɪn æt ðə taɪm əv ðə ʤæn. 8 ˈʃutɪŋ ɪn ə ˈseɪfˌweɪ ˈsupərˌmɑrkɪt ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt. ˈsɛvərəl ˈvɪdioʊz əˈpɛrəntli meɪd baɪ ˈlaʊnər hæv reɪzd kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt hɪz ˈmɛntəl hɛlθ. wən əˈpɪrz tɪ ʃoʊ ɪm ˈwɛrɪŋ ˈplæstɪk bægz ənd ˈbərnɪŋ ən əˈmɛrɪkən flæg. əˈnəðər əˈpɛrəntli wɑz fɪlmd ɛz hi wɔkt θru ə kəmˈjunɪti ˈkɑlɪʤ hi əˈtɛndəd ənd ˈræmbəld əˈbaʊt ˈwɛðər ˈtiʧərz ðɛr wər biɪŋ peɪd wɪθ ləˈʤɪtəmət ˈkərənsi. ˈlaʊnər ˈfeɪsɪz 49 ˈfɛləni kaʊnts ɪn kəˈnɛkʃən wɪθ ðə ˈʤænjuˌɛri ˈʃutɪŋ spri, wɪʧ ˈwundɪd ˈgɪfərdz (d-ariz*.) ənd kɪld juz. ˈdɪstrɪkt kɔrt ʤəʤ ʤɑn roʊl, ˈgɪfərdz eɪd ˈgeɪbriəl ˈzɪmərmən ənd fɔr ˈəðərz. ˈlaʊnər həz ˈplidɪd nɑt ˈgɪlti. ðə ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt həz nɑt sɛd ˈwɛðər ɪt wɪl sik ðə dɛθ ˈpɛnəlti əˈgɛnst ˈlaʊnər. ˈɛvədəns əv ˈmɛntəl ˈɪlnəs ɔn hɪz pɑrt kʊd ˈɪnfluəns prosecutors’*’ dɪˈsɪʒən ɔn ˈwɛðər tɪ æsk fər ˈkæpɪtəl ˈpənɪʃmənt. ˈmɛntəl ˈprɑbləmz ˈɔlsoʊ ər kənˈsɪdərd ə factor”*” ðət, ɪf hi ɪz kənˈvɪktəd, kʊd lɛd ˈʤʊrərz tɪ spɛr ɪm ðə dɛθ ˈpɛnəlti. ˈlaʊnər ˈɔlsoʊ meɪ feɪs steɪt ˈʧɑrʤɪz, bət ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈgəvərnmənt həz ˈɛksərˌsaɪzd ɪts əˈθɔrəti tɪ ˈprɑsəˌkjut fərst ɪn ˈɛni keɪs ˌɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ən əˈtɛmptəd əˌsæsəˈneɪʃən əv ə ˈmɛmbər əv ˈkɑŋgrəs.

sources say loughner 'will almost certainly be declared mentally unfit for trial.' judge to reassess loughner a federal judge ruled wednesday that the man accused of attempting to assassinate rep. gabrielle giffords (d-ariz.) in january and killing six other people in the process is too mentally ill to stand trial — at least for now. the hearing for shooting suspect jared loughner in tucson federal court also produced some unexpected drama wednesday after an outburst from the defendant led to him being ejected by federal marshals, press reports said. story continued below loughner, 22, appeared agitated as he entered the courtroom and later began rocking back and forth in his seat, fox news reported. “thank you for the freak show. she died in front of me,” loughner shouted, according to the arizona daily star. it is not clear to whom loughner was referring. after the outburst, marshals quickly marched him out, but u.s. district court judge larry burns later allowed loughner to return, the associated press said. asked whether he wished to remain in the courtroom or watch the session on a closed-circuit tv feed, loughner said he’d watch on tv and he was escorted out, the star said. burns ordered loughner to be held in a prison hospital for up to four months, after which his competence to stand trial will be evaluated again, the newspaper said. burns ruled loughner incompetent after receiving reports from a bureau of prisons psychologist and an independent psychiatrist who both found him to be schizophrenic. the defense and the prosecution had indicated in court filings that they did not plan to dispute the doctors’ findings. the judge said loughner has an irrational distrust of lawyers and believes there is a conspiracy to prevent him from getting a fair trial, the star reported. he revealed recently that he had received two letters directly from loughner discussing “attorney-client” issues. the issue of loughner’s competence to stand trial is separate, as a legal matter, from any effort he and his defense attorneys may make to argue that he was insane at the time of the jan. 8 shooting in a safeway supermarket parking lot. several videos apparently made by loughner have raised questions about his mental health. one appears to show him wearing plastic bags and burning an american flag. another apparently was filmed as he walked through a community college he attended and rambled about whether teachers there were being paid with legitimate currency. loughner faces 49 felony counts in connection with the january shooting spree, which wounded giffords (d-ariz.) and killed u.s. district court judge john roll, giffords aide gabriel zimmerman and four others. loughner has pleaded not guilty. the justice department has not said whether it will seek the death penalty against loughner. evidence of mental illness on his part could influence prosecutors’ decision on whether to ask for capital punishment. mental problems also are considered a “mitigating factor” that, if he is convicted, could lead jurors to spare him the death penalty. loughner also may face state charges, but the federal government has exercised its authority to prosecute first in any case involving an attempted assassination of a member of congress.

tɛl ɑˈviv: ðɪs ˈstɔri dɪd nɑt gɪt ɪˈnəf əˈtɛnʃən frəm ðə wərld læst mənθ bət ˈæftər ˈrisənt əˈtæk ɔn ˈgɑzə, ˈpipəl ər rɪˈkɔlɪŋ ðə wərdz əv ðə səˈkaɪətrəst hu wɑz traɪɪŋ tɪ kjʊr ˌɪzˈreɪli praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər bət bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈpeɪʃənt hɪmˈsɛlf. ðə nu ˈɪnsədənts hæv riˈfrɛʃt ˈmɛməriz əv ˈprɑmənənt ˌɪzˈreɪli səˈkaɪətrəst hu wɑz faʊnd dɛd wɪθ ə ˈsuɪˌsaɪd noʊt æt hɪz saɪd ðət ˌnɛtənˈjɑˌhu həz səkt ðə laɪf raɪt aʊt əv teɪk ɪt anymore,”*,” roʊt ənd ʃɑt hɪmˈsɛlf. ˈpipəl seɪ gru ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli dɪˈprɛst æt kəmˈplit læk əv ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɪn ˈgɪtɪŋ ðə tɪ ækˈnɑlɪʤ ˌriˈæləˌti, ənd hi ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈsəfərd ə ˈsɪriz əv stroʊks wɪn əˈtɛmptɪŋ tɪ græsp ˈθɪŋkɪŋ. hɪz ˈθɪŋkɪŋ wɑz blæk hoʊl əv self-contradiction*, ðə səˈkaɪətrəst ˈnoʊtɪd ɪn hɪz ˈdaɪəri. wɑz əˈpɛrəntli ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn kənˈvərtɪŋ hɪz ˈdaɪəri ˈɪntu ə bʊk əˈbaʊt ðə ˌnɛtənˈjɑˌhu keɪs. ˈsɛvərəl ˈʧæptərz əv ən ənˈfɪnɪʃt ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt, ɛnˈtaɪtəld ɔn steroids,”*,” wər faʊnd ɪn hɪz ˈstədi. ðə ˈɛksərpt bɪˈloʊ ˈɔfərz ə rɛr glɪmps æt ðə ˈɪnər ˈwərkɪŋz əv ə praɪm maɪnd, æt ðə seɪm taɪm ɛz ɪt rɪˈvilz ðə ˈdɔntɪŋ ˈʧælənʤ feɪst ɪn ˈsikɪŋ tɪ gaɪd ɪt tɪ ˌræʃəˈnælɪti: læst deɪ wɪn hi ˈsuɪˌsaɪd hi keɪm baɪ æt θri fər hɪz ˌæftərˈnun ˈsɛʃən. æt fɔr hi rɪfˈjuzd tɪ liv ənd kleɪmd maɪ haʊs wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli hɪz. ðɛn hi lɑkt mi ɪn ðə ˈbeɪsmənt ˈoʊvərˈnaɪt waɪl hi ˈlævɪʃli ˌɛnərˈteɪnd hɪz frɛndz əpˈstɛrz. wɪn aɪ traɪd tɪ ɪˈskeɪp, hi kɔld mi ə ˈtɛrərɪst ənd pʊt mi ɪn ˈʃækəlz. aɪ bɛgd fər ˈmərsi, bət hi sɛd hi kʊd ˈhɑrdli grænt ɪt tɪ ˈsəmˌwən hu ˈivɪn exist.”*.”

tel aviv: this story did not get enough attention from the world last month but after recent attack on gaza, people are recalling the words of the psychiatrist who was trying to cure israeli prime minister but became a patient himself. the new incidents have refreshed memories of prominent israeli psychiatrist who was found dead with a suicide note at his side that “benjamin netanyahu has sucked the life right out of me.”“i can’t take it anymore,” wrote yatom and shot himself. people say yatom grew increasingly depressed at netanyahu’s complete lack of progress in getting the to acknowledge reality, and he eventually suffered a series of strokes when attempting to grasp netanyahu’s thinking. his thinking was “a black hole of self-contradiction, the psychiatrist noted in his diary. yatom was apparently working on converting his diary into a book about the netanyahu case. several chapters of an unfinished manuscript, entitled “psychotic on steroids,” were found in his study. the excerpt below offers a rare glimpse at the inner workings of a prime minister’s mind, at the same time as it reveals the daunting challenge yatom faced in seeking to guide it to rationality: last day when he commiteed suicide he wrote“bibi came by at three for his afternoon session. at four he refused to leave and claimed my house was actually his. then he locked me in the basement overnight while he lavishly entertained his friends upstairs. when i tried to escape, he called me a terrorist and put me in shackles. i begged for mercy, but he said he could hardly grant it to someone who didn’t even exist.”

ˈɛvərət ɪz ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ kriˈeɪtɪŋ ə ˈsɪriz əv əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈmɔldən ˈrɪvər. ə ˈstədi wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ lʊk æt haʊ tɪ kəˈnɛkt ðə ˈmɔldən ˈrɪvər ˈkɔrɪdər tɪ ðə ˈmɪstɪk, ə ˈnɛtˌwərk əv mɔr ðən 20 maɪəlz əv pɑrks ənd pæθs frəm ðə ˈmɪstɪk leɪks tɪ ˈbɔstən ˈhɑrbər. ðə ˈstədi ɪz biɪŋ ˈkɛrid aʊt θru ə ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪp bɪtˈwin ðə ˈsɪti ənd ðə ˈmɪstɪk ˈrɪvər ˈwɔtərˌʃɛd əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən, wɪθ ˈfəndɪŋ səˈpɔrt frəm ˈəðər grups ənd ˈbɪznɪsɪz. utile*, ə dɪˈzaɪn kənˈsəltənt fərm, wɪl ˌɪnvənˈtɔri ˈkɑrənt ˈprɑpərtiz əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈwɔtərˌfrənt, hoʊld ˈsɛvərəl ˈpəblɪk ˈaʊˌtriʧ ˈmitɪŋz, ənd ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd nu ˈpæθˌweɪz, ˈrɪvər ˈoʊvərˌlʊks, ənd ˈəðər. ðə ˈstədi wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ ɪkˈsplɔr ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ˈloʊˌkeɪtɪŋ ə ˈpəblɪk ˈboʊˈthaʊs ɔn ðə ˈwɔtərˌfrənt, ənd əv ˈbɪldɪŋ ə pəˈdɛstriən brɪʤ əˈkrɔs ðə ˈmɔldən ˈrɪvər ˈmɪdˌweɪ bɪtˈwin ðə ˈmɛdfərd strit brɪʤ ənd ðə rut 16 brɪʤ. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt ʤɑn ˈleɪdlər kən bi riʧt æt

everett is exploring creating a series of greenways along the malden river. a study will also look at how to connect the malden river corridor to the mystic greenways, a network of more than 20 miles of parks and paths from the mystic lakes to boston harbor. the $60,000 study is being carried out through a partnership between the city and the mystic river watershed association, with funding support from other groups and businesses. utile, a design consultant firm, will inventory current properties along the waterfront, hold several public outreach meetings, and recommend new pathways, river overlooks, and other greenways. the study will also explore the possibility of locating a public boathouse on the waterfront, and of building a pedestrian bridge across the malden river midway between the medford street bridge and the route 16 bridge. advertisement john laidler can be reached at john.laidler@globe.com

gaɪə grik neɪm gaɪə, gaiê*ê, gê*ê, ˈgiə ˈroʊmən neɪm ˈtɛˌrɑ, trænzˈleɪʃən ərθ ˈgiə ðə ərθ, æˈθiniən ˈkælɪks b.c*., vərˈʤɪnjə mˈjuziəm əv faɪn ɑrts gaɪə (ˈgiə) wɑz ðə ˈgɑdəs əv ðə ərθ. ʃi wɑz wən əv ðə ˌɛləˈmɛnəl ˈdiətiz (protogenoi*) bɔrn æt ðə dɔn əv kriˈeɪʃən. gaɪə wɑz ðə greɪt ˈməðər əv ɔl ˈhɛvənli gɑdz wər dɪˈsɛndɪd frəm hər θru hər ˈjunjən wɪθ (ˈjərənəs) (skaɪ), ðə frəm hər ˈjunjən wɪθ (si), ðə (ʤaɪənts) frəm hər ˈmeɪtɪŋ wɪθ (ðə pɪt), ənd ˈmɔrtəl ˈkriʧərz bɔrn dɪˈrɛkli frəm hər ˈərθi flɛʃ. gaɪə wɑz ðə ʧif ænˈtægənəst əv ðə ˈhɛvənli gɑdz. fərst ʃi rɪˈbɛld əˈgɛnst hər ˈhəzbənd (skaɪ) hu hæd ˌɪmˈprɪzənd ˈsɛvərəl əv hər wɪˈθɪn hər wum. ˈleɪtər wɪn hər sən ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs) dɪˈfaɪd hər baɪ ˌɪmˈprɪzənɪŋ ðiz seɪm sənz, ʃi ˈsaɪdɪd wɪθ zus ɪn hɪz rɪˈbɛljən. ˈfaɪnəli ʃi keɪm ˈɪntu ˈkɑnflɪkt wɪθ zus fər ʃi wɑz ˈæŋgərd baɪ hɪz ˈbaɪndɪŋ əv hər ɪn. ʃi ə traɪb əv (ʤaɪənts) ənd ˈleɪtər ðə ˈmɑnstər tɪ ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ ɪm, bət boʊθ feɪld ɪn ðɛr əˈtɛmpts. ɪn ðə ˈeɪnʧənt grik kɔzˈmɔləʤi ərθ wɑz kənˈsivd əv ɛz ə flæt dɪsk baɪ ðə ˈrɪvər (oceanus*), ənd ɛnˈkəmpəst əˈbəv baɪ ðə ˈsɑləd doʊm əv ˈhɛvən ənd bɪˈloʊ baɪ ðə greɪt pɪt (ər ˌɪnˈvərs doʊm) əv. ərθ səˈpɔrtɪd ðə siz ənd ˈmaʊntənz əˈpɑn hər brɛst. ɪn grik vɑz ˈpeɪnɪŋ gaɪə wɑz dɪˈpɪktɪd ɛz ə ˈbəksəm, ˈmeɪtrənli ˈwʊmən ˈraɪzɪŋ frəm ðə ərθ, ˌɪnˈsɛpərəbəl frəm hər ˈneɪtɪv ˈɛləmənt. ɪn moʊˈzeɪɪk ɑrt, ʃi əˈpɪrz ɛz ə ˈwʊmən, rɪˈklaɪnɪŋ ɔn ðə ərθ, ˈɔfən kloʊðd ɪn grin, ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz əˈkəmpənid baɪ trups əv (carpi*, fruts) ənd (horae*, ˈsizənz). ˈfæməli əv ˈgiə ˈpɛrənts nən (ðə ˈsɛkənd biɪŋ tɪ ˈimərʤ æt kriˈeɪʃən) (ˈhisiəd 116 ˈimərʤd frəm (ˈɔrfɪk 66 ˈɔrfɪk 54 57) ˈprɛfəs) ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ, ðə, (wɪˈθaʊt ə meɪt) (ˈhisiəd 126, (baɪ ər?) ˈprɛfəs), (baɪ) (ˈɔrfɪk ˈfrægmənts 54 57 ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ðə (okeanos*,,, haɪˈpɪriən,, ˈkroʊnoʊs), ðə (theia*,,,,,), ðə, ðə (baɪ) (ˈhisiəd 135 ðə (ɛz əˈbəv), ðə (ɛz əˈbəv pləs diɑn), ðə, ðə (baɪ), 1 ðə (okeanos*, ˈkroʊnoʊs,) (baɪ) prəˈmiˌθiəs baʊnd 207 prəˈmiˌθiəs prəˈmiˌθiəs baʊnd 211 ðə, ðə (baɪ) 1,,,, ðə, briareus*,,, ˈætləs, haɪˈpɪriən,, ˈkroʊnoʊs,,, diɑn, ðə (baɪ ər tɛkst ɪz kərəpt) ðə, ðə ðə (baɪ ðə bləd əv ðə ˈkæˌstreɪtɪd) (ˈhisiəd 184 ðə, ðə (baɪ ðə bləd əv ðə ˈkæˌstreɪtɪd) (baɪ) (ˈhisiəd 819 ˈprɛfəs) (baɪ) ˈprɛfəs),, (ˈvərʤəl əˈniɪd ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ si gɑdz,,, ˈkeɪtoʊ, (baɪ) (ˈhisiəd theog*. 232 (baɪ pəˈsaɪdən) (ˈəðər ˈrɛfərənsɪz) ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈrəstɪk gɑdz (baɪ ðə bləd əv) (ˈhisiəd 176 (baɪ ə ʃaʊər əv reɪn) (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi anon*. 985 (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs 985 (baɪ) (grik ˈlɪrɪk 45 (baɪ) 52 ɔn (baɪ) (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs 985 (baɪ zus) ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈdeɪˌmoʊnz (dolor*), (dolus*), (ˌaɪˌɑˈreɪ), (luctus*), (mendacium*), (jusiurandum*), (ultio*), (intemperantia*), (altercatio*), (oblivio*), (socordia*), (tiˈmɔr), (superbia*), (incestum*), (pugna*) (baɪ) ˈprɛfəs) (ˈvərʤəl əˈniɪd ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈlɛsər ʤaɪənts (ˈhoʊmər ˈɑdəsi ˈvərʤəl əˈniɪd ɔˈraɪən ɔˈraɪən baɪ ən soʊkt wɪθ ðə ˈjʊrən əv zus, pəˈsaɪdən, ˈhərmiz) 195 306 prəˈmiˌθiəs 566 (baɪ pəˈsaɪdən) ˈɛldər 31 (baɪ pəˈsaɪdən) (ˈhisiəd ˈkætəˌlɔgz 40a*) ðə) anax*, ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈmɑnstərz (baɪ) ˈpaɪθɑn ˈprɛfəs 140 ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈænəməlz (ˈhisiəd əˈstrɑnəmi 4 ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ fərst kɪŋz (baɪ hephaistos*) (ˈhoʊmər ˈɪliəd, 260 ɛt æl) 6 48 ɛt æl) 250 (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs 985 ɛt æl) (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs 985 (grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs 985 ˈvɛriəs ˈəðər mɛn) ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ˈjumən traɪbz (baɪ ðə bləd əv ðə ˈkæˌstreɪtɪd) 441 hemikunoi*, libyes*, aithiopes*, katoudaioi*, pygmaioi*, melanokhrotoi*, skythes*, laistrygones*, (ˈreɪsɪz əv mɛn bɔrn tɪ hər baɪ epaphos*) (ˈhisiəd ˈkætəˌlɔgz 40a*) ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə ˈgiə ər (gaɪə ər gê*ê), ðə pərˌsɑnəfəˈkeɪʃən əv ðə ərθ. ʃi əˈpɪrz ɪn ðə ˈkɛrɪktər əv ə dɪˈvaɪn biɪŋ ɛz ˈərli ɛz ðə hoʊˈmɛrɪk poʊəmz, fər wi rɛd ɪn ðə ˈɪliəd (iii*. 104 ðət blæk ʃip wər ˈsækrəˌfaɪst tɪ hər, ənd ðət ʃi wɑz ˌɪnˈvoʊkt baɪ ˈpərsənz ˈteɪkɪŋ oʊθs. (iii*. 278 xv*. 36 xix*. 259 od*. vi. 124 ʃi ɪz ˈfərðər kɔld, ɪn ðə hoʊˈmɛrɪk poʊəmz, ðə ˈməðər əv ənd tithyus*. (ɪl. ii*. 548 od*. vii*. 324 ʃi. 576 kɑmp. apollon*. rhod*. aɪ. 762 iii*. 716 əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə əv ˈhisiəd 117 &si.), ʃi wɑz ðə fərst biɪŋ ðət spræŋ frənt keɪɑs, sænd geɪv bərθ tɪ ˈjərənəs ənd. baɪ ˈjərənəs ʃi ðɛn bɪˈkeɪm ðə ˈməðər əv ə ˈsɪriz əv biɪŋz, oceanus*, coeus*, creius*, haɪˈpɪriən, iapetus*,,,,, ˈfibi, thetys*,, ðə cyclopes*, brontes*,, arges*, cottus*, briareus*, ənd gyges*. ðiz ˈʧɪldrən əv ənd ˈjərənəs wər ˈheɪtɪd baɪ ðɛr ˈfɑðər, ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr kənˈsild. ðɛm ɪn ðə ˈbʊzəm əv ðə ərθ; bət ʃi meɪd ə lɑrʤ aɪərn ˈsɪkəl, geɪv ɪt tɪ hər sənz, ənd rɪkˈwɛstɪd ðɛm tɪ teɪk ˈvɛnʤəns əˈpɑn ðɛr ˈfɑðər. ˌəndərˈtʊk ðə tæsk, ənd mˈjutəˌleɪtɪd ˈjərənəs. ðə drɑps əv bləd wɪʧ fɛl frəm ɪm əˈpɑn ðə ərθ (ge*), bɪˈkeɪm ðə sidz əv ðə erinnyes*, ðə, ənd ðə nɪmfs. ˈsəbsəkwəntli bɪˈkeɪm, baɪ, ðə ˈməðər əv,, phorcys*, ceto*, ənd. (hes*. theog*. 232 &si.; apollod*. aɪ. 1 1 &si.) ˌbiˈsaɪdz ðiz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈvɛriəs ˈəðər dɪˈvɪnətiz ənd ˈmɑnstərz spræŋ frəm hər. ɛz wɑz ðə sɔrs frəm wɪʧ əroʊz ðə prəˈdusɪŋ dɪˈvaɪn ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃən, ʃi hərˈsɛlf ˈɔlsoʊ wɑz rɪˈgɑrdɪd ɛz ən dɪˈvɪnəti, ənd ɪt ɪz wɛl noʊn ðət ðə ˈɔrəkəl əv ˈdɛlfaɪ wɑz bɪˈlivd tɪ hæv æt fərst bɪn ɪn hər pəˈzɛʃən (aeschyl*. eum*. 2 paus*. ɛks. 5 3 ənd æt oʊˈlɪmpiə, tu, ʃi hæd ən ˈɔrəkəl ɪn ˈərli taɪmz. (paus*. vi. 14 8 ðət bɪˈlɔŋd tɪ ðə chthinioi*, rikˈwaɪərz noʊ ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən, ənd hɛns ʃi ɪz ˈfrikwɛntli ˈmɛnʃənd wɛr ðeɪ ər ˌɪnˈvoʊkt. (philostr*. vit*. apoll*. vi. 39 ov*. mɛt. vii*. 196 ðə ˈsərˌneɪmz ənd ˈɛpəˌθɛts ˈgɪvɪn tɪ hæv mɔr ər lɛs ˈrɛfərəns tɪ hər ˈkɛrɪktər ɛz ðə ənd ˈməðər (ˈmɑtər ɛt ˈɑlmə), ənd hɛns (æd aen*.. 166 ˈklæsɪz hər təˈgɛðər wɪθ ðə dɪˈvɪnətiz prɪˈzaɪdɪŋ ˈoʊvər ˈmɛrɪʤ. hər ˈwərʃɪp əˈpɪrz tɪ hæv bɪn ˌjunəˈvərsəl əˈməŋ ðə griks, ənd ʃi hæd ˈtɛmpəlz ər ˈɔltərz æt ˈæθənz, ˈspɑrtɑ, ˈdɛlfaɪ, oʊˈlɪmpiə, bura*, tegea*, phlyus*, ənd ˈəðər ˈpleɪsɪz. (thuc*. ii*. 15 paus*. aɪ. 22 3 24 3 31 2 iii*. 11 8 12 7 vi. 14 vii*. 25 8 viii*. 48 6 wi hæv ɪkˈsprɛs ˈsteɪtmənts əˈtɛstɪŋ ðə ɪgˈzɪstəns əv ˈstæˌʧuz əv ɪn gris, bət nən hæv kəm daʊn tɪ ˈjuˈɛs. æt ʃi wɑz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd ɪn ə ˈsɪtɪŋ ˈætəˌtud, ɪn ðə ˈtɛmpəl əv dɪˈmitər (paus*. vii*. 21 4 ənd æt ˈæθənz, tu, ðɛr wɑz ə ˈstæˌʧu əv hər. (aɪ. 24 3 (æd aen*. ɛks. 252 rɪˈmɑrks ðət ʃi wɑz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd wɪθ ə ki. sɔrs: ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛri əv grik ənd ˈroʊmən baɪˈɑgrəfi ənd məˈθɑləˌʤi. ˈklæsɪkəl ˈlɪtərəʧər kwoʊts ˈgiə ðə bərθ əv ðə ˈkɑzmoʊs ˈgiə, pəˈsaɪdən ənd ðə ʤaɪənt polybotes*, æˈθiniən b.c*., bərˈlɪn aɪ. ðə əv ˈhisiəd ˈhisiəd, 116 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) æt fərst (keɪɑs, ðə ˈkæzəm) [ɛr] keɪm tɪ bi, bət nɛkst gaɪə (ˈgiə, ðə ərθ), ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən əv ɔl ðə wənz hu hoʊld ðə piks əv snoʊi olympos*, ənd dɪm (tartarus*, ðə pɪt) ɪn ðə dɛpθ əv ðə ərθ, ənd ˈɪrɑs (ləv), ˈfɛrɪst əˈməŋ ðə gɑdz, hu ðə lɪmz ənd ˈoʊvərˌkəmz ðə maɪnd ənd waɪz ˈkaʊnsəlz əv ɔl gɑdz ənd ɔl mɛn wɪˈθɪn ðɛm. frəm (keɪɑs, ðə ˈkæzəm) keɪm fɔrθ (erebus*, ˈdɑrknəs) ənd blæk nɪks (naɪt); bət əv nɪks (naɪt) wər bɔrn (aether*, laɪt) ənd (deɪ), hum ʃi kənˈsivd ənd bɔr frəm ˈjunjən ɪn ləv wɪθ. ənd gaɪə (ˈgiə, ðə ərθ) fərst bɔr ˈstɑˌri (ˈjərənəs, ðə ˈhɛvənz), ˈikwəl tɪ hərˈsɛlf, tɪ ˈkəvər hər ɔn ˈɛvəri saɪd. ənd ʃi brɔt fɔrθ lɔŋ (ˈmaʊntənz), ˈgreɪsfəl hɔnts əv ðə ˈgɑdəs (nɪmfs) hu dwɛl əˈməŋst ðə glɛnz əv ðə ˈmaʊntənz. ʃi bɛr ˈɔlsoʊ ðə ˈfrutləs dip wɪθ hɪz ˈreɪʤɪŋ swɛl, (pontus*, ðə si), wɪˈθaʊt swit ˈjunjən əv ləv. bət ˈæftərwərdz ʃi leɪ wɪθ (ˈjərənəs) ənd bɛr [ðə (ˈtaɪtənz)] (oceanus*) [ðə ˈrɪvər], (coeus*) ənd (crius*) ənd haɪˈpɪriən ənd (iapetus*), ənd, ənd ənd (ˈfibi) ənd ˈləvli. ˈæftər ðɛm wɑz bɔrn ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs), ðə ˈwaɪli, ˈjəŋgəst ənd moʊst ˈtɛrəbəl əv hər ˈʧɪldrən, ənd hi ˈheɪtɪd hɪz ˈləsti saɪər." hoʊˈmɛrɪk hɪm tɪ ˈhərmiz 427 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk b.c*.) "hi [apollon*] sæŋ ðə ˈstɔri əv ðə gɑdz ənd əv dɑrk gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ), haʊ æt ðə fərst ðeɪ keɪm tɪ bi." hoʊˈmɛrɪk hɪm tɪ ˈgiə (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk b.c*.) gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ), ˈməðər əv ɔl, ˈɛldəst əv ɔl biɪŋz." pseudo-hyginus*, ˈprɛfəs (trænz. grænt) (ˈroʊmən a.d*.) "frəm (mɪst) [wɑz bɔrn] keɪɑs (ðə chams*) [ɛr]; frəm keɪɑs [wɑz bɔrn] (naɪt) [nɪks], daɪz (deɪ) [hemera*], erebus*, frəm (laɪt) ənd daɪz (deɪ) [hemera*] [wər bɔrn]: ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə], (ˈhɛvən)], mɛr (si) [pontos*].", 1 1 (trænz. ˈmɛlvɪl) (ˈroʊmən ˈɛpɪk b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) "ɛr lænd ənd si ənd ðə skaɪ wər meɪd, ɪn ðə hoʊl wərld ðə ˈkaʊntənəns əv ˈneɪʧər wɑz ðə seɪm, ɔl wən, wɛl neɪmd keɪɑs, ə rɑ ənd ˌəndəˈvaɪdɪd mæs, nɔt bət ə ˈlaɪfləs bəlk, wɪθ ˈwɔrɪŋ sidz əv ˈɛləmənts kəmˈprɛst təˈgɛðər. noʊ ˈtaɪtən [ˈhiliˌɑs ðə sən] ɛz jɛt pɔrd laɪt əˈpɑn ðə wərld, noʊ ˈwæksɪŋ ˈfibi [səˈlin ðə mun] hər ˈkrɛsənt fɪld əˈnu, nɔr ɪn ðə ˈæmbiənt ɛr jɛt həŋ ðə ərθ, self-balanced*, equipoised*, nɔr [ðə siz] ɑrmz ɛmˈbreɪst ðə lɔŋ fɑr ˈmɑrʤən əv ðə lænd. ðoʊ ðɛr wər lænd ənd si ənd ɛr, ðə lænd noʊ fʊt kʊd trɛd, noʊ ˈkriʧər swɪm ðə si, ðə ɛr wɑz lightless*; ˈnəθɪŋ kɛpt ɪts fɔrm, ɔl ˈɑbʤɛkts wər æt ɑdz, sɪns ɪn wən mæs koʊld ˈɛsəns fɔt wɪθ hɑt, ənd mɔɪst wɪθ draɪ, ənd hɑrd wɪθ sɔft ənd laɪt wɪθ θɪŋz əv weɪt. ðɪs straɪf ə gɑd (deus*) [pərˈhæps prɪˈmɔrdiəl ˈɪrɑs (ˈproʊkriˈeɪʃən) ər (chronos*, taɪm)], wɪθ ˈneɪʧərz ˈblɛsɪŋ, sɑlvd; hu ˈsɛvərd lænd frəm skaɪ ənd si frəm lænd, ənd frəm ðə ˈdɛnsər sɛt əˈpɑrt ðə ɪˈθɪriəl skaɪ; ənd, iʧ frəm ðə blaɪnd hip riˈzɑlvd ənd frid, hi ˈfæsənd ɪn ɪts pleɪs əˈproʊpriˌeɪt ɪn pis ənd ˈhɑrməni. ðə ˈfaɪəri ˈweɪtləs fɔrs əv ˈhɛvənz vɔlt (ˈjərənəs)] flæʃt əp ənd kleɪmd ðə ˈsɪtəˌdɛl; nɛkst keɪm ðə ɛr ɪn ˈlaɪtnəs ənd ɪn pleɪs; ðə ˈθɪkər ərθ wɪθ ˈgroʊsər ˈɛləmənts sæŋk ˈbərdənd baɪ ɪts weɪt; loʊəst ənd læst ðə ˈwɔtərz pɛnt ðə ˈsɑləd gloʊb. soʊ ˈɪntu ʃeɪp ˌwəˈtɛvər gɑd ɪt wɑz rɪˈdust ðə ˈpraɪməl ˈmætər ənd priˈskraɪbd ɪts ˈsɛvərəl pɑrts. ðɛn fərst, tɪ meɪk ðə ərθ ˈivɪn ɔn ˈɛvəri saɪd, hi ˈraʊndɪd ɪt ˈɪntu ə ˈmaɪti dɪsk, ðɛn beɪd ðə si ɪkˈstɛnd ənd raɪz ˈəndər ðə ˈrəʃɪŋ wɪndz, ənd gərd ðə ʃɔrz əv ðə ɪnˈsərkəld ərθ skɛrs hæd hi ðəs ɔl θɪŋz ɪn ˈfaɪˌnaɪt baʊndz dɪˈvaɪdɪd wɪn ðə (stɑrz) [ˈæstrə], ɪn ˈdɑrknəs blaɪnd lɔŋ ˈbɛrid, ˈoʊvər ɔl ðə ˈspæŋgəld skaɪ bɪˈgæn tɪ glim; ənd, ðət noʊ pɑrt ər pleɪs ʃʊd læk fɪt fɔrmz əv laɪf, ðə hi meɪd ðə hoʊm əv gɑdz ənd ˈgɑdəsɪz ənd ðə braɪt ˌkɑnstəˈleɪʃənz; ɪn ðə si hi sɛt ðə ˈʃaɪnɪŋ fɪʃ tɪ swɪm; ðə lænd rɪˈsivd ðə bists, ðə ˈgəsti ɛr ðə bərdz.", 9 (trans.boyle*) (ˈroʊmən ˈpoʊətri b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) "ˈæftər keɪɑs, wɪn ðə wərld əkˈwaɪərd θri ˈɛləmənts ənd ðə hoʊl ˈstrəkʧər ˈʃɪftɪd tɪ nu fɔrmz, ərθ səbˈsaɪdɪd wɪθ ɪts weɪt ənd drægd ðə siz [pontos*] daʊn, bət ˈlaɪtnəs ˈlɪftɪd ðə ˈhɛvənz (ˈjərənəs)] əp haɪ. ðə sən, tu, ʤəmpt aʊt, nɑt ʧeɪnd baɪ ˈgrævɪti, ənd ðə stɑrz, ənd ju ˈhɔrsɪz əv ðə mun. ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə] fər ə lɔŋ taɪm dɪd nɑt jild tɪ (ˈhɛvən)]. nɔr stɑrz tɪ ˈfibəs [ˈhiliˌɑs ðə sən]. ɔl ræŋk wɑz ˈikwəl.", 27 50 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) "gaɪə (ˈgiə, ðə ərθ) prəˈdust (ˈjərənəs), ðə skaɪ] ˈdɑtɪd wɪθ ɪts trup əv stɑrz.", 41 82 "ˌbiˈfɔr ɔl (ərθ) [gaɪə], ˈmɪlɪŋ aʊt frəm ˈhiliˌɑs (ðə sən) ðə ʃaɪn əv hɪz ˈbraɪtnəs əˈpɑn hər brɛst [ðə fərst ˈsɪti] fərst ʃʊk əˈweɪ ðə koʊn əv mɪst, ənd θru ɔf ðə ˈglumi veɪl əv (ðə ˈkæzəm) [ɛr].", 29 243 "ˈməðər gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd self-delivered*." ii*. ðə ˈɔrfɪk ˌærəˈstɔfəniz, ðə bərdz 685 (trænz. oʊˈnil) (grik ˈkɑmədi tɪ b.c*.) "æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ ðɛr wɑz ˈoʊnli (ðə ˈkæzəm) [ɛr], nɪks (naɪt), dɑrk (ˈdɑrknəs), ənd dip (ðə pɪt). (ərθ) [gaɪə], ɛr (ɛr) [aither*] ənd (ˈhɛvən) hæd noʊ ɪgˈzɪstəns ðət əv ðə ˌɪˈmɔrtəlz dɪd nɑt ɪgˈzɪst ənˈtɪl ˈɪrɑs (ˈsɛkʃuəl dɪˈzaɪər) hæd brɔt təˈgɛðər ɔl ðə ˌɪnˈgridiənts əv ðə wərld, ənd frəm ðɛr ˈmɛrɪʤ (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən), (oceanus*, ˈoʊʃən), (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd ðə reɪs əv blɛst gɑdz (theoi*) spræŋ ˈɪntu biɪŋ." orphica*, ˈfrægmənt 66 (trænz. wɛst) (grik hɪmz a.d*. b.c*.) "greɪt (chronos*, taɪm) ˈfæʃənd frəm (ər ɪn) dɪˈvaɪn (aether*) ə braɪt waɪt ɛg [ðə wərld ɛg frəm wɪʧ (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ), gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd wɑz bɔrn]." orphica*, ˈfrægmənt 54 (frəm damascius*) "ərˈɪʤənəli ðɛr wɑz (ˈwɔtər), hi [ˈɔrfiəs] sɪz, ənd məd, frəm wɪʧ (ˈgiə, ðə ərθ) səˈlɪdəˌfaɪd: hi ˈpɑzəts ðiz tu ɛz fərst ˈprɪnsəpəlz, ˈwɔtər ənd ərθ ðə wən ˌbiˈfɔr ðə tu [ˈθiˌsɪs], ˌhaʊˈɛvər, hi livz unexpressed*, hɪz ˈvɛri ˈsaɪləns biɪŋ ən ˌɪntɪˈmeɪʃən əv ɪts ˌɪˈnɛfəbəl ˈneɪʧər. ðə θərd ˈprɪnsəpəl ˈæftər ðə tu wɑz ɛnˈʤɛndərd baɪ (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd (ˈwɔtər), ðət wɑz ə ˈsərpənt (drakon*) wɪθ ˈɛkstrə hɛdz groʊɪŋ əˈpɑn ɪt əv ə bʊl ənd ə laɪən, ənd ə gɑdz ˈkaʊntənəns ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl; ɪt hæd wɪŋz əˈpɑn ɪts ˈʃoʊldərz, ənd ɪts neɪm wɑz (chronos*, taɪm) ənd ˈɔlsoʊ. juˈnaɪtɪd wɪθ ɪt wɑz (ˌɪˌnɛvɪtəˈbɪlɪti, kəmˈpəlʃən) biɪŋ əv ðə seɪm ˈneɪʧər, ər adrastea*,, hər ɑrmz ɪkˈstɛndɪd θruaʊt ðə ˈjunəˌvərs ənd ˈtəʧɪŋ ɪts ɛkˈstrɛmətiz. aɪ θɪŋk ðɪs stændz fər ðə θərd ˈprɪnsəpəl, ðə pleɪs əv ˈɛsəns, ˈoʊnli hi [ˈɔrfiəs] meɪd ɪt ˌbaɪˈsɛkʃuəl [ɛz] tɪ ˈsɪmbəˌlaɪz ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəl ˈʤɛnərətɪv kɔz. ənd aɪ əˈsum ðət ðə θiˈɑləʤi əv ðə [ˈɔrfɪk] dɪˈskɑrdɪd ðə tu fərst ˈprɪnsəpəlz (təˈgɛðər wɪθ ðə wən ˌbiˈfɔr ðə tu, ðət wɑz lɛft ənˈspoʊkən) [ðət ɪz, ðə dɪˈskɑrdɪd ðə ˈkɑnsɛpts əv ˈθiˌsɪs, (chronos*) ənd], ənd bɪˈgæn frəm ðɪs θərd ˈprɪnsəpəl] ˈæftər ðə tu, bɪˈkəz ðɪs wɑz ðə fərst ðət wɑz ənd əkˈsɛptəbəl tɪ ˈjumən ɪrz. fər ðɪs ɪz ðə greɪt taɪm) ðət wi faʊnd ɪn ɪt [ðə], ðə ˈfɑðər əv (aether*, laɪt) ənd (keɪɑs, ðə ˈkæzəm) [ɛr]. ˌɪnˈdid, ɪn ðɪs θiˈɑləʤi tu [ðə hieronyman*], ðɪs (taɪm), ðə ˈsərpənt həz ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ, θri ɪn ˈnəmbər: mɔɪst (laɪt) (aɪ kwoʊt), ənˈbaʊndɪd (keɪɑs) [ɛr], ənd ɛz ə θərd, ˈmɪsti (erebus*, ˈdɑrknəs) əˈməŋ ðiz, hi sɪz, (taɪm) ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd ən trəˈdɪʃən tu ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd baɪ, ənd bɔrn ‘‘among’*’ ðiz bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz frəm ðiz ðət ðə θərd ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəbəl traɪæd ɪz prəˈdust [protogonos-phanes*]. wət ɪz ðɪs traɪæd, ðɛn? ðə ɛg; ðə daɪæd əv ðə tu ˈneɪʧərz ˌɪnˈsaɪd ɪt (meɪl ənd ˈfiˌmeɪl) (ˈjərənəs) ðə skaɪ ənd gaɪə (ˈgiə) ðə ərθ], ənd ðə plərˈælɪti əv ðə ˈvɛriəs sidz bɪtˈwin; ənd ˈθərdli ən gɑd wɪθ ˈgoʊldən wɪŋz ɔn hɪz ˈʃoʊldərz, bʊlz' hɛdz groʊɪŋ əˈpɑn hɪz flæŋks, ənd ɔn hɪz hɛd ə ˈmɑnstrəs ˈsərpənt, prɪˈzɛntɪŋ ðə əˈpɪrəns əv ɔl kaɪnz əv ˈænəməl fɔrmz ənd ðə θərd gɑd əv ðə θərd traɪæd ðɪs θiˈɑləʤi tu ˈsɛləˌbreɪts ɛz (ˌfərstˈbɔrn)], ənd ɪt kɔlz ɪm zus ðə ˈɔrdər əv ɔl ənd əv ðə hoʊl wərld, hi ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld pæn (ɔl). soʊ məʧ ðɪs ˈsɛkənd ˌʤiniˈɑləʤi səˈplaɪz kənˈsərnɪŋ ðə ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəbəl ˈprɪnsəpəlz." orphica*, ˈfrægmənt 57 (frəm athenogoras*) "ðə gɑdz, ɛz ðeɪ [ðə griks] seɪ, dɪd nɑt ɪgˈzɪst frəm ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ, bət iʧ əv ðɛm wɑz bɔrn ʤɪst ɛz wi ər bɔrn. ənd ðɪs ɪz əˈgrid baɪ ðɛm ɔl, ˈhoʊmər seɪɪŋ (oceanus*) [ˈwɔtər] ðə ˈʤɛnəsəs əv ðə gɑdz, ənd ˈməðər [ˈθiˌsɪs, creation],’*],’ ənd wɑz ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˌɪnˈvɛntər əv ðə gɑdz' neɪmz ənd ˌriˈkaʊntɪd ðɛr bərθs ənd sɛd wət ðeɪ hæv ɔl dən, ənd hu ˌɛnˈʤɔɪz səm ˈkrɛdɪt əˈməŋ ðɛm ɛz ə tru ˌθiəˈloʊʤiən, ənd ɪz ˈʤɛnərəli ˈfɑloʊd baɪ ˈhoʊmər, əˈbəv ɔl əˈbaʊt ðə ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðɛr fərst ˈʤɛnəsəs frəm ˈwɔtər (oceanus*), hu ɪz ðə ˈʤɛnəsəs əv ðə all.’*.’ fər (ˈwɔtər) wɑz əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ɪm ðə ˈɔrəʤən əv ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ, ənd frəm (ðə ˈwɔtər) məd fɔrmd [praɪˈmivəl gaɪə (ˈgiə)], ənd frəm ðə pɛr əv ðɛm ə ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈkriʧər wɑz ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd wɪθ ən ˈɛkstrə hɛd groʊɪŋ əˈpɑn ɪt əv ə laɪən, ənd əˈnəðər əv ə bʊl, ənd ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl əv ðɛm ə gɑdz ˈkaʊntənəns; ɪts neɪm wɑz (heracles*) ənd (chronos*, taɪm). ðɪs ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd ə juʤ ɛg [wɪʧ fɔrmd ðə ərθ, si ənd skaɪ]." orphica*, ˈfrægmənt 57 (frəm athenogoras*) (chronos*, taɪm) [ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld] (heracles*) ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd ə juʤ ɛg, wɪʧ, biɪŋ fɪld fʊl, baɪ ðə fɔrs əv ɪts wɑz ˈbroʊkən ɪn tu frəm ˈfrɪkʃən. ɪts kraʊn bɪˈkeɪm (ˈhɛvən), ənd wət hæd səŋk ˈdaʊnwərdz, gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ). ðɛr ˈɔlsoʊ keɪm fɔrθ ən gɑd ər ðə primordialeros*]." orphica*, ˈfrægmənt (frəm epiphanius*) "ənd hi [epicurus*] sɪz ðət ðə wərld bɪˈgæn ɪn ðə ˈlaɪknəs əv ən ɛg, ənd ðə wɪnd [ðə ɛntˈwaɪnd fɔrmz əv (chronos*, taɪm) ənd (ˌɪˌnɛvɪtəˈbɪlɪti)?] ɛnˈsərkəlɪŋ ðə ɛg laɪk ə riθ ər ə bɛlt ðɛn bɪˈgæn tɪ kənˈstrɪkt ˈneɪʧər. ɛz ɪt traɪd tɪ skwiz ɔl ðə ˈmætər wɪθ ˈgreɪtər fɔrs, ɪt dɪˈvaɪdɪd ðə wərld ˈɪntu ðə tu ðə skaɪ ənd gaɪə ðə ərθ]." ˈgiə, ðə ˈtaɪtənz ðə ˌkæˈstreɪʃən əv ˈjərənəs ˈgiə ðə ərθ, æˈθiniən b.c*., bərˈlɪn ˈhisiəd, 126 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) "ənd gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) fərst bɛr ˈstɑˌri (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən), ˈikwəl tɪ hərˈsɛlf, tɪ ˈkəvər hər ɔn ˈɛvəri saɪd, ənd tɪ bi ən fər ðə blɛst gɑdz bət ˈæftərwərdz ʃi [gaɪə] leɪ wɪθ ənd bɛr [ðə (ˈtaɪtənz)] (oceanus*), (coeus*) ənd (crius*) ənd haɪˈpɪriən ənd (iapetus*), ənd, ənd ənd (ˈfibi) ənd ˈləvli. ˈæftər ðɛm wɑz bɔrn ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs) ðə ˈwaɪli, ˈjəŋgəst ənd moʊst ˈtɛrəbəl əv hər ˈʧɪldrən, ənd hi ˈheɪtɪd hɪz ˈləsti saɪər. ənd əˈgɛn, ʃi bɛr ðə (cyclopes*), ˈoʊvərˈbɛrɪŋ ɪn ˈspɪrɪt, brontes*, ənd ənd arges*. ənd əˈgɛn, θri ˈəðər sənz [ðə (hecatoncheires*)] wər bɔrn əv gaɪə ənd, greɪt ənd ˈdɔti bɪɔnd ˈtɛlɪŋ, (cottus*) ənd (briareus*) ənd. frəm ðɛr ˈʃoʊldərz spræŋ ə ˈhənərd ɑrmz, nɑt tɪ bi əˈproʊʧt, ənd iʧ hæd ˈfɪfti hɛdz əˈpɑn hɪz ˈʃoʊldərz ɔn ðɛr strɔŋ lɪmz, ənd ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbəl wɑz ðə ˈstəbərn strɛŋθ ðət wɑz ɪn ðɛr greɪt fɔrmz. fər əv ɔl ðə ˈʧɪldrən ðət wər bɔrn əv gaɪə ənd, ðiz wər ðə moʊst ˈtɛrəbəl, ənd ðeɪ wər ˈheɪtɪd baɪ ðɛr oʊn ˈfɑðər frəm ðə fərst. ənd hi juzd tɪ haɪd ðɛm ɔl əˈweɪ ɪn ə ˈsikrɪt pleɪs əv gaɪə soʊ sun ɛz iʧ wɑz bɔrn, ənd wʊd nɑt ˈsəfər ðɛm tɪ kəm əp ˈɪntu ðə laɪt: ənd rɪˈʤɔɪst ɪn hɪz ˈivəl duɪŋ. bət væst gaɪə (ərθ) groʊnd wɪˈθɪn, biɪŋ straitened*, ənd ʃi meɪd ðə ˈɛləmənt əv greɪ flɪnt ənd ʃeɪpt ə greɪt ˈsɪkəl, ənd toʊld hər plæn tɪ hər dɪr sənz. ənd ʃi spoʊk, ˈʧɪrɪŋ ðɛm, waɪl ʃi wɑz vɛkst ɪn hər dɪr hɑrt ˈʧɪldrən, ˈgɔtən əv ə ˈsɪnfəl ˈfɑðər, ɪf ju wɪl oʊˈbeɪ mi, wi ʃʊd ˈpənɪʃ ðə vaɪl ˈaʊˌtreɪʤ əv jʊr ˈfɑðər; fər hi fərst θɔt əv duɪŋ ˈʃeɪmfəl things.’*.’ soʊ ʃi sɛd; bət fɪr sizd ðɛm ɔl, ənd nən əv ðɛm ˈətərd ə wərd. bət greɪt ˈkroʊnoʊs ðə ˈwaɪli tʊk kərɪʤ ənd ˈænsərd hɪz dɪr ˈməðər ‘‘mother*, aɪ wɪl ˈəndərˌteɪk tɪ du ðɪs did, fər aɪ ˈrɛvərəns nɑt ɑr ˈfɑðər əv ˈivəl neɪm, fər hi fərst θɔt əv duɪŋ ˈʃeɪmfəl things.’*.’ soʊ hi sɛd ənd væst gaɪə rɪˈʤɔɪst ˈgreɪtli ɪn ˈspɪrɪt, ənd sɛt ənd hɪd ɪm ɪn ən ˈæmˌbʊʃ, ənd pʊt ɪn hɪz hænz ə ʤægd ˈsɪkəl, ənd rɪˈvild tɪ ɪm ðə hoʊl plɑt. ənd keɪm, ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ɔn naɪt ənd ˈlɔŋɪŋ fər ləv, ənd hi leɪ əˈbaʊt gaɪə ˈsprɛdɪŋ hɪmˈsɛlf fʊl əˈpɑn hər. ðɛn ðə sən frəm hɪz ˈæmˌbʊʃ strɛʧt fɔrθ hɪz lɛft hænd ənd ɪn hɪz raɪt tʊk ðə greɪt lɔŋ ˈsɪkəl wɪθ ʤægd tiθ, ənd sˈwɪftli lɑpt ɔf hɪz oʊn ˈfɑðərz ˈmɛmbərz ənd kæst ðɛm əˈweɪ tɪ fɔl bɪˈhaɪnd ɪm. ənd nɑt ˈveɪnli dɪd ðeɪ fɔl frəm hɪz hænd; fər ɔl ðə ˈblədi drɑps ðət gəʃt fɔrθ gaɪə rɪˈsivd, ənd ɛz ðə ˈsizənz muvd raʊnd ʃi bɛr ðə strɔŋ (furies*) ənd ðə greɪt (ʤaɪənts) wɪθ ˈglimɪŋ ˈɑrmər, ˈhoʊldɪŋ lɔŋ spɪrz ɪn ðɛr hænz ənd ðə (nɪmfs) hum ðeɪ kɔl (meliae*) [ˈhəni- ər nɪmfs] ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə ˈbaʊndləs ərθ." ˈhisiəd, 43 "ənd ðeɪ (mˈjuzɪz)] ˈətərɪŋ ðɛr ˌɪˈmɔrtəl vɔɪs, ˈsɛləˌbreɪt ɪn sɔŋ fərst əv ɔl ðə ˈrɛvərənd reɪs əv ðə gɑdz frəm ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ, ðoʊz hum gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd waɪd (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) biˈgɔt [ðə], ənd ðə gɑdz sprəŋ əv ðiz, ˈgɪvərz əv gʊd θɪŋz." ˈhisiəd, 617 "bət wɪn fərst ðɛr ˈfɑðər (ˈjərənəs)] wɑz vɛkst ɪn hɪz hɑrt wɪθ [ðə (hecatoncheires*)] ənd (cottus*) ənd, hi baʊnd ðɛm ɪn kruəl bɑndz ənd hi meɪd ðɛm lɪv bɪˈniθ ðə ərθ, wɛr ðeɪ wər əˈflɪktɪd, biɪŋ sɛt tɪ dwɛl ˈəndər ðə graʊnd, æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə ərθ, æt ɪts greɪt ˈbɔrdərz, ɪn ˈbɪtər ˈæŋgwɪʃ fər ə lɔŋ taɪm ənd wɪθ greɪt grif æt hɑrt." əv ˈkɔrənθ, 1 (frəm plotius*) (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk b.c*.) "ðə ˈɛpɪk ˈsaɪkəl bɪˈgɪnz wɪθ ðə ˈfeɪbəld ˈjunjən əv (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ) ənd (ˈgiə, ərθ), baɪ wɪʧ ðeɪ meɪk θri (hecatoncheires*, ðə hundred-handed*) sənz ənd θri (cyclopes*) tɪ bi bɔrn tɪ ɪm." aeschylus*, prəˈmiˌθiəs baʊnd 207(trans*. smɪθ) (grik ˈtræʤədi b.c*.) "ðə (ˈtaɪtənz), ˈʧɪldrən əv (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) ənd (chthon*, ərθ) [gaɪə]." pseudo-apollodorus*, 1 1 5 (trænz. ˈɔldrɪʧ) (grik a.d*.) (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ) wɑz ðə fərst tɪ rul ˈoʊvər ðə ɪnˈtaɪər wərld. hi ˈmɛrid (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd fərst ðə (hecatoncheires*), hu wər neɪmz (briareus*), ənd (cottus*). ðeɪ wər ˌənsərˈpæst ɪn boʊθ saɪz ənd paʊər, ənd iʧ hæd ə ˈhənərd hænz ənd ˈfɪfti hɛdz. ˈæftər ðiz hi ðə (cyclopes*), baɪ neɪm arges*,, ənd brontes*, iʧ əv hum hæd wən aɪ ɪn hɪz ˈfɔrhɛd. bət (skaɪ) baʊnd ðiz ənd θru ðɛm ˈɪntu (ə pleɪs ɪn haides*' rɛlm ɛz dɑrk ɛz, ənd ɛz fɑr əˈweɪ frəm ðə ərθ ɛz ðə ərθ ɪz frəm ðə skaɪ), ənd ˈfɑðərd ˈəðər sənz ɔn (ˈgiə, ərθ), ˈneɪmli ðə (ˈtaɪtənz) (oceanus*), (coeus*), haɪˈpɪriən, (crius*), (iapetus*), ənd ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs) ðə ˈjəŋgəst; ˈɔlsoʊ ˈdɔtərz kɔld (titanesses*) , ˈriə,,, (ˈfibi), diɑn,. naʊ (ərθ), dɪˈstrɛst baɪ ðə lɔs əv hər ˈʧɪldrən ˈɪntu, pərsˈweɪdɪd ðə tɪ əˈtæk ðɛr ˈfɑðər, ənd ʃi geɪv ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs, taɪm) ə ˈsɪkəl meɪd əv ˈædəmənt. soʊ ɔl əv ðɛm ɪkˈsɛpt (oceanus*) sɛt əˈpɑn (skaɪ), ənd ˈkroʊnoʊs kət ɔf hɪz ˈʤɛnətəlz, ˈtɔsɪŋ ðɛm ˈɪntu ðə si. frəm ðə drɑps əv ðə floʊɪŋ bləd (furies*) wər bɔrn, neɪmd (alecto*), tisiphone*, (megaera*). ðəs ˈhævɪŋ ˌoʊvərθˈroʊn' (skaɪz) rul ðə riˈtrivd ðɛr ˈbrəðərz frəm ənd geɪv ðə paʊər tɪ ˈkroʊnoʊs.", ˈlaɪbrɛˌri əv ˈhɪstəri 5 66 1 (trænz. ˈoʊldˌfɑðər) (grik hɪˈstɔriən b.c*.) "ðə (ˈtaɪtənz) ˈnəmbərd sɪks mɛn ənd faɪv ˈwɪmən, biɪŋ bɔrn, ɛz ˈsərtən ˈraɪtərz əv mɪθs rɪˈleɪt, əv (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ) ənd (ˈgiə, ərθ), bət əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈəðərz, əv wən əv ðə (curetes*) ənd (titaea*), frəm hum ɛz ðɛr ˈməðər ðeɪ dəraɪv ðə neɪm ðeɪ hæv. ðə meɪlz wər ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs), haɪˈpɪriən, (coeus*), (iapetus*), (crius*) ənd (oceanus*), ənd ðɛr ˈsɪstərz wər ˈriə,,, (ˈfibi) ənd. oʊˈmɪts.]" pseudo-hyginus*, ˈprɛfəs (trænz. grænt) (ˈroʊmən a.d*.) "frəm ənd ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə] [wər bɔrn ˈvɛriəs ˈdeɪˌmoʊnz] [frəm ənd wər bɔrn? oceanus*,,,; ənd (ˈtaɪtənz) briareus*,,, ˈætləs, haɪˈpɪriən ənd ˈpoʊləs (coeus*)], [ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs)], ɑps [ˈriə], [mnemosyne*], diɑn; ənd θri (furies*) [erinyes*], ˈneɪmli alecto*, megaera*, tisiphone*.", 27 50 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) "gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ʃæl ˈkəvər ju əp. ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs, taɪm) hɪmˈsɛlf wɑz ˈkəvərd əp ɪn ˈbʊzəm [ðət ɪz, træpt ɪn], sən əv (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ) ðoʊ hi wɑz." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðə ˌkæˈstreɪʃən əv si ˈkroʊnoʊs ənd ˈgiə ðə wɔr əv ðə ˈtaɪtənz ˈtaɪtən ˈætləs ənd ˈgiə, b.c*., ˈdæləs mˈjuziəm əv ɑrt ˈhisiəd, 462 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) "[ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs)] ˈlərnɪd frəm gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd ˈstɑˌri (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) ðət hi wɑz ˈdɛstɪnd tɪ bi ˈoʊvərˌkəm baɪ hɪz oʊn sən, strɔŋ ðoʊ hi wɑz, θru ðə əv greɪt hi kɛpt noʊ blaɪnd ˈaʊˌtlʊk, bət wɔʧt ənd sˈwɑloʊd daʊn hɪz ˈʧɪldrən ənd ənˈsisɪŋ grif sizd ˈriə. bət wɪn ʃi wɑz əˈbaʊt tɪ bɛr zus, ðə ˈfɑðər əv gɑdz ənd mɛn, ðɛn ʃi hər oʊn dɪr ˈpɛrənts, gaɪə ənd ˈstɑˌri, tɪ dɪˈvaɪz səm plæn wɪθ hər ðət ðə bərθ əv hər dɪr ʧaɪld maɪt bi kənˈsild, ənd ðət ˌrɛtrəˈbjuʃən maɪt ˈoʊvərˌteɪk greɪt, ˈkræfti ˈkroʊnoʊs fər hɪz oʊn ˈfɑðər ənd ˈɔlsoʊ fər ðə ˈʧɪldrən hum hi hæd sˈwɑloʊd daʊn. ənd ðeɪ ˈrɛdəli hərd ənd oʊˈbeɪd ðɛr dɪr ˈdɔtər, ənd toʊld hər ɔl ðət wɑz ˈdɛstɪnd tɪ ˈhæpən ˈtəʧɪŋ ˈkroʊnoʊs ðə kɪŋ ənd hɪz sən. soʊ ðeɪ sɛnt hər tɪ (lyettus*), tɪ ðə rɪʧ lænd əv (krit), wɪn ʃi wɑz ˈrɛdi tɪ bɛr greɪt zus, ðə ˈjəŋgəst əv hər ˈʧɪldrən. ɪm dɪd væst gaɪə (ərθ) rɪˈsiv frəm ˈriə ɪn waɪd tɪ nərɪʃ ənd tɪ brɪŋ keɪm gaɪə ˈkɛriɪŋ ɪm sˈwɪftli θru ðə blæk naɪt tɪ fərst, ənd tʊk ɪm ɪn hər ɑrmz ənd hɪd ɪm ɪn ə rɪˈmoʊt keɪv bɪˈniθ ðə ˈsikrɪt ˈpleɪsɪz əv ðə ˈhoʊli ərθ ɔn maʊnt (aegaeum*); bət tɪ ðə ˈmaɪtəli ˈrulɪŋ sən əv, ðə ˈərliər kɪŋ əv ðə gɑdz, ʃi geɪv ə greɪt stoʊn ræpt ɪn kloʊðz. ðɛn hi tʊk ɪt ɪn hɪz hænz ənd θrəst ɪt daʊn ˈɪntu hɪz ˈbɛli. ˈæftər ðət, ðə strɛŋθ ənd ˈglɔriəs lɪmz əv ðə prɪns ˌɪnˈkrist kˈwɪkli, ənd ɛz ðə jɪrz roʊld ɔn, greɪt ˈkroʊnoʊs ðə ˈwaɪli wɑz bɪˈgaɪld baɪ ðə dip səˈʤɛsʧənz əv gaɪə, ənd brɔt əp əˈgɛn hɪz ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ ənd hi sɛt fri frəm ðɛr ˈdɛdli bɑndz ðə ˈbrəðərz əv hɪz ˈfɑðər (cyclopes*)], sənz əv hum hɪz ˈfɑðər ɪn hɪz ˈfulɪʃnəs hæd baʊnd. ənd ðeɪ rɪˈmɛmbərd tɪ bi ˈgreɪtfəl tɪ ɪm fər hɪz ˈkaɪndnəs, ənd geɪv ɪm ˈθəndər ənd ðə gloʊɪŋ ˈθəndərˌbɔlt ənd ˈlaɪtənɪŋ fər ˌbiˈfɔr ðət, juʤ gaɪə hæd ˈhɪdən ðiz." ˈhisiəd, 617 "bət wɪn fərst ðɛr ˈfɑðər (ˈjərənəs)] wɑz vɛkst ɪn hɪz hɑrt wɪθ [ðə (hecatoncheires*)] ənd (cottus*) ənd, hi baʊnd ðɛm ɪn kruəl bɑndz ənd hi meɪd ðɛm lɪv bɪˈniθ ðə ərθ, wɛr ðeɪ wər əˈflɪktɪd, biɪŋ sɛt tɪ dwɛl ˈəndər ðə graʊnd, æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə ərθ, æt ɪts greɪt ˈbɔrdərz, ɪn ˈbɪtər ˈæŋgwɪʃ fər ə lɔŋ taɪm ənd wɪθ greɪt grif æt hɑrt. bət [zus ənd hɪz ˈbrəðərz] brɔt ðɛm əp əˈgɛn tɪ ðə laɪt æt) ædˈvaɪzɪŋ. fər ʃi hərˈsɛlf ˌriˈkaʊntɪd ɔl θɪŋz tɪ ðə gɑdz ˈfʊli, haʊ ðət wɪθ ðiz ðeɪ wʊd geɪn ˈvɪktəri." ˈhisiəd, 687 "[ðə wɔr əv ðə (ˈtaɪtənz):] [zus] keɪm ˈfɔrθˈwɪθ, ˈhərlɪŋ hɪz ˈlaɪtnɪŋ: ðə boʊld flu θɪk ənd fæst frəm hɪz strɔŋ hænd təˈgɛðər wɪθ ˈθəndər ənd ˈlaɪtnɪŋ, ˈwərlɪŋ ən ˈɔsəm fleɪm. ðə ˈlaɪfˌgɪvɪŋ ərθ kræʃt əraʊnd ɪn ˈbərnɪŋ, ənd ðə væst wʊd ˈkrækəld laʊd wɪθ faɪər ɔl əˈbaʊt. ɔl ðə lænd (khthon*) əˈstaʊndɪŋ hit sizd (ðə ˈkæzəm) [ɛr]: ənd tɪ si wɪθ aɪz ənd tɪ hir ðə saʊnd wɪθ ɪrz ɪt simd ˈivɪn ɛz ɪf gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd waɪd (ˈjərənəs, skaɪ) əˈbəv keɪm təˈgɛðər; fər səʧ ə ˈmaɪti kræʃ wʊd hæv ərˈɪzən ɪf gaɪə (ərθ) wər biɪŋ hərld tɪ ruɪn, ənd (skaɪ) frəm ɔn haɪ wər ˈhərlɪŋ hər daʊn; soʊ greɪt ə kræʃ wɑz ðɛr waɪl ðə gɑdz wər ˈmitɪŋ təˈgɛðər ɪn straɪf." ˈhisiəd, 881 "bət wɪn ðə blɛst gɑdz hæd ˈfɪnɪʃt ðɛr tɔɪl, ənd ˈsɛtəld baɪ fɔrs ðɛr ˈstrəgəl fər wɪθ ðə (ˈtaɪtənz), ðeɪ prɛst oʊˈlɪmpiən zus tɪ reɪn ənd tɪ rul ˈoʊvər ðɛm, baɪ ərθs) ˈprɑmptɪŋ. soʊ hi dɪˈvaɪdɪd ðɛr əˈməŋst ðɛm." aeschylus*, prəˈmiˌθiəs baʊnd 206 (trænz. smɪθ) (grik ˈtræʤədi b.c*.) "[ðə ˈtaɪtən prəˈmiˌθiəs spiks əv ðə ˌɔlˈðoʊ ædˈvaɪzɪŋ ðɛm fər ðə bɛst, wɑz əˈneɪbəl tɪ pərsˈweɪd ðə (ˈtaɪtənz), ˈʧɪldrən əv (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) ənd (chthon*, ərθ) [gaɪə]; bət ðeɪ, dɪsˈdeɪnɪŋ ˈkaʊnsəlz əv kræft, ɪn ðə praɪd əv ðɛr strɛŋθ θɔt tɪ geɪn ðə ˈmæstəri wɪˈθaʊt ə ˈstrəgəl ənd baɪ fɔrs. ˈɔfən maɪ ˈməðər, ər gaɪə (ərθ) (ðoʊ wən fɔrm, ʃi hæd ˈmɛni neɪmz), hæd fɔrˈtoʊld tɪ mi ðə weɪ ɪn wɪʧ ðə fˈjuʧər wɑz ˈfeɪtɪd tɪ kəm tɪ pæs. ðət ɪt wɑz nɑt baɪ brut strɛŋθ nɔr θru ˈvaɪələns, bət baɪ gaɪl ðət ðoʊz hu ʃʊd geɪn ðə ˈəpər hænd wər ˈdɛstɪnd tɪ prɪˈveɪl. ənd ðoʊ aɪ ˈɑrgjud ɔl ðɪs tɪ ðɛm, ðeɪ dɪd nɑt peɪ ˈɛni əˈtɛnʃən tɪ maɪ words.’*.’" pseudo-apollodorus*, 1 6 (trænz. ˈɔldrɪʧ) (grik a.d*.) "bət ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs) [ˈæftər (ˈjərənəs)] wəns əˈgɛn baʊnd ðə (cyclopes*) ənd kənˈfaɪnd ðɛm ɪn. hi ðɛn ˈmɛrid hɪz ˈsɪstər ˈriə. bɪˈkəz boʊθ (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) hæd ˈgɪvɪn ɪm prəˈfɛtɪk ˈwɔrnɪŋ ðət hɪz rul wʊd bi ˌoʊvərθˈroʊn baɪ ə sən əv hɪz oʊn, hi tʊk tɪ sˈwɑloʊɪŋ hɪz ˈʧɪldrən æt bərθ zus fɔt ə wɔr əˈgɛnst ˈkroʊnoʊs ənd ðə (ˈtaɪtənz). ˈæftər tɛn jɪrz əv ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈprɑfəˌsid ə ˈvɪktəri fər zus ɪf hi wər tɪ sɪˈkjʊr ðə ˈprɪzənərz daʊn ɪn ɛz hɪz ˈælaɪz. hi ˌðɛrəˈpɑn slu ðɛr kæmp (campe*), ənd frid ðɛm frəm ðɛr bɑndz.", 3 793 (trans.boyle*) (ˈroʊmən ˈpoʊətri b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) [ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs)] wɑz θrəst frəm hɪz rɛlm baɪ [zus]. ɪn ˈæŋgər hi stərz ðə ˈmaɪti tɪ ɑrmz ənd siks ðə əˈsɪstəns oʊd baɪ feɪt. ðɛr wɑz ə ˈʃɑkɪŋ ˈmɑnstər bɔrn əv ˈməðər ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə], ə bʊl, huz bæk hæf wɑz ə ˈsərpənt. ˈrɔrɪŋ stɪks [ən ˈælaɪ əv zus] ˌɪmˈprɪzənd ɪt, wɔrnd baɪ ðə θri [moirai*, ðə feɪts], ɪn ə blæk groʊv wɪθ ə ˈtrɪpəl wɔl. huˈɛvər fɛd ðə bʊlz gəts tɪ kənˈsumɪŋ fleɪmz wɑz ˈdɛstɪnd tɪ dɪˈfit ðə ɪˈtərnəl gɑdz.", 6 155 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) "ˈæftər ðə fərst [zagreus*] hæd bɪn sˈlɔtərd [baɪ ðə (ˈtaɪtənz)], ˈfɑðər zus əˈtækt ðə ˈməðər əv ðə [gaɪə (ˈgiə)] wɪθ əˈvɛnʤɪŋ brænd, ənd ʃət əp ðə ˈmərdərərz əv hɔrnd wɪˈθɪn ðə geɪt əv [ˈæftər ə lɔŋ wɔr]: ðə triz bleɪzd, ðə hɛr əv ˈsəfərɪŋ gaɪə (ərθ) wɑz skɔrʧt wɪθ hit. hi ˈkɪndəld ðə ist: ðə əv (bactria*) bleɪzd ˈəndər ˈbleɪzɪŋ boʊlts, ðə əˈsɪriən weɪvz ɛst ˈneɪbərɪŋ (ˈkæspiən) si ənd ðə ˈɪndiən ˈmaʊntənz, ðə rɛd si roʊld ˈbɪloʊz əv fleɪm ənd wɔrmd əˈreɪbiən. ðə ˈɑpəzɪt wɛst ˈɔlsoʊ ˈfaɪəri zus ˈblæstɪd wɪθ ðə ˈθəndərˌbɔlt ɪn ləv fər hɪz ʧaɪld; ənd ˈəndər ðə fʊt əv ðə ˈwɛstərn braɪn spæt aʊt ə ˈʃaɪnɪŋ strim; ðə ˈnɔrðərn ðə ˈsərfəs əv ðə ˈfroʊzən ˈnɔrðərn si ˈbəbəld ənd bərnd: ˈəndər ðə əv snoʊi (aegocerus*) ðə ˈsəðərn ˈkɔrnər bɔɪld wɪθ ˈhɑtər spɑrks. naʊ (oceanus*) pɔrd ˈrɪvərz əv tɪrz frəm hɪz ˈwɔtəri aɪz, ə əv prɛr. ðɛn zus hɪz ræθ æt ðə saɪt əv ðə skɔrʧt ərθ; hi ˈpɪˌtid hər, ənd wɪʃt tɪ wɑʃ wɪθ ˈwɔtər ðə ˈæʃɪz əv ruɪn ənd ðə ˈfaɪəri wundz əv ðə lænd. ðɛn ˈreɪni zus ˈkəvərd ðə hoʊl skaɪ wɪθ klaʊdz ənd ˈflədɪd ɔl ðə ərθ [ɪn ðə fləd əv (deucalion*)]." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðə wɔr əv ðə si ˈkroʊnoʊs ənd ðə ˈgiə, ðə wɔr əv ðə ʤiˈgɑnti ənd ˈgiə, æˈθiniən ˈkælɪks b.c*., ˈneɪpəlz ˈnæʃənəl ˌɑrkiəˈlɑʤɪkəl mˈjuziəm ðə ˈeɪnʧənts ˈbɛrli dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt bɪtˈwin ðə wɔr əv ðə (ˈtaɪtənz) ənd ðə wɔr əv ðə (ʤaɪənts). ðə ˌɪˈmɔrtəl ˈsəmˌtaɪmz əˈpɪr ɛz ˈlidərz əv ðə gigante-troops*. ˈhisiəd, 819 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) "bət wɪn zus hæd ˈdrɪvən ðə (ˈtaɪtənz) frəm ˈhɛvən, juʤ gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) bɛr hər ˈjəŋgəst ʧaɪld əv ðə ləv əv (ðə pɪt), baɪ ðə eɪd əv ˈgoʊldən ˌæfrəˈdaɪti [ˈsɛkʃuəl dɪˈzaɪər]." pseudo-apollodorus*, 1 34 39 (trænz. ˈɔldrɪʧ) (grik a.d*.) "naʊ bɪˈkəz əv hər ˈæŋgər ˈoʊvər ðə (ˈtaɪtənz), (ˈgiə, ərθ) geɪv bərθ tɪ ðə (ʤaɪənts), (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) wɑz ðə ˈfɑðər naʊ ðɛr wɑz ən ˈɔrəkəl əˈməŋ ðə gɑdz ðət ðeɪ ðɛmˈsɛlvz wʊd nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ dɪˈstrɔɪ ˈɛni əv ðə, bət wʊd ˈfɪnɪʃ ðɛm ɔf ˈoʊnli wɪθ ðə hɛlp əv səm ˈmɔrtəl ˈælaɪ. wɪn ˈlərnɪd əv ðɪs, ʃi sɔt ə drəg ðət wʊd prɪˈvɛnt ðɛr dɪˈstrəkʃən ˈivɪn baɪ ˈmɔrtəl hænz. bət zus bɑrd ðə əˈpɪrəns əv iɔs (ðə dɔn), səˈlin (ðə mun), ənd ˈhiliˌɑs (ðə sən), ənd ʧɑpt əp ðə drəg hɪmˈsɛlf ˌbiˈfɔr kʊd faɪnd ɪt ðə dɪˈfit əv ðə baɪ ðə gɑdz ˈæŋgərd ɔl ðə mɔr, soʊ ʃi hæd ˈɪnərˌkɔrs wɪθ ənd bɔr ɪn (sɪˈlɪʃə).", 2 38 (trænz. rieu*) (grik ˈɛpɪk b.c*.) "laɪk səm ˈmɑnstrəs ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ əv ðə ˈoʊgər ər əv gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) hərˈsɛlf, ðə kaɪnd hi juzd tɪ bɛr ɪn ðə oʊld deɪz əv hər kˈwɔrəl wɪθ zus.", 2 1206 ˈæˈdrɛsɪz hɪz ˈfɛloʊ ˈɑrgəˌnɔts wʊd bi noʊ ˈizi θɪŋ tɪ teɪk ðə flis wɪˈθaʊt pərˈmɪʃən əv aeetes*, ˈgɑrdɪd ɛz ɪt ɪz frəm ˈɛvəri saɪd baɪ səʧ ə ˈsərpənt, ə ənd bist, ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ əv gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) hərˈsɛlf. ʃi brɔt ɪm fɔrθ ɔn ðə sloʊps əv (ˈkɔkəsəs) baɪ ðə rɑk əv (typhoeus*). ɪt wɑz ðɛr, ðeɪ seɪ, ðət, wɪn hi hæd ˈɔfərd ˈvaɪələns tɪ zus ənd bɪn strək baɪ hɪz thunder-bolt*, drɑpt wɔrm bləd frəm hɪz head.’*.’" athenaeus*, (trænz. ˈgəlɪk) (grik ˌrɛtərˈɪʃən tɪ a.d*.) (syceus*), wən əv ðə [ər (ʤaɪənts)], wɑz pərˈsud baɪ zus ənd ˈteɪkən ˈəndər ðə prəˈtɛkʃən əv hɪz ˈməðər, (ˈgiə, ərθ), ənd ðət ʃi kɔzd ðə plænt [ðə fig-tree*] tɪ groʊ fər hər sənz ˈplɛʒər.", ʤiˈɑgrəfi 7 1 5 (trænz. ʤoʊnz) (grik ʤiˈɑgrəfər b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) (leuca*) [ɪn ˈɪtəli] ɪz ə smɔl taʊn, ənd ɪn ɪt ɪz tɪ bi sin ə ˈfaʊntən əv ˈwɔtər; ðə ˈmɪθɪkəl ˈstɔri ɪz toʊld ðət ðoʊz əv ðə (ʤaɪənts) hu sərˈvaɪvd æt ðə (campanian*) ənd ər kɔld ðə wər ˈdrɪvən aʊt baɪ (heracles*), ənd ɔn fliɪŋ ˈhɪðər fər ˈrɛfjuʤ wər ʃˈraʊdɪd baɪ ˈməðər (ˈgiə, ərθ), ənd ðə ˈfaʊntən gɪts ɪts strim frəm ðə əv ðɛr ˈbɑdiz." pseudo-hyginus*, ˈprɛfəs (trænz. grænt) (ˈroʊmən a.d*.) "frəm ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə] ənd [wər bɔrn], (ʤaɪənts) , coeus*, elentes*, mophius*, astreaus*, pelorus*, ˈpæləs, emphytus*, rhoecus*, ienios*, agrius*, alemone*, ephialtes*, eurytus*, effracorydon*, theomises*, theodamas*, otus*,, polybotes*, menephriarus*, abesus*, colophonus*, iapetus*.", 152 bɪˈgæt baɪ [gaɪə (ˈgiə)], [typhoeus*], ə ˈkriʧər əv ˌɪˈmɛns saɪz ənd ˈfɪrfəl ʃeɪp, hu hæd ə ˈhənərd ˈdrækoʊ (ˈdrægən) hɛdz ˈsprɪŋɪŋ frəm hɪz ˈʃoʊldərz. hi ˈʧælənʤd [zus] tɪ si ɪf wʊd ˈkɑntɛnt wɪθ ɪm fər ðə rul. strək hɪz brɛst wɪθ ə ˈfleɪmɪŋ ˈθəndərˌbɔlt. wɪn ɪt wɑz ˈbərnɪŋ ɪm hi pʊt maʊnt ˈɛtnə, wɪʧ ɪz ɪn ˈsɪsəli, ˈoʊvər ɪm. frəm ðɪs ɪt ɪz sɛd tɪ bərn stɪl.", 1 156 (trænz. ˈmɛlvɪl) (ˈroʊmən ˈɛpɪk b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) (ʤaɪənts), ɪts sɛd, tɪ wɪn ðə gɑdz' doʊˈmeɪn, ˈmaʊntən ɔn ˈmaʊntən rɪrd ənd riʧt ðə stɑrz. ðɛn ðə ɔlˈmaɪti ˈfɑðər (ˈpeɪtər omnipotens*) hərld hɪz boʊlt ənd ˈʃætərd greɪt oʊˈlɪmpəs ənd strək daʊn haɪ paɪld ɔn ˈɑsə. ðɛr ðeɪ leɪ, grɪm ˈbroʊkən ˈbɑdiz krəʃt ɪn juʤ kəˈlæps, ənd ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə], drɛnʧt ɪn hər ˈʧɪldrənz bləd, geɪv laɪf tɪ ðət wɔrm gɔr; ənd tɪ prɪˈzərv məˈmɔriəl əv hər sənz ɪt ɪn ˈjumən fɔrm [əˈnəðər reɪs əv mæn]. bət ðət nu stɑk noʊ lɛs dɪˈspaɪzd ðə gɑdz ənd ˈrɛlɪʃt ˈkruəlti, ˈblədˌʃɛd ənd bɪɔnd daʊt əv bləd.", 1 154 1 415 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) "hi [zus] leɪd hɪz səˈlɛsʧəl ˈwɛpənz wɛl ˈhɪdən wɪθ hɪz ˈlaɪtnɪŋ ɪn ə dip ˈkævərn [waɪl hi leɪ wɪθ hɪz ˈləvər (ˈplutoʊ)]. frəm ˈəndərˌgraʊnd ðə bɛlʧt aʊt smoʊk, ðə waɪt klɪf wɑz ˈblækənd; ˈhɪdən spɑrks frəm ə ˈɛroʊ ˈhitɪd ðə water-springs*; ˈtɔrənts ˈbɔɪlɪŋ wɪθ foʊm ənd stim pɔrd daʊn ðə gɔrʤ, ənˈtɪl ɪt bumd əˈgɛn. ðɛn æt ə nɑd frəm hɪz ˈməðər, ðə ərθ [gaɪə (ˈgiə)], (cilician*) strɛʧt aʊt hɪz hænz, ənd stoʊl ðə snoʊi tulz əv zus, ðə tulz əv faɪər hi [typhoeus*] lɛpt əp [ɔn ˈhirɪŋ ðə mˈjuzɪk əv kadmos*' (ˈkædməs') paɪps] ənd drægd əˈlɔŋ hɪz fit; hi lɛft ɪn ə keɪv ðə ˈfleɪmɪŋ ˈwɛpənz əv zus wɪθ ˈməðər gaɪə (ərθ) tɪ kip ðɛm.", 2 540 "naʊ ɛz ðə sən [typhoeus*, ɪn hɪz ˈbætəl əˈgɛnst zus] wɑz skərʤd wɪθ ˈfroʊzən ˈvɑliz əv ʤægd ˈheɪlˌstoʊnz, hɪz ˈməðər draɪ gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) wɑz ˈbitən tu; ənd siɪŋ ðə stoʊn ˈbʊləts ənd ˈaɪsi pɔɪnts ɛmˈbɛdɪd ɪn ðə (ʤaɪənts) flɛʃ, ðə ˈwɪtnəs əv hɪz feɪt, ʃi preɪd tɪ ˈtaɪtən ˈhiliˌɑs (sən) wɪθ səbˈmɪsɪv vɔɪs: ʃi bɛgd əv ɪm wən rɛd hɑt reɪ, ðət wɪθ ɪts ˈhitɪŋ faɪər ʃi maɪt mɛlt ðə ˈpɛtrəˌfaɪd ˈwɔtər əv zus, baɪ ˈpɔrɪŋ hɪz ˈkɪndrɪd ˈreɪˌdiəns ˈoʊvər ˈfroʊzən (typhoeus*). ʃi hərˈsɛlf ˈmɛltɪd əˈlɔŋ wɪθ hɪz bruzd ˈbɑdi; ənd wɪn ʃi sɔ hɪz ˈliʤən əv hænz bərnt ɔl raʊnd, ʃi wən əv ðə ˌtɛmˈpɛsʧuəs ˈwɪntərz blæsts tɪ kəm fər wən ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ðət hi maɪt kwɛnʧ ˈoʊvərˈpaʊrɪŋ θərst baɪ hɪz kul ˈbrizɪz. ðɛn (cronion*) ˌɪnˈklaɪnd ðə ˈikwəli ˈbælənst bim əv ðə faɪt. bət gaɪə hɪz ˈməðər hæd θroʊn ɔf hər veɪl əv ˈfɔrəsts wɪθ hər hænd, ənd ʤɪst ðɛn wɑz ˈgrivɪŋ tɪ bɪˈhoʊld sˈmoʊkɪŋ hɛdz. waɪl hɪz ˈfeɪsɪz wər shrivelling*, ðə niz geɪv weɪ bɪˈniθ ɪm; ðə ˈtrəmpət əv zus brayed*, fɔrˈtɛlɪŋ ˈvɪktəri wɪθ ə roʊl əv ˈθəndər; daʊn fɛl freɪm, drəŋk wɪθ ðə ˈfaɪəri boʊlt frəm ˈhɛvən, ˈstrɪkən wɪθ ə əv ˈsəmθɪŋ mɔr ðən stil, ənd leɪ wɪθ hɪz bæk əˈpɑn gaɪə (ərθ) hɪz ˈməðər, ˈstrɛʧɪŋ hɪz lɪmz ɪn ðə dəst ənd ˈbɛlʧɪŋ fleɪm.", 2 636 leɪ dɪˈfitɪd æt ðə fit əv zus gaɪə (ˈgiə) tɔr hər ˈrɑki ˈtunɪk ənd leɪ ðɛr ˈgrivɪŋ; ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ðə ʃirz əv ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ʃi lɛt ðə wɪndz bit hər brɛst ənd ʃɪr ɔf ə fər ə kərl; soʊ ʃi kət ðə ˈtrɛsɪz frəm hər hɛd ɛz ɪn ðə mənθ əv leaf-shedding*, ʃi tɔr ˈgəliz ɪn hər ʧiks; gaɪə weɪld, ɛz hər roʊld ˈɛkoʊɪŋ θru ðə sˈwoʊlən ˈtɔrənts əv ðə hɪlz.", 48 6 "[ˈhɪrə] əˈdrɛst hər dɪˈsitfəl prɛrz tɪ gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ), draɪɪŋ aʊt əˈpɑn ðə duɪŋz əv zus ənd ðə əv, hu hæd dɪˈstrɔɪd ðət klaʊd əv ˈɪndiənz; ənd wɪn ðə ˈməðər hərd ðət ðə sən əv ˈsɛməˌli hæd waɪpt aʊt ðə ˈɪndiən ˈneɪʃən wɪθ ˈspiˌdi feɪt, ʃi groʊnd stɪl mɔr ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əv hər ˈʧɪldrən. ðɛn ʃi ɑrmd ɔl əraʊnd (ˈbækɪs) ðə traɪbz əv (ʤaɪənts), ərθs oʊn brud, ənd ˈgoʊdɪd hər oʊn sənz tɪ ˈbætəl sənz, meɪk jʊr əˈtæk wɪθ rɑks əˈgɛnst ðɪs indianslayer*, ðɪs dɪˈstrɔɪər əv maɪ ˈfæməli, ðɪs sən əv zus, ənd lɛt mi nɑt si ɪm ˈrulɪŋ wɪθ zus ə ˈbæstərd ˈmɑˌnɑrk əv olympos*! baɪnd ɪm, baɪnd (ˈbækɪs) fæst, ðət hi meɪ əˈtɛnd ɪn ðə ˈʧeɪmbər wɪn aɪ bɪˈstoʊ hib ɔn ɛz ə waɪf, ənd gɪv (ˌsɪθərˈiə) [ˌæfrəˈdaɪti] tɪ (chthonius*), wɪn aɪ sɪŋ [ˌæˈθin] ðə ˈbɛdˌfɛloʊ əv (enceladus*), ənd əv (alcyoneus*). brɪŋ tɪ mi, ðət aɪ meɪ ɛnˈreɪʤ (cronion*) [zus] wɪn hi siz ə sleɪv ənd ðə ˈkæptɪv əv maɪ spɪr. ər wund ɪm wɪθ ˈkətɪŋ stil ənd kɪl ɪm fər mi laɪk zagreus*, ðət wən meɪ seɪ, gɑd ər ˈmɔrtəl, ðət gaɪə ɪn hər ˈæŋgər həz twaɪs ɑrmd hər əˈgɛnst ðə brid əv ˈoʊldər əˈgɛnst ðə ˈfɔrmər [zagreus*], ðə ˈjəŋgər əˈgɛnst ˈleɪtər born.’*.’ wɪθ ðiz wərdz ʃi ɪkˈsaɪtɪd ɔl ðə hoʊst əv ðə, ənd ðə bəˈtæljənz əv ðə (earthborn*) sɛt fɔrθ tɪ wɔr." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðə wɔr əv ðə ʤaɪənts si ðə fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðə ˈmɑnstər si ˈgiə ˈməðər əv ˈhisiəd, 233 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) "ənd (pontus*, si) bɪˈgæt ənd jɛt əˈgɛn hi gɑt greɪt ənd praʊd (phorcys*), biɪŋ ˈmeɪtɪd wɪθ gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ), ənd ˈkeɪtoʊ (ceto*) ənd." pseudo-apollodorus*, 1 10 (trænz. ˈɔldrɪʧ) (grik a.d*.) "ðə ˈʧɪldrən əv (pontus*) ənd (ˈgiə) wər (phorcus*),,,, ənd ˈkeɪtoʊ (ceto*)." pseudo-hyginus*, ˈprɛfəs (trænz. grænt) (ˈroʊmən a.d*.) "frəm (si) ənd ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə] [wər bɔrn] , tusciuersus*, cepheus*." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðiz si, ənd ˈkeɪtoʊ ˈgiə ˈməðər əv aeon-uranus*, ˈgiə ənd ðə carpi*, ˌgrɛkoʊˈroʊmən moʊˈzeɪɪk a.d*., mˈjunɪk aɪ. (korybantes*), (daktyloi*) (kabeiroi*) ˈhisiəd, 176 (trænz. evelyn-white*) (grik ˈɛpɪk ər b.c*.) "ðɛn ðə sən [ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs)] frəm hɪz ˈæmˌbʊʃ strɛʧt fɔrθ hɪz lɛft hænd ənd ɪn hɪz raɪt tʊk ðə greɪt lɔŋ ˈsɪkəl wɪθ ʤægd tiθ, ənd sˈwɪftli lɑpt ɔf hɪz oʊn ˈfɑðərz' (ˈjərənəs')] ˈmɛmbərz ənd kæst ðɛm əˈweɪ tɪ fɔl bɪˈhaɪnd ɪm. ənd nɑt ˈveɪnli dɪd ðeɪ fɔl frəm hɪz hænd; fər ɔl ðə ˈblədi drɑps ðət gəʃt fɔrθ gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) rɪˈsivd, ənd ɛz ðə ˈsizənz muvd raʊnd ʃi bɛr ðə strɔŋ ənd ðə greɪt (ʤaɪənts) wɪθ ˈglimɪŋ ˈɑrmər [ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə (curetes*)] ənd ðə (nɪmfs) hum ðeɪ kɔl (meliae*) [ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə ˈnərsɪz əv zus] ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə ˈbaʊndləs ərθ." grik ˈlɪrɪk vi əˈnɑnəməs, ˈfrægmənts 985 (frəm həˈpɑlətəs, ˌrɛfjuˈteɪʃən əv ɔl ðə heresies*) (trænz. ˈkæmbəl) (grik ˈlɪrɪk b.c*.) (ˈgiə, ərθ), seɪ ðə griks, wɑz ðə fərst tɪ ˈproʊdus mæn bət ɪt ɪz hɑrd tɪ dɪˈskəvər ˈwɛðər ðə fərst əv mɛn tɪ əˈpɪr wər ðə curetes*), dɪˈvaɪn reɪs, ər ðə ˈfrɪʤiən (corybantes*) ðət ðə sən fərst sɔ ˈʃutɪŋ əp ər tɪ (cabirus*), fɛr ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ, ɪn ˈsikrɪt raɪts.", ʤiˈɑgrəfi 10 3 19 (trænz. ʤoʊnz) (grik ʤiˈɑgrəfər b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) "ənd ðə ˈɔθər əv spiks əv ðə (curetes*) ɛz ‘‘earth-born.’*.’", ˈlaɪbrɛˌri əv ˈhɪstəri 5 65 1 (trænz. ˈoʊldˌfɑðər) (grik hɪˈstɔriən b.c*.) "naɪn (curetes*). səm ˈraɪtərz əv mɪθs rɪˈleɪt ðət ðiz gɑdz wər bɔrn əv gaɪə (ˈgiə, ðə ərθ).", 4 282 (trænz. ˈmɛlvɪl) (ˈroʊmən ˈɛpɪk b.c*. tɪ a.d*.) "ðə curetes*, sprəŋ frəm ə ʃɑrp ʃaʊər [əv reɪn]." [n.b*. ðə (curetes*) ər pərˈhæps hir dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz biɪŋ sprəŋ frəm ðə ˈblədi ʃaʊər əv reɪn ðət fɛl əˈpɑn ðə ərθ ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə ˌkæˈstreɪʃən əv (ˈjərənəs).], 14 23 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) ), dˈwɛlərz ɔn ə ˈrɑki crag*, (corybantes*), ə ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən wɪʧ gru əp fər aʊt əv ðə graʊnd ɪn ðə ˈoʊldən taɪm." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðiz si ənd ii*. (seilenos*), 29 243 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) (silenus*), hu hɪmˈsɛlf spræŋ əp aʊt əv ˈməðər gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) ənd self-delivered*." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðɪs gɑd si iii*. (aristaios*), ˈfrægmənt 45 (frəm ɔn əv roʊdz) (trænz. ˈkæmbəl, vol*. grik ˈlɪrɪk) (grik ˈlɪrɪk b.c*.) "səm əˈθɔrətiz gɪv ðə ˈpɛrəntəʤ əv fɔr gɑdz kɔld (aristaeus*), ɛz (bacchylides*) dɪz wən ðə sən əv (carystus*) [sən əv (ˈʧaɪrən)], əˈnəðər ðə sən əv (ˈʧaɪrən), əˈnəðər ðə sən əv (ˈgiə) ənd (ˈjərənəs), ənd wən ðə sən əv (cyrene*)." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðɪs gɑd si. ˈsɪpriən ˈsɛnˌtɔrz), 14 193 (trænz. raʊz) (grik ˈɛpɪk a.d*.) "əˈnəðər traɪb əv (ˈsɛnˌtɔrz) ðə (ˈsɪpriən). wən wɪn (ˈsaɪprɪs) [ˌæfrəˈdaɪti] flɛd laɪk ðə wɪnd frəm ðə pərˈsut əv hər ləˈsɪviəs ˈfɑðər [zus], ðət ʃi maɪt nɑt si ən ˈbɛdˌfɛloʊ ɪn hər oʊn begetter*, zus ðə ˈfɑðər geɪv əp ðə ʧeɪs ənd lɛft ðə ˈjunjən unattempted*, bɪˈkəz ənˈwɪlɪŋ ˌæfrəˈdaɪti wɑz tu fæst ənd hi kʊd nɑt kæʧ hər: ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ðə' bɛd, hi ɔn ðə graʊnd ðə əv sid frəm ðə ˈʤɛnərətɪv plaʊ. gaɪə (ˈgiə, ərθ) rɪˈsivd (cronion's*) ˈfrutfəl du, ənd ʃɑt əp ə hɔrnd ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən.", 32 65 "aɪ [zus] dɪˈzaɪərd ðə [ˌæfrəˈdaɪti], fər huz seɪk aɪ sid ɪn ðə fəroʊ əv ðə ənd bɪˈgæt ðə (ˈsɛnˌtɔrz)." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðiz si vi. maʊnt ˈɛtnə (aitna*) simonides*, ˈfrægmənt 52 (frəm ɔn 1 65 (trænz. ˈkæmbəl, vol*. grik ˈlɪrɪk iii*) (grik ˈlɪrɪk b.c*.) ɪz ə ˈmaʊntən ɪn (ˈsɪsəli), neɪmd ˈæftər (ˈɛtnə), ˈdɔtər əv (ˈjərənəs, ˈhɛvən) ənd (ˈgiə, ərθ), əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ (alcimus*) ɪn hɪz wərk ɔn (ˈsɪsəli)." fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðɪs si ˈgiə ˈməðər əv (ˈspɪrɪts) pseudo-hyginus*, ˈprɛfəs (trænz. grænt) (ˈroʊmən a.d*.) "frəm (laɪt) ənd ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə] [wər bɔrn] (grif), (dɪˈsit), ˌaɪˌɑˈreɪ (ræθ), (lamentation*), (ˈfælsˌhʊd), (oʊθ), (ˈvɛnʤəns), (intemperance*), (ˌɑltərˈkeɪʃən), (forgetfulness*), (sloʊθ), tiˈmɔr (fɪr), (praɪd), (ˈɪnˌsɛst), (ˈkɑmbæt). [frəm ənd wər oceanus*,,,; ənd briareus*,,, ˈætləs, haɪˈpɪriən ənd ˈpoʊləs (coeus*)], [ˈkroʊnoʊs (ˈkroʊnəs)], ɑps [ˈriə], [mnemosyne*], diɑn; ənd θri (furies*) [erinyes*], ˈneɪmli alecto*, megaera*, tisiphone*." ˈvərʤəl, əˈniɪd 4 174 (trænz. day-lewis*) (ˈroʊmən ˈɛpɪk b.c*.) "ˈfɑmə (ˈrumər) [pheme*], ðə sˈwɪftəst ˈtrævələr əv ɔl ðə ɪlz ɔn ərθ, θˈraɪvɪŋ ɔn ˈmuvmənt, ˈgæðərɪŋ strɛŋθ ɛz ɪt goʊz; æt ðə stɑrt ə smɔl ənd ˈkaʊərdli θɪŋ, ɪt sun pəfs ˌɪtˈsɛlf əp, ənd ˈwɔkɪŋ əˈpɑn ðə graʊnd, ˈbɛriz ɪts hɛd ɪn ðə klaʊd beɪs. ðə ˈlɛʤənd ɪz ðət ɪnˈreɪʤd wɪθ ðə gɑdz, ˈtɛˌrɑ (ərθ) [gaɪə (ˈgiə)] prəˈdust ðɪs ˈkriʧər hər læst ʧaɪld, ɛz ə ˈsɪstər tɪ ənd ˈkriʧər, ə wɪŋd ˈeɪnʤəl əv ruɪn, ə ˈtɛrəbəl groʊˈtɛsk ˈmɑnstər, iʧ ˈfɛðər əˈpɑn huz ðoʊ ɪt ə sˈlipləs aɪ bɪˈniθ ɪt, ənd fər ˈɛvəri aɪ ʃi həz ˈɔlsoʊ ə təŋ, ə vɔɪs, ənd ə prɪkt ɪr." ˈeɪnʧənt grik ˈroʊmən ɑrt ˈsɔrsəz (ɔl ˈgiə ˈpeɪʤɪz) grik ˈroʊmən, ˈlætən a.d*., ˈlætən a.d*., ˈlætən ˈɛpɪk b.c*. a.d*., ˈlætən ˈpoʊətri b.c*. a.d*. ˈvərʤəl, əˈniɪd ˈlætən ˈɛpɪk b.c*. statius*, ˈlætən ˈɛpɪk a.d*. ˈbɪzənˌtin suidas*, ðə ˈsudə ˈbɪzənˌtin grik ˈlɛksɪˌkɑn a.d*. ˈəðər ˈsɔrsəz ˈəðər ˈrɛfərənsɪz nɑt ˈkərəntli kˈwoʊtɪd hir: ˌdaɪəˈnɪsiəs əv ˈroʊmən ænˈtɪkwətiz laɪf əv əv ɛt. æl. ˌbɪbliˈɑgrəfi ə kəmˈplit ˌbɪbliˈɑgrəfi əv ðə trænzˈleɪʃənz kˈwoʊtɪd ɔn ðɪs peɪʤ.

gaia greek name γαια γαιη γη transliteration gaia, gaiê, gê, gaea roman name terra, tellus translation earth gaea the earth, athenian red-figure calyx krater c5th b.c., virginia museum of fine arts gaia (gaea) was the goddess of the earth. she was one of the primoridal elemental deities (protogenoi) born at the dawn of creation. gaia was the great mother of all creation--the heavenly gods were descended from her through her union with ouranos (uranus) (sky), the sea-gods from her union with pontos (sea), the gigantes (giants) from her mating with tartaros (the pit), and mortal creatures born directly from her earthy flesh. gaia was the chief antagonist of the heavenly gods. first she rebelled against her husband ouranos (sky) who had imprisoned several of her giant-sons within her womb. later when her son kronos (cronus) defied her by imprisoning these same sons, she sided with zeus in his rebellion. finally she came into conflict with zeus for she was angered by his binding of her titan-sons in tartaros. she birthed a tribe of gigantes (giants) and later the monster typhoeus to overthrow him, but both failed in their attempts. in the ancient greek cosmology earth was conceived of as a flat disk encirced by the river okeanos (oceanus), and encompassed above by the solid dome of heaven and below by the great pit (or inverse dome) of tartaros. earth supported the seas and mountains upon her breast. in greek vase painting gaia was depicted as a buxom, matronly woman rising from the earth, inseparable from her native element. in mosaic art, she appears as a full-figured woman, reclining on the earth, often clothed in green, and sometimes accompanied by troops of karpoi (carpi, fruits) and horai (horae, seasons). family of gaea parents [1.1] none (the second being to emerge at creation) (hesiod theogony 116) [2.1] emerged from hydros (orphic rhapsodies 66, orphic frag 54 & 57, epicuras frag) [3.1] aither & hemera (hyginus preface) offspring protogenoi [1.1] ouranos, the ourea, pontos (without a mate) (hesiod theogony 126) [1.2] pontos, tartaros (by aither or ouranos?) (hyginus preface) [2.1] khronos, ananke (by hydros) (orphic fragments 54 & 57) offspring titanes-gigantes [1.1] the titanes (okeanos, koios, krios, hyperion, iapetos, kronos), the titanides (theia, rheia, themis, mnemosyne, tethys, phoibe), the kyklopes, the hekatonkheires (by ouranos) (hesiod theogony 135, apollodorus 1.2, diodorus siculus 5.66.1) [1.2] the titanes (as above), the titanides (as above plus dione), the kyklopes, the hekatonkheires (by ouranos) (apollodorus 1.2) [1.3] themis, phoibe (aeschylus eumenides 1) [1.4] the titanes (okeanos, kronos, tethys) (by ouranos) (aeschylus prometheus bound 207) [1.5] prometheus (aeschylus prometheus bound 211) [1.6] the kyklopes, the hekatonkheires (by ouranos) (eumelus titanomachia frag 1) [1.7] okeanos, themis, tartaros, pontos, the titanes, briareus, gyes, steropes, atlas, hyperion, koios, kronos, rheia, mnemosyne, dione, the erinyes (by aither or ouranos ?) (hyginus pref nb text is corrupt) [2.1] the erinyes, the gigantes (incl kouretes ?), the meliai (by the blood of the castrated ouranos) (hesiod theogony 184) [2.2] the erinyes, the gigantes (by the blood of the castrated ouranos) (apollodorus 1.3, 1.34) [3.1] typhoeus (by tartaros) (hesiod theogony 819, apollodorus 1.39, hyginus preface) [3.2] gigantes (by tartaros) (hyginus preface) [3.3] enkelados, koios, pheme (virgil aeneid 4.174) offspring sea gods [1.1] nereus, thaumas, phorkys, keto, eurybia (by pontos) (hesiod theog. 232, apollodorus 1.10) [1.2] kharybdis (by poseidon) (other references) offspring rustic gods [1.1] kouretes (by the blood of ouranos) ? (hesiod theogony 176) [1.2] kouretes (by a shower of rain) (ovid metamorphoses 4.282) [1.3] kouretes (greek lyric v anon. frag 985, strabo 10.3.9, diodorus siculus 5.65.1, nonnus dionysiaca 13.135 & 14.23) [1.4] daktyloi (nonnus dionysiaca 14.23) [2.1] kabeiros (greek lyric v anonymous frag 985) [3.1] aristaios (by ouranos) (greek lyric iv bacchylides frag 45) [4.1] seilenos (nonnus dionysiaca 29.243) [5.1] aitna (by ouranos) (simonides frag 52, scholiast on theocritus 1.65) [6.1] triptolemos (by okeanos) (apollodorus 1.32) [7.1] dysaules (greek lyric v anonymous frag 985) [8.1] kentauroi kyprioi (by zeus) (nonnus dionysiaca 14.193 & 32.65) offspring daimones [1.1] algos (dolor), dolos (dolus), lyssa (ira), penthos (luctus), pseudologos (mendacium), horkos (jusiurandum), poine (ultio), ? (intemperantia), amphilogia (altercatio), lethe (oblivio), aergia (socordia), deimos (timor), ? (superbia), ? (incestum), hysmine (pugna) (by aither) (hyginus preface) [1.2] pheme (virgil aeneid 4.174) offspring lesser giants [1.1] tityos (homer odyssey 11.580, virgil aeneid 6.595, nonnus dionysiaca 4.33) [2.1] orion (apollodorus 1.25) [2.2] orion (fertilised by an oxhide soaked with the urine of zeus, poseidon, & hermes) (hyginus fabulae 195 & astronomica 2.34, ovid fasti 5.493, nonnus dionysiaca 13.96) [3.1] argos panoptes (aeschylus suppliants 306 & prometheus 566, apollodorus 2.4, nonnus dionysiaca 20.35) [4.1] antaios (by poseidon) (apollodoros 2.115, philostratus elder 2.21, hyginus fabulae 31) [5.1] laistrygon (by poseidon) (hesiod catalogues frag 40a) [6.1] the gegenees (apollonius rhodius 1.901) [7.1] alpos (nonnus dionysiaca 45.174) [8.1] sykeus (athenaeus 78a) [9.1] damasen (nonnus dionysiaca 25.452) [9.2] anax, hyllos (pausanais 1.35.6-7) offspring monsters [1.1] ekhidna (by tartaros) (apollodorus 2.4) [2.1] python (hyginus preface & fabulae 140, ovid metamorphoses 1.438) [3.1] drakon kholkikos (apollonius rhdius 2.1215) [4.1] drakon nemeios (statius thebaid 5.505) [5.1] ophiotauros (ovid fasti 3.793) offspring animals [1.1] areion (pausanias 8.25.5) [2.1] skorpios (hesiod astronomy frag 4, hyginus astronomica 2.26) offspring first kings [1.1] erikhthonios (by hephaistos) (homer iliad, apollodorus 3.188, callimachus hecale frag 260, et al) [2.1] kekrops (antoninus liberalis 6, hyginus fabulae 48, et al) [3.1] palaikhthon (aeschylus suppliants 250) [4.1] pelasgos (greek lyric v anonymous frag 985, et al) [5.1] alalkomeneus (greek lyric v anonymous frag 985) [6.1] iarbas (greek lyric v anonymous frag 985) [7.1] various other autokhthones (earth-born men) offspring human tribes [1.1] phaiakai (by the blood of the castrated ouranos) (alcaeus frag 441) [2.1] hemikunoi, libyes, aithiopes, katoudaioi, pygmaioi, melanokhrotoi, skythes, laistrygones, hyperboreoi (races of men born to her by epaphos) (hesiod catalogues frag 40a) encyclopedia gaea or ge (gaia or gê), the personification of the earth. she appears in the character of a divine being as early as the homeric poems, for we read in the iliad (iii. 104) that black sheep were sacrificed to her, and that she was invoked by persons taking oaths. (iii. 278, xv. 36, xix. 259, od. v. 124.) she is further called, in the homeric poems, the mother of erechtheus and tithyus. (il. ii. 548, od. vii. 324, xi. 576; comp. apollon. rhod. i. 762, iii. 716. according to the theogony of hesiod (117, 12,5, &c.), she was the first being that sprang front chaos, sand gave birth to uranus and pontus. by uranus she then became the mother of a series of beings, -- oceanus, coeus, creius, hyperion, iapetus, theia, rheia, themis, mnemosyne, phoebe, thetys, cronos, the cyclopes, brontes, steropes, arges, cottus, briareus, and gyges. these children of ge and uranus were hated by their father, and ge therefore concealed. them in the bosom of the earth; but she made a large iron sickle, gave it to her sons, and requested them to take vengeance upon their father. cronos undertook the task, and mutilated uranus. the drops of blood which fell from him upon the earth (ge), became the seeds of the erinnyes, the gigantes, and the melian nymphs. subsequently ge became, by pontus, the mother of nereus, thaumas, phorcys, ceto, and eurybia. (hes. theog. 232, &c.; apollod. i. 1. § 1, &c.) besides these, however, various other divinities and monsters sprang from her. as ge was the source from which arose the vapours producing divine inspiration, she herself also was regarded as an oracular divinity, and it is well known that the oracle of delphi was believed to have at first been in her possession (aeschyl. eum. 2; paus. x. 5. § 3), and at olympia, too, she had an oracle in early times. (paus. v. 14. § 8.) that ge belonged to the theoi chthinioi, requires no explanation, and hence she is frequently mentioned where they are invoked. (philostr. vit. apoll. vi. 39; ov. met. vii. 196.) the surnames and epithets given to ge have more or less reference to her character as the all-producing and all-nourishing mother (mater omniparens et alma), and hence servius (ad aen. iv. 166) classes her together with the divinities presiding over marriage. her worship appears to have been universal among the greeks, and she had temples or altars at athens, sparta, delphi, olympia, bura, tegea, phlyus, and other places. (thuc. ii. 15; paus. i. 22. § 3, 24. § 3, 31. § 2, iii. 11. § 8, 12. § 7, v. 14. §8, vii. 25. § 8, viii. 48. § 6.) we have express statements attesting the existence of statues of ge in greece, but none have come down to us. at patrae she was represented in a sitting attitude, in the temple of demeter (paus. vii. 21. § 4), and at athens, too, there was a statue of her. (i. 24. § 3.) servius (ad aen. x. 252) remarks that she was represented with a key. source: dictionary of greek and roman biography and mythology. classical literature quotes gaea & the birth of the cosmos gaea, poseidon and the giant polybotes, athenian red-figure kylix c5th b.c., antikensammlung berlin i. the cosmogony of hesiod hesiod, theogony 116 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "verily at first khaos (chaos, the chasm) [air] came to be, but next wide-bosomed gaia (gaea, the earth), the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy olympos, and dim tartaros (tartarus, the pit) in the depth of the wide-pathed earth, and eros (love), fairest among the deathless gods, who unnerves the limbs and overcomes the mind and wise counsels of all gods and all men within them. from khaos (chaos, the chasm) came forth erebos (erebus, darkness) and black nyx (night); but of nyx (night) were born aither (aether, light) and hemera (day), whom she conceived and bore from union in love with erebos. and gaia (gaea, the earth) first bore starry ouranos (uranus, the heavens), equal to herself, to cover her on every side. and she brought forth long ourea (mountains), graceful haunts of the goddess nymphai (nymphs) who dwell amongst the glens of the mountains. she bare also the fruitless deep with his raging swell, pontos (pontus, the sea), without sweet union of love. but afterwards she lay with ouranos (uranus) and bare [the titanes (titans)] deep-swirling okeanos (oceanus) [the earth-encircling river], koios (coeus) and krios (crius) and hyperion and iapetos (iapetus), theia and rheia, themis and mnemosyne and gold-crowned phoibe (phoebe) and lovely tethys. after them was born kronos (cronus), the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty sire." homeric hymn iv to hermes 427 (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c7th - 4th b.c.) : "he [apollon] sang the story of the deathless gods and of dark gaia (gaea, earth), how at the first they came to be." homeric hymn xxx to gaea (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c7th - 4th b.c.) : "well-founded gaia (gaea, earth), mother of all, eldest of all beings." pseudo-hyginus, preface (trans. grant) (roman mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "from caligine (mist) [was born] chaos (the chams) [air]; from chaos [was born] : nox (night) [nyx], dies (day) [hemera], erebus, aether . . . from aether (light) and dies (day) [hemera] [were born]: terra (earth) [gaia], caelum (heaven) [ouranos], mare (sea) [pontos]." ovid, metamorphoses 1. 1 ff (trans. melville) (roman epic c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "ere land and sea and the all-covering sky were made, in the whole world the countenance of nature was the same, all one, well named chaos, a raw and undivided mass, naught but a lifeless bulk, with warring seeds of ill-joined elements compressed together. no titan [helios the sun] as yet poured light upon the world, no waxing phoebe [selene the moon] her crescent filled anew, nor in the ambient air yet hung the earth, self-balanced, equipoised, nor amphitrite's [the sea's] arms embraced the long far margin of the land. though there were land and sea and air, the land no foot could tread, no creature swim the sea, the air was lightless; nothing kept its form, all objects were at odds, since in one mass cold essence fought with hot, and moist with dry, and hard with soft and light with things of weight. this strife a god (deus) [perhaps primordial eros (procreation) or khronos (chronos, time)], with nature's blessing, solved; who severed land from sky and sea from land, and from the denser vapours set apart the ethereal sky; and, each from the blind heap resolved and freed, he fastened in its place appropriate in peace and harmony. the fiery weightless force of heaven's vault [ouranos (uranus)] flashed up and claimed the topmost citadel; next came the air in lightness and in place; the thicker earth with grosser elements sank burdened by its weight; lowest and last the girdling waters pent the solid globe. so into shape whatever god it was reduced the primal matter and prescribed its several parts. then first, to make the earth even on every side, he rounded it into a mighty disc, then bade the sea extend and rise under the rushing winds, and gird the shores of the encircled earth . . . scarce had he thus all things in finite bounds divided when the sidera (stars) [astra], in darkness blind long buried, over all the spangled sky began to gleam; and, that no part or place should lack fit forms of life, the firmament he made the home of gods and goddesses and the bright constellations; in the sea he set the shining fish to swim; the land received the beasts, the gusty air the birds." ovid, fasti5. 9 ff (trans.boyle) (roman poetry c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "after chaos, when the world acquired three elements and the whole structure shifted to new forms, earth subsided with its weight and dragged the seas [pontos] down, but lightness lifted the heavens [ouranos (uranus)] up high. the sun, too, jumped out, not chained by gravity, and the stars, and you horses of the moon. terra (earth) [gaia] for a long time did not yield to caelus (heaven) [ouranos]. nor stars to phoebus [helios the sun]. all rank was equal." nonnus, dionysiaca 27. 50 (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "gaia (gaea, the earth) produced aither [ouranos (uranus), the sky] dotted with its troop of stars." nonnus, dionysiaca 41. 82 ff : "before all khthon (earth) [gaia], milling out from helios (the sun) the shine of his newmade brightness upon her all-mothering breast . . . beroe [the first city] first shook away the cone of darkling mist, and threw off the gloomy veil of khaos (the chasm) [air]." nonnus, dionysiaca 29. 243 : "mother gaia (gaea, earth) unbegotten and self-delivered." ii. the orphic cosmogony aristophanes, the birds 685 (trans. o'neill) (greek comedy c5th to 4th b.c.) : "at the beginning there was only khaos (the chasm) [air], nyx (night), dark erebos (darkness), and deep tartaros (the pit). ge (earth) [gaia], aer (air) [aither] and ouranos (heaven) had no existence . . . that of the immortals did not exist until eros (sexual desire) had brought together all the ingredients of the world, and from their marriage ouranos (uranus, heaven), okeanos (oceanus, ocean), ge (gaea, earth) and the imperishable race of blessed gods (theoi) sprang into being." orphica, rhapsodies fragment 66 (trans. west) (greek hymns c3rd a.d. - c2nd b.c.) : "great khronos (chronos, time) fashioned from (or in) divine aither (aether) a bright white egg [the world egg from which ouranos (uranus, sky), gaia (gaea, earth) and phanes was born]." orphica, theogonies fragment 54 (from damascius) : "originally there was hydros (water), he [orpheus] says, and mud, from which ge (gaea, the earth) solidified: he posits these two as first principles, water and earth . . . the one before the two [thesis], however, he leaves unexpressed, his very silence being an intimation of its ineffable nature. the third principle after the two was engendered by these--ge (gaea, earth) and hydros (water), that is--and was a serpent (drakon) with extra heads growing upon it of a bull and a lion, and a god's countenance in the middle; it had wings upon its shoulders, and its name was khronos (chronos, unaging time) and also herakles. united with it was ananke (inevitability, compulsion) , being of the same nature, or adrastea, incorporeal, her arms extended throughout the universe and touching its extremities. i think this stands for the third principle, occuping the place of essence, only he [orpheus] made it bisexual [as phanes] to symbolize the universal generative cause. and i assume that the theology of the [orphic] rhapsodies discarded the two first principles (together with the one before the two, that was left unspoken) [that is, the orphics discarded the concepts of thesis, khronos (chronos) and ananke], and began from this third principle [phanes] after the two, because this was the first that was expressible and acceptable to human ears. for this is the great khronos (unaging time) that we found in it [the rhapsodies], the father of aither (aether, light) and khaos (chaos, the chasm) [air]. indeed, in this theology too [the hieronyman], this khronos (time), the serpent has offspring, three in number: moist aither (light) (i quote), unbounded khaos (chaos) [air], and as a third, misty erebos (erebus, darkness) . . . among these, he says, khronos (time) generated an egg--this tradition too making it generated by khronos, and born ‘among’ these because it is from these that the third intelligible triad is produced [protogonos-phanes]. what is this triad, then? the egg; the dyad of the two natures inside it (male and female) [ouranos (uranus) the sky and gaia (gaea) the earth], and the plurality of the various seeds between; and thirdly an incorporeal god with golden wings on his shoulders, bulls' heads growing upon his flanks, and on his head a monstrous serpent, presenting the appearance of all kinds of animal forms . . . and the third god of the third triad this theology too celebrates as protogonos (first-born) [phanes], and it calls him zeus the order of all and of the whole world, wherefore he is also called pan (all). so much this second genealogy supplies concerning the intelligible principles." orphica, theogonies fragment 57 (from athenogoras) : "the gods, as they [the greeks] say, did not exist from the beginning, but each of them was born just as we are born. and this is agreed by them all, homer saying ‘okeanos (oceanus) [water] the genesis of the gods, and mother tethys [thesis, creation],’ and orpheus--who was the original inventor of the gods' names and recounted their births and said what they have all done, and who enjoys some credit among them as a true theologian, and is generally followed by homer, above all about the gods--also making their first genesis from water : ‘okeanos (oceanus), who is the genesis of the all.’ for hydros (water) was according to him the origin of everything, and from hydros (the water) mud formed [primeval gaia (gaea)], and from the pair of them a living creature was generated with an extra head growing upon it of a lion, and another of a bull, and in the middle of them a god's countenance; its name was herakles (heracles) and khronos (chronos, time). this herakles generated a huge egg [which formed the earth, sea and sky]." orphica, theogonies fragment 57 (from athenogoras) : "khronos (chronos, time) , , , [also called] herakles (heracles) generated a huge egg, which, being filled full, by the force of its engenderer was broken in two from friction. its crown became ouranos (heaven), and what had sunk downwards, gaia (gaea, earth). there also came forth an incorporeal god [phanes or the primordialeros]." orphica, epicuras fragment (from epiphanius) : "and he [epicurus] says that the world began in the likeness of an egg, and the wind [the entwined forms of khronos (chronos, time) and ananke (inevitability)?] encircling the egg serpent-fashion like a wreath or a belt then began to constrict nature. as it tried to squeeze all the matter with greater force, it divided the world into the two hemispheres [ouranos the sky and gaia the earth]." gaea, the titans & the castration of uranus gaea the earth, athenian red-figure kylix c5th b.c., antikensammlung berlin hesiod, theogony 126 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "and gaia (gaea, earth) first bare starry ouranos (uranus, heaven), equal to herself, to cover her on every side, and to be an ever-sure abiding-place for the blessed gods . . . but afterwards she [gaia] lay with ouranos and bare [the titanes (titans)] deep-swirling okeanos (oceanus), koios (coeus) and krios (crius) and hyperion and iapetos (iapetus), theia and rheia, themis and mnemosyne and gold-crowned phoibe (phoebe) and lovely tethys. after them was born kronos (cronus) the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty sire. and again, she bare the kyklopes (cyclopes), overbearing in spirit, brontes, and steropes and stubborn-hearted arges. and again, three other sons [the hekatonkheires (hecatoncheires)] were born of gaia and ouranos, great and doughty beyond telling, kottos (cottus) and briareos (briareus) and gyes. from their shoulders sprang a hundred arms, not to be approached, and each had fifty heads upon his shoulders on their strong limbs, and irresistible was the stubborn strength that was in their great forms. for of all the children that were born of gaia and ouranos, these were the most terrible, and they were hated by their own father from the first. and he used to hide them all away in a secret place of gaia so soon as each was born, and would not suffer them to come up into the light: and ouranos rejoiced in his evil doing. but vast gaia (earth) groaned within, being straitened, and she made the element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her plan to her dear sons. and she spoke, cheering them, while she was vexed in her dear heart : ‘my children, gotten of a sinful father, if you will obey me, we should punish the vile outrage of your father; for he first thought of doing shameful things.’ so she said; but fear seized them all, and none of them uttered a word. but great kronos the wily took courage and answered his dear mother : ‘mother, i will undertake to do this deed, for i reverence not our father of evil name, for he first thought of doing shameful things.’ so he said : and vast gaia rejoiced greatly in spirit, and set and hid him in an ambush, and put in his hands a jagged sickle, and revealed to him the whole plot. and ouranos came, bringing on night and longing for love, and he lay about gaia spreading himself full upon her. then the son from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right took the great long sickle with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his own father's members and cast them away to fall behind him. and not vainly did they fall from his hand; for all the bloody drops that gushed forth gaia received, and as the seasons moved round she bare the strong erinyes (furies) and the great gigantes (giants) with gleaming armour, holding long spears in their hands and the nymphai (nymphs) whom they call meliai (meliae) [honey- or ash-tree nymphs] all over the boundless earth." hesiod, theogony 43 ff : "and they [mousai (muses)] uttering their immortal voice, celebrate in song first of all the reverend race of the gods from the beginning, those whom gaia (gaea, earth) and wide ouranos (uranus, heaven) begot [the titanes], and the gods sprung of these, givers of good things." hesiod, theogony 617 ff : "but when first their father [ouranos (uranus)] was vexed in his heart with [the hekatonkheires (hecatoncheires)] obriareus and kottos (cottus) and gyes, he bound them in cruel bonds . . . and he made them live beneath the wide-pathed earth, where they were afflicted, being set to dwell under the ground, at the end of the earth, at its great borders, in bitter anguish for a long time and with great grief at heart." eumelus of corinth, titanomachia frag 1 (from plotius) (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th b.c.) : "the epic cycle begins with the fabled union of ouranos (uranus, sky) and ge (gaea, earth), by which they make three hekatontacheiroi (hecatoncheires, the hundred-handed) sons and three kyklopes (cyclopes) to be born to him." aeschylus, prometheus bound 207(trans. smyth) (greek tragedy c5th b.c.) : "the titanes (titans), children of ouranos (uranus, heaven) and khthon (chthon, earth) [gaia]." pseudo-apollodorus, bibliotheca 1. 1 - 5 (trans. aldrich) (greek mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "ouranos (uranus, sky) was the first to rule over the entire world. he married ge (gaea, earth) and sired first the hekatonkheires (hecatoncheires), who were names briareos (briareus), gyes and kottos (cottus). they were unsurpassed in both size and power, and each had a hundred hands and fifty heads. after these he sired the kyklopes (cyclopes), by name arges, steropes, and brontes, each of whom had one eye in his forehead. but ouranos (sky) bound these and threw them into tartaros (a place in haides' realm as dark as erebos, and as far away from the earth as the earth is from the sky), and fathered other sons on ge (gaea, earth), namely the titanes (titans) : okeanos (oceanus), koios (coeus), hyperion, kreios (crius), iapetos (iapetus), and kronos (cronus) the youngest; also daughters called titanides (titanesses) : tethys, rhea, themis, mnemosyne, phoibe (phoebe), dione, theia. now ge (earth), distressed by the loss of her children into tartaros, persuaded the titanes to attack their father, and she gave kronos (cronus, time) a sickle made of adamant. so all of them except okeanos (oceanus) set upon ouranos (sky), and kronos cut off his genitals, tossing them into the sea. from the drops of the flowing blood erinyes (furies) were born, named alekto (alecto), tisiphone, megaira (megaera). thus having overthrown ouranos' (sky's) rule the titanes retrieved their brothers from tartaros and gave the power to kronos." diodorus siculus, library of history 5. 66. 1 (trans. oldfather) (greek historian c1st b.c.) : "the titanes (titans) numbered six men and five women, being born, as certain writers of myths relate, of ouranos (uranus, sky) and ge (gaea, earth), but according to others, of one of the kouretes (curetes) and titaia (titaea), from whom as their mother they derive the name they have. the males were kronos (cronus), hyperion, koios (coeus), iapetos (iapetus), krios (crius) and okeanos (oceanus), and their sisters were rhea, themis, mnemosyne, phoibe (phoebe) and tethys. [diodorus omits theia.]" pseudo-hyginus, preface (trans. grant) (roman mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "from aether and terra (earth) [gaia] [were born various daimones] . . . [from caelum-ouranos and terra-gaia were born? :] oceanus, themis, tartarus, pontus; and titanes (titans) : briareus, gyes, steropes, atlas, hyperion and polus [koios (coeus)], saturnus [kronos (cronus)], ops [rhea], moneta [mnemosyne], dione; and three furiae (furies) [erinyes], namely alecto, megaera, tisiphone." nonnus, dionysiaca 27. 50 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "gaia (gaea, earth) shall cover you up. kronos (cronus, time) himself . . . was covered up in gaia's bosom [that is, trapped in tartaros], son of ouranos (uranus, sky) though he was." for more information on the castration of ouranos see kronos and ouranos gaea & the war of the titans titan atlas and gaea, apulian red-figure volute krater c4th b.c., dallas museum of art hesiod, theogony 462 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "[kronos (cronus)] learned from gaia (gaea, earth) and starry ouranos (uranus, heaven) that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, strong though he was, through the contriving of great zeus.therefore he kept no blind outlook, but watched and swallowed down his children : and unceasing grief seized rhea. but when she was about to bear zeus, the father of gods and men, then she besought her own dear parents, gaia and starry ouranos, to devise some plan with her that the birth of her dear child might be concealed, and that retribution might overtake great, crafty kronos for his own father and also for the children whom he had swallowed down. and they readily heard and obeyed their dear daughter, and told her all that was destined to happen touching kronos the king and his stout-hearted son. so they sent her to lyetos (lyettus), to the rich land of krete (crete), when she was ready to bear great zeus, the youngest of her children. him did vast gaia (earth) receive from rhea in wide krete to nourish and to bring up.thither came gaia carrying him swiftly through the black night to lyktos first, and took him in her arms and hid him in a remote cave beneath the secret places of the holy earth on thick-wooded mount aigaion (aegaeum); but to the mightily ruling son of ouranos, the earlier king of the gods, she gave a great stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. then he took it in his hands and thrust it down into his belly. . . . after that, the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly, and as the years rolled on, great kronos the wily was beguiled by the deep suggestions of gaia, and brought up again his offspring . . . and he set free from their deadly bonds the brothers of his father [kyklopes (cyclopes)], sons of ouranos whom his father in his foolishness had bound. and they remembered to be grateful to him for his kindness, and gave him thunder and the glowing thunderbolt and lightening : for before that, huge gaia had hidden these." hesiod, theogony 617 ff : "but when first their father [ouranos (uranus)] was vexed in his heart with [the hekatonkheires (hecatoncheires)] obriareus and kottos (cottus) and gyes, he bound them in cruel bonds . . . and he made them live beneath the wide-pathed earth, where they were afflicted, being set to dwell under the ground, at the end of the earth, at its great borders, in bitter anguish for a long time and with great grief at heart. but [zeus and his brothers] brought them up again to the light at gaia's (gaea's) advising. for she herself recounted all things to the gods fully, how that with these they would gain victory." hesiod, theogony 687 ff : "[the war of the titanes (titans):] [zeus] came forthwith, hurling his lightning: the bold flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. the life-giving earth crashed around in burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. all the land (khthon) seethed . . . astounding heat seized khaos (the chasm) [air]: and to see with eyes and to hear the sound with ears it seemed even as if gaia (gaea, earth) and wide ouranos (uranus, sky) above came together; for such a mighty crash would have arisen if gaia (earth) were being hurled to ruin, and ouranos (sky) from on high were hurling her down; so great a crash was there while the gods were meeting together in strife." hesiod, theogony 881 ff : "but when the blessed gods had finished their toil, and settled by force their struggle for honours with the titanes (titans), they pressed far-seeing olympian zeus to reign and to rule over them, by gaia's (gaea's earth's) prompting. so he divided their dignities amongst them." aeschylus, prometheus bound 206 ff (trans. smyth) (greek tragedy c5th b.c.) : "[the titan prometheus speaks of the titan-war :] ‘i , although advising them for the best, was unable to persuade the titanes (titans), children of ouranos (uranus, heaven) and khthon (chthon, earth) [gaia]; but they, disdaining counsels of craft, in the pride of their strength thought to gain the mastery without a struggle and by force. often my mother themis, or gaia (earth) (though one form, she had many names), had foretold to me the way in which the future was fated to come to pass. that it was not by brute strength nor through violence, but by guile that those who should gain the upper hand were destined to prevail. and though i argued all this to them, they did not pay any attention to my words.’" pseudo-apollodorus, bibliotheca 1. 6 (trans. aldrich) (greek mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "but kronos (cronus) [after deposing ouranos (uranus)] once again bound the kyklopes (cyclopes) and confined them in tartaros. he then married his sister rhea. because both ge (gaea, earth) and ouranos (uranus, heaven) had given him prophetic warning that his rule would be overthrown by a son of his own, he took to swallowing his children at birth . . . zeus fought a war against kronos and the titanes (titans). after ten years of fighting ge prophesied a victory for zeus if he were to secure the prisoners down in tartaros as his allies. he thereupon slew their jail-keeper kampe (campe), and freed them from their bonds." ovid, fasti 3. 793 ff (trans.boyle) (roman poetry c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "saturnus [kronos (cronus)] was thrust from his realm by jove [zeus]. in anger he stirs the mighty titanes to arms and seeks the assistance owed by fate. there was a shocking monster born of mother terra (earth) [gaia], a bull, whose back half was a serpent. roaring styx [an ally of zeus] imprisoned it, warned by the three parcae [moirai, the fates], in a black grove with a triple wall. whoever fed the bull's guts to consuming flames was destined to defeat the eternal gods." nonnus, dionysiaca 6. 155 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "after the first dionysos [zagreus] had been slaughtered [by the titanes (titans)], father zeus . . . attacked the mother of the titanes [gaia (gaea)] with avenging brand, and shut up the murderers of horned dionysos within the gate of tartaros [after a long war]: the trees blazed, the hair of suffering gaia (earth) was scorched with heat. he kindled the east: the dawnlands of baktria (bactria) blazed under blazing bolts, the assyrian waves est afirethe neighbouring kaspion (caspian) sea and the indian mountains, the red sea rolled billows of flame and warmed arabian nereus. the opposite west also fiery zeus blasted with the thunderbolt in love for his child; and under the foot of zephyros the western brine half-burn spat out a shining stream; the northern ridges--even the surface of the frozen northern sea bubbled and burned: under the clime of snowy aigokeros (aegocerus) the southern corner boiled with hotter sparks. now okeanos (oceanus) poured rivers of tears from his watery eyes, a libation of suppliant prayer. then zeus clamed his wrath at the sight of the scorched earth; he pitied her, and wished to wash with water the ashes of ruin and the fiery wounds of the land. then rainy zeus covered the whole sky with clouds and flooded all the earth [in the flood of deukalion (deucalion)]." for more information on the war of the titanes see kronos and the titanes gaea, the war of the gigantes & typhoeus gigante and gaea, athenian red-figure calyx krater c5th b.c., naples national archaeological museum the ancients barely distinguished between the war of the titanes (titans) and the war of the gigantes (giants). the immortal titanes sometimes appear as leaders of the gigante-troops. hesiod, theogony 819 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "but when zeus had driven the titanes (titans) from heaven, huge gaia (gaea, earth) bare her youngest child typhoeus of the love of tartaros (the pit), by the aid of golden aphrodite [sexual desire]." pseudo-apollodorus, bibliotheca 1. 34 - 39 (trans. aldrich) (greek mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "now because of her anger over the titanes (titans), ge (gaea, earth) gave birth to the gigantes (giants), ouranos (uranus, heaven) was the father . . . now there was an oracle among the gods that they themselves would not be able to destroy any of the gigantes, but would finish them off only with the help of some mortal ally. when ge learned of this, she sought a drug that would prevent their destruction even by mortal hands. but zeus barred the appearance of eos (the dawn), selene (the moon), and helios (the sun), and chopped up the drug himself before ge could find it . . . the defeat of the gigantes by the gods angered ge all the more, so she had intercourse with tartaros and bore typhoeus in kilikia (cilicia)." apollonius rhodius, argonautica 2. 38 ff (trans. rieu) (greek epic c3rd b.c.) : "like some monstrous offspring of the ogre typhoeus or of gaia (gaea, earth) herself, the kind he used to bear in the old days of her quarrel with zeus." apollonius rhodius, argonautica 2. 1206 ff : "[argos addresses his fellow argonauts :] ‘it would be no easy thing to take the fleece without permission of aeetes, guarded as it is from every side by such a serpent, a deathless and unsleeping beast, offspring of gaia (gaea, earth) herself. she brought him forth on the slopes of kaukasos (caucasus) by the rock of typhaon (typhoeus). it was there, they say, that typhaon, when he had offered violence to zeus and been struck by his thunder-bolt, dropped warm blood from his head.’" athenaeus, deipnosophistae 78a (trans. gullick) (greek rhetorician c2nd to c3rd a.d.) : "sykeus (syceus), one of the titanes [or gigantes (giants)], was pursued by zeus and taken under the protection of his mother, ge (gaea, earth), and that she caused the plant [the fig-tree] to grow for her son's pleasure." strabo, geography 7. 1. 5 (trans. jones) (greek geographer c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "leuka (leuca) [in italy] is a small town, and in it is to be seen a fountain of malodorous water; the mythical story is told that those of the gigantes (giants) who survived at the kampanian (campanian) phlegra and are called the leuternian gigantes were driven out by herakles (heracles), and on fleeing hither for refuge were shrouded by mother ge (gaea, earth), and the fountain gets its malodorous stream from the ichor of their bodies." pseudo-hyginus, preface (trans. grant) (roman mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "from terra (earth) [gaia] and tartarus [were born], gigantes (giants) : enceladus, coeus, elentes, mophius, astreaus, pelorus, pallas, emphytus, rhoecus, ienios, agrius, alemone, ephialtes, eurytus, effracorydon, theomises, theodamas, otus, typhon, polybotes, menephriarus, abesus, colophonus, iapetus." hyginus, fabulae 152 : "tartarus begat by tartara [gaia (gaea)], typhon [typhoeus], a creature of immense size and fearful shape, who had a hundred draco (dragon) heads springing from his shoulders. he challenged jove [zeus] to see if jove would content with him for the rule. jove struck his breast with a flaming thunderbolt. when it was burning him he put mount etna, which is in sicily, over him. from this it is said to burn still." ovid, metamorphoses 1. 156 ff (trans. melville) (roman epic c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "gigantes (giants), it's said, to win the gods' domain, mountain on mountain reared and reached the stars. then the almighty father (pater omnipotens) hurled his bolt and shattered great olympus and struck down high pelion piled on ossa. there they lay, grim broken bodies crushed in huge collapse, and terra (earth) [gaia], drenched in her children's weltering blood, gave life to that warm gore; and to preserve memorial of her sons refashioned it in human form [another race of man]. but that new stock no less despised the gods and relished cruelty, bloodshed and outrage--born beyond doubt of blood." nonnus, dionysiaca 1. 154 & 1. 415 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "he [zeus] laid his celestial weapons well hidden with his lightning in a deep cavern [while he lay with his lover plouto (pluto)]. from underground the thunderbolts belched out smoke, the white cliff was blackened; hidden sparks from a fire-barbed arrow heated the water-springs; torrents boiling with foam and steam poured down the mygdonian gorge, until it boomed again. then at a nod from his mother, the earth [gaia (gaea)], kilikian (cilician) typhoeus stretched out his hands, and stole the snowy tools of zeus, the tools of fire . . . he [typhoeus] leapt up [on hearing the music of kadmos' (cadmus') pipes] and dragged along his viperish feet; he left in a cave the flaming weapons of zeus with mother gaia (earth) to keep them." nonnus, dionysiaca 2. 540 ff : "now as the son [typhoeus, in his battle against zeus] was scourged with frozen volleys of jagged hailstones, his mother dry gaia (gaea, earth) was beaten too; and seeing the stone bullets and icy points embedded in the gigante's (giant's) flesh, the witness of his fate, she prayed to titan helios (sun) with submissive voice: she begged of him one red hot ray, that with its heating fire she might melt the petrified water of zeus, by pouring his kindred radiance over frozen typhon (typhoeus). she herself melted along with his bruised body; and when she saw his legion of high-clambering hands burnt all round, she besought one of the tempestuous winter's blasts to come for one morning, that he might quench typhon's overpowering thirst by his cool breezes. then kronion (cronion) inclined the equally balanced beam of the fight. but gaia his mother had thrown off her veil of forests with her hand, and just then was grieving to behold typhaon's smoking heads. while his faces were shrivelling, the gigante's knees gave way beneath him; the trumpet of zeus brayed, foretelling victory with a roll of thunder; down fell typhoeus's high-uplifted frame, drunk with the fiery bolt from heaven, stricken with a war-wound of something more than steel, and lay with his back upon gaia (earth) his mother, stretching his snaky limbs in the dust and belching flame." nonnus, dionysiaca 2. 636 ff : "[typhoeus lay defeated at the feet of zeus :] gaia (gaea) tore her rocky tunic and lay there grieving; instead of the shears of mourning, she let the winds beat her breast and shear off a coppice for a curl; so she cut the tresses from her forest-covered head as in the month of leaf-shedding, she tore gullies in her cheeks; gaia wailed, as her river-tears rolled echoing through the swollen torrents of the hills." nonnus, dionysiaca 48. 6 : "[hera] addressed her deceitful prayers to allmother gaia (gaea, earth), drying out upon the doings of zeus and the valour of dionysos, who had destroyed that cloud of numberless earthborn indians; and when the lifebringing mother heard that the son of semele had wiped out the indian nation with speedy fate, she groaned still more thinking of her children. then she armed all around bakkhos (bacchus) the mountainranging tribes of gigantes (giants), earth's own brood, and goaded her own sons to battle : ‘my sons, make your attack with hightowering rocks against clustergarlanded dionysos--catch this indianslayer, this destroyer of my family, this son of zeus, and let me not see him ruling with zeus a bastard monarch of olympos! bind him, bind bakkhos (bacchus) fast, that he may attend in the chamber when i bestow hebe on porphyrion as a wife, and give kythereia (cytherea) [aphrodite] to khthonios (chthonius), when i sing brighteyes [athene] the bedfellow of enkelados (enceladus), and artemis of alkyoneus (alcyoneus). bring dionysos to me, that i may enrage kronion (cronion) [zeus] when he sees lyaios a slave and the captive of my spear. or wound him with cutting steel and kill him for me like zagreus, that one may say, god or mortal, that gaia in her anger has twice armed her slayers against the breed of kronides--the older titanes against the former dionysos [zagreus], the younger gigantes against dionysos later born.’ with these words she excited all the host of the gigantes, and the battalions of the gegenees (earthborn) set forth to war." for more information on the war of the giants see the gigantes for more information on the monster typhoeus see typhoeus gaea mother of sea-gods hesiod, theogony 233 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "and pontos (pontus, sea) begat nereus . . . and yet again he got great thaumas and proud phorkys (phorcys), being mated with gaia (gaea, earth), and fair-cheeked keto (ceto) and eurybia." pseudo-apollodorus, bibliotheca 1. 10 (trans. aldrich) (greek mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "the children of pontos (pontus) and ge (gaea) were phorkos (phorcus), thaumas, nereus, eurybia, and keto (ceto)." pseudo-hyginus, preface (trans. grant) (roman mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "from pontus (sea) and terra (earth) [gaia] [were born] : thaumas, tusciuersus, cepheus." for more information on these sea-gods see nereus, phorkys and keto gaea mother of rustic-gods aeon-uranus, gaea and the carpi, greco-roman mosaic c3rd a.d., glyptothek munich i. corybantes (korybantes), dactyls (daktyloi) & cabiri (kabeiroi) hesiod, theogony 176 ff (trans. evelyn-white) (greek epic c8th or c7th b.c.) : "then the son [kronos (cronus)] from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right took the great long sickle with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his own father's [ouranos' (uranus')] members and cast them away to fall behind him. and not vainly did they fall from his hand; for all the bloody drops that gushed forth gaia (gaea, earth) received, and as the seasons moved round she bare the strong erinyes and the great gigantes (giants) with gleaming armour [probably the kouretes (curetes)] and the nymphai (nymphs) whom they call meliai (meliae) [probably the honey-nymph nurses of zeus] all over the boundless earth." greek lyric v anonymous, fragments 985 (from hippolytus, refutation of all the heresies) (trans. campbell) (greek lyric b.c.) : "ge (gaea, earth), say the greeks, was the first to produce man . . but it is hard to discover whether . . the first of men to appear . . were the idaian kouretes (idaean curetes), divine race, or the phrygian korybantes (corybantes) that the sun first saw shooting up tree-like . . or lemnos to kabeiros (cabirus), fair offspring, in secret rites." strabo, geography 10. 3. 19 (trans. jones) (greek geographer c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "and the author of phoronis speaks of the kouretes (curetes) . . . as ‘earth-born.’" diodorus siculus, library of history 5. 65. 1 (trans. oldfather) (greek historian c1st b.c.) : "nine kouretes (curetes). some writers of myths relate that these gods were born of gaia (gaea, the earth)." ovid, metamorphoses 4. 282 (trans. melville) (roman epic c1st b.c. to c1st a.d.) : "the curetes, sprung from a sharp shower [of rain]." [n.b. the kouretes (curetes) are perhaps here described as being sprung from the bloody shower of rain that fell upon the earth following the castration of ouranos (uranus).] nonnus, dionysiaca 14. 23 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "daktyloi idaioi (idaean dactyls), dwellers on a rocky crag, earthborn korybantes (corybantes), a generation which grew up for rheia selfmade out of the ground in the olden time." for more information on these demi-gods see kouretes and kabeiroi ii. silenus (seilenos) nonnus, dionysiaca 29. 243 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "seilenos (silenus), who himself sprang up out of mother gaia (gaea, earth) unbegotten and self-delivered." for more information on this god see seilenos iii. aristaeus (aristaios) bacchylides, fragment 45 (from scholiast on apollonius of rhodes) (trans. campbell, vol. greek lyric iv) (greek lyric c5th b.c.) : "some authorities give the parentage of four gods called aristaios (aristaeus), as bakkhylides (bacchylides) does : one the son of karystos (carystus) [son of kheiron (chiron)], another the son of khiron (chiron), another the son of ge (gaea) and ouranos (uranus), and one the son of kyrene (cyrene)." for more information on this god see aristaios iv. cyprian centaurs (kentauroi kyprioi) nonnus, dionysiaca 14. 193 ff (trans. rouse) (greek epic c5th a.d.) : "another tribe of twiform kentauroi (centaurs) . . . the kyprian (cyprian). one when kypris (cypris) [aphrodite] fled like the wind from the pursuit of her lascivious father [zeus], that she might not see an unhallowed bedfellow in her own begetter, zeus the father gave up the chase and left the union unattempted, because unwilling aphrodite was too fast and he could not catch her: instead of the kypris' bed, he dropt on the ground the love-shower of seed from the generative plow. gaia (gaea, earth) received kronion's (cronion's) fruitful dew, and shot up a strange-looking horned generation." nonnus, dionysiaca 32. 65 : "i [zeus] desired the paphian [aphrodite], for whose sake i dropt seed in the furrow of the plowland and begat the kentauroi (centaurs)." for more information on these fertility-spirits see kentauroi kyprioi v. mount etna (aitna) simonides, fragment 52 (from scholiast on theocritus 1. 65) (trans. campbell, vol. greek lyric iii) (greek lyric c6th - 5th b.c.) : "aitna is a mountain in sikelia (sicily), named after aitna (etna), daughter of ouranos (uranus, heaven) and ge (gaea, earth), according to alkimos (alcimus) in his work on sikelia (sicily)." for more information on this mountain-goddess see aitna gaea mother of daemones (spirits) pseudo-hyginus, preface (trans. grant) (roman mythographer c2nd a.d.) : "from aether (light) and terra (earth) [gaia] [were born] : dolor (grief), dolus (deceit), ira (wrath), luctus (lamentation), mendacium (falsehood), jusiurandum (oath), vltio (vengeance), intemperantia (intemperance), altercatio (altercation), obliuio (forgetfulness), socordia (sloth), timor (fear), superbia (pride), incestum (incest), pugna (combat). [from caelum-ouranos and terra-gaia ? were birn :] oceanus, themis, tartarus, pontus; and titanes : briareus, gyes, steropes, atlas, hyperion and polus [koios (coeus)], saturnus [kronos (cronus)], ops [rhea], moneta [mnemosyne], dione; and three furiae (furies) [erinyes], namely alecto, megaera, tisiphone." virgil, aeneid 4. 174 (trans. day-lewis) (roman epic c1st b.c.) : "fama (rumour) [pheme], the swiftest traveller of all the ills on earth, thriving on movement, gathering strength as it goes; at the start a small and cowardly thing, it soon puffs itself up, and walking upon the ground, buries its head in the cloud base. the legend is that enraged with the gods, terra (earth) [gaia (gaea)] produced this creature her last child, as a sister to enceladus and coeus--a swift-footed creature, a winged angel of ruin, a terrible grotesque monster, each feather upon whose body--incredible though it sounds--has a sleepless eye beneath it, and for every eye she has also a tongue, a voice, and a pricked ear." ancient greek & roman art sources (all gaea pages) greek roman hyginus, fabulae - latin mythography c2nd a.d. hyginus, astronomica - latin mythography c2nd a.d. ovid, metamorphoses - latin epic c1st b.c. - c1st a.d. ovid, fasti - latin poetry c1st b.c. - c1st a.d. virgil, aeneid - latin epic c1st b.c. statius, thebaid - latin epic c1st a.d. byzantine suidas, the suda - byzantine greek lexicon c10th a.d. other sources other references not currently quoted here: dionysius of halicarnassus roman antiquities 1.27.1, philostratus life of apollonius of tyana 6.39, thucydides 2.15, et. al. bibliography a complete bibliography of the translations quoted on this page.

baɪ pɔl ˈkɛnədi @pkedit*, dɛk 14 2012 [ˈθərˈtin fər 13 ˈændru ˈfɛrɪl pruvz ju doʊnt hæv tɪ groʊ əp ɪn ə ˈsɑkər ˈhɑtˌbɛd ər pleɪ ɪn ə ˈbɪgˌtaɪm juθ ˈproʊˌgræm tɪ meɪk ɪt. fju hərd əv ɪm ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv haɪ skul ɪn ˈluiˌvɪl. ðə sən əv ˌprɛzbɪˈtɪriən ˈmɪʃəˌnɛriz hu spɛnt moʊst əv hɪz ˈʧaɪlˌdhʊd ɪn pəru, ˈfɛrɪl ɪz prɑˈʤɛktəd ɛz ðə noʊ. 1 pɪk ɪn ðə 2013 aʊt əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈluiˌvɪl ɪf hi saɪnz ə ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əˈdidəs ˈkɑnˌtrækt. ˈsɑkər həz bɪn pɑrt əv ˈfɛrɪlz laɪf sɪns hi muvd wɪθ hɪz ˈfæməli tɪ pəru æt ðə eɪʤ əv 5 bət ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz ˈsɑfˌmɔr jɪr ɪn haɪ skul, hɪz ˈfæməli muvd tɪ ˈluiˌvɪl, wɛr hɪz ˈfɑðər, ˈhəntər, gɑt ə ʤɑb ɛz dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˌprɛzbɪˈtɪriən wərld ˈmɪʃən. ðə əˈʤəstmənt wɑz təf fər ˈændru, bət hi woʊnt treɪd fər ə ˈmɪnət ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns. hi dɪˈvɛləpt hɪz ˈsɑkər skɪlz ɪn ðə strits əv ˈlimə, wɛr goʊlz wər fɔr rɑks. ənd hi ˈlərnɪd ˈvæljəbəl laɪf skɪlz. bɛst pɑrt əˈbaʊt biɪŋ frəm pəru ɪz ðət aɪ kən rɪˈleɪt tɪ lɑts əv ˈdɪfərənt cultures,”*,” ˈfɛrɪl toʊld ðə louisvillecardinal.com*. noʊ, aɪ kən spik ˈspænɪʃ. ənd aɪ noʊ wət laɪk tɪ kəm tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts frəm ˈsəmˌwɛr else.”*.” ðə bɪg juθ kləb ɪn ˈluiˌvɪl ɪn ˈfɛrɪlz juθ deɪz wɑz javanon*, ə ˈnæʃənəl ˈfaɪnəlɪst ɪn ɪts eɪʤ grup, bət hi pleɪd æt juˈnaɪtɪd 1996, wɛr ðə stɑr wɑz ˈsəni ʤeɪn, naʊ æt ˈmɛrələnd. ɪt ˈwəzənt ənˈtɪl hi wɑz hɪz ˈsinjər jɪr æt ˈæθərtən haɪ skul ðət hi gɑt ə ʧæns tɪ pleɪ ɔn ðə ˈnæʃənəl steɪʤ, biɪŋ səˈlɛktɪd tɪ pleɪ ɪn ðə 2009 ˈoʊˈdiˈpi interregionals*. ˈæftər haɪ skul, ˈfɛrɪl steɪd kloʊz tɪ hoʊm, ɛnˈroʊlɪŋ æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈluiˌvɪl, wɛr hi ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli stʊd aʊt. ɪt ˈwəzənt hɑrd kənˈsɪdərɪŋ hi wɔr ənd spoʊk ˈmoʊstli ˈspænɪʃ ɔn ðə ˈsɑkər fild. ˈluiˌvɪl wɑz ˈloʊdɪd hɪz ˈfrɛʃmən jɪr, goʊɪŋ ənˈbitən ɪn 23 geɪmz ˌbiˈfɔr ˈluzɪŋ tɪ ˈækrən, ɪn ðə 2010 ˈkɑlɪʤ kəp ˈfaɪnəl. ˈsaɪˌdlaɪnd ˈərli ɪn ðə ˈsizən, bət ɪt dɪd nɑt gɪt ɪm daʊn, ənd hi wɑz ˌɪnˈsərtɪd ˈɪntu ðə ˈstɑrtɪŋ ˈlaɪˌnəp fər ðə fərst geɪm əv ðə ˈtʊrnəmənt ənd steɪd ðɛr. ˈhæfˈweɪ θru hɪz ˈsɑfˌmɔr ˈsizən, ˈfɛrɪl muvd frəm tɪ ðə backline*, wɛr hi həz pleɪd ˈɛvər sɪns. hi wɑz neɪmd ðə 2012 bɪg ist dɪˈfɛnsɪv pleɪər əv ðə jɪr ənd bɪˈkeɪm ˈoʊnli ðə ˈsɛkənd ˈluiˌvɪl pleɪər tɪ ərn ˈɑnərz. tərˈɑntoʊ hoʊldz ðə noʊ. 1 ənd noʊ. 3 pɪks ɪn ðə, ðoʊ ɪt ɪz bɪˈlivd tɪ bi ˈʃɑpɪŋ ðə noʊ. 1 pɪk əraʊnd tɪ si wət ɪt kʊd gɪt fər ˈfɛrɪl, kənˈsɪdərd baɪ ˈmɛni ðə tɔp ˈprɑspɛkt ɪn ə grup dɪˈlutəd baɪ ðə groʊɪŋ ˈnəmbər əv pleɪərz huz raɪts ər taɪd əp baɪ ðə kləbz fər wɪʧ ðeɪ pleɪd əˈkædəmi bɔl. ˈfɛrɪl, wən əv ˈoʊnli ə ˈhændˌfʊl əv ˌəndərˈklæsmɛn həz rɪˈpɔrtədli ˈɔfərd ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əˈdidəs ˈkɑnˌtrækts tɪ, ˈfɑloʊz ɪn ðə ˈfʊtˌstɛps əv 2012 ˈrʊki əv ðə jɪr ˈɔstən ˈbɛri (ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ faɪər) ənd ˈrənərˌəp nɪk ˈdɛliən (d.c*. juˈnaɪtɪd), hu boʊθ ˈfɪnɪʃt əp æt ˈluiˌvɪl ɪn 2011 ˈθərˈtin fər 13 2 ˈæʃtən ˈbɛnɪt (ˈkoʊstəl ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə) 1 wɪl træp (ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv wɪθ kəˈləmbəs kru)

by paul kennedy @pkedit, dec 14, 2012 [thirteen for '13] andrew farrell proves you don't have to grow up in a soccer hotbed or play in a big-time youth program to make it. few heard of him coming out of high school in louisville. the son of presbyterian missionaries who spent most of his childhood in peru, farrell is projected as the no. 1 pick in the 2013 mls superdraft out of the university of louisville if he signs a generation adidas contract. soccer has been part of farrell's life since he moved with his family to peru at the age of 5. but before his sophomore year in high school, his family moved to louisville, where his father, hunter, got a job as director of the presbyterian world mission. the adjustment was tough for andrew, but he won't trade for a minute the experience. he developed his soccer skills in the streets of lima, where goals were four rocks. and he learned valuable life skills. “the best part about being from peru is that i can relate to lots of different cultures,” farrell told the louisvillecardinal.com. “you know, i can speak spanish. and i know what it’s like to come to the united states from somewhere else.” the big youth club in louisville in farrell's youth days was javanon, a two-time national finalist in its age group, but he played at united 1996 fc, where the star was sunny jane, now at maryland. it wasn't until he was his senior year at atherton high school that he got a chance to play on the national stage, being selected to play in the 2009 usys odp interregionals. after high school, farrell stayed close to home, enrolling at the university of louisville, where he immediately stood out. it wasn't hard considering he wore shoulder-length dreadlocks and spoke mostly spanish on the soccer field. louisville was loaded his freshman year, going unbeaten in 23 games before losing to akron, 1-0, in the 2010 college cup final. mononucleosis sidelined early in the season, but it did not get him down, and he was inserted into the starting lineup for the first game of the ncaa tournament and stayed there. halfway through his sophomore season, farrell moved from midfield to the backline, where he has played ever since. he was named the 2012 big east defensive player of the year and became only the second louisville player to earn nscaa first-team all-american honors. toronto fc holds the no. 1 and no. 3 picks in the mls superdraft, though it is believed to be shopping the no. 1 pick around to see what it could get for farrell, considered by many the top prospect in a superdraft group diluted by the growing number of players whose rights are tied up by the mls clubs for which they played academy ball. farrell, one of only a handful of underclassmen mls has reportedly offered generation adidas contracts to, follows in the footsteps of 2012 mls rookie of the year austin berry (chicago fire) and runner-up nick deleon (d.c. united), who both finished up at louisville in 2011. thirteen for '13: 2. ashton bennett (coastal carolina) 1. wil trapp (university of akron-signed with columbus crew)

ə lɑrʤ ˈnəmbər əv ˈdɑlfənz hæv wɑʃt əˈʃɔr dɛd ɔn ðə koʊst sɪns ˈərli ˌʤuˈlaɪ. ˌhɑnəˈlulu (ˌeɪˈpi) ˈneɪvi ˈtreɪnɪŋ ənd ˈtɛstɪŋ kʊd ˌɪnədˈvərtəntli kɪl ˈhənərdz əv weɪlz ənd ˈdɑlfənz ənd ˈɪnʤər ˈθaʊzənz ˈoʊvər ðə nɛkst faɪv jɪrz, ˈmoʊstli ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ˈdɛtəˌneɪtɪŋ ɪkˈsploʊsɪvz ˈəndərˌwɔtər, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ tu ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˌɪmˈpækt ˈsteɪtmənts riˈlist baɪ ðə ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈfraɪˌdeɪ. ðə ˈneɪvi sɛd ðət ðə ˈstədiz ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn ˈwɔtərz ɔf ðə ist koʊst, ðə gəlf əv ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə ənd həˈwaɪˌi frəm 2014 θru 2019 ðə meɪn ˈɛriəz ðət ðə ˈsərvɪs brænʧ tɛsts ɪkˈwɪpmənt ənd treɪnz ˈseɪlərz. ðə ˈstədiz wər dən əˈhɛd əv ðə ˈneɪvi əˈplaɪɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈnæʃənəl mərˈin ˈfɪʃəriz ˈsərvɪs fər ˈpərˌmɪts fər ɪts ækˈtɪvɪtiz. ðə ˈneɪvi sɛd ðət ɪt ɪf ˈhædənt dən soʊ ənd wɑz ˈleɪtər faʊnd tɪ hæv hɑrmd mərˈin ˈmæməlz, ɪt wʊd bi faʊnd ɪn vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv ˈfɛdərəl ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl lɔ ənd hæv tɪ stɑp ɪts ˈtreɪnɪŋ ənd ˈtɛstɪŋ. moʊst əv ðə dɛθs wʊd kəm frəm ɪkˈsploʊsɪvz, ðoʊ səm maɪt kəm frəm ˈtɛstɪŋ ˈsoʊnɑr ər ˈænəməlz biɪŋ hɪt baɪ ʃɪps. rɪr adm*. ˈkɛvɪn sleɪts, ðə ˈneɪviz ˈɛnərʤi ənd ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈrɛdinəs dɪˈvɪʒən dɪˈrɛktər, toʊld rɪˈpɔrtərz ðɪs wik ðə ˈneɪvi ˈjuzɪz ˈsɪmjəˌleɪtərz wɛr ˈpɑsəbəl bət ˈseɪlərz məst tɛst ənd treɪn ɪn ˈriˌllaɪf kənˈdɪʃənz. "wɪˈθaʊt ðɪs ˌriəˈlɪstɪk ˈtɛstɪŋ ənd ˈtreɪnɪŋ, ɑr ˈseɪlərz kænt dɪˈvɛləp ər meɪnˈteɪn ðə ˈkrɪtɪkəl skɪlz ðeɪ nid ər ɪnˈʃʊr ðə nu tɛkˈnɑləʤiz kən bi ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd ˈifɛktɪvli," sleɪts sɛd ɪn ə ˈkɑnfərəns kɔl wɪθ rɪˈpɔrtərz ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə rɪˈpɔrts, kəmˈpjutər ˈmɑdəlz ʃoʊ ɪt meɪ kɪl 186 weɪlz ənd ˈdɑlfənz ɔf ðə ist koʊst ənd 155 ɔf həˈwaɪˌi ənd ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə. ðə ˈneɪvi sɛd ɪt dɪˈvɛləpt ðə ˈɛstəˌmeɪts baɪ ˈtoʊtəlɪŋ ðə aʊərz ɪt wɪl tɛst ənd ˈpræktɪs wɪθ ˈsoʊnɑr, tɔrˈpidoʊz, ˈmɪsəlz, ɪkˈsploʊsɪvz ənd ˈəðər ɪkˈwɪpmənt ˈoʊvər faɪv jɪrz. ˈɛkspərts ðɛn ˈkɑmbaɪn ðə ˈdætə wɪθ wəts noʊn əˈbaʊt ðə mərˈin ˈmæməlz ənd ðɛn juz kəmˈpjutər ˈmɑdəlɪŋ. ɔf ðə ist koʊst, ðɛr kʊd bi ˈsɪriəs ˈɪnʤəriz ənd ˈmɪljən ˈmaɪnər ˈɪnʤəriz laɪk ˈtɛmpərˌɛri ˈhirɪŋ lɔs. ðə rɪˈpɔrts sɛd ðə ˈtɛstɪŋ ənd ˈtreɪnɪŋ maɪt ˈɔlsoʊ kɔz mərˈin ˈmæməlz tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ðɛr bɪˈheɪvjər səʧ ɛz sˈwɪmɪŋ ɪn ə ˈdɪfərənt dɪˈrɛkʃɪn ɪn 20 ˈmɪljən ˈɪnstənsɪz. ɔf həˈwaɪˌi ənd ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə, ðə rɪˈpɔrts sɛd ðət ðə ˈneɪvəl ækˈtɪvɪtiz meɪ kɔz ˈsɪriəs ˈɪnʤəriz, ˈmɪljən ˈtɛmpərˌɛri ˈɪnʤəriz ənd ˈmɪljən ˈɪnstənsɪz əv bɪˈheɪvjərəl ʧeɪnʤ. bət ˈmaɪkəl, ˈsinjər ˈpɑləsi ˈænəlɪst æt ðə ˈnæʧərəl ˈrisɔrsɪz dɪˈfɛns ˈkaʊnsəl, sɛd ðə ˈneɪvi wɑz ˌəndərˈɛstɪˌmeɪtɪŋ ðə ˈifɛkt ɪts ækˈtɪvɪtiz ɔn mərˈin ˈmæməlz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, hi ˈpɔɪntɪd tɪ ə ˈstədi baɪ ˈgəvərnmənt ənd ˈpraɪvət ˈsɛktər ˈsaɪəntɪsts ˈpəblɪʃt ʤɪst læst mənθ ɪn ðə ˈʤərnəl prəˈsidɪŋz əv ðə rɔɪəl soʊˈsaɪɪti ʃoʊɪŋ ˈæktɪv ˈsoʊnɑr kən dɪsˈrəpt blu weɪl ˈfidɪŋ. ðə ˈstədi sɪz ˈfidɪŋ dɪsˈrəpʃənz ənd ðə ˈmuvmənt əv weɪlz əˈweɪ frəm ðɛr preɪ kʊd sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli əˈfɛkt ðə hɛlθ əv ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl weɪlz ənd ðə ˈoʊvərˌɔl hɛlθ əv bəˈlin weɪl ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz. sɛd ðə ˈneɪviz ˈoʊʃən ækˈtɪvɪtiz ər "ˈsɪmpli nɑt səˈsteɪnəbəl." "ðiz sˈmɔlər dɪsˈrəpʃənz ʃɔrt əv dɛθ ər ðɛmˈsɛlvz əˈkjumjəˌleɪtɪŋ ˈɪntu ˈsəmθɪŋ laɪk dɛθ fər ˈspiʃiz ənd dɛθ fər ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz," sɛd. wən əv ðə ˈsteɪtmənts ˈkəvərz həˈwaɪˌi ənd ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə, waɪl ðə ˈəðər ˈkəvərz ðə ist koʊst ənd gəlf əv ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ. həˈwaɪˌi ənd ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə ˈtreɪnɪŋ ənd ˈtɛstɪŋ aɪz: əˈtlæntɪk flit ˈtreɪnɪŋ ənd ˈtɛstɪŋ aɪz:

a large number of bottlenose dolphins have washed ashore dead on the mid-atlantic coast since early july. honolulu (ap) — navy training and testing could inadvertently kill hundreds of whales and dolphins and injure thousands over the next five years, mostly as a result of detonating explosives underwater, according to two environmental impact statements released by the military friday. the navy said that the studies focused on waters off the east coast, the gulf of mexico, southern california and hawaii from 2014 through 2019, the main areas that the service branch tests equipment and trains sailors. the studies were done ahead of the navy applying to the national marine fisheries service for permits for its activities. the navy said that it if hadn't done so and was later found to have harmed marine mammals, it would be found in violation of federal environmental law and have to stop its training and testing. most of the deaths would come from explosives, though some might come from testing sonar or animals being hit by ships. rear adm. kevin slates, the navy's energy and environmental readiness division director, told reporters this week the navy uses simulators where possible but sailors must test and train in real-life conditions. "without this realistic testing and training, our sailors can't develop or maintain the critical skills they need or ensure the new technologies can be operated effectively," slates said in a conference call with reporters on wednesday. according to the reports, computer models show it may kill 186 whales and dolphins off the east coast and 155 off hawaii and southern california. the navy said it developed the estimates by totaling the hours it will test and practice with sonar, torpedoes, missiles, explosives and other equipment over five years. experts then combine the data with what's known about the marine mammals and then use computer modeling. off the east coast, there could be 11,267 serious injuries and 1.89 million minor injuries like temporary hearing loss. the reports said the testing and training might also cause marine mammals to change their behavior — such as swimming in a different direction — in 20 million instances. off hawaii and southern california, the reports said that the naval activities may cause 2,039 serious injuries, 1.86 million temporary injuries and 7.7 million instances of behavioral change. but michael jasny, senior policy analyst at the natural resources defense council, said the navy was underestimating the effect its activities on marine mammals. for example, he pointed to a study by government and private sector scientists published just last month in the journal proceedings of the royal society showing mid-frequency active sonar can disrupt blue whale feeding. the study says feeding disruptions and the movement of whales away from their prey could significantly affect the health of individual whales and the overall health of baleen whale populations. jasny said the navy's ocean activities are "simply not sustainable." "these smaller disruptions short of death are themselves accumulating into something like death for species and death for populations," jasny said. one of the statements covers hawaii and southern california, while the other covers the east coast and gulf of mexico. ___ hawaii and southern california training and testing eis: www.hstteis.com atlantic fleet training and testing eis: www.aftteis.com

ˈfɔrmər ˈʧeɪni ʧif əv stæf kænt faɪnd ə ʤɑb ʤɑn bərn ˈpəblɪʃt: ˈmənˌdeɪ mɑrʧ 9 2009 prɪnt ðɪs iˈmeɪl ðɪs ˈprɑmənənt bʊʃ ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əˈfɪʃəlz hu hɛlpt ðə ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈprɑpəˌgeɪt ˈdubiəs ˈligəl əˈpɪnjənz ˈʤəstəˌfaɪɪŋ ðə əˈlɛʤd ˈtɔrʧər əv ˈjuˈɛs ˈprɪzənərz kənˈtɪnju tɪ bi ˈpənɪʃt baɪ prəˈspɛktɪv ɪmˈplɔɪərz. waɪl ðoʊz hu lɛft ˌbiˈfɔr ðɛr ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˈtɔrʧər əˈpɪnjənz keɪm tɪ laɪt hæv ˈmænɪʤd tɪ snæg pəˈzɪʃənz ɪn ðə ˈpraɪvət ˈsɛktər, ðoʊz hu bɪˈgæn ðɛr sərʧ ˈæftərwərd ər stɪl ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ʤɑbz. ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ʧif əv stæf tɪ vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt dɪk ˈʧeɪni. ˈdeɪvɪd ˈædɪŋtən, pərˈhæps ðə moʊst ˈprɑmənənt ˈmɛmbər əv ˈʧeɪniz ˈɪnər ˈsərkəl ˈæftər ˈskutər ˈlɪˌbi ˈʧeɪniz tɔp ˈstæfər ənˈtɪl hi wɑz ˌɪnˈdaɪtɪd ɔn ˈpərʤəri ˈʧɑrʤɪz ɪn ðə siaɪeɪ lik keɪs ˈædɪŋtən ɪz sin ɛz wən əv ðə ʧif ˈɑrkəˌtɛkts əv ˈbʊʃɪz "ˈtɔrʧər ˈdɔktərɪn." ɪn ə ˌʤuˈlaɪ 2006 nu ˈjɔrkər pis, ˈvɛtərən rɪˈpɔrtər ʤeɪn meɪər pʊt ˈædɪŋtən æt ðə kɔr əv ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl bʊʃ ˈpɑləsiz ənd ˈskɛʧi ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əˈtɛmpts tɪ əˈvɔɪd ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl lɔ. ˈædɪŋtən pleɪd "ə ˈsɛntrəl roʊl ɪn ˈʃeɪpɪŋ ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz ˈligəl ˈstrætəʤi fər ðə wɔr ɔn ˈtɛrər," meɪər roʊt. "noʊn ɛz ðə nu ˈpɛrəˌdaɪm, ðɪs ˈstrætəʤi rɛsts ɔn ə ˈrɛdɪŋ əv ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən ðət fju ˈligəl ˈskɑlərz share—namely*, ðət ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt, ɛz commander-in-chief*, həz ðə əˈθɔrəti tɪ ˌdɪsrɪˈgɑrd ˈvərʧuəli ɔl ˈpriviəsli noʊn ˈligəl ˈbaʊndəriz, ɪf ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti dɪˈmændz ɪt. "ˈəndər ðɪs ˈfreɪmˌwərk, ˈstæʧuts proʊˈhɪbətɪŋ ˈtɔrʧər, ˈsikrɪt dɪˈtɛnʃən, ənd ˈwɔrəntləs sərˈveɪləns hæv bɪn sɛt əˈsaɪd. ə ˈfɔrmər ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ˈlɔjər hu wərkt ɪkˈstɛnsɪvli ɔn ˈɪʃuz sɛd ðət ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz ˈligəl pəˈzɪʃənz wər, tɪ ə rɪˈmɑrkəbəl dɪˈgri, 'ɔl ˈædɪŋtən.' əˈnəðər ˈlɔjər, ˈrɪʧərd ɛl. shiffrin*, hu ənˈtɪl 2003 wɑz ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑnz ˈdɛpjəti ˈʤɛnərəl ˈkaʊnsəl fər ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns, sɛd ðət ˈædɪŋtən wɑz 'ən fɔrs.'" ɪn ðə seɪm ˈɑrtɪkəl, ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈkoʊlɪn ˈpɑwɛl wɑz kˈwoʊtɪd ɛz seɪɪŋ, "hi ˈdəzənt kɛr əˈbaʊt ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən." ˈpɑwɛl sɔ ˈædɪŋtən ɛz biɪŋ æt ðə ˈsɛnər əv ðə bʊʃ ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz ˈwɔrəntləs ˈwaɪərˌtæpɪŋ ˈproʊˌgræm, wɪʧ moʊst ˈligəl ˈskɑlərz ˈɑrgju ʃʊd hæv gɔn θru ðə ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns sərˈveɪləns ækt kɔrt. ˈædɪŋtən ˈɪzənt ðə ˈoʊnli ˈsinjər bʊʃ əˈfɪʃəl hu kænt faɪnd ə ʤɑb. ælˈbərtoʊ gɑnˈzɑləs, ˈbʊʃɪz ˈwənˈtaɪm əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl, ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlʊkɪŋ fər wərk. gɑnˈzɑləs rɪˈzaɪnd ˈæftər ˌrɛvəˈleɪʃənz ðət hɪz dɪˈpɑrtmənt hæd faɪərd ˈjuˈɛs əˈtərniz fər əˈpɛrənt pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈrizənz. gɑnˈzɑləs, hu əˈpruvd ə 2002 ˈmɛˌmoʊ ðət geɪv siaɪeɪ ˌɪnˈtɛrəˌgeɪtərz ðə ˈgəvərnmənts ˈblɛsɪŋ tɪ ˈkɑndəkt tɛkˈniks ˈpriviəsli tɪ bi ˈtɔrʧər, toʊld ðə wɔl strit ˈʤərnəl læst mənθ ðət hi wɑz əv ðə ˈmɛni ˈkæʒəwəltiz əv ðə wɔr ɔn terror.”*.” gɑnˈzɑləs ˈɔlsoʊ ʧɛrd ˈmitɪŋz ɔn ðə ˈɪʃu. ˈʤɛnərəl ˈkaʊnsəl ˈwɪljəm ˈɔlsoʊ ˈkʊdənt faɪnd ə ʤɑb fər ˈnɪrli ə jɪr ˈæftər ˈlivɪŋ ˈɔfəs, ənd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli tʊk ə poʊst wɪθ ˈʃɛvrən, ðə taɪmz sɛd. ˈəðərz, hu lɛft ˌbiˈfɔr ˈditeɪlz əv ðɛr pɑrˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən ɪn ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃənz əˈtɛmpts tɪ ˈʤəstəˌfaɪ ˈtɔrʧər, hæd ˈbɛtər lək. ʤɑn ju, ə bʊʃ ˈlɔjər, rɪˈtərnd tɪ hɪz ˈtɛnjərd prəˈfɛsərˌʃɪp æt ˈbərkli lɔ skul ɪn 2003 hɪz æt ðə ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt wɑz kənˈfərmd tɪ ə ˈfɛdərəl əˈpilz kɔrt sit fər laɪf ðə seɪm jɪr. ən ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd 70 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈfɔrmər bʊʃ əˈfɪʃəlz hu ər ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ˈfʊlˌtaɪm wərk stɪl ˈhævənt faʊnd nu ʤɑbz, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ən ˈɑrtɪkəl ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri baɪ ðə wɔl st*. ˈʤərnəl. "ðət 'ɪz məʧ, məʧ wərs' ðən wɪn ˈrɑnəld ˈrigən, ʤɔrʤ h.w*. bʊʃ ənd bɪl ˈklɪntən lɛft ðə waɪt haʊs," ˈkɑrloʊs ɛm. guˈtjɛrɛz, hu sərvd ɛz ˈbʊʃɪz ˈkɑmərs ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri, toʊld ðə ˈpeɪpər. fər ˈmɛni, ðə trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈrɛfjuʤ əv kənˈsərvətɪv θɪŋk tæŋks ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, d.c*. həz bɪˈkəm ə fɔrt nɑks, wɪθ ˈɔlˌmoʊst noʊ pəˈzɪʃənz əˈveɪləbəl, ənd ˈsərtənli nɑt fər bʊʃ əˈfɪʃəlz. ðə θɪŋk tæŋks "læk ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈhaɪrɪŋ ˌhaɪˈproʊfaɪl rɪˈpəblɪkənz wɪn ˈdɛməˌkræts kənˈtroʊl ðə waɪt haʊs ənd ˈkɑŋgrəs," sɛd ðə ˈʤərnəl. "ˈmɪstər. ˈbʊʃɪz loʊ əˈpruvəl ˈreɪtɪŋz æt ðə ɛnd əv hɪz tərm doʊnt hɛlp, sɛd ˈlɛnərd ˈfaɪfər iv*, ə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən rɪˈkrutər fər ˈnɑnˈprɑfɪts." "ə ˈhændˌfʊl əv bʊʃ ˈkæbənət ˈɔfɪsərz hæv ækˈsɛptɪd ˌækəˈdɛmɪk əˈpɔɪntmənts," ðə ˈpeɪpər sɛd. "ˈfɔrmər ˈtrɛʒəri ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri ˈhɛnri ˈpɔlsən ʤɔɪnd ʤɑnz ˈhɑpkɪnz ˌjunəˈvərsətiz pɔl eɪʧ. ˈnɪtsi skul əv ədˈvænst ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈstədiz ɛz ə ˈfɛloʊ. raɪs, ˈpriviəsli ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt, rɪˈzumd hər ˈstænfərd ˌjunəˈvərsəti roʊlz ɛz ə prəˈfɛsər ənd ˈsinjər ˈfɛloʊ æt ɪts ˈhuvər ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən θɪŋk tæŋk." gɪt rɑ ɪkˈsklusɪvz ɛz ðeɪ breɪk iˈmeɪl ˈmoʊbəl iˈmeɪl ˈnɛvər spæm:

former cheney chief of staff can't find a job john byrne published: monday march 9, 2009 print this email this prominent bush administration officials who helped the former president propagate dubious legal opinions justifying the alleged torture of us prisoners continue to be punished by prospective employers. while those who left before their so-called torture opinions came to light have managed to snag positions in the private sector, those who began their search afterward are still looking for jobs. including the chief of staff to vice president dick cheney. david addington, perhaps the most prominent member of cheney's inner circle after scooter libby -- cheney's top staffer until he was indicted on perjury charges in the cia leak case -- addington is seen as one of the chief architects of bush's "torture doctrine." in a july 2006 new yorker piece, veteran reporter jane mayer put addington at the core of controversial bush policies -- and sketchy administration attempts to avoid constitutional law. addington played "a central role in shaping the administration's legal strategy for the war on terror," mayer wrote. "known as the new paradigm, this strategy rests on a reading of the constitution that few legal scholars share—namely, that the president, as commander-in-chief, has the authority to disregard virtually all previously known legal boundaries, if national security demands it. "under this framework, statutes prohibiting torture, secret detention, and warrantless surveillance have been set aside. a former high-ranking administration lawyer who worked extensively on national-security issues said that the administration's legal positions were, to a remarkable degree, 'all addington.' another lawyer, richard l. shiffrin, who until 2003 was the pentagon's deputy general counsel for intelligence, said that addington was 'an unopposable force.'" in the same article, former secretary of state colin powell was quoted as saying, "he doesn't care about the constitution." powell saw addington as being at the center of the bush administration's warrantless wiretapping program, which most legal scholars argue should have gone through the foreign intelligence surveillance act court. addington isn't the only senior bush official who can't find a job. alberto gonzales, bush's onetime attorney general, is also looking for work. gonzales resigned after revelations that his department had fired us attorneys for apparent political reasons. gonzales, who approved a 2002 memo that gave cia interrogators the government's blessing to conduct techniques previously to be torture, told the wall street journal last month that he was “one of the many casualties of the war on terror.” gonzales also chaired meetings on the issue. ex-pentagon general counsel william heyes also couldn't find a job for nearly a year after leaving office, and eventually took a post with chevron, the times said. others, who left before details of their participation in the administration's attempts to justify torture, had better luck. john yoo, a bush lawyer, returned to his tenured professorship at berkeley law school in 2003; his ex-boss at the justice department was confirmed to a federal appeals court seat -- for life -- the same year. an estimated 70 percent of former bush officials who are looking for full-time work still haven't found new jobs, according to an article published in february by the wall st. journal. "that 'is much, much worse' than when ronald reagan, george h.w. bush and bill clinton left the white house," carlos m. gutierrez, who served as bush's commerce secretary, told the paper. for many, the traditional refuge of conservative think tanks in washington, d.c. has become a fort knox, with almost no positions available, and certainly not for lower-rung bush officials. the think tanks "lack interest in hiring high-profile republicans when democrats control the white house and congress," said the journal. "mr. bush's low approval ratings at the end of his term don't help, said leonard pfeiffer iv, a washington recruiter for nonprofits." "a handful of bush cabinet officers have accepted academic appointments," the paper said. "former treasury secretary henry paulson joined johns hopkins university's paul h. nitze school of advanced international studies as a fellow. condoleezza rice, previously secretary of state, resumed her stanford university roles as a political-science professor and senior fellow at its hoover institution think tank." get raw exclusives as they break -- email & mobile email - never spam:

wət blɪs ɪt wɑz tɪ bi əˈlaɪv. ˈrɑnəld ˈrigən wɑz ˌɪgˈnɔrɪŋ ðə ˈbəʤɪt ˈdɛfəsət, ðə mərˈinz wər ˈbutɪŋ ˈkɑmjənəsts aʊt əv grɪˈnɑdə ənd ðə ˈʧɪkən wɑz fərst klæspt bɪtˈwin ðə θəm ənd ˈfɔrˌfɪŋgər əv ə dɪˈlaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃən. ɛz ɪˈlɛkʃənz əˈproʊʧ, ənd wɪθ ðɛm ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ðə ˈsɛnɪt ˈflɪpɪŋ frəm ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk tɪ rɪˈpəblɪkən kənˈtroʊl, kip 1983 ɪn maɪnd. əˈmɛrɪkə ðət jɪr wɑz 77 waɪt, ə prəˈpɔrʃən ðət həz sɪns dɪˈklaɪnd ˈræpədli ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv bərθs tɪ ˈnɑnˈwaɪts ənd ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən (si ʧɑrt). ðət ˈnəmbər, 77 ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ðə ʃɛr əv voʊts kæst baɪ waɪts ɪn 2010 ðə moʊst ˈrisənt ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˈreɪʃəli, ˈvoʊtərz læg ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪn ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən baɪ əˈbaʊt 20 jɪrz ənd ðə ˈkəntri ɛz ə hoʊl baɪ ˈnɪrli 30 gɪt ɑr ˈdeɪli ˈnuzˌlɛtər ˈəpˈgreɪd jʊr ənd gɪt ɑr ˈdeɪli dɪˈspæʧ ənd ˈɛdɪtərz pɪks. dɪˈmɑgrəfi dɪz nɑt trænzˈleɪt ˈnitli ˈɪntu ˈpɑləˌtɪks. boʊθ ˈhɛnri ˈwæksmən, ə ˈvɛtərən ˈlɪˌbərəl frəm ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə, ənd ˈɛrɪk ˈkæntər, ə vərˈʤɪnjə ˈkɑŋgrəsmən hu ənˈtɪl ˈrisəntli wɑz ə kənˈsərvətɪv pin-up*, heɪl frəm ˈdɪstrɪkts ðət ər ˈmɪnɪˌʧʊr ˈvərʒənz əv ðə ɪˈlɛktərət. bət əv ðə ˈdɪstrɪkts ðət ˈkləstər əraʊnd ðə mɑrk, moʊst ər hɛld baɪ rɪˈpəblɪkənz. ɪf ˈvoʊtərz ər, ɪn ˈreɪʃəl tərmz, pæst ðɛn ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɔfər ə glɪmps əv ɪts fˈjuʧər. ˈvoʊtərz ər ˌdɪsprəˈpɔrʃənətli oʊld: ə kˈwɔrtər əv ðoʊz hu toʊld ðə ˈsɛnsəs ˈbjʊroʊ ðət ðeɪ ˈvoʊtɪd ɪn 2010 wər ˈoʊvər 65 ðoʊ ˈoʊnli 13 əv əˈmɛrɪkənz hæv ðət dɪˈstɪŋkʃən. ɪn tərmz əv eɪʤ, ðə ˈkəntri ɛz ə hoʊl wɪl nɑt kæʧ əp wɪθ ˈvoʊtərz ənˈtɪl ˈæftər 2050 əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ prɑˈʤɛkʃənz frəm ðə ˈsɛnsəs ˈbjʊroʊ. æt ðət pɔɪnt, 21 əv əˈmɛrɪkənz wɪl bi ˈoʊvər 65 kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˈdɪstrɪkts wɪθ səʧ haɪ prəˈpɔrʃənz əv oʊld ˈvoʊtərz ər rɛr. ˈoʊnli 11 əv ðə 435 ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə haʊs ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt ˈdɪstrɪkts wɛr mɔr ðən ə fɪθ əv ˈrɛzɪdənts ər ˈoʊvər 65 wən ɪz ɪn ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə, ðə rɛst ər ɪn ˈflɔrɪdə. ˈoʊnli θri əv ðɛm hæv ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈflɔrɪdə ˈdɪstrɪkts fɪld wɪθ rɪˈtaɪrd nu ˈjɔrkərz hu brɪŋ ðɛr ˈpɑləˌtɪks wɪθ ðɛm. ðə eɪʤ əv ðə ɪˈlɛktərət hɛlps tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ˈivɪn ˈɑrdənt ˈfɪskəl kənˈsərvətɪvz əˈvɔɪd ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt kəts tɪ ˈmɛdəˌkɛr ər ˈsoʊʃəl sɪˈkjʊrəti ɔn ðə kæmˈpeɪn treɪl. ˈteɪkən təˈgɛðər, reɪs ənd eɪʤ hɛlp tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ðə ˈdɛməˌkræts feɪs səʧ ə ˈstrəgəl ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər. ðə ˈpɑrti dɪz kəmˈpærətɪvˌli ˈbædli wɪθ ˈoʊldər, ˈwaɪtər ˈvoʊtərz, ə ˌvəlnərəˈbɪlɪti ðət ɪz ɪkˈspoʊzd ɪn ɪˈlɛkʃənz bɪˈkəz əv loʊ ˈtərˌnaʊt. wɪn ðə ˈprɛzɪdənsi ɪz əp fər græbz, ˈmɛni mɔr əˈmɛrɪkənz ˈbɑðər tɪ voʊt. ɪn ɪˈlɛkʃənz, ˈæpəθi reɪnz: fjuər ˈpipəl ˈvoʊtɪd ɪn 2010 ðən ɪn 2012 ˈoʊnli ðə moʊst kəˈmɪtɪd meɪk ɪt tɪ ə ˈpoʊlɪŋ buθ, ənd ðeɪ ər ˌdɪsprəˈpɔrʃənətli freɪl ənd peɪl. ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, ðə əˈmɛrɪkə ðət voʊts ɪn ɪz kwaɪt ənˈlaɪk ðə əˈmɛrɪkə ðət briðz. ðɪs nid nɑt dum ˈdɛməˌkræts. ðə ˈpɑrti həz geɪnd ˈplɛnti əv sits ɪn ˈpriviəs ɪˈlɛkʃənz. wət meɪks θɪŋz ˈtruli ˈdɪfəkəlt fər ˈdɛməˌkræts ɪz ðə əˈdɪʃən əv ə θərd ˈhændiˌkæp: ðət wən əv ðɛr ˈnəmbər ɪz ˈprɛzɪdənt. fər ɔl ðə kənˈtɛmpt ðət ˈvoʊtərz hæv fər mælˈfəŋkʃənɪŋ ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, ðeɪ ˈrəðər laɪk dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈgəvərnmənt. ðə ˈpɑrti ðət hoʊldz ðə waɪt haʊs həz lɔst sits ɪn ɔl bət θri əv ðə pæst 19. ðɪs gɪvz ðə ˈəðər ˈpɑrti ən ˌɪnˈsɛnɪv tɪ bi ɛz əbˈstrəktɪv ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl, ɪn ðə hoʊp ðət ðə nɛkst ˈkɑŋgrəs wɪl ˌɪnˈklud mɔr əv ɪts ˈmɛmbərz (ə ˈtæktɪk ˈdɛməˌkræts hoʊnd wɪn ʤɔrʤ ˈdəbəlju. bʊʃ wɑz ɪn ˈɔfəs ənd rɪˈpəblɪkənz hæv pərˈfɛktəd naʊ ðət ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɪz). fər ˈɛni ˈsɪtɪŋ ˈdɛməˌkræt, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə ˈhændiˌkæp əv bɪˈlɔŋɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈpɑrti məst bi weɪd əˈgɛnst ðə ædˈvæntɪʤɪz əv ˌɪnˈkəmbənsi. ˈɛni ˌɪnˈkəmbənt ˈkɑŋgrəsmən ər ˈsɛnətər həz ə bɪg hɛd stɑrt: ˈgreɪtər name-recognition*, mɔr ˈməni tɪ kæmˈpeɪn wɪθ, ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ ˈʃəvəl ˈfɛdərəl ˈdɔlərz ˈɪntu ˈloʊkəl ˈpɑkəts ənd soʊ fɔrθ. waɪl əˈmɛrɪkənz ər kənˈtɛmpʧuəs əv ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ɛz ə grup, ðeɪ ər ˈɔfən fɑnd əv ðɛr oʊn ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz. ʤɑn saɪdz əv ʤɔrʤ ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti həz krənʧt ˈdætə ɔn ˈsɛnɪt ɪˈlɛkʃənz sɪns 1980 ənd dɪˈtərmənd ðət ˌɪnˈkəmbənsi ɪz wərθ pərˈsɛnɪʤ pɔɪnts əv ðə voʊt æt ə ɪˈlɛkʃən, ˈnɪrli ˈmeɪkɪŋ əp fər ðə ˈpɛnəlti fər ˈhævɪŋ jʊr gaɪ ɪn ðə waɪt haʊs, ˈəðər θɪŋz biɪŋ ˈikwəl (wɪʧ ðeɪ ˈrɛrli ər). wət dɪz ðɪs min fər ðə republicans’*’ ˈʧænsɪz əv ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə sɪks sits ðeɪ nid tɪ ˈkæpʧər ðə ˈsɛnɪt? ˈsɛvən ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈsɛnətərz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt steɪts ðət mɪt ˈrɑmni wən ɪn 2012 tu əv ðoʊz ər ˈoʊpən ɪˈlɛkʃənz, ˈminɪŋ ðə ˌɪnˈkəmbənt ɪz nɑt ˈstændɪŋ. ðiz sits, ɪn wɛst vərˈʤɪnjə (si ˈlɛksɪŋtən) ənd saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə, ər ˈlaɪkli tɪ tərn rɛd, ɛz ɪz mɑnˈtænə, wɛr ðə ˈsɪtɪŋ ˈdɛməˌkræt wɑz əˈpɔɪntɪd ɛz ə rɪˈpleɪsmənt fər mæks ˈbɑkəs, naʊ æmˈbæsədər tɪ ˈʧaɪnə. ðət livz rɪˈpəblɪkənz ˈnidɪŋ θri sits frəm ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ fɔr steɪts wən baɪ ˈmɪstər ˈrɑmni: əˈlæskə, ˈɑrkənˌsɑ, luˌiziˈænə ənd nɔrθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə. ɪf ðə feɪlz tɪ wɪn tu əv ðət kwɔrˈtɛt, ɪt maɪt pɪk əp sits ɪn ˈaɪəwə ənd ˈmɪʃɪgən ˌɪnˈstɛd, steɪts ðət ˈmɪstər ˌoʊˈbɑmə wən bət wɛr ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˌɪnˈkəmbənt ˈrənɪŋ. ðə səkˈsɛs əv neɪt ˈsɪlvər, ðɛn ðə nu jɔrk prognosticator*, ɪn ˈkɔlɪŋ ˈɛvəri steɪt kərˈɛktli ˌbiˈfɔr ðə 2012 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən həz drɔn mɔr ˈpipəl ˈɪntu ðə geɪm əv prɪˈdɪktɪŋ ɪˈlɛkʃən rɪˈzəlts. ðɪs ɪz ˈhɑrdər tɪ du fər ˈsɛnɪt ɪˈlɛkʃənz ðən fər ə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl voʊt bɪˈkəz ðɛr ər lɛs gʊd ˈdætə tɪ goʊ ɔn (steɪt poʊlz ər lɛs ˈfrikˌwɛnt ənd ˈɔfən rɪˈlaɪ ɔn smɔl ˈsæmpəlz), bɪˈkəz ðɛr ər mɔr ˈkænədɪts tɪ ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ənd bɪˈkəz ðə əˈtæʧmənt əv ə steɪt tɪ ɪts ˈsɛnətər kən bi hɑrd tɪ kˈwɑntɪˌfaɪ. wɪθ ðət ˈkeɪviˌæt, ðə kənˈsɛnsəs əˈməŋ ˈfɔrˌkæstərz ɪz ˈkərəntli ðət ðə rɪˈpəblɪkənz ər sˈlaɪtli mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ teɪk ðə ˈsɛnɪt ðən ðə ˈdɛməˌkræts ər tɪ hoʊld ɪt, bət ðət ðə ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti əv ˈiðər ˈaʊtˌkəm ɪz ˈkərəntli nɑt soʊ ˈdɪfərənt frəm ðə ʧæns əv ə flɪpt kɔɪn ˈkəmɪŋ əp hɛdz. ɪf ðət pɔrˈtɛndz ə ˈfrəˌstreɪtɪŋ ɛnd tɪ ˈmɪstər ˈsɛkənd tərm, ɪn wɪʧ ðə paʊər ɪz ˈlɪmɪtɪd tɪ ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈækʃənz ənd ˈviˌtoʊz, ˈdɛməˌkræts ʃʊd nɑt bi tu ˈdaʊnˌkæst. ɪf ðeɪ du luz ðə ˈsɛnɪt ðeɪ wɪl hæv ə gʊd ʧæns əv ˈteɪkɪŋ ɪt bæk ɪn 2016 wɪn ðə mæp əv steɪts biɪŋ kənˈtɛstəd wɪl bi mɔr tɪ ðɛr ˈpɑrti ənd ðə ˈkələrˌrɪŋ əv ðə ɪˈlɛktərət meɪ ˈivɪn hæv ˈɛnərd ðə 1990s*.

what bliss it was to be alive. ronald reagan was ignoring the budget deficit, the marines were booting communists out of grenada and the chicken mcnugget was first clasped between the thumb and forefinger of a delighted nation. as november’s mid-term elections approach, and with them the possibility of the senate flipping from democratic to republican control, keep 1983 in mind. america that year was 77% white, a proportion that has since declined rapidly as a result of births to non-whites and immigration (see chart). that number, 77%, is also the share of votes cast by whites in 2010, the most recent mid-term election. racially, mid-term voters lag the changes in the voting-age population by about 20 years and the country as a whole by nearly 30. get our daily newsletter upgrade your inbox and get our daily dispatch and editor's picks. demography does not translate neatly into politics. both henry waxman, a veteran liberal from california, and eric cantor, a virginia congressman who until recently was a conservative pin-up, hail from districts that are miniature versions of the mid-term electorate. but of the 30-odd districts that cluster around the 77%-white mark, most are held by republicans. if november’s voters are, in racial terms, america’s past then they also offer a glimpse of its future. mid-term voters are disproportionately old: a quarter of those who told the census bureau that they voted in 2010 were over 65, though only 13% of americans have that distinction. in terms of age, the country as a whole will not catch up with today’s voters until after 2050, according to projections from the census bureau. at that point, 21% of americans will be over 65. congressional districts with such high proportions of old voters are rare. only 11 of the 435 members of the house represent districts where more than a fifth of residents are over 65: one is in arizona, the rest are in florida. only three of them have democratic congressmen—all florida districts filled with retired new yorkers who bring their politics with them. the age of the mid-term electorate helps to explain why even ardent fiscal conservatives avoid talking about cuts to medicare or social security on the campaign trail. taken together, race and age help to explain why the democrats face such a struggle in november. the party does comparatively badly with older, whiter voters, a vulnerability that is exposed in mid-term elections because of low turnout. when the presidency is up for grabs, many more americans bother to vote. in mid-term elections, apathy reigns: 35m fewer people voted in 2010 than in 2012. only the most committed make it to a polling booth, and they are disproportionately frail and pale. in other words, the america that votes in mid-terms is quite unlike the america that breathes. this need not doom democrats. the party has gained plenty of seats in previous mid-term elections. what makes things truly difficult for democrats is the addition of a third handicap: that one of their number is president. for all the contempt that voters have for malfunctioning washington, they rather like divided government. the party that holds the white house has lost seats in all but three of the past 19 mid-terms. this gives the other party an incentive to be as obstructive as possible, in the hope that the next congress will include more of its members (a tactic democrats honed when george w. bush was in office and republicans have perfected now that barack obama is). for any sitting democrat, however, the handicap of belonging to the president’s party must be weighed against the advantages of incumbency. any incumbent congressman or senator has a big head start: greater name-recognition, more money to campaign with, the ability to shovel federal dollars into local pockets and so forth. while americans are contemptuous of politicians as a group, they are often fond of their own representatives. john sides of george washington university has crunched data on senate elections since 1980 and determined that incumbency is worth 2.4 percentage points of the vote at a mid-term election, nearly making up for the three-point penalty for having your guy in the white house, other things being equal (which they rarely are). what does this mean for the republicans’ chances of winning the six seats they need to capture the senate? seven democratic senators represent states that mitt romney won in 2012. two of those are open elections, meaning the incumbent is not standing. these seats, in west virginia (see lexington) and south dakota, are likely to turn red, as is montana, where the sitting democrat was appointed as a replacement for max baucus, now america’s ambassador to china. that leaves republicans needing three seats from the remaining four states won by mr romney: alaska, arkansas, louisiana and north carolina. if the gop fails to win two of that quartet, it might pick up seats in iowa and michigan instead, states that mr obama won but where there is no incumbent running. the success of nate silver, then the new york times’s prognosticator, in calling every state correctly before the 2012 presidential election has drawn more people into the game of predicting election results. this is harder to do for senate elections than for a presidential vote because there are less good data to go on (state polls are less frequent and often rely on small samples), because there are more candidates to evaluate and because the attachment of a state to its senator can be hard to quantify. with that caveat, the consensus among forecasters is currently that the republicans are slightly more likely to take the senate than the democrats are to hold it, but that the probability of either outcome is currently not so different from the chance of a flipped coin coming up heads. if that portends a frustrating end to mr obama’s second term, in which the president’s power is limited to executive actions and vetoes, democrats should not be too downcast. if they do lose the senate they will have a good chance of taking it back in 2016, when the map of states being contested will be more favourable to their party and the colouring of the electorate may even have entered the 1990s.

ˈkɔrpərət ənd ðə ˈrɑbərts' kɔrt ɛz ðə 1983 əˈmɛrɪkən ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛri ˈnoʊtɪd, ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ɪz: "ə ˈsɪstəm əv ˈgəvərnmənt ðət ˈɛksərˌsaɪzɪz ə dɪkˈteɪtərˌʃɪp əv ðə ɪkˈstrim raɪt, ˈtɪpɪkəli θru ðə ˈmərʤɪŋ əv steɪt ənd ˈbɪznɪs ˈlidərˌʃɪp, təˈgɛðər wɪθ bəˈlɪʤərənt ˈnæʃənəˌlɪzəm." gɪt ˈrɛdi. læst jɪr ə grup pʊt təˈgɛðər ə ɔn ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, ənd ˈwɔntɪd tɪ rən ɪt ɔn ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈsteɪʃənz ɪn strəˈtiʤɪk steɪts. ðə ˈfɛdərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən kəˈmɪʃən ruld ðət ðə "ˌdɑkjəˈmɛnəri" wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli ə "kæmˈpeɪn æd" ənd ðəs fɛl ˈəndər ðə riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn kæmˈpeɪn ˈspɛndɪŋ əv, ənd ðəs stɑpt ɪt frəm ˈɛrɪŋ. (ˈkɔrpərət ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz tɪ kæmˈpeɪnz hæv bɪn bænd rɪˈpitɪdli ənd ɪn ˈvɛriəs weɪz sɪns 1907 wɪn ˈtɛdi ˈruzəˌvɛlt pʊʃt θru ðə ˈtɪlmən ækt.) ˈsɪtɪzənz juˈnaɪtɪd, ðə grup, sud ðə səˈprim kɔrt, wɪθ hɪt mæn ənd ˈfɔrmər ˈrigən səˈlɪsətər ˈʤɛnərəl tɛd ˈoʊlsən ɛz ðɛr lɛd ˈlɔjər. ðɪs nu keɪs, ˈsɪtɪzənz juˈnaɪtɪd vi. ˈfɛdərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən kəˈmɪʃən, ˈprɛzənts ðə bɛst ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər ðə ˈrɑbərts kɔrt tɪ juz ɪts faɪv voʊt məˈʤɔrəti tɪ ˈtoʊtəli ðə feɪs əv ˈpɑləˌtɪks ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə, ˈroʊlɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs bæk tɪ ðə ˈɪrə əv ðə ˈrɑbər ˈbɛrənz. ɛz ˈʤɛfri ˈtubən roʊt ɪn ðə nu ˈjɔrkər ("noʊ mɔr ˈmɪstər. nis gaɪ"): "ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈmeɪʤər keɪs sɪns hi bɪˈkeɪm ðə ˈneɪʃənz ˈsɛvənˈtinθ ʧif ˈʤəstɪs, ˈrɑbərts həz ˈsaɪdɪd wɪθ ðə ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən ˈoʊvər ðə dɪˈfɛndənt, ðə steɪt ˈoʊvər ðə kənˈdɛmd, ðə ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv brænʧ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv, ənd ðə ˈkɔrpərət dɪˈfɛndənt ˈoʊvər ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˈpleɪnəf. ˈivɪn mɔr ðən ˈskɑljə, hu həz ɪmˈbɑdid ʤuˈdɪʃəl kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əv ˈsərvɪs ɔn ðə səˈprim kɔrt, ˈrɑbərts həz sərvd ðə ˈɪntərɪsts, ənd rɪˈflɛktɪd ðə ˈvæljuz, əv ðə kənˈtɛmpərˌɛri rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑrti." ənd ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ ðə ˈmɑdərn rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑrti kən rɪˈkəvər ðɛr paʊər ˈoʊvər ðə nɛkst ˈdɛkeɪd ɪz tɪ ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli klɪr əˈweɪ ɔl ˌɪmˈpɛdəmənts tɪ ˌənriˈstreɪnd ˈkɔrpərət pɑrˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən ɪn ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈpɑləˌtɪks. ɪf ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən laɪks ə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən, ðeɪ kən meɪk ʃʊr hi ər ʃi ɪz ɪˈlɛktɪd ˈɛvəri taɪm; ɪf ðeɪ bɪˈkəm ˈəpˌsɛt wɪθ ə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən, ðeɪ kən hər ˈdɪstrɪkt wɪθ ə fju ˈmɪljən ˈdɔlərz wərθ əv ædz ənd ˈplɪtɪkli dɪˈstrɔɪ hər. ənd ɪt lʊks laɪk ðæts ɪgˈzæktli wət ðə ˈrɑbərts kɔrt ɪz ˈplænɪŋ. ɪn ðə ˈsɪtɪzənz juˈnaɪtɪd keɪs, ðeɪ æst fər ɪt tɪ bi ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər əv ðɪs jɪr, goʊɪŋ ɔl ðə weɪ bæk tɪ ðə ənd ðə ˌræʃəˈnælz fər ˈkɑŋgrəs tɪ hæv ˈɛni paʊər tɪ ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt ˈkɔrpərət "fri spiʧ." ɛz ˈrɑbərt bɑrnz roʊt ɪn ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst ɔn ʤun 30 2009 "ˈsɪtɪzənz juˈnaɪtədz əˈtərni, ˈfɔrmər səˈlɪsətər ˈʤɛnərəl ˈθiəˌdɔr bi. ˈoʊlsən, hæd toʊld ðə kɔrt ðət ɪt ʃʊd juz ðə keɪs tɪ ˈoʊvərˌtərn ðə ˈkɔrpərət ˈspɛndɪŋ bæn ðə kɔrt ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ɪn ˈɔstən vi. ˈmɪʃɪgən ˈʧeɪmbər əv ˈkɑmərs, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪts dɪˈsɪʒən ɪn 2003 tɪ əˈphoʊld ɛz ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl." ðə ˈsɛˌtəp fər ðɪs keɪm ɪn ʤun əv 2007 ɪn ðə keɪs əv ðə ˈfɛdərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən kəˈmɪʃən vi. wɪˈskɑnsən raɪt tɪ laɪf, ɪn wɪʧ ðə ˈrɑbərts kɔrt ruld ðət ðə ˈkʊdənt prɪˈvɛnt frəm ˈrənɪŋ ædz ʤɪst bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wər ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən. "ə mərˈɑkən kɑrˈtunəst," ˈʤəstɪs ˈskɑljə ˈoʊpənd hɪz əˈpɪnjən wɪθ hɪz ˈjuʒəwəl drəˈmætɪk flɛr, "wəns dɪˈfɛndɪd hɪz ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm əv ðə mərˈɑkən ˈmɑˌnɑrk majesté*é biɪŋ ə ˈsɪriəs kraɪm ɪn mərˈɑkoʊ) ɛz ˈfɑloʊz: nɑt ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri, əm ʤɪst dɪˈfɛndɪŋ ˈfridəm əv spiʧ. aɪ ˈnɛvər sɛd wi hæd tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ðə king-no*, noʊ, noʊ, noʊ! bət aɪ sɛd ðət səm θɪŋz ðə kɪŋ ɪz duɪŋ, aɪ du nɑt laɪk. ɪz ðət ə kraɪm?'" "wɛl," ˈskɑljə roʊt, "ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts (ˈmeɪkɪŋ du əˈlaʊəns fər ðə fækt ðət wi hæv ɪˈlɛktɪd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ə kɪŋ) ɪt ɪz ə kraɪm, æt list ɪf ðə ˈspikər ɪz ə ˈjunjən ər ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən (ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz)... ðət ɪz ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrt əv əv ðə baɪˈpɑrtɪzən kæmˈpeɪn rɪˈfɔrm ækt əv 2002 (bcra*)." ðə aɪˈdiə əv ˈkɑŋgrəs ˈpæsɪŋ lɔz ðət ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈkɔrpərət "fri spiʧ" wɑz ˈklɪrli ˈhɔrəˌfaɪɪŋ tɪ ˈskɑljə. hi wɛnt ˈæftər ðə 1990 ˈɔstən vi. ˈmɪʃɪgən ˈʧeɪmbər əv ˈkɑmərs keɪs, ɪn wɪʧ ðə wɑz ˈlɪmɪtɪd ɪn ðɛr "fri spiʧ" ɪn ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl kæmˈpeɪn bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wər ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən. "ðɪs (ˈɔstən) wɑz ðə ˈoʊnli keɪs ɪn wɪʧ ðɪs kɔrt hæd ˈɛvər pərˈmɪtɪd ðə ˈgəvərnmənt tɪ riˈstrɪkt pəˈlɪtɪkəl spiʧ beɪst ɔn ðə ˈkɔrpərət aɪˈdɛntəˌti əv ðə ˈspikər," hi kəmˈpleɪnd. "ˈɔstən əˈphɛld steɪt riˈstrɪkʃənz ɔn ˈkɔrpərət ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ɪkˈspɛndɪʧərz," ənd, gɑd fərˈbɪd, "ðə ˈstæʧut hæd bɪn ˈmɑdəld ˈæftər ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈstæʧut ðət əˈmɛndɪd..." ðə ˈɔstən keɪs, ˈskɑljə kənˈkludɪd hɪz əˈpɪnjən wɪθ fɔr ˈəðərz ˈnɑdɪŋ, "wɑz ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt dɪˈpɑrʧər frəm ˈeɪnʧənt fərst əˈmɛndmənt ˈprɪnsəpəlz. ɪn maɪ vju, ɪt wɑz ˈrɔŋli ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd." ˈskɑljə ˈɔlsoʊ kˈwoʊtɪd æt lɛŋθ frəm əˈpɪnjənz ɪn ðə grəsˈʒin vi. əˈmɛrɪkən prɛs koʊ keɪs, "ˈhoʊldɪŋ ðət ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ər ˌgɛrənˈtid ðə əv spiʧ ənd əv ðə prɛs, ˈseɪfˌgɑrdɪd baɪ ðə du ˈprɔˌsɛs əv lɔ klɔz əv ðə ˌfɔrˈtinθ əˈmɛndmənt,'" ənd frəm ðə 1986 pəˈsɪfɪk gæs elec*. koʊ. vi. ˈpəblɪk util*. əv kæl. keɪs: "ðə aɪˈdɛntəˌti əv ðə ˈspikər ɪz nɑt dɪˈsaɪsɪv ɪn dɪˈtərmənɪŋ ˈwɛðər spiʧ ɪz prəˈtɛktɪd"; ənd ˈəðər əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz, laɪk ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz, kənˈtrɪbjut tɪ ðə ‘‘discussion*, dəˈbeɪt, ənd ðə dɪˌsɛməˈneɪʃən əv ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd aɪˈdiəz' ðət ðə fərst əˈmɛndmənt siks tɪ ˈfɑstər." ðə ˈbɑtəm laɪn, fər ˈskɑljə, wɑz ðət, "ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl ðət səʧ ˈædvəkəsi ɪz ðə hɑrt əv ðə fərst əˈmɛndmənts prəˈtɛkʃən' ənd ɪz tɪ dɪˈsɪʒən ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪn ə dɪˈmɑkrəsi' ɪz lɛs tru bɪˈkəz ðə spiʧ kəmz frəm ə ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən ˈrəðər ðən ən ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl." kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ tɪ kwoʊt frəm ə plərˈælɪti əˈpɪnjən ɪn pəˈsɪfɪk gæs, ˈskɑljə "rɪˈʤɛktɪd ðə ˈɑrgjəmənts ðət ˈkɔrpərət pɑrˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən ɪgˈzərt ən ənˈdu ˈɪnfluəns ɔn ðə ˈaʊtˌkəm əv ə ˌrɛfərˈɛndəm voʊt'; ðət ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz wʊd aʊt ˈəðər pɔɪnts əv vju' ənd ðə ˈkɑnfədɛns əv ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈprɔˌsɛs..." hi ˈivɪn kˈwoʊtɪd ən əˈpɪnjən ɪn ðə keɪs, ˈraɪtɪŋ ðət "ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ər ˌgɛrənˈtid ðə əv spiʧ ənd əv ðə baɪ ðə du ˈprɔˌsɛs əv lɔ klɔz əv ðə ˌfɔrˈtinθ əˈmɛndmənt.'" ðə ˌfɔrˈtinθ əˈmɛndmənt, wɪʧ sɪz ðət noʊ "ˈpərsən" ʃæl bi dɪˈnaɪd "ˈikwəl prəˈtɛkʃən əv ðə lɔz," wɑz ˈprɑməlˌgeɪtəd ˈæftər ðə ˈsɪvəl wɔr tɪ fri ðə sleɪvz. bət ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz hæv lɔŋ əˈsərtəd ðət bɪˈkəz ɪt sɪz "ˈpərsən" ˈrəðər ðən "ˈnæʧərəl ˈpərsən" ɪt ˌɪnˈkludɪd ˈgɪvɪŋ, ɪn 1868 wɪn ðə əˈmɛndmənt wɑz ˈrætəˌfaɪd ˈɪntu lɔ, fʊl ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl raɪts ˈəndər ðə bɪl əv raɪts tɪ ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz. (ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ər, æt lɔ, noʊn ɛz "ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl ˈpərsənz" ənd ˈjumənz ər "ˈnæʧərəl ˈpərsənz" boʊθ hæv tɪ hæv səm sɔrt əv "personhood*" ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ peɪ ˈtæksɪz, su ənd bi sud, ˌɛtˈsɛtərə.) ɛz ˈskɑljə roʊt ɪn hɪz əˈpɪnjən ɪn vi. wɪˈskɑnsən raɪt tɪ laɪf: wɑz dɪˈrɛktɪd tɪ ɪkˈspɛndɪʧərz nɑt ʤɪst baɪ ‘‘individuals*,' bət baɪ ‘‘persons*,' wɪθ ‘‘persons*' spəˈsɪfɪkli dɪˈfaɪnd tɪ ˌɪnˈklud ‘‘corporation[s*].'" ʧif ˈʤəstɪs ˈrɑbərts weɪd ɪn, tu, ɪn ðə meɪn dɪˈsɪʒən. ɪts ə ˈfæsəˌneɪtɪŋ dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ rɛd ənd sərʧ fər əˈkərənsɪz əv ðə wərd "ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən" ənd hɪrz wən əv ˈrɑbərts' mɔr ˈkɑnvəˌlutəd ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃənz ɪn dɪˈfɛns əv ˈkɔrpərət fri spiʧ raɪts: əkˈsɛptɪŋ ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət ə bæn ɔn kæmˈpeɪn spiʧ kʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ɪmˈbreɪs ˈɪʃu ˈædvəkəsi wʊd kɔl ˈɪntu kˈwɛʃən ɑr ˈhoʊldɪŋ ɪn bɛˈloʊti ðət ðə ˈkɔrpərət aɪˈdɛntəˌti əv ə ˈspikər dɪz nɑt strɪp ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz əv ɔl fri spiʧ raɪts. ɪt wʊd bi ə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl ənd swɪʧ' tɪ kənˈklud ðət ˈkɔrpərət kæmˈpeɪn spiʧ meɪ bi bænd ɪn pɑrt bɪˈkəz ˈkɔrpərət ˈɪʃu ˈædvəkəsi ɪz nɑt, ənd ðɛn əˈsərt ðət ˈkɔrpərət ˈɪʃu ˈædvəkəsi meɪ bi bænd ɛz wɛl, pərˈsuənt tɪ ðə seɪm əˈsərtəd kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛst, θru ə brɔd kənˈsɛpʃən əv wət ˈkɑnstəˌtuts ðə ˈfəŋkʃənəl ɪkˈwɪvələnt əv kæmˈpeɪn spiʧ, ər baɪ riˈlaɪɪŋ ɔn ðə ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti tɪ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ kæmˈpeɪn spiʧ frəm ˈɪʃu ˈædvəkəsi. ˈbɑtəm laɪn ˈkɔrpərət fri spiʧ raɪts ər ril raɪts ðət məst bi rɪˈspɛktɪd. ˈʤəstɪs ˈsutər roʊt ə ˈrəðər ˈfraɪtənɪŋ dɪˈsɛnt (ðɪs wɑz ə dɪˈsɪʒən, wɪθ ðə ˈjuʒəwəl ˈsəˌspɛkts ɔn ðə 5 saɪd): "ˈfaɪnəli, ɪt goʊz wɪˈθaʊt seɪɪŋ ðət ˈnəθɪŋ həz ʧeɪnʤd əˈbaʊt ðə fækts. ɪn ˈʤəstɪs wərdz, ðeɪ ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt ə θrɛt tɪ ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti əv ɑr ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈprɔˌsɛs, wɪʧ fər ə ˈsɛnʧəri naʊ ˈkɑŋgrəs həz rɪˈpitɪdli faʊnd tɪ bi ˌɪmˈpɛrəld baɪ ˈkɔrpərət, ənd ˈleɪtər ˈjunjən, ˈməni: ˈwɪtnəs ðə ˈtɪlmən ækt, taft-hartley*, feca*, ənd. "məˈkɑnəl wɑz ɑr ˈleɪtəst dɪˈsɪʒən klɪr ənd ˈrizənəbəl ˈbaʊndəriz ðət ˈkɑŋgrəs həz drɔn tɪ ˈlɪmət kərˈoʊsɪv ənd dɪˈstɔrtɪŋ ˈifɛkts əv ˌɪˈmɛns əv wɛlθ,' ənd ðə dɪˈsɪʒən kʊd kleɪm ðə ˌʤəstəfəˈkeɪʃən əv ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ fækt ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈhɪstəri ɪn ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzɪŋ ˈkɑŋgrəsɪz əˈθɔrəti tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðə ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti əv ɪˈlɛkʃənz frəm ðə dɪˈstɔrʃən əv ˈkɔrpərət ənd ˈjunjən fəndz. "ˈæftər təˈdeɪ, ðə bæn ɔn ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz baɪ ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ənd ˈjunjənz ənd ðə ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən ɔn ðɛr kərˈoʊsɪv ˈspɛndɪŋ wɪn ðeɪ ˈɛnər ðə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ərˈinə ər ˈoʊpən tɪ ˈizi ˌsərkəmˈvɛnʧən, ənd ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪlətiz fər ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtɪŋ ˈkɔrpərət ənd ˈjunjən kæmˈpeɪn ˈməni ər ənˈklɪr. "ðə bæn ɔn ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz wɪl min ˈnəθɪŋ məʧ, naʊ ðət ˈkəmpəˌniz ənd ˈjunjənz kən seɪv ˈkænədɪts ðə ɪkˈspɛns əv ˈædvərˌtaɪzɪŋ dɪˈrɛkli, ˈsɪmpli baɪ ˈrənɪŋ ædz' wɪˈθaʊt ɪkˈsprɛs ˈædvəkəsi, ər baɪ ˈfənəlɪŋ ðə ˈməni θru ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən laɪk wɪˈskɑnsən raɪt tɪ laɪf." ˈsaʊndɪŋ ˈɔlˌmoʊst dɪˈprɛst, ˈsutər kloʊzd hɪz dɪˈsɛnt wɪθ ðiz wərdz: "aɪ ˈkænɑt tɛl wət ðə fˈjuʧər wɪl fɔrs əˈpɑn ˈjuˈɛs, bət aɪ rɪˈspɛktfəli dɪˈsɛnt frəm ðɪs ˈʤəʤmənt təˈdeɪ." ðə əˈtɛmpt əv ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz (ənd ðɛr ˈlɔjərz, laɪk ˈrɑbərts wɑz ˌbiˈfɔr əˈsɛndɪŋ tɪ ə ˈfɛdərəl kɔrt) tɪ ˌjuˈsərp əˈmɛrɪkən dɪˈmɑkrəsi ɪz ˈnəθɪŋ nu, ɛz ˈdeɪvɪd ˈsutər wɛl nu. ˈfæˌʃɪzəm həz ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn ə θrɛt tɪ dɪˈmɑkrəsi. ɪn ˈərli 1944 ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz æst vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈwɔlɪs tɪ, ɛz ˈwɔlɪs ˈnoʊtɪd, "raɪt ə pis ˈænsərɪŋ ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ kˈwɛsʧənz: wət ɪz ə ˈfæʃɪst? haʊ ˈmɛni ˈfæʃɪsts hæv wi? haʊ ˈdeɪnʤərəs ər ðeɪ?" vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈwɔləsəz ˈænsərz tɪ ðoʊz kˈwɛsʧənz wər ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz ɔn ˈeɪprəl 9 1944 æt ðə haɪt əv ðə wɔr əˈgɛnst ðə ˈæksəs paʊərz əv ˈʤərməni ənd ʤəˈpæn: "ðə ˈrɪli ˈdeɪnʤərəs əˈmɛrɪkən ˈfæʃɪsts," ˈwɔlɪs roʊt, "ər nɑt ðoʊz hu ər hʊkt əp dɪˈrɛkli ər ˌɪndərˈɛkˌtli wɪθ ðə ˈæksəs. ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ həz ɪts ˈfɪŋgər ɔn ðoʊz... wɪθ ə ˈfæʃɪst ðə ˈprɑbləm ɪz ˈnɛvər haʊ bɛst tɪ ˈprɛzənt ðə truθ tɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk bət haʊ bɛst tɪ juz ðə nuz tɪ dɪˈsiv ðə ˈpəblɪk ˈɪntu ˈgɪvɪŋ ðə ˈfæʃɪst ənd hɪz grup mɔr ˈməni ər mɔr paʊər." "əˈmɛrɪkən ˈfæˌʃɪzəm wɪl nɑt bi ˈrɪli ˈdeɪnʤərəs," hi ˈædɪd ɪn ðə nɛkst ˈpɛrəˌgræf, "ənˈtɪl ðɛr ɪz ə ˈpərpəsfəl ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən əˈməŋ ðə cartelists*, ðə dɪˈlɪbərˌeɪt əv ˈpəblɪk ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən..." ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət, "ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ɪz ə ˈwərldˈwaɪd dɪˈziz," ˈwɔlɪs ˈfərðər səˈʤɛstɪd ðət "ˈgreɪtəst θrɛt tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts wɪl kəm ˈæftər ðə wɔr" ənd wɪl ˈmænəˌfɛst "wɪˈθɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˌɪtˈsɛlf." ɪn hɪz ˈstrɔŋgəst ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənt əv ðə taɪd əv ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ðə vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts sɔ ˈraɪzɪŋ ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə, hi ˈædɪd: "ðeɪ kleɪm tɪ bi super-patriots*, bət ðeɪ wʊd dɪˈstrɔɪ ˈɛvəri ˈlɪbərˌti ˌgɛrənˈtid baɪ ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən. ðeɪ dɪˈmænd fri ˈɛnərˌpraɪz, bət ər ðə ˈspoʊksmɪn fər məˈnɑpəli ənd ˈvɛstɪd ˈɪntəˌrɛst. ðɛr ˈfaɪnəl əˈbʤɛktɪv təˈwɔrd wɪʧ ɔl ðɛr dɪˈsit ɪz dɪˈrɛktɪd ɪz tɪ ˈkæpʧər pəˈlɪtɪkəl paʊər soʊ ðət, ˈjuzɪŋ ðə paʊər əv ðə steɪt ənd ðə paʊər əv ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəsli, ðeɪ meɪ kip ðə ˈkɑmən mæn ɪn ɪˈtərnəl subjection*." ˈfaɪnəli, ˈwɔlɪs sɛd, "ðə mɪθ əv ˈfæʃɪst ɪˈfɪʃənsi həz dɪˈludɪd ˈmɛni ˈpipəl. dɪˈmɑkrəsi, tɪ krəʃ ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ˌɪnˈtərnəli, ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ kip ˈpipəl ˈfʊli ɪmˈplɔɪd ənd æt ðə seɪm taɪm ˈbæləns ðə ˈbəʤɪt. ɪt məst pʊt ˈjumən biɪŋz fərst ənd ˈdɔlərz ˈsɛkənd. ɪt məst əˈpil tɪ ˈrizən ənd ˈdisənsi ənd nɑt tɪ ˈvaɪələns ənd dɪˈsit. wi məst nɑt ˈtɑlərˌeɪt əˈprɛsɪv ˈgəvərnmənt ər ˌɪnˈdəstriəl ˈɑləˌgɑrki ɪn ðə fɔrm əv məˈnɑpəliz ənd kɑrˈtɛlz." ɛz ˈwɔləsəz ˈprɛzɪdənt, ˈfræŋklɪn di. ˈruzəˌvɛlt, sɛd wɪn hi ækˈsɛptɪd hɪz ˈpɑrtiz ˈriˌnɑməˈneɪʃən ɪn 1936 ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə: "...aʊt əv ðɪs ˈmɑdərn ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk [hæv] kɑrvd nu ˈdaɪnəstiz.... ɪt wɑz ˈnæʧərəl ənd pərˈhæps ˈjumən ðət ðə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd ˈprɪnsɪz əv ðiz nu ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈdaɪnəstiz, ˈθərstɪŋ fər paʊər, riʧt aʊt fər kənˈtroʊl ˈoʊvər ˈgəvərnmənt ˌɪtˈsɛlf. ðeɪ kriˈeɪtɪd ə nu ˈdɛspəˌtɪzəm ənd ræpt ɪt ɪn ðə roʊbz əv ˈligəl ˈsæŋkʃən.... ənd ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt ðə ˈævərɪʤ mæn wəns mɔr kənˈfrənts ðə ˈprɑbləm ðət feɪst ðə ˈmɪnət mæn...." ˈspikɪŋ ˌɪndərˈɛkˌtli əv ðə ˈfæʃɪsts ðət ˈwɔlɪs wʊd dɪˈrɛkli neɪm ˈɔlˌmoʊst ə ˈdɛkeɪd ˈleɪtər, ˈruzəˌvɛlt brɔt ðə ˈɪʃu tɪ ɪts kɔr: "ðiz ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk kəmˈpleɪn ðət wi sik tɪ ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ ðə ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz əv əˈmɛrɪkə. wət ðeɪ ˈrɪli kəmˈpleɪn əv ɪz ðət wi sik tɪ teɪk əˈweɪ ðɛr paʊər." bət, hi ˈθəndərd ɪn ðət spiʧ: "ɑr əˈliʤəns tɪ əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz rikˈwaɪərz ðə ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ əv ðɪs kaɪnd əv paʊər!" ɪn ʤɪst ə fju mənθs, wi meɪ əˈgɛn stænd æt ðə seɪm ˈkrɔsˌroʊd ˈruzəˌvɛlt ənd ˈwɔlɪs kənˈfrəntɪd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə greɪt dɪˈprɛʃən ənd wərld wɔr ii*. ˈfæˌʃɪzəm ɪz ˈraɪzɪŋ ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə, ðɪs taɪm ˈkɔlɪŋ ˌɪtˈsɛlf "kəmˈpæʃənət kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm," ənd "ðə fri ˈmɑrkɪt" ɪn ə "flæt" wərld. ðə pɔɪnt əv ɪts spɪr ɪz "ˈkɔrpərət" ənd "ˈkɔrpərət fri spiʧ raɪts." ðə ˈrɑbərts' kɔrts bɪˈheɪvjər ɪf ðɪs priˈdɪkʃən əv ðɛr goʊl fər ðɪs fɔl ɪz ˈækjərət (ənd ɪts hɑrd tɪ drɔ ˈɛni ˈəðər kənˈkluʒən) naʊ ˈɪrəli ˈpɛrəˌlɛlz ðə deɪ ɪn 1936 wɪn ˈruzəˌvɛlt sɛd: "ɪn veɪn ðeɪ sik tɪ haɪd bɪˈhaɪnd ðə flæg ənd ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən. ɪn ðɛr ˈblaɪndnəs ðeɪ fərˈgɛt wət ðə flæg ənd ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən stænd fər."

corporate personhood and the roberts' court as the 1983 american heritage dictionary noted, fascism is: "a system of government that exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with belligerent nationalism." get ready. last year a right-wing group put together a 90-minute hit-job on hillary clinton, and wanted to run it on tv stations in strategic states. the federal election commission ruled that the "documentary" was actually a "campaign ad" and thus fell under the restrictions on campaign spending of mccain-feingold, and thus stopped it from airing. (corporate contributions to campaigns have been banned repeatedly and in various ways since 1907 when teddy roosevelt pushed through the tillman act.) citizens united, the right-wing group, sued the supreme court, with right-wing hit man and former reagan solicitor general ted olson as their lead lawyer. this new case, citizens united v. federal election commission, presents the best opportunity for the roberts court to use its five vote majority to totally re-write the face of politics in america, rolling us back to the pre-1907 era of the robber barons. as jeffrey toobin wrote in the new yorker ("no more mr. nice guy"): "in every major case since he became the nation's seventeenth chief justice, roberts has sided with the prosecution over the defendant, the state over the condemned, the executive branch over the legislative, and the corporate defendant over the individual plaintiff. even more than scalia, who has embodied judicial conservatism during a generation of service on the supreme court, roberts has served the interests, and reflected the values, of the contemporary republican party." and the only way the modern republican party can recover their power over the next decade is to immediately clear away all impediments to unrestrained corporate participation in electoral politics. if a corporation likes a politician, they can make sure he or she is elected every time; if they become upset with a politician, they can carpet-bomb her district with a few million dollars worth of ads and politically destroy her. and it looks like that's exactly what the roberts court is planning. in the citizens united case, they asked for it to be re-argued in september of this year, going all the way back to the 1980s and re-examining the rationales for congress to have any power to regulate corporate "free speech." as robert barnes wrote in the washington post on june 30, 2009, "citizens united's attorney, former solicitor general theodore b. olson, had told the court that it should use the case to overturn the corporate spending ban the court recognized in austin v. michigan chamber of commerce, as well as its decision in 2003 to uphold mccain-feingold as constitutional." the setup for this came in june of 2007, in the case of the federal election commission v. wisconsin right to life, in which the roberts court ruled that the fec couldn't prevent wrtl from running ads just because they were a corporation. "a moroccan cartoonist," justice scalia opened his opinion with his usual dramatic flair, "once defended his criticism of the moroccan monarch (lèse majesté being a serious crime in morocco) as follows: ‘i'm not a revolutionary, i'm just defending freedom of speech. i never said we had to change the king-no, no, no, no! but i said that some things the king is doing, i do not like. is that a crime?'" "well," scalia wrote, "in the united states (making due allowance for the fact that we have elected representatives instead of a king) it is a crime, at least if the speaker is a union or a corporation (including not-for-profit public-interest corporations)... that is the import of §203 of the bipartisan campaign reform act of 2002 (bcra)." the idea of congress passing laws that limited corporate "free speech" was clearly horrifying to scalia. he went after the 1990 austin v. michigan chamber of commerce case, in which the mcc was limited in their "free speech" in a political campaign because they were a corporation. "this (austin) was the only pre-mcconnell case in which this court had ever permitted the government to restrict political speech based on the corporate identity of the speaker," he complained. "austin upheld state restrictions on corporate independent expenditures," and, god forbid, "the statute had been modeled after the federal statute that bcra §203 amended..." the austin case, scalia concluded his opinion with four others nodding, "was a significant departure from ancient first amendment principles. in my view, it was wrongly decided." scalia also quoted at length from opinions in the grosjean v. american press co case, "holding that corporations are guaranteed the ‘freedom of speech and of the press, safeguarded by the due process of law clause of the fourteenth amendment,'" and from the 1986 pacific gas & elec. co. v. public util. comm'n of cal. case: "the identity of the speaker is not decisive in determining whether speech is protected"; "[c]orporations and other associations, like individuals, contribute to the ‘discussion, debate, and the dissemination of information and ideas' that the first amendment seeks to foster." the bottom line, for scalia, was that, "the principle that such advocacy is ‘at the heart of the first amendment's protection' and is ‘indispensable to decision making in a democracy' is ‘no less true because the speech comes from a corporation rather than an individual." continuing to quote from a plurality opinion in pacific gas, scalia "rejected the arguments that corporate participation ‘would exert an undue influence on the outcome of a referendum vote'; that corporations would ‘drown out other points of view' and ‘destroy the confidence of the people in the democratic process..." he even quoted an opinion in the grossjean case, writing that "corporations are guaranteed the ‘freedom of speech and of the press...safeguarded by the due process of law clause of the fourteenth amendment.'" the fourteenth amendment, which says that no "person" shall be denied "equal protection of the laws," was promulgated after the civil war to free the slaves. but corporations have long asserted that because it says "person" rather than "natural person" it included giving, in 1868 when the amendment was ratified into law, full constitutional rights under the bill of rights to corporations. (corporations are, at law, known as "artificial persons" and humans are "natural persons" - both have to have some sort of "personhood" in order to pay taxes, sue and be sued, etc.) as scalia wrote in his opinion in fec v. wisconsin right to life: "...feca was directed to expenditures not just by ‘individuals,' but by ‘persons,' with ‘persons' specifically defined to include ‘corporation[s].'" chief justice roberts weighed in, too, in the main decision. it's a fascinating decision to read - and search for occurrences of the word "corporation" - and here's one of roberts' more convoluted observations in defense of corporate free speech rights: accepting the notion that a ban on campaign speech could also embrace issue advocacy would call into question our holding in bellotti that the corporate identity of a speaker does not strip corporations of all free speech rights. it would be a constitutional ‘bait and switch' to conclude that corporate campaign speech may be banned in part because corporate issue advocacy is not, and then assert that corporate issue advocacy may be banned as well, pursuant to the same asserted compelling interest, through a broad conception of what constitutes the functional equivalent of campaign speech, or by relying on the inability to distinguish campaign speech from issue advocacy. bottom line - corporate free speech rights are real rights that must be respected. justice souter wrote a rather frightening dissent (this was a 5-4 decision, with the usual right-wing suspects on the "5" side): "finally, it goes without saying that nothing has changed about the facts. in justice frankfurter's words, they demonstrate a threat to ‘the integrity of our electoral process, which for antury now congress has repeatedly found to be imperiled by corporate, and later union, money: witness the tillman act, taft-hartley, feca, and bcra. "mcconnell was our latest decision vindicating clear and reasonable boundaries that congress has drawn to limit ‘the corrosive and distorting effects of immense aggregations of wealth,' and the decision could claim the justification of ongoing fact as well as decisional history in recognizing congress's authority to protect the integrity of elections from the distortion of corporate and union funds. "after today, the ban on contributions by corporations and unions and the limitation on their corrosive spending when they enter the political arena are open to easy circumvention, and the possibilities for regulating corporate and union campaign money are unclear. "the ban on contributions will mean nothing much, now that companies and unions can save candidates the expense of advertising directly, simply by running ‘issue ads' without express advocacy, or by funneling the money through an independent corporation like wisconsin right to life." sounding almost depressed, souter closed his dissent with these words: "i cannot tell what the future will force upon us, but i respectfully dissent from this judgment today." the attempt of corporations (and their lawyers, like roberts was before ascending to a federal court) to usurp american democracy is nothing new, as david souter well knew. fascism has always been a threat to democracy. in early 1944 the new york times asked vice president wallace to, as wallace noted, "write a piece answering the following questions: what is a fascist? how many fascists have we? how dangerous are they?" vice president wallace's answers to those questions were published in the new york times on april 9, 1944, at the height of the war against the axis powers of germany and japan: "the really dangerous american fascists," wallace wrote, "are not those who are hooked up directly or indirectly with the axis. the fbi has its finger on those... with a fascist the problem is never how best to present the truth to the public but how best to use the news to deceive the public into giving the fascist and his group more money or more power." "american fascism will not be really dangerous," he added in the next paragraph, "until there is a purposeful coalition among the cartelists, the deliberate poisoners of public information..." noting that, "fascism is a worldwide disease," wallace further suggested that fascism's "greatest threat to the united states will come after the war" and will manifest "within the united states itself." in his strongest indictment of the tide of fascism the vice president of the united states saw rising in america, he added: "they claim to be super-patriots, but they would destroy every liberty guaranteed by the constitution. they demand free enterprise, but are the spokesmen for monopoly and vested interest. their final objective toward which all their deceit is directed is to capture political power so that, using the power of the state and the power of the market simultaneously, they may keep the common man in eternal subjection." finally, wallace said, "the myth of fascist efficiency has deluded many people. ... democracy, to crush fascism internally, must...develop the ability to keep people fully employed and at the same time balance the budget. it must put human beings first and dollars second. it must appeal to reason and decency and not to violence and deceit. we must not tolerate oppressive government or industrial oligarchy in the form of monopolies and cartels." as wallace's president, franklin d. roosevelt, said when he accepted his party's renomination in 1936 in philadelphia: "...out of this modern civilization, economic royalists [have] carved new dynasties.... it was natural and perhaps human that the privileged princes of these new economic dynasties, thirsting for power, reached out for control over government itself. they created a new despotism and wrapped it in the robes of legal sanction.... and as a result the average man once more confronts the problem that faced the minute man...." speaking indirectly of the fascists that wallace would directly name almost a decade later, roosevelt brought the issue to its core: "these economic royalists complain that we seek to overthrow the institutions of america. what they really complain of is that we seek to take away their power." but, he thundered in that speech: "our allegiance to american institutions requires the overthrow of this kind of power!" in just a few months, we may again stand at the same crossroad roosevelt and wallace confronted during the great depression and world war ii. fascism is rising in america, this time calling itself "compassionate conservatism," and "the free market" in a "flat" world. the point of its spear is "corporate personhood" and "corporate free speech rights." the roberts' court's behavior - if this prediction of their goal for this fall is accurate (and it's hard to draw any other conclusion) - now eerily parallels the day in 1936 when roosevelt said: "in vain they seek to hide behind the flag and the constitution. in their blindness they forget what the flag and the constitution stand for." _______

ˈɔrɪnʤ ˌnuˈvoʊ marché*é ɛn taʊt kæs kju lɛs də, ki rapproché*é lɑ də du lə bitcoin*, lɑ décentralisée*. lə də sər lə marché*é bænˈkɛr ˈpɑrlər nus complète*, ˈjuˈɛn ˈkʊrənt, lɑ possibilité*é də ˈjuˈɛn crédit*, u də əˈʃʊrəns lə sænz ˈkɑnˌtækt déjà*à, propulsé*é pɑr ˈæpəl, kju lɛs décidé*é dɪ ˈmoʊbəlz. meɪs lɛs æmˈbɪʃənz ˌboʊˈku pləs lɔɪn, trouvé*é ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃən ɛn, là*à où*ù də ˌpɛˈtits ˈstɑrˌtəp capté*é də. ki ə lancé*é ɛn 2007 ˈjuˈɛn də ˈmoʊbəl sər lə prinˈʧipi də éélectronique*, ɛt ki ni pɑz də də bænˈkɛr. lə ˈsərvɪs ə ˈjuˈɛn ˈbrutəl, ɛt lə ˈtrænzɪt də pɑr. ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈfaɪˌnæns ɛn ˈɔrɪnʤ ə flairé*é lə bɑn ku də côté*é, ɛt ˈsərvɪsɪz ˌdɛstəˈneɪʃənz, lɑ də tɛsts. 100 ˈmɪljənz də klaɪənts ɛn ɛt oʊ moyen-orient*, ə pu ˈlænsər ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈməni ki déjà*à 12 ˈmɪljənz d’utilisateurs*. ɛn ɪkˈspænʧən, ˈsərvɪs dɪ səˈluʃənz də ɛt d’assurance*. ɛn, ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈfaɪˌnæns ˈɑntrə 75 000 ɛt 100 000 klaɪənts 6 sən lancement*. là-bas*, sər ˈɛmˈbæŋk lɑ bæŋk ˌpɑləˈneɪz pɔr oʊ klaɪənts sən ˈmoʊbəl. ˈɔrɪnʤ ɪkˈspɔrtər sən ˈsərvɪs ɛn roumanie*, ɛn ɛn fræns bin kæʃ ˈjuˈɛn pləs ən maintenant*. ɛn nus ə montré*é kju nus ˈjuˈɛn pɔr ˈʒɑnrə də ˈsərvɪsɪz ə indiqué*é lə nus mɑrk puissante*, də ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən ɛt bɑn dɪ də klaɪənts, capacité*é ˈjuˈɛn ˌnuˈvoʊ bænˈkɛr pɑz kju lɛs banques*, lɛs vraies*, dɪ. sɔrs lɑ krɔɪ

orange serait-il à l’affût d’un nouveau marché ? c’est en tout cas ce que laissent penser les derniers mouvements de l’opérateur, qui s’est rapproché la semaine dernière de deux entreprises spécialisées dans le bitcoin, la monnaie numérique décentralisée. aujourd’hui le directeur général adjoint d’orange annonce carrément l’arrivée de l’opérateur sur le marché bancaire à proprement parler : « nous réfléchissons à une offre complète, incluant un compte courant, la possibilité de demander un crédit, d’épargner ou de souscrire une assurance ». le paiement sans contact existe déjà, propulsé par apple, ainsi que tous les constructeurs ayant décidé d’intégrer des puces nfc dans leurs mobiles. mais les ambitions d’orange vont beaucoup plus loin, celles-ci ont trouvé leur inspiration en afrique, là où de petites start-up ont capté l’attention de l’opérateur. notamment m-pesa qui a lancé en 2007 un système de paiement mobile fonctionnant sur le principe du portefeuille électronique, et qui ne nécessite pas de posséder de compte bancaire. le service a connu un succès brutal, et permet le transit de près d’un milliard d’euros par mois. orange finance en pologne orange a flairé le bon coup de ce côté, et plusieurs services ont ouvert dans différentes destinations, à la manière de tests. avec 100 millions de clients en afrique et au moyen-orient, l’opérateur a pu lancer « orange money » qui compte déjà 12 millions d’utilisateurs. en pleine expansion, ce service prévoit d’inclure prochainement des solutions de microcrédits et d’assurance. en pologne, orange finance compte entre 75 000 et 100 000 clients seulement 6 mois après son lancement. là-bas, l’opérateur s’appuie sur mbank – la troisième banque polonaise – pour permettre aux clients d’exécuter toutes sortes d’opérations bancaires depuis son mobile. orange devrait exporter son service en roumanie, en espagne puis en france ; bien qu’orange cash existe depuis un peu plus d’un an maintenant. « l’expérience acquise en afrique nous a montré que nous sommes un acteur légitime pour développer ce genre de services » a indiqué le directeur général adjoint ; « nous disposons d’une marque puissante, d’un réseau de distribution vaste et d’une bonne connaissance des attentes de nos clients, donc d’une capacité à inventer un nouveau modèle bancaire ». pas sûr que les banques, les vraies, soient enchantées des projets d’orange. source : la croix

frɛd ˈtɑmsən, ˈfɔrmər ˌtɛnəˈsi ˈsɛnətər, həz ɛnˈdɔrst nut ˈgɪŋgrɪʧ fər rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ɪn 2012 fɑks nuz ˌriˈpɔrtəd. waɪl ɔn ““hannity,”*,” ðə ʃɔn ˈhænɪti tɔk ʃoʊ ɔn fɑks nuz, ˈtɑmsən meɪd hɪz ˈfɔrməl ɛnˈdɔrsmənt fər ˈgɪŋgrɪʧ, hu ʤɪst wən ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpraɪˌmɛri ɪn saʊθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə. hæv kəm tɪ ðə groʊɪŋ ˈriləˈzeɪʃən fər mi ˈɛniˌweɪ ðət nut ˈgɪŋgrɪʧ ɪz ðə gaɪ hu kən ɑrˈtɪkjəˌleɪt wət əˈmɛrɪkə ɪz ɔl about,”*,” ˈtɑmsən sɛd ɔn fɑks. kən meɪk ðə keɪs ənd nɑt ʤɪst rɛd ðə ˈtɔkɪŋ pɔɪnts ər du ɪt ɔf ðə teleprompter.”*.” rɛd mɔr æt globalpost*: nut ˈgɪŋgrɪʧ wɪnz saʊθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpraɪˌmɛri (ˈvɪdioʊ) ˈtɑmsən ræn fər ðə sit ɪn ðə 2008 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈfɑlɪŋ tɪ ʤɑn məˈkeɪn. hi drɑpt aʊt əv ðə reɪs ˈæftər ˈteɪkɪŋ θərd pleɪs ɪn ðə saʊθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə ˈpraɪˌmɛri, ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz ˌriˈpɔrtəd. hi wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ noʊn fər hɪz roʊl ɔn ðə ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈsɪriz, order,”*,” ˌbiˈfɔr bɪˈkəmɪŋ ə ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən, ðə nu jɔrk ˈdeɪli nuz ˌriˈpɔrtəd. keɪm tɪ ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ɪn 1995 ɪn pɑrt bɪˈkəz əv wət wɑz goʊɪŋ ɔn ɪn ðə ˈkəntri raɪt naʊ ðət hæd ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd ɪn lɑrʤ pɑrt baɪ ðə ˈlidərˌʃɪp əv nut gingrich,”*,” ˈtɑmsən sɛd ɔn ““hannity.”*.” kənˈsivd ənd ˈkɛrid aʊt ˈrɪli ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpɑləˌtɪks æt ðət taɪm. wi wər ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈbæləns ðə ˈbəʤɪt fər əˈbaʊt fɔr jɪrz ɪn ə roʊ, pæs ˈwɛlˌfɛr rɪˈfɔrm ənd bɪˈgɪn tɪ riˈbɪld ə dɪˈplitɪd ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri. ðiz θɪŋz kən bi dən, bət wi kænt bi əˌpɑləˈʤɛtɪk əˈbaʊt ɪt ər bi ˈtɛntətɪv əˈbaʊt it.”*.” rɛd mɔr æt globalpost*: ʧək ˈnɔrɪs ɛnˈdɔrsɪz nut ˈgɪŋgrɪʧ fər ˈprɛzɪdənt

fred thompson, former tennessee senator, has endorsed newt gingrich for republican presidential candidate in 2012, fox news reported. while on “hannity,” the sean hannity talk show on fox news, thompson made his formal endorsement for gingrich, who just won the republican primary in south carolina. “...i have come to the growing realization for me anyway that newt gingrich is the guy who can articulate what america is all about,” thompson said on fox. “american exceptionalism can make the case and not just read the talking points or do it off the teleprompter.” read more at globalpost: newt gingrich wins south carolina republican primary (video) thompson ran for the gop seat in the 2008 presidential election, eventually falling to john mccain. he dropped out of the race after taking third place in the south carolina primary, the new york times reported. he was also known for his role on the television series, “law & order,” before becoming a politician, the new york daily news reported. “i came to washington in 1995 in part because of what was going on in the country right now that had generated in large part by the leadership of newt gingrich,” thompson said on “hannity.” “he conceived and carried out really a revolution in american politics at that time. we were able to balance the budget for about four years in a row, pass welfare reform and begin to rebuild a depleted military. these things can be done, but we can't be apologetic about it or be tentative about it.” read more at globalpost: chuck norris endorses newt gingrich for president

ˈjugoʊ wɪl kənˈsɪdər hɪz fˈjuʧər æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈsizən ɪf ənd mɔr ˈlaɪkli wɪn ˈtɑtənˌhæm du nɑt kˈwɑləˌfaɪ fər ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig. ðə fræns ˈgoʊlˌkipər saɪnd ə ˈfaɪvˌjɪr ˈkɑnˌtrækt læst ˌʤuˈlaɪ bət hi həz lɔŋ meɪd ɪt pleɪn tɪ ðə ˈʧɛrmən, ˈdænjəl ˈlɛvi, ðət hi wɔnts tɪ pleɪ ɪn ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig. ˈtɑtənˌhæm ˈivɪn tʊk ˈmɪʧəl frəm ˈsɪti tu wiks ˈæftər hæd ɪn ə muv ðət wɑz sin ɛz ə ʃrud kənˈtɪnʤənsi ɔn pɑrt ɪn ðə ɪˈvɛnt əv ˈpʊʃɪŋ tɪ ʤɔɪn ə ˈʧæmpiənz lig kləb., 31 wɑz ˈgoʊlˌkipər æt ðə wərld kəp ɪn brəˈzɪl ənd kɔst £4.5m*. ɪz ˈfrəˌstreɪtəd ənd faɪndz hɪz kərɪr əˈproʊʧɪŋ ə ˈkrɔsˌroʊdz. hi ʤɔɪnd frəm laɪən ɪn 2012 fər ən ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ənd hi hoʊpt tɪ pleɪ wɪθ spərz ɪn ðə ˈʧæmpiənz lig. ɪt həz nɑt ˈhæpənd ənd noʊz ðɛr ɪz ðə strɔŋ ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti ðət ɪt wɪl nɑt du soʊ nɛkst ˈsizən ˈiðər. ˈtɑtənˌhæm treɪl ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈsɪti baɪ ˈsɛvən pɔɪnts ənd hæv ə ˈhjuʤli ˌɪnˈfɪriər goʊl ˈdɪfərəns, wɪθ faɪv ˈmæʧɪz tɪ pleɪ. ˈfʊtˌbɔl ˈtrænsfər ˈrumərz: tɪ liv stoʊk fər ril məˈdrɪd? rɛd mɔr ɪt ɪz nɑt lɔst ɔn ðət ˈvərʧuəli ɔl əv hɪz fræns pleɪ æt ˈʧæmpiənz lig kləbz ənd hi ɪz ðə ˈkæptən əv hɪz ˈkəntri. pleɪd ˈʧæmpiənz lig ˈfʊtˌbɔl ɪn iʧ əv hɪz fɔr ˈsizənz æt laɪən. ɪt ɪz wən θɪŋ tɪ dɪˈzaɪər ən ɪˈlit kləb ənd əˈnəðər tɪ gɪt ə ˈtrænsfər tɪ wən. ðə lɛŋθ əv ˈkɑnˌtrækt maɪt nɑt bi ən ˈɑbstəkəl bɪˈkəz ˈtɑtənˌhæm hæv faʊnd ˈlɔŋˈtərm dilz hæv nɑt ˈɔlˌweɪz ˌgɛrənˈtid ðeɪ kip ðɛr pleɪərz. ˈlukə əˈgrid ə ɪkˈstɛnʃən ɪn 2010 ənd wɑz ə ril məˈdrɪd pleɪər ˈæftər tu ənd ˈgɛrɪθ beɪl saɪnd fər fɔr ˈɛkstrə jɪrz ɪn 2012 ənd muvd tɪ ril ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈsəmər. ˈlɛvi, ðoʊ, ɪz ə noʊˈtɔriəsli ˈdɪfəkəlt ˈsɛlər, ruˈtinli dɪˈmændɪŋ haɪ ˈpraɪsɪz waɪl noʊz ðə ˈsəmər ˈmɑrkɪt fər tɔp ɪz sɛt tɪ bi ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd. ˈpɛrɪs hæv ʃoʊn ən ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɛz ðeɪ kənˈsɪdər ən ˈəpˈgreɪd ɔn ˈsælvəˌdɔr bət, wɪθ ðə ˈprɛʃərz əv ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl fɛr pleɪ ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz, ɪt ɪz ənˈklɪr ˈwɛðər ðeɪ wʊd peɪ ə ˈhɛfti fi fər ə ˈgoʊlˌkipər. ər ˈɔlsoʊ kin ɔn ˈpɛtər sɛk, hu ɪz əˈveɪləbəl frəm ˈʧɛlsi ənd wʊd bi sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli ˈʧipər ðən. sɛk həz ə hoʊst əv ˈəðər ˈsutərz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈɑrsənəl. ˈprɛfərəns wʊd bi tɪ steɪ ɪn ðə prɛˈmɪr lig ənd ðə fˈjuʧər əv ˈdeɪvɪd də æt ˈmænˌʧɛstər juˈnaɪtɪd kʊd hæv ən ˌɪmˈpækt. də ɪz ə ˈtərgət fər ril məˈdrɪd; hi həz ə jɪr tɪ rən ɔn hɪz ˈkɑnˌtrækt ənd həz soʊ fɑr rɪˈzɪstɪd ˈɛfərts tɪ taɪ ɪm tɪ ə nu dil. ɪf də livz, kʊd bi ə kənˈtɛndər tɪ fɪl ðə ˈveɪkənsi. wɪl əˈsɛs ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈsəmər ˌbiˈfɔr ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈsizən ðət kənˈkludz wɪθ ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp ɪn fræns. hi ɪz nɑt ðə ˌɪmˈpəlsɪv taɪp; hi wɑz ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ liv laɪən ɪn ðə ˈsəmər əv 2011 ˈoʊnli tɪ steɪ fər wən mɔr jɪr waɪl, æt 28 hi noʊz ðət taɪm rɪˈmeɪnz ɔn hɪz saɪd. hi ˈɔlsoʊ laɪks ðə ˈtɑtənˌhæm ˈmænɪʤər, maʊˈrisioʊ. həz nɑt pleɪd sɪns 21 mɑrʧ, wɪn hi wɑz fɔrst ɔf ɪn ðə hoʊm wɪn ˈoʊvər ˈlɛstər ˈsɪti ˈæftər ə kəˈlɪʒən wɪθ hɪz kaɪl ˈwɔkər ɪn wɪʧ hi ˈsəfərd ə dip kət tɪ hɪz ni. hoʊps tɪ hæv ɪm bæk fər ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən.

hugo lloris will consider his future at the end of the season if and more likely when tottenham hotspur do not qualify for the champions league. the france goalkeeper signed a five-year contract last july but he has long made it plain to the club’s chairman, daniel levy, that he wants to play in the champions league. tottenham even took michel vorm from swansea city two weeks after lloris had re-signed in a move that was seen as a shrewd contingency on levy’s part in the event of lloris pushing to join a champions league club. vorm, 31, was holland’s third-choice goalkeeper at the world cup in brazil and cost £4.5m. lloris is frustrated and finds his career approaching a crossroads. he joined from lyon in 2012 for an initial £8m and he hoped to play with spurs in the champions league. it has not happened and lloris knows there is the strong possibility that it will not do so next season either. tottenham trail fourth-placed manchester city by seven points and have a hugely inferior goal difference, with five matches to play. football transfer rumours: asmir begovic to leave stoke for real madrid? read more it is not lost on lloris that virtually all of his france team-mates play at champions league clubs and he is the captain of his country. lloris played champions league football in each of his four seasons at lyon. it is one thing to desire an elite club and another to get a transfer to one. the length of lloris’s contract might not be an obstacle because tottenham have found long-term deals have not always guaranteed they keep their players. luka modric agreed a six-year extension in 2010 and was a real madrid player after two and gareth bale signed for four extra years in 2012 and moved to real the following summer. levy, though, is a notoriously difficult seller, routinely demanding high prices while lloris knows the summer market for top goalkeepers is set to be complicated. paris saint-germain have shown an interest as they consider an upgrade on salvatore sirigu but, with the pressures of financial fair play regulations, it is unclear whether they would pay a hefty fee for a goalkeeper. psg are also keen on petr cech, who is available from chelsea and would be significantly cheaper than lloris. cech has a host of other suitors, including arsenal. lloris’s preference would be to stay in the premier league and the future of david de gea at manchester united could have an impact. de gea is a target for real madrid; he has a year to run on his contract and has so far resisted united’s efforts to tie him to a new deal. if de gea leaves, lloris could be a contender to fill the vacancy. lloris will assess everything in the summer before an important season that concludes with the european championship in france. he is not the impulsive type; he was expected to leave lyon in the summer of 2011 only to stay for one more year while, at 28, he knows that time remains on his side. he also likes the tottenham manager, mauricio pochettino. lloris has not played since 21 march, when he was forced off in the 4-3 home win over leicester city after a collision with his team-mate kyle walker in which he suffered a deep cut to his knee. pochettino hopes to have him back for saturday’s visit to southampton.

"aɪ ləv ɪt," sɪz əv ðə ˈgɪnəs ˈrɛkərd. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ ʤɛs ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl ərˈɪʤənəli əˈpɪrd ɔn vaɪs ˈkænədə mɪˈʃɛl ˈduˌbɛri (ˈɔlsoʊ noʊn ɛz ˈrəsəl) ɪz ən ˈaɪkɑn ənd ˈæktɪvɪst ɪn tərˈɑntoʊz geɪ ˈvɪlɪʤ ənd nidz noʊ ˈtaɪtəl, ðoʊ hi həz ˈmɛni, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈɛmprɛs əv (ˌɪmˈpɪriəl kɔrt əv tərˈɑntoʊ.) stɪl, hi wɑz səˈpraɪzd wɪn hɪz frɛndz ˈnoʊtəˌfaɪd ɪm ðət ðeɪd ˈsikrɪtli sɛnt hɪz ˈɪnfoʊ tɪ ðə ˈgɪnəs bʊk əv wərld ˈrɛkərdz hu pərˈzɛnəd ɪm wɪθ ðɛr ˈtaɪtəl əv "wərldz ˈoʊldəst pərˈfɔrmɪŋ dræg kwin." wi ˈlændɪd ən ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ ðə naʊ ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪn hɪz hoʊm ənd gɑt ə rɛr glɪmps ˈɪntu hɪz ˈtrɛʒərd ˈklɑzət wɪʧ ˈhaʊsɪz ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ frəm ʃɛlvz əv mɛnz ʃuz (frəm hɪz ʃu ˈseɪlzmən deɪz) tɪ ˈdrɛsɪz hi ˈhænˈmeɪd ənd wɔr ɪn ðə ənd wɪn dræg wɑz stɪl ˌɪˈligəl. wi rɪˈtərnd ɔn ˈməðərz deɪ wɪθ ə buˈkeɪz əv flaʊərz tɪ ʤɔɪn mɪˈʃɛl fər hər pərˈfɔrməns æt ðə ˈænjuəl kwin ˈməðər kɪŋ ˈfɑðər ɪˈvɛnt æt laʊnʤ, wɛr nu ˈæktɪvɪst ˌɪnˈdəkˈtiz ər ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd baɪ ðə ˌɪmˈpɪriəl kɔrt əv tərˈɑntoʊ. ˈkəmɪŋ ɔf ðə ˈɛləˌveɪtər wi ˈspɑtɪd æt ðə ɛnd əv ə lɔŋ ˈkɔrɪdər, ˈɔlˌmoʊst ənˌrɛkəgˈnaɪzəbəl ɪn hɪz ˈsəmər ʃɔrts ənd ˈprɪnɪd ˈkɑlərd ʃərt, seɪv fər hɪz fəˈmɪljər stæns hi straɪks ɪn ðə naʊ ˈfeɪməs ˈfoʊtəˌgræf əv ɪm æt naɪn jɪrz oʊld ˈæftər hɪz ˈsɪstərz fərst pʊt ɪm ɪn dræg, əˈdɔrnɪŋ ɪm wɪθ ə ˈtərbən ənd ə lɔŋ blæk drɛs kəmˈplitɪd wɪθ ə ˈlɑkɪt. ɛz aɪ wɔkt ˈkloʊzər aɪ kʊd si hi wɑz aɪ ˈdɪdənt ˈnoʊtɪs raɪt əˈweɪ wɑz ðət hi wɑz ˈspɔrtɪŋ ə ʃɔrt bruˈnɛt wɪg. cheekily*, hi sɛd tɪ mi, "aɪ θɔt ˈɪtəd bi ə ˈfəni θɪŋ tɪ du." ˈrəsəl æt eɪʤ naɪn ˈrəsəl ənd hɪz ˈsɪstərz vaɪs: ˈəðər ðən jʊr ˈsɪstərz ənd ˈfiˌmeɪl ˈkəzənz biɪŋ səʧ ə səˈpɔrt ənd ˈɪnfluəns ɔn ju, ɛz fɑr ɛz ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ jʊr ˈfiˌmeɪl pərˈsoʊnə ənd aɪˈdɛntəˌti, wət ˈəðər ˈpipəl hæv ˌɪmˈpæktɪd ju? ˈrəsəl: ˈməðər wɑz ɪn ðə ʧərʧ kwaɪər; ʃi woʊk mi əp ɪn ðə ˈmɔrnɪŋz pleɪɪŋ ðə piˈænə. maɪ tu ˈsɪstərz ənd aɪ (ˈpɪkʧərd) wʊd goʊ "drægd aʊt" ɪn frənt əv ðə ˈleɪdiz grups tɪ sɪŋ ɪn ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz æt ˈkrɪsməs taɪm wɪn aɪ wɑz jəŋ. aɪv ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn ɔn steɪʤ! dæd wɑz ə ˈwɛldər. bət aɪ ˈdɪdənt hæv ə ˈfɑðər laɪk ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ˈkɑnsɛpt əv ə ˈfɑðər ðət teɪks ðə sən aʊt tɪ ˈhɑki ənd ˈfʊtˌbɔl geɪmz. aɪ hæd ə hɑrd ˈwərkɪŋ mæn ðət keɪm bæk frəm ðə fərst wərld wɔr ðət ˈprɑbəˌbli hæd ˈsəmθɪŋ rɔŋ əp hir [hi pɔɪnts tɪ hɪz hɛd]. maɪ ˈməðər nu haʊ tɪ ˈhændəl ɪm. aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ɪm ˈhævɪŋ ən ˈɔfəl ˈtɛmpər ˈkəmɪŋ təˈwɔrd mi wəns... ənd maɪ ˈməðər ˌɪntərˈvind. hi wɑz ə mæn ðət wərkt ɪn ðə bæk əv ðə ʃɑp ə kʊd meɪk ˈɛniˌθɪŋ wɪθ hɪz tɔrʧ ənd hɪz ˈhæmər. ɔl ðə ˈfɑrmərz ləvd ɪm ənd ˈməðər lʊkt ˈæftər ðə bʊks fər ɪm... hid kəm hoʊm ˈkəvərd ɪn gris ənd hæv ə bæθ wɪθ ˈlɔndri soʊp ɪn ðə ˈbæθtəb. hi laɪkt goʊɪŋ ˈfɪʃɪŋ, ðət wɑz wən ˈlɪtəl riˈlis. aɪ kʊd ˌəndərˈstænd waɪ hi wɑz ðə weɪ hi wɑz. dɪd jʊr ˈfɑðər ˈɛvər si ju pərˈfɔrm? laɪk aɪ seɪ, aɪ gɑt ˈstɑrtɪd æt naɪn jɪrz oʊld. hi ˈdɪdənt si mi pərˈfɔrm... bət maɪ ˈməðər nu wət aɪ wɑz əp tɪ. maɪ ˈməðər wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈwʊmən ɪn ɑr smɔl taʊn... ʃiz ˈɔlˌweɪz wɪθ mi. mɪˈʃɛl (raɪt) ɔn tʊr wɪθ ðə greɪt ɪn ðə ju bɪˈgæn ɪn kəmˈjunɪti ˈθiətər ɛz ˈrəsəl. soʊ haʊ wər ju ˌɪntrəˈdust tɪ dræg? dɪd ju hæv ə ˈmɛnˌtɔr ər dɪd ju kəm ˈɪntu ɪt ɪn jʊr oʊn weɪ? əˈnəðər gaɪ ənd aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ goʊ tɪ ə haɪ skul dæns drɛst ɛz frɛnʧ ˈdænsərz [noʊn fər greɪt mˈjuzɪk, ˈfæʃən ənd ˈhidəˌnɪzəm]. ɪt ˈwəzənt kɔld "dræg" bæk wɑz ʤɪst ə ˈkɑstum aɪˈdiə. ɪn ðə aɪ gɑt ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn bæˈleɪ ənd ˈæməˌʧər ˈθiətər. aɪ wɑz ɔn steɪʤ wɪθ ə grup əv tɔp tərˈɑntoʊ ˈæktərz ɪn ðə ɪn ə pleɪ kɔld ðə əv strit. aɪ pleɪd ðə jəŋ wɑz ˈpərfəktli ˈtaɪpˌkæst fər ðət! ɪn ðə aɪ wɑz æt ðə 511club*, wɪʧ juzd tɪ bi daʊn ðə strit. ɪt wɑz rən baɪ reɪ ˈmərkɪn, ə ˈθiətər ˈpərsən frəm ˈɪŋglənd ənd rən ˈvɛri ˈstrɪktli. ɪt hæd ə ˈdrɛsɪŋ rum ɪn ðə bæk... ðɛr wɑz ə ˈtənəl daʊn tɪ ðə steɪʤ soʊ ju ˈdɪdənt mɪks wɪθ ðə ˈɔdiəns ˌbiˈfɔr ə ʃoʊ. ðɛr wər rɪˈhərsəlz ˈtuzˌdeɪ ənd ˈθərzˌdeɪ naɪts, wi dɪd ˈæməˌʧər ˈbrɔdˌweɪ pleɪz. aɪ wɑz wəns ˈbəfəˌloʊ bɪl wɪθ ðə waɪt bɪrd. soʊ aɪ ˈlərnɪd ə lɔt ɪn ðoʊz jɪrz əˈbaʊt pərˈfɔrmɪŋ. du ju ˈɛvər wɔnt tɪ rɪˈtərn tɪ kəmˈjunɪti ˈθiətər tɪ pərˈfɔrm ɛz ˈiðər mɪˈʃɛl ər ˈrəsəl? ðə læst ˈsɛvərəl jɪrz aɪv ʤɪst bɪn ˈhæpi tɪ juz maɪ laɪf [ɛz ə dræg ˈɑrtɪst] tɪ reɪz ˈməni fər ˈʧɛrɪtiz. ɪts bɪn fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ ðət weɪ. ˈpraɪzɪz frəm ˈrəsəlz ʃu ˈseɪlzmən deɪz. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ ʤɛs ɪn ðə ənd, dræg ˈɑrtɪsts hæd tɪ lɪv wən aɪˈdɛntəˌti baɪ deɪ, ənd əˈnəðər baɪ naɪt, əˈspɛʃəli bɪˈkəz əv ðə θrɛt əv pəˈlis hərˈæsmənt. hir ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ aɪv hərd ðət kɑps juzd tɪ ɔˈkeɪʒənəˌli ərˈɛst ˈpipəl ɪn ðə kwɪr kəmˈjunɪti, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ dræg kwinz, brɪŋ ðɛm daʊn tɪ ˈʧɛri biʧ ənd bit ðɛm əp. dɪd ju faɪnd ɪt ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ lɪv ə ˈdəbəl laɪf? wər ju ˈɔfən ˈfɪrfəl ˈivɪn wɪn ju wər aʊt æt naɪt wɪˈθɪn jʊr kəmˈjunɪti? ɪn ðə wi wər duɪŋ ˈəndərˌgraʊnd ʃoʊz. ðə pəˈlis juzd tɪ kəm ɪn ənd ˈhæsəl ˈjuˈɛs tɪ meɪk ʃʊr wi hæd mɛnz ˈəndərˌwɛr ɔn. [ˈrəsəl pʊld aʊt ə ˈfoʊˌtoʊ əv hɪmˈsɛlf ɪn dræg.] ðɪs wɑz ɔn ˌhæləˈwin. aɪ wɑz ɪn ˈsɪlvər ˈsikwɪnz ənd blɑnd wɪg. aɪ wɛnt aʊt ənd aɪ gɑt ɪŋk θroʊn æt mi. bət aɪ keɪm hoʊm, pʊt ɔn ə rɛd wɪg ənd wɛnt bæk aʊt! ˈnəθɪŋ wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ stɑp mi frəm wət aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ du. wɪn dɪd ju ˈnoʊtɪs ə ju kʊd bɪˈgɪn tɪ goʊ aʊt ɛz mɪˈʃɛl wɪˈθaʊt ðə θrɛt əv pəˈlis hərˈæsmənt ər ðə pəˈlis ˈtərnɪŋ ə blaɪnd aɪ wɪn ˈpipəl ɪn ˈpəblɪk wʊd θroʊ θɪŋz (ɛgz, ɪŋk, ˌɛtˈsɛtərə) ɪn jʊr dɪˈrɛkʃɪn? maɪ ˈməðər wʊd seɪ, "doʊnt goʊ ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ˈlʊkɪŋ laɪk ə bəm!" soʊ, ɪn ðə maɪ ˈdeɪˌtaɪm gɑrb wɑz ə sut ənd taɪ. ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ˈpəblɪk ˈdɪdənt noʊ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðə geɪ laɪf. aɪ hæd ə ˈlɪtəl rum ɔn ʧərʧ strit ɪn ðə ˌbiˈfɔr aɪ gɑt ˈmɛrid ənd aɪ hæd ə kəˈlɛkʃən əv ʃuz bɪˈkəz aɪ wərkt ɪn ə ʃu stɔr. aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ˈməri [ˈbərbɪʤ] meɪd mi ə blæk ʃiθ drɛs. aɪ hæd ə waɪt fɑks stoʊl ənd drɛst əp ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə deɪ ənd wɔkt daʊn strit. aɪ wɛnt tɪ si ə ˈmuvi ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ənd sæt ɪn ðə ˈbælkəni. ˈæftər ðə ˈmuvi aɪ trɪpt daʊn ðə stɛrz ənd broʊk ə hil. æt ðə ˈbɑtəm əv ðə stɛrz ə gaɪ pɪks əp maɪ ˈbroʊkən hil ənd sɪz, "hɪrz jʊr hil, ˈleɪdi" ənd hænz ɪt tɪ mi. aɪ lɪmpt hoʊm. aɪ dɪd wət aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ du. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ ʤɛs wət du ju faɪnd həz bɪn ðə ˈbɪgəst ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ðə dræg community—aesthetically*, ˈplɪtɪkli? ðə pərˈfɔrmərz təˈdeɪ ər ˈtoʊtəli ˈdɪfərənt frəm wət wi wər ɪn ðə ənd 70s*. wi traɪd tɪ lʊk lɔt əv ðə kɪdz təˈdeɪ ər goʊɪŋ ˈvɛri bɪˈzɑr [wɪθ ðɛr lʊk] ənd ðeɪ doʊnt ɪkˈspɛrəmənt wɪθ ˈdɪfərənt lʊks. ðeɪ du ðɛr wən lʊk ənd ðæts wət ðeɪ stɪk wɪθ. bət təˈdeɪ ɪz ən ˈoʊpən bʊk. ɪts ˈwəndərfəl. ɪn 2016 tɪ bi hu ju ər ənd wət ju ər ənd wɛr wət ju wɔnt tɪ ɪn ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli ɪn ˈəðər ˈpleɪsɪz ɪn ðə wərld. wi ər ˈvɛri ˈləki tɪ bi ɪn ˈkænədə. juv lɪvd ɪn ðə ˈvɪlɪʤ ɪn tərˈɑntoʊ moʊst əv jʊr laɪf. juv ˈmɛnʃənd ðət ˈkɑntrɛri tɪ ˈpɑpjələr bɪˈlif, ðɛr wər ˈsərtən θɪŋz ðət wər ˈbɛtər bæk ɪn ðə ˈlɪvɪŋ ɛz ə kwɪr ˈpərsən. wəts ˈbɛtər naʊ ənd wət wɑz ˈbɛtər ðɛn? ðə jəŋ kɪdz naʊ, ɪts təf fər ðɛm. aɪ θɪŋk ðɛr aʊt ðɛr traɪɪŋ tɪ meɪk səm ˈməni. ðɛr nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ ə grup tɪ hɛlp reɪz ˈməni fər ˈʧɛrɪti. ɪts təf tɪ lɪv təˈdeɪ. geɪ laɪf ɪz naʊ dɪˈvərsəˌfaɪɪŋ. ju kən bi ɪn ðə wɛst ɛnd ənd ðə ist ɛnd doʊnt hæv tɪ ˈgæðər təˈgɛðər ɪn ðə ˈvɪlɪʤ tɪ prəˈtɛkt ɑrˈsɛlvz. bət, wiv ˈɔlsoʊ lɔst ənd ər ˈluzɪŋ ˈdɪfərənt ˈvɛnuz (ˈkoʊlbiz, st*. ˈʧɑrəlz ˈtævərn, ˌɛtˈsɛtərə.) ðə taɪmz bæk ðɛn prəˈdust ˈpipəl laɪk mi ənd ˈpipəl laɪk ðə greɪt dræg kwinz ɪn vænˈkuvər. ɪts mɔr ˈfridəm ɪn wən weɪ fər geɪ ˈpipəl tɪ lɪv wɛr ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ lɪv, tɪ drɛs haʊ ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ drɛs, bət ɪts nɑt ˈrɪli ə taɪt kəmˈjunɪti ˌɛniˈmɔr. jʊr mɔr ækˈsɛptɪd baɪ geɪ ˈpipəl, streɪt ˈpipəl... ðeɪ kəm aʊt tɪ ðə ʃoʊz nɑt bɪˈkəz jʊr geɪ bət bɪˈkəz əv jʊr ˈtælənt. kwinz ˈɑnər mɪˈʃɛl æt hər ˌɪmˈpɪriəl kɔrt ˈgælə pərˈfɔrməns. ˈfoʊˌtoʊz baɪ ʤɛs haʊ du ju fil əˈbaʊt ɪn ðə dræg wərld ər ˈivɪn ðə ˈfoʊkɪs əv ðə ˈgɪnəs ˈrɛkərd ˈtaɪtəl biɪŋ ðə "ˈoʊldəst pərˈfɔrmɪŋ dræg kwin ɪn ðə wərld?" aɪ ləv ɪt! ðeɪ pʊt mi ɪn ðə ˈgɪnəs ˈtaɪtəl, soʊ əm ˈgɑnə juz ɪt! naʊ əm biɪŋ ˌɪntrəˈdust wɪθ ðət ˈtaɪtəl. ˈpipəl seɪɪŋ, "dɪd ju noʊ mɪˈʃɛl ɪz ðə ˈoʊldəst pərˈfɔrmɪŋ dræg kwin?" ənd əm ˈgɪtɪŋ tɪpt! ˈsəmˌtaɪmz aɪ goʊ aʊt wɪθ 25 ənd kəm bæk wɪθ 35 əm ˈtɪpɪŋ ˈpipəl tu; aɪ laɪk tɪ gɪv faɪv ˈdɔlərz tɪ ˈsərtən kɑˈrlɔtɑ ˈkɑˌrlaɪl, ˈʤɔrʤi ʃoʊ əˌpriʃiˈeɪʃən. ðeɪ əˈpriʃiˌeɪt mi fər ˈtɪpɪŋ ðɛm bɪˈkəz əv wət aɪ min ɪn ðə kəmˈjunɪti. ju noʊ, ˈsɪti pɑrk ˈɔlsoʊ geɪv mi ən əˈwɔrd. ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ˈsɪti pɑrk sɛd hi ˈdɪdənt laɪk maɪ ˈgɪnəs əˈwɔrd bɪˈkəz ɪt ˈwəzənt ˈfænsi ɪˈnəf soʊ hi ˈwɔntɪd mi tɪ hæv wən wɪθ ˈraɪnˌstoʊnz. aɪv ˈnɛvər θɔt əˈbaʊt maɪ eɪʤ. aɪv ˈɔlˌweɪz sɛd tɪ ˈpipəl, ju doʊnt lɪv ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ. ju doʊnt lɪv təˈmɑˌroʊ. ju kən ˈoʊnli lɪv wən deɪ æt ə taɪm. ðət minz ˈsəmθɪŋ, ˈdəzənt ɪt? ðɛr juzd tɪ bi ə greɪt ækt kɔld friks. wən əv ðɛm ˈrisəntli keɪm aʊt [əv rɪˈtaɪərmənt] əˈgɛn ənd pərˈfɔrmd æt ənd ˈɛvriˌwən reɪvd əˈbaʊt hər ˈkəmɪŋ. əm ˈrɪli blɛst. biɪŋ laɪkt ɪn maɪ maɪ bɪg ˈlɛsən aɪ θɪŋk. ˈfɑloʊ ʤɛs ɔn instagram*.

"i love it," alldread says of the guinness record. photo by jess desaulniers-lea this article originally appeared on vice canada michelle dubarry (also known as russell alldread) is an icon and activist in toronto's gay village and needs no title, though he has many, including the empress of ticot (imperial court of toronto.) still, he was surprised when his friends notified him that they'd secretly sent his info to the guinness book of world records who presented him with their reply—the title of "world's oldest performing drag queen." we landed an interview with the now almost 85-year-old alldread in his home and got a rare glimpse into his treasured closet which houses everything from shelves of men's shoes (from his shoe salesman days) to dresses he handmade and wore in the 50s and 60s when drag was still illegal. we returned on mother's day with a bouquets of flowers to join michelle for her performance at the annual queen mother king father event at erotico lounge, where new activist inductees are celebrated by the imperial court of toronto. coming off the elevator we spotted allread at the end of a long corridor, almost unrecognizable in his summer shorts and printed collared shirt, save for his familiar pose—the hand-on-hip stance he strikes in the now famous photograph of him at nine years old after his sisters first put him in drag, adorning him with a turban and a long black dress completed with a heart-shaped locket. as i walked closer i could see he was grinning—what i didn't notice right away was that he was sporting a short brunette wig. cheekily, he said to me, "i thought it'd be a funny thing to do." russell at age nine russell and his sisters vice: other than your sisters and female cousins being such a support and influence on you, as far as expressing your female persona and identity, what other people have impacted you? russell alldread: mother was in the church choir; she woke me up in the mornings playing the piano. my two sisters and i (pictured) would go "dragged out" in front of the ladies groups to sing in hospitals at christmas time when i was young. i've always been on stage! dad was a welder. but i didn't have a father like the general concept of a father that takes the son out to hockey and football games. i had a hard working man that came back from the first world war that probably had something wrong up here [he points to his head]. my mother knew how to handle him. i remember him having an awful temper coming toward me once... and my mother intervened. he was a man that worked in the back of the shop a lot—he could make anything with his torch and his hammer. all the farmers loved him and mother looked after the books for him... he'd come home covered in grease and have a bath with laundry soap in the bathtub. he liked going fishing, that was one little release. i could understand why he was the way he was. did your father ever see you perform? like i say, i got started at nine years old. he didn't see me perform... but my mother knew what i was up to. my mother was also a much-loved woman in our small town... she's always with me. michelle (right) on tour with the great imposters in the 1970s you began in community theatre as russell. so how were you introduced to drag? did you have a mentor or did you come into it in your own way? another guy and i decided to go to a high school dance dressed as french pacha dancers [known for great music, fashion and hedonism]. it wasn't called "drag" back then—it was just a costume idea. in the 50s i got involved in ballet and amateur theatre. i was on stage with a group of top toronto actors in the 50s in a play called the barretts of wimpole street. i played the young octavius—i was perfectly typecast for that! in the 60s i was at the 511club, which used to be down the street. it was run by ray merkin, a theatre person from england and run very strictly. it had a dressing room in the back... there was a tunnel down to the stage so you didn't mix with the audience before a show. there were rehearsals tuesday and thursday nights, we did amateur broadway plays. i was once buffalo bill with the white beard. so i learned a lot in those years about performing. do you ever want to return to community theatre to perform as either michelle or russell? the last several years i've just been happy to use my life [as a drag artist] to raise money for charities. it's been fulfilling that way. prizes from russell's shoe salesman days. photo by jess desaulniers-lea in the 50s and 60s, drag artists had to live one identity by day, and another by night, especially because of the threat of police and/or harassment. here in toronto i've heard that cops used to occasionally arrest people in the queer community, including drag queens, bring them down to cherry beach and beat them up. did you find it difficult to live a double life? were you often fearful even when you were out at night within your community? in the 50s we were doing underground shows. the police used to come in and hassle us to make sure we had men's underwear on. [russell pulled out a photo of himself in drag.] this was on halloween. i was in silver sequins and blonde wig. i went out and i got ink thrown at me. but i came home, put on a red wig and went back out! nothing was going to stop me from what i wanted to do. when did you notice a shift—when you could begin to go out as michelle without the threat of police harassment or the police turning a blind eye when people in public would throw things (eggs, ink, etc) in your direction? my mother would say, "don't go downtown looking like a bum!" so, in the 50s my daytime garb was a suit and tie. the general public didn't know anything about the gay life. i had a little room on church street in the 50s before i got married and i had a collection of shoes because i worked in a shoe store. i remember murray [burbidge] made me a black sheath dress. i had a white fox stole and dressed up during the day and walked down yonge street. i went to see a movie downtown and sat in the balcony. after the movie i tripped down the stairs and broke a heel. at the bottom of the stairs a guy picks up my broken heel and says, "here's your heel, lady" and hands it to me. i limped home. i did what i wanted to do. photo by jess desaulniers-lea what do you find has been the biggest change in the drag community—aesthetically, politically? the performers today are totally different from what we were in the 60s and 70s. we tried to look "real"—a lot of the kids today are going very bizarre [with their look] and they don't experiment with different looks. they do their one look and that's what they stick with. but today is an open book. it's wonderful. in 2016 to be who you are and what you are and wear what you want to wear—especially in canada—not necessarily in other places in the world. we are very lucky to be in canada. you've lived in the village in toronto most of your life. you've mentioned that contrary to popular belief, there were certain things that were better back in the 50s/60s/70s living as a queer person. what's better now and what was better then? the young kids now, it's tough for them. i think they're out there trying to make some money. they're not necessarily considering joining a group to help raise money for charity. it's tough to live today. gay life is now diversifying. you can be in the west end and the east end (toronto)—we don't have to gather together in the village to protect ourselves. but, we've also lost and are losing different venues (colby's, st. charles tavern, etc.) the times back then produced people like me and people like the great drag queens in vancouver. it's more freedom in one way for gay people to live where they want to live, to dress how they want to dress, but it's not really a tight community anymore. you're more accepted by gay people, straight people... they come out to the shows not because you're gay but because of your talent. queens honour michelle at her imperial court gala performance. photos by jess desaulniers-lea how do you feel about ageism in the drag world or even the focus of the guinness record title being the "oldest performing drag queen in the world?" i love it! they put me in the guinness title, so i'm gonna use it! now i'm being introduced with that title. people saying, "did you know michelle is the oldest performing drag queen?" and i'm getting tipped! sometimes i go out with $25 and come back with $35. i'm tipping people too; i like to give five dollars to certain performers—miss carlotta carlisle, georgie girl—to show appreciation. they appreciate me for tipping them because of what i mean in the community. you know, city park also gave me an award. the president of city park said he didn't like my guinness award because it wasn't fancy enough so he wanted me to have one with rhinestones. i've never thought about my age. i've always said to people, you don't live yesterday. you don't live tomorrow. you can only live one day at a time. that means something, doesn't it? there used to be a great three-person act called freaks. one of them recently came out [of retirement] again and performed at statler's and everyone raved about her coming. i'm really blessed. being liked in my community—that's my big lesson i think. follow jess on instagram.

hɛʤ fənd ˌbɪljəˈnɛr ənd ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk səˈpɔrtər ʤɔrʤ ˈsɔroʊs (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ təˈdeɪ) (si) 2017 ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst ɪf ə ˈpərsən ɪz tɪ bi ʤəʤd baɪ hɪz ˈɛnəmiz, ʤɔrʤ ˈsɔroʊs kən fil praʊd. əˈkrɔs ˈistərn ˈjʊrəp, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ hɪz ˈneɪtɪv ˈhəŋgəri, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðoʊz frəm ˈʧaɪnə tɪ ˈiʤɪpt ənd ˈmɛni ɪn bɪtˈwin, hæv ɪkˈsprɛst fɪr ənd ˈloʊθɪŋ ənd ˈteɪkən ˈækʃən əˈgɛnst ðə ˈsɪvəl soʊˈsaɪɪti ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ðət ˈsɔroʊs həz ˈʤɛnərəsli səˈpɔrtɪd fər θri ˈdɛkeɪdz. ˈdɪkteɪtərz du nɑt laɪk ˈsɔroʊs æt ɔl, soʊ ɪt ɪz gʊd nuz ðət hi həz naʊ kənˈtrɪbjutɪd 18 ˈbɪljən əv hɪz ˈfɔrʧən tɪ hɪz ˈoʊpən soʊˈsaɪɪti faʊnˈdeɪʃənz. kloʊz hi ˈdoʊˌneɪtɪd ɪt tɪ ðə ˈoʊpən soʊˈsaɪɪti faʊnˈdeɪʃənz. taɪm ðə ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz, meɪd ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz bət dɪˈskloʊzd ˈoʊnli ðɪs wik, wɪl meɪk ˈoʊpən soʊˈsaɪɪti ðə ˌfɪlənθˈrɑpɪk ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, bɪˈhaɪnd ðə bɪl ənd məˈlɪndə geɪts faʊnˈdeɪʃən. ˈsɔroʊs həz naʊ kriˈeɪtɪd ə ˌfɪlənθˈrɑpɪk ˌsupərˈpaʊər fər ˈlɪˌbərəl dɪˈmɑkrəsi. ənd nən tu sun. ðə pæst ˈdɛkeɪd, ɪn ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr, həz ˈwɪtnəst ə ˈraɪzɪŋ taɪd əv əˈkrɔs ðə gloʊb. ðə ˈstænfərd ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən ˈskɑlər ˈlɛri ˈdaɪmənd kɔlz ðɪs ðə ˈdɛkeɪd əv ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌriˈsɛʃən. frəm ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts ʃi əv ˈʧaɪnə ənd vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn əv ˈrəʃə tɪ əv ˈtərki, ˈæbˌdɛl ˈfɑtə əv ˈiʤɪpt, hən sɛn əv ˌkæmˈboʊdiə, əv ˌvɛnɪzˈweɪlə, ˈvɪktər ˈɔrbən əv ˈhəŋgəri ənd əv ˌɑzərbaɪˈʤɑn, ˈgəvərnmənt ˈlidərz hæv bɪn əˈgrɛsɪvli ˈroʊlɪŋ bæk dɪˈmɑkrəsi ənd ˈjumən raɪts. ðeɪ hæv juzd trəˈdɪʃənəl koʊəˈrʃən səʧ ɛz ˌɪmˈprɪzənɪŋ ˈɪnəsənt ˈpipəl fər dɪˈsɛnt ər fər ɪkˈsprɛsɪŋ vjuz ˈfrili ɪn nuz ənd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə. ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ hæv səbˈvərtɪd ˈfridəm baɪ ˈsteɪʤɪŋ "ɪˈlɛkʃənz" ðət ər rɪgd; ˈfəndɪŋ nuz ˈmidiə ðət ər nɑt ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt; ˈleɪbəlɪŋ ˈsɪvəl soʊˈsaɪɪti ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ɛz "ˈfɔrən ˈeɪʤənts" ər spaɪz; ˈblɑkɪŋ ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt; ənd ˈəðər ˌɪnˈsɪˌdiəs ənd ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv tɛkˈniks. ˈsɔroʊs, hu lɪvd ɪn ˈhəŋgəri ɛz ə bɔɪ, ɪz æt ðə ˈfɔrˌfrənt əv ˈpʊʃɪŋ bæk əˈgɛnst ˌtoʊˌtæləˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm ənd əˌθɔrəˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm, ənd hɪz nu kəˈmɪtmənt səˈʤɛsts ðət hɪz faʊnˈdeɪʃənz wɪl səˈsteɪn ðɪs ˈmɪʃən fər jɪrz tɪ kəm. ˈsɔroʊs wɑz muvd ˈmɛni jɪrz əˈgoʊ baɪ ðə 1945 bʊk baɪ kɑrl ˈpɑpər, "ðə ˈoʊpən soʊˈsaɪɪti ənd ɪts ˈɛnəmiz," ˈrɪtən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈstrəgəl əˈgɛnst ˌtoʊˌtæləˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm ɪn wərld wɔr bət ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈlɛsənz fər təˈdeɪ. ðɛn ɛz naʊ, ə ˈhɛlθi ˈsɪvəl soʊˈsaɪɪti ðə kəˈnɛkʃənz əv fri ˈsɪtɪzənz tɪ wən əˈnəðər θru ðə prɛs, ˌɪnˈfɔrməl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz, ˈædvəkəsi ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ənd ˈəðərˌwaɪz ɪz ðə beɪn əv əˌθɔrəˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm. əˈlæs, ˈivɪn ðə ˈrɪʧəst faʊnˈdeɪʃənz ˈkænɑt fɪl ðə gæp lɛft wɪn ˈgəvərnmənts feɪl tɪ ækt. ðɪs ɪz ˈseɪljənt ənd ˈərʤənt naʊ ɛz ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp tərnz hɪz bæk ɔn ˈdɛkeɪdz əv juz. səˈpɔrt fər dɪˈmɑkrəsi ənd ˈjumən raɪts. ˈnəθɪŋ kəmˈpɛrz tɪ ðə pərsˈweɪsɪv paʊər ənd ˈoʊvərˌɑrʧɪŋ ˈɪnfluəns əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ɛz ðə ˈɛkˌspoʊnənt əv ˈfridəm. ɛz ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt ʤɔrʤ ˈdəbəlju. bʊʃ sɛd ɪn ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈæˌdrɛs ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ, "fər mɔr ðən 70 jɪrz, ðə ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts əv boʊθ ˈpɑrtiz bɪˈlivd ðət əˈmɛrɪkən sɪˈkjʊrəti ənd prɑˈspɛrəti wər dɪˈrɛkli taɪd tɪ ðə səkˈsɛs əv ˈfridəm ɪn ðə wərld. ənd ðeɪ nu ðət ðə səkˈsɛs dɪˈpɛndɪd, ɪn lɑrʤ pɑrt, ɔn juz. ˈlidərˌʃɪp." fər ɔl ðə ˈpɑzətɪv wərks ˈsɔroʊs ɛnˈvɪʒənz fər hɪz ˈbɪljənz, ɪt wʊd bi ˈdəbli gʊd ɪf ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts wər ˈwɔkɪŋ ɪn ˈtændəm wɪθ ɪm, ənd ɪt ɪz ə ˈtræʤədi ðət ɪt ɪz nɑt. rɛd ər ʃɛr ðɪs ˈstɔri:

hedge fund billionaire and democratic supporter george soros (photo: usa today) (c) 2017, the washington post if a person is to be judged by his enemies, george soros can feel proud. autocrats across eastern europe, including his native hungary, as well as those from china to egypt and many in between, have expressed fear and loathing - and taken action against - the civil society organizations that soros has generously supported for three decades. dictators do not like soros at all, so it is good news that he has now contributed $18 billion of his fortune to his open society foundations. close he donated it to the open society foundations. time the contributions, made in recent years but disclosed only this week, will make open society the second-largest philanthropic organization in the united states, behind the bill and melinda gates foundation. soros has now created a philanthropic superpower for liberal democracy. and none too soon. the past decade, in particular, has witnessed a rising tide of illiberalism across the globe. the stanford university-hoover institution scholar larry diamond calls this the decade of democratic recession. from presidents xi jinping of china and vladimir putin of russia to recep tayyip erdogan of turkey, abdel fatah al-sissi of egypt, hun sen of cambodia, nicolás maduro of venezuela, viktor orban of hungary and ilham aliyev of azerbaijan, government leaders have been aggressively rolling back democracy and human rights. they have used traditional coercion such as imprisoning innocent people for dissent or for expressing views freely in news and social media. they also have subverted freedom by staging "elections" that are rigged; funding news media that are not independent; labeling civil society organizations as "foreign agents" or spies; blocking access to the internet; and other insidious and innovative techniques. soros, who lived in nazi-occupied hungary as a boy, is at the forefront of pushing back against totalitarianism and authoritarianism, and his new commitment suggests that his foundations will sustain this mission for years to come. soros was moved many years ago by the 1945 book by karl popper, "the open society and its enemies," written during the struggle against totalitarianism in world war ii but holding lessons for today. then as now, a healthy civil society — the connections of free citizens to one another through the press, informal associations, advocacy organizations and otherwise — is the bane of authoritarianism. alas, even the richest foundations cannot fill the gap left when governments fail to act. this is salient and urgent now as president donald trump turns his back on decades of u.s. support for democracy and human rights. nothing compares to the persuasive power and overarching influence of the united states as the exponent of freedom. as former president george w. bush said in an important address on thursday, "for more than 70 years, the presidents of both parties believed that american security and prosperity were directly tied to the success of freedom in the world. and they knew that the success depended, in large part, on u.s. leadership." for all the positive works soros envisions for his billions, it would be doubly good if the government of the united states were walking in tandem with him, and it is a tragedy that it is not. read or share this story: http://callertim.es/2ycfbx3

ˈæftər bɪˈkeɪm ðə fərst nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkən tim æt ðə kəˈləmbəs meɪn kˈwɑləˌfaɪər tɪ kˈwɑləˌfaɪ fər ðə 1 ˈmɪljən kəˈləmbəs ˈmeɪʤər, wi hæd ə tɔk wɪθ ˈdeɪvɪd 'ˈdeɪvi' ˈstæfərd əv ðə tim. ˈoʊvərˈkeɪm, ər pərˈhæps ˈbɛnəfɪtɪd frəm, ˈnumərəs ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃənz tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə fərst nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkən tim tɪ meɪk ðə ˈmeɪʤər, e.g*. ˈvizə ˈɪʃuz ənd ðə ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti əv ðɛr riˈpleɪsmənts tɪ əˈtɛnd ðə kˈwɑləˌfaɪər ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈvɪktəriz ˈoʊvər ənd vɛkst. fərst ənd ˈfɔrˌmoʊst ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə tim pleɪd ˈtɛkstˌbʊk ənd wər ˈeɪbəl tɪ sɪˈkjʊr ðɛr ˈmeɪʤər kˌwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən wɪθ məʧ ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən ənd ballyhooing*. spoʊk tɪ ˈdeɪvɪd "ˈdeɪvi" ˈstæfərd, ðə nuəst əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðə kɔr ˈæftər hi lɛft ˈmɛθəd, ɔn əˈʧivmənt. ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˈɪntərvˌjuz ənd ˈəðər ˈvɪdioʊz frəm ðə ˈsɛkənd deɪ əv ðə kəˈləmbəs meɪn kˈwɑləˌfaɪər wɪl bi faʊnd ˈoʊvər æt ɑr ˈjuˌtub ˈʧænəl. stɪʧ raɪts fər ənd kən bi faʊnd ɔn tˈwɪtər

after splyce became the first north american team at the mlg columbus main qualifier to qualify for the $1 million mlg columbus major, we had a talk with david 'davey' stafford of the team. splyce overcame, or perhaps benefitted from, numerous situations to become the first north american team to make the major, e.g. themongolz's visa issues and the inability of their replacements to attend the qualifier as well as victories over clg and vexed. first and foremost however, the team played textbook momentum-based counter-strike and were able to secure their major qualification with much celebration and ballyhooing. hltv.org spoke to david "davey" stafford, the newest addition to the dogmen core after he left method, on splyce's achievement. upcoming interviews and other videos from the second day of the mlg columbus main qualifier will be found over at our youtube channel. stich writes for hltv.org and can be found on twitter

ˈrɛdɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðə ʃɔrt, ˈtrəbəld laɪf əv ˈfrɛdi greɪ hu ˈsəfərd lɛd ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ ɛz ə ʧaɪld, wɑz ərˈɛstɪd fər drəg əˈfɛnsɪz mɔr ðən ə ˈdəzən taɪmz ənd daɪd ɪn pəˈlis ˈkəstədi ˈnɪrli tu wiks əˈgoʊ ɪn ˈbɔltəˌmɔr aɪ rɪˈkɔld ə dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv ðə wərld əv jəŋ mɛn, ˈmoʊstli blæk, træpt ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkrɪmənəl ˈʤəstɪs ˈsɪstəm. ɪt wɑz ˈrɪtən baɪ ən hu wɑz æt ðə taɪm ə ˈprɪzənər ɪn ə ˈflɔrɪdə ʤeɪl. ər ˈvɪktɪmz əv ˈligəl ənd ˈsoʊʃəl ˌɪnˈʤəstɪs, ˌɪˈnædəkwətli prəˈvaɪdɪd fər baɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk əˈsɪstəns ˈsɪstəm, ənd ənd sentenced,”*,” hi roʊt. ˈfeɪljərz əv əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ˈsoʊʃəl ˈsərvɪsɪz ənd ˈʤəstɪs [ər] ənəˈfɔrdəbəl, ɛz wɛl ɛz riˈpəlsɪv. ɪn tɛnz əv ˈmɪljənz əv ˈəndərˌvæljud ˈjumən lɪvz ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts peɪz ə ˈhɛvi praɪs fər ən ˈiθɑs əˈflɪktɪd baɪ wantonness*, weɪst ənd əˈfɪʃəl ˈjumən indifference.”*.” ðə ˈɔθər əv ðoʊz wərdz ɪz ˈkɑnræd blæk, wəns wən əv ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈmidiə ˈbɛrənz, hu spɛnt mɔr ðən θri jɪrz ɪn ˈprɪzən ɔn ˈʧɑrʤɪz əv frɔd. ˌwəˈtɛvər wən θɪŋks əv keɪs, wɪʧ ɪz ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd ənd ɔn wɪʧ hi maʊnts ə roʊˈbəst dɪˈfɛns, ˈæftər hi bɪˈkeɪm ɛnˈmɛʃt ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ʤuˈdɪʃəl ˈsɪstəm, ðə (naʊ ˈbrɪtɪʃ) blæk ˈstədid ɪt ˌɪnˈtɛnsli ənd roʊt ə bʊk ənd ˈsɛvərəl ˈɛˌseɪz əˈbaʊt ɪt. hɪz ˈlɛsənz ər wərθ ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈsɪriəsli, sɪns ðeɪ kəm frəm ə frɛnd əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˌɪnˈdid, ə ˈtɔri ɪt ɪz wɛl noʊn ðət, wɪθ ˈnɪrli 5 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən, ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts həz kloʊz tɪ 25 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈprɪzənərz ənd, blæk ædz, 50 pərˈsɛnt əv ɪts ˈlɔjərz. ðə juz. ˈprɪzən ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɪz ˈmɛni taɪmz haɪər, pər ˈkæpɪtə, ðən ðət əv ˈəðər ədˈvænst dɪˈmɑkrəsiz səʧ ɛz ˈkænədə, ˈbrɪtən, fræns ənd ʤəˈpæn. ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz wɪn 95 pərˈsɛnt əv ðɛr ˈkeɪsɪz, 90 pərˈsɛnt əv ðɛm wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛvər ˈhævɪŋ tɪ goʊ tɪ traɪəl, sɪz blæk, ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət ðə ˈoʊvərˌɔl kənˈvɪkʃən reɪt ɪz 60 pərˈsɛnt ɪn ˈkænədə ənd əˈbaʊt 50 pərˈsɛnt ɪn ˈbrɪtən. ər əˈmɛrɪkən ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz ðət məʧ ˈbɛtər? noʊ, blæk ˌɪnˈsɪsts, ɪt ɪz bɪˈkəz əv ðə pli ˈbɑrgɪn, ə ˈsɪstəm əv ˈbʊliɪŋ ənd ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən baɪ ˈgəvərnmənt ˈlɔjərz fər wɪʧ ðeɪ bi dɪsˈbɑrd ɪn moʊst ˈəðər ˈsɪriəs ˈkəntriz, [ənd wɪʧ] ɪˈneɪbəlz ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz tɪ θˈrɛtən ˈɛvriˌwən əraʊnd ðə ˈtərgət wɪθ ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənt ɪf ðeɪ mərˈækjələsli ˈriˌkɔl, ˈəndər ˈkɛrfəl ˈgəvərnmənt ˈkoʊʧɪŋ, evidence.”*.” ɪn ən ˈɛˌseɪ ɪn ðə nu jɔrk ˌrivˈju əv bʊks, juz. ˈdɪstrɪkt ʤəʤ ʤɛd ˈræˌkɔf roʊt ðət bɪˈkəz əv ðə pli ˈbɑrgɪn, ˈkrɪmənəl ˈʤəstɪs ˈsɪstəm ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts təˈdeɪ bɛrz ˈlɪtəl riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp tɪ wət ðə ˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈfɑðərz ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪtɪd, wət ðə ˈmuviz ənd ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən pɔrˈtreɪ, ər wət ðə ˈævərɪʤ əˈmɛrɪkən believes.”*.” ðɛr ɪz, mɔr ˈɔfən ðən nɑt, noʊ ɪn court,”*,” noʊ traɪəl, noʊ raɪts fər ðə əˈkjuzd. ðə ˈprɑsɪˌkjutər ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɔlˌweɪz gɪts wət hi wɔnts. wɪn aɪ sərvd ɔn ə grænd ˈʤʊri, aɪ kˈwɪkli ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðət ɪt wɑz ə ˈrəbər stæmp fər ðə ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən, ðə ˈɑpəzɪt əv ɪts ərˈɪʤənəl ˌɪnˈtɛnt. blæk ˈɔlsoʊ raɪts ðət əˈmɛrɪkən ˈprɪzənz ər ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ ˈpənɪʃmənt wɪθ ə vindictiveness,”*,” wɪʧ ˈɔlsoʊ ɪnˈʃʊrz ðət ˈɪnˌmeɪts wəns riˈlist ər ˈətərli ənˈfɪt fər riˈɪntəˌgreɪʃən ˈɪntu soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈvərʧuəli ˌgɛrənˈtiɪŋ ðət ðeɪ rɪˈtərn tɪ ˈprɪzən. ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkəntriz səʧ ɛz ˈnɔrˌweɪ, wɛr ðə ˈɛmfəsɪs ɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ðə ˈɑpəzɪt ɪnˈtaɪərli ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn rɪˈdɛmʃən ənd riˈɪntəˌgreɪʃən hæv drəˈmætɪkəli loʊər reɪts əv rəˈsɪdɪˌvɪzəm. ɪn ən ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən pərˈhæps bɔrn əv ˈpərsɪnəl ɪkˈspɪriəns, blæk dɪˈskraɪbz ðə ˈpræktɪs əv ˈpʊtɪŋ glæs ˈbɛriərz bɪtˈwin ˈprɪzənərz ənd ðɛr ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ləvd wənz ɛz ənd dehumanizing.”*.” ʃʊd ˈnɛvər bi ðə əˈbʤɛktɪv əv ðə steɪt tɪ ˈʃætər ðə ˈfæməli ənd ˈpərsɪnəl laɪf əv ˈprɪzənərz. ɪt ɪz ˌɪndɪˈspjutəbəl ðət ˈnɔrməl ˈfæməli, roʊˈmæntɪk ənd ˈfrɛndli riˈleɪʃənz wɪθ ˈpipəl ər ə ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzɪŋ ˈɪnfluəns ɔn people.”*.” ðə kraɪm weɪv əv ðə skɛrd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ənd wɪn skɛrd, əˈmɛrɪkənz ˈɔfən ˈoʊvərriˈækt ənd ɪˈnækt bæd ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən. wət ˈfɑloʊd wɑz ə speɪt əv lɔz rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tɪ drəgz ənd kraɪm ðət hæv ˈgɪvɪn pəˈlis ənd ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz fɑr tu məʧ paʊər ənd ðə əˈkjuzd tu fju prəˈtɛkʃənz ənd tu ˈlɪtəl ˈdɪgnəti. ðə zil tɪ lɑk ˈpipəl əp həz spɔnd ə væst complex”*” ðət ˈlɑbiz əˈgrɛsɪvli fər ɪts oʊn ˈspɛʃəl ˈɪntərɪsts wɪʧ, əv kɔrs, minz mɔr ˈprɪzənərz ənd, ðəs, ˈprɪzənz. ðə ˈsɪstəm əv lɔ wɑz hɪˈstɔrɪkəli dɪˈfaɪnd baɪ ɪts ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ðə raɪts əv ðə əˈkjuzd, nɑt ðə paʊərz əv ðə ˈprɑsɪˌkjutər. ðət wɑz haʊ ɪt ˈdɪfərd frəm ðoʊz ɪn moʊst əv ðə rɛst əv ðə wərld. ɪn dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ðət ˈsɪstəm, ðə greɪt ˈɪŋlɪʃ ˈʤʊrɪst ˈwɪljəm ˈblækˌstoʊn sɛd, ðət 10 ˈgɪlti ˈpərsənz ɪˈskeɪp ðən ðət wən ˈɪnəsənt suffer.”*.” wi hæv streɪd ˈvɛri fɑr frəm ðət kɔr kənˈvɪkʃən ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts təˈdeɪ. rɛd mɔr frəm ˈɑrˌkaɪv, ˈfɑloʊ ɪm ɔn tˈwɪtər ər səbˈskraɪb tɪ hɪz ˈəpˌdeɪts ɔn ˈfeɪsˌbʊk.

reading about the short, troubled life of freddie gray — who suffered lead poisoning as a child, was arrested for drug offenses more than a dozen times and died in police custody nearly two weeks ago in baltimore — i recalled a description of the world of young men, mostly black, trapped in the american criminal justice system. it was written by an archconservative who was at the time a prisoner in a florida jail. “many are victims of legal and social injustice, inadequately provided for by the public assistance system, and over-prosecuted and vengefully sentenced,” he wrote. “the failures of american education, social services and justice [are] unaffordable, as well as repulsive. in tens of millions of undervalued human lives . . . the united states pays a heavy price for an ethos afflicted by wantonness, waste and official human indifference.” the author of those words is conrad black, once one of the world’s most powerful media barons, who spent more than three years in prison on charges of fraud. whatever one thinks of black’s case, which is complicated and on which he mounts a robust defense, after he became enmeshed in the american judicial system, the canadian-born (now british) black studied it intensely and wrote a book and several essays about it. his lessons are worth taking seriously, since they come from a friend of the united states — indeed, a tough-minded tory . it is well known that, with nearly 5 percent of the world’s population, the united states has close to 25 percent of the world’s prisoners and, black adds, 50 percent of its lawyers. the u.s. prison population is many times higher, per capita, than that of other advanced democracies such as canada, britain, france and japan. prosecutors win 95 percent of their cases, 90 percent of them without ever having to go to trial, says black, noting that the overall conviction rate is 60 percent in canada and about 50 percent in britain. are american prosecutors that much better? no, black insists, it is because of the plea bargain, a system of bullying and intimidation by government lawyers for which they “would be disbarred in most other serious countries, [and which] enables prosecutors to threaten everyone around the target with indictment if they don’t miraculously recall, under careful government coaching, inculpatory evidence.” in an essay in the new york review of books, u.s. district judge jed rakoff wrote that because of the plea bargain, “the criminal justice system in the united states today bears little relationship to what the founding fathers contemplated, what the movies and television portray, or what the average american believes.” there is, more often than not, no “day in court,” no trial, no rights for the accused. the prosecutor almost always gets what he wants. when i served on a grand jury, i quickly realized that it was a rubber stamp for the prosecution, the opposite of its original intent. black also writes that american prisons are dedicated to punishment with a “primal vindictiveness,” which also ensures that inmates once released are utterly unfit for reintegration into society — virtually guaranteeing that they return to prison. european countries such as norway, where the emphasis is almost the opposite — entirely focused on redemption and reintegration — have dramatically lower rates of recidivism. in an observation perhaps born of personal experience, black describes the practice of putting glass barriers between prisoners and their visiting loved ones as “sadistic and dehumanizing.” “it should never be the objective of the state to shatter the family and personal life of prisoners. it is indisputable that normal family, romantic and friendly relations with law-abiding people are a stabilizing influence on people.” the crime wave of the 1970s scared the united states. and when scared, americans often overreact and enact bad legislation. what followed was a spate of laws relating to drugs and crime that have given police and prosecutors far too much power and the accused too few protections and too little dignity. the zeal to lock people up has spawned a vast “prison-industrial complex” that lobbies aggressively for its own special interests — which, of course, means more prisoners and, thus, prisons. the anglo-american system of law was historically defined by its focus on the rights of the accused, not the powers of the prosecutor. that was how it differed from those in most of the rest of the world. in describing that system, the great english jurist william blackstone said, “better that 10 guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.” we have strayed very far from that core conviction in the united states today. read more from fareed zakaria’s archive, follow him on twitter or subscribe to his updates on facebook.

plænz tɪ riˈvæmp ˈkɑrltən pɑrk ɔn nɔrθ saɪd ˌɪnˈklud ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ə boʊt lɔnʧ ɔn ðə saɪt əv ðə ˈfɔrmər ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl bəlk tæŋk fɑrm. ðə lænd əˈlɔŋ ðə st*. ʤɑn ˈrɪvər, bɪtˈwin ðə bɪl θɔrp ˈwɔkɪŋ brɪʤ ənd ðə maʊθ əv ðə ˈrɪvər, həz bɪn ˈveɪkənt sɪns ðə tæŋks wər ˈteɪkən aʊt ɪn 2003 ə jɪr ˈæftər ðeɪ wər ˈteɪkən aʊt, ðə ˈsɪti ˈwɔntɪd tɪ baɪ ðə lænd frəm ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl. ðə ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl bəlk fɑrm tæŋks ɪn wər riˈmuvd ɪn 2003 (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) wɪθ ˈfɛdərəl ˈfəndɪŋ, ɪt plænd tɪ bɪld ə fɔrt ˈtʊrɪst əˈtrækʃən ɔn ðə ˈprɑpərti, wɪʧ ɪz bɪˈlivd tɪ bi ðə saɪt əv ə hɪˈstɔrɪk fɔrt, bɪlt ɪn ðə leɪt 1600s*. bət ðət ˈdɪdənt ˈhæpən. ðə ˈsɪti wɑz priˈpɛrd tɪ peɪ ˈərvɪŋ əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ə tæks rɪˈsit fər ðə lænd. bət əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ nuz ˈstɔriz æt ðə taɪm, ðə dil wɑz ʧeɪnʤd ɛz nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz nɪrd ən ɛnd. ə nuz riˈlis frəm ðə ˈsɪti æt ðə taɪm sɛd ˈərvɪŋ æst fər ˈmɪljən ɪn kæʃ ənd ˈwɔntɪd ðə ˈsɪti tɪ teɪk ɔn ðə fˈjuʧər ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti fər ðə lænd. 2004 dil fɛl θru bræd ˈwʊdˌsaɪd sɛd ðæts wɪn ðə dil fɛl θru. bræd ˈwʊdˌsaɪd sɛd ˈæftər ðə ˈsɪtiz nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz wɪθ ðə əˈbaʊt ðə tæŋk fɑrm saɪt fɛl əˈpɑrt ɪn 2004 ðət ðɛr ˈwəzənt goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ə lɔt əv ˈpipəl ˈlaɪnɪŋ əp tɪ baɪ ðə saɪt. (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) "ðeɪ ˈrɪli ʃʊd hæv ʤɪst sɛd, 'lʊk, wɪr goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt ðɪs ˈprɑpərti klind əp ənd wɪr goʊɪŋ tɪ meɪk ə doʊˈneɪʃən əv ðə ˈprɑpərti, laɪk ðeɪ hæv dən ɪn ˈmɛni ˈəðər ˈpleɪsɪz," ˈwʊdˌsaɪd toʊld ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ˈmɔrnɪŋ æt ðə taɪm. "bɪˈkəz ðɛrz nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ə hoʊl lɔt əv ˈpipəl ˈlaɪnɪŋ əp tɪ baɪ ðət pis əv pəˈlutɪd ˈprɑpərti. aɪ min, ɪts ən ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl dɪˈzæstər." ˈsiˌbiˈsi æst ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ənd ˈloʊkəl ˈgəvərnmənt ˈrisəntli tɪ spik tɪ ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ˈstætəs əv ðə lænd, bət noʊ wən wɑz meɪd əˈveɪləbəl. kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz ˈɔfɪsər mɑrk andré*é ˈʧeɪsən roʊt ɪn ən iˈmeɪl: "ənˈfɔrʧənətli wi wɪl nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ prəˈvaɪd ən ˈɪntərvˌju fər ðɪs rɪkˈwɛst ənd ðə saɪts ðət ju hæv rɪkˈwɛstɪd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ər oʊnd baɪ ˈpraɪvət ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz ənd ˈkəmpəˌniz ənd ɪt ɪz prəˈtɛktɪd ˈəndər ðə ˈpraɪvəsi ækt. ju wʊd nid tɪ ˈkɑnˌtækt ðɛm dɪˈrɛkli tɪ gɪt ˈɛni mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ðoʊz lændz." ˈsiˌbiˈsi nuz dɪd ə ˈstɔri əˈbaʊt 10 jɪrz əˈgoʊ wɪn sɔɪl wɑz ˈteɪkən əˈweɪ frəm ðə saɪt. læst wik, ðə ˈbrɔdˌkæstər əˈgɛn əˈproʊʧt ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl tɪ æsk ɪf ðə lænd ɪz kənˈtæməˌneɪtɪd, ənd ɪf soʊ, tɪ wət ɪkˈstɛnt. ðɛr wɑz noʊ rɪˈspɑns. ɔl ðə nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz fər ðə dil ɪn 2004 bɪtˈwin ðə ˈsɪti ənd ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl wər dən ɪn kloʊzd ˈsɛʃən ənd ˈɑrənt ɔn ˈpəblɪk ˈrɛkərd. 'wi noʊ ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt' ʤɪm skɑt əv treɪs ˈplænɪŋ ənd dɪˈzaɪn, ðə fərm ðət dɪˈzaɪnd ðə ˈkɑrltən pɑrk ˈmæstər plæn, sɛd hi ˈhæzənt sin ˈɛni ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˌɪmˈpækt əˈsɛsmənts, ər ˈɛni ˈəðər ˈdɑkjəmənts ðət maɪt seɪ wət kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən ɪz ɔn ðə saɪt, bət hi dɪd spik wɪθ ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ənd ˈloʊkəl ˈgəvərnmənt əˈbaʊt ðə lændz vaɪəˈbɪləti. ðə ˈmæstər plæn fər ˈkɑrltən pɑrk kəˈmɪʃənd baɪ ðə ˈsɪti əv ɛnˈvɪʒənz ə boʊt lɔnʧ ɔn ðə saɪt əv ðə ˈfɔrmər ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl tæŋk fɑrm saɪt. "wi noʊ ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt əˈbaʊt ðə saɪt," hi sɛd. "ˈɑbviəsli wɪθ ðə tæŋk fɑrm, ðət kəmz wɪθ jʊr ˈjuʒəwəl ˈstændərd sɛt əv ˈɪʃuz əraʊnd ðət ənd sɔɪl kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən. ɪts ˈvɛri prɪˈlɪməˌnɛri bət ðə aɪˈdiə wi tɔkt tɪ ðɛm əˈbaʊt ɪz ɪf ɪt dɪd wərk hir, kən wi lʊk æt ðə ˈnoʊʃən əv ˈkæpɪŋ ðə saɪt ənd dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ əˈbəv ðət wɪˈθaʊt duɪŋ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ bɪˈloʊ ðə saɪt? ənd ðeɪ sɛd, wɛl, ɪts wərθ siɪŋ ɪf ɪts ˈpɑsəbəl." əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈdɑktər. sɪŋ, ə ˈsɪvəl ənd ˈkɛmɪkəl ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ prəˈfɛsər æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv nu ˈbrənzwɪk hu ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzɪz ɪn ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ ənd weɪst ˈtritmənt ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi, dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn wət ðə kənˈtæmənənts ər ɪn sɔɪl, ɪf ðɛr ˌbaɪəˈlɑʤɪkəl ɪn səm dɪˈgri ðeɪ maɪt breɪk daʊn ˈnæʧərəli ˈoʊvər ə lɔŋ ˈpɪriəd əv taɪm. "ðɛr ər ˈmɛni ˈfæktərz," sɪŋ sɛd. "ɪf ɪt ɪz ə lɔŋ ˈpɪriəd əv taɪm, ˈnæʧərəli səm əv ðiz θɪŋz wɪl bi dɪˈgreɪdɪd bət əˈgɛn, ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈpɑsəbəl ðət səm əv ðiz θɪŋz maɪt nɑt dɪˈgreɪd soʊ kˈwɪkli. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈpipəl ˌɪntərˈvin ənd ðeɪ traɪ tɪ teɪk aʊt ðə sɔɪl ənd trit ðət sɔɪl. bət əˈgɛn, ɪt dɪˈpɛndz haʊ lɔŋ ju liv ðət lænd wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni juz." "ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ seɪ haʊ lɔŋ bɪˈkəz ðət dɪˈpɛndz ɔn wət wɑz ðə ˈlɛvəl əv kənˈtæmənənts ðɛr," hi sɛd. sɪŋ ˈɔlsoʊ sɛd ðət kənˈtæmənənts kʊd sip ˈɪntu ðə ˈrɪvər θru sɔɪl ðət ɪz kənˈtæməˌneɪtɪd. ɪf ðɛrz ə ˈhɛvi reɪn, ðə rən ɔf ˈwɔtər kən ˈkɛri ðoʊz kənˈtæmənənts ˈɪntu ðə ˈwɔtərˌweɪz. ˈveɪkənt sɪns 2004 ðə lænd həz bɪn ˈveɪkənt ənd ənˈjuzd sɪns ðə 2004 dil fɛl θru. ˈfɔrmər ˈsɪti ˈmɛrəlɪn sɛd ðɛr wər ˈsɛvərəl kəmˈpleɪnts frəm ˈpipəl ɪn hər wɔrd ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz ðət ðə tæŋk fɑrm saɪt wɑz ən ˈaɪˌsɔr. (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) ˈfɔrmər ˈsɪti ˈmɛrəlɪn sɛd ðɛr wər ˈsɛvərəl kəmˈpleɪnts frəm ˈpipəl hu lɪv ɪn hər wɔrd ðət ðə ˈprɑpərti ɪz ənˈsaɪtli. "ˈmɛni, ˈmɛni taɪmz ɪt wɑz ən ˈɪʃu ɪn ðə wɔrd. ˈpipəl hæv ˈɔlˌweɪz tɔkt əˈbaʊt wət ən ˈaɪˌsɔr ɔn ðə st*. ʤɑn ˈrɪvər ənd haʊ ðət ʃʊd bi klind əp." sɛd ʃi pʊʃt ˈsɛvərəl taɪmz ɛz ə tɪ hæv ˈsəmθɪŋ dən wɪθ ðə lænd. "ˈivɪn ɪf ðət ʤɪst hæd græs ənd ə ˈkəpəl əv ˈbɛnʧɪz ɔn ɪt ðət wʊd bi ən ˌɪmˈpruvmənt, bət ənˈfɔrʧənətli ðət ʤɪst ˈdɪdənt ˈɛvər ˈhæpən," ʃi sɛd. lis kənˈsɪdərd ðə ˈsɪti ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ˈlisɪŋ ðə lænd. ðə lænd ɛnˈvɪʒənd ɛz ə boʊt lɔnʧ ɪn ɪz ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd bɪtˈwin ðə bɪl θɔrp ˈwɔkɪŋ brɪʤ ənd ðə maʊθ əv ðə ˈrɪvər. (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) "ɪt ɪz ə ˈrɪli nis pis əv lænd, ɪf ju kən sɛt ðə ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl əˈsaɪd fər ə ˈsɛkənd," skɑt sɛd. "ɪt ɪz ə ˈwəndərfəl pis əv lænd ənd ə greɪt loʊˈkeɪʃən. wid heɪt tɪ teɪk əˈweɪ ˈɛni ˈlɔŋˈtərm ˌɑpərˈtunətiz frəm ðə ɔn ðət pis əv lænd. "soʊ wi lʊkt æt ðə aɪˈdiə ɪf ðə boʊt fəˈsɪlɪti dɪd wərk ðɛr, wi wʊd ˈrɪli kip ɪt kwaɪt ˈmɪnəməl ənd meɪk ɪt səʧ ðət ɪf ðə dɪd hæv ə greɪt ˌɑpərˈtunəti ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər wi kʊd gɪt aʊt əv ðə weɪ." ˈlisɪŋ ðə lænd ˈɔlsoʊ wʊd kip ðə ˈsɪti ɔf ðə hʊk ɪf ən ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈkliˌnəp ɪz ˈnidɪd. "ˌwəˈtɛvər ju du ðɛr, ju ʤɪst doʊnt wɔnt tɪ gɪt ˈɪntu ðə graʊnd bɪˈkəz ðə kɔst əv rɪˌmidiˈeɪʃən əv ðə saɪt bɪˈkəmz ˈvərʧuəli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl," skɑt sɛd. ðə ˈfɔrmər saɪt əv ðə ˈərvɪŋ ɔɪl tæŋk fɑrm ɪn həz bɪn ˈveɪkənt sɪns ðə tæŋks wər riˈmuvd ɪn 2003 (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) "aɪ ˈhævənt sin rɪˈpɔrts ɔn ʤɪst ɪgˈzæktli wət ðə kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən ɪz, bət æt ˈmɪnəməm ðɛrz ˈprɑbəˌbli səm ˌpɛtroʊˈkɛmɪkəl ˈɪʃuz, wɪʧ ju noʊ ɪz ə bɪg dil tɪ fɪks. soʊ ɪf wi goʊ ɔn ðə saɪt ənd steɪ ɔn tɔp əv ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ, ðɛn ɪt bɪˈkəmz mɔr ˈprɑbəbəl ðən ɪf wɪr ˈdɪgɪŋ ˈɪntu ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət wʊd ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈstrəkʧərz." skɑt sɛd hɪz fərm riʧt aʊt tɪ ðə ˈərvɪŋ ˈfæməli əˈbaʊt ðə aɪˈdiə, ðoʊ ðə ˈsɪti sɛd ɪt ˈhæzənt ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈɛni tɔks əˈbaʊt ðə lænd wɪθ ðə. ənd ðoʊ ðɪs kʊd bi ðə plæn ðət ædz əˈnəðər ˈʧæptər tɪ ðə lændz lɔŋ ˈstɔri, ˈɛni ˈækʃən ɪz stɪl ə lɔŋ weɪ ɔf, sɛd meɪər maɪk oʊˈbraɪɪn. "ɪts ə ˈvɪʒəˌnɛri ˈdɑkjəmɛnt," hi sɛd. "aɪd ləv tɪ si ɪt roʊl aʊt, bət ðɛrz bɪn noʊ dɪˈskəʃənz wɪθ ðə ˈprɑpərti ˈoʊnər," sɛd oʊˈbraɪɪn. "ɪt ˈrɛzəˌneɪtɪd wɪθ ðə ˈpəblɪk ənd ðə ˈboʊtɪŋ kəmˈjunɪti ənd ðə ˈfɪʃɪŋ kəmˈjunɪti. ðeɪd ləv tɪ hæv ə spɑt ðɛr."

plans to revamp carleton park on fredericton's north side include the possibility of a boat launch on the site of the former irving oil bulk tank farm. the land along the st. john river, between the bill thorpe walking bridge and the mouth of the nashwaak river, has been vacant since the tanks were taken out in 2003. a year after they were taken out, the city wanted to buy the land from irving oil. the irving oil bulk farm tanks in fredericton were removed in 2003. (cbc) with federal funding, it planned to build a fort nashwaak tourist attraction on the property, which is believed to be the site of a historic fort, built in the late 1600s. but that didn't happen. the city was prepared to pay irving $500,000, along with a $250,000 tax receipt for the land. but according to news stories at the time, the deal was changed as negotiations neared an end. a news release from the city at the time said irving asked for $1.1 million in cash and wanted the city to take on the future environmental responsibility for the land. 2004 deal fell through then-mayor brad woodside said that's when the deal fell through. brad woodside said after the city's negotiations with the irvings about the tank farm site fell apart in 2004 that there wasn't going to be a lot of people lining up to buy the site. (cbc) "they really should have just said, 'look, we're going to get this property cleaned up and we're going to make a donation of the property, like they have done in many other places," woodside told cbc's information morning fredericton at the time. "because ... there's not going to be a whole lot of people lining up to buy that piece of polluted property. i mean, it's an environmental disaster." cbc asked the department of environment and local government recently to speak to the environment status of the land, but no one was made available. communications officer marc andré chaisson wrote in an email: "unfortunately we will not be able to provide an interview for this request and the sites that you have requested information on are owned by private individuals and companies and it is protected under the privacy act. you would need to contact them directly to get any more information about those lands." cbc news did a story about 10 years ago when soil was taken away from the site. last week, the broadcaster again approached irving oil to ask if the land is contaminated, and if so, to what extent. there was no response. all the negotiations for the deal in 2004 between the city and irving oil were done in closed session and aren't on public record. 'we know a little bit' jim scott of trace planning and design, the firm that designed the carleton park master plan, said he hasn't seen any environmental impact assessments, or any other documents that might say what contamination is on the site, but he did speak with the department of environment and local government about the land's viability. the master plan for carleton park commissioned by the city of fredericton envisions a boat launch on the site of the former irving oil tank farm site. "we know a little bit about the site," he said. "obviously with the tank farm, that comes with your usual standard set of issues around that and soil contamination. it's very preliminary but the idea we talked to them about is if it did work here, can we look at the notion of capping the site and developing above that without doing anything below the site? and they said, well, it's worth seeing if it's possible." according to dr. kripa singh, a civil and chemical engineering professor at the university of new brunswick who specializes in environmental engineering and waste treatment biotechnology, depending on what the contaminants are in soil, if they're biological in some degree they might break down naturally over a long period of time. "there are many factors," singh said. "if it is a long period of time, naturally some of these things will be degraded ... but again, it is also possible that some of these things might not degrade so quickly. sometimes people intervene and they try to take out the soil and treat that soil. but again, it depends how long you leave that land without any use." "it is difficult to say how long because that depends on what was the level of contaminants there," he said. singh also said that contaminants could seep into the river through soil that is contaminated. if there's a heavy rain, the run off water can carry those contaminants into the waterways. vacant since 2004 the land has been vacant and unused since the 2004 deal fell through. former fredericton city councillor marilyn kerton said there were several complaints from people in her ward over the years that the tank farm site was an eyesore. (cbc) former city councillor marilyn kerton said there were several complaints from people who live in her ward that the property is unsightly. "many, many times it was an issue in the ward. people have always talked about what an eyesore on the st. john river and how that should be cleaned up." kerton said she pushed several times as a councillor to have something done with the land. "even if that just had grass and a couple of benches on it that would be an improvement, but unfortunately that just didn't ever happen," she said. lease considered the city is also considering the possibility of leasing the land. the land envisioned as a boat launch in fredericton is located between the bill thorpe walking bridge and the mouth of the nashwaak river. (cbc) "it is a really nice piece of land, if you can set the environmental aside for a second," scott said. "it is a wonderful piece of land and a great location. we'd hate to take away any long-term opportunities from the irvings on that piece of land. "so we looked at the idea if the boat facility did work there, we would really keep it quite minimal and make it such that if the irvings did have a great opportunity in the future we could get out of the way." leasing the land also would keep the city off the hook if an environmental cleanup is needed. "whatever you do there, you just don't want to get into the ground because the cost of remediation of the site becomes virtually impossible," scott said. the former site of the irving oil tank farm in fredericton has been vacant since the tanks were removed in 2003. (cbc) "i haven't seen reports on just exactly what the contamination is, but at minimum there's probably some petrochemical issues, which you know is a big deal to fix. so if we go on the site and stay on top of everything, then it becomes more probable than if we're digging into something that would require in-ground structures." scott said his firm reached out to the irving family about the idea, though the city said it hasn't engaged in any talks about the land with the irvings. and though this could be the plan that adds another chapter to the land's long story, any action is still a long way off, said mayor mike o'brien. "it's a visionary document," he said. "i'd love to see it roll out, but there's been no discussions with the property owner," said o'brien. "it resonated with the public and the boating community and the fishing community. they'd love to have a spot there."

ðə ˌnɔrˈwiʤən dɪˈskəsɪz aɪˈdɛntəˌti, rɪˈlɪʤən, ənd ˈwɛðər ˈvæmpaɪrz hæv ˈpɪriədz wɪθ ðə ɪkˌspɛrɪˈmɛntəl pɑp bænd tɛkst ˈædəlt ʤæz ər əˈməŋst ðə moʊst dɪˈstɪŋktɪv bændz ɪn ðə, ˈkræftɪŋ ˈpleɪfəl pɑp sɔŋz wɪθ ˈlɪrɪks ðət əˈproʊʧ ˌmæskjəˈlɪnəti, rɪˈlɪʤən, ənd ˌmɔˈræləˌti frəm ə juˈnik pərˈspɛktɪv. ðɛr ˈdeɪbju ˈælbəm ʤɪst ɪz ərnd ðɛm fænz frəm tɪ ˈdeɪvɪd bərn, ənd ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr ðə rɪˈtərnd wɪθ ˈɪrɪŋz ɔf!, ə fər traɪ ˈæŋgəl ˈrɛkərdz (hoʊm tɪ ɪkˌspɛrɪˈmɛntəl ækts laɪk ðə kloʊk ənd ˈɛviən kraɪst) ðət sɔ ðɛm ɪmˈbreɪs ə mɔr ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk dɪˈrɛkʃɪn, ˈmɛriɪŋ ˈrəbəri, bits tɪ ðɛr ˈsɔŋˌraɪtɪŋ. ðə ˈtaɪtəl træk ɪz, ɪn ðə wərdz əv ˈsɪŋər ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs, əˈbaʊt ən ˈʤɛndər ˈɑrkɪˌtaɪp wi ɔl ˈkɛri əraʊnd ɪn ðə bæk əv ɑr minds”*”. tɪ səbˈvərt ɪt, ðə ˈɑrkɪˌtaɪp həz tɪ bi ˈfərmli ˈprɛzənt ɪn you,”*,” ˈbərʤəs sɪz, wən ɪz ˌɪmˈjun tɪ ˈʤɛndər ʃeɪm, ˌɪmˈjunɪti ɪz ənd lərnt, ənd ˈɔfən əraɪvd æt ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəli θru lɑts əv unlearning.”*.” wɪn ɪt keɪm tɪ ðə sɔŋ, ə ˈnæʧərəl pɪk wɑz ˈʤɛni, ðə ˌnɔrˈwiʤən ənd kəmˈpoʊzər hu həz ˌɪnˈtɛrəˌgeɪtɪd ðə pərˈsɛpʃənz əv ˈʤɛndər, dɪˈvoʊʃən, ənd sɛlf əˈkrɔs ə ˈhændˌfʊl əv ˈrɛkərdz riˈlist boʊθ ˈəndər hər oʊn neɪm ənd ˈpriviəsli ɛz rockettothesky*. traɪd tɪ meɪk ə baɪ riˈstrəkʧərɪŋ əv ðə wərdz, tɪ ʤɪst goʊ: aɪ ˈwɑnə si wət ˈhæpənz ɪf aɪ lʊk æt ðə ˈlɪrɪks ənd riˈstrəkʧər ɪt ənd ðɛn pʊt ðə ˈvoʊkəl təˈgɛðər ɪn ðət order,”*,” ɪkˈspleɪnz, ðət ˈsaʊndɪd ˈkreɪzi, ənd nɑt ˈvɛri ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ. soʊ aɪ tʊk ðiz ˈmoʊmənts ðət aɪ ˈrɪli laɪk ðə saʊnd əv ənd aɪ wɛnt frəm there.”*.” hər ˈfɔrθˈkəmɪŋ ˈælbəm bləd bɪʧ teɪks ə mɔr ˌɪmprɑvɪˈzeɪʃənəl əˈproʊʧ tɪ læst əˈpɑkəˌlɪps, gərl ənd ɪz ˈlusli ˌɪnˈfɔrmd baɪ ˈvæmpaɪr ˈmuviz ənd ˌɛkˌsplɔɪˈteɪʃən fɪlmz. ˈlɪsən tɪ ðə bɪˈloʊ, ənd rɛd ɔn fər ə dɪˈskəʃən bɪtˈwin ənd ˈædəlt ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs əˈbaʊt ˈraɪtɪŋ mˈjuzɪk, ˈʤɛndər aɪˈdɛntəˌti, ənd ˈvæmpaɪr ˌmɛnstruˈeɪʃən. ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: aɪ ˈnoʊtɪst ðət dən ə ˈfiʧər ɔn ˈʤinjəs wɛr ju ˌænəˈteɪtɪd jʊr wərdz. ˈsəmθɪŋ ləv tɪ du, bət ˈɔlsoʊ ðɪs aɪˈdiə ðət ju ʃʊd seɪ ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ju nid tɪ seɪ wɪˈθɪn jʊr ɑrt; ðət ɪt ʃʊd bi ˈsɛlfkənˈteɪnd. haʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɪz jʊr ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd ˈminɪŋ? ɪz ðət ə ˈseɪkrɪd θɪŋ tɪ ju? ˈʤɛni: noʊ. ˈivɪn maɪ ˈminɪŋ ˈɪzənt ˈseɪkrɪd tɪ mi, ənˈlɛs səm kaɪnd əv ˈrɛfərəns tɪ səm ˈpoʊətri ər səm ˈɑrtˌwərk ər səm kaɪnd əv ˈmɛməri ðət aɪ ˈrɪli ləv kaɪnd əv ˈseɪkrɪd. bət ɪt steɪz ˈseɪkrɪd noʊ ˈmætər haʊ ˈpipəl ˌɪnˈtərprət wət aɪ du. aɪ ˈdɪdənt ˈrɪli hæv ə ˈprɑbləm wɪθ duɪŋ ðə ˈʤinjəs ˌænəˈteɪʃənz, ˈmoʊstli bɪˈkəz aɪ wɑz ˈɪntərvˌjud baɪ ˈsæʃə frere-jones*, ən əˈmeɪzɪŋ ˈraɪtər. ɪn tu maɪndz əˈbaʊt duɪŋ tənz əv ˈɪntərvˌjuz aɪ ˈɔlˌweɪz ɛnd əp ˈθɪŋkɪŋ, ‘‘wow*, ɪz ðɪs naʊ bɪˈkəmɪŋ ðə weɪ aɪ think?’*?’ soʊ ðɪs ˈʤinjəs ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ðət aɪ hæd wɪθ ˈsæʃə wɑz ˈvɛri ənd ˈrɪli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ. səm əv ðoʊz ˌænəˈteɪʃənz ər nɑt ˈrɪli maɪ θɔts, bət ðə θɔts ðət keɪm əp bɪtˈwin ðə tu əv ˈjuˈɛs ˈtɔkɪŋ. ɪz ˈvəlnərəbəl ənd ə bɪg pɑrt əv ɑrt, soʊ waɪ nɑt bi ɪn it?”*?” ˈʤɛni ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: ɪt wɑz ˌɪˈluməˌneɪtɪŋ tɪ mi. stɪl gɑt kwaɪt ən ˌɪməˈtjʊr ˈætəˌtud tɪ wət ˈraɪtɪŋ, bɪˈkəz ˈvɛri səˈpraɪzd baɪ wət aɪ seɪ. aɪ wɔnt tɪ nɪp ðət ˈfilɪŋ ɪn ðə bəd əv ˈwɑnɪŋ ˈpipəl tɪ gɪt maɪ ˌɪnˈtɛnʧən ɔl ðə taɪm. aɪ du hæv ə strɔŋ aɪˈdiə əv ðət ˌɪnˈtɛnʧən bət stɪl ə ˈlərnɪŋ kərv əˈbaʊt haʊ məʧ ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən aɪ nid ənd wɔnt. aɪ θɪŋk ə məˈʧʊrəti θɪŋ ˈhævɪŋ gɑt ə fju ˈrɛkərdz bɪˈhaɪnd ju, ju ˈprɑbəˌbli hæv ə ˈnitər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ðət? ˈhævɪŋ ˈəðər ˈpipəl hir wət ˈrɪtən ɪz ɔl kwaɪt nu tɪ mi. ˈʤɛni: ˈrɪli ˈskɛri ˈhævɪŋ ˈpipəl ˈhirɪŋ ənd ˈɪntərˌprɛtɪŋ ənd riˈæktɪŋ tɪ wət ju du. ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli ˈvəlnərəbəl wɪn ju ɪkˈspoʊz ˈsəmθɪŋ soʊ ˈpərsɪnəl ðə fərst fju taɪmz. wɪn aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd riˈlisɪŋ θɪŋz aɪ hæd noʊ aɪˈdiə ðət ˈpipəl wʊd θɪŋk ˈɛniˌθɪŋ; aɪ ˈrɪli wɑz soʊ ˈstupɪd ðət aɪ θɔt ðət ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi wʊd ˌɪnˈtərprət ðə ˈɑrtɪst ˈmɑnɪkər ðət aɪ juzd æt ðə taɪm ənd ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi wʊd ˌɪnˈtərprət ðə ˈlɪrɪks. aɪ hæd noʊ aɪˈdiə. ˈmeɪbi ðɪs wʊd hæv bɪn ˈdɪfərənt ɪf aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd aʊt naʊ, bɪˈkəz juzd tɪ ðət fərst ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃən əv biɪŋ ɔn ər ˈsəmθɪŋ laɪk ðət, wɛr ju ˈriəˌlaɪz ‘‘oh*, ˈpipəl ər siɪŋ mi soʊ aɪ ʃʊd stɑrt ˈpoʊstɪŋ ər something.’*.’ aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər aɪ wɑz soʊ skɛrd əv ˈsimɪŋ ˈvəlnərəbəl æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ. naʊ aɪ θɪŋk ˌoʊˈkeɪ tɪ bi ˈvəlnərəbəl, wət ju ər anyway.’*.’ ˈɛvriˌwən ɪz ˈvəlnərəbəl ənd ə bɪg pɑrt əv ɑrt, soʊ waɪ nɑt bi ɪn ɪt? ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ sæm ˈtrævɪs ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: dɪz ˈraɪtɪŋ ˈɛvər fil ˈwərθləs ər ˈjusləs tɪ ju? ˈʤɛni: jɛs. bət ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈivɪn ˈiˌmoʊʃən simz ˈwərθləs, ənd ðɛn ˈsəmˌtaɪmz aɪ fil laɪk ˈdɛspərətli traɪɪŋ tɪ ˈvælədeɪt ˈjusləs ˈɪˌmoʊʃənz ər ˈɪˌmoʊʃənz wɛr aɪ ˈfɪgjər aʊt goʊɪŋ ɔn θru ˈraɪtɪŋ. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz aɪ hæv tɪ goʊ θru ðɪs lɔŋ ˈpɪriəd əv ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ biɪŋ ˈwərθləs, ənd ðɛn ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈhæpənz ðət ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪt. aɪ ˈjuʒəwəli hæv ə ˈpɪriəd əv ˈraɪtɪŋ wɛr aɪ ˈrɪli fil laɪk duɪŋ mˈjuzɪk ʤɪst ðɪs ˈkreɪzi ˈpərsən ˈwɔkɪŋ əraʊnd ə ˈgɑrbɪʤ dəmp, laɪk ‘‘woah*, ðɛr wɑz wəns mˈjuzɪk ɪn ðɪs, bət ˈɛmti now.’*.’ ˈɛmti kənˈteɪnərz rɪˈzɛmbəlɪŋ ˈfɔrmər ɑrt, ðɪs ˈʤəŋˌkjɑrd fʊl əv ˈwərθləs aɪˈdiəz ɔl ˈdaɪˌʤɛstɪd. ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: aɪ ˈwəndər ɪf aɪ əˈproʊʧ mˈjuzɪk ɪn ə lɛs aɪˈdil ənd ˌɪnˈhɛrəntli ɑrˈtɪstɪk weɪ ðən aɪ du wɪθ ˈraɪtɪŋ. waɪ meɪk pɑp mˈjuzɪk? ə ˈprɑdəkt ənd ə ˈlɪmɪtɪd fɔrm, ənd ə ˈdɑktərd ɪkˈsprɛʃən. ju θɪŋk əv ˈʤɛndər, du ju rɪˈmɛmbər ðə skul playground?”*?” ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs, ˈædəlt ʤæz ˈʤɛni: aɪ hæv ðɪs wərld əv ˈɪmɪʤri (ɪn maɪ hɛd) dɪˈvɛləpt əraʊnd jʊr mˈjuzɪk ju hæv ə sɔŋ ɪts oʊn wərd, ənd ðɛn ju hæv ðɪs əˈmeɪzɪŋ ˈmuvmənt wɛr ɪt trænsˈfɔrmz θru ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt saʊnd pis ˈɪntu ðə nɛkst sɔŋ. fər ðət ˈrizən ðə off!’*!’ ˈvɪdioʊ meɪks sɛns tɪ mi ðɪs ˈænəˌmeɪtɪd, stretchy*, ˈbaʊnsi kaɪnd əv wərld. ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: sæm ˈtrævɪs meɪd ðət. ə ˈrɪli gʊd frɛnd əv ɑrz. ðət brɪŋz ˈjuˈɛs tɪ ðə wən θɪŋ ðət, kəm ɔn, ɔl daɪɪŋ tɪ tɔk əˈbaʊt, wɪʧ ɪz ˈʤɛndər. sæm ˈrɪli kəˈnɛktɪd wɪθ ðɪs ˈrɛkərd. aɪ æst ɪm ðə kˈwɛʃən ðət aɪ wɔnt tɪ æsk ju naʊ, wɪʧ ɪz: wɪn ju θɪŋk əv ˈʤɛndər, du ju rɪˈmɛmbər ðə skul ˈpleɪˌgraʊnd? ˈʤɛni: aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ɪt ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl, jɛs. bət aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ðə əv ɪt. ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: ɪt maɪt bi ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ θɪŋ, bət ˈɛvəri taɪm wi θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ðɪs stəf ɪt brɪŋz əp ðiz ˈmɛməriz əv ðə dɪˈvɪʒən əv ˈʧɪldrən. ə ˈtiʧər, ənd wɪθ rɪˈsɛpʃən ˈʧɪldrən, ɪf ju roʊt daʊn ðɛr bɪˈheɪvjər, ju bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ əˈsaɪn ə ˈʤɛndər tɪ ɪt. ənd ðə ˈʧɪldrən kəm bæk ɪn jɪr 2 ˈeɪʤɪd sɪks, ənd ðeɪ. ðeɪ pəˈlis iʧ ˈəðər. ə ˈrɪli ˈʃɑkɪŋ ʧeɪnʤ. sæm ʤɪst kəˈnɛktɪd wɪθ ðət ənd wi kɛpt ˈkəmɪŋ əp wɪθ ðiz ˈɪmɪʤɪz. soʊ ˈmeɪbi aɪ wɔnt tɪ tɔk əˈbaʊt wət ˈmɛməriz ju hæv əv biɪŋ ə ˈwʊmən ər ə gərl? ˈʤɛni: aɪ nu frəm ˈərli ɔn ðət aɪ wɑz sɔrt əv ɪn bɪtˈwin, ər ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv, ðə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈʤɛndər pleɪ ðət wɑz goʊɪŋ ɔn. aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər aɪ muvd tɪ wɛr æt æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt, ɪn ðə saʊθ əv ˈnɔrˌweɪ, wɪn aɪ wɑz naɪn. əp ənˈtɪl ðɛn, aɪ θɪŋk aɪ wɑz məʧ mɔr kənˈfɔrmɪŋ; aɪ wɑz ˈfɪtɪŋ ɪn ə bɪt. frəm naɪn ˈɑnwərdz, aɪ ˈriəˌlaɪzd ˈklɪrli ðət aɪ wɑz nɑt ə gərl laɪk ˈmɛni ˈəðər gərlz. aɪ wɑz ˈdɛfənətli nɑt ə bɔɪ, bət aɪ wɑz ʤɪst feɪld məˈtɪriəl (læfs). ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪn mi ðət sɪz ɪt wʊd hæv bɪn ə ˈdɪfərənt ɪkˈspɪriəns ɪf bɪn ə bɔɪ. aɪ wɑz ˈkreɪzi aɪ wɑz ðə ˈsɪti gərl ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ðɪs ˈtaɪni skul, aɪ wɑz əbˈsɛst wɪθ ˈhɔrsɪz ənd toʊld ˈɛvriˌbɑdi ðət aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ ˈmɛri ə horse…*… aɪ wɑz ˈrɪli rɪˈzɪstɪŋ ˈɛni ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ðət dɛlt wɪθ ˈʤɛndər. aɪ wɑz soʊ ˈæŋgri wɪθ ɪt. ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: wʊd ju ˈrəðər hæv bɪn bɔrn əˈsaɪnd meɪl ər bɔrn əˈsaɪnd ˈfiˌmeɪl ɪf ju wər ˈgɪvɪn ðə blæŋk kˈwɛʃən ˌbiˈfɔr bərθ? ˈʤɛni: wɛl, hu noʊz wət hæv bɪn laɪk ˌbiˈfɔr bərθ? aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ bi ə dɔg. aɪ wʊd ləv tɪ noʊ wət laɪk tɪ bi ə bɔɪ, soʊ ˈmeɪbi ʤɪst seɪ ðət tɪ hæv tu lɪvz. nu frəm ˈərli ɔn ðət aɪ wɑz sɔrt əv ɪn bɪtˈwin, ər ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv, ðə ˈpərˌfɪkt ˈʤɛndər pleɪ ðət wɑz goʊɪŋ on”*” ˈʤɛni ˈhɛri ˈbərʤəs: aɪ wʊd ləv tɪ noʊ wət laɪk tɪ hæv ʤɪst ˈlɪtərəli loʊdz əv lɪvz ənd kəmˈpɛr. ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt kənˈfɔrməti ənd ðə dɪˈzaɪər tɪ fɪt ɪn, kən aɪ rɛd ju ˈsəmθɪŋ aɪ roʊt? ðɪs nis ɑrˈtɪstɪk ˈraɪtɪŋ, ʤɪst ˈdaɪəri stəf. bɪn ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ə lɔt əˈbaʊt ʧeɪnʤ aɪ fil ðɛr ɪz ə ˈfəni pʊl ɪn tu dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz ɪn ˈkɑrənt ˈdɪskɔrs əˈbaʊt haʊ tɪ fil ˈhæpi. wən ɪz ðə raɪt tɪ ʧeɪnʤ ˈjɔrsɛlf ənd bi ənd ɪmˈpaʊər ˈjɔrsɛlf θru hu ju wɔnt tɪ bi, ənd wən ɪz ðə nid tɪ kəmˈplitli əˈvɔɪd ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən ənd əkˈsɛpt ˈjɔrsɛlf fər hu ju ər raɪt naʊ ənd bi ˌɔˈθɛnɪkli ˈhæpi wɪθ jʊr ˈkɑrənt steɪt əv being.’*.’ aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ æsk, ɪz ðə ˈbɑdi ˈspɛʃəl? kən wi du wət wi wɔnt wɪθ ɪt? ɪz jʊr aɪˈdɛntəˌti ənd jʊr ˌpərsəˈnælɪti ˈspɛʃəl ənd ju du wət ju wɔnt wɪθ ɪt? ˈʤɛni: aɪ θɪŋk wɛr ɑrt kəmz ɪn fər mi. ɑrt ɪz ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ wɛr aɪ kən tərn maɪ ˈbɑdi ənd maɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌti ˈɪntu ˌwəˈtɛvər aɪ wɔnt. ənd nɑt ˈrɪli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈtərnɪŋ ˈiðər əv ðoʊz ˈɪntu ˌwəˈtɛvər aɪ wɔnt ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ɑrt. aɪ noʊ haʊ tɪ ɪkˈsplɔr ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ˈraɪtɪŋ ənd ɑrt.

the norwegian singer-songwriter discusses identity, religion, and whether vampires have periods with the uk experimental pop band text selim bulut adult jazz are amongst the most distinctive bands in the uk, crafting playful pop songs with lyrics that approach masculinity, religion, and morality from a unique perspective. their debut album gist is earned them fans from björk to david byrne, and earlier this year the leeds-based four-piece returned with earrings off!, a mini-album for tri angle records (home to experimental acts like the haxan cloak and evian christ) that saw them embrace a more electronic direction, marrying rubbery, arca-esque beats to their leftfield songwriting. the record’s title track is, in the words of singer harry burgess, about an idealised gender archetype “that we all carry around in the back of our minds”. “even to subvert it, the archetype has to be firmly present in you,” burgess says, “no one is immune to gender shame, immunity is curated and learnt, and often arrived at intellectually through lots of unlearning.” when it came to remixing the song, a natural pick was jenny hval, the norwegian singer-songwriter and composer who has interrogated the perceptions of gender, devotion, and self across a handful of records released both under her own name and previously as rockettothesky. “i tried to make a remix by restructuring of the words, to just go: i wanna see what happens if i look at the lyrics and restructure it and then put the vocal together in that order,” hval explains, “but that sounded crazy, and not very interesting. so i took these moments that i really like the sound of and i went from there.” her forthcoming album blood bitch takes a more improvisational approach to last year’s apocalypse, girl and is loosely informed by vampire movies and exploitation films. listen to the remix below, and read on for a discussion between hval and adult jazz’s harry burgess about writing music, gender identity, and vampire menstruation. harry burgess: i noticed that you’d done a feature on genius where you annotated your words. that’s something i’d love to do, but there’s also this idea that you should say everything you need to say within your art; that it should be self-contained. how important is your intended meaning? is that a sacred thing to you? jenny hval: no. even my meaning isn't sacred to me, unless there’s some kind of reference to some poetry or some artwork or some kind of memory that i really love – that’s kind of sacred. but it stays sacred no matter how people interpret what i do. i didn't really have a problem with doing the genius annotations, mostly because i was interviewed by sasha frere-jones, who’s an amazing writer. i’m in two minds about doing tonnes of interviews – i always end up thinking, ‘wow, is this now becoming the way i think?’ – so this genius conversation that i had with sasha was very well-researched and really interesting. some of those annotations are not really my thoughts, but the thoughts that came up between the two of us talking. “everyone is vulnerable and that’s a big part of art, so why not be in it?” — jenny hval harry burgess: it was illuminating to me. i’ve still got quite an immature attitude to what i’m writing, because i’m very surprised by what i say. i want to nip that feeling in the bud of wanting people to get my intention all the time. i do have a strong idea of that intention but it’s still a learning curve about how much explanation i need and want. i think it’s a maturity thing – having got a few records behind you, you probably have a neater relationship with that? having other people hear what i’ve written is all quite new to me. jenny hval: it’s really scary having people hearing and interpreting and reacting to what you do. you’re incredibly vulnerable when you expose something so personal the first few times. when i started releasing things i had no idea that people would think anything; i really was so stupid that i thought that nobody would interpret the artist moniker that i used at the time and nobody would interpret the lyrics. i had no idea. maybe this would have been different if i started out now, because everyone’s used to that first confrontation of being on instagram or something like that, where you realise ‘oh, people are seeing me so i should start posting or something.’ i remember i was so scared of seeming vulnerable at the beginning. now i think ‘it’s okay to be vulnerable, that’s what you are anyway.’ everyone is vulnerable and that’s a big part of art, so why not be in it? photo by sam travis harry burgess: does writing ever feel worthless or useless to you? jenny hval: yes. but sometimes even emotion seems worthless, and then sometimes i feel like i’m desperately trying to validate useless emotions – or emotions where i can’t figure out what’s going on – through writing. sometimes i have to go through this long period of everything being worthless, and then something happens that changes it. i usually have a period of writing where i don’t really feel like i’m doing music – i’m just this crazy person walking around a garbage dump, like ‘woah, there was once music in this, but it’s empty now.’ empty containers resembling former art, this junkyard full of worthless ideas all digested. harry burgess: i wonder if i approach music in a less ideal and inherently artistic way than i do with writing. why make pop music? it’s a product and it’s a limited form, and it’s a doctored expression. “when you think of gender, do you remember the school playground?” — harry burgess, adult jazz jenny hval: i have this world of imagery (in my head) that’s developed around your music – you have a song that’s its own word, and then you have this amazing movement where it transforms through an independent sound piece into the next song. for that reason the ‘earrings off!’ video makes sense to me – this animated, stretchy, bouncy kind of world. harry burgess: sam travis made that. he’s a really good friend of ours. that brings us to the one thing that, come on, we’re all dying to talk about, which is gender. sam really connected with this record. i asked him the question that i want to ask you now, which is: when you think of gender, do you remember the school playground? jenny hval: i remember it in general, yes. but i don’t remember the gendering of it. harry burgess: it might be a british thing, but every time we think about this stuff it brings up these memories of the self-regulated division of children. i’m a teacher, and with reception children, if you wrote down their behaviour, you wouldn’t be able to assign a gender to it. and the children come back in year 2, aged six, and they self-regulate gendering. they police each other. it’s a really shocking change. sam just connected with that and we kept coming up with these images. so maybe i want to talk about what memories you have of being a woman or a girl? jenny hval: i knew from early on that i was sort of in between, or outside of, the perfect gender play that was going on. i remember i moved to where i’m at at the moment, in the south of norway, when i was nine. up until then, i think i was much more conforming; i was fitting in a bit. from nine onwards, i realised clearly that i was not a girl like many other girls. i was definitely not a boy, but i was just failed material (laughs). there’s something in me that says it would have been a different experience if i’d been a boy. i was crazy – i was the city girl coming to this tiny school, i was obsessed with horses and told everybody that i wanted to marry a horse… i was really resisting any conversation that dealt with gender. i was so angry with it. harry burgess: would you rather have been born assigned male or born assigned female if you were given the blank question before birth? jenny hval: well, who knows what i’d have been like before birth? i could’ve decided to be a dog. i would love to know what it’s like to be a boy, so maybe just say that – to have two lives. “i knew from early on that i was sort of in between, or outside of, the perfect gender play that was going on” — jenny hval harry burgess: i would love to know what it’s like to have just literally loads of lives and compare. talking about conformity and the desire to fit in, can i read you something i wrote? this isn’t nice artistic writing, it’s just diary stuff. ‘i’ve been thinking a lot about change – i feel there is a funny pull in two directions in current discourse about how to feel happy. one is the right to change yourself and be self-directed and empower yourself through who you want to be, and one is the need to completely avoid transformation and accept yourself for who you are right now and be authentically happy with your current state of being.’ i wanted to ask, is the body special? can we do what we want with it? is your identity and your personality special and you do what you want with it? jenny hval: i think that’s where art comes in for me. art is the only thing where i can turn my body and my identity into whatever i want. and i’m not really interested in turning either of those into whatever i want outside of art. i don’t know how to explore anything outside of writing and art.

ðə kwin meɪks ə lɛs drəˈmætɪk ˈɛntrəns tɪ ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˈsɛrəˌmoʊni ðən ʃi dɪd fər ðə oʊˈlɪmpɪks. nu ˈziləndz ˈsoʊfi ˈpæskoʊ həz wən hər ˈsɛkənd goʊld, ənd θərd ˈmɛdəl, əv ðə wɪθ ə wərld ˈrɛkərd taɪm ɪn ðə ˈbətərˌflaɪ. ðə 19-year-old*, hu wən goʊld ɪn ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˈmɛdli ənd ˈsɪlvər ɪn ðə ˈfriˌstaɪl, sɛt ə nu wərld ˈrɛkərd əv ˈɔlˌmoʊst hæf ə ˈsɛkənd ˈfæstər ðən ðə wərld ˈrɛkərd ʃi sɛt ɪn ðə hits. ʃi wɑz nɑt ˈʧælənʤd ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl, ˈbitɪŋ aʊt ðə ˈsɪlvər ˈwɪnər əv ˈpoʊlənd baɪ fɔr ˈsɛkəndz waɪl brɑnz wɛnt tɪ əv fræns hu wɑz ə ˈfərðər ˈsɛkənd bæk. brɑnz: ˈmɛri ˈfɪʃər. ˈpæskoʊ naʊ nidz ʤɪst wən mɔr goʊld ˈmɛdəl tɪ ˈikwəl ðə θri goʊldz ənd ə ˈsɪlvər ʃi sɪˈkjʊrd ɪn ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ fɔr jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ənd həz θri mɔr ɪˈvɛnts əp hər sliv. ɪf ðɛr wɑz səʧ ə θɪŋ ɛz ə blɪp ɪn ə wərld ˈrɛkərd ənd goʊld ˈmɛdəl ˈwɪnɪŋ pərˈfɔrməns ɪt wʊd hæv bɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl təʧ, wɛr ɪt simd ən eɪʤ ˌbiˈfɔr ˈpæskoʊ stɑpt ðə klɑk. "aɪ gɛs aɪ ʤɪst ˈdɪdənt taɪm ɪt raɪt ənd aɪ gɛs ɪts ðoʊz ˈlɪtəl θɪŋz, bət ˈɑbviəsli aɪ gɑt ɪt ʤɪst ɪn taɪm ənd gɑt ɪn ðɛr," sɛd ˈpæskoʊ. "təˈnaɪt wɑz əˈbaʊt ˈreɪsɪŋ ðə klɑk, ənd ðæts wət ɪt ɪz ɔl ðə taɪm wɪn ɪt kəmz daʊn tɪ ˈreɪsɪŋ, ɪts əˈbaʊt ˈreɪsɪŋ ðə taɪm, ju wɔnt tɪ goʊ aʊt ðɛr ənd du ə [ˈpərsɪnəl bɛst] ðæts ðə goʊl, ɪts nɑt əˈbaʊt ðə goʊld, ɪts nɑt əˈbaʊt ðə ˈsɪlvər ər brɑnz ɪts əˈbaʊt goʊɪŋ aʊt ðɛr ənd duɪŋ ə ənd ɪf ɪt gɪts ju ɔn ðət ˈpoʊdiəm, ðæts wət ju wɔnt." ˈpæskoʊ wɪl hæv tu deɪz tɪ ˈfrɛʃən əp ˌbiˈfɔr ðə bæk hæf əv hər ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən, ˈstɑrtɪŋ wɪθ ðə 100 ɛm ˈbækˌstroʊk ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ. ðɪs ɪz əˈnəðər strɔŋ ɪˈvɛnt fər ðə lɛg ˈæmpjəˈti, ˈgɪvɪŋ hər ˈʃoʊldərz ə ʧæns tɪ brɪŋ hoʊm əˈnəðər goʊld. "aɪ wʊd laɪk tɪ du ə ɪn ðət ənd si wət aɪ kən ʃoʊ ðə kraʊd, ɪts ɔl əˈbaʊt wət wi du ɔn ðə deɪ." ˈmɛri ˈfɪʃər, ə ˈsɪlvər ɪn ðə ˈfriˌstaɪl ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ, pɪkt əp hər ˈsɛkənd ˈmɛdəl əv ðə geɪmz, ˈkəmɪŋ θərd ɪn ðə ˈfriˌstaɪl. ˈfɪʃər sɛt əˈnəðər ˌoʊˌʃiˈænjə ˈrɛkərd ɪn wət wɑz ə məʧ ˈkloʊzər reɪs, wɪθ sɪˈsiljə əv ˈɪtəli ˈwɪnɪŋ ɪn ə wərld ˈrɛkərd taɪm əv 30:94s*, wɪθ ˈsɪlvər goʊɪŋ tɪ li əv ˈʧaɪnə ɪn ənd ˈfɪʃər ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ ɪn 31:67s*. ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈgoʊldən gərl: ˈsoʊfi ˈpæskoʊ wɪθ hər ˈsɛkənd goʊld, ənd θərd ˈmɛdəl, əv ðə ˈləndən. "wiv bɪn ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn ˌɪmˈpruvɪŋ maɪ stroʊk ənd taɪmz ənd ɪts ˈdɛfənətli peɪd ɔf ˈgɪtɪŋ ə ənd biɪŋ raɪt əp ðɛr wɪθ wərld ˈrɛkərd ˈhoʊldərz ənd ˈɛvriˌwən ðæts ˈbreɪkɪŋ wərld ˈrɛkərdz," sɛd ən ɪˈleɪtɪd ˈfɪʃər. ˈəðər ˈfaɪnəlɪst ˈkæmərən ˈlɛsli ˈɔlsoʊ swæm ə ˈpərsɪnəl bɛst. kəmˈpitɪŋ ɪn ən ɪˈvɛnt hi dɪˈskraɪbz ɛz ə wɔrm əp tɪ hɪz meɪn ɪˈvɛnt, ðə ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˈmɛdli wɛr hiz ðə dɪˈfɛndɪŋ ˈʧæmpiən ənd wərld ˈrɛkərd ˈhoʊldər, hi wɛnt ə ˈfərðər tu ˈsɛkəndz ˈbɛtər ðən hɪz hit ðɪs ˈmɔrnɪŋ ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ ðə ˈfriˌstaɪl ɪn fiˈoʊnə ˈfɪnɪʃt ˈsɛvənθ ɪn ðə ˈsiˈfaɪv taɪm traɪəl ɪn ðə ˌvɛloʊˈdroʊm wɪθ ə ˈpərsɪnəl bɛst. "aɪ ˈnɛvər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ bi ɪn ðə ˈməni bət aɪ ʤɪst ˈrɪli, ˈrɪli ˈwɔntɪd tɪ kræk ðət 42 [ˈsɛkənd mɑrk]." ðə oʊld wɪl bɪˈkəm ðə fərst ˈkiwi ˈwɪmən tɪ ˈɛvər raɪd ɪn ðə tim sprɪnt təˈmɑˌroʊ wɛr ʃi wɪl tim əp wɪθ ˈneɪθən smɪθ ənd krɪs rɔs. ðə ˈjɑtɪŋ tim ˈɔlsoʊ gɑt ðɛr kæmˈpeɪn ˌəndərˈweɪ, ðə 18 pɛr əv tɪm ˈdɛmpsi ənd ʤæn ɑˈpɛl sɪˈkjʊrɪŋ tu ɔn deɪ 1 ənd pɔl ˈfrænsɪs ɪn ðə boʊt hæd ə ənd ən ˈpleɪsɪŋ. ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ʤəŋk fud: ˈsoʊfi ˈpæskoʊ ɪz ˈjuzɪŋ ə gʊd oʊld ˈfæʃənd ʤəŋk fud bɪnʤ ɛz ˌmoʊtəˈveɪʃən tɪ prəˈpɛl hər tɪ ˈfərðər ˈglɔri ɪn ˈləndən. nu ˈzilənd naʊ hæv ˈsɛvən ˈmɛdəlz ɪn ˈtoʊtəl tu goʊld, tu ˈsɪlvər ənd θri brɑnz.

the queen makes a less dramatic entrance to the paralympics opening ceremony than she did for the olympics. new zealand's sophie pascoe has won her second gold, and third medal, of the paralympics with a world record time in the s10 100m butterfly. the 19-year-old, who won gold in the s10 200m individual medley and silver in the s10 50m freestyle, set a new world record of 1:04:43, almost half a second faster than the world record she set in the heats. she was not challenged in the final, beating out the silver emdal winner oliwia jablonska of poland by four seconds while bronze went to elodie lorandi of france who was a further second back. photosport bronze: mary fisher. pascoe now needs just one more gold medal to equal the three golds and a silver she secured in beijing four years ago, and has three more events up her sleeve. if there was such a thing as a blip in a world record and gold medal winning performance it would have been the final touch, where it seemed an age before pascoe stopped the clock. "i guess i just didn't time it right and i guess it's those little things, but obviously i got it just in time and got in there," said pascoe. "tonight was about racing the clock, and that's what it is all the time when it comes down to racing, it's about racing the time, you want to go out there and do a pb [personal best] that's the goal, it's not about the gold, it's not about the silver or bronze it's about going out there and doing a pb and if it gets you on that podium, that's what you want." pascoe will have two days to freshen up before the back half of her competition, starting with the 100 m backstroke on tuesday. this is another strong event for the leg amputee, giving her shoulders a chance to bring home another gold. "i would like to do a pb in that and see what i can show the crowd, it's all about what we do on the day." mary fisher, a silver medallist in the s11 100m freestyle yesterday, picked up her second medal of the games, coming third in the s11 50m freestyle. fisher set another oceania record in what was a much closer race, with cecilia camellini of italy winning in a world record time of 30:94s, with silver going to guizhi li of china in 31:01s and fisher finishing in 31:67s. getty images golden girl: sophie pascoe with her second gold, and third medal, of the london paralympics. "we've been working on improving my stroke and times and it's definitely paid off getting a pb and being right up there with world record holders and everyone that's breaking world records," said an elated fisher. tonights other finalist cameron leslie also swam a personal best. competing in an event he describes as a warm up to his main event, the 150m individual medley where he's the defending champion and world record holder, he went a further two seconds better than his heat this morning finishing the 200m freestyle in 2:54.27. fiona southorn finished seventh in the c5 500m time trial in the velodrome with a personal best. "i never expected to be in the money but i just really, really wanted to crack that 42 [second mark]." the 42-year old will become the first kiwi women to ever ride in the team sprint tomorrow where she will team up with nathan smith and chris ross. the yachting team also got their campaign underway, the skud 18 pair of tim dempsey and jan apel securing two 9th placings on day 1 and paul francis in the 2.4 boat had a 14th and an 11th placing. getty images junk food: sophie pascoe is using a good old fashioned junk food binge as motivation to propel her to further glory in london. new zealand now have seven medals in total - two gold, two silver and three bronze.

ˈgɛti 'groʊɪŋ əp ɪz hɑrd ɪˈnəf wɪˈθaʊt ˈhævɪŋ tɪ dil wɪθ ˈædəlts kˈwɛsʧənɪŋ hu ju ər ənd wət ju lʊk laɪk wɪn jʊr ˈneɪkəd.' ˈmɛni steɪts ər ɪn ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv prəˈpoʊzɪŋ "ˈbæθˌrum bɪlz" eɪmd æt prɪˈvɛnɪŋ trænz ˈpipəl frəm ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈbæθˌrum ðət ˈmæʧɪz ðɛr ˈʤɛndər. vərˈʤɪnjə ɪz wən əv ðoʊz steɪts. ðɪs wik, rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz faɪld ə bɪl ðət wʊd ˌrikˈwaɪər skulz tɪ bi ˈsərtən ðət kɪdz ər ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈbæθˌrum ðət ˌkɔrəˈspɑndz wɪθ ðɛr "kərˈɛkt ˌænəˈtɑmɪkəl sɛks" wɪʧ ˈsɪvəl raɪts ˈædvəˌkeɪts pɔɪnt aʊt kʊd ˌrikˈwaɪər ˌɪnˈspɛkʃən əv ˈʧɪldrənz ˈʤɛnətəlz ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli bi ɛnˈfɔrst. ənd waɪl prəˈpoʊnənts seɪ ðə bɪlz ər mɛnt tɪ prəˈtɛkt ˈʧɪldrən, ɪn ˌriˈæləˌti ðeɪ kʊd bi ˈpʊtɪŋ kɪdz ənd tinz æt rɪsk. "ju kænt noʊ ə ˈpərsənz ˈʤɛnətəlz baɪ ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ðɛm," ʧeɪs, ən əˈtərni wɪθ ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt æt ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈsɪvəl ˈlɪbərˌtiz ˈjunjən, toʊld ˈɛmˈtiˈvi nuz. "ənd wi ˈʃʊdənt bi ˌɪnˈtɛrəˌgeɪtɪŋ ˈpipəl əˈbaʊt ðɛr ˈʤɛnətəlz ər ˈpraɪvət ˈmɛdɪkəl ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən, ˈwɛðər ɪn skulz ər aʊt ɪn ˈpəblɪk. ʤɪst ən ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli ˌɪnˈtrusɪv θɪŋ, ənd ˈrɪli ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ prɪˈdɪkt ðə ɪkˈstɛnt əv ˌɪnˈtruʒənz ˈɪntu ˈʧɪldrən ənd jəŋ ˈædəlts ˈpraɪvəsi ðət ðiz bɪlz wɪl ˈɔθərˌaɪz." vərˈʤɪnjə haʊs bɪl 663 wɪʧ ɪz ˈspɑnsərd baɪ rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈdɛləˌgeɪt mɑrk koʊl, dɪˈfaɪnz "ˌænəˈtɑmɪkəl sɛks" ɛz "ðə ˈfɪzɪkəl kənˈdɪʃən əv biɪŋ meɪl ər ˈfiˌmeɪl, wɪʧ ɪz dɪˈtərmənd baɪ ə ˈpərsənz əˈnætəmi," ənd ˈstɪpjəˌleɪts ðət "ˈloʊkəl skul bɔrdz ʃæl dɪˈvɛləp ənd ˈɪmpləmənt ˈpɑləsiz ðət ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈɛvəri skul ˈrɛˌstrum, ˈlɑkər rum, ər ʃaʊər rum ðət ɪz ˈdɛzɪgˌneɪtɪd fər juz baɪ ə spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈʤɛndər tɪ ˈsoʊəli bi juzd baɪ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz huz ˌænəˈtɑmɪkəl sɛks ˈmæʧɪz səʧ ˈʤɛndər ˌdɛzɪgˈneɪʃən." ðə bɪl ˈɔlsoʊ steɪts ðət ˈɛni ˈstudənt hu breɪks ðə lɔ wʊd bi faɪnd 50 baɪ ðə steɪt (ənd ðət ˈædəlts hu juz ðə "rɔŋ" ˈrɛˌstrum ɪn ˈpəblɪk kʊd feɪs ðə seɪm ˈpənɪʃmənt). wət ɪt ˈdəzənt ɪkˈspleɪn ɪz haʊ ˈtiʧərz ənd ædˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtərz ər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ iʧ ˈstudənts "əˈnætəmi" wɪʧ pəˈtɛnʃəli ˈoʊpənz ðə dɔr tɪ ɔl kaɪnz əv ˌɪnˈtruʒənz ˈɪntu ðə moʊst ˈpraɪvət pɑrts əv ˈvəlnərəbəl jəŋ ˈpipəlz lɪvz. "wət ɪz klɪr," ɪkˈspleɪnd, "ɪz ðət ðə bɪl prəˈpoʊzd ɪn vərˈʤɪnjə, laɪk ˈmɛni ˈəðərz, wʊd ˈsəbʤɪkt ˈʧɪldrən ənd jəŋ ˈædəlts huz ˈʤɛnətəlz' ˌkɛrɪktərˈɪstɪks ər nɑt ˈpəblɪkli noʊn wɪʧ, ju noʊ, ɪz ˈhoʊpfəli moʊst ˈʧɪldrən ənd hu ər pərˈsivd tɪ bi ˈʤɛndər non-nonconforming*, ər hu ˈəðərˌwaɪz ˈtrɪgər səm səˈspɪʃən ɔn ðə pɑrt əv skul ædˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtərz, tɪ ˌɪnˈtrusɪv ənd pəˈtɛnʃəli hərˈæsɪŋ ˌɪnkˈwaɪəriz ˈɪntu ðə ˈneɪʧər əv ðɛr ˈbɑdiz." hi ˈædɪd, "groʊɪŋ əp ɪz hɑrd ɪˈnəf wɪˈθaʊt ˈhævɪŋ tɪ dil wɪθ ˈædəlts kˈwɛsʧənɪŋ hu ju ər ənd wət ju lʊk laɪk wɪn jʊr ˈneɪkəd." ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɔfərd ˈsɛvərəl weɪz tɪ faɪt bæk tɪ ˈbæθˌrum bɪlz. "ɪf ðiz kaɪnz əv ˈmɛʒərz ər ˈtɑrgətɪŋ ju ər ə ləvd wən, ðɪs ɪz ə greɪt ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər ju tɪ ʃɛr jʊr ˈvɔɪsɪz ənd ˈstɔriz θru ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə, ər θru ðə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈprɔˌsɛs æt jʊr ˈloʊkəl skul bɔrd ər steɪt ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪʧər," hi sɛd, ˈædɪŋ ðət ðə ɪz ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈhæpi tɪ hir frəm jəŋ ˈpipəl hu ər ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzɪŋ əraʊnd ðiz kaɪnz əv ˈɪʃuz ɪn ðɛr oʊn kəmˈjunɪtiz. "ɛz məʧ ɛz ɪts bɪn ˈhɑrtˌbreɪkɪŋ tɪ si ðɪs ˈɪnˌfləks ɪn ˈmɛʒərz əˈkrɔs ðə ˈkəntri," sɛd, "ɪts ˈɔlsoʊ bɪn ˌɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ tɪ si haʊ ðə trænz kəmˈjunɪti həz kəm təˈgɛðər tɪ ˈmoʊbəˌlaɪz əˈgɛnst ðɛm, ənd aɪ θɪŋk si ˈmɛni ˈælaɪz kənˈtɪnju tɪ kəm aʊt əv ðə ˈwʊdˌwərk tɪ səˈpɔrt ðə trænz kəmˈjunɪti."

getty 'growing up is hard enough without having to deal with adults questioning who you are and what you look like when you're naked.' many states are in the process of proposing "bathroom bills" aimed at preventing trans people from using the bathroom that matches their gender. virginia is one of those states. this week, republican lawmakers filed a bill that would require schools to be certain that kids are using the bathroom that corresponds with their "correct anatomical sex" -- which civil rights advocates point out could require inspection of children's genitals in order to actually be enforced. and while proponents say the bills are meant to protect children, in reality they could be putting kids and teens at risk. "you cant know a person's genitals by looking at them," chase strangio, an attorney with the lgbt project at the american civil liberties union, told mtv news. "and we shouldn't be interrogating people about their genitals or private medical information, whether that’s in schools or out in public. that’s just an incredibly intrusive thing, and it’s really difficult to predict the extent of intrusions into children and young adults privacy that these bills will authorize." virginia house bill 663, which is sponsored by republican delegate mark cole, defines "anatomical sex" as "the physical condition of being male or female, which is determined by a person's anatomy," and stipulates that "local school boards shall develop and implement policies that require every school restroom, locker room, or shower room that is designated for use by a specific gender to solely be used by individuals whose anatomical sex matches such gender designation." the bill also states that any student who breaks the law would be fined $50 by the state (and that adults who use the "wrong" restroom in public could face the same punishment). what it doesn't explain is how teachers and administrators are expected to verify each student's "anatomy" -- which potentially opens the door to all kinds of intrusions into the most private parts of vulnerable young people's lives. "what is clear," strangio explained, "is that the bill proposed in virginia, like many others, would subject children and young adults whose genitals' characteristics are not publicly known -- which, you know, is hopefully most children -- and who are perceived to be gender non-nonconforming, or who otherwise trigger some suspicion on the part of school administrators, to intrusive and potentially harassing inquiries into the nature of their bodies." he added, "growing up is hard enough without having to deal with adults questioning who you are and what you look like when you're naked." strangio also offered several ways to fight back to anti-trans bathroom bills. "if these kinds of measures are targeting you or a loved one, this is a great opportunity for you to share your voices and stories through social media, or through the political process at your local school board or state legislature," he said, adding that the aclu is always happy to hear from young people who are interested in organizing around these kinds of issues in their own communities. "as much as it's been heartbreaking to see this influx in anti-trans measures across the country," strangio said, "it's also been inspiring to see how the trans community has come together to mobilize against them, and i think we’ll see many allies continue to come out of the woodwork to support the trans community."

ˈweɪkoʊ twɪn piks sɪz ɪts ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ pəˈlis ˈæftər ˈbaɪkər brɔl pəˈlis ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz rɪˈkəvər ə ˈwɛpən frəm ə ˈviɪkəl ɪn ðə twɪn piks ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɪn ˈweɪkoʊ. pəˈlis ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz rɪˈkəvər ə ˈwɛpən frəm ə ˈviɪkəl ɪn ðə twɪn piks ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɪn ˈweɪkoʊ. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈʤɛri ˈlɑrsən, ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈʤɛri ˈlɑrsən, ˈɪmɪʤ 1 əv 217 ˈkæpʃən kloʊz ˈweɪkoʊ twɪn piks sɪz ɪts ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ pəˈlis ˈæftər ˈbaɪkər brɔl 1 217 bæk tɪ ˈgæləri ˈweɪkoʊ ðə twɪn piks ˈrɛˌstrɑnt ðət wɑz ðə saɪt əv ə ˈblədi ˈbaɪkər klæʃ ˈɪʃud ə ˈsteɪtmənt leɪt ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ˈərʤɪŋ ðə ˈpəblɪk nɑt tɪ rəʃ tɪ ˈʤəʤmənt ənd seɪɪŋ ðət sərˈveɪləns ˈkæmərə ˈfʊtɪʤ həz bɪn ʃɛrd wɪθ pəˈlis. "wi kənˈtɪnju tɪ bi ˈvɛri kənˈsərnd fər ðə ˈseɪfti ənd sɪˈkjʊrəti əv ˈɛvriˌwən ˌɪnˈvɑlvd, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɑr ˈpeɪtrənz, stæf, ˈmænɪʤmənt, ənd lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt," ðə ˈsteɪtmənt sɛd. "wi wɔnt tɪ riˈɪtərˌeɪt ðət wi ər ˈhɔrəˌfaɪd baɪ ðɪs ˈvaɪələns ənd ɪkˈsprɛs ɑr ˈdipəst ˈsɪmpəθi tɪ ɔl ðoʊz ˌɪmˈpæktɪd baɪ ɪt." ˈminˌwaɪl, ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz seɪ ðeɪ hæv kəˈlɛktəd ˈhənərdz əv ˈwɛpənz frəm ðə sin əv brɔl, frəm ˈpɑkət naɪvz ənd ʧeɪnz tɪ ˈbɑdi ˈɑrmər ənd ˈfaɪˌrɑrmz. naɪn ˈpipəl wər kɪld, 18 ˈɪnʤərd ənd 170 wər ərˈɛstɪd ɪn ðə ˈɪnsədənt ðət ɪkˈsploʊdɪd ˈsənˌdi ˌæftərˈnun ənd həz lɛft ðɪs ˈsɪti ɔn ɛʤ. "wi faʊnd ˈwɛpənz ˈhɪdən ˈəndər bægz əv flaʊər, ɪn bægz əv ʧɪps, wi faʊnd ə ˈhændˌgən stəft ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə ˈtɔɪlət, wi faʊnd ən ɪn ə ˈviɪkəl ɪn ðə ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt ənd ˈivɪn soʊ məʧ ɛz faʊnd ˈbɑdi ˈɑrmər," ˈweɪkoʊ pəˈlis ˈsɑrʤənt ˈpætrɪk sˈwɑntən sɛd ɛz hi stʊd ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈrɛˌstrɑnt ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ. "ðɪs ˈɪzənt jʊr kraʊd ðət keɪm aʊt tɪ hæv ˈdɪnər wɪθ ðə ˈfæməli," hi sɛd. "ðɪs ɪz gæŋ ˈɔriˌɛntɪd ˈkrɪmənəl ˈɛləmənt ðət wɑz ɪn ɑr ˈsɪti tɪ ˈkɑndəkt ˈkrɪmənəl ækˈtɪvɪti." "ðə məˈʤɔrəti əv ðoʊz ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz ərˈɛstɪd hu ʃɑt, stæbd, kɪld wər nɑt ˈivɪn frəm ɑr kəmˈjunɪti," hi sɛd. "aɪ θɪŋk ðɪs ʃoʊz ðə ˈlɛvəl əv ˈvaɪələns ðət ðeɪ θɔt wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ goʊ ɔn hir ənd nu moʊst ˈlaɪkli wʊd əˈkər." əˈθɔrətiz' kaʊnt əv ˈwɛpənz faʊnd æt ðə sin kənˈtɪnjud tɪ ˈfləkʧəˌweɪt ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ. ˈərliər ɪn deɪ, sˈwɑntən sɛd ˈwɛpənz wər faʊnd. ðə ˈɛstəˌmeɪt drɑpt tɪ əˈbaʊt 500 ðɛn tɪ 318 ˈweɪkoʊ pəˈlis toʊld ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs. sˈwɑntən sɛd hi ɪkˈspɛkts ðə kaʊnt tɪ kip ˈraɪzɪŋ. naɪvz, gənz, kləbz ənd ʧeɪnz wɪθ lɑks əˈtæʧt tɪ ðɛm tɪ juz tɪ bit ˈpipəl wər əˈməŋ ðə ˈwɛpənz, hi sɛd. ðə ˈvaɪələns həz ˈɔlsoʊ lɛd əˈfɪʃəlz æt ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˈbaɪkər ˈræliz tɪ stɛp əp sɪˈkjʊrəti. əˈθɔrətiz seɪ ðeɪ hæv ˈhaɪtənd əˈwɛrnəs fər ðə məˈmɔriəl deɪ ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəl ˈræli ɪn rɛd ˈrɪvər, n.m*., ðæts ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ əˈtrækt ˈbaɪkərz, ðoʊ ˈspɪˌloʊvər ˈvaɪələns ˈɪzənt ɪkˈspɛktɪd. rɛd ˈrɪvər taʊn ˈmɑrʃəl ˈdeɪvɪd smɪθ sɪz hil tɛl ˈɔfəsɪz tɪ bi ˈɛkstrə ˈvɪʤələnt. pæst əˈtɛnˈdiz əv ðə nu ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ɪˈvɛnt ɪn ðə steɪts ɛnˈʧænɪd ˈsərkəl ˌɪnˈklud ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə, hu əˈθɔrətiz seɪ wər ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈʃutɪŋz ɪn ˈweɪkoʊ. ðə ˈweɪkoʊ ˈbætəl həz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɛləˌveɪtɪd sɪˈkjʊrəti kənˈsərnz fər ðə ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˈstərʤɪs ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəl ˈræli ɪn saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə. ðə ˈænjuəl ˈræli drɔz ˈhənərdz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈmoʊtərˌsaɪkəl ɛnˈθuziˌæsts tɪ saʊθ dəˈkoʊtəz blæk hɪlz. ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz ər ɪkˈspɛktɪŋ əp tɪ 1 ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl fər ðə ˌænəˈvərsəri ɪˈvɛnt ɪn ˈərli ˈɔgəst. saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmɑrti ˈʤækli toʊld ðə ˈɑrgəs ˈlidər ˈnuzˌpeɪpər ðət hɪz ˈɔfəs həz ˈkɑnˌtæktɪd əˈθɔrətiz ɪn ˈtɛksəs əˈbaʊt ðə ˈʃutaʊt ˈʤækli sɛd ðə saʊθ dəˈkoʊtə dɪˈvɪʒən əv ˈkrɪmənəl ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən plænz tɪ kip ə kəˈmænd ˈsɛnər ˈoʊpən ˈlɔŋgər ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈræli. ˈstərʤɪs ˈsɪti ˈmænɪʤər ˈdænjəl ˈeɪnzli sɪz əˈfɪʃəlz wɪl bi "ˈvɪʤələnt tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðə ˈseɪfti" əv rally-goers*. bət hi sɪz ˈræli ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz ˈɑrənt ˈplænɪŋ əˈdɪʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti bɪɔnd wət ðə ˈsɪti ɔˈrɛdi hæd plænd. sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkæmərə ˈvɪdioʊ rivˈjud baɪ ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs ʃoʊz ðət ɛz ˈgənˌfaɪər broʊk aʊt ɪn ðə ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt əv twɪn piks, ˈdəzənz əv ˈbaɪkərz ræn fər ˈkəvər ˌɪnˈsaɪd ənd traɪd tɪ gaɪd ˈəðərz tɪ ˈseɪfti. ðə ˈvɪdioʊ səˈʤɛsts ðə ˈgənˌfaɪt wɑz kənˈteɪnd ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪərli ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈrɛˌstrɑnt, ˌbiˈsaɪdz wən ˈgənˌʃɑt faɪərd baɪ ə ˈbaɪkər ɔn ðə ˈpætiˌoʊ hu ðɛn rənz ˌɪnˈsaɪd. ɔn ðə ˈpætiˌoʊ, ˈbaɪkərz ər sin ˈdəkɪŋ ˈəndər ðə ˈteɪbəlz ənd traɪɪŋ tɪ rən ˌɪnˈsaɪd. æt list θri ˈpipəl wər sin ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈhændˌgənz. wən ˈbaɪkər ɪz sin ˈrənɪŋ wɪθ bləd ɔn hɪz feɪs, hænz ənd ˈtɔrˌsoʊ. ðə ˌeɪˈpi wɑz ʃoʊn ðə ˈvɪdioʊ baɪ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz əv ðə twɪn piks ˈrɛˌstrɑnt ˈfrænˌʧaɪz. ðeɪ hæv nɑt riˈlist ðə ˈvɪdioʊ, ˈsaɪtɪŋ ðə ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ pəˈlis ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən. leɪt ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ, twɪn piks sɛd ɪt rɪˈmeɪnd kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ənd ˈfʊli koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪŋ wɪθ lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt. "wi əˈpriʃiˌeɪt ɔl lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt ˈɛfərts tɪ brɪŋ ðə ˈpərpəˌtreɪtərz tɪ ˈʤəstɪs, ənd wi ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ðət ˈloʊkəl pəˈlis pʊt ðɛr lɪvz ɔn ðə laɪn tɪ prəˈtɛkt ɑr ˈpeɪtrənz ənd stæf. fər ðət wi ər ˈtruli ˈgreɪtfəl," ðə ˈrɛˌstrɑnt sɛd. "wi ər ɪn ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv ˈgæðərɪŋ əˈdɪʃənəl fækts, ənd ərʤ ðət ˈpipəl əˈvɔɪd ˈrəʃɪŋ tɪ ˈʤəʤmənt ˌbiˈfɔr ðoʊz fækts ər ˈfʊli noʊn." pəˈlis hæv sɛd faɪv ˈbaɪkər gæŋz frəm əˈkrɔs ˈtɛksəs hæd ˈgæðərd ɪn pɑrt tɪ ˈsɛtəl ˈdɪfərənsɪz ˈoʊvər tərf. bət səm ˈbaɪkərz hæv sɛd ɪt wɑz ʤɪst ə ˈrɛgjələr ˈmitɪŋ tɪ dɪˈskəs ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv ˈɪʃuz. əˈməŋ ðə gæŋz aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪəbəl ɪn ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs frəm ðə sin baɪ ðɛr dɪˈstɪŋktɪv insignias*, ðə hoʊld ðə moʊst paʊər ɪn ðə steɪt. ˈfaʊndɪd ɪn ˈtɛksəs hæf ə ˈsɛnʧəri əˈgoʊ, ðeɪ hæv lɔŋ kənˈtroʊld ˈsteɪtˌwaɪd ˈmɑrkɪts fər drəgz, ˌprɑstəˈtuʃən ənd ɛkˈstɔrʃən, ˈtərnɪŋ tɪ ˈvaɪələns wɪn ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ kip aʊt ðɛr ˈraɪvəlz. ˈnumərəs sˈmɔlər ˈaʊtˌfɪts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈɛkspərts, ər əˈlaɪnd wɪθ ðə ˈɪnfəməs ˈeɪnʤəlz. səʧ ˈlusli əˈfɪliˌeɪtɪd gæŋz ˌɪnˈklud ðə ˈkɑsæks, huz ˈsɪgnəʧər ˈʤækɪts ˈɔlsoʊ əˈpɪr ɪn ðə ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs, ənd hu əˈpɪr tɪ bi wən əv ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl gæŋz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈʃutaʊt. ɪn ə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ˈpəblɪk ˈseɪfti ˈmɛˌmoʊ ˈdeɪtɪd meɪ 1 ənd əbˈteɪnd baɪ ˈdæləs ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈsteɪʃən, ðə ˈeɪʤənsi wɔrnd əˈbaʊt ˈraɪzɪŋ ˈvaɪələns bɪtˈwin ðə tu gæŋz ənd sɛd ðə raɪz ɪn ˈtɛnʃən kʊd stɛm frəm ðə ˈkɑsæks' rɪfˈjuzəl tɪ peɪ duz tɪ ðə ənd fər ˈwɛrɪŋ ðə ˈbɑtəm ˈrɑkər. ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðə ˈbʊlɪtən sɛd ðət əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ, ðə hæd tɔkt əˈbaʊt "goʊɪŋ tɪ wɔr wɪθ ˈkɑsæks." ðə ˈtuzˌdeɪ wʊd nɑt kənˈfərm ðə ˌɔθənˈtɪsɪti əv ðə ˈmɛˌmoʊ. ˈfɑloʊ deɪn ˈʃɪlər ɔn tˈwɪtər æt ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðɪs rɪˈpɔrt.

waco twin peaks says it's working with police after biker brawl police investigators recover a weapon from a vehicle in the twin peaks parking lot tuesday in waco. police investigators recover a weapon from a vehicle in the twin peaks parking lot tuesday in waco. photo: jerry larson, mbo photo: jerry larson, mbo image 1 of / 217 caption close waco twin peaks says it's working with police after biker brawl 1 / 217 back to gallery waco the twin peaks restaurant that was the site of a bloody biker clash issued a statement late wednesday urging the public not to rush to judgment and saying that surveillance camera footage has been shared with police. "we continue to be very concerned for the safety and security of everyone involved, including our patrons, staff, management, and law enforcement," the statement said. "we want to reiterate that we are horrified by this violence and express our deepest sympathy to all those impacted by it." meanwhile, investigators say they have collected hundreds of weapons from the scene of brawl, from pocket knives and chains to body armor and military-style firearms. nine people were killed, 18 injured and 170 were arrested in the incident that exploded sunday afternoon and has left this city on edge. "we found weapons hidden under bags of flour, in bags of chips, we found a handgun stuffed inside the toilet, we found an ak-47 in a vehicle in the parking lot and even so much as found body armor," waco police sgt patrick swanton said as he stood outside the restaurant wednesday. "this isn't your church-going crowd that came out to have dinner with the family," he said. "this is gang oriented criminal element that was in our city to conduct criminal activity." "the majority of those individuals arrested who shot, stabbed, killed were not even from our community," he said. "i think this shows the level of violence that they thought was going to go on here and knew most likely would occur." authorities' count of weapons found at the scene continued to fluctuate on wednesday. earlier in day, swanton said 1,000 weapons were found. the estimate dropped to about 500, then to 318, waco police told the associated press. swanton said he expects the count to keep rising. knives, guns, clubs and chains with locks attached to them to use to beat people were among the weapons, he said. the violence has also led officials at upcoming biker rallies to step up security. authorities say they have heightened awareness for the memorial day motorcycle rally in red river, n.m., that's expected to attract 20,000 bikers, though spillover violence isn't expected. red river town marshal david smith says he'll tell offices to be extra vigilant. past attendees of the new mexico event in the state's enchanted circle include members of the bandidos, who authorities say were involved in the shootings in waco. the waco battle has also elevated security concerns for the upcoming sturgis motorcycle rally in south dakota. the annual rally draws hundreds of thousands of motorcycle enthusiasts to south dakota's black hills. organizers are expecting up to 1 million people for the 75th anniversary event in early august. south dakota attorney general marty jackley told the argus leader newspaper that his office has contacted authorities in texas about the shootout jackley said the south dakota division of criminal investigation plans to keep a command center open longer during the rally. sturgis city manager daniel ainslie says officials will be "vigilant to ensure the safety" of rally-goers. but he says rally organizers aren't planning additional security beyond what the city already had planned. security camera video reviewed by the associated press shows that as gunfire broke out in the parking lot of twin peaks, dozens of bikers ran for cover inside and tried to guide others to safety. the video suggests the gunfight was contained almost entirely outside the restaurant, besides one gunshot fired by a biker on the patio who then runs inside. on the patio, bikers are seen ducking under the tables and trying to run inside. at least three people were seen holding handguns. one biker is seen running with blood on his face, hands and torso. the ap was shown the video by representatives of the twin peaks restaurant franchise. they have not released the video, citing the ongoing police investigation. late wednesday, twin peaks said it remained committed to working with and fully cooperating with law enforcement. "we appreciate all law enforcement efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice, and we recognize that local police put their lives on the line to protect our patrons and staff. for that we are truly grateful," the restaurant said. "we are in the process of gathering additional facts, and urge that people avoid rushing to judgment before those facts are fully known." police have said five biker gangs from across texas had gathered in part to settle differences over turf. but some bikers have said it was just a regular meeting to discuss legislative issues. among the gangs identifiable in photographs from the scene by their distinctive insignias, the bandidos hold the most power in the state. founded in texas half a century ago, they have long controlled statewide markets for drugs, prostitution and extortion, turning to violence when necessary to keep out their rivals. numerous smaller outfits, according to experts, are aligned with the infamous hells angels. such loosely affiliated gangs include the cossacks, whose signature jackets also appear in the photographs, and who appear to be one of the principal gangs involved in the shootout. in a department of public safety memo dated may 1 and obtained by dallas tv station wfaa, the agency warned about rising violence between the two gangs and said the rise in tension could stem from the cossacks' refusal to pay dues to the bandidos and for wearing the bottom rocker. wfaa reported the bulletin said that according to the fbi, the bandidos had talked about "going to war with cossacks." the dps tuesday would not confirm the authenticity of the memo. follow dane schiller on twitter at twitter.com/daneschiller the associated press contributed to this report.

voʊt (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈgɛti images/istockphoto*) ɪn keɪs ðə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ædz ənd kæmˈpeɪn saɪnz ənd ˈkænədɪt dəˈbeɪts ənd frənt peɪʤ ˈstɔriz hæv lɛft ˈɛni daʊt, pliz hid ðɪs ˈfrɛndli riˈmaɪndər: ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɪz ðə læst deɪ tɪ voʊt ɪn ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən. ɪts tu leɪt tɪ meɪl ɪn jʊr ˈbæləts, bət ˈwəri nɑt: ðɛr ər ˈplɛnti əv drɔp ˈbɑksɪz əraʊnd ˈmɛriən ənd poʊlk ˈkaʊnti wɛr ju kən pleɪs jʊr ˈbælət ənˈtɪl 8 p.m*. ˈtuzˌdeɪ. (bət ˈbæləts ər ˈkaʊntɪd ɛz ðeɪ kəm ɪn, soʊ ðə ˈərliər ju drɔp ɪt ɔf, ðə ˈərliər rɪˈzəlts kəm ɪn.) si ɑr lɪst əv drɔp ˈbɑksɪz hir. hɪrz ə ˈriˌkæp əv səm əv ðɪs jɪrz ˈbɪgəst ˈreɪsɪz ənd ˈɪʃuz: *ˈgəvərnər: gəv. ʤɑn ˈkɪtsˌhɑbər ɪz ˈsikɪŋ ə fɔrθ tərm, wɪʧ wʊd bi ə fərst fər ˈɛni ˈɔrəˌgɑn ˈgəvərnər. hɪz ˈʧælɪnʤər ɪz rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ˈdɛnɪs ˈrɪʧərdsən, pɔɪnt, ə ˈfɔrmər əˈtərni ənd ˈvɛtərən ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtər. kæmˈpeɪn wɑz bruzd læst mənθ wɪn ə ˌwɪləˈmɛt wik ˈstɔri rɪˈvild ðət hɪz fiˈænsi, heɪz, meɪ hæv juzd hər pəˈzɪʃən ɛz fərst ˈleɪdi tɪ ˌɪˈligəli sɪˈkjʊr kənˈsəltɪŋ ˈkɑnˌtrækts, bət ðə ˈleɪtəst poʊlz ʃoʊ ˈkɪtsˌhɑbər stɪl həz ə ˈnɛroʊ lɛd. *juz. ˈsɛnɪt: ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk sɛn. ʤɛf ˈmərkli ɪz vaɪɪŋ fər ə ˈsɛkənd tərm əˈgɛnst pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑktər. ˈmɑnɪkə. həz sɛd ʃid ˈbɛtər ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt ðə kənˈsərvətɪv pɑrts əv ˈɔrəˌgɑn ðən ˈmərkli həz, bət hər kæmˈpeɪn həz feɪst ˈsɛvərəl ˈskændəlz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ tu ˌækjəˈzeɪʃənz əv kæmˈpeɪn məˈtɪriəlz frəm ˈəðər ˈkænədɪts. *ˈmɛʒər 90 ðɪs ˈmɛʒər wʊd ˌriˈpleɪs trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈpɑrtəzən ˈpraɪˌmɛriz wɪθ ə "top-two*" ˈpraɪˌmɛri ɪn wɪʧ ˈɛni tu ˈkænədɪts ˈivɪn ðoʊz frəm ðə seɪm ˈpɑrti kən ədˈvæns ˈɪntu ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˈɔrəˌgɑnz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ənd rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑrtiz hæv boʊθ ˈkrɪtəˌsaɪzd ðə bɪl, bət səˈpɔrtərz seɪ ɪt wʊd gɪv ˈmaɪnər ˈkænədɪts ə ˈfɛrər ʧæns. *ˈmɛʒər 91 ˈspikɪŋ ˈbləntli, fju ˈɪʃuz hæv bleɪzd ðɪs jɪrz ɪˈlɛkʃən laɪk ðɪs wən, wɪʧ wʊd meɪk ˈɔrəˌgɑn ðə θərd steɪt, ˈæftər ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ənd ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ, tɪ ˈligəˌlaɪz ˌrɛkriˈeɪʃənəl ˌmɛrəˈwɑnə. ɪf pæst, ˌɔrəˈgoʊniənz 21 ənd ˈoʊldər kən ˈligəli baɪ blənts ɛz əv ˈʤænjuˌɛri 2016 *ˈmɛʒər 92 ˌɔrəˈgoʊniənz dɪˈfitɪd ə ˈsɪmələr ˈmɛʒər ɪn 2002 wɪʧ kɔld fər ˈleɪbəlɪŋ əv ʤəˈnɛtɪkli ˈmɑdəˌfaɪd fudz. naʊ ˈɔrəˌgɑn wɪl voʊt əˈgɛn ɔn ˈwɛðər tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə fərst steɪt wɪθ səʧ ə rɪkˈwaɪrmənt. fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ðɪs jɪrz ˈloʊkəl ənd ˈsteɪtˌwaɪd ˈreɪsɪz, ʧɛk ɑr ˈriˌkæps əv ðə ˈsteɪtsmən ˈʤərnəlz ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈproʊˌfaɪlz ənd ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl bɔrd ɛnˈdɔrsmənts. iˈmeɪl jsilverste@statesmanjournal.com*, kɔl ər ˈfɑloʊ rɛd ər ʃɛr ðɪs ˈstɔri:

vote (photo: getty images/istockphoto) in case the tv ads and campaign signs and candidate debates and front page stories have left any doubt, please heed this friendly reminder: tuesday is the last day to vote in the general election. it's too late to mail in your ballots, but worry not: there are plenty of drop boxes around marion and polk county where you can place your ballot until 8 p.m. tuesday. (but ballots are counted as they come in, so the earlier you drop it off, the earlier results come in.) see our list of drop boxes here. here's a recap of some of this year's biggest races and issues: *governor: gov. john kitzhaber is seeking a fourth term, which would be a first for any oregon governor. his challenger is rep. dennis richardson, r-central point, a former attorney and veteran legislator. kitzhaber's campaign was bruised last month when a willamette week story revealed that his fiancee, cylvia hayes, may have used her position as first lady to illegally secure consulting contracts, but the latest polls show kitzhaber still has a narrow lead. *u.s. senate: democratic sen. jeff merkley is vying for a second term against first-time political candidate dr. monica wehby. wehby has said she'd better represent the conservative parts of oregon than merkley has, but her campaign has faced several scandals, including two accusations of plagiarizing campaign materials from other gop candidates. *measure 90: this measure would replace traditional partisan primaries with a "top-two" primary in which any two candidates even those from the same party can advance into the general election. oregon's democratic and republican parties have both criticized the bill, but supporters say it would give minor candidates a fairer chance. *measure 91: speaking bluntly, few issues have blazed this year's election like this one, which would make oregon the third state, after washington and colorado, to legalize recreational marijuana. if passed, oregonians 21 and older can legally buy blunts as of january 2016. *measure 92: oregonians defeated a similar measure in 2002, which called for labeling of genetically modified foods. now oregon will vote again on whether to become the first state with such a requirement. for more information about this year's local and statewide races, check our recaps of the statesman journal's election profiles and editorial board endorsements. email jsilverste@statesmanjournal.com, call 503-399-6745 or follow @jaysunsilver read or share this story: http://stjr.nl/1tuyies

ɪf ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə, ðə prɪˈzumd ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni, ɪz tɪ dɪˈfit ʤɑn məˈkeɪn, ˈbɛtər gɪt ˈstɑrtɪd ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzɪŋ timz əv ɪˈlɛkʃən lɔ əˈtərniz ənd ˈəðər ˈspɛʃəlɪsts tɪ gɑrd əˈgɛnst ˈɛfərts ɔˈrɛdi ˌəndərˈweɪ tɪ dɪsɪnˈfrænˌʧaɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈvoʊtərz. steɪt lɔz ˌɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ strɪkt ˈvoʊtər aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən rɪkˈwaɪrmənts hæv prəˈlɪfərˌeɪtɪd. ðeɪ wɪl bi juzd baɪ rɪˈpəblɪkənz ɪn ˈbætəlˌgraʊnd steɪts tɪ ˈʧælənʤ ˌloʊˈɪnkəm ˈvoʊtərz, ˈjuʒəwəli blæks ənd lɑˈtinoʊs, ˈnidɪd baɪ ˌoʊˈbɑmə. nɑnˈrɛzədənt ˈkɑlɪʤ ˈstudənts, əˈnəðər pɑrt əv ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə kənˈstɪʧuənsi, wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈʧælənʤd. ðɪs minz ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən meɪ hæv tɪ bi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ɪn steɪt ˈkɔrˌtrumz ənd baɪ ˈloʊkəl ɪˈlɛkʃən bɔrdz əraʊnd ðə ˈkəntri. sinz wi rɪˈmɛmbər frəm 2000 ɪˈlɛkʃən kʊd bi rɪˈpitɪd ɪn ˈmɛni ˈpleɪsɪz. ˈhɪləri oʊ. ˈʃɛltən, dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈbjʊroʊ, toʊld ə haʊs kəˈmɪti ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri ðət ðə naacp*, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz frəm ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛvəri ˈəðər ˈsɪvəl ənd ˈvoʊtɪŋ raɪts ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən, ɔl rɪˈpɔrt ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ðə ˈnəmbər əv əˈmɛrɪkənz praɪˈmɛrəli ˈreɪʃəl ənd ˈɛθnɪk məˈnɔrəti əˈmɛrɪkənz hu seɪ ðeɪ hæv bɪn dɪˈnaɪd ðɛr ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl raɪt tɪ ˈrɛʤɪstər ənd vote.”*.” ðɪs ɪz kɔld ˈvoʊtər səˈprɛʃən. rɪˈpəblɪkənz juzd ɪt wɪθ greɪt səkˈsɛs ɪn ˈflɔrɪdə ɪn 2000 ənd ɪn oʊˈhaɪoʊ fɔr jɪrz ˈleɪtər. ðoʊz ˈkɑntɛsts, wən baɪ ˈprɛzɪdənt bʊʃ, ˈfiʧərd ˈʃɔrtɪʤɪz əv ˈvoʊtɪŋ məˈʃinz ɪn məˈnɔrəti ˈɛriəz; lɔst, dɪˈskɑrdɪd ər rɪˈʤɛktɪd ˈbæləts; ənd ˈmɛni ˈʧælənʤɪz tɪ ˈvoʊtər ˌɛlɪʤəˈbɪlɪti. ɪn 2004 ðə bʊʃ ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ˈædɪd tɪ ðə mɪks baɪ dɪˈmændɪŋ ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən əv ˈeɪkɔrn, ə ˈgræsˈruts grup ðət wərks tɪ ˈrɛʤɪstər pur ˈpipəl tɪ voʊt. juz. əˈtərniz hu goʊ əˈlɔŋ wər faɪərd ɪn wən əv ðə ˈnæstiər ˈskændəlz. ðɪs jɪr, rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈvoʊtər səˈprɛʃən simz tɪ bi ˈteɪkɪŋ ə nu ənd mɔr səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtəd tərn. steɪt ˈlɛʤɪsˌleɪʧərz ər əˈdɑptɪŋ strɪkt lɔz rikˈwaɪərɪŋ ˈvoʊtərz tɪ ˈprɛzənt aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən æt ðə poʊlz. ɪn ˈeɪprəl, ðə juz. səˈprim kɔrt əˈphɛld təf lɔ, wɪʧ rikˈwaɪərz aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən, səʧ ɛz ə ˈlaɪsəns, ə ˈpæˌspɔrt, ər ə steɪt ər ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈaɪˈdi kɑrd. ˈrɑbərt bɑrnz roʊt ɪn ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊst, ˈrulɪŋ boʊdz wɛl fər ˈəðər steɪts ðət ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ˈaɪˈdi ənd fər steɪts ðət ər kənˈsɪdərɪŋ duɪŋ so.”*.” ðə wɛb saɪt rɪˈpɔrts ðət ˈflɔrɪdə ənd ˈʤɔrʤə, ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ˌɪndiˈænə, ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ˈaɪˈdiz. ɪn fɔr steɪts, ˈpoʊlɪŋ əˈfɪʃəlz æsk fər bət ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ˈaɪˈdiz. ˈeɪˈtin steɪts ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈiðər ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ər ˈaɪˈdiz, ənd ðɛr rɪkˈwaɪrmənts ˈvɛri ˈwaɪldli. ˈʧælənʤɪŋ tɪ rɛd ʤɪst ðə ˈsəməriz əv ðiz steɪt lɔz ɔn. wərs jɛt, moʊst əv ðiz lɔz ər ədˈmɪnɪstərd baɪ ˈpɑrtəzən steɪt ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈɔfɪsərz ənd ˈkaʊnti əˈfɪʃəlz hu meɪ oʊ ðɛr ˈlɔɪəlti tɪ səm ˈloʊkəl ˈpɑrti ər pəˈlɪtɪkəl bɔs ər hu meɪ ˈsɪmpli bi ˈgəvərnd baɪ ðɛr oʊn ˈprɛʤədɪsɪz ər ˈɪgnərəns. prəˈfɛsər ˈrɪʧərd ɛl. əv lɔs angeles’*’ ˌlɔɪˈoʊlə lɔ skul, wən əv ðə ˈfɔrˌmoʊst ɪˈlɛkʃən lɔ ˈskɑlərz, sɛd ɪn ə ˈstænfərd lɔ ˌrivˈju ˈɑrtɪkəl ðət 33 ʧif steɪt ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈɔfɪsərz wər ˈʧoʊzən ɪn ˈpɑrtəzən ɪˈlɛkʃənz. ˈmɛni weɪz, seɪv ˌtɛknəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˌɪmˈpruvmənts ɪn ðə ˈkæstɪŋ ənd ˈkaʊntɪŋ əv voʊts, ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ɪz wərs ðən ɪt wɑz ɪn 2000 ɪˈlɛkʃən ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən təˈdeɪ ɪz mɔr ˈpɑrtəzən ənd mɔr kənˈtɛnʃəs ðən ɪt wɑz ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈpəblɪk hæd ˈɛvər hərd əv chads,’*,’ sɛd. aɪ æst wət fɔrm hi θɔt ˈvoʊtər səˈprɛʃən wʊd teɪk ɪn 2008 hi sɛd hi θɪŋk wi wər ˈlaɪkli tɪ si ə kæmˈpeɪn əˈgɛnst məˈnɔrəti voters.”*.” ðət, ɛz ðə juz. attorneys’*’ ˈskændəl ʃoʊd, wɑz ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən geɪm plæn ɪn 2004 ˈrəðər, hi sɛd, ðɛr wɪl bi instances”*” əv ˈvoʊtər səˈprɛʃən. ðiz wɪl teɪk pleɪs ɪn ˈkaʊntləs ˈpoʊlɪŋ ˈpleɪsɪz, bi ˌɪˈnɪʃəli ʤəʤd baɪ ˈloʊkəl ɪˈlɛkʃən əˈfɪʃəlz, ənd ðɛn muv əp tɪ ðə steɪt ʧif ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈɔfɪsərz, ˈmoʊstli ˈpɑrtəzən, ənd ˈfaɪnəli tɪ ðə kɔrts, ˈɔfən rən baɪ pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈʤəʤɪz. ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, pəˈlɪtɪkəl hæks ædˈmɪnɪˌstərɪŋ ˌɪŋˌkɑmprəˈhɛnsɪbəl lɔz. moʊst səkˈsɛsfəl weɪ əv ˈkipɪŋ məˈnɔrəti ˈvoʊtɪŋ daʊn ɪz [ˈjuzɪŋ] ðə law,”*,” sɛd. tɪ ˈkaʊntər səʧ muvz, hi sɛd, ˈkænədɪts ˈnidɪŋ məˈnɔrəti voʊts, səʧ ɛz ˌoʊˈbɑmə, məst pʊt fild ˈwərkərz ənd ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈlɔjərz ˈɪntu ðə fild tɪ ˈɛʤəˌkeɪt ˈvoʊtərz ɔn ðə kəmˈplɛksɪtiz əv ðɛr ˈloʊkəl lɔz. ðeɪ məst meɪk ʃʊr ˈvoʊtərz hæv ðə rikˈwaɪərd ˈaɪˈdi. ənd ðeɪ məst bi ˈrɛdi tɪ goʊ tɪ kɔrt ɪn ən ˈɪnstənt wɪn ˈsəmˌwən spɑts ə ˈdərti trɪk. kaɪnd əv θɪŋz hæv tɪ ˈhæpən now,”*,” hi sɛd. ən ˈɛriə əv ˌɪˈmiˌdiət kənˈsərn ʃʊd bi ðə ˈwɛstərn ˈbætəlˌgraʊnd steɪts əv ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ, nəˈvɑdə ənd nu ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, wɪθ ə ˈtoʊtəl əv 19 ɪˈlɛktərəl voʊts. ləˈtinoʊ ˈvoʊtər ˈtərˌnaʊt wɪl bi ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðɛr, ənd ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪv ˈɛfərts baɪ ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə kæmˈpeɪn ər plænd ɪn ləˈtinoʊ kəmˈjunɪtiz ɪn ðoʊz steɪts. bət ænˈtoʊnioʊ gɑnˈzɑləz, ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˌsaʊθˈwɛstərn ˈvoʊtər ˌrɛʤɪˈstreɪʃən ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt, toʊld mi ðət ˈsɛnəmənt meɪ hərt ðə ˈtərˌnaʊt. ɪn ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, hi sɛd ðət 15 tɪ 20 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ləˈtinoʊ kəmˈjunɪti ɪz, wɛr wəns ɪt wɑz 10 pərˈsɛnt. ɪn nu ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, hi sɛd, ðə ləˈtinoʊ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən həz ˈrɪzən frəm 5 pərˈsɛnt ə fju jɪrz əˈgoʊ tɪ 10 tɪ 15 pərˈsɛnt təˈdeɪ. ˈklɪrli, ə ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv rɪˈpəblɪkənz ənd ˈæktɪvɪsts ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðə seɪm ˈpipəl kʊd pʊt təˈgɛðər ə strɔŋ ˈvoʊtər ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən kæmˈpeɪn ˈtɑrgətɪd æt hɪˈspænɪks. ˈdərti trɪks kʊd bi wən əv ðɪs moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈstɔriz. soʊ fɑr, bɪn tu ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd ənd ˈdɪstənt fər ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈmidiə hʊkt ɔn ˈɪnstənt θrɪlz. ˈoʊnli ə fju ˈblɔgərz ər ɔn ðə ˈstɔri, səʧ ɛz nu jɔrk ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˈmidiə prəˈfɛsər mɑrk ˈkrɪspɪn ˈmɪlər ənd ˈʤərnəlɪst bræd ˈfridmən. ˌlɔɪˈoʊlə lɔ prəˈfɛsər ˈɔfərz ən ˈɛksələnt ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd æˈnælɪsɪs. æt ðɪs pɔɪnt, mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðən ðə ˈkəvərɪʤ ɪz ðət ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ənd hɪz stæf ˈhəsəl ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈspɛʃəlɪsts tɪ ðə ˈbætəlˌgraʊnd steɪts. nɑt məʧ ˈglɔri ɪn ˈnoʊzɪŋ əraʊnd ə ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ˈkaʊnti ˈkɔrˌthaʊs bət wɛr ðɪs ɪˈlɛkʃən meɪ bi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd.

if barack obama, the presumed democratic presidential nominee, is to defeat john mccain, he’d better get started organizing teams of election law attorneys and other specialists to guard against efforts already underway to disenfranchise democratic voters. state laws imposing strict voter identification requirements have proliferated. they will be used by republicans in battleground states to challenge low-income voters, usually blacks and latinos, needed by obama. nonresident college students, another part of the obama constituency, will probably also be challenged. this means the election may have to be decided in state courtrooms and by local election boards around the country. scenes we remember from florida’s 2000 election could be repeated in many places. hilary o. shelton, director of the naacp’s washington bureau, told a house committee in february that ” … the naacp, as well as representatives from almost every other civil and voting rights organization, all report an increase in the number of americans primarily racial and ethnic minority americans who say they have been denied their constitutional right to register and vote.” this is called voter suppression. republicans used it with great success in florida in 2000 and in ohio four years later. those contests, won by president bush, featured shortages of voting machines in minority areas; lost, discarded or rejected ballots; and many challenges to voter eligibility. in 2004, the bush administration added to the mix by demanding prosecution of acorn, a grassroots group that works to register poor people to vote. u.s. attorneys who wouldn’t go along were fired in one of the administration’s nastier scandals. this year, republican voter suppression seems to be taking a new and more sophisticated turn. republican-led state legislatures are adopting strict laws requiring voters to present identification at the polls. in april, the u.s. supreme court upheld indiana’s tough law, which requires government-issued identification, such as a driver’s license, a passport, or a state or military id card. robert barnes wrote in the washington post, “the ruling bodes well for other states that require photo id and for states that are considering doing so.” the web site electionline.org reports that florida and georgia, in addition to indiana, require photo ids. in four states, polling officials ask for but require photo ids. eighteen states require either photo or non-photo ids, and their requirements vary wildly. it’s challenging to read just the summaries of these state laws on electionline.org. worse yet, most of these laws are administered by partisan state election officers and county officials who may owe their loyalty to some local party or neigborhood political boss or who may simply be governed by their own prejudices or ignorance. professor richard l. hasen of los angeles’ loyola law school, one of the nation’s foremost election law scholars, said in a stanford law review article that 33 chief state election officers were chosen in partisan elections. “in many ways, save technological improvements in the casting and counting of votes, the situation is worse than it was in 2000. election administration today is more partisan and more contentious than it was before the public had ever heard of ‘dimpled chads,’ ” hasen said. i asked hasen what form he thought voter suppression would take in 2008. he said he didn’t think we were likely to see a “mass campaign against minority voters.” that, as the u.s. attorneys’ scandal showed, was the republican game plan in 2004. rather, he said, there will be “individual instances” of voter suppression. these will take place in countless polling places, be initially judged by local election officials, and then move up to the state chief election officers, mostly partisan, and finally to the courts, often run by political judges. in other words, political hacks administering incomprehensible laws. “the most successful way of keeping minority voting down is [using] the law,” hasen said. to counter such moves, he said, candidates needing minority votes, such as obama, must put field workers and election lawyers into the field to educate voters on the complexities of their local laws. they must make sure voters have the required id. and they must be ready to go to court in an instant when someone spots a dirty trick. “these kind of things have to happen now,” he said. an area of immediate concern should be the western battleground states of colorado, nevada and new mexico, with a total of 19 electoral votes. latino voter turnout will be important there, and intensive get-out-the-vote efforts by the obama campaign are planned in latino communities in those states. but antonio gonzalez, president of the southwestern voter registration education project, told me that anti-immigrant sentiment may hurt the turnout. in colorado, for example, he said that 15 to 20 percent of the latino community is foreign-born, where once it was 10 percent. in new mexico, he said, the foreign-born latino population has risen from 5 percent a few years ago to 10 to 15 percent today. clearly, a combination of republicans and anti-immigrant activists sometimes the same people could put together a strong voter intimidation campaign targeted at hispanics. dirty tricks could be one of this year’s most important election stories. so far, it’s been too complicated and distant for a political media hooked on instant thrills. only a few bloggers are on the story, such as new york university media professor mark crispin miller and journalist brad friedman. loyola law school’s professor hasen offers an excellent combination of information and analysis. at this point, what’s more important than the coverage is that barack obama and his staff hustle election specialists to the battleground states. there’s not much glory in nosing around a colorado county courthouse but that’s where this election may be decided.

æt ə taɪm wɪn ˈrisərʧ ˈɔfən simz tɪ səˈʤɛst ðət ˈjumənz ər ˈnʊrəl ˈpəpɪts, ˈdɑktər. læm ənd ˈdɑktər. ər ˈʧeɪsɪŋ ˈprɑʤɛkts ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd tɪ ʃoʊ haʊ breɪn ˈfəŋkʃənɪŋ ɪz kəˈnɛktɪd tɪ fri wɪl ənd ˈpərsɪnəl ˈfridəm. ənd ðeɪ ər bɪˈlivərz ɪn trænˈspɛrənt, ˈoʊpənˌsɔrs saɪəns: ðeɪ ər kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ˈfaɪndɪŋz ənd ˈdætə wɪˈθaʊt riˈstrɪkʃənz ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈivɪn ɛz ðeɪ ˈhæpənz ˈdʊrɪŋ ɪkˈspɛrəmənts. ðɛr aɪˈdiəz hæv reɪzd ˈaɪˌbraʊz ɪn ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈsərkəlz ənd hoʊps. læb ɪz wən əv ðə ˈlæbrəˌtɔriz ðət həz ə ʧæns tɪ bɪˈkəm ə pleɪs wɛr nu aɪˈdiəz ɪn ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ənd nˈjʊroʊˌsaɪəns kəm from,”*,” sɛd ti. siegelmann*, ə prəˈfɛsər əv kəmˈpjutər saɪəns hu ˈstədiz ˈnʊrəl ˈsɪstəmz æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˌmæsəˈʧusəts. bət ðɛr ˈrɪʤɪd ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ˈænəməl ˈrisərʧ ɪn ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr meɪ kəm æt ə stip praɪs. wɔnt tɪ pleɪ ðə game,”*,” sɛd ˈdəbəlju. ˈmæˌkɪnˌtaɪr ˈbərnəm, ə æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv tərˈɑntoʊ, wɪθ hum ˈdɑktər. ˈstədid. meɪ bi ðə weɪv əv ðə fˈjuʧər, bət aɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ hæv ˈtrəbəl ˈgɪtɪŋ support.”*.” ðə tu keɪm tɪ ðə aɪˈdiə əv ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv əˈproʊʧ tɪ nˈjʊroʊˌsaɪəns ɔn ə ˈbækˌpækɪŋ trɪp ɔn vænˈkuvər ˈaɪlənd ɪn 2011 ˈdɑktər. læm wɑz ˈɛndɪŋ ə ˌpoʊstˈdɑkˌtərəl ˈfɛloʊˌʃɪp, ənd ðə tu ˈsaɪəntɪsts wər ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ðə dɪˈrɛkʃɪn əv nˈjʊroʊˌsaɪəns. ɛz ɪt tərnd aʊt, ðeɪ wər nɑt ðə ˈoʊnli wənz. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ðeɪ faʊnd ə ˈkɪndrɪd ˈspɪrɪt ɪn ðə nˈjʊroʊˌsaɪənɪst ʤeɪ ɛs.. ðə grin nˈjʊroʊˌsaɪəns ˈlæbrəˌtɔri ɪz əˈfɪliˌeɪtɪd wɪθ ənd ʃɛrz ˈɔfəsɪz wɪθ ðə ˈrisərʧ ˈɪnstɪˌtut, wɪʧ hi ˈfaʊndɪd. ˈdɑktər. hæd ˈərliər groʊn ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnɪd wɪθ ðə ““establishment”*” saɪəns ɪn wɪʧ, hi sɪz, ˌækəˈdɛmɪk ˈrisərʧ ənd ˈkɔrpərət ˈprɑfɪt praɪˈɔrətiz ər ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃəbəl. hi ðə ˈrisərʧ ˈlæbrəˌtɔri wɪθ hɪz oʊn ˈməni ənd naʊ səˈpɔrts ɪt wɪθ ˈfəndɪŋ frəm ə vərˈaɪəti əv ˈpraɪvət ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃənz ənd ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈrisərʧ grænts. naʊ səˈpɔrts ə reɪnʤ əv ˈrisərʧ ˈprɑʤɛkts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ən ˌɛksplərˈeɪʃən əv ðə weɪ ˈdɑlfənz slip, ən ˈɛfərt tɪ kriˈeɪt ə kəmˈpjutər ˌsɪmjəˈleɪʃən əv ðə juˈbɪkwɪtəs læb wərm si. (noʊn ɛz ðə ˈoʊpən wərm ˈprɑʤɛkt), ənd ən ˌɛksplərˈeɪʃən əv nərv ˈdæmɪʤ ɪn dɪˈzizɪz laɪk ˈməltəpəl sklərˈoʊsəs.

at a time when research often seems to suggest that humans are neural puppets, dr. lam and dr. ohayon are chasing projects intended to show how brain functioning is connected to free will and personal freedom. and they are believers in transparent, open-source science: they are committed to publishing findings and data without restrictions — sometimes even as they happens during experiments. their ideas have raised eyebrows in scientific circles — and hopes. “the lab is one of the laboratories that has a chance to become a place where new ideas in artificial intelligence and neuroscience come from,” said hava t. siegelmann, a professor of computer science whoudies neural systems at the university of massachusetts. but their rigid opposition to animal research in particular may come at aeep price. “they don’t want to play the game,” said w. mcintyre burnham, a neuropharmacologist at the university of toronto, with whom dr. ohayonudied. “they may be the wave of the future, but i think they may also have trouble getting support.” the two came to the idea of an alternative approach to neuroscience on a backpacking trip on vancouver island in 2011. dr. lam was ending a postdoctoral fellowship, and the two scientists were worried about the direction of neuroscience. as it turned out, they were not the only ones. eventually they found a kindred spirit in the neuroscientist jay s. coggan. the green neuroscience laboratory is affiliated with — and shares offices with — the neurolinx research institute, which he founded. dr. coggan had earlier grown disappointed with the “establishment” science in which, he says, academic research and corporate profit priorities are increasingly indistinguishable. he bootstrapped the research laboratory with his own money and now supports it with funding from a variety of private individual contributions and scientific research grants. neurolinx now supports a range of research projects, including an exploration of the way dolphins sleep, an effort to create a computer simulation of the ubiquitous lab worm c. elegans (known as the open worm project), and an exploration of nerve damage in diseases like multiple sclerosis.

st* ˈpitərzbərg, (ˈrɔɪtərz) fər θri jɪrz ˈæftər ˈrəʃə ˈænɛkst kraɪˈmiə, ˈwɔʃɪŋtən əˈfɪʃəlz kˈwaɪətli ˈkɔʃənd ˈmeɪʤər juz. fərmz əˈbaʊt əˈtɛndɪŋ ðə ˈænjuəl ˈpitərzbərg ˈfɔrəm, wɛr ˌɪnˈvɛstərz ˈmɪŋgəl wɪθ ˈprɛzɪdənt vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn ənd hɪz luˈtɛnənts. ˈrəʃən ˈprɛzɪdənt vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn əˈtɛndz ə ˈsɛʃən əv ðə. ˈpitərzbərg ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈfɔrəm (spief*), ˈrəʃə, ʤun 2 2017 ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ðɪs jɪr, ðə fərst ˈfɔrəm sɪns ˈdɑnəld trəmp bɪˈkeɪm juz. ˈprɛzɪdənt, səʧ ˈkɔʃənz wər nɑt ˈɪʃud, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ fɔr ˈpipəl fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ˌprɛpərˈeɪʃənz fər juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz tɪ əˈtɛnd. ˈpɑləsi təˈwɔrd ˈrəʃə ɪz ɛˈsɛnʃəli ənˈʧeɪnʤd ˈəndər trəmp, wɪθ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ ˈsæŋkʃənz ɔn ˈmɔˌskaʊ ənˈlɛs ɪt kəmˈplaɪz wɪθ ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl dɪˈmændz əˈbaʊt juˈkreɪn. bət ɪts əˈproʊʧ ðɪs jɪr tɪ ðə ˈpitərzbərg ɪˈvɛnt ˈɔfən dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ˈvərʒən əv ðə ˈdɑvoʊs ˈfɔrəm ɪn sˈwɪtsərlənd rɪˈvilz ə ʧeɪnʤ ɪn toʊn, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ səm ˈpipəl hu ˈfɑloʊ treɪd riˈleɪʃənz. ˈdænjəl ˈrəsəl, ðə hɛd əv ðə ˈbɪznɪs ˈkaʊnsəl, wɪn æst ɪf juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz wər ˈfilɪŋ lɛs ˈprɛʃər frəm ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən tɪ steɪ əˈweɪ, sɛd: θɪŋk raɪt. əv ðə ˈkəmpəˌniz, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ɪn 2015 rɪˈsivd kɔlz frəm ðə juz. ˈgəvərnmənt nɑt tɪ əˈtɛnd ənd aɪ θɪŋk ðət ˈætəˌtud həz ˈsərtənli changed.”*.” ðə ʧeɪnʤ ɪn toʊn fɪts wɪθ ˈprɑməsəz trəmp meɪd ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz ɪˈlɛkʃən kæmˈpeɪn tɪ pərˈsu ˈfrɛndliər taɪz wɪθ ˈrəʃə. ˈɛni saɪn əv ˈwɔrmɪŋ təˈwɔrd ðə ˈkrɛmlɪn ɪz ˈhaɪli ˈsɛnsɪtɪv fər ðə waɪt haʊs, sɪns ˈkɑŋgrəs ənd ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ ər kənˈdəktɪŋ ˌɪnkˈwaɪəriz ˈɪntu ˈwɛðər ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə trəmp tim hæd ˌɪmˈprɑpər ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ˈrəʃən əˈfɪʃəlz ˌbiˈfɔr ˌɪˌnɔgjəˈreɪʃən. trəmp həz dɪˈnaɪd duɪŋ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ rɔŋ. æst əˈbaʊt ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ˈkəmpəˌniz ˈplænɪŋ tɪ əˈtɛnd ðə ˈfɔrəm, ə steɪt dɪˈpɑrtmənt ˈspoʊkspərsən sɛd: hæv ən ˈoʊpən ˈdaɪəˌlɔg wɪθ ðə ˈbɪznɪs kəmˈjunɪti, ənd ˈəltəmətli ˈkəmpəˌniz ər fri tɪ meɪk ðɛr oʊn dɪˈsɪʒənz, ɪn laɪn wɪθ ˈæpləkəbəl lɔz ənd regulations.”*.” ðə ˈfɔrəm ɪn ˈpitərzbərg wɑz ɪn ɪts ˈsɛkənd deɪ ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ ənd ðɛr wər saɪnz əv ə mɔr səbˈstænʃəl juz. ˈprɛzəns ðən ɪn ˈpriviəs jɪrz sɪns ðə mɑrʧ 2014 ˌænɛkˈseɪʃən əv kraɪˈmiə. juz. æmˈbæsədər juz. æmˈbæsədər tɪ ˈrəʃə ʤɑn tɛft wɑz æt ðə ˈfɔrəm, ðoʊ hi dɪd nɑt hæv ə ˈspikɪŋ slɑt. noʊ juz. æmˈbæsədər əˈtɛndəd ɪn 2014 2015 ər 2016 ə ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən fər ðə juz. ˈɛmbəsi ɪn ˈmɔˌskaʊ sɛd hɪz əˈtɛndəns wɑz ə ruˈtin pɑrt əv hɪz æmˌbæsəˈdɔriəl ˈdutiz. ˈmeɪʤər juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz hu sɛnt ˈsinjər ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɔɪl ˈmeɪʤər ˈɛksɑn, boʊɪŋ, ˈʃɛvrən ənd wər ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd æt ə ˈsɪmələr ˈlɛvəl tɪ læst jɪr, bət ˈsɛvərəl ˈdɛləˌgeɪts æt ðə ˈfɔrəm sɛd ðeɪ ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ðə juz. ˈprɛzəns tɪ bi nuˈmɛrɪkli ˈbɪgər ðən ɪn ˈpriviəs jɪrz. si ə məʧ ˈlɑrʤər ˈnəmbər əv ˈpipəl frəm ðə juz., canada,”*,” sɛd dmitriev*, ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv əv ðə ˈrəʃən dɪˈrɛkt ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt fənd, ə steɪt ˈbɑdi ðət wərks wɪθ ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈvɛstərz. ɪz ə ˈbɛtər ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ (əˈməŋ ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈvɛstərz) ðət ˈsæŋkʃənz ˈrɪli dɪd nɑt wərk, ðə ˈrəʃən ɪˈkɑnəmi kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ groʊ, ˈrəʃə ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts ən əˈtræktɪv ˈmɑrkɪt ənd ˈpipəl ʃʊd wərk wɪθ russia,”*,” hi toʊld ˈrɔɪtərz. ˈsɛvərəl juz. ˈdɛləˌgeɪts sɛd ðət, ˈpɑləˌtɪks əˈsaɪd, ðeɪ wər drɔn tɪ ðə ˈfɔrəm baɪ ðə fækt ðə ˈrəʃən ɪˈkɑnəmi hæd rɪˈtərnd tɪ groʊθ ˈæftər ə sˈloʊˌdaʊn. ðə ˈfɔrəm ɪz ə prɛˈstiʒ ˈprɑʤɛkt fər ˈputɪn, ə ˈneɪtɪv əv ˈpitərzbərg. ˈfɔrən ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz ˈtɪpɪkəli juz ðɛr ˈprɛzəns tɪ ˈsɪgnəl tɪ ðə ˈkrɛmlɪn ðɛr ɪnˈθuziˌæzəm fər ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn ˈrəʃə. ɪn 2014 wɪn ðə juˈkreɪn ˈkraɪsəs fərst ˈstɑrtɪd, juz. ˈkæbənət əˈfɪʃəlz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ʤɑn ˈkɛri meɪd ˈpərsɪnəl kɔlz tɪ ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz əv juz. fərmz ˈæskɪŋ ðɛm nɑt tɪ əˈtɛnd, sɛd ə ˈfɔrmər juz. əˈfɪʃəl hu spoʊk ɔn kənˈdɪʃən əv ˌænəˈnɪmɪti. ðə nɛkst jɪr, ˈsinjər juz. əˈfɪʃəlz bɪˈloʊ ˈkæbənət ˈlɛvəl wər ʧɑrʤd wɪθ pərsˈweɪdɪŋ əˈmɛrɪkən ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz nɑt tɪ əˈtɛnd, ənd ɪn 2016 juz. əˈfɪʃəlz brɔt əp ðə ˈɪʃu ɪn ə ˌloʊˈlɛvəl ˈmænər, ðə ˈfɔrmər əˈfɪʃəl sɛd. ðə əˈkaʊnt əv ðoʊz ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz wɑz kənˈfərmd baɪ ə ˈsɛkənd ˈfɔrmər əˈfɪʃəl hu sərvd ɪn ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əv ˈfɔrmər juz. ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə. ðə ˈgaɪdəns ɪn ˈleɪtər jɪrz wɑz nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli tɪ steɪ əˈweɪ, bət ðət ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz hu dɪd əˈtɛnd ʃʊd kip ðɛr ˈprɛzəns low-key*, sɛd ˈsɛvərəl ˈəðər ˈpipəl fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ðə dɪˈskəʃənz. ˈiən, hu ɪz ˈsiˌiˈoʊ fər dəˈlɔɪt ɪn ðə ˈkɑmənˌwɛlθ əv ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt steɪts ənd sɪts ɔn ðə ˈbɪznɪs ˈkaʊnsəl, sɛd hi wɑz əˈwɛr əv əˈfɪʃəlz ˈgɪvɪŋ ˈgaɪdəns tɪ ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz ɪn ˈpriviəs jɪrz, bət ˈædɪd: hərd ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ðɪs year.”*.” tu ˈəðər ˈsɔrsəz fəˈmɪljər wɪθ ðə ˌprɛpərˈeɪʃənz fər juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz tɪ əˈtɛnd ˈɔlsoʊ sɛd ðɛr hæd bɪn noʊ ˈgaɪdəns ˌbiˈfɔr ðɪs ˈfɔrəm, ɪn ˈkɑntræst tɪ ˈpriviəs jɪrz. grin laɪt? ðə læk əv ˈkɑnˌtækt frəm ðə juz. ˈgəvərnmənt ðɪs jɪr ɪz biɪŋ ˌɪnˈtərprətəd əˈməŋ ˈbɪznɪs ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz ɛz ˈminɪŋ: kən go,”*,” sɛd wən əv ðə tu ˈsɔrsəz. ðə juz. ˈʧeɪmbər əv ˈkɑmərs dɪd nɑt rɪˈsiv ˈɛni ˈgaɪdəns frəm ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əˈbaʊt ˈwɛðər ər nɑt tɪ pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪt ɪn ðə ɪˈvɛnt, ə sɔrs wɪθ ðə ˈʧeɪmbər sɛd. stɪl, səm ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət dɪd əˈtɛnd ˈɛksərˌsaɪzd ˈkɔʃən, ˈkipɪŋ ə loʊ ˈproʊˌfaɪl. ðə hɛd əv juz. ɔɪl ʤaɪənt ˈɛksɑn ˈmoʊbəl, ˈdɑrən wʊdz, dɪd nɑt ʤɔɪn ðə ˈteɪbəl əv ˈpænəlɪsts æt ðə meɪn ɔɪl ˈsɛʃən əv ðə ˈfɔrəm. ɪt wɑz ʧɛrd baɪ ðə hɛd əv ˈkrɛmlɪn ɔɪl ˈmeɪʤər ˈrɑznɪft, ˌɪˈgɔr sechin*, hu ɪz ɔn ðə juz. ˈsæŋkʃənz lɪst. laɪk hɪz ˈprɛdəˌsɛsər ɛz ˈɛksɑn ˈsiˌiˈoʊ rɛks tillerson*, naʊ ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt, wʊdz meɪd ˈoʊnli brif rɪˈmɑrks frəm ðə flɔr ɪn ə dɪˈskəʃən əˈbaʊt ðə ˈɛnərʤi ˈɪndəstri. wʊdz dɪˈklaɪnd tɪ ˈænsər kˈwɛsʧənz frəm ˈrɔɪtərz. ən ˈɛksɑn ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪv sɛd ˈkəmpəˌni ˈpɑləsi wɑz nɑt tɪ ˈkɑmɛnt ɔn ðə ˈtrævəl ərˈeɪnʤmənts əv ɪts ɪgˈzɛkjətɪvz. əˈməŋ ˈəðər juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz æt ðə ˈfɔrəm, ʧeɪs koʊ., sɛnt ˈdænjəl ˈpɪnˌtoʊ, ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔfɪsər əv ɪts ˈkɔrpərət ənd ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt ˈbɪznɪs, waɪl boʊɪŋ sɛnt ˈælən, ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ɪts ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ɑrm. juz. ɔɪl ˈmeɪʤər ˈʃɛvrən sɛnt ɪts vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt fər ˈbɪznɪs dɪˈvɛləpmənt, ʤeɪ praɪər. hi wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ æt ðə ˈfɔrəm læst jɪr. ə ˈkəmpəˌni ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪv dɪd nɑt rɪˈplaɪ tɪ kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt ˈɛni ˈgaɪdəns frəm ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən. seɪ ðə sinˈjɔrɪti əv səm əv ðə timz ɪz mɔr ˈsinjər ðɪs jɪr, ˈsərtənli kəmˈpɛrd tɪ səm praɪər jɪrz ənd ə ˈpɑzətɪv sign,”*,” sɛd əv ðə juz ˈkɔrpərət ˈprɛzəns. ˈrɑbərt ˈdədli, ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv əv bp*, ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkəmpəˌni wɪθ səbˈstænʃəl ˈbɪznɪs ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, sɛd hɪz ˌɪmˈprɛʃən wɑz ðət ðɪs jɪr ðɛr wər mɔr ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz əv juz. ˈkəmpəˌniz æt ðə ˈfɔrəm ðən ˈpriviəsli. wʊd səˈʤɛst ðeɪ ər nɑt ˈfilɪŋ ðət kaɪnd əv pressure,”*,” tɪ kərb ðɛr ˈprɛzəns, hi sɛd.

st petersburg, russia/washington (reuters) - for three years after russia annexed crimea, washington officials quietly cautioned major u.s. firms about attending the annual st petersburg forum, where investors mingle with president vladimir putin and his lieutenants. russian president vladimir putin attends a session of the st. petersburg international economic forum (spief), russia, june 2, 2017. reuters/vladimir smirnov/tass/host photo agency/pool this year, the first forum since donald trump became u.s. president, such cautions were not issued, according to four people familiar with preparations for u.s. companies to attend. washington’s policy toward russia is essentially unchanged under trump, with the united states committed to maintaining sanctions on moscow unless it complies with international demands about ukraine. but its approach this year to the st petersburg event - often described as russia’s version of the davos forum in switzerland - reveals a change in tone, according to some people who follow u.s.-russia trade relations. daniel russell, the head of the u.s.-russia business council, when asked if u.s. companies were feeling less pressure from the administration to stay away, said: “i think that’s right. “some of the companies, particularly in 2015, received calls from the u.s. government not to attend and i think that attitude has certainly changed.” the change in tone fits with promises trump made during his election campaign to pursue friendlier ties with russia. any sign of warming toward the kremlin is highly sensitive for the white house, since congress and the fbi are conducting inquiries into whether members of the trump team had improper contacts with russian officials before trump’s inauguration. trump has denied doing anything wrong. asked about contacts with companies planning to attend the forum, a state department spokesperson said: “we have an open dialogue with the business community, and ultimately companies are free to make their own decisions, in line with applicable laws and regulations.” the forum in st petersburg was in its second day on friday and there were signs of a more substantial u.s. presence than in previous years since the march 2014 annexation of crimea. u.s. ambassador u.s. ambassador to russia john tefft was at the forum, though he did not have a speaking slot. no u.s. ambassador attended in 2014, 2015 or 2016. a spokeswoman for the u.s. embassy in moscow said his attendance was a routine part of his ambassadorial duties. major u.s. companies who sent senior executives - including oil major exxon, boeing, chevron and jpmorgan - were represented at a similar level to last year, but several delegates at the forum said they estimated the u.s. presence to be numerically bigger than in previous years. “we see a much larger number of people from the u.s., canada,” said kirill dmitriev, chief executive of the russian direct investment fund, a state body that works with foreign investors. “there is a better understanding (among foreign investors) that sanctions really did not work, the russian economy continues to grow, russia represents an attractive market and people should work with russia,” he told reuters. several u.s. delegates said that, politics aside, they were drawn to the forum by the fact the russian economy had returned to growth after a slowdown. the forum is a prestige project for putin, a native of st petersburg. foreign executives typically use their presence to signal to the kremlin their enthusiasm for investing in russia. in 2014, when the ukraine crisis first started, u.s. cabinet officials including secretary of state john kerry made personal calls to chief executives of u.s. firms asking them not to attend, said a former u.s. official who spoke on condition of anonymity. the next year, senior u.s. officials below cabinet level were charged with persuading american executives not to attend, and in 2016, u.s. officials brought up the issue in a low-level manner, the former official said. the account of those conversations was confirmed by a second former official who served in the administration of former u.s. president barack obama. the guidance in later years was not necessarily to stay away, but that executives who did attend should keep their presence low-key, said several other people familiar with the discussions. ian colebourne, who is ceo for deloitte in the commonwealth of independent states and sits on the u.s.-russia business council, said he was aware of officials giving guidance to executives in previous years, but added: “i haven’t heard anything this year.” two other sources familiar with the preparations for u.s. companies to attend also said there had been no guidance before this year’s forum, in contrast to previous years. green light? the lack of contact from the u.s. government this year is being interpreted among business executives as meaning: “you can go,” said one of the two sources. the u.s. chamber of commerce did not receive any guidance from the administration about whether or not to participate in the event, a source with the chamber said. still, some companies that did attend exercised caution, keeping a low profile. the head of u.s. oil giant exxon mobil, darren woods, did not join the table of panelists at the main oil session of the forum. it was chaired by the head of kremlin oil major rosneft, igor sechin, who is on the u.s. sanctions list. like his predecessor as exxon ceo rex tillerson, now trump’s secretary of state, woods made only brief remarks from the floor in a discussion about the energy industry. woods declined to answer questions from reuters. an exxon representative said company policy was not to comment on the travel arrangements of its executives. among other u.s. companies at the forum, jpmorgan chase & co., sent daniel pinto, chief executive officer of its corporate and investment business, while boeing sent bertrand-marc allen, president of its international arm. u.s. oil major chevron sent its vice president for business development, jay pryor. he was also at the forum last year. a company representative did not reply to questions about any guidance from the administration. “let’s say the seniority of some of the teams is more senior this year, certainly compared to some prior years and that’s a positive sign,” deloitte’s colebourne said of the u.s corporate presence. robert dudley, chief executive of bp, a british company with substantial business in the united states, said his impression was that this year there were more representatives of u.s. companies at the forum than previously. “that would suggest they are not feeling that kind of pressure,” to curb their presence, he said.

ðɛr ər səm ˈpleɪsɪz ɔn ðɪs ərθ ðət ʤɪst sim tɪ bi kərst. fər ˌwəˈtɛvər ˈrizən, ðiz ˌɪnˈsɪˌdiəs loʊˈkeɪʃənz ər ˌɪnfˈjuzd wɪθ ən ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈpælpəbəl ˈivəl ðət pərˈveɪdz ðə ˈlænˌskeɪp ənd krips ˈɪntu ðə maɪnd. əˈməŋ ðiz fɔrˈseɪkən ˈhæbəˌtæts əv ˈmɛnɪs, wi kən faɪnd səm ðət haɪd əˈməŋst səm əv ðə moʊst ˈgɔrʤəs ˈlænˌskeɪps; ˈpleɪsɪz əv kɔɪld ˈivəl ˈweɪtɪŋ tɪ paʊns waɪlst ʃˈraʊdɪd ɪn ˈnæʧərəl ˈbjuti. æt ðə fʊt əv ˌaɪˈkɑnɪk ˈɛmˈti. ˈfuʤi, laɪɪŋ sprɔld əˈməŋst səm əv ðə moʊst məˈʤɛstɪk ˈsinəri ɪn ʤəˈpæn, ɪz wən səʧ pleɪs. æt ðə beɪs əv ðɪs ˈpɪkʧərəsk ˈmaʊntən laɪz ðə ˈhɔntɪd ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən əv ˈbroʊkən soʊlz noʊn ɛz, ˈɔfən rɪˈfərd tɪ ɛz ðə əv trees”*” ənd mɔr ɛz ðə ˈdimən ˌɪnˈfɛstɪd forest.”*.” ˈfɔrɪst laɪz æt ðə ˌnɔrθˈwɛst beɪs əv ˈɛmˈti. ˈfuʤi, wɪʧ lumz ˈoʊvərˈhɛd wɪθ ɪts məˈʤɛstɪk pik. ɪt ɪz ə ˈstɑrkli ˈbjutəfəl ˈlænˌskeɪp rɪˈnaʊnd fər ɪts ˈbrɛθˌteɪkɪŋ ˈsinəri ənd ˈvɪstəz. ðə ˈfɔrɪst ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪz əˈprɑksəmətli 35 skwɛr 14 skwɛr maɪəlz) ɪn ˈɛriə ənd frəm ə ˈdɪstəns simz laɪk ən aɪˈdɪlɪk, ˈprɪstin ˈwɪldərnəs ˈɛriə. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, lʊks kən bi dɪˈsivɪŋ. ðə ˈmoʊmənt wən stɛps ˈɪntu, ɪt kˈwɪkli bɪˈkəmz əˈpɛrənt ðət ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪz sˈlaɪtli ɔf əˈbaʊt ðə pleɪs. ðə fərst θɪŋ wən meɪ ˈnoʊtɪs ɪz ðə ˌdɪskənˈsərtɪŋ ˈsaɪləns hir. ðə ˈdɛnsɪti əv əv ðə ˈkloʊsli pækt triz blɑks ðə sən ənd wɪnd, prəˈdusɪŋ ə dɑrk, ˈɪri ˈblæŋkɪt əv kwaɪət, wɪʧ ɪz ˈfərðər kəmˈpaʊndɪd baɪ ðə ˈkjʊriəs læk əv ˈwaɪlˌdlaɪf ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. ðə saʊnz əv bərdz ənd ˈəðər ˈwaɪlˌdlaɪf ðət wən maɪt ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ hir ˈʧərpɪŋ ənd ˈʧætərɪŋ ɪn əˈbəndəns ər ˈɑdli ˈæbsənt ər səbˈdud, ɛz ɪf ðeɪ hæv ʃənd ðɪs pleɪs ər ər ˈhaɪdɪŋ frəm ˈsəmθɪŋ. səm hæv dɪˈskraɪbd ðə kˈwɑləti əv saʊnz hir ɛz ˈsəmˈwət mˈjutɪd, ɛz ɪf biɪŋ hərd θru ə θɪk veɪl ər frəm əˈnəðər rum. wən meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ ˈnoʊtɪs ðət du nɑt wərk ˈprɑpərli hir. ðə ˈnidəl meɪ ʤərk ənd ʤəmp əˈbaʊt spæzˈmɔdɪkli, ər ˈkɑnvərsli du sloʊ, ˈlæŋgwəd ˈsərkəts əraʊnd ənd əraʊnd. ɪt ɪz sɛd ðət ðɪs ɪz kɔzd baɪ mægˈnɛtɪk əˈnɑməliz ˌɪnˈdust baɪ ðə rɪʧ dɪˈpɑzəts əv mægˈnɛtɪk aɪərn ɪn ðə vɑlˈkænɪk sɔɪl, jɛt ðə dɪˈsɔriˌɛntɪŋ ˈifɛkt əv ðə ˈfɔrɪst goʊz bɪɔnd ˈmɪrli ˈrɛndərɪŋ ˈjusləs. ˈmɛni ˈhaɪkərz ðət ˈvɛnʧər ˈɪntu, ˈivɪn ɪkˈspɪriənst wənz, kleɪm ðət ɪt ɪz ˈɑdli ˈizi tɪ gɪt lɔst ər kənfˈjuzd ɪn ðɪs dɑrk ənd ˈsaɪlənt pleɪs. ɪt ɪz nɑt ənˈkɑmən tɪ hir ˈstɔriz əv ˈhaɪkərz ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbli ˈtrævəlɪŋ əraʊnd ɪn ˈsərkəlz, ər əv biɪŋ əˈneɪbəl tɪ ˈnævəˌgeɪt ˈivɪn ʃɔrt ˈdɪstənsɪz səkˈsɛsfəli. ðɪs bɪˈzɑr ˈifɛkt həz lɛd tɪ ˈmɛni ˈvɪzɪtərz ˈplæntɪŋ ˈmɑrkərz ər ˈplæstɪk teɪp ɪn ˈɔrdər nɑt tɪ luz ðɛr weɪ. wən meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈkəm əˈwɛr əv ðə bɪˈzɑr ənd ˈkripi ˈlɪtər strun əˈbaʊt ðə ˈfɔrɪst flɔr. pɛrz əv ʃuz, boʊθ fər ˈʧɪldrən ənd ˈædəlts, laɪnd əp əˈpɑn mɔs ˈkəvərd, nɑrld lɔgz. ə ˈpækɪt əv ɪnˈtaɪərli mənˈdeɪn ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs, sɔŋ ˈlɪrɪks skrɔld əˈpɑn ðə ˈɛnvəˌloʊp, laɪɪŋ fərˈgɑtən ənd ənˈtəʧt əˈməŋst ðə ˈəndərˌbrəʃ. ə dɑl laɪɪŋ waɪd aɪd əˈtɑp ðə tˈwɪstɪd ruts əv ə tri, ɪts ˈveɪkənt aɪz ˈstɛrɪŋ əp ɛz ɪf traɪɪŋ tɪ pɪr θru ðə ˈkrʊkəd ˈbrænʧɪz əˈbəv ðət blɑt aʊt ðə skaɪ. wən kən faɪnd ə ˈplɛθərə əv səʧ ɑd ˈtrɪŋkəts ənd əˈbændənd ˈaɪtəmz ˌɪntərˈspərst əˈməŋ ðə triz. ðiz ˈaɪtəmz sim ˈʤɑrɪŋ ənd aʊt əv pleɪs hir ɔn ðə ˈfɔrɪst flɔr əv ðɪs ˈəðərˌwaɪz ˈprɪstin ˈwɪldərnəs, ənd ˈoʊnli sərv tɪ æd tɪ ə groʊɪŋ sɛns əv fɔrˈboʊdɪŋ. rəˈgɑrdləs əv səʧ əˈkərənsɪz, ˈmɛni ˈtʊrɪsts stɪl ˈvɪzɪt ðə ˈɛriə tɪ si ðə mægˈnɪfɪsənt ˈsinəri ənd ðə ˈnumərəs ˈrɑki ˈkævərnz ˈskætərd θruaʊt ðə ˈfɔrɪst. ˈmɛni əv ðiz ˈkævərnz ər ˈdeɪnʤərəs tɪ ðə ənˈwɛri, ənd ˈwɔrnɪŋ saɪnz ər ə ˈkɑmən saɪt ˌɪntərˈspərst əˈməŋst ðə θɪk triz, jɛt lɑrʤ ˈnəmbərz əv ˈvɪzɪtərz stɪl breɪv ðə trɛk tɪ si ðɛm ˈɛvəri jɪr. əˈbəv ənd bɪɔnd ðə ənˈsɛtəlɪŋ ˈɛləmənts əv ðə ˈfɔrɪst, ðɛr ɪz ən ˈivɪn ˈdɑrkər saɪd tɪ. ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðoʊz brɔt hir fər ðə ˈsinɪk ˈbjuti, ˈkævərnz, ənd ˈhaɪkɪŋ, ðɛr ər ˈɔlsoʊ ðə droʊvz əv pur, lɔst soʊlz hu kəm hir ˈɛvəri jɪr tɪ daɪ. ˈɔfən rɪˈfərd tɪ ˈrəðər ˈmɔrbədli ɛz ˈpərˌfɪkt pleɪs tɪ die,”*,” ɪz sɛd tɪ bi ðə moʊst ˈpɑpjələr pleɪs tɪ goʊ tɪ kəˈmɪt ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ɪn ʤəˈpæn ənd ðə ˈsɛkənd ɪn ðə wərld ˈæftər ðə ˈgoʊldən geɪt brɪʤ ɪn sæn fransisco*. sɪns æt list ðə 1950s*, ðə ˈfɔrɪst həz əˈtræktəd ˈɛvər groʊɪŋ ˈnəmbərz əv ˈpipəl hu kəm tɪ ðə ˈsɑləˌtud hir fər ðɛr ˈfaɪnəl brɛθs, wɪθ 2003 siɪŋ ə ˈrɛkərd ˈnəmbər əv 108 ˈsuəˌsaɪdz. ðiz ər ˈoʊnli ðə ˈbɑdiz ðət ər faʊnd baɪ ˈmənθli pəˈtroʊlz ənd ˈænjuəl hunts,”*,” ɪn wɪʧ pəˈlis ənd ˌvɑlənˈtɪrz skaʊər ðə ˈfɔrɪst fər ˈvɪktɪmz. ɪt ɪz sɛd ðət ðɪs ˈnəmbər ɪz ˈlaɪkli ˈivɪn haɪər du tɪ ðə riˈmoʊtnəs əv səm əv ðə ˈɛriəz wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈfɔrɪst, ðə ˈnumərəs keɪvz, crevasses*, ənd ˈkævərnz, ənd ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ kˈwɪkli ənd ˈθəroʊli ˌdikəmˈpoʊz rɪˈmeɪnz. səm əv ðə ˈbɑdiz əv ðiz ˈvɪktɪmz ər ˈstəmbəld əˈkrɔs baɪ ˈvɪzɪtərz tɪ ðə ˈɛriə, hu waɪl ˈhaɪkɪŋ θru ðə ˈəðərˌwaɪz ˈbjutəfəl ˈwɪldərnəs meɪ ˈhæpən əˈkrɔs ðə hɔˈrɪfɪk saɪt əv ə kɔrps həŋ frəm ə tri ər ə ˈskɛlətən wɪθ ɪts lɛgz ˈpoʊkɪŋ aʊt əv ðə dɛns ˈfoʊlɪʤ ɔn ðə ˈfɔrɪst flɔr. ɪt ɪz ˈdɪfəkəlt fər pəˈlis ənd ˌvɑlənˈtɪrz tɪ ˈloʊˌkeɪt ɔl əv ðə dɛd ˈhɪdən əˈweɪ wɪˈθɪn ðɪs dɑrk wʊd, ər tɪ ˈækjərətli ˈɛstəˌmeɪt haʊ ˈmɛni hæv daɪd. ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ ðət simz tɪ bi noʊn fər ʃʊr ɪz ðət ˈɛvəri jɪr ðə ˈnəmbər əv ðoʊz hu kəm tɪ tɪ daɪ simz tɪ bi ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ. ðoʊz ˈlʊkɪŋ tɪ ɛnd ðɛr lɪvz hir hæv bɪˈkəm soʊ ˈkɑmən ðət ˈloʊkəlz seɪ ðeɪ kən ˈizəli spɑt ðə θri taɪps əv ˈvɪzɪtərz tɪ ðə ˈfɔrɪst: ˈhaɪkərz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn siɪŋ ðə ˈstənɪŋ ˈvɪstəz əv maʊnt ˈfuʤi, ˈkjʊriəs θrɪl ˈsikərz ˈhoʊpɪŋ fər ə glɪmps əv ðə məˈkɑbər, ənd ðoʊz hu plæn ɔn rɪˈtərnɪŋ. ɪn ən ˈɛfərt tɪ ɛnd ðə əˈlɑrmɪŋ trɛnd əv ˈpipəl ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ tɪ ɛnd ðɛr lɪvz, ˈsərtən ˈmɛʒərz hæv bɪn ˈɪmpləˌmɛnəd səʧ ɛz ˈpʊtɪŋ əp saɪnz θruaʊt ðə ˈɛriə ˈərʤɪŋ ðoʊz hu hæv ˈgɪvɪn əp hoʊp tɪ ˌrikənˈsɪdər ðɛr ˈækʃənz ənd tərn bæk, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˌɪnˈstɔlɪŋ sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkæmərəz ənd ˈsɛndɪŋ aʊt pəˈlis pəˈtroʊlz. ˈivɪn wɪθ səʧ ˈmɛʒərz, ɪt ɪz θɔt ðət æt list ə ˈhənərd ˈpipəl ə jɪr ˈlaɪkli mit ðɛr dum hir. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ səm, ðiz ˈloʊnli soʊlz hu ər ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪtɪŋ ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ər ˌmɪˈstɪrjəsli ənd ˌɪˈnɛksərəbli drɔn tɪ baɪ ˌsupərˈnæʧərəl ˈfɔrsɪz wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈfɔrɪst ðət ˈbɛkən ðɛm tɪ kəm. səm sərˈvaɪvərz əv ˈsuɪˌsaɪd əˈtɛmpts ɪn hæv toʊld əv ˈhævɪŋ hæd ðə veɪg ˈfilɪŋ əv biɪŋ ˈsəmˌhaʊ kɔld tɪ ər pʊld təˈwɔrdz ðə ˈfɔrɪst, ənd əv ˈhævɪŋ ðə ˌɪnəkˈsplɪkəbəl kəmˈpəlʃən tɪ meɪk ðə ˈʤərni ðɛr. ɪz ˈsərtənli nɑt wɪˈθaʊt ɪts pɛrəˈnɔrməl ˈhæpənɪŋz. ˈivɪn ˌbiˈfɔr ˈrɛkərdz wər kɛpt ɔn ˈsuəˌsaɪdz wɪˈθɪn ˈfɔrɪst, ðə ˈɛriə hæd lɔŋ bɪn stipt ɪn ˈspuki lɔr ənd məˈθɑləˌʤi. ðə dɪm ˈfɔrɪst wɑz lɔŋ θɔt tɪ bi ðə hɔnt əv ˈdimənz ənd goʊsts hu ðə ˈlænˌskeɪp ənd ˈtɛrəˌfaɪd ˈtrævələrz. ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈlivd ðət ɪt wɑz wəns ə ˈpɑpjələr pleɪs fər ðə ˈgrusəm ˈpræktɪs əv ubasute*, ə ˈkəstəm ɪn wɪʧ ə sɪk ər ˈɛldərli ˈrɛlətɪv wɑz əˈlɛʤədli əˈbændənd ɪn ə ˈdɛzələt loʊˈkeɪʃən səʧ ɛz ə rɪˈmoʊt ˈmaʊntən ər ˈfɔrɪst ənd lɛft tɪ daɪ. ɪn ðə keɪs əv, ɪt wɑz sɛd ðət ðə ˈvɪktɪmz əv hir bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛnʤfəl goʊsts rɪˈlɛntləsli ˈpraʊlɪŋ ðə tˈwɪstɪd triz. ˈmɛni bɪˈliv ðət ðə ˈsuəˌsaɪdz kəˈmɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˈfɔrɪst hæv ˈpərmiˌeɪtɪd ðə ˈvɛri triz ɪn, ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪŋ pɛrəˈnɔrməl ækˈtɪvɪti, ˈdraɪvɪŋ əˈweɪ ˈwaɪlˌdlaɪf, ənd prɪˈvɛnɪŋ ˈmɛni hu ˈɛnər frəm ˈɛvər ɪˈskeɪpɪŋ ðə græsp. ðiz ˈpipəl seɪ ðət ðə fərˈlɔrn soʊlz əv ðoʊz hu kəˈmɪtɪd ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ɪn ər dumd tɪ ɪˈtərnəli ˌɪnˈhæbət ɪts dɛpθs, træpt wɪˈθɪn ðə nɑrld triz ənd fərˈɛvər ˈbɛkənɪŋ ˈəðərz tɪ ʤɔɪn ðɛm. ðə ˈrizənz fər ˈwɑnɪŋ tɪ ɛnd laɪf ər ɛz ˈvɛrid ɛz ðə ˈpipəl hu kəm tɪ tɪ du soʊ, jɛt wən θɪŋ ðeɪ ɔl hæv ɪn ˈkɑmən ɪz ðət ˈsəmθɪŋ həz brɔt ðɛm ɔl frəm ðɛr fɑr fləŋ lɪvz tɪ ðɪs ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr spɑt tɪ du ɪt. wət kˈwɑləti ɪz ɪt ðət draɪvz ðɛm tɪ kənˈvərʤ hir ɪn ðɪs ˈʃædoʊi, kwaɪət ˈwɪldərnəs tɪ ˈkɛri aʊt ðɛr ˈmɔrbəd ˈbɪznɪs? ɪz ɪt ˈsɪmpli ðə ˈtræŋkwɪl ˈbjuti əv ðə pleɪs, ər ðə ˈpraɪvəsi əˈfɔrdəd baɪ ðə loʊ ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti əv ɛnˈkaʊnərɪŋ ˈɛniˌwən ɛls ɪn səʧ ə dɛns ənd væst ˈfɔrɪst? ər ər ðeɪ biɪŋ ˈbɛkənd baɪ ˈdimənz, goʊsts, ˈvɛnʤfəl ˈspɪrɪts, ər səm ˈəðər ˌɪnˈskrutəbəl ˈivəl fɔrs? ˈoʊnli ðoʊz dɪˈspɛrɪŋ, fərˈgɑtən soʊlz hu spɛnt ðɛr læst ˈmoʊmənts ɪn ðɪs dɑrk kwaɪət ɪn ðə ˈʃæˌdoʊ əv ˈɛmˈti. ˈfuʤi wɪl ˈɛvər noʊ fər ʃʊr.

there are some places on this earth that just seem to be cursed. for whatever reason, these insidious locations are infused with an almost palpable evil that pervades the landscape and creeps into the mind. among these forsaken habitats of menace, we can find some that hide amongst some of the world’s most gorgeous landscapes; places of coiled evil waiting to pounce whilst shrouded in natural beauty. at the foot of japan’s iconic mt. fuji, lying sprawled amongst some of the most majestic scenery in japan, is one such place. at the base of this picturesque mountain lies the haunted destination of broken souls known as aokigahara, often referred to as the “sea of trees” and more infamously as the demon infested “suicide forest.” aokigahara forest lies at the northwest base of mt. fuji, which looms overhead with its majestic peak. it is a starkly beautiful landscape renowned for its breathtaking scenery and vistas. the forest itself is approximately 35 square km (14 square miles) in area and from a distance seems like an idyllic, pristine wilderness area. however, looks can be deceiving. the moment one steps into aokigahara, it quickly becomes apparent that something is slightly off about the place. the first thing one may notice is the disconcerting silence here. the density of of the closely packed trees blocks the sun and wind, producing a dark, eerie blanket of quiet, which is further compounded by the curious lack of wildlife in the area. the sounds of birds and other wildlife that one might expect to hear chirping and chattering in abundance are oddly absent or subdued, as if they have shunned this place or are hiding from something. some have described the quality of sounds here as somewhat muted, as if being heard through a thick veil or from another room. one may also notice that compasses do not work properly here. the needle may jerk and jump about spasmodically, or conversely do slow, languid circuits around and around. it is said that this is caused by magnetic anomalies induced by the rich deposits of magnetic iron in the area’s volcanic soil, yet the disorienting effect of the forest goes beyond merely rendering compasses useless. many hikers that venture into aokigahara, even experienced ones, claim that it is oddly easy to get lost or confused in this dark and silent place. it is not uncommon to hear stories of hikers inexplicably traveling around in circles, or of being unable to navigate even short distances successfully. this bizarre effect has led to many visitors planting markers or plastic tape in order not to lose their way. one may also become aware of the bizarre and creepy litter strewn about the forest floor. pairs of shoes, both for children and adults, lined up upon moss covered, gnarled logs. a packet of entirely mundane photographs, song lyrics scrawled upon the envelope, lying forgotten and untouched amongst the underbrush. a child’s doll lying wide eyed atop the twisted roots of a tree, its vacant eyes staring up as if trying to peer through the crooked branches above that blot out the sky. one can find a plethora of such odd trinkets and abandoned items interspersed among the trees. these items seem jarring and out of place here on the forest floor of this otherwise pristine wilderness, and only serve to add to a growing sense of foreboding. regardless of such eery occurrences, many tourists still visit the area to see the magnificent scenery and the numerous rocky caverns scattered throughout the forest. many of these caverns are dangerous to the unwary, and warning signs are a common sight interspersed amongst the thick trees, yet large numbers of visitors still brave the trek to see them every year. above and beyond the unsettling elements of the forest, there is an even darker side to aokigahara. in addition to those brought here for the scenic beauty, caverns, and hiking, there are also the droves of poor, lost souls who come here every year to die. often referred to rather morbidly as “the perfect place to die,” aokigahara is said to be the most popular place to go to commit suicide in japan and the second in the world after the golden gate bridge in san fransisco. since at least the 1950s, the forest has attracted ever growing numbers of people who come to the solitude here for their final breaths, with 2003 seeing a record number of 108 suicides. these are only the bodies that are found by monthly patrols and annual “body hunts,” in which police and volunteers scour the forest for victims. it is said that this number is likely even higher due to the remoteness of some of the areas within the forest, the numerous caves, crevasses, and caverns, and the forest’s ability to quickly and thoroughly decompose remains. some of the bodies of these victims are stumbled across by visitors to the area, who while hiking through the otherwise beautiful wilderness may happen across the horrific sight of a corpse hung from a tree or a skeleton with its legs poking out of the dense foliage on the forest floor. it is difficult for police and volunteers to locate all of the dead hidden away within this dark wood, or to accurately estimate how many have died. the only thing that seems to be known for sure is that every year the number of those who come to aokigahara to die seems to be increasing. those looking to end their lives here have become so common that locals say they can easily spot the three types of visitors to the forest: hikers interested in seeing the stunning vistas of mount fuji, curious thrill seekers hoping for a glimpse of the macabre, and those who don’t plan on returning. in an effort to end the alarming trend of people coming to aokigahara to end their lives, certain measures have been implemented such as putting up signs throughout the area urging those who have given up hope to reconsider their actions and turn back, as well as installing security cameras and sending out police patrols. even with such measures, it is thought that at least a hundred people a year likely meet their doom here. according to some, these lonely souls who are contemplating suicide are mysteriously and inexorably drawn to aokigahara by supernatural forces within the forest that beckon them to come. some survivors of suicide attempts in aokigahara have told of having had the vague feeling of being somehow called to or pulled towards the forest, and of having the inexplicable compulsion to make the journey there. aokigahara is certainly not without its paranormal happenings. even before records were kept on suicides within aokigahara forest, the area had long been steeped in spooky lore and mythology. the dim forest was long thought to be the haunt of demons and ghosts who prowled the landscape and terrified travelers. it is also believed that it was once a popular place for the gruesome practice of ubasute, a custom in which a sick or elderly relative was allegedly abandoned in a desolate location such as a remote mountain or forest and left to die. in the case of aokigahara, it was said that the victims of ubasate here became vengeful ghosts relentlessly prowling the twisted trees. many believe that the suicides committed in the forest have permeated the very trees in aokigahara, generating paranormal activity, driving away wildlife, and preventing many who enter from ever escaping the forest’s grasp. these people say that the forlorn souls of those who committed suicide in aokigahara are doomed to eternally inhabit its depths, trapped within the gnarled trees and forever beckoning others to join them. the reasons for wanting to end one’s life are as varied as the people who come to aokigahara to do so, yet one thing they all have in common is that something has brought them all from their far flung lives to this particular spot to do it. what quality is it that drives them to converge here in this shadowy, quiet wilderness to carry out their morbid business? is it simply the tranquil beauty of the place, or the privacy afforded by the low probability of encountering anyone else in such a dense and vast forest? or are they being beckoned by demons, ghosts, vengeful spirits, or some other inscrutable evil force? only those despairing, forgotten souls who spent their last moments in this dark quiet in the shadow of mt. fuji will ever know for sure.

ðə ˈfraɪtənɪŋ ˈriəlɪzm əv skul ˈʃutər drɪlz ˈaʊtˌweɪ ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts əv priˈpɛrədnəs. lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt drɪl æt ən ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri skul ɪn ˈhədsən fɔlz, n.y*., læst jɪr. ˈoʊmɑr rɪˈkɑrdoʊ aquije*, ðə post-star*, ˈviə ˌeɪˈpi) wɪθ ˈsəmər drɔɪŋ tɪ ə kloʊz, ˈʧɪldrən əˈkrɔs əˈmɛrɪkə ər ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈrɪʧuəlz. fər ˈmɛni, ðə stɑrt əv skul ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈvɑlvz ˈsəmθɪŋ nuər ˈæktɪv ˈʃutər drɪlz, ˈpɑsəbli ˈivɪn wɪθ feɪk bləd ənd blæŋks faɪərd ɪn ðə ˈhɔlˌweɪ fər ˈædɪd ˈriəlɪzm. ˈkaʊntləs skulz hæv əˈdɑptəd ðiz ˌsɪmjəˈleɪʃənz, ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli ər baɪ ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv ˈmænˌdeɪt. ðə hoʊp ɪz ðət ˈstudənts ənd ˈfækəlti wɪl bi səˈfɪʃəntli priˈpɛrd ʃʊd səm dɪˈspɪrətɪd ˈstudənt ər dɪˈreɪnʤd ˌɪnˈtrudər ˌdɪˈsaɪd tɪ tərn ðə skul ˈɪntu ə ˈbætəl zoʊn. ˌɔlˈðoʊ well-intentioned*, ˈæktɪv ˈʃutər drɪlz, fərst ˌɪntrəˈdust ˈæftər ðə 1999 ˈkɑləmˌbaɪn ˈmæsəkər ənd naʊ mɔr ˈprɛvələnt ˈæftər ðə 2012 ˈsændi hʊk ˈʃutɪŋ spri, kən du mɔr hɑrm ðən gʊd. ɪt ɪz kˈwɛsʧənəbəl ˈwɛðər ˈʧɪldrən ər ˌɪnˈdid ˈbɛtər priˈpɛrd baɪ pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ ɪn səʧ ʃəreɪdz. bət ðə ˈdaʊnˌsaɪd ɪz ɪn ˈnidləsli ˈskɛrɪŋ ˌɪmˈprɛʃənəbəl ˈjəŋstərz ənd ˌriɪnˈfɔrsɪŋ ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət ðeɪ ər ɪn ˈkɑnstənt ˈdeɪnʤər. ˈimərʤənsi drɪlz ər ˈnəθɪŋ nu tɪ ðə skul deɪ, əv kɔrs. drɪlz tɪ priˈpɛr ˈstudənts ɪn ðə ɪˈvɛnt əv faɪər ər ˈəðər ˈnæʧərəl kəˈtæstrəfiz ər ˈkɑmənˌpleɪs. jɛt ðə əˈgrɛsɪv ˈneɪʧər əv ˈʃutɪŋ drɪlz steɪʤd ɪn ˈmɛni skulz meɪks ðɛm kˌwɑləˈteɪtɪvli ˈdɪfərənt ənd ɪkˈsɛpʃənəli mɔr tɪ ˈʧɪldrən. ðə ˌsaɪkəˈlɑʤɪkəl hɑrm ðət meɪ kəm frəm ðiz ˌsɪmjəˈleɪʃənz ɪz nɑt ˈwɔrəntɪd ɪn laɪt əv ðə loʊ ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti ðət səʧ ən ɪˈvɛnt wɪl ˈæˌkʧuəli əˈkər. ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ ðə ˈhɔrər əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ðiz ˈɛpɪˌsoʊdz, ɔn ə stəˈtɪstɪkəl ˈbeɪsɪs, skul ˈʃutɪŋz ʃʊd bi wən əv ˈpɛrənts' list kənˈsərnz wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ðə ˈseɪfti əv ðɛr ˈʧɪldrən. ðə dɛθ toʊl ɔn ˈævərɪʤ tu ˈdəzən ˈænjuəli-- peɪlz ɪn kəmˈpɛrəsən tɪ ðə ˈhənərdz əv ˈjəŋstərz kɪld ɪn ˈdraʊnɪŋ ənd ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˈæksədənts. ɛnˈhænst ˈtreɪnɪŋ ɪn ˈwɔtər ənd ˈbaɪsɪkəl ˈseɪfti wɪl goʊ ˈfərðər tɪ prəˈtɛkt ˈʧɪldrən ðən ˈrənɪŋ ðɛm θru skul ˈhɔlˌweɪz waɪl biɪŋ stɔkt baɪ ə priˈtɛnd bæd mæn ˈwildɪŋ ə priˈtɛnd gən ər ˈhævɪŋ ðɛm ɪn ˈlɑkˌdaʊn waɪl ðə swɑt tim klɪrz ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ. ɪt ɪz wən θɪŋ tɪ priˈpɛr ðə ˈfækəlti ənd stæf fər wət tɪ du ənd haʊ tɪ ˌɪnˈstrəkt ˈstudənts ɪn ðə keɪs əv ə ˈvaɪələnt ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd; ɪt ɪz kwaɪt əˈnəðər tɪ ˌɪnˈvɑlv ˈʧɪldrən huz ˈɪnəsəns nid nɑt bi ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪzd. ˈfərðərˌmɔr, ˈmɛni, ɪf nɑt moʊst, ˈstudənts wʊd nɑt ˈriˌkɔl wət ðeɪ hæd ˈlərnɪd ˈdʊrɪŋ ɔˈkeɪʒənəl ˈlɑkˌdaʊn drɪlz, əˈspɛʃəli əˈmɪdst ðə ˈpænɪk əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ðə ril θɪŋ. skul ˈʃutɪŋz ər nɑt ðə ˈoʊnli rɛr jɛt ˈtɛrəˌfaɪɪŋ ɪˈvɛnts fər wɪʧ ˈimərʤənsi ˈtreɪnɪŋ ənd priˈpɛrədnəs kən hɛlp tɪ seɪv lɪvz. skul əˈfɪʃəlz kən lərn ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈlɛsən əv ˌmɑdərˈeɪʃən ənd rɪˈstreɪnt frəm ˈəðər ˈvɛnuz ðət ˈgræpəl wɪθ ˌɪmˈprɑbəbəl jɛt ˈdɛdli ˈhæzərdz, bi ðeɪ əv ˈnæʧərəl ər ˌɪnˈtɛnʃənəl ˈɔrəʤən. kəˈmərʃəl ˈɛˌrlaɪnz treɪn ðɛr flaɪt kruz tɪ ˈhændəl dɪˈzæstər ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃənz səʧ ɛz ðə ənˈlaɪkli ''ˈwɔtər ˈlændɪŋ'' bət ˈpæsənʤərz ər ˈoʊnli æst tɪ wɔʧ ə brif ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən əv ˈgræbɪŋ hoʊld əv ˈɑksɪʤən mæsks, wɪˈθaʊt ˈhævɪŋ ˈæˌkʧuəli tɪ ˈpræktɪs ðɪs məˈnuvər. kruz ʃɪps ˌrikˈwaɪər ðət gɛsts dɑn laɪf ˈʤækɪts ənd lərn ðə loʊˈkeɪʃən əv ðɛr ˈməstər ˈsteɪʃənz, bət noʊ wən həz tɪ stɛp fʊt ˌɪnˈsaɪd ə ˈlaɪfˌboʊt ər ˈsəfər ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns əv biɪŋ loʊərd ˈɪntu ðə ˈwɔtər. ɪn keɪs əv ə kəˈtæstrəfi ɪn ðə ɛr ər æt si, ðə ˈpæsənʤərz wɪl bi dɪˈrɛktɪd wɛr tɪ goʊ ənd ədˈvaɪzd wət tɪ du. ðɪs seɪm ˈrizənəbəl ˈpɑsʧər ʃʊd əˈplaɪ fər skulz: priˈpɛr ðə stæf bət spɛr ðə ˈstudənts. ɛz wɪθ ðə ˈjuʒəwəl ər ˈproʊtəˌkɔlz, ə fju ˈsɪmpəl ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz ɔn ɪˈskeɪp ˈstrætəʤi meɪ bi ˈsɛnsəbəl. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈstudənts ˈnidləsli rɪsks ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪˌfaɪɪŋ ðɛr fɪrz ənd æŋˈzaɪəti. ənd ɪf ˈæktɪv ˈʃutər drɪlz ər rikˈwaɪərd baɪ steɪt lɔ, ðɛn meɪk ðɛm ɛz ənd ənˌriˈlɪstɪk ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. stɪl, ðɛr ər sɪˈkjʊrəti prəˈfɛʃənəlz hu ˌɪnˈsɪst ðət wən kən ˈnɛvər bi tu well-prepared*, ˈivɪn fər ə rɛr ɪˈvɛnt laɪk ə skul ˈʃutɪŋ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðɛr ɪz ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin pərˈpɛrɪŋ ˈpæsənʤərz fər ðə ənˈlaɪkli kræʃ ər ˈsɪŋkɪŋ ənd ˈrɛdiɪŋ ˈstudənts fər ən ˌɪmˈprɑbəbəl ˈʃutɪŋ. ˈɛˌrlaɪnz ənd kruz laɪnz doʊnt ˌɪnˈspaɪr ˈdeɪnʤərəs aɪˈdiəz baɪ riˈsaɪtɪŋ ˈimərʤənsi drɪlz. baɪ ˈkɑntræst, ðɛr ər ə fju ˈstudənts fər hum ðə ˈnoʊʃən əv ˈrikɪŋ ˈhævək ɔn ðɛr ˈskulˌmeɪts meɪ sim laɪk ən ɪgˈzɪlərˌeɪtɪŋ aɪˈdiə. əbˈsɛsɪŋ ˈoʊvər ðə ənˈlaɪkli ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ə skul ˈʃutɪŋ kən ənˈfɔrʧənətli sərv tɪ ˌɪnˈspaɪr pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈkɑpiˌkæts ənd ˌɪnədˈvərtəntli ˌɪnˈkris ðə ʧæns əv ˈtræʤədi. ʤeɪmz ˈælən fɑks, ðə ˈlɪpmən prəˈfɛsər əv ˌkrɪmɪˈnɑləʤi, lɔ ənd ˈpəblɪk ˈpɑləsi æt ˌnɔrˈθistərn ˌjunəˈvərsəti, ɪz əv ˈvaɪələns ənd sɪˈkjʊrəti ɔn ˈkæmpəs ənd ə ˈmɛmbər əv ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ ˈtudeɪz bɔrd əv kənˈtrɪbjətərz. ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ɪts oʊn ˌɛdəˈtɔriəlz, ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ təˈdeɪ ˈpəblɪʃɪz dɪˈvərs əˈpɪnjənz frəm ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈraɪtərz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɑr bɔrd əv kənˈtrɪbjətərz. tɪ rɛd mɔr ˈkɑləmz laɪk ðɪs, goʊ tɪ ðə əˈpɪnjən frənt peɪʤ ər ˈfɑloʊ ˈjuˈɛs ɔn tˈwɪtər ər ˈfeɪsˌbʊk. rɛd ər ʃɛr ðɪs ˈstɔri:

the frightening realism of school shooter drills outweigh the benefits of preparedness. law enforcement drill at an elementary school in hudson falls, n.y., last year. (photo11: omar ricardo aquije, the post-star, via ap) with summer drawing to a close, children across america are engaged in age-old back-to-school rituals. for many, the start of school also involves something newer -- active shooter drills, possibly even with fake blood and blanks fired in the hallway for added realism. countless schools have adopted these simulations, voluntarily or by legislative mandate. the hope is that students and faculty will be sufficiently prepared should some dispirited student or deranged intruder decide to turn the school into a battle zone. although well-intentioned, active shooter drills, first introduced after the 1999 columbine massacre and now more prevalent after the 2012 sandy hook shooting spree, can do more harm than good. it is questionable whether children are indeed better prepared by participating in such charades. but the downside is in needlessly scaring impressionable youngsters and reinforcing the notion that they are in constant danger. emergency drills are nothing new to the school day, of course. drills to prepare students in the event of fire or other natural catastrophes are commonplace. yet the aggressive nature of shooting drills staged in many schools makes them qualitatively different and exceptionally more traumatizing to children. the psychological harm that may come from these simulations is not warranted in light of the low probability that such an event will actually occur. notwithstanding the horror associated with these episodes, on a statistical basis, school shootings should be one of parents' least concerns when it comes to the safety of their children. the death toll -- on average two dozen annually-- pales in comparison to the hundreds of youngsters killed in drowning and bicycle accidents. enhanced training in water and bicycle safety will go further to protect children than running them through school hallways while being stalked by a pretend bad man wielding a pretend gun or having them in lockdown while the swat team clears the building. it is one thing to prepare the faculty and staff for what to do and how to instruct students in the case of a violent episode; it is quite another to involve children whose innocence need not be compromised. furthermore, many, if not most, students would not recall what they had learned during occasional lockdown drills, especially amidst the panic associated with the real thing. school shootings are not the only rare yet terrifying events for which emergency training and preparedness can help to save lives. school officials can learn an important lesson of moderation and restraint from other venues that grapple with improbable yet deadly hazards, be they of natural or intentional origin. commercial airlines train their flight crews to handle disaster situations -- such as the unlikely ''water landing'' -- but passengers are only asked to watch a brief demonstration of grabbing hold of oxygen masks, without having actually to practice this maneuver. cruise ships require that guests don life jackets and learn the location of their muster stations, but no one has to step foot inside a lifeboat or suffer the experience of being lowered into the water. in case of a catastrophe in the air or at sea, the passengers will be directed where to go and advised what to do. this same reasonable posture should apply for schools: prepare the staff but spare the students. as with the usual pre-flight or pre-cruise protocols, a few simple instructions on escape strategy may be sensible. however, over-preparing students needlessly risks intensifying their fears and anxiety. and if active shooter drills are required by state law, then make them as low-key and unrealistic as possible. still, there are security professionals who insist that one can never be too well-prepared, even for a rare event like a school shooting. however, there is a critical difference between preparing passengers for the unlikely crash or sinking and readying students for an improbable shooting. airlines and cruise lines don't inspire dangerous ideas by reciting emergency drills. by contrast, there are a few students for whom the notion of wreaking havoc on their schoolmates may seem like an exhilarating idea. obsessing over the unlikely possibility of a school shooting can unfortunately serve to inspire potential copycats and inadvertently increase the chance of tragedy. james alan fox, the lipman professor of criminology, law and public policy at northeastern university, is co-author of violence and security on campus and a member of usa today's board of contributors. in addition to its own editorials, usa today publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including our board of contributors. to read more columns like this, go to the opinion front page or follow us on twitter @usatopinion or facebook. read or share this story: http://usat.ly/1p6eqil

bæk tɪ nuz nuz əˈtɛnʃən! ðɪs nuz wɑz ˈpəblɪʃt ɔn ðə oʊld ˈvərʒən əv ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt. ðɛr meɪ bi səm ˈprɑbləmz wɪθ nuz dɪˈspleɪ ɪn spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈbraʊzər ˈvərʒənz. haʊ kən ju gɪt ˈprimiəm ˈviɪkəlz?! dɪr pleɪərz, wi ər plizd tɪ ˈprɛzənt tɪ ju ən ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd əˈsɔrtmənt ɪn ðə wɔr bɑndz ʃɑp ɪn mɑrʧ. kəmˈplit ˈbætəl tæsks ənd ərn wɔr bɑndz baɪ ˈsɪmpli pleɪɪŋ wɔr ˈθəndər ənd ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ɪt fər ˈmɛni ˈvæljəbəl ˈpraɪzɪz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈprimiəm ˈviɪkəlz! ˈbætəl tæsks wɪl bi əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ju ˈæftər ˈriʧɪŋ ðə ræŋk əv ˈɛni ˈneɪʃən ɪn ðə geɪm. ju kən rɛd mɔr əˈbaʊt wɔr bɑndz ənd ˈbætəl tæsks ɪn ðə wɔr ˈθəndər ˈwɪˌki. gʊd lək ənd si ju ɔn ðə ˈbætəlˌfild! ðə læst əv ðə ˈfæməli ðə ˌʤæpəˈniz ˌkɑwɑˈsɑki wɑz ðə moʊst ˈrisənt dɪˈvɛləpmənt əv ðə laɪn əv ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈfaɪtərz. ɪts twɪn ˈbrəðər ðə wɑz ˈfərðər dɪˈvɛləpmənt əˈtɛmpt tɪ ˌɪntrəˈdus ˌɪnərˈsɛptər ɪkˈwɪpt wɪθ ə ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˌɪnərˈsɛptɪŋ ˈɛnəmi ˈbɑmərz æt ə greɪt ˈæltəˌtud. beɪst ɔn ðə ki-100-ib*, baɪ ˈɔgəst 1945 θri wər bɪlt wɪθ ənd ə ˈmɛθəˌnɑl ˌɪnˈʤɛkʃən ˈsɪstəm fər wep*. ðiz wər ðə moʊst ˈmɑdərn ˈɛrˌkræft əv ðɛr taɪp. bɪˈkəz əv ðə ɛnd əv ðə wɔr, ðiz pleɪnz dɪd nɑt goʊ ˈɪntu ˈlɑrʤˌskeɪl ˈsɪriz pərˈdəkʃən. ˈhədsən vi ə ˈræskəl! ˌeɪviˈeɪʃən həz pərˈzɛnəd ˈmɛni ˈkeɪsɪz əv ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri məˈʃinz wɪʧ, ˈæftər ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt, wər əˈdæptɪd fər juz ɪn səˈvɪljən ˈsərvɪs. ðə twɪn ˈɪnʤən ˈlɑˌkhid ˈsupər ɪˈlɛktrə wɑz ə gʊd ɪgˈzæmpəl ðət wɛnt ɪn ðə kəmˈplit ˈɑpəzɪt dɪˈrɛkʃɪn ˌhaʊˈɛvər. ə wɛl noʊn ənd rɪˈspɛktɪd ˈpæsənʤər ˈɛrˌkræft bɪˈkeɪm ə noʊ lɛs ˌrɛkəgˈnaɪzəbəl laɪt ˈbɑmər, noʊn ɪn ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən wərld wɔr ˈθieɪtər ɛz ðə ˈhədsən. ðə ˈhədsən ˈɔlsoʊ ɛnˈroʊld ɪn ˈhɪstəri ɛz ðə fərst ˈæˌlaɪd ˈɛrˌkræft ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ frəm ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ aɪlz ˈkrɛdɪtɪd wɪθ ˈʃutɪŋ daʊn ə ˈʤərmən ˈɛrˌkræft ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˈsteɪʤɪz əv wərld wɔr. ju kən gɪt ðiz məˈʃinz ʤɪst baɪ pleɪɪŋ! dɪˈteɪld lɪst əv ðə ˈaɪtəmz ɪn ðə ʃɑp ðɪs mənθ: (ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ) ɛn ˈhədsən "glamouras*" pin-up*, baɪ ˈkoʊlɪn 'fenris*' mjʊr səˈplaɪ ˈbɑksɪz ˌdɛkərˈeɪʃənz ˈkæməˌflɑʒ) səˈplaɪ ˈbɑksɪz ˌdɛkərˈeɪʃənz ˈəðər) səˈplaɪ ˈbɑksɪz kənˈteɪnɪŋ ənd busts ˈvælɪd fər 1 ˈbætəl ənd busts ˈvælɪd fər 1 ˈbætəl ˈprimiəm ˈbustər: 150 fər 2 ˈbætəlz fər 2 ˈbætəlz səˈplaɪ bɑks wɪθ ˈviɪkəl rɛnt fər 1 tɪ 24 aʊərz fər ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈviɪkəlz: ˈsupər (pi) ˈkrɑmwəl ˈɔrdər "glamouras*" pin-up*, ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ˈʧɑrtɪŋ skˈwɑdrən, baɪ ˈkoʊlɪn 'fenris*' mjʊr ˈbætəl tæsks: ðiz ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl tæsks brɪŋ vərˈaɪəti ˈɪntu ðə ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ənd prɪˈvɛnt ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃənz wɪn ɔl ðə pleɪərz ɪn ə ˈbætəl traɪ tɪ kəmˈplit wən spɪˈsɪfɪk tæsk ˌɪgˈnɔrɪŋ ˈmɪʃən əˈbʤɛktɪvz ðət ər ˈnidɪd fər ə ˈvɪktəri. ðeɪ ər əˈveɪləbəl fər pleɪərz ðət hæv riʧt ðə ræŋk əv ˈɛni ˈneɪʃən. fər kəmˈpliʃən, ðə pleɪər wɪl rɪˈsiv ˈsɪlvər laɪənz ənd ˈspɛʃəl ˈkərənsi wɪθ ðɛr oʊn ʃɑp, wɛr ju kən ˈpərʧəs ˈmɛni əv ˈdɪfərənt ˈaɪtəmz. ju kən rɛd mɔr əˈbaʊt ˈbætəl tæsks ənd wɔr bɑndz ɪn ɑr devblog*. ðə wɔr ˈθəndər tim

back to news news attention! this news was published on the old version of the website. there may be some problems with news display in specific browser versions. how can you get premium vehicles? warbonds! dear players, we are pleased to present to you an updated assortment in the war bonds shop in march. complete battle tasks and earn war bonds by simply playing war thunder and exchange it for many valuable prizes including premium vehicles! battle tasks will be available to you after reaching the 3rd rank of any nation in the game. you can read more about war bonds and battle tasks in the war thunder wiki. good luck and see you on the battlefield! ki-100-ii - the last of the ki-61 family the japanese kawasaki ki-100 was the most recent development of the ki-61 line of military fighters. its twin brother - the ki-100-ii was further development attempt to introduce high-altitude interceptor equipped with a supercharger capable of intercepting enemy bombers at a great altitude. based on the series-produced ki-100-ib, by august 1945 three ki-100-iis were built with turbochargers and a methanol injection system for wep. these were the most modern aircraft of their type. because of the end of the war, these planes did not go into large-scale series production. hudson mk v - a twin-engined rascal! aviation has presented many cases of military machines which, after the end of the conflict, were adapted for use in civilian service. the twin engine lockheed super electra was a good example that went in the complete opposite direction however. a well known and respected passenger aircraft became a no less recognizable light bomber, known in the european world war ii theater as the hudson. the hudson also enrolled in history as the first allied aircraft operating from the british isles credited with shooting down a german aircraft during the opening stages of world war ii. you can get these machines just by playing! detailed list of the warbond items in the shop this month: ▼ smk bf 109f-4 (usa) pz.iii n ki-100-ii hudson mk.v "glamouras" pin-up, decal by colin 'fenris' muir supply boxes (3d decorations - camouflage) supply boxes (3d decorations - other) supply boxes containing 50/100/300/600/800% sl and rp boosts valid for 1 battle sl and rp boosts valid for 1 battle premium booster: + 150% rp for 2 battles rp for 2 battles supply box with vehicle rent for 1 to 24 hours for the following vehicles: super hellcat yak-3 (vk-107) j2m5 pz.bfw.vi (p) cromwell rp-3 order "glamouras" pin-up, 2nd photo charting squadron, usaf decal by colin 'fenris' muir battle tasks: these individual tasks bring variety into the gameplay and prevent situations when all the players in a battle try to complete one specific task ignoring mission objectives that are needed for a victory. they are available for players that have reached the 3rd rank of any nation. for completion, the player will receive silver lions and warbonds - special in-game currency with their own shop, where you can purchase many of different items. you can read more about battle tasks and war bonds in our devblog. the war thunder team

ˈoʊvər ðə pæst fju wiks, ˈkraɪsəs həz grɪpt ðə nuəst ˈneɪʃən, saʊθ suˈdæn, ˈæftər ən ˌɪnˈtərnəl pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈkɑnflɪkt spɪld ˈɪntu ˈvaɪələns wɪʧ həz lɛft ˈθaʊzənz dɛd. soʊ fɑr, ðɛr hæv bɪn rɪˈpɔrts əv mæs greɪvz, ɛz wɛl ɛz wən ˈɪnstəns wɛr ˈrɛbəl ˈfɔrsɪz kɪld ˈjuˈɛn ˈpiˌskipərz ðət wʊd nɑt lɛt ðɛm gɪt tɪ ðə ˈfraɪtənd səˈvɪljənz bɪˈhaɪnd ðə geɪts əv ə ˈjuˈɛn ˈkɑmpaʊnd. ðiz ˈɪmɪʤɪz ər ˌrɛməˈnɪsənt əv sinz frəm hoʊˈtɛl ˌruˈɑndə. ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪn saʊθ suˈdæn ɔˈrɛdi ʃoʊz ˈpætərnz ðət wi hæv sin ɪn mæs əˈtrɑsətiz ˈɛlsˌwɛr: ɑrmd mɪˈlɪʃəz ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ʧeɪnz əv kəˈmænd; ˈfɔrsəbəl rɪˈkrutmənt əv səˈvɪljənz; ənd ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz. ɪt simz ðət ðə ˈneɪʃən ɪz ˈfɑlɪŋ əˈpɑrt, bət wət ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈvaɪələns? ˈtaɪmlaɪn əv ɪˈvɛnts ˈvaɪələns fərst broʊk aʊt æt ðə ˈkɑmpaʊnd əv saʊθ ˌsudəˈniz ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈsɑlvə ɔn dɪˈsɛmbər 15 læst jɪr bɪtˈwin ˈsoʊlʤərz lɔɪəl tɪ ɪm ənd ðoʊz lɔɪəl tɪ hɪz ˈfɔrmər ˈdɛpjəti, rik, hu əˈtɛmptəd tɪ ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ. wɪˈθɪn aʊərz, ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz ˈmɪʃən ɪn ˈʤubə bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈrɛfjuʤi kæmp ənd ɪts hɛd, hɪld ˈʤɑnsən, wɑz fɔrst tɪ ɪkˈsprɛs greɪv kənˈsərnz. baɪ dɪˈsɛmbər 17 ðə [ˈjuˈɛn sɪˈkjʊrəti ɔˈrɛdi hæd ˈsəmθɪŋ koʊˈhɪrənt tɪ seɪ. ə wik ˈleɪtər, ɪt əˈgrid tɪ ə ˈpiˌskipɪŋ ˌriɪnˈfɔrsmənt, dɪˈplɔɪəbəl wɪˈθɪn 48 aʊərz. ðə ˈjuˈɛn sɪˈkjʊrəti riˈækʃən həz bɪn əˈproʊpriɪtli swɪft ɛz həz ðət əv saʊθ ˈæfrɪkɑn ˈneɪbərz ˌjuˈgɑndɑ, ˈkɛnjə, ˌiθiˈoʊpiə, suˈdæn ənd səˈmɑljə, wɪʧ ər ˈkərəntli ˈmidiˌeɪtɪŋ ə ˈsisˈfaɪər dil ənd ə tɪ ɛnd ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪn ˌiθiˈoʊpiə. əˈmɪd ðɪs rəʃ tɪ əˈbeɪt ðə ˈvaɪələns ənd faɪnd ə ˌrɛzəˈluʃən, ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, ˈkɛnjə, ˌjuˈgɑndɑ, ˈbrɪtən ənd ˈəðər countries’*’ ɑrmd ˈfɔrsɪz ər ˈæktɪvli ɪˈvækjəˌweɪtɪŋ ðɛr ˈsɪtɪzənz. ðiz ɪˌvækjəˈweɪʃənz hæv ˌɪnˈkrist ðə fɪrz əˈməŋ ˈloʊkəlz hu ˌɪnˈtərprət ðə muv ɛz ə saɪn əv θɪŋz tɪ kəm. ɪt ɔl peɪnts ðə ˈɪmɪʤ əv ˈfɔrənərz fliɪŋ ˌruˈɑndə waɪl ðə ˈhuˌtuz wər sˈlɔtərɪŋ ˈloʊkəl ˈtutsiz ˈnɪrli 20 jɪrz əˈgoʊ. ˈjumən raɪts wɔʧ ˌriˈpɔrtəd ə ˈkɪlɪŋ əv ˈpipəl beɪst ɔn ðɛr ɛθˈnɪsɪti ɛz ˈərli ɛz dɪˈsɛmbər 19 ðə ˈgloʊbəl ˈsɛntər fər ðə riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ prəˈtɛkt ˈɔlsoʊ meɪd ˈsɪmələr kleɪmz ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt ˈɪʃud faɪv deɪz ˈæftər ðə ˈvaɪələns bɪˈgæn. ðiz ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kənˈsərnz əˈbaʊt pəˈtɛnʃəl mæs əˈtrɑsətiz ər wɛl pleɪst bət məst nɑt fɔl ˈɪntu ðə træp əv oʊvərˈsɪmplɪfɪˌkeɪʃən əv ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt. ɪz ɪt ˈɛθnɪk ˈkɑnflɪkt? ˈrɛpjətəbəl ˈkɑmənˌteɪtərz ənd nuz ˈaʊˌtlɛts laɪk ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz ənd ðə ˌbibiˈsi hæv ˈiðər juzd ðə ˈɛθnɪk aɪˈdɛntəˌti əv ðə ki ˈædvərˌsɛriz ɛz tɪ ˈɪndəˌkeɪt ðə ˈɛθnɪk laɪnz əˈlɔŋ wɪʧ ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪz biɪŋ fɔt, ər ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt ɛz ““tribalistic”*”. ðeɪ seɪ həz ðə ˈbækɪŋ əv hɪz ˈpipəl ənd əv hɪz. ðɪs ɪz ˈlɑrʤli ənˈtru. dɪˈspaɪt ɪts əˈpɪrəns, ðɪs ˈkɑnflɪkt ɪz nɑt bɪtˈwin ðə (saʊθ ˈlɑrʤəst ˈɛθnɪk grup) ənd ðə (ɪts ˈsɛkənd ˈlɑrʤəst). ɪn fækt, ðə ər duɪŋ moʊst əv ðə strəˈtiʤɪk ənd ˈtæktɪkəl wərk ɔn boʊθ saɪdz. ðə ɑrmd ˈfɔrsɪz, ðə suˈdæn ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən ˈɑrmi (spla*), ɪz lɛd baɪ ə, ˈʤɛnərəl ʤeɪmz hɑθ. ˈmɛni əv ðə ˈɔfɪsərz ˈlidɪŋ ðə ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ɪn ˈəpər naɪl, ˈjunɪti ənd steɪts ər ˈɔlsoʊ. ðə həz ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn ən ˈɛθnɪk mɪks wɪθ sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈnəmbərz. səm ˈsoʊlʤərz ər lɔɪəl tɪ kəˈmændərz hu hæv ʤɔɪnd rik, ənd ˈəðərz hæv bɪn wɪθ ðə sɪns ɪts fɔrˈmeɪʃən ɪn 1983 ðə səˈʤɛsʧən ðət ðɪs ɪz ən ˈɛθnɪk ˈkɑnflɪkt əˈkaʊnts fər səm fækts bət livz aʊt ˈəðər ˌkɑntrəˈdɪktəri wənz. fər ˈɪnstəns, həz ə lɔt əv səˈpɔrt ɪn ðə ˈrulɪŋ suˈdæn ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən ˈmuvmənt (splm*) ˈpɑrti, wɛr ðɪs ˈkɑnflɪkt bɪˈgæn ɛz ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈraɪvəlri bɪtˈwin ɪm ənd ˈprɛzɪdənt. saʊθ ˌkɔˈriə wɪn ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz əv ðə əˈtɛmptəd ku ˈimərʤd, ðoʊz ərˈɛstɪd ˌɪnˈkludɪd ˈprɑmənənt ənd tɔŋ mayay*. ɛθˈnɪsɪti wɑz ˌɪnsɪgnˈjɪfɪkənt æt ðə pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈlɛvəl ənd ɪt dɪz nɑt əˈpɪr tɪ ˈfiʧər ˈprɑmənəntli ɔn ðə ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri əˈʤɛndə əv ˈiðər ðə ər ðə ˈrɛbəlz. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə mɑrʧ əv ðə waɪt ˈɑrmi ˈrɛbəlz tɪ bor*, ə ˈsɪti ɔn ðə ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, həz reɪzd əˈlɑrm bɛlz. ɛz suˈdæn ˈrisərʧər ˈɛrɪk rivz həz ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, ðə army”*” ən ˈɛθnɪk mɪˈlɪʃə, wɪʧ wəns θˈrɛtənd tɪ waɪp aʊt əˈnəðər ˈɛθnɪk grup, ðə ɪz ˌənprɪˈdɪktəbəl ənd ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmənət. prɪˈvɛnɪŋ mæs əˈtrɑsətiz mæs əˈtrɑsətiz ˈoʊnli ˈhæpən wɪn θɪŋz hæv ˈfɑlən əˈpɑrt: ðət ɪz, wɪn ðə steɪt həz lɔst ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ prəˈtɛkt ɪts səˈvɪljənz ər wɔnts tɪ hɑrm ðɛm. ðə ˈkɑnsɛpt əv ðə riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti tɪ prəˈtɛkt (r2p*) ˈʧæmpiənd kwaɪt ˈfɪtɪŋli baɪ saʊθ ˈkɑrənt æmˈbæsədər tɪ ðə ˈjuˈɛn, ˈfrænsɪs dɛŋ əroʊz bɪˈkəz əv ðɪs ˈmɑdərn ˌriˈæləˌti. gɪvz ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kəmˈjunɪti ðə ˈmɔrəl raɪt tɪ ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ raɪts ˈoʊvər ðə raɪts. waɪl ðɪs ˈprɪnsəpəl ræn ˈɪntu ˈprɑbləmz wɪn ɪt wɑz ˌɪnˈvoʊkt ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈlɪˌbiən ˈkɑnflɪkt, ɪt rɪˈmeɪnz, ɪn ˈθɪri, ðə bɛst weɪ tɪ prɪˈvɛnt mæs əˈtrɑsətiz. keɪs wɑz beɪst ɔn ðə ənˈwɪlɪŋnɪs tɪ prəˈtɛkt ɪts səˈvɪljənz. saʊθ ˈprɑbləm həz kənˈsɪstəntli bɪn ðə ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti tɪ prəˈtɛkt səˈvɪljənz: fərst frəm iʧ ˈəðər, ənd naʊ frəm ðə waɪt ˈɑrmi mɪˈlɪʃə. pərˈhæps, ðɛn, saʊθ suˈdæn ˈprɛzənts ən ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kəmˈjunɪti tɪ ˌɪntərˈvin wɛr ðə steɪt ɪz ˈwɪlɪŋ bət əˈneɪbəl tɪ prəˈtɛkt ɪts səˈvɪljənz.

over the past few weeks, crisis has gripped the world’s newest nation, south sudan, after an internal political conflict spilled into violence which has left thousands dead. so far, there have been reports of mass graves, as well as one instance where rebel forces killed un peacekeepers that would not let them get to the frightened civilians behind the gates of a un compound. these images are reminiscent of scenes from hotel rwanda. the conflict in south sudan already shows patterns that we have seen in mass atrocities elsewhere: armed militias operating outside traditional military chains of command; forcible recruitment of civilians; and intimidation of the united nations. it seems that the nation is falling apart, but what is actually behind the violence? timeline of events violence first broke out at the compound of south sudanese president salva kiir on december 15 last year between soldiers loyal to him and those loyal to his former deputy, riek machar, who attempted to overthrow kiir. within hours, the united nations mission in juba became a refugee camp and its head, hilde johnson, was forced to express grave concerns. by december 17, the [un security council](http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=s/res/2132(2013) already had something coherent to say. a week later, it agreed to a peacekeeping reinforcement, deployable within 48 hours. the un security council’s reaction has been appropriately swift as has that of south sudan’s african neighbours uganda, kenya, ethiopia, sudan and somalia, which are currently mediating a ceasefire deal and a roadmap to end the conflict in ethiopia. amid this rush to abate the violence and find a resolution, the united states, kenya, uganda, britain and other countries’ armed forces are actively evacuating their citizens. these evacuations have increased the fears among locals who interpret the move as a sign of things to come. it all paints the image of foreigners fleeing rwanda while the hutus were slaughtering local tutsis nearly 20 years ago. human rights watch reported a house-to-house killing of people based on their ethnicity as early as december 19. the global centre for the responsibility to protect also made similar claims in a statement issued five days after the violence began. these international concerns about potential mass atrocities are well placed but must not fall into the trap of oversimplification of the conflict. is it ethnic conflict? reputable commentators and news outlets like the new york times and the bbc have either used the ethnic identity of the key adversaries as descriptors to indicate the ethnic lines along which the conflict is being fought, or characterised the conflict as “tribalistic”. they say machar has the backing of his nuer people and kiir of his dinkas. this is largely untrue. despite its appearance, this conflict is not between the dinka (south sudan’s largest ethnic group) and the nuer (its second largest). in fact, the nuer are doing most of the strategic and tactical work on both sides. the government’s armed forces, the sudan people’s liberation army (spla), is led by a nuer, general james hoth. many of the officers leading the operations in upper nile, unity and jonglei states are also nuer. the spla has always been an ethnic mix with significant nuer numbers. some nuer soldiers are loyal to commanders who have joined riek machar, and others have been with the spla since its formation in 1983. the suggestion that this is an ethnic conflict accounts for some facts but leaves out other contradictory ones. for instance, machar has a lot of non-nuer support in the ruling sudan people’s liberation movement (splm) party, where this conflict began as a political rivalry between him and president kiir. epa/yna south korea when allegations of the attempted coup emerged, those arrested included prominent dinkas majak d’agoot and chol tong mayay. ethnicity was insignificant at the political level and it does not appear to feature prominently on the military agenda of either the spla or the rebels. however, the march of the nuer white army rebels to bor, a city on the dinka territory, has raised alarm bells. as sudan researcher eric reeves has pointed out, the “white army” an ethnic militia, which once threatened to wipe out another ethnic group, the murle is unpredictable and indiscriminate. preventing mass atrocities mass atrocities only happen when things have fallen apart: that is, when the state has lost the ability to protect its civilians or wants to harm them. the concept of the responsibility to protect (r2p) championed quite fittingly by south sudan’s current ambassador to the un, francis deng arose because of this modern reality. r2p gives the international community the moral right to privilege people’s rights over the state’s rights. while this principle ran into problems when it was invoked during the libyan conflict, it remains, in theory, the best way to prevent mass atrocities. libya’s case was based on the state’s unwillingness to protect its civilians. south sudan’s problem has consistently been the inability to protect civilians: first from each other, and now from the rebel-backed white army militia. perhaps, then, south sudan presents an opportunity for the international community to intervene where the state is willing but unable to protect its civilians.

ɑnˈtɛrioʊz ˈɔdɪtər ˈʤɛnərəl wɪl ˌɪnˈspɛkt naɪˈægrəz ɛmˈbætəld ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən əˈθɔrəti ˈæftər ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz əv kərˈəpʃən, mɪsˈmænɪʤmənt ənd ˈʃɑdi ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈpræktɪsɪz. ðə naɪˈægrə pəˈnɪnsələ ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən əˈθɔrəti (npca*) sɛd ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ðət ˈbɑni wɪl du ə fʊl ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈɔdɪt. ðə əˈnaʊnsmɛnt keɪm aʊərz ˈæftər ə ˌpɑrləˈmɛntəri kəˈmɪti æst tɪ stɛp ɪn. "ðɛr hæv bɪn tənz əv ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz ənd θɪŋz ˈhæpənɪŋ fər ðə læst θri ər fɔr jɪrz," sɛd ˈsɪndi ˈfɔrstər,. ʃi muvd ðə ˈmoʊʃən æt ðə kwinz pɑrk ˈpəblɪk əˈkaʊnts kəˈmɪti. "ðə ˈpipəl hu ər peɪɪŋ ðə freɪt nid tɪ hæv ˈkɑnfədɛns ɪn ðə wərk ðə ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən əˈθɔrəti ɪz ˈmænˌdeɪtɪd tɪ du." ə grup əv ɛnˈvaɪrənˌmɛnəlɪsts ənd ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs ˈæktɪvɪsts kæmpt aʊt ɪn ˈɔgəst tɪ ˈproʊˌtɛst ə plænd dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪn ðə ˈθəndərɪŋ ˈwɔtərz ˈfɔrɪst. (oʊən bjorgan*) ðə sɛd ɪt ˈwɛlkəmz ˈɔdɪt, ənd hoʊps ˈəðər əˈθɔrətiz gɪt ˈsɪmələr ˈtritmənt. "ɪt ɪz ɑr hoʊp ðət ɔl ðə ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən əˈθɔrətiz ɪn ðə ˈprɑvɪns wɪl ˈfɑloʊ ðə lɛd əv ðə ənd ˌɪnˈvaɪt ðə ˈɔdɪtər ˈʤɛnərəl əv ɑnˈtɛrioʊ ˈɪntu ðɛr ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz," ʧɛr ˈsændi ɑnunˌziˈɑtə sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt. "noʊ ˈeɪʤənsi ər ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ðət ɪz ðə rɪˈsɪpiənt əv ˈpəblɪk fəndz ʃʊd bi riˈmuvd frəm ðə ˈskrutəni əv ðə ˈɔdɪtər ˈʤɛnərəlz ˈɔfəs." kəmˈjunɪti ˈkɑnfədɛns ɪn ðə həz ʧɪpt əˈweɪ ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz, ˈfɔrstər sɛd. ˈpɪkətərz ˈgæðər ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr, ˈæskɪŋ fər ðə əˈθɔrəti tɪ səbˈmɪt tɪ ə ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ˈɔdɪt. (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) mɔr ðən hæf əv stæf hæv rɪˈzaɪnd ər bɪn leɪd ɔf ɪn ðə pæst θri jɪrz, ʃi sɛd. ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt nɪr ˈθəndərɪŋ ˈwɔtərz gɔlf kɔrs ˈɔlsoʊ dru ˈproʊˌtɛst. st*. ˈkæθərɪnz ˈrɛzɪdənt ɛd smɪθ həz ˈteɪkən ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr eɪm, riˈlisɪŋ ə ˈdɑkjəmɛnt kɔld "ə kɔl fər əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti æt ðə." ðə ɪz suɪŋ ɪm. ðə əˈθɔrɪtiz woʊz meɪd ɪt tɪ ˈhæməltən ˈsɪti ˈkaʊnsəl ɪn 2015 wɪn ðə haɪkt ˈhæməltənz ˈænjuəl ˈlɛvi frəm tɪ ˈmɪljən. ˈhæməltən stɪl rɪfˈjuzɪz tɪ peɪ ðə nu ˈlɛvi. ˈfɔrmər ʧɛr brus tɪmz ənd ˈfɔrmər kaʊ ˈkɑrmən ˈdænʤɪˌloʊ toʊld ˈhæməltən ˈsɪti ˈkaʊnsəl ðə əˈθɔrəti hæd ə ˈhɪstəri əv "ˈkæʒəwəl ˈmænɪʤmənt ˈpræktɪsɪz," bət ðət ɪt hæd klind haʊs. ðət haʊs ˈklinɪŋ ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈhaɪrɪŋ ˈdænʤɪˌloʊ, hu hæd bɪn ə ˈhæməltən ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪv ɔn ðə bɔrd ənˈtɪl 2014 hi tʊk ə liv əv ˈæbsəns frəm ðə bɔrd ɪn 2013 wɪˈθaʊt ˈtɛlɪŋ ðə ˈsɪti bɪˈkəz ðə əˈθɔrəti haɪərd hɪz ˈpraɪvət kənˈsəltɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌni tɪ ədˈvaɪz ɔn ɪts riˈstrəkʧərɪŋ. ðɛn ɪt haɪərd ˈdænʤɪˌloʊ ɛz ɪts nu kaʊ. "aɪ wɔnt tɪ meɪk ʃʊr ə ˈpəblɪkli ˈfəndɪd ˈeɪʤənsi səʧ ɛz ðə ɪz ˈoʊpən, trænˈspɛrənt, əˈkaʊntəbəl ənd həz ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti," sɪz ˈwɛlənd ˈsɪndi ˈfɔrstər. (twitter/@cindyforster*) ˈhæməltənz ˈsɪti ˈkaʊnsəl həz æst ðə ˈprɑvɪns tɪ teɪk ˈoʊvər ˈtɛmpərˌɛri kənˈtroʊl əv ðə, ənd ˈivɪn fər pərˈmɪʃən tɪ liv ðə əˈθɔrəti ˌɔltəˈgɛðər. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ ʤɔɪnd ˈnumərəs ˈkaʊnsɪlz tɪ dɪˈmænd prəˈvɪnʃəl rəvˈjuz ənd ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ˈɑdəts. ˈfɔrstər ˈɔlsoʊ ˈteɪbəld ə bɪl ðɪs jɪr seɪɪŋ ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən əˈθɔrəti bɔrdz ʃʊd bi æt list hæf kəmˈpraɪzd əv ˈpipəl wɪθ ˈnæʧərəl ˈrisɔrsɪz ɪkˈspɪriəns. ˈfɔrstər ˈɪzənt əˈloʊn ɪn ðɪs. hɛld ə prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns ɔkt. 4 ˈskrutəˌnaɪzɪŋ ðə əˈθɔrəti. sæm, ˈpiˈsi fər naɪˈægrə west-glanbrook*, ənd ʤɪm ˈbrædli, ˈlɪˌbərəl fər st*. ˈkæθərɪnz, ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɪʃud ˈsteɪtmənts. sɛd hi wɔnts tɪ si mɔr trænˈspɛrənsi. "ðə nidz tɪ wərk wɪθ ˈoʊpənəs ənd ə ˈspɪrɪt əv kəˌlæbərˈeɪʃən ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ rɪˈstɔr ˈpəblɪk trəst," hi sɛd ɪn hɪz ˈsteɪtmənt.

ontario's auditor general will inspect niagara's embattled conservation authority after allegations of corruption, mismanagement and shoddy environmental practices. the niagara peninsula conservation authority (npca) said wednesday that bonnie lysyk will do a full financial audit. the announcement came hours after a parliamentary committee asked lysyk to step in. "there have been tons of allegations and things happening for the last three or four years," said cindy forster, welland's ndp mpp. she moved the motion at the queen's park public accounts committee. "the people who are paying the freight need to have confidence in the work the conservation authority is mandated to do." a group of environmentalists and indigenous activists camped out in august to protest a planned development in the thundering waters forest. (owen bjorgan) the npca said it welcomes lysyk's audit, and hopes other authorities get similar treatment. "it is our hope that all the conservation authorities in the province will follow the lead of the npca and invite the auditor general of ontario into their organizations," chair sandy annunziata said in a statement. "no agency or organization that is the recipient of public funds should be removed from the scrutiny of the auditor general's office." community confidence in the npca has chipped away in recent years, forster said. picketers gather outside the npca earlier this year, asking for the authority to submit to a forensic audit. (cbc) more than half of npca staff have resigned or been laid off in the past three years, she said. the development near thundering waters golf course also drew protest. st. catharines resident ed smith has taken particular aim, releasing a 45-page document called "a call for accountability at the npca." the npca is suing him. the authority's woes made it to hamilton city council in 2015, when the npca hiked hamilton's annual levy from $513,473 to $1.2 million. hamilton still refuses to pay the new levy. former chair bruce timms and former cao carmen d'angelo told hamilton city council the authority had a history of "casual management practices," but that it had cleaned house. that house cleaning involved hiring d'angelo, who had been a hamilton representative on the npca board until 2014. he took a leave of absence from the board in 2013 – without telling the city – because the authority hired his private consulting company to advise on its restructuring. then it hired d'angelo as its new cao. "i want to make sure a publicly funded agency such as the npca is open, transparent, accountable and has integrity," says welland mpp cindy forster. (twitter/@cindyforster) hamilton's city council has asked the province to take over temporary control of the npca, and even for permission to leave the authority altogether. it also joined numerous niagara-area councils to demand provincial reviews and forensic audits. forster also tabled a bill this year saying conservation authority boards should be at least half comprised of people with natural resources experience. forster isn't alone in this. opseu held a press conference oct. 4 scrutinizing the authority. sam oosterhoff, pc mpp for niagara west-glanbrook, and jim bradley, liberal mpp for st. catharines, also issued statements. oosterhoff said he wants to see more transparency. "the npca needs to work with openness and a spirit of collaboration in order to restore public trust," he said in his statement.

president-elect* ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪz hɪz ˈviəmənt dɪsəˈgrimənt wɪθ ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑməz ˈrisənt ˈsteɪtmənt ðət hi kʊd hæv dɪˈfitɪd ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌnɑməˈni ɪn 2016 ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd ðət hi θɪŋks hi wʊd hæv wən əˈgɛnst mi. hi ʃʊd seɪ ðət bət aɪ seɪ noʊ weɪ! ʤɑbz ˈlivɪŋ, ˈaɪsəs, ocare*, ˌɛtˈsɛtərə. ˈdɑnəld ʤeɪ. trəmp (@realdonaldtrump*) dɪˈsɛmbər 26 2016 ðə ɪz rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ə ˈkɑmɛnt ðət ˌoʊˈbɑmə meɪd tɪ ˈdeɪvɪd ˈæksəˌlrɑd, hɪz ˈfɔrmər kæmˈpeɪn ˈstrætɪʤɪst ənd ˈsinjər ædˈvaɪzər, ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈpɔdˌkæst riˈlist ˈmənˌdeɪ naɪt. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt: "ju noʊ, aɪ æm ˈkɑnfədənt ɪn ðɪs ˈvɪʒən bɪˈkəz əm ˈkɑnfədənt ðət ɪf aɪ ɪf aɪ hæd rən əˈgɛn ənd ɑrˈtɪkjəˌleɪtəd ɪt, aɪ θɪŋk aɪ ˈkʊdəv ˈmoʊbəˌlaɪzd ə məˈʤɔrəti əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpipəl tɪ ˈræli bɪˈhaɪnd ɪt," ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd. "aɪ noʊ ðət ɪn ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz ðət aɪv hæd wɪθ ˈpipəl əraʊnd ðə ˈkəntri, ˈivɪn səm ˈpipəl hu dɪsəˈgrid wɪθ mi, ðeɪ wʊd seɪ ðə ˈvɪʒən, ðə dɪˈrɛkʃɪn ðət ju pɔɪnt təˈwɔrdz ɪz ðə raɪt wən." ˌoʊˈbɑməz ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ ˈæksəˌlrɑd ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈteɪnd ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ ˈɪnˌsaɪts ˈɪntu waɪ hi bɪˈlivd ðɪs jɪrz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌnɑməˈni, ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, wund əp ˈluzɪŋ ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən. "ɪf ju θɪŋk jʊr ˈwɪnɪŋ, ðɛn ju hæv ə ˈtɛndənsi, ʤɪst laɪk ɪn spɔrts, ˈmeɪbi tɪ pleɪ ɪt ˈseɪfər," ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd. "ənd ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi həz bɪn ˌɪmˈpruvɪŋ. ðɛr ɪz ə sɛns, ˈɑbviəsli, ðət səm kəmˈjunɪtiz hæv bɪn lɛft bɪˈhaɪnd frəm ðə rɪˈkəvəri ənd ˈpipəl ˈfilɪŋ ˈæŋʃəs əˈbaʊt ðət. bət ɪf ʃi wɑz ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ðə kæmˈpeɪn ənd seɪɪŋ, ˈoʊˈkeɪ, əm ˈwɪnɪŋ raɪt naʊ, ənd hər ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk əˈʤɛndə wɑz ɪn fækt ˈvɛri prəˈgrɛsɪv." ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈɔlsoʊ meɪd ɪt klɪr ðət hi fɛlt ˈklɪntən hæd ˈhændəld hərˈsɛlf ˈvɛri wɛl ɪn ən ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli ˈdɪfəkəlt ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən. "aɪ θɪŋk ðət ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən pərˈfɔrmd ˈwəndərfəli ˈəndər ˈrɪli təf ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz," ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd. "aɪv sɛd ðɪs ˈpəblɪkli, aɪl rɪˈpit ɪt. aɪ θɪŋk ðɛr wɑz ə ˈdəbəl ˈstændərd wɪθ hər. fər ˌwəˈtɛvər ˈrizən, ðɛrz bɪn ə ˈlɔŋˌstændɪŋ ˈdɪfɪˌkəlti ɪn hər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ ðə prɛs ðət mɛnt hər flɔz wər ˈwaɪldli ˈæmpləˌfaɪd." ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈɔlsoʊ dɪsˈmɪst ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət ˈdɛməˌkræts hæd əˈbændənd waɪt ˈwərkɪŋ klæs əˈmɛrɪkən ɛz "ˈnɑnsɛns." "lʊk, ðə əˈfɔrdəbəl kɛr ækt ˈbɛnəfɪts ə juʤ ˈnəmbər əv trəmp ˈvoʊtərz. ðɛr ər ə lɔt əv foʊks ɪn ˈpleɪsɪz laɪk wɛst vərˈʤɪnjə ər kənˈtəki hu ˈdɪdənt voʊt fər ˈhɪləri, ˈdɪdənt voʊt fər mi, bət ər biɪŋ hɛlpt baɪ ðɪs," ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd. "ðə ˈprɑbləm ɪz, ɪz ðət wɪr nɑt ðɛr ɔn ðə graʊnd kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ nɑt ˈoʊnli ðə draɪ ˈpɑləsi ˈæˌspɛkts əv ðɪs, bət ðət wi kɛr əˈbaʊt ðiz kəmˈjunɪtiz, ðət wɪr ˈblidɪŋ fər ðiz kəmˈjunɪtiz, ðət wi ˌəndərˈstænd waɪ ðɛr ˈfrəˌstreɪtəd."

president-elect donald trump is tweeting his vehement disagreement with president barack obama's recent statement that he could have defeated the republican nominee in 2016. president obama said that he thinks he would have won against me. he should say that but i say no way! - jobs leaving, isis, ocare, etc. — donald j. trump (@realdonaldtrump) december 26, 2016 the president-elect is referring to a comment that obama made to david axelrod, his former campaign strategist and senior adviser, during a podcast released monday night. advertisement: "you know, i am confident in this vision because i'm confident that if i — if i had run again and articulated it, i think i could've mobilized a majority of the american people to rally behind it," president obama said. "i know that in conversations that i've had with people around the country, even some people who disagreed with me, they would say the vision, the direction that you point towards is the right one." obama's interview with axelrod also contained interesting insights into why he believed this year's democratic nominee, former secretary of state hillary clinton, wound up losing the election. "if you think you're winning, then you have a tendency, just like in sports, maybe to play it safer," president obama said. "and the economy has been improving. there is a sense, obviously, that some communities have been left behind from the recovery and people feeling anxious about that. but if she was looking at the campaign and saying, ok, i'm winning right now, and her economic agenda was in fact very progressive." the president also made it clear that he felt clinton had handled herself very well in an incredibly difficult situation. "i think that hillary clinton performed wonderfully under really tough circumstances," president obama said. "i've said this publicly, i'll repeat it. i think there was a double standard with her. for whatever reason, there's been a longstanding difficulty in her relationship with the press that meant her flaws were wildly amplified." obama also dismissed the notion that democrats had abandoned white working class american as "nonsense." "look, the affordable care act benefits a huge number of trump voters. there are a lot of folks in places like west virginia or kentucky who didn't vote for hillary, didn't vote for me, but are being helped by this," president obama said. "the problem is, is that we're not there on the ground communicating not only the dry policy aspects of this, but that we care about these communities, that we're bleeding for these communities, that we understand why they're frustrated."

ðə ˈpɑrləmɛnt ˈifɛktɪvli strɪpt 11 frəm ðə ˈpɑrti ə kˈwɔrtər əv ðə ˈsɪtɪŋ ˈmɛmbərz əv ðɛr ˌɪmˈjunɪti frəm ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən, ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ ə ˈfərðər ˈhɑrdənɪŋ əv ðə ˈrulɪŋ pəˈzɪʃən. ˈwɛstərn ˈjumən raɪts ˈæktɪvɪsts ˈɔlsoʊ əˈkjuzd ðə rəˈʒim əv ˈtɔrʧərɪŋ ˈwundɪd ˈproʊˌtɛstərz biɪŋ hɛld ɪn ə ˈhɑˌspɪtəl ɪn ðə ˈkæpɪtəl ˈmænəmə. bɑˈreɪn həz dɪˈklɛrd ˈmɑrʃəl lɔ ənd kɔld ɪn trups frəm ˈsɔdi əˈreɪbiə ənd ˈəðər gəlf steɪts tɪ kwɛl ˈproʊˌtɛsts ðət hæv lɛft æt list 24 ˈpipəl dɛd. ˈsɔdi əˈfɪʃəlz seɪ ðeɪ geɪv ðɛr ˈbækɪŋ tɪ ˈwɛstərn ɛr straɪks ɔn ˈlɪˌbiə ɪn ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ fər ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts mˈjutɪŋ ɪts ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm əv ðə əˈθɔrətiz ɪn bɑˈreɪn, ə kloʊz ˈælaɪ əv ðə ˈdɛzərt ˈkɪŋdəm. ˈɑli ˈsæmən, ðə ʃiaɪt ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən hɛd həz wɔrnd ˌɪˈrɑn ənd ˈsɔdi əˈreɪbiə əˈgɛnst ˈjuzɪŋ hɪz ˈkəntri ɛz ə "ˈbætəlˌfild" ɪn ə ˈprɑksi wɔr.

the kingdom’s parliament effectively stripped 11 mps from the wefaq party a quarter of the legislature’s sitting members of their immunity from prosecution, signalling a further hardening of the ruling family’s position. western human rights activists also accused the regime of torturing wounded protesters being held in a hospital in the capital manama. bahrain has declared martial law and called in troops from saudi arabia and other gulf states to quell protests that have left at least 24 people dead. saudi officials say they gave their backing to western air strikes on libya in exchange for the united states muting its criticism of the authorities in bahrain, a close ally of the desert kingdom. ali salman, the shiite opposition head has warned iran and saudi arabia against using his country as a "battlefield" in a proxy war.

(ˈrəʃə bɪɔnd ðə ˈhɛˌdlaɪnz zagorodnov*, ɑkˈtoʊbər 31 2013 ˈrəʃə muvz əˈhɛd əv ɪts ˈfɛloʊ brɪk ˈkəntriz ɪn ðə wərld ˈleɪtəst iz əv duɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ˈræŋkɪŋ, ɛz ðə ˈkəntri faɪts tɪ əˈtrækt ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt. ˈrəʃə ʤəmpt 20 ˈpleɪsɪz ɪn ðə wərld iz əv duɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ˈsərˌveɪ tɪ ˈnəmbər 92 aʊt əv 185 ˈkəntriz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ə kənˈsərtɪd rɪˈfɔrm ˈɛfərt ənd ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd ˌɪmˈpruvmənts ɪn ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə nu rɪˈpɔrt frəm ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈbɑdi. ðə rɪˈzəlts brɪŋ ðə ˈkəntri ˈkloʊzər tɪ ˈmitɪŋ ˈprɛzɪdənt vˈlædəmɪr goʊl əv ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ˈrəʃə frəm pleɪs tɪ pleɪs baɪ 2018 θru ə ˈsɪriz əv maps”*” dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ rɪˈdus bjʊˈrɑkrəsi ənd kət rɛd teɪp. rɪˈzəlts ʃoʊ ðə fərst ˈtænʤəbəl saɪnz əv səkˈsɛs ɛz ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd baɪ ə ˈmeɪʤər ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈbɑdi. ˈrəʃə ɛʤd əˈhɛd əv ˈʧaɪnə ɪn ðə ˈɪndɛks, wɪʧ pleɪst æt ˈnəmbər 96 ənd pleɪst haɪər ðən ˈɛni əv ɪts pɪrz ɪn ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld brɪk kləb əv lɑrʤ ˈimərʤɪŋ ɪˈkɑnəmiz kəmˈpraɪzd əv brəˈzɪl, ˈrəʃə, ˈɪndiə ənd ˈʧaɪnə. brəˈzɪl muvd əp tu ˈnɑʧɪz tɪ pleɪs, waɪl ˈɪndiə drɑpt θri ˈpleɪsɪz tɪ 134th*. ðə ˌɪmˈpruvmənts keɪm ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ə rɪˈfɔrm effort,”*,” sɛd ˈritə əv ðə wərld bæŋk, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl taɪmz. ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti ənd ˈbɔrdərz ˈrəʃə meɪd sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɪn ˌɪmˈpruvɪŋ ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti, ˈʤəmpɪŋ əˈhɛd 71 ˈpleɪsɪz ɪn ðət ˈkætəˌgɔri, ðə wərld bæŋk sɛd. ˈrəʃə ˈɔlsoʊ ədˈvænst 29 ˈpleɪsɪz ɪn ðə iz əv ˈrɛʤɪstərɪŋ ˈprɑpərti. ɪts ˈwikəst ˈsɛktərz rɪˈmeɪnd kənˈstrəkʃən ˈpərˌmɪts, wɛr ɪt ˈlæŋgwɪʃt ɪn pleɪs, ənd ˈtreɪdɪŋ əˈkrɔs ˈbɔrdərz, wɛr ɪt ræŋkt 157th*. ˈoʊləg, ˈsiˌiˈoʊ əv ðə ˈfɛdərəl grɪd ˈkəmpəˌni, ˈnoʊtɪd ðət, ɪn ɪˈlɛktrɪkəl riˌlaɪəˈbɪləti ɛz ˈmɛʒərd baɪ ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈaʊtɪʤɪz, ˈrəʃə hæd ɔˈrɛdi sərˈpæst ˈmɛni dɪˈvɛləpt ˈkəntriz. ˈaʊtɪʤɪz ɪn ˈrəʃə læst ən ˈævərɪʤ əv aʊərz, kəmˈpɛrd tɪ aʊərz ɪn ˈjʊrəp ənd aʊərz ˈgloʊbəli. rɪˈdust ðə kɔst əv ən ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti kəˈnɛkʃən baɪ θri taɪmz, frəm ˈrubəlz ɪn 2009 tɪ əraʊnd ˈrubəlz [əˈbaʊt 93 təˈdeɪ. ðɪs həz lɛd tɪ ə ˈsəbsəkwənt ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz, frəm ðɛn tɪ ɪn sɛd. ˈminˌwaɪl, ˈrəslən ˈdeɪvɪˌdɔv, ˈdɛpjəti hɛd əv ˈkəstəmz ˈsərvɪs, ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ˈdætə fər ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈstədi wɑz kəˈlɛktəd bæk ɪn mɑrʧ ənd ðət ˈɪndəˌkeɪtərz fər ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl treɪd wʊd si ə ˈmeɪʤər ˌɪmˈpruvmənt ɪn nɛkst ˈɪndɛks. rɪˈdust ðə ˈnəmbər əv deɪz ɪt teɪks tɪ ˌɪmˈpɔrt ˈprɑdəkts baɪ ˈsɛvən ənd tɪ ˈɛkspɔrt ðɛm baɪ sɪks. nɛkst jɪr sˈwɪʧɪŋ tɪ 100 əv ˈkəstəmz ˈdɑkjəmənts biɪŋ ˈprɑsɛst ˈɔnˌlaɪn. baɪ 2018 ɑr goʊl ɪz fər ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈprɔˌsɛs tɪ teɪk noʊ mɔr ðən tu hours,”*,” hi sɛd. əˈlɛkˌseɪ komissarov*, ðə hɛd əv dɪˈpɑrtmənt fər ˌɪnˈdəstriəl ˈpɑləsi ənd ˌɑntrəprəˈnərʃɪp, ɪkˈsprɛst ˈgrætəˌtud fər ˈprɑˌgrɛs ðət hæd ɔˈrɛdi bɪn meɪd ɔn ðə graʊnd: ˈmɔˌskaʊ wi sɛt əp ə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkəstəmz pɔɪnt fər ˌhaɪˈtɛk ɪkˈwɪpmənt ðət əˈlaʊz ɪt tɪ bi ˌɪmˈpɔrtɪd ɪn sɪks aʊərz ˈrəðər ðən ˈsɛvərəl mənθs laɪk ˌbiˈfɔr. ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt fər ðə ˈsɪti ɪn əˈtræktɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌniz here.”*.” jʊˈreɪʒɪn ˈjunjən ə ˈnəmbər əv ˈɛkspərts hæv ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət ˈkɑmən ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk speɪs wɪθ ˈneɪbərz ˌbɛlɑˈrʊs ənd ˌkɑzɑkˈstɑn sɛt tɪ bɪˈkəm ˈfʊli ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl ɪn 2015 kʊd pʊʃ ˈkəmpəˌniz tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛst ðɛr ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈrəʃə tɪ ˈbɛtər teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ðə 170 ˈmɪljən kənˈsumər ˈmɑrkɪt. ˌbɛlɑˈrʊs tʊk pleɪs ɪn ðɪs ˈstədi waɪl ˌkɑzɑkˈstɑn keɪm ɪn æt 50th*, ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə nid tɪ rɪˈfɔrm ɔl ðə mɔr ˈərʤənt. ˈminˌwaɪl, ˈkæzæk ˈprɛzɪdənt həz səˈʤɛstɪd ɪkˈspændɪŋ ðə jʊˈreɪʒɪn ˈjunjən tɪ ˌɪnˈklud ˈkəntriz laɪk ˈtərki ənd ɑrˈminiə. hərd əv ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈmeɪʤər ˈkəmpəˌni ˌriˈloʊkeɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈiðər əv ðoʊz ˈkəntriz frəm ˈrəʃə sɪns ðə ˈkəstəmz ˈjunjən [ðə ˈprɛdəˌsɛsər tɪ ðə jʊˈreɪʒɪn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈjunjən] keɪm ˈɪntu being,”*,” ˈkaʊnərd ˌælɪgˈzændər ivlev*, ˈkəntri ˈmænəʤɪŋ ˈpɑrtnər fər ˈrəʃə. ˈrəʃə wi hæv ə groʊɪŋ ˈmɪdəl klæs ənd ˈbɛtər ˈmɑrʤənz. pləs ɑr tæks ˈsɪstəm mits ðə ˈstændərdz ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˌɪnˈvɛstərz expect.”*.” ril wərk stɪl əˈhɛd ˈiziəst wərk ɪz bɪˈhaɪnd us,”*,” sɛd ˈænˌdreɪ nikitin*, hɛd əv ðə ˈeɪʤənsi fər strəˈtiʤɪk ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪvz, wɪʧ həz bɪn tæskt wɪθ dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ənd ˈɪmpləˌmɛnɪŋ tɪ mit æmˈbɪʃəs goʊl. nid tɪ meɪk ʃʊr ɔl əv ðiz ˈpɑzətɪv ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ər biɪŋ rɪˈflɛktɪd ɪn ðə ˈriʤənz, ənd nɑt ʤɪst ˈmɔˌskaʊ, wɛr ðə wərld bæŋk ˈdætə ɪz collected.”*.” ən ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt ædˈvaɪzər tɪ ðə hɛdz əv ˈsɛvərəl ˈrəʃən ˈriʤənz, aɪ si ril ˌɪmˈpruvmənts ɪn rɪˈdusɪŋ ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv ˈbɛriərz æt ðə ˈloʊkəl ˈlɛvəl, wɪʧ ɪz əˈspɛʃəli ˈrɛləvənt tɪ industries,”*,” ˈkɑmɛntəd ˌɑntrəprəˈnʊr ˈroʊmən ˈputɪn. ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈlɛvəl ðɛr ɪz stɪl noʊ ˈsɪŋgəl ˈwɪndoʊ fər ɔl ˌɪnˈvɛstərz tɪ juz ənd ðə ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən ɪz ə lɔt lɛs transparent.”*.” ˈstədi baɪ ˈeɪˈgi ənd ˈrisərʧ ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ɪkˈsɛsɪv ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən ənd kərˈəpʃən hæd ˈpræktɪkəli nɑt ˌɪmˈpruvd sɪns 2012 soʊ tu ˈərli tɪ ˈsɛləˌbreɪt; raɪt naʊ wi ʃʊd bi ˈkɔʃəsli optimistic,”*,” hi sɛd. ˌɪnˈvɛstərz seɪv ˈjuˈɛs frəm ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ɪn ðə ɛnd. wi nid tɪ ˈfɑstər ən ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt wɛr ˈrəʃən ˈbɪznəˈspipəl ər ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn pərˈdəkʃən ˈrəðər ðən ʤɪst kəˈlɛktɪŋ ˈdɪvɪˌdɛndz. ɪn ðə ɛnd goʊɪŋ ɔl ðɪs fər ourselves,”*,” sɛd nikitin*. ðə ˈdaɪəˌlɔg həz ʧeɪnʤd ˈoʊvər ðə læst year,”*,” hi ˈædɪd. noʊ ˈlɔŋgər ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈwɛðər wi nid tɪ ˌɪmˈpruv ðə ˈbɪznɪs ˈklaɪmɪt ər nɑt, bət ˈriəˌlaɪzɪŋ spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈpɑləsiz tɪ əˈʧiv that.”*.” pʊt ɪt mɔr ˈbləntli: changed.”*.” ˈɑrtɪkəl ˈɔlsoʊ əˈpɪrd æt laɪk ðɪs: laɪk ˈloʊdɪŋ...

(russia beyond the headlines – rbth.ru – artem zagorodnov, rbth – october 31, 2013) russia moves ahead of its fellow bric countries in the world bank’s latest ease of doing business ranking, as the country fights to attract international investment. russia jumped 20 places in the world bank’s ease of doing business survey to number 92 out of 185 countries following a concerted reform effort and widespread improvements in access to electricity, according to a new report from the international body. the results bring the country closer to meeting president vladimir putin’s goal of bringing russia from 120th place to 20th place by 2018 through a series of “road maps” designed to reduce bureaucracy and cut red tape. today’s results show the first tangible signs of success as recognized by a major international body. russia edged ahead of china in the index, which placed at number 96, and placed higher than any of its peers in the so-called bric club of large emerging economies comprised of brazil, russia, india and china. brazil moved up two notches to 116th place, while india dropped three places to 134th. the improvements came as a result of a “huge reform effort,” said rita ramalho of the world bank, according to the financial times. electricity and borders russia made significant progress in improving access to electricity, jumping ahead 71 places in that category, the world bank said. russia also advanced 29 places in the ease of registering property. its weakest sectors remained construction permits, where it languished in 178th place, and trading across borders, where it ranked 157th. oleg budargin, ceo of the federal grid company, noted that, in electrical reliability as measured by the number of outages, russia had already surpassed many developed countries. outages in russia last an average of 0.9 hours, compared to 1.7 hours in europe and 3.3 hours globally. “we’ve reduced the cost of an electricity connection by three times, from 9,500 rubles in 2009 to around 3,000 rubles [about $93] today. this has led to a subsequent increase in applications, from 200,000 then to 416,000 in 2012,” budargin said. meanwhile, ruslan davydov, deputy head of russia’s customs service, noted that data for the current study was collected back in march and that indicators for international trade would see a major improvement in next year’s index. “we’ve reduced the number of days it takes to import products by seven and to export them by six. next year we’re switching to 100% of customs documents being processed online. by 2018, our goal is for the entire import/export process to take no more than two hours,” he said. alexei komissarov, the head of moscow’s department for industrial policy and entrepreneurship, expressed gratitude for progress that had already been made on the ground: “in moscow we set up a special customs point for high-tech equipment that allows it to be imported in six hours rather than several months like before. it’s very important for the city in attracting hi-tech companies here.” eurasian union a number of experts have pointed out that russia’s common economic space with neighbors belarus and kazakhstan ­ set to become fully operational in 2015 ­ could push companies to invest there instead of russia to better take advantage of the 170 million consumer market. belarus took 63rd place in this year’s study while kazakhstan came in at 50th, making the need to reform all the more urgent. meanwhile, kazakh president nursultan nazarbaev has suggested expanding the eurasian union to include countries like turkey and armenia. “i haven’t heard of a single major company relocating to either of those countries from russia since the customs union [the predecessor to the eurasian economic union] came into being,” countered alexander ivlev, ey’s country managing partner for russia. “in russia we have a growing middle class and better margins. plus our tax system meets the standards international investors expect.” real work still ahead “the easiest work is behind us,” said andrei nikitin, head of the agency for strategic initiatives, which has been tasked with developing and implementing roadmaps to meet putin’s ambitious goal. “we need to make sure all of these positive changes are being reflected in the regions, and not just moscow, where the world bank data is collected.” “as an investment advisor to the heads of several russian regions, i see real improvements in reducing administrative barriers at the local level, which is especially relevant to non-extractive industries,” commented entrepreneur roman putin. “on the federal level there is still no single window for all investors to use and the situation is a lot less transparent.” “a study by ubs ag and campden research earlier this year noted that excessive regulation and corruption had practically not improved since 2012. so it’s too early to celebrate; right now we should be cautiously optimistic,” he said. “foreign investors won’t save us from anything in the end. we need to foster an environment where russian businesspeople are investing in production rather than just collecting dividends. in the end we’re going all this for ourselves,” said nikitin. “but the dialogue has changed over the last year,” he added. “we’re no longer talking about whether we need to improve the business climate or not, but realizing specific policies to achieve that.” budargin put it more bluntly: “we’ve changed.” article also appeared at http://rbth.ru/business/2013/10/31/doing_business_in_russia_now_easier_than_in_china_says_world_bank_31355.html like this: like loading...

ðə ˌpɔˈtəkɪt rɛd sɑks ər ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkɪt fər ə nu hoʊm, ənd ˈsprɪŋˌfild ˌɪnˈtɛndz tɪ bi ɪn ðə mɪks. bət ðə ˈsɪti əv hoʊmz' ˈbeɪsˈbɔl fænz ʃʊd nɑt breɪk aʊt ðə ˈkrækər ʤæks jɛt, meɪər ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju ˈθərzˌdeɪ. ðə ˈsɪti həz ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn bæk ˈʧænəl tɔks wɪθ ðə timz ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp bət wʊd hæv tɪ ˈkɛrfəli ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ðə kɔsts ənd ˈbɛnəfɪts ˌbiˈfɔr ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈɛni ˈfɔrməl prəˈpoʊzəl, ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd. "wʊd aɪ ləv tɪ hæv ðə ˌtrɪpəˈleɪ rɛd sɑks hir? aɪ ˈsərtənli wʊd, aɪ θɪŋk ɪt wʊd wərk ˈvɛri ˈnaɪsli ɛz wi kənˈtɪnju ɑr ˌrɛnəˈsɑns əv ˈsprɪŋˌfild," ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd. mɔr ðən tu jɪrz ˈæftər ðə' nu ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp grup fərst ˈfloʊtɪd ðə aɪˈdiə əv ˈmuvɪŋ ðə tim aʊt əv roʊd ˈaɪlənd, ðə ˌɔrgənɪˈzeɪʃənz fˈjuʧər hoʊm ɪz əˈgɛn ɪn kˈwɛʃən, ɛz ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz kənˈsɪdər ə bɪl ˈɔθərˌaɪzɪŋ ðə kənˈstrəkʃən əv ə nu ˈpəblɪkli ˈfaɪˌnænst ˈsteɪdiəm ɪn ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ˌpɔˈtəkɪt. ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ, lɛs ðən tu wiks ˈæftər ðət bɪl wɑz ˌɪntrəˈdust, ðə tim riˈlist ə ˈsteɪtmənt seɪɪŋ ðət ɪt wʊd kənˈsɪdər prəˈpoʊzəlz frəm ˈəðər ˈsɪtiz, ˈsaɪtɪŋ ðə ˈəpˌkəmɪŋ ˌɛkspərˈeɪʃən əv ðɛr lis əv məˈkɔɪ ˈsteɪdiəm ɪn 2021 "waɪl ðə ˈdaɪəˌlɔg wɪθ ˌpɔˈtəkɪt ənd roʊd ˈaɪlənd əˈfɪʃəlz wɪl kənˈtɪnju θru ə fɔl ˈsɛʃən, ɪf kɔld, ðə kləb wɪl naʊ ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈspɑnd tɪ ˈəðər ˈsɪtiz hu sik tɪ ˈprɛzənt prəˈpoʊzəlz fər pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈbɔlˌpɑrk saɪts," ðə tim sɛd. "ˈgɪvɪn ðə ənˈsərtənti wi feɪs əˈpɑn ðə ˌɛkspərˈeɪʃən əv ɑr lis, ənd ðə ˈtaɪmˌteɪbəlz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd wɪθ ðiz sɔrts əv ˈprɑʤɛkts, wi bɪˈliv ɪt ɪz ˈprudənt ənd fɛr tɪ ˈfɑloʊ ðɪs kɔrs əv ˈækʃən." ðə tim hæd ˈprɑməst tɪ ɪkˈsklusɪvli nɪˈgoʊʃiˌeɪt wɪθ ˌpɔˈtəkɪt θru ðə ɛnd əv ʤun, ðoʊ hæd əˈtræktəd ˌənəˈfɪʃəl ˌɪnkˈwaɪəriz ˌbiˈfɔr ðət ˈdɛˌdlaɪn. ˈwʊstər əˈfɪʃəlz hæv ɪkˈsprɛst ˈɪntəˌrɛst ənd ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ðɛr oʊn "bæk ˈʧænəl" kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz wɪθ ðə tim, ðə ˈwʊstər ˈtɛləˌgræm gəˈzɛt ˌriˈpɔrtəd. ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju, ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd hi wɑz ɪnˌθuziˈæstɪk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈprɑspɛkts əv ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ðə tim tɪ ˈsprɪŋˌfild, ˈsaɪtɪŋ moʊˈmɛntəm frəm ˈsɛvərəl ˈkəlʧərəl ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈprɑʤɛkts ɪn ðə ˈsɪti, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm ˈsprɪŋˌfild kəˈsinoʊ ˈskɛʤʊld tɪ ˈoʊpən ɪn 2018 ðə ˌridɪˈvɛləpmənt əv ˈjunjən ˈsteɪʃən ənd ðə nu ˈdɑktər. sus mˈjuziəm. "wi kənˈtɪnju tɪ hæv səm bæk ˈʧænəl ˈkɑnˌtækt ənd ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃənz, [ʧif ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈɔfɪsər ˈkɛvɪn ˈkɛnədi] ənd aɪ," ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd. "ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps kən pleɪ ə ˈpɪvətəl roʊl ɪn ðɪs ənd hæv pleɪd ə ˈpɪvətəl roʊl." bət hi ˈɔlsoʊ ɪkˈsprɛst ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm əˈbaʊt ðə timz ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈmuvɪŋ, dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ˈʧɛrmən ˈlɛri ɛz ə ˈsævi ˈbɪznɪsˌmæn ənd "ˈmæstər əv ˈlɛvərɪʤ" hu meɪ bi ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈprɑspɛkt əv ˌriˈloʊˈkeɪʃən tɪ pʊt ˈprɛʃər ɔn roʊd ˈaɪlənd ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz. "hil pleɪ ˈsɪtiz əˈgɛnst iʧ ˈəðər," ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd. "ɪf ˈmɪstər. ɪz ˈsɪriəs əˈbaʊt ðɪs, hi ˈkʊdənt faɪnd ə ˈbɛtər pleɪs ðən ˈsprɪŋˌfild." vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz kəmˈjunɪti riˈleɪʃənz bɪl ˈwɑnləs dɪˈklaɪnd tɪ ˈkɑmɛnt ˈfərðər ɔn ðə timz ˌɪnˈtɛnʧənz. ˈsɑrnoʊ hu pleɪd ˈkæˌʧər fər ðə ˈkɑmərs haɪ skul ˈbeɪsˈbɔl tim ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz ˌgræʤəˈweɪʃən ɪn 1981 həz ˈflərtɪd fər jɪrz wɪθ ðə ˌæspərˈeɪʃən əv ˈbrɪŋɪŋ prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈbeɪsˈbɔl bæk tɪ ˈsprɪŋˌfild. "aɪv bɪn θru ðɪs ˈmɛrigoʊˌraʊnd wəns ɔˈrɛdi," hi sɛd. ɪn ˈeɪprəl 2015 ðə ənˈveɪld ə prəˈpoʊzəl tɪ bɪld ən 85 ˈmɪljən ˈbɔlˌpɑrk ɪn ˈprɑvədəns, wɪθ roʊd ˈaɪlənd ˈtækˌspeɪərz ˈʧɪpɪŋ ɪn 4 ˈmɪljən pər jɪr tɪ ˈkəvər ðə timz kɔsts, ˌriˈpɔrtəd. ðə tim pʊt ˈpəblɪk ˈprɛʃər ɔn roʊd ˈaɪlənd tɪ əˈpruv ðə dil, ˈwɔrnɪŋ ðət ɪts fˈjuʧər ɪn ðə steɪt wɑz ˈlaɪkli kənˈtɪnʤənt ɔn ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ə ˈsteɪdiəm əˈgrimənt ɪn ˈprɑvədəns. "ɪf wɪr nɑt ɪn ˈprɑvədəns, wɪr ˈprɑbəˌbli nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ɪn roʊd ˈaɪlənd," ˈprɛzɪdənt ʤɪm ˈskɛfɪŋtən sɛd æt ðə taɪm, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ. ðət seɪm mənθ, ˈhɛvi ˈhɪtərz ɪn ðə ˈsprɪŋˌfild ˈbɪznɪs ənd pəˈlɪtɪkəl kəmˈjunɪtiz bɪˈgæn dɪˈskəsɪŋ ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ˈbɪldɪŋ ə prəˈfɛʃənəl greɪd ˈsteɪdiəm ɪn ˈsprɪŋˌfild, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˌɪnˈtərnəl iˈmeɪlz əbˈteɪnd baɪ ɪn ə ˈpəblɪk ˈrɛkərdz rɪkˈwɛst. ˈmaɪkəl ˈmæθɪs, ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm ˈsprɪŋˌfild kəˈsinoʊ ˈkəmpəˌni ˈkərəntli ˈbɪldɪŋ ə 950 ˈmɪljən ˈgeɪmɪŋ dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪn ðə hɑrt əv ðə ˈsɪti, ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪd ə ˈnəmbər əv pleɪərz tɪ "dɪˈskəs ðə ˌfizəˈbɪləti əv ˈbɪldɪŋ ə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl pɑrk ɪn ˈsprɪŋˌfild," əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ wən iˈmeɪl. ˈsprɪŋˌfildz ʧif ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈɔfɪsər ˈkɛvɪn ˈkɛnədi, ˈpitər pæn bəs laɪn ˈoʊnər ˈpitər picknelly*, dɪˈvɛləpər ənd ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm ˈpɑrtnər pɔl picknelly*, ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv nɪk fyntrilakis*, ˈwɛstərn mæs ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt ˈkaʊnsəl ʧɛr rɪk ˈsəlɪvən ənd rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpəblɪʃər ʤɔrʤ wər ɔl ˈkɑpid ɔn ðət ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ. ðə ˌɪnˈfɔrməl grup ɪˈvɑlvd tɪ ˌɪnˈklud pərˈsut əv ðə, ənd iˈmeɪlz ʃoʊ ˈmæθɪs ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzɪŋ kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən wɪθ tim əˈfɪʃəlz. ɪn ɑkˈtoʊbər əv ðət jɪr, ˈsprɪŋˌfild rɪˈsivd ən əˈwɔrd fər "bɛst ˈkəmˌbæk ˈsɪti" æt ðə ə ˈbɔstən spɔrts əˈwɔrd ɪˈvɛnt huz lɛd ˈspɑnsər wɑz ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm ˈsprɪŋˌfild. æt ðət ˈsɛrəˌmoʊni, ˈsɑrnoʊ mɛt wɪθ ənd toʊld ɪm frəm ðə steɪʤ ðət ˈsprɪŋˌfild kʊd "ʃoʊ ə lɔt əv ləv" tɪ ðə tim, ə meɪərəl ˈspoʊksmən sɛd æt ðə taɪm. "ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm rɪˈzɔrts wɑz plizd tɪ ˌɪntrəˈdus meɪər ˈsɑrnoʊ tɪ ˈlɛri, ˈoʊnər əv ðə ˌpɔˈtəkɪt rɛd sɑks, æt ðə ˈrisənt ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm əˈwɔrdz ʃoʊ," ˈɛmˈgiˈɛm rɪˈzɔrts ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈhɔrnbəkəl toʊld ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ɪn ɑkˈtoʊbər 2015 "ˈnəθɪŋ wʊd meɪk ˈjuˈɛs ˈpraʊdər ðən tɪ bi pɑrt əv ðə ˈkætəˌlɪst fər ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ðɪs ˈstɔrid ˈfrænˌʧaɪz tɪ ˈsprɪŋˌfild, ənd ˌtrɪpəˈleɪ ˈbeɪsˈbɔl tɪ ðə ˈriʤən." bət baɪ ˈfɛbruˌɛri əv 2016 wɪθ noʊ ˈprɑvədəns dil ɪn pleɪs, ðə timz ˈlidərˌʃɪp hæd wɔkt bæk θrɛts tɪ muv, riˈlisɪŋ ə ʤɔɪnt ˈlɛtər baɪ ənd ˌpɔˈtəkɪt meɪər ˈdɑnəld tɪ əˈʃʊr fænz ðət ˌriˈloʊˈkeɪʃən plænz wər "ɔn ðə bæk ˈbərnər." ˈɛni plænz tɪ muv ðə tɪ ˈsprɪŋˌfild wʊd hæv tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ənd kənˈtrækʧuəl ˈʧælənʤɪz. səʧ ə muv wʊd ˌrikˈwaɪər ðə kənˈstrəkʃən əv ə ˈsteɪdiəm, pər lig rulz, ənd ðə timz ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp həz meɪd klɪr ɪn ɪts nɪˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz wɪθ roʊd ˈaɪlənd ðət ɪt ɪkˈspɛkts ˈtækˌspeɪərz tɪ ʧɪp ɪn səbˈstænʃəl ˈpəblɪk ˈfəndɪŋ. "wi du hæv səm aɪərnz ɪn ðə faɪər ənd aɪ wʊd bi mɔr ðən ˈoʊpən tɪ kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ tɪ ɪkˈspænd ðoʊz dɪˈskəʃənz," ˈsɑrnoʊ sɛd. "ðeɪ məst bi ˌriəˈlɪstɪk ənd ðeɪ məst bi ˌfaɪˈnænʃəli ˈsɑləd." ənd ə ˈsprɪŋˌfild ˈmaɪnər lig tim wʊd nid əˈpruvəl frəm ðə ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈhɑrtfərd jɑrd goʊts, ə ˈmaɪnər lig ˈbeɪsˈbɔl ˈspoʊksmən toʊld ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ɪn 2015 prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈbeɪsˈbɔl wɑz læst pleɪd ɪn ˈsprɪŋˌfild ɪn 1965 wɪn ðə ˈmaɪnər lig ˈsprɪŋˌfild ʤaɪənts pækt əp ənd muvd tɪ ˈwɔtərˌbɛri, kɑn. ˈfɔrmər meɪər ˈmaɪkəl ɑlˈbɑnoʊ lɛd ə ˈɛfərt tɪ bɪld ə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl ˈsteɪdiəm ɪn ˈsprɪŋˌfild ɪn ðə ənd ˈərli 2000s*, bət ðə plæn fɛl əˈpɑrt wɪn ə ʤəʤ rɪˈʤɛktɪd ðə ˈsɪtiz juz əv ˈɛmənənt doʊˈmeɪn tɪ siz lænd fər ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt.

the pawtucket red sox are in the market for a new home, and springfield intends to be in the mix. but the city of homes' baseball fans should not break out the cracker jacks yet, mayor domenic sarno said in an interview thursday. the city has engaged in back channel talks with the team's ownership but would have to carefully evaluate the costs and benefits before making any formal proposal, sarno said. "would i love to have the aaa red sox here? i certainly would, i think it would work very nicely as we continue our renaissance of springfield," sarno said. more than two years after the pawsox' new ownership group first floated the idea of moving the team out of rhode island, the organization's future home is again in question, as lawmakers consider a bill authorizing the construction of a new publicly financed stadium in downtown pawtucket. on wednesday, less than two weeks after that bill was introduced, the team released a statement saying that it would consider proposals from other cities, citing the upcoming expiration of their lease of mccoy stadium in 2021. "while the dialogue with pawtucket and rhode island officials will continue through a fall session, if called, the club will now also respond to other cities who seek to present proposals for potential ballpark sites," the team said. "given the uncertainty we face upon the expiration of our lease, and the timetables involved with these sorts of projects, we believe it is prudent and fair to follow this course of action." the team had promised to exclusively negotiate with pawtucket through the end of june, though had attracted unofficial inquiries before that deadline. worcester officials have expressed interest and engaged in their own "back channel" communications with the team, the worcester telegram & gazette reported. in an interview, sarno said he was enthusiastic about the prospects of bringing the team to springfield, citing momentum from several cultural and economic development projects in the city, including the mgm springfield casino scheduled to open in 2018, the redevelopment of union station and the new dr. seuss museum. "we continue to have some back channel contact and conversations, [chief economic development officer kevin kennedy] and i," sarno said. "mgm relationships can play a pivotal role in this and have played a pivotal role." but he also expressed skepticism about the team's interest in moving, describing pawsox chairman larry lucchino as a savvy businessman and "master of leverage" who may be using the prospect of relocation to put pressure on rhode island lawmakers. "he'll play cities against each other," sarno said. "if mr. lucchino is serious about this, he couldn't find a better place than springfield." pawsox vice president of communications & community relations bill wanless declined to comment further on the team's intentions. sarno - who played catcher for the commerce high school baseball team before his graduation in 1981 - has flirted for years with the aspiration of bringing professional baseball back to springfield. "i've been through this merry-go-round once already," he said. in april 2015, the pawsox unveiled a proposal to build an $85 million ballpark in providence, with rhode island taxpayers chipping in $4 million per year to cover the team's costs, wpri reported. the team put public pressure on rhode island to approve the deal, warning that its future in the state was likely contingent on coming to a stadium agreement in providence. "if we're not in providence, we're probably not going to be in rhode island," pawsox president jim skeffington said at the time, according to wpri. that same month, heavy hitters in the springfield business and political communities began discussing the possibility of building a professional grade stadium in springfield, according to internal emails obtained by masslive in a public records request. michael mathis, the president of the mgm springfield casino company currently building a $950 million gaming development in the heart of the city, invited a number of players to "discuss the feasibility of building a baseball park in springfield," according to one email. springfield's chief economic development officer kevin kennedy, peter pan bus line owner peter picknelly, developer and mgm partner paul picknelly, then-massmutual executive nick fyntrilakis, western mass economic development council chair rick sullivan and republican publisher george arwady were all copied on that initial exchange. the informal group evolved to include pursuit of the pawsox, and emails show mathis organizing communication with team officials. in october of that year, springfield received an award for "best comeback city" at the globies - a boston globe-affiliated sports award event whose lead sponsor was mgm springfield. at that ceremony, sarno met with lucchino and told him from the stage that springfield could "show a lot of love" to the team, a mayoral spokesman said at the time. "mgm resorts was pleased to introduce mayor sarno to larry lucchino, owner of the pawtucket red sox, at the recent mgm springfield-sponsored globies awards show," mgm resorts international president bill hornbuckle told the republican in october 2015. "nothing would make us prouder than to be part of the catalyst for bringing this storied franchise to springfield, and aaa baseball to the region." but by february of 2016, with no providence deal in place, the team's leadership had walked back threats to move, releasing a joint letter by lucchino and pawtucket mayor donald grebien to assure fans that relocation plans were "on the back burner." any plans to move the pawsox to springfield would have to address financial and contractual challenges. such a move would require the construction of a 10,000-seat stadium, per league rules, and the team's ownership has made clear in its negotiations with rhode island that it expects taxpayers to chip in substantial public funding. "we do have some irons in the fire and i would be more than open to continuing to expand those discussions," sarno said. "they must be realistic and they must be financially solid." and a springfield minor league team would need approval from the nearby hartford yard goats, a minor league baseball spokesman told the republican in 2015. professional baseball was last played in springfield in 1965, when the minor league springfield giants packed up and moved to waterbury, conn. former mayor michael albano led a years-long effort to build a baseball stadium in springfield in the 1990s and early 2000s, but the plan fell apart when a judge rejected the city's use of eminent domain to seize land for the project.

nɑt ðət ɪt prɪˈdɪktɪd baɪ ˈlɪtərəli ˈɛniˌwən hu həz ˈivɪn spɛnt ə fju ˈmɪnəts ˈlɪsənɪŋ tɪ ˈdɑnəld trəmp, bət ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt wɑz əˈbəz læst naɪt æt ðə ˈprɑspɛkt ðət ˈdɑnəld trəmp pəˈtɛnʃəli rɪˈvild ðə ɪgˈzɪstəns əv ə juz. beɪs ɪn ˈsɔdi arabia…*… wɪʧ ɪz ə ˈvɛri, ˈvɛri, ˈvɛri bæd θɪŋ. wi noʊ ðɪs ɪz ə ˈvɛri, ˈvɛri, ˈvɛri bæd θɪŋ bɪˈkəz ˈvaɪəleɪtɪŋ ðə ““classified”*” pɑrt əv intelligence”*” ɪz ɪgˈzæktli waɪ ˈɛvriˌwən ɪz ˈæŋgri æt ðə ɪgˈzɪstəns əv ˈhɪləri ˈiˌmeɪl ˈsərvər ənd waɪ ˈɛvriˌwən (ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɪm!!!) ɪz soʊ ˈəpˌsɛt ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd ˈʧɑrʤɪz. ɪt ɔl ˈstɑrtɪd wɪθ ə tweet…*… trəmp ɪz naʊ kəmˈpleɪnɪŋ peɪ rɛnt fər ɑr beɪs tɪ ˈsɔdi arabia”*” bɛn ˈʤeɪkəbz (@bencjacobs*) ˌʤuˈlaɪ 29 2016 oʊ? ɪf ðɛr ɪz naʊ ə ˈjuˈɛs ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri beɪs ɪn ˈsɔdi, ɪt ɪz ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ənd ˈmɛnʃənɪŋ ɪt ʃʊd hæv ˈligəl ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz. (@yarotrof*) ˌʤuˈlaɪ 29 2016 ˈtrɛndɪŋ maɪk fɔrd ……oh*. ə oʊ. ɪf hi saɪnd ðə ˈsikrəsi əˈgrimənt ɔˈrɛdi ɛz pɑrt əv ˈgɪtɪŋ ðə ˈbrifɪŋ, hi kʊd bi ˈprɑsɪˌkjutɪd. ˈbrædli pi. mɔs, (@bradmossesq*) ˌʤuˈlaɪ 30 2016 d’oh*. ʤɪst tɪ gɪt ðɪs streɪt, ˈdɑnəld trəmp rɪˈsivz ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈbrifɪŋz naʊ. ðɪs ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ ˈhæpən ɛz sun ɛz hi wɑz ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˌnɑməˈni. ˈstændərd ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ prəˈsiʤər fər boʊθ ˈkænədɪts tɪ gɪt ˈbrifɪŋz soʊ ðət huˈɛvər wɪnz ðə ˈprɛzɪdənsi goʊ ˈɪntu ðə ʤɑb kəmˈplitli ˌənəˈwɛr əv wət ɪz goʊɪŋ ɔn ɪn ðə ˈkəntri ənd ðə wərld. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɛz ðɪs pis æt ðə wɔl strit ˈʤərnəl pɔɪnts aʊt, ðə ˈkænədɪts əˈlaʊd tɪ dɪˈvəlʤ ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðeɪ rɪˈsiv. ðə poʊst ˈɔlsoʊ goʊz ɔn tɪ seɪ, ðoʊ, ðət wi ɪgˈzæktli noʊ wət ˈhæpənz tɪ ə ˈkænədɪt hu dɪz rɪˈvil ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ðeɪ rɪˈsiv. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪf ə juz. loʊˈkeɪʃən ɪz nɑt ˈpəblɪk ˈnɑlɪʤ, ðɛn ɪt ɪz ˈrɪli, ˈrɪli bæd tɪ rɪˈvil ðə loʊˈkeɪʃən əv ðə beɪs. əˈspɛʃəli wɪn ɪt ɪz ɪn wən əv ðə moʊst ˈriʤənz ɔn ðə ˈplænət. ʤɪst ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli ˌɪrəˈspɑnsəbəl. ˈdeɪnʤərəs fər ðə stæf ðɛr. ˈstupɪd. bət, noʊ wən həz ˈɛvər əˈkjuzd ˈdɑnəld trəmp əv biɪŋ ə ˈʤinjəs (ɪkˈsɛpt ˈdɑnəld trəmp, ðət ɪz).

not that it wasn’t predicted by literally anyone who has even spent a few minutes listening to donald trump, but the internet was abuzz last night at the prospect that donald trump potentially revealed the existence of a u.s. base in saudi arabia… which is a very, very, very bad thing. we know this is a very, very, very bad thing because violating the “classified” part of “classified intelligence” is exactly why everyone is angry at the existence of hillary clinton’s e-mail server and why everyone (including him!!!) is so upset the fbi didn’t recommend charges. it all started with a reporter’s tweet… trump is now complaining “we pay rent for our base to saudi arabia” — ben jacobs (@bencjacobs) july 29, 2016 oh? if there is now a us military base in saudi, it is classified and mentioning it should have legal consequences. https://t.co/lgeemxkv7m — yaroslav trofimov (@yarotrof) july 29, 2016 trending mike ford …oh. uh oh. @_danmangan @yarotrof @bencjacobs if he signed the secrecy agreement already as part of getting the briefing, he could be prosecuted. — bradley p. moss, esq (@bradmossesq) july 30, 2016 d’oh. just to get this straight, donald trump receives intelligence briefings now. this is something that was going to happen as soon as he was the official nominee. it’s standard operating procedure for both candidates to get briefings so that whoever wins the presidency doesn’t go into the job completely unaware of what is going on in the country and the world. however, as this piece at the wall street journal points out, the candidates aren’t allowed to divulge the information they receive. the post also goes on to say, though, that we don’t exactly know what happens to a candidate who does reveal the classified intelligence they receive. however, if a u.s. base’s location is not public knowledge, then it is really, really bad to reveal the location of the base. especially when it is in one of the most hostile-to-america regions on the planet. it’s just incredibly irresponsible. it’s dangerous for the staff there. it’s stupid. but, no one has ever accused donald trump of being a genius (except donald trump, that is).

st*. ˈpitərzbərg. ðə st*. ˈpitərzbərg pəˈlis dɪˈpɑrtmənt ɪz ˈæskɪŋ fər ðə ˈpəblɪks hɛlp aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪɪŋ θri mɛn əˈlɛʤədli ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ə ˈfɛləni ˈbætəri ɪn ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ɔn st*. ˈpætrɪks deɪ naɪt. ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ, mɑrʧ 18 æt a.m*. æt ðə ˌnɔrθˈwɛst ˈkɔrnər əv ˈsɛntrəl ˈævəˌnu ənd strit, ɪn frənt əv ˈdiˌtrɔɪt ˈlɪkərz, ən ˌɑltərˈkeɪʃən rɪˈpɔrtədli əˈkərd wɛr ə mæn pənʧt əˈnəðər mæn ɪn ðə feɪs. ðə mæn hu wɑz pənʧt ɪn ðə feɪs ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli fɛl ˈbækwərd, ˈstraɪkɪŋ hɪz hɛd ɔn ðə ˈpeɪvmənt, ˌɪnˈkərɪŋ ˈsɪriəs hɛd ˈɪnʤəriz ənd ɪz ɪn ˈkrɪtɪkəl kənˈdɪʃən æt ə ˈloʊkəl ˈhɑˌspɪtəl. əˈfɪʃəlz sɛd. tu ˈəðər mɛn wər wɪθ ðə mæn hu θru ðə pənʧ, ðə ˈeɪʤənsi sɛd. ˈɛniˌwən wɪθ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən rɪˈgɑrdɪŋ ðɪs ˈɪnsədənt ɪz æst tɪ ˈkɑnˌtækt ðə st*. ˈpitərzbərg æt bɪˈloʊ ɪz ðə ˈvɪdioʊ əv ðə θri mɛn pərˈpɔrtɪˌdli ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈɔlsoʊ si: ˈɪmɪʤ

st. petersburg. fl – the st. petersburg police department is asking for the public's help identifying three men allegedly involved in a felony battery in downtown st.petersburg on st. patrick's day night. on saturday, march 18 at 2:10 a.m. at the northwest corner of central avenue and 2nd street, in front of detroit liquors, an altercation reportedly occurred where a man punched another man in the face. the man who was punched in the face immediately fell backward, striking his head on the pavement, incurring serious head injuries and is in critical condition at a local hospital. officials said. two other men were with the man who threw the punch, the agency said. anyone with information regarding this incident is asked to contact the st. petersburg pd at 727-893-7780. below is the video of the three men purportedly involved in the altercation.https://youtu.be/fidsizhuj4a also see: --shutterstock image

ɔn mɑrʧ 20th*, rɪˈsivd ɑr fərst ˈpætənt ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt kleɪm: ˈblækbərd tɛk vi., ɪŋk. təˈdeɪ ˈfaɪlɪŋ ɑr ˈænsər tɪ ðət kleɪm ɪn ə ˈfɛdərəl kɔrt ɪn ˈdɛləˌwɛr. wi hæv ˈvɛri strɔŋ ˈɑrgjəmənts wi wɪl ˈprɛzənt ɪn ðə ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən, ˈmoʊstli bɪˈkəz ðə ˈpætənt əˈsərtəd əˈgɛnst ˈjuˈɛs dɪz nɑt hæv ˈɛniˌθɪŋ tɪ du wɪθ ɑr tɛkˈnɑləʤi. ðə ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt kleɪm ɪz nɑt ə kloʊz wən. ðə əˈsərtəd ˈpætənt, ˈjuˈɛs 6453335 ˈpætənt) wɑz faɪld ɪn 1998 ənd dɪˈskraɪbz ə ˈsɪstəm fər ˈmɑnətərɪŋ ən ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ ˈdætə ˈʧænəl ənd ˌɪnˈsərtɪŋ ˈɛrər ˈpeɪʤɪz wɪn trænzˈmɪʃən reɪts fɔl bɪˈloʊ ə ˈsərtən ˈlɛvəl. ˈnəθɪŋ frəm ðə kloʊz tɪ dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ɑr ˌsteɪtəvðɪˈɑrt ˈprɑdəkt ðət ɪz ˈviə dns*, spidz əp ˈɪntərˌnɛt ˈkɑntɛnt dɪˈlɪvəri, ənd prəˈtɛkts əˈgɛnst məˈlɪʃəs əˈtækərz. ɑr tɛkˈnɑləʤi ɪz ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ənd ˈdɪfərənt, ənd tɛkˈnɑləʤi həz əˈbaʊt 150 ˈpætənts ˈɪʃud ər ɪn ˈprɔˌsɛs. wi ˈɔlsoʊ ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ ʃoʊ ðət ðə ˈpætənt ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪz ˌɪnˈvæləd. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ɪf ðə ˈpætənt ɪz rɛd ˈbrɔdli ɪˈnəf tɪ ˈkəvər ɑr ˈsɪstəm (wɪʧ ˈhæpən), ɪt wʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ˈkəvər ˈɛni ˈsɪstəm wɛr ˌɪˌlɛkˈtrɑnɪk kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃənz ər ɪgˈzæmənd ənd rɪˈdæktɪd ər ˈmɑdəˌfaɪd. bət ðɪs ɪz nɑt nu. ˈfɪltərɪŋ ˈprɑdəkts pərˈfɔrmɪŋ ˈsɪmələr ˈfəŋkʃənz wər əraʊnd lɔŋ ˌbiˈfɔr ðə taɪm əv ðə ˈpætənt. kleɪmz ˈəndər ðə ˈpætənt ər məʧ, məʧ ˈbrɔdər ðən wət ɪz ˈʤəstəˌfaɪd ɪn laɪt əv ðə praɪər ɑrt. ðɪs kleɪm ɪz ə ˈnusəns fər ˈjuˈɛs. ðə ˈlɔˌsut wɪl teɪk ɑr taɪm, dɪˈstrækt ˈjuˈɛs frəm ɑr wərk, ənd ɪt wɪl kɔst ˈjuˈɛs ˈməni tɪ faɪt. ˈpætənt troʊlz laɪk ˈblækbərd tɛkˈnɑləʤiz (@bbird_tech*) ɪgˈzɪst tɪ kriˈeɪt ðiz ˈhɛˌdeɪks soʊ ˈkəmpəˌniz wɪl pleɪ əˈlɔŋ ənd gɪv ðɛm ˈməni tɪ goʊ əˈweɪ. noʊ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈvælju hir. noʊ səˈpɔrt fər ə məˈlaɪnd ˌɪnˈvɛntər. noʊ kəmˈpitɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ər ˈprɑdəkt. noʊ ˌvæləˈdeɪʃən əv ən ˌɪnˈsɛnɪv ˈstrəkʧər ðət səˈpɔrts ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈʃeɪkˌdaʊn wɛr ə ˈpætənt troʊl, ˈblækbərd tɛkˈnɑləʤiz, kriˈeɪts ɛz məʧ ˈnusəns ɛz ɪt kən soʊ ɪts kən traɪ tɪ græb səm kæʃ. rɛks, ʤʊˈræsɪk wərld wərs stɪl, ˈblækbərd ɪz ə nu, əˈspɛʃəli ˈdeɪnʤərəs brid əv ˈpætənt troʊl. laɪk ðə ˈdaɪnəˌsɔr ɪn ðə ˈleɪtəst ʤʊˈræsɪk pɑrk ˈmuvi, ə sɪnˈθɛtɪk ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv ənd vəˈlɔsəˌræptər, ˈblækbərd kəmˈbaɪnz boʊθ ə lɔ fərm ənd ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈprɑpərti raɪts ˈhoʊldər ˈɪntu ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈɛntɪti. ɪn duɪŋ soʊ, ðeɪ riˈmuv ˈligəl fiz frəm ðɛr kɔst ˈstrəkʧər ənd kən brɪŋ ˈlɔˌsuts əv pəˈtɛnʃəli ˈdubiəs ˈmɛrət wɪˈθaʊt ˈhævɪŋ tɪ bɛr ˈɛni ˈminɪŋfəl kɔst. ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, nu brid əv ˈɛntɪti ɪz spəˈsɪfɪkli dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ æd ˈlɛvərɪʤ ənd ˈæmpləˌfaɪ ðə ɔˈrɛdi ˈwaɪdli məˈlaɪnd ˈprɑbləm əv ˈpætənt ˈtroʊlɪŋ. dɪz nɑt ˌɪnˈtɛnd tɪ pleɪ əˈlɔŋ. ɛz ɪkˈspleɪnd ˈleɪtər ɪn ðɪs blɔg poʊst, wi plæn tɪ (aɪ) ˈkɑntɛst ðə ˈpætənt ˈlɔˌsut ˈvɪgərəsli, (ii*) fənd ən əˈwɔrd fər ə sərʧ fər praɪər ɑrt ðət kən bi juzd tɪ ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ˈblækbərd ˈpætənts, ənd (iii*) æsk ðə ˈrɛləvənt bɑr əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt wət wi kənˈsɪdər tɪ bi vaɪəˈleɪʃənz əv ðə rulz əv prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈkɑndəkt baɪ ˈblækbərd ənd ɪts əˈtərniz. pɑrt aɪ ðə ˈpætənt troʊl ˈprɑbləm ənd ˈblækbərd tɛk ə troʊl ɪz ə ˈkriʧər ðət lɪvz ɪn ə keɪv, ˈəndər ə brɪʤ, ər ɪn ðə hɪlz ənd sərvz noʊ pərˈdəktɪv ðən tɪ bi θˈrɛtənɪŋ, ˈəgli, ənd malodorous*. ɪn ˈmɑdərn ˈpɑrləns, ðə tərm ɪz juzd fər ˈsəmˌwən hu ˈmɪrli siks tɪ əˈnɔɪ ˈəðərz tɪ gɪt ə raɪz aʊt əv ðɛm, ˈiðər ɪn ðə ˈkɑmɛnts ˈsɛkʃən əv ən ˈɪntərˌnɛt peɪʤ ər baɪ ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈnusəns ˈligəl kleɪmz. ə ˈpætənt troʊl ɪz ə ˈkəmpəˌni fɔrmd fər ˈoʊnli wən ˈpərʧəs ˈpætənts ənd əˈsərt ðɛm ˈbrɔdli əˈgɛnst ril, pərˈdəktɪv ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət ər ˈæktɪvli ɪnˈgeɪʤd ənd ˈmeɪkɪŋ ənd ˈsɛlɪŋ ˈprɑdəkts. ðə pɔɪnt ˈwɛðər ðɛr ˈpætənts ər ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤd ˌɪnˈvæləd. ə pərˈvərs ˌɪnˈsɛnɪv ˈstrəkʧər ɪnˈkərəʤəz troʊlz tɪ brɪŋ ˈlɔˌsuts əˈgɛnst ˈnumərəs ˈkəmpəˌniz ənd dɪˈmænd ˈnusəns wɛl bɪˈloʊ ðə ˈmɪljənz əv ˈdɔlərz ɪt kən teɪk ə ˈkəmpəˌni tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðɛmˈsɛlvz ənd dɪˈfɛnd ə ˈpætənt ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt keɪs. "ˈfriˌmɑnt troʊl" baɪ ˈɛstər li (ˈflɪkər) ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðə keɪs əˈgɛnst ˈpætənt troʊlz ɪz wɛl noʊn, ɪt ɪz wərθ rivˈjuɪŋ. ˈpætənt troʊlz sərv noʊ pərˈdəktɪv ˈpərpəs. ðeɪ meɪk ˈprɑdəkts, ˈkɑndəkt ˈrisərʧ ənd dɪˈvɛləpmənt, haɪər ɪmˈplɔɪiz, ər æd ˈvælju tɪ soʊˈsaɪɪti. ðɪs ɪz waɪ ðeɪ ər ˈɔfən kɔld ˈɛntɪtiz (npe*). ðeɪ ˈmɪrli teɪk ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ, ənd ˈlɑrʤli əˈnɛksərˌsaɪzd ˈpætənts, ənd əˈsərt ðɛm ˈwaɪdli əˈgɛnst ˈnumərəs səkˈsɛsfəl ˈkəmpəˌniz tɪ traɪ ənd praɪ səm ˈməni fər ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ˈɔfən, ðə troʊlz laɪ ɪn weɪt ənˈtɪl ˈæftər ðoʊz ˈkəmpəˌniz hæv meɪd ˌɪrɪˈvərsəbəl ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts ɪn ðɛr tɛkˈnɑləʤi tɪ ˈmæksəˌmaɪz ðɛr ˈlɛvərɪʤ. ðeɪ baɪ ˈpætənts ˈsoʊəli fər ðə ˈpərpəs əv ˌɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən, ənd ˈbɛnəfɪt frəm ðɛr ˈstætəs tɪ ˈlɪmət ðɛr kɔsts ɪn ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən ˌdɪˈskəvri ənd tɪ ˈlɪmət ˈkaʊntərˌkleɪmz əv ˈpætənt ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt ðət kʊd bi reɪzd ɪf ðeɪ wər ˈæˌkʧuəli ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn pərˈdəktɪv ækˈtɪvɪti. ənd ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ɪn ðə wərld əv ˈsɔfˌwɛr ər tɛk ˈpætənts, ðə troʊlz rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ðə ˈbrɔdɪst ˈpɑsəbəl ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən əv veɪg ər ˈʤɛnərəˌlaɪzd ˈpætənts tɪ soʊ ɛz məʧ ənˈsərtənti ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. ðə ˈsoʊʃəl ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk kɔsts əv ˈpætənt troʊlz ər ˈstægərˌɪŋ, noʊ ˈmætər haʊ ju ˈmɛʒər ðɛm. ˈɛstəˌmeɪts ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz səˈʤɛst ðət ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈkeɪsɪz brɔt baɪ ˈpætənt troʊlz hæv ˌɪnˈkrist mɔr ðən 500 ˈoʊvər ðə pæst tɛn jɪrz. ənd əˈbaʊt 70 əv ɔl ˈpætənt ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt kleɪmz ər faɪld baɪ ˈpætənt troʊlz, ə ʃɛr ðət həz mɔr ðən ˈdəbəld ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz. ɪt ɪz ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ðət ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən ˌɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪtɪd baɪ ˈpætənt troʊlz ɪn juz. kɔrts kɔst ˈkəmpəˌniz ɛz məʧ ɛz 30 ˈbɪljən ɪn dɪˈrɛkt kɔsts, ə ˈnəmbər ðət həz ˌɪnˈkrist mɔr ðən ˈoʊvər ðə læst tɛn jɪrz. ənd ðoʊz dɪˈrɛkt kɔsts ər ˈoʊnli ðə tɪp əv ðə ˈaɪsbərg, ɛz ˈlɔsɪz ɪn ˈkəmpəˌni ˈvælju ənd ˈfɔrˈgɔn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˌɑpərˈtunəti meɪ bi ɛz ˈmɛni ɛz faɪv ər tɛn taɪmz ðət əˈmaʊnt. [si, ˈʤɛnərəli, ʧɛn, ˌkɑˈlin. ənd ˈpætənt trolls.”*.” ˈsænə ˈklɛrə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˈligəl ˈstədiz ˈrisərʧ ˈpeɪpər noʊ. ˈwərkɪŋ ˈpeɪpər ˈsɪriz, 2012 bessen*, ʤeɪmz i. ˈmaɪkəl ʤeɪ. mərər. dɪˈrɛkt kɔsts frəm disputes.”*.” ˈbɔstən ˌjunəˈvərsəti skul əv lɔ, lɔ ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks ˈrisərʧ ˈpeɪpər noʊ. ʤun 28 2012 rpx*. 2015 rɪˈpɔrt: ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən, ˈpætənt ˈmɑrkɪtˌpleɪs, ənd kɔst.] səˈpɔrt fər ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm meɪk noʊ mɪˈsteɪk, ɪz ə strɔŋ səˈpɔrtər əv ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm. ðə ˈvælju ənd stəˈbɪlɪti əv ɑr ˈkəmpəˌni ɪz səˈpɔrtɪd baɪ ðə ˈnɪrli 150 ˈpætənts əˈwɔrdɪd ər ɪn ˈprɔˌsɛs ɔn ɑr tɛkˈnɑləʤi. wi bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ɪgˈzɪst, ənd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛst tɪ brɪŋ ɑr ˈkəmpəˌni tɪ skeɪl, ɪf wi hæv ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti əv ə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm. ɪn ə fɛr faɪt, bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ dɪˈfɛnd ɑrˈsɛlvz baɪ ˈpʊʃɪŋ bæk əˈgɛnst ə ˈpræktɪsɪŋ ˈɛntɪti wɪθ ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi sɛt fɔrθ ɪn ɑr oʊn ˈpætənts. ɪf ðə ˈəðər ˈɛntɪti wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli əˈplaɪɪŋ ɪts ˈpætənt tɪ kəˈmərʃəl ˈprɑdəkts ənd fɛlt ˈhɪndərd ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkɪtˌpleɪs bɪˈkəz əv ɑr ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz, wi maɪt bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ reɪz ˈkaʊnərɪŋ ˈɑrgjəmənts ðət ə ˈpræktɪsɪŋ ˈɛntɪti wɑz ˈkloʊzər tɪ ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤɪŋ ɔn ɑr ˈpætənts ðən wi ər tɪ ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤɪŋ ðɛrz. ɪt wʊd hɛlp ˈjuˈɛs tɪ dɪˈfɛnd ðə laɪnz əraʊnd ɑr juz əv oʊn ˈpætəntɪd tɛkˈnɑləʤi ənd ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt ˈwɛðər ðə ˌɪnˈfrɪnʤmənt wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈhæpənɪŋ. bət ˈpætənt troʊlz gɪt tɪ lɪv ɪn ə ˈfɪkʃənəl wərld wɪˈθaʊt ə ˈbɪznɪs ər ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ðət kən bi kəmˈpɛrd ər ˈʧælənʤd. ənd ðə ˈvælju əv ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm wən ˈlɪmɪtɪd tɪ ˈrisənt dɪˈvɛləpmənts ər tɪ ðə tɛk bum. ɪt həz səˈpɔrtɪd ðə ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ˈspɪrɪt əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpipəl sɪns ˈfaʊndɪŋ. ɪt həz bɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðət ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈrænˌsækɪŋ əv ˈwɔʃɪŋtən baɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈsoʊlʤərz ɪn ðə wɔr əv 1812 ðɛn ˌsupərɪnˈtɛndənt əv ˈpætənts, ˈwɪljəm ˈθɔrtən, pʊt hɪmˈsɛlf ɪn frənt əv ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkænən ənd dɪˈklɛrd, ju ˌɛŋˈlɪʃmən ər ˈoʊnli ənd ˈvændəlz? ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈpætənt ˈɔfəs, ə dɪˈpɑzəˌtɔri əv ðə ˌɪnʤəˈnuəˌti əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈneɪʃən, ɪn wɪʧ ðə hoʊl ˈsɪvəˌlaɪzd wərld ɪz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd. wʊd ju dɪˈstrɔɪ ɪt? ɪf soʊ, faɪər əˈweɪ, ənd lɛt ðə ʧɑrʤ pæs θru maɪ body.”*.” ˈwɛðər ər nɑt ðə rɪˈzəlt əv ˌsupərɪnˈtɛndənt boʊld stæns, ðə ˈpætənt ˈbɪldɪŋ wɑz wən əv ðə fju ˈgəvərnmənt ˈbɪldɪŋz spɛrd baɪ ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈɑrmi ɪn ðət əˈtæk. wɪn hi riˈdɛkərˌeɪtɪd ðə ˈoʊvəl ˈɔfəs ˈərli ɪn hɪz ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən, ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək əˈdɪʃən əv ə bəst əv ˈmɑrtɪn ˈluθər kɪŋ, jr*. ˈgɑrnərd ðə moʊst əˈtɛnʃən. bət hi ˈɔlsoʊ brɔt ɪn θri məˈkænɪkəl dɪˈvaɪsɪz frəm ðə ˈnæʃənəl mˈjuziəm əv əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpætənt kəˈlɛkʃən (ˈmɑdəlz əv ðə ˈtɛləˌgræf, ˈpædəl wil, ənd gear-cutter*) tɪ rɪˈflɛkt ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv tɛkˈnɑləʤi ənd ðə kriˈeɪtɪv ˈspɪrɪt. ɪn ðət ˈspɪrɪt, hi ˈleɪtər tʊk əˈgrɛsɪv ˈækʃən ˈɪʃuɪŋ faɪv ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔrdərz tɪ ˈʧælənʤ ˈpætənt troʊlz wɪl rɪˈmɛmbər ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɛz ðə greɪt sleɪər əv ˈpætənt trolls,”*,” waɪərd, wi ər ˈfaɪtɪŋ bæk əˈgɛnst ˈpætənt troʊlz nɑt bɪˈkəz wi laɪk ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm. tɪ ðə ˈkɑntrɛri, du tɪ ɑr dip əˌpriʃiˈeɪʃən ənd nid fər ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm ðət ðə ˈækʃənz əv ˈpætənt troʊlz ər soʊ əˈfɛnsɪv tɪ ˈjuˈɛs. ˈrəðər ðən əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪŋ ðə ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈvælju əv ən ˈifɛktɪv ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm, ðiz troʊlz dɪˈstɔrt ənd məˈnɪpjəˌleɪt ðə ˈpætənt ˈsɪstəm ənd ðə kɔrt ˈsɪstəm ˈmɪrli tɪ laɪn ðɛr oʊn ˈpɑkəts. ðoʊz ˈækʃənz kɔl ˈɪntu kˈwɛʃən ðə lɪˈʤɪtəməsi əv boʊθ ˈsɪstəmz ɪn ə weɪ ðət ɪz ˌənækˈsɛptəbəl tɪ. ˈblækbərd tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ˈivɪn ðoʊ ˈblækbərd tɛk ɪz ə pjʊr ˈpætənt troʊl, wɪʧ həz noʊ ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz əˈsaɪd frəm ˈjuzɪŋ ˈpætənts ɪt ˈpərʧəst tɪ brɪŋ ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən əˈgɛnst ləˈʤɪtəmət ˈkəmpəˌniz, ðeɪ hæv spəˈsɪfɪkli dɪˈzaɪnd ðɛr ˈbɪznɪs tɪ kriˈeɪt ə nu brid wɪʧ ˈpoʊzɪz ˈsɪriəs əˈdɪʃənəl kənˈsərn. ˈblækbərd wɑz fɔrmd θri jɪrz əˈgoʊ baɪ tu əˈtərniz hu lɛft lɔ fərmz wɛr ðeɪ hæd bɪn ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈpætənt dɪˈfɛns wərk ˈwɛndi (@bbirdtech_ceo*; linkedin*) æt, ənd krɪs ˈfrimən (linkedin*) æt ˈkərklənd ˈɛlɪs. ˈnoʊtəbli, boʊθ əv ðoʊz fərmz prəˈmoʊt ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɛz ˈrɛdi tɪ prəˈtɛkt ˈkəmpəˌniz frəm ˈpætənt troʊlz. ˈkərklənd ˈtrəmpəts ðət ɪts ˌaɪˌpi ˈpræktɪs grup skɔrd ə ˈvɪktəri əˈgɛnst ðə ˈpætənt troll,”*,” waɪl həz ə ˈpætənt troʊl ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv ðət eɪmz tɪ hɛlp ˈbɪznɪsɪz dil ˌkɑmprɪˈhɛnsɪvli wɪθ ˈpætənt troʊlz. ˈhævɪŋ geɪnd ˈvæljəbəl ɪkˈspɪriəns ənd ˈtreɪnɪŋ baɪ ˈwərkɪŋ fər klaɪənts hu peɪd ðɛr fərmz ˈhænsəmli tɪ faɪt suts brɔt baɪ ˈpætənt troʊlz, ənd ˈfrimən wər wɛl əˈwɛr əv ðə hɑrm dən tɪ ðɛr klaɪənts baɪ ˈpætənt troʊlz. jɛt, ənd ˈfrimən ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ kæst ðɛr lɔt wɪθ ðə ˈəðər saɪd ənd fɔrmd ə ˈpætənt troʊl fər ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ˈblækbərd tɛkˈnɑləʤiz həz faɪld 107 ˈkeɪsɪz sɪns sɛpˈtɛmbər əv 2014 ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt wən əv ðə moʊst proʊˈlɪfɪk troʊlz ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ɪts ˈwɛbˌsaɪt lɪŋks tɪ ə ““news”*” ˈaɪtəm ˈtaɪtəld ˈfrikˌwɛnt ˈfaɪlərz əv ˌaɪˌpi suts tɪ wɔʧ ðɪs year”*” wɪʧ ˈhaɪˌlaɪts ˈblækbərd ɛz nuər ˈɛntrənt ɔn ðə lɪst əv tɔp ˈpætənt ˈpleɪnɪfs, ˈkəmɪŋ ɪn æt fɔrθ pleɪs wɪθ 48 suts læst jɪr ɪn ðə ˈdɪstrɪkt əv ˈdɛləˌwɛr ˈspænɪŋ ə waɪd reɪnʤ əv technologies.”*.” səm əv ðə ˈpætənts æt ˈɪʃu ˌɪnˈklud: ˈbaɪsɪkəl pɛt ˈkɛriər, ˈbətək lɪft səˈpɔrt, spɔrts brɑ, ənd ˈmɛθəd fər ˈmænəʤɪŋ ə ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt. ə kəmˈplit lɪst əv ˈpætənts ɪz əˈveɪləbəl hir. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðeɪ hæv bɪn ˈvɛri əˈgrɛsɪv əˈbaʊt ˈfaɪlɪŋ səʧ kleɪmz, ðeɪ hæv stɪl nɑt ˈteɪkən ə ˈsɪŋgəl keɪs θru traɪəl. ənd ˈoʊnli ə ˈkəpəl əv ðoʊz ˈkeɪsɪz meɪd ɪt tɪ ðə kleɪm kənˈstrəkʃən feɪz, wɛr ðə kɔrt dɪˈfaɪnz ðə ˈminɪŋ əv ðə ˈpætənts æt ˈɪʃu. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ˈmɛni əv ˈkeɪsɪz hæv bɪn riˈzɑlvd ˈʃɔrtli ˈæftər ˈfaɪlɪŋ, səˈʤɛstɪŋ ðət ðiz ˈkeɪsɪz wər ˈnɛvər əˈbaʊt ˈligəl raɪts ər kleɪmz bət wər ˌɪnˈstɛd əˈbaʊt kriˈeɪtɪŋ ðə ˈɪmpətəs fər ə ˈnusəns ˈsɛtəlmənt ɪn ðə feɪs əv sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən kɔsts. ɪn ðə keɪs, ˈblækbərd ɪz əˈsərtɪŋ ə 1998 ˈpætənt faɪld baɪ ˈɑlɪvər ˈkɔfmən. beɪst ɔn ən əˈsaɪnmənt əˈgrimənt faɪld wɪθ ðə, ˈblækbərd ˈpərʧəst ðə ˈpætənt frəm ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən ɪn ɑkˈtoʊbər 2016 fər 1 pləs gʊd ənd ˈvæljəbəl consideration.”*.” bɪˈkəz ə mɪr faɪv mənθs ˈleɪtər ˈblækbərd juzd ðə ˈpætənt ɛz ðə soʊl ˈbeɪsɪs fər ˈlɔˌsuts əˈgɛnst ənd fastly*, wi θɪŋk ðə ˈækʧəwəl bət ˌəndɪˈskloʊzd ˌkɑmpənˈseɪʃən bɪtˈwin ðə ˈpɑrtiz ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ kənˈsɪdərəbli mɔr ðən 1 ənd meɪ ˈvɛri wɛl ˌɪnˈvɑlv ə kənˈtɪnʤənsi ərˈeɪnʤmənt fər ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən. ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən əˈpɪrz tɪ bi ðə hɛd əv ə grup əv fɔr smɔl ɪt ˈkəmpəˌniz ɪn ˈɔgzbərg, ˈʤərməni ðət ʃɛr ə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt www.exklusiv.de*. ðə ˈkəmpəˌniz prəˈvaɪd ˈsərvɪsɪz səʧ ɛz ɔn ˈprɛmɪs ˈnɛtˌwərkɪŋ ənd foʊn, isp*, ˈdætəˌbeɪs dɪˈzaɪn ənd ˈmænɪʤmənt, ənd ˈprɪnɪŋ. ɪf ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən ˈɛvər traɪd tɪ kəˈmərʃəˌlaɪz ðə ˈpætənt (ɪn ðə juz. ər ˈəðərˌwaɪz), wi wʊd ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ si səm ˈɛvədəns əv ðət ɔn ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt. wi. əv kɔrs, ðə ˈpætənt troʊl ˈsɪstəm əˈtɛmpts tɪ ʃild ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən ənd hɪz companies’*’ ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz frəm ðə ˈlɔˌsut baɪ ˈhævɪŋ ˈblækbərd bɪˈkəm ðə ˈoʊnər əv ðə ˈpætənt ˈivɪn ɪf ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən meɪnˈteɪnz ən ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən. pɑrt rɪˈspɑns ˈmɪʃən həz ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn tɪ hɛlp bɪld ə ˈbɛtər ˈɪntərˌnɛt. soʊ ɪt bi səˈpraɪzɪŋ tɪ ˈfrikˌwɛnt ˈridərz əv ðɪs blɔg ðət ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ə ʃɔrt tərm ənd ˈnɛroʊ ˌrɛzəˈluʃən əv ɑr oʊn ˈɪntərɪsts. nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ riʧ ə ˈsɛtəlmənt ðət wʊd peɪ tɛnz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈdɔlərz tɪ ˈblækbərd tɪ əˈvɔɪd ˈmɪljənz ɪn ˈligəl fiz. ðət wʊd ˈoʊnli əˈlaʊ ˈpætənt troʊlz tɪ kip pleɪɪŋ ðɛr geɪm ənd preɪɪŋ əˈpɑn ˈəðər ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət ʃɛr ɑr ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt wərk ˈbɛtər, əˈspɛʃəli nuər ənd mɔr ˈvəlnərəbəl ˈkəmpəˌniz. wi ər pərˈsuɪŋ ə əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈʧælənʤ ˈækʃənz ɪn ðɪs keɪs. stɛp 1 wɪl faɪt ðɪs keɪs ɪn ðə kɔrts wɪl nɑt ˈsɛtəl ðɪs keɪs, ənd plæn tɪ ˈsɛtəl ˈɛni ˈpætənt troʊl keɪs, ˈɛvər. wi wɪl ˈlɪtɪˌgeɪt ðɪs kleɪm ɛz ˈvɪgərəsli ənd ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃəsli ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz klɪr tɪ ˈjuˈɛs ˈæftər ˈivɪn ˈmɪnəməl sərʧ ðət ðɛr ɪz ˈlaɪkli kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈɛvədəns əv praɪər ɑrt, wi ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ faɪl ən ˌɪnˈtər ˈpɑrtiz ˌrivˈju əv ðə ˈpætənt wɪθ ðə. ɪf əˈproʊpriˌeɪt, wi wɪl sik ˈsæŋkʃənz ənd fi əˈwɔrdz əˈgɛnst ˈblækbərd fər ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ðɪs keɪs. ɪn ə ˈsɛpərˌeɪt blɔg poʊst təˈdeɪ, ɪz əˈnaʊnsɪŋ ðət ɪt wɪl əˈwɔrd əp tɪ tɪ səˈpɔrt ə sərʧ fər praɪər ɑrt ðət kən bi juzd tɪ ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ˈpætənts. ˈpætənt troʊlz laɪk ˈblækbərd hæv ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪd ðət ðeɪ bi ˈtrəstɪd tɪ ækt rɪˈspɑnsəbli ər teɪk ðə ˈpəblɪk gʊd ˈɪntu əˈkaʊnt wɪn əˈsərtɪŋ ˈpætənts əˈgɛnst ˈpræktɪsɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌniz. kraʊd baɪ bət (ˈflɪkər) ˈpætənt troʊlz teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ə ˈsɪstəm ðeɪ əˈsum ɪz ˈtɪltɪd ɪn ðɛr ˈfeɪvər, wɛr ðeɪ kən teɪk veɪg tɛkˈnɑləʤi ˈpætənts ˈɪʃud jɪrz əˈgoʊ ənd əˈplaɪ ðɛm ɛz ˈbrɔdli ɛz ˌɪˈmæʤənəbəl tɪ ðə ˈleɪtəst tɛkˈnɑləʤi. ˈpætənt troʊlz θɪŋk ðeɪ kən sɪt bæk ənd pɪk ɔf ˈsɛtəlmənts frəm ˈkəmpəˌniz bɪˈkəz ðɛr ˈlɔˌsuts ər ə ˈnusəns ənd ðə kɔsts əv dɪˈfɛndɪŋ ðoʊz suts ər kənˈsɪdərəbəl. ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ðɪs daɪˈnæmɪk ənd ˈlɛvəlɪŋ ðə pleɪɪŋ fild ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ ˌrikˈwaɪər ən ɪnˈtaɪərli nu weɪ əv əˈproʊʧɪŋ ðiz ˈʧælənʤɪz. ˈfaɪtɪŋ səʧ strɔŋ, ðoʊ pərˈvərs, ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˌɪnˈsɪnɪvz ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ ˌrikˈwaɪər ə ˈgraʊndsˌwɛl. ɪt kɔlz fər ə brɔd ənd ˈæktɪv grup əv ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv foʊks hu ər ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ ʤɔɪn ðə kɔz əv ˈhɛlpɪŋ ɪkˈspoʊz ðə ˈwiknəsɪz ɪn ðə ˈpætənts hɛld baɪ ðiz ˈpætənt troʊlz, moʊst əv wɪʧ wər ˈɪʃud soʊ lɔŋ əˈgoʊ ənd ər soʊ brɔd ðət ðeɪ ˈnɛvər ʃʊd hæv bɪn ˈɪʃud ɪn ðə fərst pleɪs. ɪkˈspoʊzɪŋ ðə ˈwiknəs əv ðiz ˈpætənts minz ˈfaɪndɪŋ praɪər ɑrt ðət ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts ðə ˈpætənts wər ˈɪʃud ˌɪmˈprɑpərli ənd ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ hæv ðə ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ðoʊz ˈpætənts ˌbiˈfɔr ðeɪ kən bi əˈgɛnst ləˈʤɪtəmət ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət ər ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ ˈɪnəˌveɪt, tɪ prəˈvaɪd ə ˈlaɪvliˌhʊd tɪ ðɛr ɪmˈplɔɪiz ənd ðɛr ˈfæməliz, ənd tɪ meɪk gʊd ˈprɑdəkts. wi eɪm tɪ ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ˈɛvəri wən əv ˈpætənts ənd nid jʊr hɛlp. kəm ʤɔɪn ˈjuˈɛs ɪn ðɪs ˈɛfərt! praɪər ɑrt ɪz ˈɛni ˈɛvədəns ðət ə ˈpætəntɪd ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən wɑz ɔˈrɛdi noʊn æt ðə taɪm ðə ˈpætənt ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən wɑz faɪld. praɪər ɑrt dɪz nɑt nid tɪ bi ə kəmˈpitɪŋ ˈpætənt, ɪt dɪz nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli nid tɪ ɪgˈzɪst ˈfɪzɪkəli ər bi kəˈmərʃəli əˈveɪləbəl. ɪt ɪz ɪˈnəf ðət ðɛr ɪz ˈɛvədəns ðət ðə ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən wɑz ˈpəblɪkli noʊn æt ˈɛni pɔɪnt wɪn ər ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈpætənt ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən wɑz faɪld. ðoʊ ˈsərtənli ðə mɔr ˈfɔrməl ənd spɪˈsɪfɪk ðə praɪər ɑrt, ðə ˈbɛtər. ɛz dɪˈskraɪbd ɪn mɔr ˈditeɪl ɪn ðə ˈəðər blɔg poʊst, wɪl əˈwɔrd əp tɪ tɪ bi ʃɛrd əˈməŋ ðə pɑrˈtɪsəpənts hu prəˈvaɪd ˈjuˈɛs ðə moʊst ˈjusfəl praɪər ɑrt ðət kən bi juzd ɪn ɑr ˈʧælənʤ tɪ ðə ˈpætənt ɪn ðə ˈpɛndɪŋ ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən. wi wɪl juz ɑr ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈpætənt ˈkaʊnsəl tɪ ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt ðə rɪˈspɑnsɪz ənd dɪˈvaɪd ðə əˈwɔrd beɪst ɔn ˈrɛləvəns ənd ˈjusfəlnəs. wi wɪl ˈɔlsoʊ əkˈsɛpt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd ˈɑrgjəmənts wɪʧ ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ˈblækbərd ˈpætənts səʧ ɛz ə ʃoʊɪŋ əv ər məˈtɪriəl ˈdifɛkts ɪn ðə ˈpætənt ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən. ɪn əˈdɪʃən, wi ər ˈsikɪŋ praɪər ɑrt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ˈɛni əv ðə 37 ˈəðər ˈpætənts ər ˈpætənt ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz oʊnd baɪ ˈblækbərd. wi hæv ə pul əv əp tɪ ðət wi wɪl dɪˈstrɪbjut tɪ ˈpipəl hu səbˈmɪt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ˈɛni ˈblækbərd ˈpætənt. əˈgɛn, ðə ˈməni wɪl bi əˈwɔrdɪd beɪst ɔn ˈrɛləvəns ənd ˈjusfəlnəs əv ðə praɪər ɑrt. wi wɪl ˈpəblɪʃ ɔl ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðət wi rɪˈsiv ɔn ðiz ˈpætənts, soʊ ðət ˈəðərz meɪ ˈbɛnəfɪt frəm ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd faɪl ˈʧælənʤɪz ɔn ˈpætənts. ənd wɛr ˈʤəstəˌfaɪd, meɪ ˈɪnstɪˌtut ˈpætənt ˈɔfəs prəˈsidɪŋz əv ˈɛni ˈblækbərd ˈpætənt wɪn ðɛr ɪz səˈfɪʃənt praɪər ɑrt tɪ kɔl ˈɪntu kˈwɛʃən ɪts vəˈlɪdɪti. ðiz ˌɑpərˈtunətiz rɪˈmeɪn ˈoʊpən ɛz lɔŋ ɛz keɪs əˈgɛnst ɪz stɪl ˈæktɪv. ɪf ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd, ju ʃʊd goʊ ˈoʊvər tɪ ðə ˈəðər blɔg poʊst hir, ʤɔɪn ðə kɔz ənd bi wən əv ə grup əv ˈtæləntɪd ənd ˈmoʊtəˌveɪtəd ˈɛkspərts hu wɪl pʊʃ bæk əˈgɛnst ˈleɪzi troʊlz hu traɪ tɪ teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ˈɪnəˌveɪtərz baɪ ˈɛkˌsplɔɪtɪŋ bəgz ɪn ðə ʤuˈdɪʃəl ˈsɪstəm. stɛp 3 wɪl ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz tɪ dɪˈvɛləp fækts ðət səˈpɔrt ɑr ˈɑrgjəmənts ɪn ðə ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən ənd ɪkˈspoʊz haʊ ˈpætənt troʊlz ˈrɪli ˈɔpərˌeɪt bɪˈkəz ˈpætənt troʊlz du nɑt hæv ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz bɪɔnd ðɛr ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ənd ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən əv ˈpætənts fər ˌɪnˈvɛnʃənz ðeɪ dɪd nɑt kriˈeɪt, ɪt kən ˈɔfən bi ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ˈlɪtɪˌgeɪt əˈgɛnst ðɛm. ɪn əˈdɪʃən, bɪˈkəz əv ðə juˈnik ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən əv ˈblækbərd, wɪʧ əˈpɪrz tɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli bi ə lɔ fərm ðət brɪŋz ˈlɔˌsuts ɔn ɪts oʊn bɪˈhæf ənd wɪˈθaʊt ə ril klaɪənt, ðɛr ər ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt fækts əˈbaʊt ðɪs dɪˈspjut ðət ər ˈdɪfəkəlt ər ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl fər ˈjuˈɛs tɪ dɪˈtərmən æt ˈprɛzənt. ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt, wi ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt ənd tɪ juz ðə ˌdɪˈskəvri ˈprɔˌsɛs ɪn ðɪs keɪs ənd tɪ rɪˈteɪn ə grup əv ˈpraɪvət ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz tɪ lʊk ˈɪntu ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ənd əˈtərniz tɪ dɪˈtərmən wət ˈkaʊntərˌkleɪmz ənd ˈɑrgjəmənts meɪ bi əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ˈjuˈɛs ɪn dɪˈfɛns əv ðə keɪs. æt ə ˈmɪnəməm, ˈblækbərd səˈʤɛsts ðət ɪt ɪz ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ə nu ənd ˈivɪn mɔr ˌɪnˈʤinjəs weɪ əv ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ɛz ə ˈpætənt troʊl wɪθ ˈmæksəməm ˈlɛvərɪʤ ənd ˈmɪnəməl ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənsiz ɪn ðɛr ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən. æt ə taɪm wɪn ðə ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈɛvədəns ənd ˈpəblɪk ˈsɛnəmənt əˈgɛnst ðə wərk əv ˈpætənt troʊlz ɪz strɔŋ, ɪt ɪz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ brɪŋ ðɛr ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz tɪ ðə laɪt əv deɪ ənd ˌəndərˈstænd ɪgˈzæktli haʊ ðeɪ wərk. stɛp 4 faɪl kəmˈpleɪnts əˈgɛnst ˈblækbərd əˈtərniz baɪ bɑr əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri ˈkaʊnsəl ɪn ˌmæsəˈʧusəts ənd ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ðə ˈpræktɪs əv lɔ ɪz səˈpoʊzd tɪ bi ˈdɪfərənt frəm ˈbɪznɪs, wɪθ ˈlɔjərz hɛld tɪ ə haɪər ˈɛθɪkəl ˈstændərd. ɪn moʊst steɪts, ɪt ɪz ˌɪˈligəl fər ðoʊz hu hæv nɑt bɪn ədˈmɪtəd tɪ ðə bɑr tɪ prəˈvaɪd ˈligəl ˈsərvɪsɪz. ðɪs ˈɔfən gɪvz ˈlɔjərz ə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd pəˈzɪʃən wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈhændəlɪŋ θɪŋz laɪk ril ɛˈsteɪt trænˈzækʃənz, tæks ˈmætərz, ənd ɛˈsteɪt ˈplænɪŋ ðət maɪt ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈhændəld baɪ ˈəðər prəˈfɛʃənəlz, ənd ɪt gɪvz ðɛm ə nɪr məˈnɑpəli ɔn ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ənd juz əv ðə kɔrt ˈsɪstəm. ɪn ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ, ðə ˈligəl prəˈfɛʃən ɪz ˈstrɪktli ˈgəvərnd baɪ ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈɛθɪkəl rulz ənd ˈəðər rulz əv prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈkɑndəkt tɪ meɪk ʃʊr ðə prəˈfɛʃən səˈfɪʃəntli tɪ meɪnˈteɪn ˈpəblɪk ˈkɑnfədɛns ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr sɪˈkjʊr ðə ædˈvæntɪʤɪz əv ɪts məˈnɑpəli. waɪ ədˈmɪʃən əv nu ˈlɔjərz tɪ ðə bɑr ɪz ˈʤɛnərəli ˈprɛməst nɑt ˈoʊnli ɔn pruf əv ˈkɑmpətɪns (ðə bɑr ɪgˈzæm), bət ˈɔlsoʊ ən ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən əv ˈkɛrɪktər ənd ˈfɪtnəs, ənd ən oʊθ kəˈmɪtɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈprɪnsəpəlz əv ðə prəˈfɛʃən. ˌɪmˈpɔrtəntli, ðə rulz səˈpɔrt ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət ðə ˈpræktɪs əv lɔ ɪz ə prəˈfɛʃən ənd nɑt ə mɪr ˈbɪznɪs ɪnˈdɛvər, ðɪs dɪˈstɪŋkʃən ɪz sin ɛz ɛˈsɛnʃəl tɪ dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ ðə ˈligəl prəˈfɛʃən ənd meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ ðə məˈnɑpəli. si, ˈʤɛnərəli ˈrɪʧərd ɛl. ˈeɪbəl, əˈmɛrɪkən ˈlɔjərz 1989 spəˈsɪfɪkli, ðə əˈmɛrɪkən bɑr əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən ɪˈstæblɪʃt ɪts ˈmɑdəl rulz əv prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈkɑndəkt ɪn 1983 wɪʧ hæv ˈsəbsəkwəntli bɪn əˈdɑptəd baɪ bɑr əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz ɪn ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛvəri steɪt, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə tu steɪts wɛr ˈblækbərd həz ɪts ˈɔfəsɪz, ˌmæsəˈʧusəts ənd ˌɪləˈnɔɪz. ðə rulz sɛt fɔrθ ə ˈsɪriz əv riˌspɑnsəˈbɪlətiz ðət iʧ ˈlɔjər məst ˈəndərˌteɪk, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈdutiz tɪ ðə prəˈfɛʃən ˈʤɛnərəli ənd ˈdutiz əv ˈkændər tɪ ðə kɔrt, wɪʧ meɪ ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈækʃənz ðət rən ˈkaʊntər tɪ ðə ˌsɛlˈfɪntəˌrɛst. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, əˈtərniz hæv ən əˈfərmətɪv ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃən tɪ dɪˈskloʊz wɪn ðeɪ hæv ˈnɑlɪʤ əv ˌædˈvərs kənˈtroʊlɪŋ ˈligəl əˈθɔrəti (ə rul ər kənˈtroʊlɪŋ kɔrt əˈpɪnjən ðət ðɛr prəˈpoʊzd ˈaʊtˌkəm), ˈivɪn ɪf səʧ dɪˈskloʊʒər rənz ˈkaʊntər tɪ ðə ˈɪntərɪsts əv ðə klaɪənt. ðɪs dɪˈskloʊʒər ɪz rikˈwaɪərd ˈivɪn ɪf boʊθ əˈpoʊzɪŋ ˈkaʊnsəl ənd ðə kɔrt ər ˈəðərˌwaɪz ˌənəˈwɛr əv ðət əˈθɔrəti (ˈmɑdəl rul soʊ əˈtərniz ər nɑt əˈlaʊd tɪ teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ðə ʤuˈdɪʃəl ˈsɪstəm ʤɪst bɪˈkəz ðeɪ hæv ən ˈoʊpənɪŋ tɪ du soʊ. moʊst əv ðə rulz ˈæˌdrɛs ðə ɪkˈstɛnsɪv ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃənz oʊd tɪ ə klaɪənt, tɪ meɪk ʃʊr ˈlɔjərz ˈlɛvərɪʤ ðɛr məˈnɑpəli pəˈzɪʃən tɪ teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ əv ðə klaɪənt. əˈməŋ ˈəðər θɪŋz, ðə ˈspɛʃəl ˈneɪʧər əv ðə riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp ˌɪnˈvɑlvz ə ˈnəmbər əv kənˈtroʊlz ɔn ðə ˈbɪznɪs riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp bɪtˈwin ðə tu ðə əˈtərni ɪz tɪ ˈstrɪktli əˈvɔɪd ə ˈkɑnflɪkt əv ˈɪntəˌrɛst wɪθ hər wərk fər ðə klaɪənt (rulz ənd ʃʊd əˈvɔɪd ər kɑˈmɪŋgəlɪŋ əv fəndz (rulz ənd ɛz meɪd klɪr ɪn ðɪs blɔg poʊst, ˈfaʊndərz meɪd ðə dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ liv lɔ fərmz ðət wər ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ðə dɪˈfɛns əv klaɪənts hu wər feɪst wɪθ ˈpætənt ˈlɔˌsuts, ənd fɔrmd ə nu lɔ fərm ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn ˈbrɪŋɪŋ lɔ suts ɛz ə ˈpætənt troʊl. ðə ˈoʊnli ˈsərvɪsɪz prəˈmoʊtəd ɔn ɪts ˈwɛbˌsaɪt (http://www.blackbird-tech.com*/) ər ˈligəl ˈsərvɪsɪz; ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt noʊts ðət ˈblækbərd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts ə model”*” wɪʧ prəˈvaɪdz ðə ˈbɛnəfɪts əv lɔ fərm experience”*” ˈɔfərɪŋ klaɪənts ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ æt rɪˈdust costs.”*.” əv 12 ˈtoʊtəl ɪmˈplɔɪiz ˈlɪstɪd ɔn ðə ˈblækbərd ˈwɛbˌsaɪt, 7 ər əˈtərniz. ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ 5 ər ˈvɛri ˈʤunjər ɪmˈplɔɪiz dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ““analysts”*” 3 ər ˈkɑrənt ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət ˈstudənts ənd 2 rɪˈsivd ˈbæʧələrz dɪˈgriz læst meɪ). ɛz fɑr ɛz wi kən dɪˈtərmən, ˈblækbərd prəˈdusɪz noʊ ˈprɑdəkts ər ˈsərvɪsɪz wɪʧ ɪt meɪks əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk. ˈrəðər, ɪt ˈɔfərz ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən ˈsərvɪsɪz ənd ɪz ɪn ðə ˈbɪznɪs əv ˈfaɪlɪŋ ˈlɔˌsuts. ənd ɪts ˈaʊtˌpʊt ɪn ðət rɪˈgɑrd ɪz proʊˈlɪfɪk, ɛz ɪt həz faɪld ə ˈtoʊtəl əv 107 ˈlɔˌsuts sɪns sɛpˈtɛmbər 2014 ɛz ˈfaɪnəl ˌkɑnfərˈmeɪʃən ðət ˈblækbərd ɪz ə lɔ fərm ˈmɑrkətɪŋ ˈligəl ˈsərvɪsɪz, ɪts oʊn ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ˌɪnˈkludz ə dɪˈskleɪmər əˈbaʊt advertising,”*,” wɪʧ steɪts ɪkˈsplɪsətli noʊt ðət ðɪs ˈwɛbˌsaɪt meɪ kənˈteɪn əˈtərni advertising.”*.” model”*” simz tɪ bi ˈoʊnli ðət ɪts ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz sɛt aʊt tɪ dɪˈstɔrt ðə trəˈdɪʃənəl riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp. ˈwɛbˌsaɪt meɪks ə dɪˈrɛkt pɪʧ əv ɪts ˈligəl ˈsərvɪsɪz tɪ rɪˈkrut klaɪənts wɪθ pəˈtɛnʃəl kleɪmz ənd ðɛn, ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈteɪkɪŋ ðɛm ɔn ɛz ə klaɪənt, ˈpərʧəsɪz ðɛr kleɪmz ənd prəˈvaɪdz əˈdɪʃənəl kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən ðət ˈlaɪkli gɪvz ðə klaɪənt ən ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə rɪˈzəltɪŋ ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən. ɪn duɪŋ soʊ, ˈblækbərd ɪz ˈflaʊtɪŋ ɪts ˈɛθɪkəl ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃənz mɛnt tɪ prəˈtɛkt klaɪənts ənd dɪˈstɔrtɪŋ ðə ʤuˈdɪʃəl ˈprɔˌsɛs baɪ ənd ˈlɪmətɪŋ pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈkaʊntərˌkleɪmz əˈgɛnst ðə ril ˈpɑrti ɪn ˈɪntəˌrɛst. ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt, wi θɪŋk ˈblækbərd meɪ bi ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈsɛvərəl ækˈtɪvɪtiz ðət ˈvaɪəleɪt ðə rulz əv prəˈfɛʃənəl riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti ɪn ðə ˌʤʊrɪsˈdɪkʃənz wɛr ðeɪ hæv bɪn ədˈmɪtəd ɛz ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə bɑr. soʊ, ɪz səbˈmɪtɪŋ təˈdeɪ ˈlɛtərz wɪθ ðə bɑr ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri kəˈmɪtiz ɪn ˌmæsəˈʧusəts ənd ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ˈæskɪŋ ðɛm tɪ lʊk ˈɪntu ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈpræktɪsɪz əv ˈblækbərd tɛk: ˈblækbərd meɪ hæv əkˈwaɪərd ə prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt ˈmætər əv ðə ˌlɪtəˈgeɪʃən ɪn vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv rul 1.8(i*) əˈtərniz hæv ə nɪr məˈnɑpəli əv ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪŋ klaɪənts ɪn ðə ʤuˈdɪʃəl ˈsɪstəm. rul əv prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈkɑndəkt 1.8(i*) ɪkˈsplɪsətli proʊˈhɪbəts ən əˈtərni frəm ““acquir[ing*] ə prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ə kɔz əv ˈækʃən ər ˈsəbʤɪkt ˈmætər əv litigation.”*.” bət ðət ɪz ɪgˈzæktli wət ˈblækbərd dɪz. ˈwɛbˌsaɪt kənˈteɪnz ə pɪʧ tɪ rɪˈkrut klaɪənts wɪθ pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈligəl kleɪmz ˈəndər ðɛr ˈpætənts, bət ðɛn baɪz ðoʊz kleɪmz ənd brɪŋz ðɛm ɔn ðɛr oʊn bɪˈhæf. ðət bi ə vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv rul 1.8(i*)? əˈtɛmpt tɪ pɪʧ ðɪs ɛz ə model”*” əv biɪŋ ə ˈpætənt troʊl ˌɪgˈnɔr ðə fækt ðət ðə ˈoʊnli fərm ækˈtɪvɪti ɪn wɪʧ ðeɪ ər ɪnˈgeɪʤd (baɪɪŋ ˈpætənts tɪ brɪŋ ˈlɔˌsuts) ɪz ðə ɪgˈzækt θɪŋ proʊˈhɪbətəd baɪ rul 1.8(i*)? ðeɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ juz kriˈeɪtɪv kənˈtrækʧuəl ər ˈkɔrpərət ˈstrəkʧərz tɪ əˈvɔɪd ɪts riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti ˈəndər ðə rulz. ˈblækbərd meɪ bi ˈʃɛrɪŋ fiz ər fərm ˈɛkwəti wɪθ ɪn vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv rul 5.4(a*) ər 5.4(d*) ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ prɪˈzərv ðə ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti əv ðə riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp, rul əv prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈkɑndəkt 5.4(a*) proʊˈhɪbəts əˈtərniz frəm ˈsplɪtɪŋ ˈligəl fiz ɪn ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˈmætərz wɪθ, ənd rul 5.4(d*) proʊˈhɪbəts prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ən ˈɛkwəti ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ə fərm tɪ. wi θɪŋk ˈblækbərd meɪ bi ˈvaɪəleɪtɪŋ boʊθ prəˈvɪʒənz. ˌɔlˈðoʊ hi noʊ ˈlɔŋgər oʊnz ðə ˈpætənt ənd ɪz nɑt ə ˈpɑrti tɪ ðə keɪs, ðə əˈsaɪnmənt tərmz (ˈspɛsəˌfaɪɪŋ ˈpeɪmənt əv ˈoʊnli 1 meɪks ɪt ˈpɑsəbəl ðət ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən həz ə kənˈtɪnʤənsi ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˈlɔˌsut. ɪf ðət ɪz ðə keɪs, ˈblækbərd bi ɪn vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv rul 5.4(a*)? ˈsɪmələrli, ˈblækbərd həz muvd ˈvɛri kˈwɪkli sɪns ɪts ˈfaʊndɪŋ tɪ faɪl ˈlɔˌsuts əˈgɛnst ə greɪt ˈnəmbər əv ˈkəmpəˌniz 107 kəmˈpleɪnts sɪns sɛpˈtɛmbər 2014 soʊ fɑr, nən əv ðoʊz ˈkeɪsɪz hæv gɔn tɪ traɪəl. wi ˌɪnˈtɛnd tɪ ɪgˈzæmɪn ˈwɛðər ðeɪ hæv juzd ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl səˈpɔrt frəm tɪ fənd ðə ˈvɛri fæst stɑrt tɪ ðɛr ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ɪn ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ fər ən ˌɪmpərˈmɪsɪbəl ˈɛkwəti ˈɪntəˌrɛst, ər hæv ʃɛrd ən ˈɛkwəti ˈɪntəˌrɛst wɪθ ˈpætənt ˈhoʊldərz laɪk ˈmɪstər. ˈkɔfmən, ˈiðər əv wɪʧ wʊd bi ɪn vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv rul 5.4(d*). ɪn ˈkloʊzɪŋ wiv ˈɔlˌweɪz ədˈvaɪzd ɑr ˈkəstəmərz nɑt tɪ peɪ θˈrɛtənd əˈtækərz' ˈrænsəm rɪkˈwɛsts bət, ˌɪnˈstɛd, tɪ maʊnt ə ril dɪˈfɛns. ðɛr ər ə lɔt əv əˈnæləʤiz hir ənd wi bɪˈliv ɪts ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ stænd əp fər wət ɪz raɪt ənd əˈgɛnst ðɪs nu brid əv ˈpætənt troʊl. ɪf rɛd ðɪs fɑr, ðɛn ju məst ʃɛr ˈpæʃən ɔn ðɪs ˈɪʃu. soʊ ʤɔɪn ˈjuˈɛs! raɪt əˈbaʊt ənd tɔk əˈbaʊt ðiz ˈɪʃuz. ˈkɑnˌtækt jʊr pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz ənd æsk ðɛm tɪ səˈpɔrt ɔl ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv rɪˈfɔrm ˈɛfərts ðət ər aʊt ðɛr. ənd moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtəntli, teɪk səm taɪm ənd ʤɔɪn ɑr ˈɛfərt tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ praɪər ɑrt ðət wɪl ˌɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt ɔl əv ðə ˈblækbərd ˈpætənts. wɔʧ ðɪs speɪs. ʤɪst ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈstɑrtɪd.

on march 20th, cloudflare received our first patent infringement claim: blackbird tech llc v. cloudflare, inc. today we’re filing our answer to that claim in a federal court in delaware. we have very strong arguments we will present in the litigation, mostly because the patent asserted against us does not have anything to do with our technology. the infringement claim is not a close one. the asserted patent, us 6453335 (‘335 patent) was filed in 1998, and describes a system for monitoring an existing data channel and inserting error pages when transmission rates fall below a certain level. nothing from 1998—including the ’335 patent—comes close to describing our state-of-the-art product that is provisioned via dns, speeds up internet content delivery, and protects against malicious attackers. our technology is innovative and different, and cloudflare’s technology has about 150 patents issued or in process. we also expect to show that the patent itself is invalid. for example, if the ’335 patent is read broadly enough to cover our system (which shouldn’t happen), it would also cover any system where electronic communications are examined and redacted or modified. but this is not new. filtering products performing similar functions were around long before the time of the ‘335 patent. blackbird’s claims under the ‘335 patent are much, much broader than what is justified in light of the prior art. this claim is a nuisance for us. the lawsuit will take our time, distract us from our work, and it will cost us money to fight. patent trolls like blackbird technologies (@bbird_tech) exist to create these headaches so companies will play along and give them money to go away. there’s no social value here. there’s no support for a maligned inventor. there’s no competing business or product. there’s no validation of an incentive structure that supports innovation. this is a shakedown where a patent troll, blackbird technologies, creates as much nuisance as it can so its attorney-principals can try to grab some cash. indominus rex, jurassic world worse still, blackbird is a new, especially dangerous breed of patent troll. like the dinosaur in the latest jurassic park movie, a synthetic combination of tyrannosaurs and velociraptor, blackbird combines both a law firm and intellectual property rights holder into a single entity. in doing so, they remove legal fees from their cost structure and can bring lawsuits of potentially dubious merit without having to bear any meaningful cost. in other words, blackbird’s new breed of entity is specifically designed to add leverage and amplify the already widely maligned problem of patent trolling. cloudflare does not intend to play along. as explained later in this blog post, we plan to (i) contest the patent lawsuit vigorously, (ii) fund an award for a crowdsourced search for prior art that can be used to invalidate blackbird patents, and (iii) ask the relevant bar associations to investigate what we consider to be violations of the rules of professional conduct by blackbird and its attorneys. part i the patent troll problem and blackbird tech a troll is a creature that lives in a cave, under a bridge, or in the hills and serves no productive purpose—other than to be threatening, ugly, and malodorous. in modern parlance, the term is used for someone who merely seeks to annoy others to get a rise out of them, either in the comments section of an internet page or by making nuisance legal claims. a patent troll is a company formed for only one purpose—to purchase patents and assert them broadly against real, productive companies that are actively engaged and making and selling products. the point isn’t whether their patents are infringed and/or invalid. a perverse incentive structure encourages trolls to bring lawsuits against numerous companies and demand nuisance settlements—settlements well below the millions of dollars it can take a company to protect themselves and defend a patent infringement case. "freemont troll" by esther lee (flickr) although the case against patent trolls is well known, it is worth reviewing. patent trolls serve no productive purpose. they don’t make products, conduct research and development, hire employees, or add value to society. this is why they are often called non-practicing entities (npe). they merely take existing, and largely unexercised patents, and assert them widely against numerous successful companies to try and pry some money for themselves. often, the trolls lie in wait until after those companies have made irreversible investments in their technology to maximize their leverage. they buy patents solely for the purpose of initiating litigation, and benefit from their non-practicing status to limit their costs in litigation discovery and to limit counterclaims of patent infringement that could be raised if they were actually engaged in productive activity. and increasingly in the world of software or tech patents, the trolls rely on the broadest possible interpretation of vague or generalized patents to sow as much uncertainty as possible. the social and economic costs of patent trolls are staggering, no matter how you measure them. estimates in recent years suggest that the number of cases brought by patent trolls have increased more than 500% over the past ten years. and about 70% of all patent infringement claims are filed by patent trolls, a share that has more than doubled in recent years. it is estimated that litigation initiated by patent trolls in u.s. courts cost companies as much as $30 billion in direct costs, a number that has increased more than four-fold over the last ten years. and those direct costs are only the tip of the iceberg, as losses in company value and foregone economic opportunity may be as many as five or ten times that amount. [see, generally, chien, colleen. “startups and patent trolls.” santa clara university legal studies research paper no. 09-12 working paper series, 2012. bessen, james e. michael j. meurer. “the direct costs from npe disputes.” boston university school of law, law and economics research paper no. 12-34, june 28, 2012. rpx. 2015 report: npe litigation, patent marketplace, and npe cost.] cloudflare’s support for the patent system make no mistake, cloudflare is a strong supporter of the patent system. the value and stability of our company is supported by the nearly 150 patents awarded or in process on our technology. we wouldn’t be able to exist, and wouldn’t be able to invest to bring our company to scale, if we didn’t have the security of a well-functioning patent system. in a fair fight, we’d be able to defend ourselves by pushing back against a practicing entity with the technology set forth in our own patents. if the other entity was actually applying its patent to commercial products and felt hindered in the marketplace because of our operations, we might be able to raise countering arguments that a practicing entity was closer to infringing on our patents than we are to infringing theirs. it would help us to defend the lines around our use of own patented technology and demonstrate whether the infringement was actually happening. but patent trolls get to live in a fictional world without a business or operations that can be compared or challenged. and the value of the patent system isn’t one limited to recent developments or to the tech boom. it has supported the innovative spirit of the american people since america’s founding. it has been reported that during the ransacking of washington by british soldiers in the war of 1812, then superintendent of patents, william thorton, put himself in front of a british cannon and declared, “are you englishmen or only goths and vandals? this is the patent office, a depository of the ingenuity of the american nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. would you destroy it? if so, fire away, and let the charge pass through my body.” whether or not the result of superintendent thorton’s bold stance, the patent building was one of the few government buildings spared by the british army in that attack. when he redecorated the oval office early in his administration, president barack obama’s addition of a bust of martin luther king, jr. garnered the most attention. but he also brought in three mechanical devices from the national museum of american history’s patent collection (models of the telegraph, paddle wheel, and gear-cutter) to reflect the importance of technology and the creative spirit. in that spirit, he later took aggressive action issuing five executive orders to challenge patent trolls (“history will remember barack obama as the great slayer of patent trolls,” wired, 3/20/14). we are fighting back against patent trolls not because we don’t like the patent system. to the contrary, it’s due to our deep appreciation and need for the patent system that the actions of patent trolls are so offensive to us. rather than appreciating the economic and social value of an effective patent system, these trolls distort and manipulate the patent system and the court system merely to line their own pockets. those actions call into question the legitimacy of both systems in a way that is unacceptable to cloudflare. blackbird technologies even though blackbird tech is a pure patent troll, which has no operations aside from using patents it purchased to bring litigation against legitimate companies, they have specifically designed their business to create a new breed which poses serious additional concern. blackbird was formed three years ago by two attorneys who left law firms where they had been engaged in patent defense work wendy verlander (@bbirdtech_ceo; linkedin) at wilmerhale, and chris freeman (linkedin) at kirkland & ellis. notably, both of those firms promote themselves as ready to protect companies from patent trolls. kirkland trumpets that its ip practice group scored a victory against the “original patent troll,” while wilmerhale has a patent troll initiative that aims to help businesses deal comprehensively with patent trolls. having gained valuable experience and training by working for clients who paid their firms handsomely to fight suits brought by patent trolls, verlander and freeman were well aware of the harm done to their clients by patent trolls. yet, verlander and freeman decided to cast their lot with the other side and formed a patent troll for themselves. blackbird technologies has filed 107 cases since september of 2014, making it one of the most prolific trolls in the united states. its website links to a “news” item titled “4 frequent filers of ip suits to watch this year” which highlights blackbird as “a newer entrant on the list of top patent plaintiffs, coming in at fourth place with 48 suits last year in the district of delaware spanning a wide range of technologies.” some of the patents at issue include: bicycle pet carrier, buttock lift support, sports bra, and method for managing a parking lot. a complete list of blackbird's patents is available here. although they have been very aggressive about filing such claims, they have still not taken a single case through trial. and only a couple of those cases made it to the claim construction phase, where the court defines the meaning of the patents at issue. instead, many of blackbird’s cases have been resolved shortly after filing, suggesting that these cases were never about legal rights or claims but were instead about creating the impetus for a nuisance settlement in the face of significant litigation costs. in the cloudflare case, blackbird is asserting a 1998 patent filed by oliver kaufmann. based on an assignment agreement filed with the uspto, blackbird purchased the ‘335 patent from mr. kaufmann in october 2016 for $1 plus “other good and valuable consideration.” because a mere five months later blackbird used the ‘335 patent as the sole basis for lawsuits against cloudflare and fastly, we think the actual but undisclosed compensation between the parties is something considerably more than $1, and may very well involve a contingency arrangement for mr. kaufmann. mr. kaufmann appears to be the head of a group of four small it companies in augsburg, germany that share a website www.exklusiv.de. the companies provide services such as on premise networking and phone, isp, database design and management, and 3d printing. if mr. kauffman ever tried to commercialize the ‘335 patent (in the u.s. or otherwise), we would expect to see some evidence of that on the website. we don’t. of course, the patent troll system attempts to shield mr. kaufmann and his companies’ operations from the lawsuit by having blackbird become the owner of the patent even if mr. kaufmann maintains an interest in the litigation. part ii cloudflare’s response cloudflare’s mission has always been to help build a better internet. so it won’t be surprising to frequent readers of this blog that cloudflare isn’t interested in a short term and narrow resolution of our own interests. we’re not going to reach a settlement that would pay tens of thousands of dollars to blackbird to avoid millions in legal fees. that would only allow patent trolls to keep playing their game and preying upon other innovative companies that share our interest in making the internet work better, especially newer and more vulnerable companies. we are pursuing a four-pronged approach to challenge blackbird’s actions in this case. step 1 cloudflare will fight this case in the courts cloudflare will not settle this case, and doesn’t plan to settle any patent troll case, ever. we will litigate this claim as vigorously and expeditiously as possible. because it is clear to us after even minimal search that there is likely considerable evidence of prior art, we expect to file an inter parties review of the ‘335 patent with the uspto. if appropriate, we will seek sanctions and fee awards against blackbird for bringing this case. in a separate blog post today, cloudflare is announcing that it will award up to $50,000 to support a search for prior art that can be used to invalidate blackbird’s patents. patent trolls like blackbird have demonstrated that they can’t be trusted to act responsibly or take the public good into account when asserting patents against practicing companies. crowd by hamaz butt (flickr) patent trolls take advantage of a system they assume is tilted in their favor, where they can take vague technology patents issued years ago and apply them as broadly as imaginable to the latest technology. patent trolls think they can sit back and pick off settlements from companies because their lawsuits are a nuisance and the costs of defending those suits are considerable. changing this dynamic and leveling the playing field is going to require an entirely new way of approaching these challenges. fighting such strong, though perverse, economic incentives is going to require a groundswell. it calls for a broad and active group of innovative folks who are willing to join the cause of helping expose the weaknesses in the patents held by these patent trolls, most of which were issued so long ago and are so broad that they never should have been issued in the first place. exposing the weakness of these patents means finding prior art that demonstrates the patents were issued improperly and working to have the uspto invalidate those patents before they can be weaponized against legitimate companies that are working to innovate, to provide a livelihood to their employees and their families, and to make good products. we aim to invalidate every one of blackbird’s patents and need your help. come join us in this effort! prior art is any evidence that a patented invention was already known at the time the patent application was filed. prior art does not need to be a competing patent, it does not necessarily need to exist physically or be commercially available. it is enough that there is evidence that the innovation was publicly known at any point when or before the patent application was filed. though certainly the more formal and specific the prior art, the better. as described in more detail in the other blog post, cloudflare will award up to $20,000 to be shared among the participants who provide us the most useful prior art that can be used in our invalidity challenge to the ‘335 patent in the pending litigation. we will use our outside patent counsel to evaluate the responses and divide the award based on relevance and usefulness. we will also accept information and arguments which invalidate blackbird patents such as a showing of obviousness or material defects in the patent application. in addition, we are seeking prior art information on any of the 37 other patents or patent applications owned by blackbird. we have a pool of up to $30,000 that we will distribute to people who submit information on any blackbird patent. again, the money will be awarded based on relevance and usefulness of the prior art. we will publish all the information that we receive on these patents, so that others may benefit from the information and file challenges on blackbird’s patents. and where justified, cloudflare may institute patent office proceedings of any blackbird patent when there is sufficient prior art to call into question its validity. these opportunities remain open as long as blackbird’s case against cloudflare is still active. if interested, you should go over to the other blog post here, join the cause and be one of a group of talented and motivated experts who will push back against lazy trolls who try to take advantage of innovators by exploiting bugs in the judicial system. step 3 cloudflare will investigate blackbird’s operations to develop facts that support our arguments in the litigation and expose how patent trolls really operate because patent trolls do not have operations beyond their ownership and litigation of patents for inventions they did not create, it can often be difficult to litigate against them. in addition, because of the unique organization of blackbird, which appears to actually be a law firm that brings lawsuits on its own behalf and without a real client, there are important facts about this dispute that are difficult or impossible for us to determine at present. as a result, we expect to investigate and to use the discovery process in this case and to retain a group of private investigators to look into blackbird’s operations and attorneys to determine what counterclaims and arguments may be available to us in defense of the case. at a minimum, blackbird suggests that it is engaged in a new and even more ingenious way of operating as a patent troll with maximum leverage and minimal inefficiencies in their operation. at a time when the economic evidence and public sentiment against the work of patent trolls is strong, it is important to bring their operations to the light of day and understand exactly how they work. step 4 file complaints against blackbird attorneys by bar association disciplinary counsel in massachusetts and illinois the practice of law is supposed to be different from business, with lawyers held to a higher ethical standard. in most states, it is illegal for those who have not been admitted to the bar to provide legal services. this often gives lawyers a privileged position when it comes to handling things like real estate transactions, tax matters, and estate planning that might also be handled by other professionals, and it gives them a near monopoly on access to and use of the court system. in exchange, the legal profession is strictly governed by a series of ethical rules and other rules of professional conduct to make sure the profession sufficiently self-regulates to maintain public confidence and therefore secure the advantages of its monopoly. that’s why admission of new lawyers to the bar is generally premised not only on proof of competence (the bar exam), but also an investigation of character and fitness, and an oath committing to the principles of the profession. importantly, the rules support the notion that the practice of law is a profession and not a mere business endeavor, this distinction is seen as essential to distinguishing the legal profession and maintaining the monopoly. see, generally richard l. abel, american lawyers (1989). specifically, the american bar association established its model rules of professional conduct in 1983, which have subsequently been adopted by bar associations in almost every state, including the two states where blackbird has its offices, massachusetts and illinois. the rules set forth a series of responsibilities that each lawyer must undertake, including duties to the profession generally and duties of candor to the court, which may require actions that run counter to the attorney’s self-interest. for example, attorneys have an affirmative obligation to disclose when they have knowledge of adverse controlling legal authority (a rule or controlling court opinion that invalidates their proposed outcome), even if such disclosure runs counter to the interests of the attorney’s client. this disclosure is required even if both opposing counsel and the court are otherwise unaware of that authority (model rule 3.3(a)(2)). so attorneys are not allowed to take advantage of the judicial system just because they have an opening to do so. most of the rules address the extensive obligations owed to a client, to make sure lawyers don’t leverage their monopoly position to take advantage of the client. among other things, the special nature of the attorney-client relationship involves a number of controls on the business relationship between the two the attorney is to strictly avoid a conflict of interest with her work for the client (rules 1.6-1.10), and should avoid self-dealing or commingling of funds (rules 1.8 and 1.15). as made clear in this blog post, blackbird’s founders made the decision to leave law firms that were engaged in the defense of clients who were faced with patent lawsuits, and formed a new law firm focused on bringing law suits as a patent troll. the only services promoted on its website (http://www.blackbird-tech.com/) are legal services; the website notes that blackbird represents a “new model” which provides the benefits of “top law firm experience” offering clients the ability to “litigate at reduced costs.” of 12 total employees listed on the blackbird website, 7 are attorneys. the remaining 5 are very junior employees described as “analysts” (3 are current undergraduate students and 2 received bachelor's degrees last may). as far as we can determine, blackbird produces no products or services which it makes available to the public. rather, it offers litigation services and is in the business of filing lawsuits. and its output in that regard is prolific, as it has filed a total of 107 lawsuits since september 2014. as final confirmation that blackbird is a law firm marketing legal services, its own website includes a disclaimer about “attorney advertising,” which states explicitly “[p]lease note that this website may contain attorney advertising.” blackbird’s “new model” seems to be only that its operations set out to distort the traditional attorney-client relationship. blackbird’s website makes a direct pitch of its legal services to recruit clients with potential claims and then, instead of taking them on as a client, purchases their claims and provides additional consideration that likely gives the client an ongoing interest in the resulting litigation. in doing so, blackbird is flouting its ethical obligations meant to protect clients and distorting the judicial process by obfuscating and limiting potential counterclaims against the real party in interest. as a result, we think blackbird may be engaged in several activities that violate the rules of professional responsibility in the jurisdictions where they have been admitted as members of the bar. so, cloudflare is submitting today letters with the bar disciplinary committees in massachusetts and illinois asking them to look into the following practices of blackbird tech: blackbird may have acquired a proprietary interest in the subject matter of the litigation in violation of rule 1.8(i) attorneys have a near monopoly of representing clients in the judicial system. rule of professional conduct 1.8(i) explicitly prohibits an attorney from “acquir[ing] a proprietary interest in a cause of action or subject matter of litigation.” but that is exactly what blackbird does. blackbird’s website contains a pitch to recruit clients with potential legal claims under their patents, but then buys those claims and brings them on their own behalf. wouldn’t that be a violation of rule 1.8(i)? doesn’t blackbird’s attempt to pitch this as a “new model” of being a patent troll ignore the fact that the only non-law firm activity in which they are engaged (buying patents to bring lawsuits) is the exact thing prohibited by rule 1.8(i)? they shouldn’t be able to use creative contractual or corporate structures to avoid its responsibility under the rules. blackbird may be sharing fees or firm equity with non-lawyers in violation of rule 5.4(a) or 5.4(d) in order to preserve the integrity of the attorney-client relationship, rule of professional conduct 5.4(a) prohibits attorneys from splitting legal fees in individual matters with non-lawyers, and rule 5.4(d) prohibits providing an equity interest in a firm to non-lawyers. we think blackbird may be violating both provisions. although he no longer owns the patent and is not a party to the case, the assignment agreement’s terms (specifying payment of only $1) makes it possible that mr. kaufman has a contingency interest in the lawsuit. if that is the case, wouldn’t blackbird be in violation of rule 5.4(a)? similarly, blackbird has moved very quickly since its founding to file lawsuits against a great number of companies 107 complaints since september 2014. so far, none of those cases have gone to trial. we intend to examine whether they have used financial support from non-lawyers to fund the very fast start to their operations in exchange for an impermissible equity interest, or have shared an equity interest with patent holders like mr. kaufmann, either of which would be in violation of rule 5.4(d). in closing we've always advised our customers not to pay threatened ddos attackers' ransom requests but, instead, to mount a real defense. there are a lot of analogies here and we believe it's important to stand up for what is right and against this new breed of patent troll. if you’ve read this far, then you must share cloudflare’s passion on this issue. so join us! write about and talk about these issues. contact your political representatives and ask them to support all the legislative reform efforts that are out there. and most importantly, take some time and join our crowdsourced effort to identify prior art that will invalidate all of the blackbird patents. watch this space. we’re just getting started.

klotz’s* timz pleɪd əˈgɛnst ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz ɔn ˈɛrˌkræft ˈkɛriərz; æt ˈætɪkə kərˈɛkʃənəl fəˈsɪlɪti ɪn ˈəpˈsteɪt nu jɔrk; ɪn ˈmɔˌskaʊ, wɪθ ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈlidər ˌnɪˈkitə ɛs. ˈkrusˌʧɛv ˈlʊkɪŋ ɔn; ənd ɪn ə ˈlɛpər ˈkɑləni ɪn ðə ˈfɪləˌpinz. ðɛr roʊd ʃoʊ ˈvɪzɪtɪd mɔr ðən 100 ˈkəntriz. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ klɑts, hɪz tim bit ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz fər ðə fərst taɪm ɪn ə 1962 geɪm ɪn st*. ˈʤoʊzəf, mɪʧ., soʊ fɑr ɛz ðə əˈfɪʃəl skɔr bʊk hæd ɪt. bət ðə ˈskɔrˌbɔrd ˈɑpərˌeɪtər hæd ˈsəmˌhaʊ mɪst ə fju ˈbæskəts ðə ˈʤɛnərəlz meɪd nɪr ðə ɛnd, klɑts sɛd, ənd ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz wər ˈgɪvɪn ðə ˈvɪktəri. ðɛr wɑz noʊ daʊt əˈbaʊt ðə ˈwɪnɪŋ tim ðə naɪt əv ʤæn. 5 1971 wɪn kləb pleɪd ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv tennessee-martin*. klɑts toʊld əv ˈhɪtɪŋ ə sɛt ʃɑt frəm 20 fit wɪθ ˈsɛkəndz tɪ goʊ tɪ gɪv hɪz tim kɔld ðə nu ˈʤərzi rɛdz æt ðə taɪm ə lɛd. ə ʃɑt baɪ ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtər stɑr ˈmɛdoʊˌlɑrk ˈlɛmən rɪmd aʊt, ənd klɑts ˈdrɪbəld ðə bɔl ənˈtɪl ðə ˈbəzər ˈsaʊndɪd ɪn ə ˈvɪktəri. klɑts ɪz sərˈvaɪvd baɪ hɪz waɪf, ˈglɔriə, hu sɛd ðə kɔz əv hɪz dɛθ wɑz ˈkænsər; hɪz sənz, ʧək, glɛn ənd ˈkɛnɪθ; hɪz ˈdɔtərz, grɔf, ˈkiki sˈmaɪli ənd ˈʤoʊdi fərˈɑri; 12 ˈgrænˌʧɪldrən; ənd naɪn great-grandchildren*. klɑts pleɪd əˈgɛnst ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz ənˈtɪl hi wɑz ɪn hɪz 60s*, wɪn hi wɑz stɪl siɪŋ kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈmɪnəts əv ˈækʃən, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ʤɑn fərˈɑri, wən əv hɪz ˈsənɪnˌlɔ ənd hɪz ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmænɪʤər. klɑts koʊʧt hɪz timz ənˈtɪl 1995 hi tʊk praɪd ɪn biɪŋ ən æmˈbæsədər əv əˈmɛrɪkən ˈbæskətˌbɔl θru ˈklɪnɪks hi hɛlpt ˈkɑndəkt ɪn ˈjʊrəp, ˈæfrɪkɑ ənd ˈeɪʒə. fərˈɑri sɛd ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ ðət wɪl bi noʊ changes”*” ɪn ðə ˈrənɪŋ əv ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən, wɪʧ ɪz ˈpraɪvətli hɛld baɪ ðə klɑts ˈfæməli. ðə wərld ər ˈskɛʤʊld tɪ feɪs ðə ˈgloʊbtrɔtərz ɪn ˈʧaɪnə ˈleɪtər ðɪs mənθ ənd tɪ pleɪ əˈgɛnst ðɛm ɔn ˈoʊvərˈsiz ənd ˈnæʃənəl tʊrz ɪn ðoʊ ðə neɪm fər ðə lɔŋ rən həz jɛt tɪ bi dɪˈtərmənd. ðə globetrotters’*’ ʧif ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv, kərt ʃˈnaɪdər, sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ ðət klɑts wɑz məʧ ə pɑrt əv ðə globetrotters’*’ ˈlɛgəsi ɛz ˈɛniˌwən ˈɛvər əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ðə organization.”*.”

klotz’s teams played against the globetrotters on aircraft carriers; at attica correctional facility in upstate new york; in moscow, with the soviet leader nikita s. khrushchev looking on; and in a leper colony in the philippines. their road show visited more than 100 countries. according to klotz, his team beat the globetrotters for the first time in a 1962 game in st. joseph, mich., so far as the official score book had it. but the scoreboard operator had somehow missed a few baskets the generals made near the end, klotz said, and the globetrotters were given the victory. there was no doubt about the winning team the night of jan. 5, 1971, when klotz’s club played the globetrotters at the university of tennessee-martin. klotz told of hitting a two-handed set shot from 20 feet with seconds to go to give his team called the new jersey reds at the time a one-point lead. a shot by the globetrotter star meadowlark lemon rimmed out, and klotz dribbled the ball until the buzzer sounded in a 100-99 victory. klotz is survived by his wife, gloria, who said the cause of his death was cancer; his sons, chuck, glenn and kenneth; his daughters, ronee groff, kiki smiley and jody ferrari; 12 grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren. klotz played against the globetrotters until he was in his 60s, when he was still seeing considerable minutes of action, according to john ferrari, one of his sons-in-law and his organization’s general manager. klotz coached his teams until 1995. he took pride in being an ambassador of american basketball through clinics he helped conduct in europe, africa and asia. ferrari said in an interview on monday that “there will be no changes” in the running of the organization, which is privately held by the klotz family. the world all-stars are scheduled to face the globetrotters in china later this month and to play against them on overseas and national tours in 2014-15, though the team’s name for the long run has yet to be determined. the globetrotters’ chief executive, kurt schneider, said in a statement on monday that klotz was “as much a part of the globetrotters’ legacy as anyone ever associated with the organization.”

ɛs ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl ˈnuzˌlɛtər ˈɛnər jʊr iˈmeɪl ˈæˌdrɛs pliz ˈɛnər ən iˈmeɪl ˈæˌdrɛs iˈmeɪl ˈæˌdrɛs ɪz ˌɪnˈvæləd fɪl aʊt ðɪs fild iˈmeɪl ˈæˌdrɛs ɪz ˌɪnˈvæləd ju ɔˈrɛdi hæv ən əˈkaʊnt. pliz lɔg ɪn ər ˈrɛʤɪstər wɪθ jʊr ˈsoʊʃəl əˈkaʊnt. ðə raɪz əv trəmp. ðə raɪz əv ɪz. ðə ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈkraɪsəs. ðə ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈkraɪsəs. ðə ˈrɛfjuʤi ˈkraɪsəs. ɪn ðə pæst fju jɪrz hæd tɪ əˈsɪməˌleɪt ə strɪŋ əv ˈɛvər mɔr ˌɛkstrəˈɔrdəˌnɛri ɪˈvɛnts ˈɪntu ɑr ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ əv ðə wərld. haʊ ðɪs bɪˈkeɪm ɑr nu ˌriˈæləˌti ɪz ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt əv, ə fɪlm baɪ kəlt ˈædəm ˈkərtɪs. ɪn hɪz 25 jɪrz ɛz ðə ˌɪnˈhaʊs ˌaɪˈkɑnəˌklæst, ˈkərtɪs həz wən sɪks baftas*, bloʊn ˈkaʊntləs maɪndz ənd ɪnˈreɪʤd ðoʊz ɔn boʊθ ðə lɛft ənd ðə raɪt wɪθ ə ˌʤərnəˈlɪstɪk stæns hi dɪˈskraɪbz ɛz ““post-political”*”. hɪz fɪlmz ər nɑt ˈmɪrli hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌdɑkjəˈmɛnəriz ər ˈbjutəfəl ərˈeɪnʤmənts əv ˈɑrˌkaɪv ˈfʊtɪʤ ənd mˈjuzɪk, ðeɪ ˈɔfər əp ɔlˈtərnətɪv ˈpɛrəˌdaɪmz əv paʊər. ɪn, ˈkərtɪs ˈloʊˌkeɪts ˈgloʊbəl paʊər nɑt ɪn ɑr ˈgəvərnmənts bət ɪn ˈfaɪˌnæns, kəmˈpjutɪŋ ənd ˈmænɪʤmənt. ɪt ɪz ðɪs ˈsɪstəm, hi sɪz, ðət kriˈeɪts ənd meɪnˈteɪnz ɑr sɛns əv disenchantment”*”. ðə sɛns wi hæv ðət θɪŋz kwaɪt raɪt, jɛt əˈneɪbəl tɪ du ˈɛniˌθɪŋ əˈbaʊt ɪt. hi dɪˈskraɪbz haʊ ðɪs ɔl pleɪz aʊt ɪn ðə moʊst ˈgloʊbəl ˈsɪti: ðə ɪn ˈləndən, wət ju si əraʊnd ju ɪz ɔl ðiz nu ˈbɪldɪŋz biɪŋ bɪlt ənd ðeɪ ɔl lʊk ɪgˈzæktli əˈlaɪk. bət wət ju ˈɔlsoʊ noʊ əˈbaʊt ðiz ˈbɪldɪŋz ɪz ðət nən əv ˈjuˈɛs ər ˈɛvər goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ əˈfɔrd tɪ lɪv ɪn ðɛm. ˈæftər ðə ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl kræʃ əv 2008 ðɛr wɑz ə weɪv əv ˈməni ˈkəmɪŋ ˈɪntu ðə ˈsɪti ðət goʊ ˈɪntu ðə stɑk ˈmɑrkɪt, soʊ ɪt wɛnt ˈɪntu ˈprɑpərti ˌɪnˈstɛd. ðiz blɑks ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ər nɑt ˈbɪldɪŋz, blɑks əv money.”*.” wərk goʊ ˈɪntu ən ˈɔfəs. ər ju ʃʊr jʊr ril ʤɑb? ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi juzd tɪ bi beɪst ɔn ˈmeɪkɪŋ θɪŋz. naʊ ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ ðət kips ɪt goʊɪŋ ɪz ˈʃɑpɪŋ. ˈmeɪbi jʊr ril ʤɑb ənd jʊr deɪz ɪn ðə ˈɔfəs, ɪn ðə industries”*”, ər ʤɪst ˌɪnˈvɛntɪd ʤɑbz tɪ gɪv ju ðə ˈməni tɪ goʊ shopping.”*.” ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə ər ɪn ən ˈɔfəs duɪŋ jʊr feɪk ʤɑb bət ˈspɛndɪŋ jʊr taɪm biɪŋ ˈæŋgri ɔn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə. ˈraɪtɪŋ poʊsts seɪɪŋ, ɪz outrageous!’*!’, bət bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈfɪltərz, ðət ˈæŋgər ˈoʊnli goʊz tɪ ˈpipəl hu ɔˈrɛdi əˈgri wɪθ ju, soʊ ˈnəθɪŋ ˈʧeɪnʤɪz. wət dɪz ˈhæpən ɪz ðət ðoʊz ˈæŋgri ˈmɛsɪʤɪz gɪt sɛnt raʊnd ðə ˈsɪstəm mɔr ðən swit ˈlɪtəl ˈmɛsɪʤɪz. ðə fækt ɪz ðət ˈæŋgri ˈpipəl klɪk mɔr ənd klɪks ər goʊld dəst, klɪks ər ðə ˈmɛʒər əv səkˈsɛs fər ɔl ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃənz ənd ˈmidiə ˈplætˌfɔrmz. soʊ ðə mɔr ˈæŋgri ju gɪt, ðə mɔr ju ˈæˌkʧuəli kip ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ˈsteɪbəl. jʊr ˈæŋgər fjuəlz ðoʊz systems.”*.” keɪm. ɪn ðɪs ˈsɪti wi ər sərˈaʊndɪd baɪ ˈʤərnəlɪsts, ˈpipəl hu əˈpɪr ɔn ˈnuzˌnaɪt, ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈprɛzəntərz, ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz, ˈrisərʧərz ənd ˌækəˈdɛmɪks. ðɛr ʤɑb wɑz səˈpoʊzd tɪ bi tɪ tɛl ˈjuˈɛs əˈbaʊt ðə wərld. wət ʃoʊd ɪz ðət ˌæbsəˈlutli nən əv ðɛm hæd ˈɛni aɪˈdiə. geɪv ˈpipəl ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ˈləndən ðɪs bɪg ˈbətən ðət ʤɪst sɛd off”*” ənd, ˈnæʧərəli, ðeɪ prɛst ɪt. deɪ ˈæftər, ˈɪntərˌnɛt ˈæktɪvɪst tɑm ˈstaɪnbərg, ə remainer*, ˈwɔntɪd tɪ noʊ wət ˈpipəl fɛlt bət hi. hi bɪˈkəz ðə ˈfɪltərz ðət wər sɛt əp, ɪn ðɪs səˈpoʊzədli ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk məˈʃin, wər soʊ strong.”*.” ðə raɪz əv trəmp ˈivɪn ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ˈrɪli ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ˈɛni ˈlɔŋgər. ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ðeɪ hæv bɪˈkəm ˈpæntəˌmaɪm ˈfɪgjərz huz ril ʤɑb ɪz tɪ meɪk ˈjuˈɛs ˈæŋgri. trəmp ɪz əˈnəðər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ə bɪt laɪk wi ˌɪnˈvɛnt ðiz ˈsɪmpləˌfaɪd ˈpæntəˌmaɪm ˈvɪlənz. hɪz ˈfəŋkʃən ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli tɪ meɪk ˈlɪˌbərəlz ˈvɛri ˈæŋgri ənd ðət ˈæŋgər, fɑr frəm ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, ʤɪst fjuəlz ðɪs ˈmɑdərn ˈsɪstəm əv ˌmænɪˈʤɪriəl paʊər θru ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə ənd ɔl ðə klɪks ðət goʊ ˈnoʊˌwɛr. klɪk, ʃɛr, goʊ ˈnoʊˌwɛr; ðə ˈmɑtoʊ əv ɑr taɪm. bət ˈmeɪbi ðə ˈpæntəˌmaɪm ˈfɪgjərz ər naʊ ˈrənɪŋ ðə world.”*.” ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən vi ˈdɑnəld trəmp: ˈjuˈɛs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən 70 ʃoʊ ɔl ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən vi ˈdɑnəld trəmp: ˈjuˈɛs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp voʊts æt 59 ɪn nu jɔrk ˈkɑrloʊ juz. ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən fɪlz aʊt hər ˈbælət æt ðə ˈdəgləs ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri skul ɪn, nu jɔrk braɪən ˈtɑpləs ˈproʊˌtɛstərz kɔz kəˈmoʊʃən æt ðə saɪt wɛr rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪz ˈskɛʤʊld tɪ wərk æt 59 ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd æt 233 ist strit ɪn mænˈhætən ˈdeɪli nuz ˈviə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp əraɪvz æt ə ˈpoʊlɪŋ ˈsteɪʃən ɪn nu jɔrk tɪ kæst hɪz ˈbælət ɪn ðə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈrɑbɪn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən əraɪvz tɪ voʊt ɪn ðə juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən æt ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri skul ɪn, nu jɔrk maɪk ə ˈvoʊtər lʊks æt ə ˈsæmpəl ˈbælət ɛz hi weɪts ɪn laɪn æt ə ˈpoʊlɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃən ɪn ˈkænzəs ˈsɪti, məˈzʊri. ˈwɪtni ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈkʊkiz ər ɔn seɪl æt ðə ˈoʊkˌmɑnt ˈbeɪkəri ɪn ˈoʊkˌmɑnt, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ʤɛf ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, ənd hər ˈhəzbənd ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən, liv ðɛr ˈpoʊlɪŋ pleɪs ɪn sɛθ leɪ smɪθ ɪz ðə fərst ˈvoʊtər tɪ kæst ðə ˈbælət ɪn ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən, ɪn ðə smɔl ˈvɪlɪʤ əv ˈdɪksvɪl nɑʧ, nu ˈhæmʃər ərb poʊl ˈwərkərz lʊk ɔn ɛz ˈjuˈɛs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈʤɛsʧərz təˈwɔrdz ðə prɛs ɛz hi voʊts ˈərli æt ðə kʊk ˈkaʊnti ˈɔfəs ˈbɪldɪŋ ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ, ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ʤɪm ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə spiks æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ɪˈvɛnt fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv nu ˈhæmʃər ɪn ˈdʊˈrhæm əˈlis ˈdɑnəld trəmp teɪks ə breɪk frəm ˈspikɪŋ tɪ kəmˈpɛr hɪz feɪs tɪ ə mæsk ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt ðə ˌsɛrəˈsoʊtə ˈfɛrˌgraʊndz ɪn ˌsɛrəˈsoʊtə, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈlɔrən ˈtæmpə beɪ taɪmz ˈviə ˌeɪˈpi ˈleɪdi ˈgɑˌgə spiks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈhəzbənd, ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən teɪk ðə steɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri məˈdɑnə sɪŋz ə sɔŋ ɛz ʃi kæmˈpeɪnz fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈdʊrɪŋ ə səˈpraɪz pərˈfɔrməns æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən skwɛr pɑrk ɪn nu jɔrk mæt mjuˈzɪʃən brus ˈsprɪŋˌstin pərˈfɔrmz æt ən ɪˈlɛkʃən iv ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ˈspɛnsər ˈɪmɪʤɪz səˈpɔrtərz hoʊld saɪnz ənd ə ˈkɑpi əv ðə ˈbaɪbəl ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli fər rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈʧɑrəlz rɪˈpəblɪkən vaɪs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt, ˌɪndiˈænə gəv. maɪk pɛns, spiks tɪ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər bɪl ʤɑn bɑn ˈʤoʊvi ənd ˈleɪdi ˈgɑˌgə pərˈfɔrm ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri mjuˈzɪʃən ʤɑn bɑn ˈʤoʊvi pərˈfɔrmz æt ən ɪˈlɛkʃən iv ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɔn noʊˈvɛmbər ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ˈspɛnsər ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən bɔrdz hər pleɪn æt ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈɛrˌpɔrt ˈbrɛndən ˈɪmɪʤɪz pɑrt əv ə noʊv. 6 2016 ˈlɛtər frəm ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ dɪˈrɛktər ʤeɪmz tɪ ˈkɑŋgrəs ɪz ˈfoʊtəˌgræft ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən. tɛlz ˈkɑŋgrəs ðət ə ˌrivˈju əv nu ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən iˈmeɪlz həz "nɑt ʧeɪnʤd ɑr kənˈkluʒənz" frəm ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr ðət ʃi ʃʊd nɑt feɪs ˈʧɑrʤɪz ʤɑn səˈpɔrtərz əv rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ʧɪr ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈlizbərg ˈɛvən rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp əˈtɛndz ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈdiˌtrɔɪt, ˈmɪʃɪgən ˈkɑrloʊ ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ˈbæskətˌbɔl pleɪər ˈlɛbrən ʤeɪmz ˌɪntrəˈdusɪz juz. ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈklivlənd, oʊˈhaɪoʊ ˈkɑrloʊ ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈɔdiəns hoʊldz ə saɪn ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈstərlɪŋ haɪts, ˈmɪʃɪgən pɔl ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə spiks æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn kɪˈsɪmi. ˈflɔrɪdə ʤɑn ˈsikrɪt ˈsərvɪs ˈeɪʤənts rəʃ rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɔf ðə steɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈrinoʊ ʤɑn ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən smaɪlz ˈhoʊldɪŋ ə mæsk ˈɑnˌbɔrd hər kæmˈpeɪn pleɪn ɔn ˌhæləˈwin ʤuəl ˈɪmɪʤɪz səˈpɔrtərz əv ˈdɑnəld trəmp poʊz wɪθ ə ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈkɛrɪktər ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli æt ðə vəˈniʃən hoʊˈtɛl ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs ʤɑn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ə ˈreɪnˌboʊ flæg ˈgɪvɪn tɪ ɪm baɪ səˈpɔrtər mæks ˈnoʊvæk ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli æt ðə bæŋk əv ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ərˈinə ɔn ðə ˈkæmpəs əv ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈnɔrðərn ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən spiks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ɪˈvɛnt æt ðə ˈmænər ˈkɑmplɛks ɪn ˈwɪltən ˈmænərz, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp pɛt ˈbʊlˌdɔg ɪz dɛkt aʊt ɪn kæmˈpeɪn ˈstɪkərz ˈʤeɪsən connoll*/ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʤɔɪnz ˈʤɛnəfər ˈloʊpɛz æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈkɑnsərt ɪn maɪˈæmi, ˈflɔrɪdə braɪən ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp mˈjʊrəl ˈkəvərɪŋ ə ˈbɪldɪŋ ɪn maɪˈæmi, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, əˈkəmpənid baɪ fərst ˈleɪdi mɪˈʃɛl ˌoʊˈbɑmə, grit səˈpɔrtərz ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ʧək ə kraʊd ˈgæðərz tɪ wɔʧ ɛz ˈdɑnəld trəmps stɑr ɔn ðə ˈhɑliˌwʊd wɔk əv feɪm ɪz klind əp ˈfrɛdrɪk ʤeɪ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən dɪˈlɪvərz ˈbərθˌdeɪ keɪk tɪ rɪˈpɔrtərz ɔn hər kæmˈpeɪn pleɪn ˈʤəstɪn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp wɔks wɪθ ˈwɪmən ɪn taɪmz skwɛr. ðə stənt wɑz ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd baɪ ˈɑrtɪst ˈælɪsən ˈʤæksən dru ˈɪmɪʤɪz rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp həgz ə ðə əˈmɛrɪkən flæg ɛz hi əraɪvz tɪ spik tɪ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈtæmpə ˈɛvən ˈkeɪti ˈpɛri spiks æt ə ˈræli ɪn səˈpɔrt əv ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs ʤɑn ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən weɪvz tɪ ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈɔdiəns ɛz ʃi wɔks ɔf ðə dəˈbeɪt steɪʤ ɛz rɪˈpəblɪkən juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp rɪˈmeɪnz æt hɪz ˈpoʊdiəm ˈæftər ðə kənˈkluʒən əv ðɛr θərd ənd ˈfaɪnəl 2016 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl kæmˈpeɪn dəˈbeɪt æt ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs, nəˈvɑdə maɪk ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl fænz wɛr ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən mæsks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə geɪm bɪtˈwin ðə nu jɔrk ʤɛts ənd ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz nɔrm ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ə ʧaɪld ˌɑnˈsteɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn grin beɪ, wɪˈskɑnsən ˈʤɑnəθən ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən (keɪt məˈkɪnən) ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp (ˈælɪk ˈbɔldwən) teɪk ɔn ðə 'taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt koʊld ˈoʊpən' ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʧæts tɪ ˈɛlən dɪʤɪˈnɛrɛs ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kəˈmərʃəl breɪk ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈfɪlmɪŋ əv ðə ˈɛlən ʃoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp θimd ˈfɔrʧən ˈtɛlɪŋ məˈʃin stændz ɔn ðə strit ɪn kəˈləmbəs ˈsərkəl ɪn nu jɔrk ˈlukəs rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈkɪsɪz ə "ˈwɪmən fər trəmp" ˈplækərd ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt ðə ˈleɪklənd ˈlɪndər ˈriʤənəl ˈɛrˌpɔrt ɪn ˈleɪklənd, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈmændəl ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈkɛvɪn leɪk əv ˈʤɛfərsən, ˈaɪəwə, wɛrz ə wɔl ˈaʊtˌfɪt ɪn ˈɑnər əv ˈdɑnəld trəmps plɛʤ tɪ bɪld ə wɔl əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ˈbɔrdər skɑt ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ˈhəntər ˈtərpək, hu ɪz drɛst ɛz trəmp, ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt sən ərˈinə ˈkrɪstəfər citizensí*í vɔɪs ˈviə ˌeɪˈpi ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti sɔl ˈɪmɪʤɪz kɛn boʊn faʊnd hɪmˈsɛlf goʊɪŋ ˈvaɪrəl ˈæftər hɪz kˈwɛʃən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmps ˈdɔtərzɪnˌlɔ ˈlɑrə trəmp ənd vəˈnɛsə trəmp ənd ˈdɔtər ˈtɪfəni trəmp skɑt ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp liv ðə steɪʤ ˈæftər ðə fərst ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈhɑfstrə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ˈhɛmpstɛd, nu jɔrk ˈtɪməθi ə. ˈɪmɪʤɪz (ɛl) ənd (si) trəmp sɪt nɛkst tɪ rɪˈpəblɪkən vaɪs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈgəvərnər maɪk pɛns əˈhɛd əv ðə fərst dəˈbeɪt bɪtˈwin ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʤoʊ ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʃeɪks hænz wɪθ ˈhəzbənd ənd ˈfɔrmər juz. ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən ˈæftər ðə fərst ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl dəˈbeɪt ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp wɪθ waɪf trəmp, trəmp, ˈdɑnəld trəmp waɪf vəˈnɛsə trəmp, ˈɛrɪk trəmps waɪf ˈlɑrə yunaska*, ənd ˈɛrɪk trəmp pɔl ʤeɪ. ˈjuˈɛs ˈæktrəsɪz ˈlinə ˈdənəm ənd əˈmɛrɪkə fɛˈrɛrə spik æt ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən æt ðə wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈsɛnər ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə ˈpitər ˈælɪk ˈbɔldwən ɛz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən əˈtɛmpts tɪ ˈoʊpən ə ˈpɪkəl ʤɑr ɔn ˈʤɪmi ˈkɪməl lɪv! ˈændi ˈdɑnəld trəmp grits səˈpɔrtərz æt ə ˈræli æt ˈsteɪdiəm mɑrk ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɛnɪs ˈlɪri ənd ʤeɪmz ɔn ðə leɪt leɪt ʃoʊ ˈsiˌbiˌɛs ˈdɑnəld trəmp riækts tɪ ðə kraɪz əv ˈkɛlən ˈkæmbəl, əv ˈdɛnvər, raɪt, waɪl ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈɛvəlɪn kin, əv ˈkeɪstəl rɑk, ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz bɪl ɔn ðə ˈfaɪnəl naɪt əv ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə maɪk əˈlɪʃə kiz pərˈfɔrmz æt hi ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ʃɔn ˈmɛrəl strip æt ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən æt ðə wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈsɛnər ˈæləks ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp həgz hɪz ˈdɔtər trəmp æt ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ɪn ˈklivlənd ˈbrɛndən ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈsɛrə ˈpælɪn ɛnˈdɔrsɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmps rən fər ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈneɪʃən ˈɛrən pi. ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn stɑp ɔn ðə ˈkæmpəs əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈsɛntrəl ˈflɔrɪdə ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp voʊts æt 59 ɪn nu jɔrk ˈkɑrloʊ juz. ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən fɪlz aʊt hər ˈbælət æt ðə ˈdəgləs ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri skul ɪn, nu jɔrk braɪən ˈtɑpləs ˈproʊˌtɛstərz kɔz kəˈmoʊʃən æt ðə saɪt wɛr rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪz ˈskɛʤʊld tɪ wərk æt 59 ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd æt 233 ist strit ɪn mænˈhætən ˈdeɪli nuz ˈviə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp əraɪvz æt ə ˈpoʊlɪŋ ˈsteɪʃən ɪn nu jɔrk tɪ kæst hɪz ˈbælət ɪn ðə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈrɑbɪn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən əraɪvz tɪ voʊt ɪn ðə juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən æt ˌɛləˈmɛnʧri skul ɪn, nu jɔrk maɪk ə ˈvoʊtər lʊks æt ə ˈsæmpəl ˈbælət ɛz hi weɪts ɪn laɪn æt ə ˈpoʊlɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃən ɪn ˈkænzəs ˈsɪti, məˈzʊri. ˈwɪtni ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈkʊkiz ər ɔn seɪl æt ðə ˈoʊkˌmɑnt ˈbeɪkəri ɪn ˈoʊkˌmɑnt, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ʤɛf ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, ənd hər ˈhəzbənd ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən, liv ðɛr ˈpoʊlɪŋ pleɪs ɪn sɛθ leɪ smɪθ ɪz ðə fərst ˈvoʊtər tɪ kæst ðə ˈbælət ɪn ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən, ɪn ðə smɔl ˈvɪlɪʤ əv ˈdɪksvɪl nɑʧ, nu ˈhæmʃər ərb poʊl ˈwərkərz lʊk ɔn ɛz ˈjuˈɛs ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈʤɛsʧərz təˈwɔrdz ðə prɛs ɛz hi voʊts ˈərli æt ðə kʊk ˈkaʊnti ˈɔfəs ˈbɪldɪŋ ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ, ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ʤɪm ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə spiks æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ɪˈvɛnt fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv nu ˈhæmʃər ɪn ˈdʊˈrhæm əˈlis ˈdɑnəld trəmp teɪks ə breɪk frəm ˈspikɪŋ tɪ kəmˈpɛr hɪz feɪs tɪ ə mæsk ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt ðə ˌsɛrəˈsoʊtə ˈfɛrˌgraʊndz ɪn ˌsɛrəˈsoʊtə, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈlɔrən ˈtæmpə beɪ taɪmz ˈviə ˌeɪˈpi ˈleɪdi ˈgɑˌgə spiks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈhəzbənd, ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən teɪk ðə steɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri məˈdɑnə sɪŋz ə sɔŋ ɛz ʃi kæmˈpeɪnz fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈdʊrɪŋ ə səˈpraɪz pərˈfɔrməns æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən skwɛr pɑrk ɪn nu jɔrk mæt mjuˈzɪʃən brus ˈsprɪŋˌstin pərˈfɔrmz æt ən ɪˈlɛkʃən iv ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ˈspɛnsər ˈɪmɪʤɪz səˈpɔrtərz hoʊld saɪnz ənd ə ˈkɑpi əv ðə ˈbaɪbəl ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli fər rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈʧɑrəlz rɪˈpəblɪkən vaɪs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt, ˌɪndiˈænə gəv. maɪk pɛns, spiks tɪ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər bɪl ʤɑn bɑn ˈʤoʊvi ənd ˈleɪdi ˈgɑˌgə pərˈfɔrm ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈrɔli ˈʤɛri mjuˈzɪʃən ʤɑn bɑn ˈʤoʊvi pərˈfɔrmz æt ən ɪˈlɛkʃən iv ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈfɔrmər ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɔn noʊˈvɛmbər ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə ˈspɛnsər ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən bɔrdz hər pleɪn æt ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈɛrˌpɔrt ˈbrɛndən ˈɪmɪʤɪz pɑrt əv ə noʊv. 6 2016 ˈlɛtər frəm ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ dɪˈrɛktər ʤeɪmz tɪ ˈkɑŋgrəs ɪz ˈfoʊtəˌgræft ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən. tɛlz ˈkɑŋgrəs ðət ə ˌrivˈju əv nu ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən iˈmeɪlz həz "nɑt ʧeɪnʤd ɑr kənˈkluʒənz" frəm ˈərliər ðɪs jɪr ðət ʃi ʃʊd nɑt feɪs ˈʧɑrʤɪz ʤɑn səˈpɔrtərz əv rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ʧɪr ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈlizbərg ˈɛvən rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp əˈtɛndz ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈdiˌtrɔɪt, ˈmɪʃɪgən ˈkɑrloʊ ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ˈbæskətˌbɔl pleɪər ˈlɛbrən ʤeɪmz ˌɪntrəˈdusɪz juz. ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈklivlənd, oʊˈhaɪoʊ ˈkɑrloʊ ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈɔdiəns hoʊldz ə saɪn ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɪn ˈstərlɪŋ haɪts, ˈmɪʃɪgən pɔl ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə spiks æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli fər ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn kɪˈsɪmi. ˈflɔrɪdə ʤɑn ˈsikrɪt ˈsərvɪs ˈeɪʤənts rəʃ rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɔf ðə steɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈrinoʊ ʤɑn ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən smaɪlz ˈhoʊldɪŋ ə mæsk ˈɑnˌbɔrd hər kæmˈpeɪn pleɪn ɔn ˌhæləˈwin ʤuəl ˈɪmɪʤɪz səˈpɔrtərz əv ˈdɑnəld trəmp poʊz wɪθ ə ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ˈkɛrɪktər ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli æt ðə vəˈniʃən hoʊˈtɛl ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs ʤɑn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ə ˈreɪnˌboʊ flæg ˈgɪvɪn tɪ ɪm baɪ səˈpɔrtər mæks ˈnoʊvæk ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli æt ðə bæŋk əv ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ərˈinə ɔn ðə ˈkæmpəs əv ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈnɔrðərn ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən spiks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ɪˈvɛnt æt ðə ˈmænər ˈkɑmplɛks ɪn ˈwɪltən ˈmænərz, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈgɛti ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp pɛt ˈbʊlˌdɔg ɪz dɛkt aʊt ɪn kæmˈpeɪn ˈstɪkərz ˈʤeɪsən connoll*/ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʤɔɪnz ˈʤɛnəfər ˈloʊpɛz æt ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈkɑnsərt ɪn maɪˈæmi, ˈflɔrɪdə braɪən ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp mˈjʊrəl ˈkəvərɪŋ ə ˈbɪldɪŋ ɪn maɪˈæmi, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən, əˈkəmpənid baɪ fərst ˈleɪdi mɪˈʃɛl ˌoʊˈbɑmə, grit səˈpɔrtərz ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ʧək ə kraʊd ˈgæðərz tɪ wɔʧ ɛz ˈdɑnəld trəmps stɑr ɔn ðə ˈhɑliˌwʊd wɔk əv feɪm ɪz klind əp ˈfrɛdrɪk ʤeɪ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən dɪˈlɪvərz ˈbərθˌdeɪ keɪk tɪ rɪˈpɔrtərz ɔn hər kæmˈpeɪn pleɪn ˈʤəstɪn ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp wɔks wɪθ ˈwɪmən ɪn taɪmz skwɛr. ðə stənt wɑz ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd baɪ ˈɑrtɪst ˈælɪsən ˈʤæksən dru ˈɪmɪʤɪz rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp həgz ə ðə əˈmɛrɪkən flæg ɛz hi əraɪvz tɪ spik tɪ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn ˈtæmpə ˈɛvən ˈkeɪti ˈpɛri spiks æt ə ˈræli ɪn səˈpɔrt əv ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs ʤɑn ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən weɪvz tɪ ə ˈmɛmbər əv ðə ˈɔdiəns ɛz ʃi wɔks ɔf ðə dəˈbeɪt steɪʤ ɛz rɪˈpəblɪkən juz. ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp rɪˈmeɪnz æt hɪz ˈpoʊdiəm ˈæftər ðə kənˈkluʒən əv ðɛr θərd ənd ˈfaɪnəl 2016 ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl kæmˈpeɪn dəˈbeɪt æt ɪn ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈveɪgəs, nəˈvɑdə maɪk ˈɛˌnɛˈfɛl fænz wɛr ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən mæsks ˈdʊrɪŋ ə geɪm bɪtˈwin ðə nu jɔrk ʤɛts ənd ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə ˈkɑrdɪnəlz nɔrm ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ə ʧaɪld ˌɑnˈsteɪʤ ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ɪn grin beɪ, wɪˈskɑnsən ˈʤɑnəθən ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən (keɪt məˈkɪnən) ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp (ˈælɪk ˈbɔldwən) teɪk ɔn ðə 'taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt koʊld ˈoʊpən' ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʧæts tɪ ˈɛlən dɪʤɪˈnɛrɛs ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kəˈmərʃəl breɪk ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈfɪlmɪŋ əv ðə ˈɛlən ʃoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ə ˈdɑnəld trəmp θimd ˈfɔrʧən ˈtɛlɪŋ məˈʃin stændz ɔn ðə strit ɪn kəˈləmbəs ˈsərkəl ɪn nu jɔrk ˈlukəs rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈkɪsɪz ə "ˈwɪmən fər trəmp" ˈplækərd ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt ðə ˈleɪklənd ˈlɪndər ˈriʤənəl ˈɛrˌpɔrt ɪn ˈleɪklənd, ˈflɔrɪdə ˈmændəl ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈkɛvɪn leɪk əv ˈʤɛfərsən, ˈaɪəwə, wɛrz ə wɔl ˈaʊtˌfɪt ɪn ˈɑnər əv ˈdɑnəld trəmps plɛʤ tɪ bɪld ə wɔl əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ˈbɔrdər skɑt ˈdɑnəld trəmp hoʊldz ˈhəntər ˈtərpək, hu ɪz drɛst ɛz trəmp, ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈræli æt sən ərˈinə ˈkrɪstəfər citizensí*í vɔɪs ˈviə ˌeɪˈpi ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti sɔl ˈɪmɪʤɪz kɛn boʊn faʊnd hɪmˈsɛlf goʊɪŋ ˈvaɪrəl ˈæftər hɪz kˈwɛʃən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə taʊn hɔl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ʧɪp ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmps ˈdɔtərzɪnˌlɔ ˈlɑrə trəmp ənd vəˈnɛsə trəmp ənd ˈdɔtər ˈtɪfəni trəmp skɑt ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp liv ðə steɪʤ ˈæftər ðə fərst ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl dəˈbeɪt æt ˈhɑfstrə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ˈhɛmpstɛd, nu jɔrk ˈtɪməθi ə. ˈɪmɪʤɪz (ɛl) ənd (si) trəmp sɪt nɛkst tɪ rɪˈpəblɪkən vaɪs ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈgəvərnər maɪk pɛns əˈhɛd əv ðə fərst dəˈbeɪt bɪtˈwin ˈdɑnəld trəmp ənd ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʤoʊ ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ʃeɪks hænz wɪθ ˈhəzbənd ənd ˈfɔrmər juz. ˈprɛzɪdənt bɪl ˈklɪntən ˈæftər ðə fərst ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl dəˈbeɪt ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp wɪθ waɪf trəmp, trəmp, ˈdɑnəld trəmp waɪf vəˈnɛsə trəmp, ˈɛrɪk trəmps waɪf ˈlɑrə yunaska*, ənd ˈɛrɪk trəmp pɔl ʤeɪ. ˈjuˈɛs ˈæktrəsɪz ˈlinə ˈdənəm ənd əˈmɛrɪkə fɛˈrɛrə spik æt ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən æt ðə wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈsɛnər ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə ˈpitər ˈælɪk ˈbɔldwən ɛz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt lɪv ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən əˈtɛmpts tɪ ˈoʊpən ə ˈpɪkəl ʤɑr ɔn ˈʤɪmi ˈkɪməl lɪv! ˈændi ˈdɑnəld trəmp grits səˈpɔrtərz æt ə ˈræli æt ˈsteɪdiəm mɑrk ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɛnɪs ˈlɪri ənd ʤeɪmz ɔn ðə leɪt leɪt ʃoʊ ˈsiˌbiˌɛs ˈdɑnəld trəmp riækts tɪ ðə kraɪz əv ˈkɛlən ˈkæmbəl, əv ˈdɛnvər, raɪt, waɪl ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈɛvəlɪn kin, əv ˈkeɪstəl rɑk, ˌkɑlərˈɑdoʊ ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz bɪl ɔn ðə ˈfaɪnəl naɪt əv ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ɪn ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə maɪk əˈlɪʃə kiz pərˈfɔrmz æt hi ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ʃɔn ˈmɛrəl strip æt ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən æt ðə wɛlz ˈfɑrˌgoʊ ˈsɛnər ˈæləks ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp həgz hɪz ˈdɔtər trəmp æt ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈnæʃənəl kənˈvɛnʃən ɪn ˈklivlənd ˈbrɛndən ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈsɛrə ˈpælɪn ɛnˈdɔrsɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmps rən fər ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈneɪʃən ˈɛrən pi. ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈdʊrɪŋ ə kæmˈpeɪn stɑp ɔn ðə ˈkæmpəs əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈsɛntrəl ˈflɔrɪdə ʤoʊ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ki θɪŋ əˈbaʊt kul ɪz ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪnˈgeɪʤd ˈplɪtɪkli wɪθ grups əv ˈəðər ˈpipəl tɪ hum ju hæv tɪ sərˈɛndər jʊr aɪˈdɛntəˌti, wi ˈwɔntɪd tɪ bi ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz. lʊk æt ðə ˈsɛvəntiz ənd ˈeɪtiz, ju hæd ðə raɪz əv ˈrædɪkəl ɑrt, mˈjuzɪk ənd ˈkəlʧər. ˈsəmˌwɛr ɪn ðə ˈnaɪntiz, ðə ˈpɑləˌtɪks drɑpt əˈweɪ ˌɔltəˈgɛðər ənd ju wər lɛft wɪθ ðə aɪˈrɑnɪk, kul ˈdɪstəns, ðə ‘‘whateva’*’. kul ˈaɪrəni ərˈɪʤənəli hæd ə pəˈlɪtɪkəl æˈnælɪsɪs ðət sɛd, frəm ðɪs ənd ˈlʊkɪŋ æt it’*’. ðɛn ɪt ʤɪst bɪˈkeɪm detached’*’. ðə hoʊl pɔɪnt əˈbaʊt ðə ‘‘normcore’*’ trɛnd, fər ˈɪnstəns, ɪz ðət priˈtɛndɪŋ tɪ bi ˈnɔrməl, bət ju hæv tɪ sɛnd aʊt ˈsɪgnəlz ðət nɑt ˈrɪli ˈnɔrməl. priˈtɛndɪŋ nɑt tɪ bi ˈnɔrməl həz ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈkəm ˈnɔrməl. ər ˈrəðər hypernormal.”*.” ˈproʊˌtɛst grups noʊ ðɛr ɪz ðɪs ˌɪnɪkˈwɑləti bæd, ˈpipəl noʊ ðɛr ɪz kərˈəpʃən, bət wɪn ðeɪ traɪ tɪ ˈproʊˌtɛst əˈgɛnst ɪt, ðət ˈɔlˌweɪz simz tɪ feɪl. lʊk æt ˈɑkjəˌpaɪ ˈləndən. ðeɪ hæd ˈiˌmoʊʃənəl ˈɪmpətəs ənd səˈpɔrt weɪ bɪɔnd ðə ˈnɔrməl ˈrædɪkəl ˈmuvmənts ənd ðeɪ blu ɪt bɪˈkəz ðeɪ hæv ən aɪˈdiə əv ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv wərld. ðeɪ θɔt ðeɪ wər aʊtˈsaɪdərz əˈtækɪŋ ðə ˈsɪstəm bət ˈæˌkʧuəli ðeɪ wər əˈdɑptɪŋ ɪts ˈvɛri aɪˈdiəz. ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ tɪ gɪt ə ʧeɪnʤ ɪz tɪ pʊl bæk ənd si ðə ˈsɪstəm fər wət ɪt ɪz. ənd wət ðət ˈsɪstəm ɪz traɪɪŋ tɪ du ɪz ˈdɛspərətli kip θɪŋz ˈsteɪbəl, kip θɪŋz ɛz ðeɪ ər. bət ɪn ə daɪˈnæmɪk wərld ju du ðət ənd wət wi fil təˈdeɪ ɛz ɑd, ənˈril ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz feɪk ər ˈrɪli ðə kræks bɪˈgɪnɪŋ tɪ ʃoʊ ðoʊ. ʧeɪnʤ ɪz ˈtɛrəˌfaɪɪŋ bət ˈɔlsoʊ θˈrɪlɪŋ. ðə fərst ˈpərsən hu kəmz əˈlɔŋ ənd græbz ðət ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ teɪk ˈjuˈɛs ˈsəmˌwɛr else.”*.” ˈfɑloʊ ˈɛlən i ʤoʊnz ɔn tˈwɪtər: wɪl prɛˈmɪr ɔn ˌbibiˈsi æt ɔn ˈsənˌdi

es lifestyle newsletter enter your email address please enter an email address email address is invalid fill out this field email address is invalid you already have an account. please log in or register with your social account brexit. the rise of trump. the rise of is. the financial crisis. the housing crisis. the refugee crisis. in the past few years we’ve had to assimilate a string of ever more extraordinary events into our understanding of the world. how this surreality became our new reality is the subject of hypernormalisation, a film by cult documentary-maker adam curtis. in his 25 years as the bbc’s in-house iconoclast, curtis has won six baftas, blown countless minds and enraged those on both the left and the right with a journalistic stance he describes as “post-political”. his films are not merely historical documentaries or beautiful arrangements of archive footage and music, they offer up alternative paradigms of power. in hypernormalisation, curtis locates global power not in our governments but in finance, computing and management. it is this system, he says, that creates and maintains our sense of “transparent disenchantment”. the sense we have that things quite right, yet we’re unable to do anything about it. he describes how this all plays out in the most global city: the cityscape “if you’re in london, what you see around you is all these new buildings being built and they all look exactly alike. but what you also know about these buildings is that none of us are ever going to be able to afford to live in them. after the financial crash of 2008 there was a wave of money coming into the city that couldn’t go into the stock market, so it went into property instead. these blocks you’re actually looking at are not buildings, blocks of money.” work “you go into an office. are you sure your real job? the economy used to be based on making things. now the only thing that keeps it going is shopping. maybe your real job and your days in the office, in the “service industries”, are just invented jobs to give you the money to go shopping.” social media “you are in an office doing your fake job but you’re spending your time being angry on social media. you’re writing posts saying, ‘this is outrageous!’, but because of the filters, that anger only goes to people who already agree with you, so nothing changes. what does happen is that those angry messages get sent round the system more than sweet little messages. the fact is that angry people click more and clicks are gold dust, clicks are the measure of success for all corporations and media platforms. so the more angry you get, the more you actually keep everything stable. your anger fuels those systems.” brexit “then came brexit. in this city we are surrounded by journalists, think-tank people who appear on newsnight, television presenters, politicians, researchers and academics. their job was supposed to be to tell us about the world. what brexit showed is that absolutely none of them had any idea. brexit gave people outside of london this big button that just said “f*ck off” and, naturally, they pressed it. “the day after brexit, internet activist tom steinberg, a remainer, wanted to know what brexit people felt but he couldn’t. he couldn’t because the filters that were set up, in this supposedly democratic knowledge-gathering machine, were so strong.” the rise of trump “maybe even politicians really politicians any longer. increasingly they have become pantomime figures whose real job is to make us angry. trump is another example, a bit like gaddafi we invent these simplified pantomime villains. his function is actually to make liberals very angry and that anger, far from changing anything, just fuels this modern system of managerial power through social media and all the clicks that go nowhere. click, share, go nowhere; the motto of our time. but maybe the pantomime figures are now running the world.” hillary clinton v donald trump: us presidential election 70 show all hillary clinton v donald trump: us presidential election 1/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump votes at ps 59 in new york carlo allegri/reuters 2/70 u.s. democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton fills out her ballot at the douglas grafflin elementary school in chappaqua, new york brian snyder/reuters 3/70 topless protestors cause commotion at the site where republican presidential candidate donald trump is scheduled to work at ps 59 located at 233 east 56th street in manhattan ny daily news via getty images 4/70 republician presidential nominee donald trump arrives at a polling station in new york to cast his ballot in the presidential election robyn beck/afp/getty images 5/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton arrives to vote in the u.s. presidential election at grafflin elementary school in chappaqua, new york mike segar/reuters 6/70 a voter looks at a sample ballot as he waits in line at a polling location in kansas city, missouri. whitney curtis/getty images 7/70 donald trump and hillary clinton cookies are on sale at the oakmont bakery in oakmont, pennsylvania jeff swensen/getty images 8/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton, and her husband former president bill clinton, leave their polling place in chappaqua seth wenig/ap 9/70 lay smith is the first voter to cast the ballot in the us presidential election, in the small village of dixville notch, new hampshire herb swanson/epa 10/70 poll workers look on as us president barack obama gestures towards the press as he votes early at the cook county office building in chicago, illinois jim watson/afp/getty images 11/70 president barack obama speaks at a campaign event for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton at the university of new hampshire in durham elise amendola/ap 12/70 donald trump takes a break from speaking to compare his face to a mask during a rally at the sarasota fairgrounds in sarasota, florida loren elliott/the tampa bay times via ap 13/70 lady gaga speaks during a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in raleigh gerry broome/ap 14/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton and husband, former president bill clinton take the stage during a campaign rally in raleigh gerry broome/ap 15/70 madonna sings a song as she campaigns for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton during a surprise performance at washington square park in new york matt rourke/ap 16/70 musician bruce springsteen performs at an election eve rally for democratic presidential nominee former secretary of state hillary clinton in philadelphia, pennsylvania spencer platt/getty images 17/70 supporters hold signs and a copy of the bible during a rally for republican presidential candidate donald trump in manchester charles krupa/ap 18/70 republican vice presidential candidate, indiana gov. mike pence, speaks to a campaign rally before the arrival of republican presidential candidate donald trump in manchester bill sikes/ap 19/70 jon bon jovi and lady gaga perform during a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in raleigh gerry broome/ap 20/70 musician jon bon jovi performs at an election eve rally for democratic presidential nominee former secretary of state hillary clinton on november in philadelphia, pennsylvania spencer platt/getty images 21/70 democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton boards her plane at philadelphia international airport brendan smialowski/afp/getty images 22/70 part of a nov. 6, 2016, letter from fbi director james comey to congress is photographed in washington. comey tells congress that a review of new hillary clinton emails has "not changed our conclusions" from earlier this year that she should not face charges jon elswick/ap 23/70 supporters of republican presidential candidate donald trump cheer during a campaign rally in leesburg evan vucci/ap 24/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump attends a campaign rally in detroit, michigan carlo allegri/reuters 25/70 nba basketball player lebron james introduces u.s. democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton during a campaign rally in cleveland, ohio carlo allegri/reuters 26/70 a member of the audience holds a sign during a campaign rally for republican presidential candidate donald trump in sterling heights, , michigan paul sancya/ap 27/70 president barack obama speaks at a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in kissimmee. florida john raoux/ap 28/70 secret service agents rush republican presidential candidate donald trump off the stage during a campaign rally in reno john locher/ap 29/70 hillary clinton smiles holding a mask onboard her campaign plane on halloween jewel samad/afp/getty images 30/70 supporters of donald trump pose with a hillary clinton character during a campaign rally at the venetian hotel in las vegas john gurzinski/afp/getty images 31/70 donald trump holds a rainbow flag given to him by supporter max nowak during a campaign rally at the bank of colorado arena on the campus of university of northern colorado chip somodevilla/getty images 32/70 hillary clinton speaks during a campaign event at the manor complex in wilton manors, florida getty images 33/70 a donald trump supporter's pet bulldog is decked out in campaign stickers jason connoll/ afp/getty images 34/70 hillary clinton joins jennifer lopez at a campaign concert in miami, florida brian snyder/reuters 35/70 a donald trump mural covering a building in miami, florida rhona wiseafp/getty images 36/70 hillary clinton, accompanied by first lady michelle obama, greet supporters during a campaign rally in winston-salem chuck burton/ap 37/70 a crowd gathers to watch as donald trump's vandalised star on the hollywood walk of fame is cleaned up frederic j brown/afp/getty images 38/70 hillary clinton delivers birthday cake to reporters on her campaign plane justin sullivan/getty images 39/70 a donald trump look-a-like walks with bikini-clad women in times square. the stunt was organized by artist alison jackson drew angerer/getty images 40/70 republican presidential candidate donald trump hugs a the american flag as he arrives to speak to a campaign rally in tampa evan vucci/ap 41/70 katy perry speaks at a rally in support of democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton in las vegas john locher/ap 42/70 democratic u.s. presidential nominee hillary clinton waves to a member of the audience as she walks off the debate stage as republican u.s. presidential nominee donald trump remains at his podium after the conclusion of their third and final 2016 presidential campaign debate at unlv in las vegas, nevada mike blake/reuters 43/70 nfl fans wear donald trump and hillary clinton masks during a game between the new york jets and arizona cardinals norm hall/getty images 44/70 donald trump holds a child onstage during a campaign rally in green bay, wisconsin jonathanst/reuters 45/70 hillary clinton (kate mckinnon) and donald trump (alec baldwin) take on the 'town hall debate cold open' on snl saturday night live 46/70 hillary clinton chats to ellen degeneres during a commercial break during the filming of the ellen show brenan smialowski/afp/getty images 47/70 a donald trump themed fortune telling machine stands on the street in columbus circle in new york lucas jackson/reuters 48/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump kisses a "women for trump" placard during a rally at the lakeland linder regional airport in lakeland, florida mandel ngan/afp/getty images 49/70 hillary clinton and donald trump during the town hall debate at washington university chip somodevilla/getty images 50/70 kevin lake of jefferson, iowa, wears a wall outfit in honour of donald trump's pledge to build a wall along the mexico border scott morgan/reuters 51/70 donald trump holds two-year-old hunter tirpak, who is dressed as trump, during a rally at mohegan sun arena christopher dolan/the citizensí voice via ap 52/70 hillary clinton and donald trump during the town hall debate at washington university saul loeb-pool/getty images 53/70 ken bone found himself going viral after his attention-grabbing question during the town hall debate at washington university chip somodevilla/getty images 54/70 donald trump's daughters-in-law lara trump and vanessa trump and daughter tiffany trump scott olson/getty images 55/70 hillary clinton and donald trump leave the stage after the first presidential debate at hofstra university in hempstead, new york timothy a. clary/afp/getty images 56/70 melania (l) and ivanka (c) trump sit next to republican vice presidential nominee governor mike pence ahead of the first debate between donald trump and hillary clinton joe raedle/pool/reuters 57/70 hillary clinton shakes hands with husband and former u.s. president bill clinton after the first presidential debate joe raedle/getty images 58/70 donald trump with wife melania trump, ivanka trump, donald trump jr.'s wife vanessa trump, eric trumps wife lara yunaska, and eric trump paul j. richards/afp 59/70 us actresses lena dunham and america ferrera speak at the democratic national convention at the wells fargo center in philadelphia peter foley/epa 60/70 alec baldwin as donald trump on saturday night live saturday night live 61/70 hillary clinton attempts to open a pickle jar on jimmy kimmel live! andy holmes/abc 62/70 donald trump greets supporters at a rally at ladd-peebles stadium mark wallheiser/getty images 63/70 denis leary and james corden on the late late show cbs 64/70 donald trump reacts to the cries of three-month-old kellen campbell, of denver, right, while holding six-month-old evelyn keane, of castel rock, colorado joe mahoney/getty images 65/70 bill clintonon on the final night of the democratic national convention in philadelphia, pennsylvania mike segar/reuters 66/70 alicia keys performs at he democratic national convention shawn thew/epa 67/70 meryl streep at the democratic national convention at the wells fargo center alex wong/getty images 68/70 donald trump hugs his daughter ivanka trump at the republican national convention in cleveland brendan smialowski/afp/getty images 69/70 sarah palin endorses donald trump's run for the republican presidential nomination aaron p. bernstein/getty images 70/70 donald trump during a campaign stop on the campus of the university of central florida joe raedle/getty images 1/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump votes at ps 59 in new york carlo allegri/reuters 2/70 u.s. democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton fills out her ballot at the douglas grafflin elementary school in chappaqua, new york brian snyder/reuters 3/70 topless protestors cause commotion at the site where republican presidential candidate donald trump is scheduled to work at ps 59 located at 233 east 56th street in manhattan ny daily news via getty images 4/70 republician presidential nominee donald trump arrives at a polling station in new york to cast his ballot in the presidential election robyn beck/afp/getty images 5/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton arrives to vote in the u.s. presidential election at grafflin elementary school in chappaqua, new york mike segar/reuters 6/70 a voter looks at a sample ballot as he waits in line at a polling location in kansas city, missouri. whitney curtis/getty images 7/70 donald trump and hillary clinton cookies are on sale at the oakmont bakery in oakmont, pennsylvania jeff swensen/getty images 8/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton, and her husband former president bill clinton, leave their polling place in chappaqua seth wenig/ap 9/70 lay smith is the first voter to cast the ballot in the us presidential election, in the small village of dixville notch, new hampshire herb swanson/epa 10/70 poll workers look on as us president barack obama gestures towards the press as he votes early at the cook county office building in chicago, illinois jim watson/afp/getty images 11/70 president barack obama speaks at a campaign event for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton at the university of new hampshire in durham elise amendola/ap 12/70 donald trump takes a break from speaking to compare his face to a mask during a rally at the sarasota fairgrounds in sarasota, florida loren elliott/the tampa bay times via ap 13/70 lady gaga speaks during a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in raleigh gerry broome/ap 14/70 democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton and husband, former president bill clinton take the stage during a campaign rally in raleigh gerry broome/ap 15/70 madonna sings a song as she campaigns for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton during a surprise performance at washington square park in new york matt rourke/ap 16/70 musician bruce springsteen performs at an election eve rally for democratic presidential nominee former secretary of state hillary clinton in philadelphia, pennsylvania spencer platt/getty images 17/70 supporters hold signs and a copy of the bible during a rally for republican presidential candidate donald trump in manchester charles krupa/ap 18/70 republican vice presidential candidate, indiana gov. mike pence, speaks to a campaign rally before the arrival of republican presidential candidate donald trump in manchester bill sikes/ap 19/70 jon bon jovi and lady gaga perform during a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in raleigh gerry broome/ap 20/70 musician jon bon jovi performs at an election eve rally for democratic presidential nominee former secretary of state hillary clinton on november in philadelphia, pennsylvania spencer platt/getty images 21/70 democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton boards her plane at philadelphia international airport brendan smialowski/afp/getty images 22/70 part of a nov. 6, 2016, letter from fbi director james comey to congress is photographed in washington. comey tells congress that a review of new hillary clinton emails has "not changed our conclusions" from earlier this year that she should not face charges jon elswick/ap 23/70 supporters of republican presidential candidate donald trump cheer during a campaign rally in leesburg evan vucci/ap 24/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump attends a campaign rally in detroit, michigan carlo allegri/reuters 25/70 nba basketball player lebron james introduces u.s. democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton during a campaign rally in cleveland, ohio carlo allegri/reuters 26/70 a member of the audience holds a sign during a campaign rally for republican presidential candidate donald trump in sterling heights, , michigan paul sancya/ap 27/70 president barack obama speaks at a campaign rally for democratic presidential candidate hillary clinton in kissimmee. florida john raoux/ap 28/70 secret service agents rush republican presidential candidate donald trump off the stage during a campaign rally in reno john locher/ap 29/70 hillary clinton smiles holding a mask onboard her campaign plane on halloween jewel samad/afp/getty images 30/70 supporters of donald trump pose with a hillary clinton character during a campaign rally at the venetian hotel in las vegas john gurzinski/afp/getty images 31/70 donald trump holds a rainbow flag given to him by supporter max nowak during a campaign rally at the bank of colorado arena on the campus of university of northern colorado chip somodevilla/getty images 32/70 hillary clinton speaks during a campaign event at the manor complex in wilton manors, florida getty images 33/70 a donald trump supporter's pet bulldog is decked out in campaign stickers jason connoll/ afp/getty images 34/70 hillary clinton joins jennifer lopez at a campaign concert in miami, florida brian snyder/reuters 35/70 a donald trump mural covering a building in miami, florida rhona wiseafp/getty images 36/70 hillary clinton, accompanied by first lady michelle obama, greet supporters during a campaign rally in winston-salem chuck burton/ap 37/70 a crowd gathers to watch as donald trump's vandalised star on the hollywood walk of fame is cleaned up frederic j brown/afp/getty images 38/70 hillary clinton delivers birthday cake to reporters on her campaign plane justin sullivan/getty images 39/70 a donald trump look-a-like walks with bikini-clad women in times square. the stunt was organized by artist alison jackson drew angerer/getty images 40/70 republican presidential candidate donald trump hugs a the american flag as he arrives to speak to a campaign rally in tampa evan vucci/ap 41/70 katy perry speaks at a rally in support of democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton in las vegas john locher/ap 42/70 democratic u.s. presidential nominee hillary clinton waves to a member of the audience as she walks off the debate stage as republican u.s. presidential nominee donald trump remains at his podium after the conclusion of their third and final 2016 presidential campaign debate at unlv in las vegas, nevada mike blake/reuters 43/70 nfl fans wear donald trump and hillary clinton masks during a game between the new york jets and arizona cardinals norm hall/getty images 44/70 donald trump holds a child onstage during a campaign rally in green bay, wisconsin jonathanst/reuters 45/70 hillary clinton (kate mckinnon) and donald trump (alec baldwin) take on the 'town hall debate cold open' on snl saturday night live 46/70 hillary clinton chats to ellen degeneres during a commercial break during the filming of the ellen show brenan smialowski/afp/getty images 47/70 a donald trump themed fortune telling machine stands on the street in columbus circle in new york lucas jackson/reuters 48/70 republican presidential nominee donald trump kisses a "women for trump" placard during a rally at the lakeland linder regional airport in lakeland, florida mandel ngan/afp/getty images 49/70 hillary clinton and donald trump during the town hall debate at washington university chip somodevilla/getty images 50/70 kevin lake of jefferson, iowa, wears a wall outfit in honour of donald trump's pledge to build a wall along the mexico border scott morgan/reuters 51/70 donald trump holds two-year-old hunter tirpak, who is dressed as trump, during a rally at mohegan sun arena christopher dolan/the citizensí voice via ap 52/70 hillary clinton and donald trump during the town hall debate at washington university saul loeb-pool/getty images 53/70 ken bone found himself going viral after his attention-grabbing question during the town hall debate at washington university chip somodevilla/getty images 54/70 donald trump's daughters-in-law lara trump and vanessa trump and daughter tiffany trump scott olson/getty images 55/70 hillary clinton and donald trump leave the stage after the first presidential debate at hofstra university in hempstead, new york timothy a. clary/afp/getty images 56/70 melania (l) and ivanka (c) trump sit next to republican vice presidential nominee governor mike pence ahead of the first debate between donald trump and hillary clinton joe raedle/pool/reuters 57/70 hillary clinton shakes hands with husband and former u.s. president bill clinton after the first presidential debate joe raedle/getty images 58/70 donald trump with wife melania trump, ivanka trump, donald trump jr.'s wife vanessa trump, eric trumps wife lara yunaska, and eric trump paul j. richards/afp 59/70 us actresses lena dunham and america ferrera speak at the democratic national convention at the wells fargo center in philadelphia peter foley/epa 60/70 alec baldwin as donald trump on saturday night live saturday night live 61/70 hillary clinton attempts to open a pickle jar on jimmy kimmel live! andy holmes/abc 62/70 donald trump greets supporters at a rally at ladd-peebles stadium mark wallheiser/getty images 63/70 denis leary and james corden on the late late show cbs 64/70 donald trump reacts to the cries of three-month-old kellen campbell, of denver, right, while holding six-month-old evelyn keane, of castel rock, colorado joe mahoney/getty images 65/70 bill clintonon on the final night of the democratic national convention in philadelphia, pennsylvania mike segar/reuters 66/70 alicia keys performs at he democratic national convention shawn thew/epa 67/70 meryl streep at the democratic national convention at the wells fargo center alex wong/getty images 68/70 donald trump hugs his daughter ivanka trump at the republican national convention in cleveland brendan smialowski/afp/getty images 69/70 sarah palin endorses donald trump's run for the republican presidential nomination aaron p. bernstein/getty images 70/70 donald trump during a campaign stop on the campus of the university of central florida joe raedle/getty images hyper-normcore “the key thing about cool is instead of getting engaged politically with groups of other people to whom you have to surrender your identity, we wanted to be self-expressive individuals. look at the seventies and eighties, you had the rise of radical art, music and culture. somewhere in the nineties, the politics dropped away altogether and you were left with the ironic, cool distance, the ‘whateva’. cool irony originally had a political analysis that said, ‘we’re detaching from this and looking at it’. then it just became ‘we’re detached’. the whole point about the ‘normcore’ trend, for instance, is that you’re pretending to be normal, but you have to send out signals that you’re not really normal. pretending not to be normal has also become normal. or rather hypernormal.” protest groups “people know there is this inequality bad, people know there is corruption, but when they try to protest against it, that always seems to fail. look at occupy london. they had emotional impetus and support way beyond the normal radical movements and they blew it because they didn’t have an idea of an alternative world. they thought they were outsiders attacking the system but actually they were adopting its very ideas. the only way to get a change is to pull back and see the system for what it is. and what that system is trying to do is desperately keep things stable, keep things as they are. but in a dynamic world you do that and what we feel today as odd, unreal and sometimes fake are really the cracks beginning to show though. change is terrifying but also thrilling. the first person who comes along and grabs that is going to take us somewhere else.” follow ellen e jones on twitter: @msellenejones hypernormalisation will premiere on bbc iplayer at 9pm on sunday

ˈθiəˌdɔr həz ə bɪg ˈbjutəfəl nu bi ˈrɛdi tɪ hɛd fər labrador”*” ɛz sun ɛz ðə si aɪs ˈlusənz ɪts grɪp ɔn ˈæŋkər pɔɪnt. wɪn ðə ˈnufəndlənd ˈfɪʃərˌmæn bɪˈgæn ˈbɪldɪŋ ðə ˈmɪljən ˈtrɔlər tu jɪrz əˈgoʊ hi hæd paʊnz wərθ əv ʃrɪmp kˈwoʊtə tɪ kæʧ. bət ˈpləmətɪŋ ʃrɪmp ˈnəmbərz ɪn ðə koʊld ˈwɔtər ɔf ˈlæbrəˌdɔr hæv lɛd ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz ˈkænədə tɪ ˈdræstɪkli kɑrv ˈɪntu kˈwoʊtəz fər ðət koʊst. ɪkˈspɛkts ðət baɪ ˈeɪprəl bi lɛft wɪθ ə ˈtoʊtəl əv paʊndz əv kˈwoʊtəz paʊndz ɪn ðə gəlf əv st*. ˈlɔrəns, wɛr ðɛr ɪz stɪl ˈplɛnti əv ʃrɪmp, ənd paʊndz ɔn ðə ˈlæbrəˌdɔr koʊst. naʊ, jɛs, ˈprɪti ˈstrɛsfəl aɪ noʊ ˈwɛðər ˈɛni hoʊp ər no,”*,” sɛd. laɪk ðɪs. aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd æt ðɪs ˈfɪʃɪŋ wɪn aɪ wɑz 14 jɪrz oʊld. ðɛr wɑz ˈnɛvər ə jɪr ðət lʊkt gʊd ˌbiˈfɔr ju ˈstɑrtɪd. sərˈvaɪvd. wɪθ ˈfɪʃɪŋ ˈiðər gɑt tɪ goʊ ɪn ər gɪt out.”*.” ə juʤ ˌbaɪəˈlɑʤɪkəl ʧeɪnʤ ˈhæpənɪŋ ɔn ðə bæŋks ðət ɪkˈstɛnd ɔf ˈnufəndlənd ənd ˌnɔrˈθistərn koʊst. ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ər ˈkəmɪŋ bæk. ənd ˈitɪŋ ðə ʃrɪmp ðət hæd ˈteɪkən ˈoʊvər ðɛr hoʊm reɪnʤ ɔf ðə ˈlæbrəˌdɔr koʊst ənd ˈnɔrðərn grænd bæŋks. koʊld ˈwɔtər ʃrɪmp hæd ən ˈɛkspɔrt ˈvælju əv 345 ˈmɪljən ɪn 2013 ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈsiˌfud ˈɛkspɔrt, bɪˈhaɪnd ˈlɑbstər, əˈtlæntɪk ˈsæmən ənd snoʊ kræb. ðɪs wik ə haʊs əv ˈkɑmənz kəˈmɪti ərʤd ðə ˈfɪʃəriz dɪˈpɑrtmənt tɪ bɪˈgɪn ˈænjuəl ˈstədiz əv ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ɔf ˈnufəndlənd ənd ˈlæbrəˌdɔr tɪ ˈmɑnətər ɪts rɪˈkəvəri. ə rɪˈpɔrt baɪ ðə kəˈmɪti faʊnd ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑks wər ʃoʊɪŋ saɪnz əv riˈbaʊndɪŋ ˈæftər biɪŋ ˈdɛsəˌmeɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˈərli 1990s*. ðə rɪˈtərn əv ðə wəns ˈmaɪti ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk meɪ bi ə bun fər ðə ˈnæʧərəl wərld ənd, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, fər ðə ˈjumənz hu hɔl ðɛm frəm ðə si, ˈprɔˌsɛs ðɛm ənd it ðɛm. ˈæftər ɔl, ðɛr ˌdɪsəˈpɪrəns 25 jɪrz əˈgoʊ ˈɔlˌmoʊst kɪld ðə ist koʊst ˈfɪʃɪŋ ˈɪndəstri ənd ˈsɪriəsli meɪmd ðə əˈtlæntɪk ˈprɑvənsəz. naʊ ðɛr rɪˈtərn brɪŋz ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd ˈsoʊʃəl əˈphivəl. ˈθiəˌdɔr wɑz eɪt jɪrz oʊld wɪn hɪz ˈfɑðər, ˈrufəs, ˈraʊndɪd keɪp ˈnɔrmən ɪn hɪz smɔl ˈwʊdən boʊt, eɪmd fər ðə blæk ʤoʊk. ɪt wɑz 1968 ˈrufəs wɑz ɑrmd wɪθ ə ˈweɪtɪd hʊk, ə ˈkəpəl ˈhənərd ˈfæðəmz əv laɪn ənd gæs ənd fud tɪ læst ɪm ə fju wiks. ðə ˈdɑrkli neɪmd ˈhɑrbər ɔn ðə ˌənɪnˈhæbətɪd bɛl aɪl ɪz ɪn ðə streɪt ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪŋ ˈnufəndlənd frəm ˈlæbrəˌdɔr. wɪθ ˈtaʊrɪŋ klɪfs, ðə ˈaɪlənd meɪ hæv lʊkt ˈprɪti tɪ ðə frɛnʧ hu neɪmd ɪt, bət nɑt tɪ ˈrufəs. maɪəlz lɔŋ baɪ fɔr maɪəlz waɪd ənd ɔl bɛr rɑk ənd ponds,”*,” sɛd ˈrufəs, naʊ 80 hi wɑz ˈhɛdɪŋ tɪ mit wən əv ðə greɪt maɪˈgreɪʃənz. ə fju ˈmɪljən tənz əv ˈsiˈoʊˈdi, ˈfæmɪʃt frəm ðɛr spərɪŋ ˈspɔnɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈɔfˈʃɔr bæŋks, wər ˈʧeɪsɪŋ ˈbɪljənz əv ˈɪntu ʃɔr. ðeɪ gɪt ɪn əˈməŋst ðə, ðeɪ ʤɪst gɔrʤ themselves,”*,” sɛd ʤɔrʤ roʊz, ə ˈfɔrmər ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz ˈkænədə ˈsaɪəntɪst hu ˈlɪtərəli roʊt ðə bʊk ɔn haʊ mæn dɪˈstrɔɪd wən əv ðə ˈgreɪtəst waɪld ˈproʊˌtin ˈsɔrsəz. ““cod*: ðə ɛkəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈhɪstəri əv ðə nɔrθ əˈtlæntɪk fisheries”*” ridz laɪk ə ˈtræʤədi, wɪθ praɪd ɪn hɪz oʊn paʊər ənd ˈnɑlɪʤ ˈlidɪŋ ɪm tɪ dɪˈstrɔɪ wən əv ˈgreɪtəst gɪfts. jɛs, ˈkəmɪŋ bæk ɔn ðə ˌnɔrˈθist coast,”*,” sɛd roʊz, hu rɪˈtaɪrd ðɪs jɪr ɛz dɪˈrɛktər əv ˈfɪʃəriz ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm ˈrisərʧ æt məˈmɔriəl mərˈin ˈɪnstɪˌtut. wɪn ðeɪ gɪt ɪn əˈməŋst ðə, ðeɪ ʤɪst gɔrʤ ðɛmˈsɛlvz saʊθ, stɪl ɪn rəf ʃeɪp, bət ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi wɑz ðə bɪg one.”*.” ðə ˈsəðərn grænd bæŋks, ðə gəlf əv meɪn, ʃɛlf ənd gəlf əv st*. ˈlɔrəns ər ɔl hoʊm tɪ ðɛr oʊn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑks ðət hæv nɑt ʃoʊn sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt saɪnz əv rɪˈkəvəri sɪns ðə ˈoʊvərˌfɪʃɪŋ əv ðə leɪt ˈsɛnʧəri fər ˈrizənz ðət ər nɑt ˈfʊli ˌəndərˈstʊd. bət ðə ˈbɪgəst əv ɔl ðə stɑks baɪ ə waɪd ˈmɑrʤən wɑz ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi. fər ðə læst ˈdɛkeɪd ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk həz bɪn ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ æt ə reɪt əv əˈbaʊt 30 pər sɛnt pər jɪr. ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz 2016 stɑk əˈsɛsmənt ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ɪts ˈtoʊtəl ˈbaɪəmæs æt əraʊnd tənz. wɛl ʃɔrt əv ðə ˈmɪljən tənz ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz həz pɛgd ɛz ðə saɪz əv ə ˈhɛlθi ˈrisɔrs. bət tɛn taɪmz ɛz ˈmɛni fɪʃ ɛz wər ðɛr wər ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 2 1992 wɪn ˈfɔrmər ˈfɪʃəriz ˈmɪnɪstər ʤɑn ˈkrɔzbi əˈnaʊnst ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ˌmɔrəˈtɔriəm ðət rɪˈzəltɪd ɪn ðə ˈbɪgəst leɪɔf ɪn kəˈneɪdiən ˈhɪstəri ən ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ʤɑbz. ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi kɛpt groʊɪŋ æt ðə reɪt ðət ɪt həz bɪn, wi kʊd si ə ˈhɛlθi ˈfɪʃəri ɪn ə fju years,”*,” sɛd roʊz. noʊ ˌgɛrənˈtiz ðət ɪt will.”*.” ˈnoʊˌbɑˌdi noʊz haʊ bɪg ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk wəns wɑz. bət ˈfɪʃɪŋ ˈrɛkərdz tɛl ˈjuˈɛs ðət bæk ɪn 1968 wɪn ˈrufəs meɪd hɪz fərst trɪp tɪ bɛl aɪl, tənz əv ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi wər kɔt. əˈnəðər tənz wər ˈteɪkən frəm ðə stɑks ɔn ðə ˈsəðərn grænd bæŋks. ˈeɪti pər sɛnt əv ðət kæʧ wɑz baɪ ˈfɔrən frəm speɪn, ˈpɔrʧəgəl, ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈjunjən, ʤəˈpæn ənd fræns. ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑks ər ðə gɪft əv pleɪt tɛkˈtɑnɪks. wɪn nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə tɔr ˌɪtˈsɛlf frəm ˈjʊrəp ənd ˈæfrɪkɑ 200 ˈmɪljən jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ənd ˈstɑrtɪd ˈfloʊtɪŋ ist, ɪt tʊk səm əv ðə oʊld wərld wɪθ ɪt laɪk ə mɛˈmɛntoʊ fər ɪts lɔŋ vɔɪəʤ. ðət ˈkipˌseɪk ɪz ə ˈʃæloʊ ˈəndərˌwɔtər plæˈtoʊ ðət ˈstrɛʧɪz fər əp tɪ 500 ˌkɪˈlɔˌmətərz ɔf əv ˈnufəndlənd ənd ist koʊst. ˈmɑnstrəs ənd noʊ ˈəðər pleɪs laɪk ɪt ɔn ðə planet,”*,” sɛd roʊz əv ðə grænd bæŋks. ˈfrɪʤəd ˈɑrtɪk ˈwɔtər ɪz pəmpt saʊθ baɪ ðə ˈlæbrəˌdɔr ˈkɑrənt təˈwɔrd ðə gəlf strim, wɪʧ pʊlz əp wɔrm ˈwɔtərz frəm ðə saʊθ. ðə ˈʧərnɪŋ əv ðiz tu kərənts sɛndz ˈnutriənts frəm ðə dɑrk flɔr əp ðə prɪˈsɪpɪtəs ˈəndərˌwɔtər ˈʃoʊldərz əv ðə grænd bæŋks ˈɪntu ðə laɪt ˈkɑləm. ɪn ə kaɪnd əv ˈəndərˌwɔtər ˈælkəmi æt 150 ˈmitərz bɪˈloʊ si ˈlɛvəl, ˈtrɪljənz əv ˌmaɪkrəˈskɑpɪk plænts kɔld ˈplæŋktən ˈhɑrnɪs ðə ˈɛnərʤi tɪ ˈkɑnvərt ðə ˈnutriənts ˈɪntu ˌbaɪəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈmætər. ˈtaɪni ˈlɪtəl ˈænəməlz kɔld fid əˈpɑn ðə plænts ənd brɪŋ laɪf ˈkloʊzər tɪ ə saɪz ðət wi kən ˈæˌkʧuəli si. ðɛr ər tu prɪˈdɑmənənt dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz ðət kən teɪk tɪ meɪk ðɛr weɪ əp ðə fud ʧeɪn ɔn ðə grænd bæŋks: θru krəˈsteɪʃənz laɪk ˈnɔrðərn ʃrɪmp ər θru ðə smɔl. hæv both,”*,” sɛd ˈbɔrɪs wərm, ə mərˈin baɪˈɑləʤɪst æt ˌjunəˈvərsəti, hu həz ˈstədid ðə ˌɪnˈvərs riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp əv ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ənd ʃrɪmp. ðət ɪz tɪ seɪ ju hæv boʊθ ə ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd fud wɛb ənd ə fud wɛb ɔn ðə ʃɛlf ðət ɪkˈstɛndz ɔf ˈnufəndlənd ənd ˈlæbrəˌdɔr. ˈsiˈoʊˈdi du it ʃrɪmp. bət ˈæftər goʊɪŋ ə mənθ wɪˈθaʊt fud ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə spərɪŋ ˈspɔnɪŋ ˈsizən wət ðeɪ ˈrɪli nid ɪz ðə ðət ˈrifɪlz ðɛr ˈlɪvərz wɪθ ðə ˈfæti tɪ sərˈvaɪv ðə ˈwɪntər tɪ kəm. wi əˈpɪr tɪ bi ˈhɛdɪd bæk tɪ ðə trəˈdɪʃənəl ˈɔrdər əv ə ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd fud ʧeɪn. ˌɪnˈdid, ðə ˈfɪʃəriz kəˈmɪti ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈərʤɪŋ ˈkloʊzər ˈmɑnətərɪŋ əv stɑks, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈlɪmɪts ɔn sil ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz, wɪʧ preɪ ɔn boʊθ ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ənd. ˈivɪn ðət fərst ˈsəmər æt bɛl aɪl, ˈrufəs nu ðə wərld əraʊnd ɪm wɑz ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ. fər ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃənz, ðə hæd fɪʃt frəm ˈnɔrðərn pəˈnɪnsələ wɪθ ˈweɪtɪd hʊks ənd ˈsiˈoʊˈdi træps bɪg nɛt ˈbɑksɪz pleɪst nɪr ʃɔr ðət ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi swɪm ˈɪntu. laɪf wɑz ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ənd soʊ tɪ səˈpɔrt hɪz waɪf ənd fɔr ˈʧɪldrən nid tɪ kæʧ mɔr fɪʃ. ðət mɛnt goʊɪŋ tɪ wɛr ðə fɪʃ wər. hi hæd rælf ɪn pɔrt ˈsɔndərz bɪld ɪm ə ðət hi tʊk fɑr əp ðə ˈlæbrəˌdɔr koʊst ˈʧeɪsɪŋ ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi. jɛt ðə geɪm wɑz ɔˈrɛdi əp fər ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ənd ðə ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl ðeɪ səˈpɔrtɪd. ðə ˌɪˈmɛns ˈlændɪŋz əv ðə leɪt baɪ ðə ˈfɔrən hæd dəg dip ˈɪntu ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈbaɪəmæs. ˈfɪʃəri ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən ˈθɪri kən bi kəmˈpɛrd wɪθ ˈbæŋkɪŋ. ðə ˈsərpləs ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvɪti əv ə fɪʃ stɑk ɪz laɪk ðə ˈɪntəˌrɛst ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd baɪ ən ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt. ju wɔnt tɪ kæʧ ðə ˈɪntəˌrɛst. waɪl ˈkæʧɪz ˈɑsəˌleɪtəd bɪtˈwin ənd tənz θru ðə ənd, ðə ərˈɪʤənəl ˈkæpɪtəl wɪˈθɪn ðə stɑk wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˈsɪriəsli dɪˈplitɪd. ðɛn ˈɪntəˌrɛst reɪts ʧeɪnʤd ənd ˈfɪʃɪŋ reɪts didn’t*. ðə ˈwɔtər gɑt ˈkoʊldər ənd ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm bɪˈkeɪm lɛs pərˈdəktɪv. baɪ ðə ə lɔt əv ˈpipəl θɔt ðeɪ nu wət wɑz goʊɪŋ ɔn bɪˈloʊ ðə ˈwɔtər ɔn ðə grænd bæŋks. ʤɪst 12 jɪrz ˌbiˈfɔr ðə kəmˈplit kəˈlæps, ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈgəvərnmənt riˈlist ə rɪˈpɔrt ɪn 1980 ˈtaɪtəld, ˈsiˈoʊˈdi: ə ˈfɪʃəriz səkˈsɛs story.”*.” ɪt ˈtaʊtɪd ˈmɑdərn ˈfɪʃəriz ˈmænɪʤmənt. ðɛr hæd bɪn səm riˈbɪldɪŋ əv stɑk ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə leɪt ˈæftər ˈkænədə ɪkˈstɛndɪd ɪts ˈmærəˌtaɪm kleɪmz frəm 12 ˈnɔtəkəl maɪəlz tɪ 200 maɪəlz ˈɔfˈʃɔr, ˈlivɪŋ ʤɪst ðə noʊz ənd teɪl əv ðə grænd bæŋks əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ˈfɔrən. bət ðə truθ wɑz ðət ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk riˈbɪldɪŋ. juˈmænɪti wɑz ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈbɛtər æt ˈkæʧɪŋ ðɛm. ɛz ðə ˈwɔtər kuld ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə leɪt, stɑks ˈpləmətɪd fər ˈrizənz ðət stɪl ˌəndərˈstʊd. ðeɪ wər nɑt ˈhɛvəli fɪʃt. ˈsiˈoʊˈdi, ˈluzɪŋ ɪts trəˈdɪʃənəl fud sɔrs, bɪˈgæn ˈgæðərɪŋ ɪn ˈtaɪtər skulz əv fɪʃ ənd ˈmaɪˌgreɪtɪŋ ˈfɑrðər saʊθ təˈwɔrd ðə ˈwɔrmər noʊz ənd teɪl əv ðə grænd bæŋks wɛr ðeɪ kʊd faɪnd mɔr fud. ˈminˌwaɪl, əˈlaʊd ˈtrɔlərz tɪ pɪr ˈɪntu ðə dɛpθs ənd skup əp ðə ˈtaɪtli pækt fɪʃ ɪn nɛts drægd ˈhənərdz əv ˈmitərz bɪˈloʊ ðə ˈsərfəs. ɪn 1990 roʊz wɑz ʧif saɪəns ˈɔfɪsər əˈbɔrd ðə ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz ˈrisərʧ ˈvɛsəl ˌæˈtlæntɪkə. ðə boʊt wɑz pleɪɪŋ ə geɪm wɪθ ðə ˈtrɔlər flit. ˈɛvriˌwən wɑz ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi. ðə faʊnd ənd ˈfɑloʊd ə ˈtaɪtli pækt fɔrˈmeɪʃən əv səm tənz əv ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ɛz ɪt ˈmaɪˌgreɪtɪd saʊθ təˈwɔrd ðə ˈtrɔlərz. roʊz ˈɛstəˌmeɪts ðə skul kənˈteɪnd 80 pər sɛnt əv ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ stɑk. ðət ˈwɪntər ðə lɑrʤ ˈɔfˈʃɔr ˈtrɔlərz, boʊθ kəˈneɪdiən ənd ˈfɔrən, ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðɛr bɛst kæʧ reɪts ˈɛvər ˈskupɪŋ əp tənz əv fɪʃ. ʃrɪmp ənd snoʊ kræb laɪk koʊld ˈwɔtər. ðeɪ laɪk ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈitən baɪ ˈsiˈoʊˈdi. ɛz ˈsiˈoʊˈdi wər ˈdrɪvən aʊt əv ðɛr ˈhæbəˌtæt baɪ ˈkulɪŋ ˈwɔtər ənd ˈfɪʃɪŋ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə leɪt, ʃrɪmp ənd snoʊ kræb ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz blumd. ə grup əv ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ˈfɪʃɪŋ ˈkəmpəˌniz ˈstɑrtɪd ˈsɛndɪŋ nɔrθ tɪ faɪnd ðə ʃrɪmp. frəm ˈʤænjuˌɛri tɪ ˈeɪprəl, ðə ˈtrɔlərz wərkt ɪn hɑrd ˈwɛðər wɪθ ˈlɪmɪtɪd kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən bæk hoʊm ˌpaɪəˈnɪrɪŋ ə nu ˈfɪʃəri. æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ, ɪt wɑz ˈhaɪli ˈprɑfətəbəl. ðə ˈɪnˈʃɔr ˈfɪʃərmɪn lɛft wɪθ ˈnəθɪŋ tɪ kæʧ baɪ ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi ˌmɔrəˈtɔriəm ˈwɔntɪd ɪn. ɪn 1997 ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz ˈgrænɪd ˈlaɪsənsɪz tɪ 360 ˈɪnˈʃɔr ˈfɪʃərmɪn. ðə ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət ˌpaɪəˈnɪrd ðə ˈfɪʃəri əˈgrid tɪ ðə nu ˈɛntrənts ɔn ðə kənˈdɪʃən ðət ɪf ðə kˈwoʊtə wər ˈɛvər rɪˈdust, ɪt wʊd bi dən ɔn ə ˈpɑləsi əv ɪn, læst out.”*.” ə nu fˈjuʧər fər ˈrʊrəl ˈnufəndlənd ənd ˈlæbrəˌdɔr wɑz kriˈeɪtɪd əraʊnd krəˈsteɪʃənz. ðɛr wər fjuər ˈfɪʃərmɪn ənd plænt ˈwərkərz, bət ɪt wɑz ə haɪər ˈvælju ˈɪndəstri. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ rikˈwaɪərd ˈbɪgər, mɔr ɪkˈspɛnsɪv boʊts, ˈtrævəlɪŋ ˈfɑrðər frəm ʃɔr. ðə ˈvɔɪɪʤər, neɪmd fər ˈgrænˌʧɪldrən, ənd baɪ hɪz sən, ˈrɑdni, kən ˈtrævəl 400 ˈnɔtəkəl maɪəlz tɪ kæʧ ʃrɪmp. paʊərd baɪ ə ˈdizəl ˈɪnʤən, ðə boʊt kən hɔl tu trawls*. ɛz ðə læst ˈfɪnɪʃɪz wər biɪŋ pʊt ɔn ðə ˌɪnˈtɪriər əv ðə ɪn leɪt spərɪŋ, ˈθiəˌdɔr wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˈwərid hæv tɪ sɛl ɪt. ˈnɔrðərn ʃrɪmp stɑks ər kəˈlæpsɪŋ ənd ˈɛvriˌwən ɪn ðə ˈɪndəstri ɪz ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈoʊvər lɛft. tɪ kraɪz əv bɪˈtreɪəl frəm ˈɪndəstri, ˈfɪʃəriz ənd ˈoʊʃənz skræpt ðə fərst ɪn, læst aʊt ˈpɑləsi læst ˈsəmər ənd meɪd ðə ˈhɛviəst kəts tɪ ðə ˈɔfˈʃɔr ˈtrɔlər flit. ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ naʊ dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi dɪˈspaɪt rɪˈteɪnɪŋ 70 pər sɛnt əv ðə kˈwoʊtə, ə məʧ sˈmɔlər paɪ ənd ˈivɪn ðə ˈɪnˈʃɔr boʊts hæv ˈteɪkən bɪg kəts. ˈkəmɪŋ daʊn tɪ ˈvɪzɪt ˈθiəˌdɔr əˈbɔrd ðə boʊt ðət wʊd hæv dwɔrft ðə smɔl ˈwʊdən kræft hi tʊk tɪ bɛl aɪl 55 jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ðə ˈɛldər ˈrufəs sɛd, ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ɪn fərst out,’*,’ bət aɪ θɪŋk goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ˈɛvriˌwən out.”*.” simms’*’ foʊn wɑz ˈrɪŋɪŋ ɔf ðə hʊk. ə ˈpoʊlər bɛr hæd bɪn ˈspɑtɪd ɔn ðə ˈaʊtˌskərts əv st*. ˈænθɔˌni ənd ˈɛvriˌwən θɔt ðə meɪər ʃʊd noʊ. ““look*, glæd tɪ tɔk bət ju teɪk maɪ ˈpɪkʧər bɪˈkəz aɪ gɑt ə ʧæns jɛt tɪ gɪt ˈprɑpər dressed,”*,” sɛd sɪmz. ðə meɪər əv ðə taʊn əv soʊlz æt ðə tɪp əv ˈnɔrðərn pəˈnɪnsələ ɪz ˈweɪtɪŋ ɔn ə rɪˈspɑns baɪ hɪz ˈkaʊnsəl tɪ ðə ˈfɛdərəl ənd prəˈvɪnʃəl ˈfɪʃəriz ˈmɪnɪstərz ðət ðeɪ kəm tɪ st*. ˈænθɔˌni. ðə taʊn, wɪʧ boʊsts ðə ˈoʊnli tɪm fər 450 km*, həz bɪlt ə ˈmɑdərətli ˈprɑspərəs ɪˈkɑnəmi əraʊnd ʃrɪmp. naʊ dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ðə cod,”*,” sɛd sɪmz, ə rɪˈtaɪrd ˈtiʧər hu wərks ənˈloʊdɪŋ boʊts θru ðə ˈsəmər. bət ðə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi kəm bæk kwɪk ɪˈnəf tɪ ˌriˈpleɪs ðə ʃrɪmp, ənd ðə ˈrʊrəl ɪˈkɑnəmiz noʊ wɛr tɪ tərn ɪn ðə ˈminˌtaɪm. noʊ wən ˈivɪn noʊz wət ðə ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk kʊd bi ɪf ɪt dɪz rɪˈtərn. ˈnɔrˌweɪ ɪz əˈʤeɪsənt tɪ ə ˈsiˈoʊˈdi stɑk ðət hɪˈstɔrɪkəli wɑz θɔt tɪ bi əˈbaʊt ðə seɪm saɪz ɛz ˈnɔrðərn ˈsiˈoʊˈdi. ˈrisənt ˈwɔrmɪŋ trɛnz hæv lɛd ðət stɑk tɪ groʊ ənd əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˌnɔrˈwiʤən ˈgəvərnmənt ˈfɪgjərz, ɪn 2016 ɪts ˈfɪʃərmɪn kɔt paʊnz əv ˈsiˈoʊˈdi wərθ 970 ˈmɪljən. ɑr ˈsɪstəm ɪz mɔr ˈkɑmplɛks ðən norway’s*, wɪʧ ʤɪst rɪˈlaɪz ɔn wən wɔrm current,”*,” sɛd roʊz. wən θɪŋ ɪz ˈsərtən, ðɛr wɪl bi ˈwɪnərz ənd ðɛr wɪl bi losers.”*.”

theodore genge has a big beautiful new dragger that’ll be ready to head for “the labrador” as soon as the sea ice loosens its grip on anchor point. when the 63-year-old newfoundland fisherman began building the $2.2 million trawler two years ago he had 750,000 pounds worth of shrimp quota to catch. but plummeting shrimp numbers in the cold water off labrador have led fisheries and oceans canada to drastically carve into quotas for that coast. genge expects that by april he’ll be left with a total of 300,000 lbs of quotas — 220,000 lbs in the gulf of st. lawrence, where there is still plenty of shrimp, and 80,000 lbs on the labrador coast. “right now, yes, it’s pretty stressful i know whether there’s any hope or no,” said genge. “but it’s like this. i started at this fishing when i was 14 years old. there was never a year that looked good before you started. i’ve survived. with fishing you’ve either got to go in or get out.” there’s a huge biological change happening on the banks that extend off newfoundland and labrador’s northeastern coast. the northern cod are coming back. and they’re eating the shrimp that had taken over their home range off the labrador coast and northern grand banks. canada’s cold water shrimp had an export value of $345 million in 2013, making it canada’s fourth-largest seafood export, behind lobster, atlantic salmon and snow crab. this week a house of commons committee urged the fisheries department to begin annual studies of the northern cod population off newfoundland and labrador to monitor its recovery. a report by the committee found the cod stocks were showing signs of rebounding after being decimated in the early 1990s. the return of the once mighty northern cod stock may be a boon for the natural world and, eventually, for the humans who haul them from the sea, process them and eat them. after all, their disappearance 25 years ago almost killed the east coast fishing industry and seriously maimed the atlantic provinces. now their return brings economic and social upheaval. *** theodore genge was eight years old when his father, rufus, rounded cape norman in his small wooden boat, aimed for the black joke. it was 1968; rufus was armed with a weighted hook, a couple hundred fathoms of line and gas and food to last him a few weeks. the darkly named harbour on the uninhabited belle isle is in the strait separating newfoundland from labrador. with towering 100-metre-high cliffs, the island may have looked pretty to the french who named it, but not to rufus. “nine miles long by four miles wide and he’s all bare rock and ponds,” said rufus, now 80. he was heading to meet one of the world’s great migrations. a few million tonnes of cod, famished from their spring spawning on the offshore banks, were chasing billions of capelin into shore. “when they get in amongst the capelin, they just gorge themselves,” said george rose, a former fisheries and oceans canada scientist who literally wrote the book on how man destroyed one of the earth’s greatest wild protein sources. “cod: the ecological history of the north atlantic fisheries” reads like a shakespearian tragedy, with man’s pride in his own power and knowledge leading him to destroy one of nature’s greatest gifts. “oh yes, they’re coming back on the northeast coast,” said rose, who retired this year as director of fisheries ecosystem research at memorial university’s marine institute. when they get in amongst the capelin, they just gorge themselves “farther south, they’re still in rough shape, but the northern cod was the big one.” the southern grand banks, the gulf of maine, scotian shelf and gulf of st. lawrence are all home to their own cod stocks that have not shown significant signs of recovery since the overfishing of the late century for reasons that are not fully understood. but the biggest of all the stocks by a wide margin was the northern cod. for the last decade the northern cod stock has been increasing at a rate of about 30 per cent per year. fisheries and oceans canada’s 2016 stock assessment estimated its total biomass at around 300,000 tonnes. that’s well short of the million tonnes fisheries and oceans has pegged as the size of a healthy resource. but it’s ten times as many fish as were there were on july 2, 1992, when former fisheries minister john crosbie announced the cod moratorium that resulted in the biggest layoff in canadian history an estimated 45,000 jobs. “if northern cod kept growing at the rate that it has been, we could see a healthy fishery in a few years,” said rose. “but there’s no guarantees that it will.” nobody knows how big the northern cod stock once was. but fishing records tell us that back in 1968, when rufus genge made his first trip to belle isle, 800,000 tonnes of northern cod were caught. another 400,000 tonnes were taken from the stocks on the southern grand banks. eighty per cent of that catch was by foreign draggers from spain, portugal, the soviet union, japan and france. *** the cod stocks are the gift of plate tectonics. when north america tore itself from europe and africa 200 million years ago, and started floating east, it took some of the old world with it like a memento for its long voyage. that keepsake is a shallow underwater plateau that stretches for up to 500 kilometres off of newfoundland and labrador’s east coast. “it’s monstrous and there’s no other place like it on the planet,” said rose of the grand banks. frigid arctic water is pumped south by the labrador current toward the gulf stream, which pulls up warm waters from the south. the churning of these two currents sends nutrients from the atlantic’s dark floor up the precipitous underwater shoulders of the grand banks into the light column. in a kind of underwater alchemy at 150 metres below sea level, trillions of microscopic plants called plankton harness the sun’s energy to convert the nutrients into biological matter. tiny little animals called zooplankton feed upon the plants and bring life closer to a size that we can actually see. there are two predominant directions that zooplankton can take to make their way up the food chain on the grand banks: through crustaceans like northern shrimp or through the small baitfish capelin. “you have both,” said boris worm, a marine biologist at halifax’s dalhousie university, who has studied the inverse relationship of cod and shrimp. that is to say you have both a capelin-cod dominated food web and a crustacean-dominated food web on the shelf that extends off newfoundland and labrador. cod do eat shrimp. but after going a month without food during the spring spawning season what they really need is the capelin that refills their livers with the fatty lipids to survive the winter to come. we appear to be headed back to the traditional order of a capelin-cod dominated food chain. indeed, the mp’s fisheries committee is also urging closer monitoring of capelin stocks, as well as limits on seal populations, which prey on both cod and capelin. *** even that first summer at belle isle, rufus genge knew the world around him was changing. for generations, the genges had fished from newfoundland’s northern peninsula with weighted hooks and cod traps — big net boxes placed near shore that the cod swim into. life was getting expensive and so to support his wife and four children he’d need to catch more fish. that meant going to where the fish were. he had ralph o’keefe in port saunders build him a 52-foot longliner that he took far up the labrador coast chasing the northern cod. yet the game was already up for the northern cod and the lifestyle they supported. the immense landings of the late 1960s by the foreign draggers had dug deep into the northern cod’s biomass. fishery conservation theory can be compared with banking. the surplus productivity of a fish stock is like the interest generated by an investment. you want to catch the interest. while catches oscillated between 130,000 and 240,000 tonnes through the 1970s and 1980s, the original capital within the stock was already seriously depleted. then interest rates changed and fishing rates. the water got colder and the entire ecosystem became less productive. by the 1980s a lot of people thought they knew what was going on below the water on the grand banks. just 12 years before the stock’s complete collapse, the federal government released a report in 1980 titled, “northern cod: a fisheries success story.” it touted canada’s modern fisheries management. there had been some rebuilding of stock during the late 1970s after canada extended its maritime claims from 12 nautical miles to 200 miles offshore, leaving just the nose and tail of the grand banks available to foreign draggers. but the truth was that the cod stock wasn’t rebuilding. humanity was getting better at catching them. as the water cooled during the late 1980s, capelin stocks plummeted for reasons that still aren’t understood. they were not heavily fished. cod, losing its traditional food source, began gathering in tighter schools of fish and migrating farther south toward the warmer nose and tail of the grand banks where they could find more food. meanwhile, sounders allowed trawlers to peer into the depths and scoop up the tightly packed fish in bag-shaped nets dragged hundreds of metres below the water’s surface. in 1990, rose was chief science officer aboard the fisheries and oceans research vessel gadus atlantica. the boat was playing a cat-and-mouse game with the trawler fleet. everyone was looking for the cod. the gadus found and followed a tightly packed formation of some 450,000 tonnes of cod as it migrated south toward the trawlers. rose estimates the school contained 80 per cent of the remaining stock. that winter the large offshore trawlers, both canadian and foreign, reported their best catch rates ever — scooping up 300,000 tonnes of fish. *** shrimp and snow crab like cold water. they like getting eaten by cod. as cod were driven out of their habitat by cooling water and fishing during the late 1980s, shrimp and snow crab populations bloomed. a group of nova scotia fishing companies started sending draggers north to find the shrimp. from january to april, the trawlers worked in hard weather with limited communication back home pioneering a new fishery. at the beginning, it was highly profitable. the inshore fishermen left with nothing to catch by the cod moratorium wanted in. in 1997, fisheries and oceans granted licenses to 360 inshore fishermen. the companies that pioneered the fishery agreed to the new entrants on the condition that if the quota were ever reduced, it would be done on a policy of “first in, last out.” a new future for rural newfoundland and labrador was created around crustaceans. there were fewer fishermen and plant workers, but it was a higher value industry. it also required bigger, more expensive boats, travelling farther from shore. the kmka voyager, named for theodore’s grandchildren, and skippered by his son, rodney genge, can travel 400 nautical miles to catch shrimp. powered by a 914-horsepower diesel engine, the 70-foot boat can haul two trawls. as the last finishes were being put on the interior of the wheelhouse in late spring, theodore was already worried he’d have to sell it. northern shrimp stocks are collapsing and everyone in the over-capitalized industry is fighting over what’s left. to cries of betrayal from industry, fisheries and oceans scrapped the first in, last out policy last summer and made the heaviest cuts to the offshore trawler fleet. everything now depends on the cod despite retaining 70 per cent of the quota, it’s a much smaller pie and even the inshore boats have taken big cuts. coming down to visit theodore aboard the boat that would have dwarfed the small wooden craft he took to belle isle 55 years ago, the elder rufus said, “everyone’s talking about ‘last in first out,’ but i think it’s going to be everyone out.” *** ern simms’ phone was ringing off the hook. a polar bear had been spotted on the outskirts of st. anthony and everyone thought the mayor should know. “look, i’m glad to talk but you take my picture because i haven’t got a chance yet to get proper dressed,” said simms. the mayor of the town of 2,200 souls at the tip of newfoundland’s northern peninsula is waiting on a response by his council to the federal and provincial fisheries ministers that they come to st. anthony. the town, which boasts the only tim hortons for 450 km, has built a moderately prosperous economy around shrimp. “everything now depends on the cod,” said simms, a retired teacher who works unloading boats through the summer. but the cod come back quick enough to replace the shrimp, and the rural economies know where to turn in the meantime. no one even knows what the northern cod stock could be if it does return. norway is adjacent to a cod stock that historically was thought to be about the same size as canada’s northern cod. recent warming trends have led that stock to grow and according to norwegian government figures, in 2016, its fishermen caught 400,000 pounds of cod worth $970 million. “but our system is more complex than norway’s, which just relies on one warm current,” said rose. “… one thing is certain, there will be winners and there will be losers.”

aɪ fərst mɛt ˈdænjəl ɪn ðə ˈhaɪlənd taʊn əv sæn ˈkrɪstəbəl də ˈɛˈleɪˈɛs ˈkɑsəz ɪn ðə ˈmɛksəkən steɪt əv ʧiˈɑpəs. ˈdænjəl, ə maɪə hu lɪvz ɪn ðə ˈraɪnˌfɔrəst nɪr ˈsəðərn ˈbɔrdər wɪθ gˌwɑtəˈmɑlə, toʊld mi hi weɪt tɪ bi bæk hoʊm; hi fil ˈkəmfərtəbəl ɪn taʊn. hi ˈoʊnli kəmz tɪ sæn ˈkrɪstəbəl tɪ ˈvɪzɪt nɑ bolom*, ə mˈjuziəm ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ ðə ˈpipəl, wɛr hi hɛlps hɪz ˈməðərɪnˌlɔ sɛl hər trəˈdɪʃənəl kræfts ɪn ðə gɪft ʃɑp. ˈdænjəl ɪz wən əv ˈoʊnli əˈbaʊt 700 maɪə stɪl ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈraɪnˌfɔrəst təˈdeɪ. ðə neɪm wɑz ˈgɪvɪn tɪ tu grups əv ˈpipəlz hu flɛd dip ˈɪntu ðə ˈʤəŋgəl tɪ ɪˈskeɪp kənˈvərʒən ənd əˈprɛʃən baɪ ðə ˈspænɪʃ. ðeɪ wʊd lɪv ɪn ðə ˈʤəŋgəl fər ðə nɛkst 500 jɪrz wɪθ ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ ðə ˈaʊtˈsaɪd wərld, rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɛz hæk ˈwɪnɪk, ər ðə tru ˈpipəl, ənˈtɪl ðə tərn əv ðə ˈsɛnʧəri wɪn ˈlɑgərz, ənd ˈmɪʃəˌnɛriz bɪˈgæn tɪ əraɪv. roʊˈmæntəˌsaɪzd fər ðɛr waɪt ənd lɔŋ blæk hɛr, ðiz seɪm ˈfiʧərz ˈɔfən kɔz ðɛm tɪ bi ðə ˈvɪktɪmz əv dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən. ˈdænjəl ənd aɪ mɛt ɪn ðə ˈlaɪbrɛˌri, wɛr wi faʊnd bʊks əˈbaʊt hɪz ˈvɪlɪʤ, chansayab*, ɪn ðə ˈsəðərn ˈriʤən əv ðə ˈʤəŋgəl. ɛz wi tɔkt, aɪ ʃoʊd ɪm ˈfoʊˌtoʊz frəm ðə ɪn wən əv ðə bʊks, ənd hi læft ɪn səˈpraɪz ɛz hi ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt hɪz ˈfæməli ˈmɛmbərz. ˈjuʒəwəli wɛr ðiz kloʊðz ju know,”*,” hi toʊld mi ɛz hi pʊld æt ðə ˈkɑlər əv hɪz plæd ʃərt ənd aɪd ðə ˈfoʊˌtoʊz əv hɪz ˈænˌsɛstərz ɪn waɪt. ðə ˈʤəŋgəl aɪ wɛr maɪ ˈtunɪk, bət aɪ laɪk tɪ liv ˈwɛrɪŋ ɪt bɪˈkəz aɪ maɪt gɪt ˈprɑbləmz frəm ˈəðər ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs groups.”*.” lænd ˈkɑnflɪkts ər ˈkɑmənˌpleɪs ɪn ʧiˈɑpəs, ənd wɪn ðə maɪə wər ˈgɪvɪn ˈeɪkərz baɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt ɪn 1971 ˈəðər grups, ˈpriviəsli ɪnˈkərəʤd tɪ muv tɪ ðə lænd baɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt, wər noʊˈtɔriəsli ənˈhæpi əˈbaʊt ɪt. sɪns ðɛn, ˈnumərəs ˈligəl ˈʧælənʤɪz hæv bɪn meɪd ɔn ðə lænd. ðə nɛkst taɪm aɪ wʊd si ˈdænjəl wɑz ə wik ˈleɪtər æt ə ˈdəsti ˈkrɔsˌroʊdz ɔn ðə ɛʤ əv ðə ˈʤəŋgəl. ðɪs taɪm ɪt wʊd bi maɪ tərn tɪ fil ənˈkəmfərtəbəl. hi wɑz ˈkɑnfədənt ənd kɑm ɪn hɪz sərˈaʊndɪŋz, ə stɑrk ˈkɑntræst tɪ mi, ə ˈərbəˌnaɪt. ˈdænjəl ɪz ə tʊr gaɪd hu lidz ˈvɪzɪtərz ˈɪntu ðə ˈʤəŋgəl tɪ ɪkˈsplɔr lɔst maɪə ˈsɪtiz, tɪ lərn əˈbaʊt ðə məˈdɪsənəl plænts ənd ˈseɪkrɪd triz ər tɪ ræft daʊn ðə ˈpaʊərfəl ˈwɔtərˌfɔlz ðət rən nɪr hɪz ˈvɪlɪʤ. aɪ wɑz ðɛr ɔn bʊk ˈrisərʧ ənd hæd æst ɪm tɪ teɪk mi tɪ ˈvɪzɪt ðə ˈeɪnʧənt maɪə ˈsɪti əv, ə pleɪs aɪ bɪˈlivd maɪt hæv bɪn ə ˈspɪrɪˌʧuəl saɪt praɪər tɪ ðə ərˈaɪvəl əv ˈmɪʃəˌnɛriz tɪ ðə ˈɛriə. ɛz wi ˈstɑrtɪd ɑr trɛk, ˈdænjəl wɑz kwɪk tɪ tɛl mi ðət hɪz hoʊm ɪz ˌdɪsəˈpɪrɪŋ. səm ˈɛstəˌmeɪts səˈʤɛst ðət ˈoʊnli 10 əv ðə ˈvərʤɪn ˈraɪnˌfɔrəst rɪˈmeɪnz, ˈæftər juʤ dɪˌfɔrɪˈsteɪʃən kɔzd baɪ ˈkætəl ˈfɑrmɪŋ ənd ˈlɔgɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. ˈoʊnli 60 jɪrz əˈgoʊ ˈænˌsɛstərz hæd lɪvd ɪn ˈvərʧuəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən, dip ɪn ðə ˈraɪnˌfɔrəst. ˌbiˈfɔr 1957 wɪn ə ˈjuˈɛs ˈbæptɪst ˈmɪʃəˌnɛri əraɪvd ənd bɪlt ə ˈlændɪŋ strɪp ɪn chansayab*, ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ðə ˈvɪlɪʤ wɪʧ wɑz ðɛn mɔr laɪk dɪˈspərst dˈwɛlɪŋz ɪn ðə ˈʤəŋgəl wʊd hæv ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ə fju days’*’ trɛk frəm ən ˈɛrˌstrɪp məʧ ˈfərðər əˈweɪ. naʊ ðə kəmˈjunɪti mɔr ˈʧərʧɪz ðən people,”*,” hi toʊld mi wɪθ ə ˈʧəkəl. ðə ərˈɪʤənəl rɪˈlɪʤəs trəˈdɪʃənz əv hɪz ˈpipəl ər noʊ ˈlɔŋgər ˈspoʊkən əˈbaʊt. wɪn aɪ proʊbd fər ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ˈpræktɪsɪz, ˈdænjəl hæd noʊ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən fər mi. æsk maɪ ˈgrændˌməðər tɪ tɛl mi əˈbaʊt ɪt ɔl ðə taɪm," hi sɛd əˌpɑləˈʤɛtɪˌkli, "bət ʃi sɪz ɪt ɪz ˈsɪnfəl ənd spik əv it.”*.” ənˈlaɪk ðə ˈəðər grup əv maɪə ˈfərðər nɔrθ ɪn ðə ˈʤəŋgəl, ˈsəðərnərz laɪk ˈfæməli wər kənˈvərtɪd tɪ ˌkrɪsʧiˈænɪti ənd nɛkst tɪ ˈnəθɪŋ rɪˈmeɪnz əv ðɛr ˈspɪrɪˌʧuəl ˈænsɛstri. təˈdeɪ, ðə rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˈtʊˌrɪzəm tɪ səˈsteɪn ðɛmˈsɛlvz, səm ˈbɪldɪŋ ˈkæbənz fər ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ˈtrævələrz, ənd ˈmɛni, laɪk ˈdænjəl, ər naʊ ˈsərtəˌfaɪd ˈræftɪŋ gaɪdz. ˈdænjəl lɪvz ɪn ə ˈhəmbəl ˈwʊdən haʊs, spiks maɪə ənd ˈigərli əˈweɪts ðə ˈreɪni ˈsizən wɪn hi kən kæʧ ðət fɔl aʊt əv triz tɪ it wɪθ hɪz ˈfæməli. jɛt ðə ˈvɪlɪʤ ʃɑp sɛlz koʊk, hi oʊnz ə kɑr, hɪz ˈʧɪldrən rɪˈzɪst ˈspikɪŋ maɪə ənd wɔnt tɪ kət ðɛr hɛr ənd ˈdænjəl noʊz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈnəθɪŋ əv ðə ˈneɪʧər gɑdz əv hɪz ˈfɔrˌfɑðərz. ˈspɪrɪˌʧuəl kəˈnɛkʃən tɪ ðə lænd wɑz nɑt ɪn daʊt, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɛz hi ˈtrævərst ðə ˈfɔrɪst ðə weɪ aɪ ˈtrævərs ˈəndərˌgraʊnd ˈsɪstəm æt rəʃ aʊər; ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔn ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət wɪθ ə fearlessness*. ðə ˈʤəŋgəl tɪ ə bit əv ˈklɪkɪŋ sɪˈkeɪdəz, ˈbəzɪŋ ˈɪnˌsɛkts ənd ɪgˈzɑtɪk birdcall*, ənd ðə ɛr wɑz θɪk wɪθ hjuˈmɪdəti. waɪl hɪz ˈoʊnli fɪr ɪz sneɪks, ˈdænjəl toʊld mi, ˈbaɪtɪŋ ænts wər ðə moʊst ˌɪˈmiˌdiət ˈprɑbləm wi feɪst ðət deɪ. ˈdænjəl ənd hɪz sən, hu ʤɔɪnd ˈjuˈɛs fər ðə trɛk ˈspɑtɪd ðɛm fɑr ˌbiˈfɔr aɪ dɪd. ““quick*. stæmp. ants!”*!” ˈdænjəl ˈʃaʊtɪd ɪn maɪə ənd ðɛn ˈspænɪʃ, sˈlæpɪŋ ðɛm ɔf hɪz lɛgz ˌbiˈfɔr ðeɪ kʊd baɪt ɪm. aɪ stæmpt hɑrd ənd spɛd əp maɪ peɪs. ˈdænjəl stɑpt ˈrɛgjələrli tɪ pɔɪnt aʊt ðə məˈdɪsənəl triz ənd plænts əv ðə ˈfɔrɪst: ðə ˈpɔɪzənəs tri ðət kən ˈɔlˌweɪz bi faʊnd wɪˈθɪn əv ɪts ˈænɪˌdoʊt, ðə tri; ðə plænt ðət bərnz wɔrts frəm ðə skɪn; ənd ðə tri wɪθ ə ˈrɛzɪn juzd tɪ hil ðə wundz əv ˈʧaɪldˌbərθ. wɪn wi riʧt ə tri wɪθ sæp soʊ ˈstɪki ɪt ɪz juzd ɛz glu, ˈdænjəl tʊk ɔf wən əv hɪz ə nu əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈʤəŋgəl ðət ɔl ðə ˈpipəl wər ˈwɛrɪŋ tɪ ʃoʊ mi wɛr ðə ʃu hæd rɪpt æt ðə frənt ənd hi hæd stək ɪt bæk təˈgɛðər. ˈæftər əˈbaʊt tu aʊərz biɪŋ ˈgaɪdɪd ˈɛfərtləsli θru ðə ˈʤəŋgəl, wi keɪm feɪs tɪ feɪs wɪθ ðə lɑ ˌsiuˈdæd də, ðə lɔst maɪə ˈsɪti əv. triz ənd vaɪnz ˌɪntərtˈwaɪnd wɪθ ðə stoʊnz ənd ə ˈplɛθərə əv ˈkələrd ˈmɔsɪz ˈkəvərd ðə ˈstrəkʧərz. ˈivɪn ðoʊ fərst ˈvɪzɪtɪd ðə saɪt ɪn ðə 1930s*, ɪt həz ˈnɛvər bɪn ˈɛkskəˌveɪtɪd ənd rɪˈteɪnz ə ˈmɪstɪkəl fil, ˈhaɪtənd baɪ ɪts pəˈzɪʃən dip ɪn ðə ˈʤəŋgəl. ðə ˈstrəkʧərz ˈboʊstɪd strɔŋ ənd ə səˈlɪdəti ðət ɪz ˈtɛstəmənt tɪ ðə ˌɪnʤəˈnuəˌti ɪn kənˈstrəkʃən. ə lɑrʤ blɑk əv stoʊn wɪθ maɪə ˈraɪtɪŋz rɪˈmeɪnd æt ðə saɪt, wɪʧ ˈdænjəl poʊzd baɪ fər mi tɪ teɪk ə ˈfoʊˌtoʊ. wi ɪkˈsplɔrd ðə ˈdɪfərənt ɛz ræn əraʊnd, ˈsərkəlɪŋ ðə ɛz ɪf æt ə ˈpleɪˌgraʊnd. wɪn aɪ æst əˈbaʊt ðə ˈhɪstəri əv ðə saɪt ənd wət ɪt wɑz wəns juzd fər, ˈdænjəl əˈpɪrd tɪ noʊ ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl, nɑt ˈkleɪmɪŋ ˈɛni ril lɪŋk tɪ ðə maɪə. ˈdænjəl ɪz ˈsərtənli ˈstrædlɪŋ tu wərldz, ðə ˈeɪnʧənt ənd ðə ˈmɑdərn, ənd jɛt hi kwaɪt sim tɪ faɪnd ə ˈkəmfərtəbəl pleɪs ɪn ˈiðər. hi məst meɪnˈteɪn trəˈdɪʃənz tɪ səˈsteɪn hɪmˈsɛlf θru ˈtʊˌrɪzəm ənd jɛt hi məst ˈɔlsoʊ ɪmˈbreɪs ðə ˈmɑdərn fər ðə ˈvɛri seɪm ˈrizən. aɪ ˈwəndərd ɪf ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ ðət filz əˈθɛnɪk tɪ ˈdænjəl ɪz hɪz ˈɑbviəs kəˈnɛkʃən tɪ ðə ˈʤəŋgəl. ðə laɪt ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ feɪd ənd aɪ wɑz ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli ˈwərid ðət wi ˈnidɪd tɪ ˈhəri tɪ gɪt bæk tɪ ðə ˈvɪlɪʤ ˌbiˈfɔr ˈnaɪtˌfɔl. me,”*,” ˈdænjəl sɛd. noʊ ðə ˈʤəŋgəl, ju kən relax.”*.” ʃʊr ɪˈnəf, wi meɪd ɑr weɪ aʊt əv ðə triz wɪθ ˈplɛnti əv taɪm fər ˈdænjəl tɪ teɪk mi tɪ hɪz smɔl ˈrɛˌstrɑnt, wɛr hi ʧɛkt ˈfeɪsˌbʊk ɔn ðə wən ʃɛrd kəmˈpjutər, ˈhoʊpɪŋ ðət mɔr ˈtʊrɪsts wɪl bi ˈhɛdɪd hɪz weɪ. ɪf ju laɪkt ðɪs ˈstɔri, saɪn əp fər ðə ˈwikli ˈfiʧərz ˈnuzˌlɛtər, kɔld ju ˈoʊnli rɛd 6 θɪŋz ðɪs week”*”. ə ˈhændˈpɪkt səˈlɛkʃən əv ˈstɔriz frəm ˌbibiˈsi fˈjuʧər, ərθ, ˈkəlʧər, ˈkæpɪtəl, ˈtrævəl ənd ˈɔtoʊz, dɪˈlɪvərd tɪ jʊr ˈɛvəri ˈfraɪˌdeɪ.

i first met daniel chankin in the highland town of san cristobal de las casas in the mexican state of chiapas. daniel, a lacandon maya who lives in the rainforest near mexico’s southern border with guatemala, told me he couldn’t wait to be back home; he didn’t feel comfortable in town. he only comes to san cristobal to visit na bolom, a museum dedicated to the lacandon people, where he helps his mother-in-law sell her traditional crafts in the gift shop. daniel is one of only about 700 lacandon maya still living in the rainforest today. the name lacandon was given to two groups of peoples who fled deep into the jungle to escape conversion and oppression by the spanish. they would live in the jungle for the next 500 years with limited contact with the outside world, referring to themselves as hack winik, or the true people, until the turn of the 20th century when loggers, archeologists and missionaries began to arrive. romanticized for their white tunics and long black hair, these same features often cause them to be the victims of discrimination. daniel and i met in the museum’s library, where we found books about his village, lacanja chansayab, in the southern region of the lacandon jungle. as we talked, i showed him photos from the 1950s in one of the books, and he laughed in surprise as he pointed out his family members. “i don’t usually wear these clothes you know,” he told me as he pulled at the collar of his plaid shirt and eyed the photos of his ancestors in white tunics. “in the jungle i wear my tunic, but i don’t like to leave wearing it because i might get problems from other indigenous groups.” land conflicts are commonplace in chiapas, and when the lacandon maya were given 614,000 acres by the government in 1971, other groups, previously encouraged to move to the land by the government, were notoriously unhappy about it. since then, numerous legal challenges have been made on the land. the next time i would see daniel was a week later at a dusty crossroads on the edge of the jungle. this time it would be my turn to feel uncomfortable. he was confident and calm in his surroundings, a stark contrast to me, a self-proclaimed urbanite. daniel is a tour guide who leads visitors into the jungle to explore lost maya cities, to learn about the medicinal plants and sacred trees or to raft down the powerful waterfalls that run near his village. i was there on book research and had asked him to take me to visit the ancient maya city of lacanja, a place i believed might have been a spiritual site prior to the arrival of missionaries to the area. as we started our trek, daniel was quick to tell me that his home is disappearing. some estimates suggest that only 10% of the virgin rainforest remains, after huge deforestation caused by cattle farming and logging in the area. only 60 years ago daniel‘s ancestors had lived in virtual isolation, deep in the rainforest. before 1957, when a us baptist missionary arrived and built a landing strip in lacanja chansayab, visiting the village which was then more like dispersed dwellings in the jungle would have involved a few days’ trek from an airstrip much further away. now the community “has more churches than people,” he told me with a chuckle. the original religious traditions of his people are no longer spoken about. when i probed for information about pre-christian practices, daniel had no information for me. “i ask my grandmother to tell me about it all the time," he said apologetically, "but she says it is sinful and won’t speak of it.” unlike the other group of lacandon maya further north in the jungle, southerners like daniel’s family were converted to christianity and next to nothing remains of their spiritual ancestry. today, the lacandon rely on tourism to sustain themselves, some building cabins for visiting travellers, and many, like daniel, are now certified rafting guides. daniel lives in a humble wooden house, speaks maya and eagerly awaits the rainy season when he can catch chameleons that fall out of trees to eat with his family. yet the village shop sells coke, he owns a car, his children resist speaking maya and want to cut their hair and daniel knows almost nothing of the nature gods of his forefathers. daniel’s spiritual connection to the land was not in doubt, however, as he traversed the forest the way i traverse london’s underground system at rush hour; almost on autopilot with a self-assured fearlessness. the jungle hummed to a beat of clicking cicadas, buzzing insects and exotic birdcall, and the air was thick with humidity. while his only fear is snakes, daniel told me, biting ants were the most immediate problem we faced that day. daniel and his five-year-old son, brayan who joined us for the trek spotted them far before i did. “quick. stamp. ants!” daniel shouted in maya and then spanish, slapping them off his legs before they could bite him. i stamped hard and sped up my pace. daniel stopped regularly to point out the medicinal trees and plants of the forest: the poisonous chechem tree that can always be found within 100m of its antidote, the chak tree; the plant that burns warts from the skin; and the tree with a resin used to heal the wounds of childbirth. when we reached a tree with sap so sticky it is used as glue, daniel took off one of his crocs a new addition to the jungle that all the lacandon people were wearing to show me where the shoe had ripped at the front and he had stuck it back together. after about two hours being guided effortlessly through the jungle, we came face to face with the la ciudad perdida de lacanja, the lost maya city of lacanja. trees and vines intertwined with the stones and a plethora of colored mosses covered the structures. even though archeologists first visited the site in the 1930s, it has never been excavated and retains a mystical feel, heightened by its position deep in the jungle. the structures boasted strong archways and a solidity that is testament to the maya’s ingenuity in construction. a large block of stone with maya writings remained at the site, which daniel posed by for me to take a photo. we explored the different edifices as brayan ran around, circling the archways as if at a playground. when i asked about the history of the site and what it was once used for, daniel appeared to know very little, not claiming any real link to the maya. daniel is certainly straddling two worlds, the ancient and the modern, and yet he can’t quite seem to find a comfortable place in either. he must maintain traditions to sustain himself through tourism and yet he must also embrace the modern for the very same reason. i wondered if the only thing that feels authentic to daniel is his obvious connection to the jungle. the light started to fade and i was increasingly worried that we needed to hurry to get back to the village before nightfall. “trust me,” daniel said. “i know the jungle, you can relax.” sure enough, we made our way out of the trees with plenty of time for daniel to take me to his village’s small restaurant, where he checked facebook on the one shared computer, hoping that more tourists will be headed his way. if you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called “if you only read 6 things this week”. a handpicked selection of stories from bbc future, earth, culture, capital, travel and autos, delivered to your inbox every friday.

ðɪs ɪˈvɛnt wɪl prəˈmoʊt əˈwɛrnəs ənd ˈpɑləsi ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt kənˈsərnɪŋ ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃən æt ðə ˈpərsɪnəl, ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənəl (uic*), ˈsɪti, ənd ˈnæʃənəl ˈlɛvəlz. ðɪs ˈwərkˌʃɑp wɪl bɪld ɔn tu juˈnik ənd ˈtaɪmli ˈfiʧərz: ðə ˈkɑŋgrəs həz ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtɪd ˈlɪtəl ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ˈmɪtəˌgeɪtɪŋ ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz rɑm ɪˈmænjuəl həz bɪn ɪˈlɛktɪd meɪər əv ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ˈfɑloʊɪŋ 20 jɪrz əv ˈɛnərʤi, ˈklaɪmɪt ənd ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈækʃən baɪ meɪər ˈrɪʧərd ɛm. ˈdeɪli. ðə ˈwərkˌʃɑp ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪdz wɪθ ðə ˌɪmpləmɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðə 2011 ˈfɛdərəl ˈbəʤɪt ənd ʤɪst prɪˈsidz kənˈgrɛʃənəl dəˈbeɪt ɔn ðə 2012 ˈbəʤɪt. ðə rɪˈdəkʃənz ɪn boʊθ ðə 2011 ənd 2012 ˈbəʤɪts wɪl bi ˈwaɪdli fɛlt ɪn ðə kəmˈjunɪti ənd ər ˈlaɪkli tɪ stɔl ˈsɪriəs ˈnæʃənəl ˈækʃən ɔn ˈmɪtəˌgeɪtɪŋ ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃənz fər æt list tu jɪrz. ðɪs ɪˈvɛnt ˈɔlsoʊ fɔlz bɪtˈwin rɑm ɪˈlɛkʃən ɛz meɪər əv ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ɔn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 22 ənd hɪz ˌɪˌnɔgjəˈreɪʃən ɔn meɪ 16 ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ə praɪm mənθ fər kəmˈjunəˌkeɪtɪŋ ˈɛnərʤi ənd ˈkɑrbən ɪˈmɪʃən praɪˈɔrətiz tɪ ðə meɪər ənd hɪz stæf. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈwərkˌʃɑp ˈspikərz wɪl dɪˈskəs ˈkɑrbən ˈfʊtˌprɪnts ɔn ðə ˈpərsɪnəl, ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənəl, ˈsɪti ənd ˈnæʃənəl ˈlɛvəlz əv ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt ənd ðɛn fɔrm ə ˈpænəl tɪ ˈstɪmjəˌleɪt ənd rɪˈspɑnd tɪ kˈwɛsʧənz frəm ðə ˈɔdiəns. ˈwərkˌʃɑp ˈpænəlɪsts: ʤɔrʤ ˈkræbˌtri (ˈmɑdərˌeɪtər) dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt prəˈfɛsər əv ˈfɪzɪks ˈneɪθən ˈkɪpnɪs (ˈpərsɪnəl ˈkɑrbən) ˈprɪnsəpəl, ˈneɪθən ˈkɪpnɪs ˈɑrkəˌtɛkts, ɪŋk. ˈsɪnθiə (ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənəl ˈkɑrbən) əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˈʧænsələr fər səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti ˈpitər lɑk (ˈsɪti ˈkɑrbən) ənd ˈmænəʤɪŋ dɪˈrɛktər, səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti kənˈsəltənts ˈtɑməs ˈkʊʃɪŋ (ˈnæʃənəl ˈkɑrbən) dɪˈvɛləpmənt kənˈsəltənt, klin ˈɛnərʤi trəst (ˈfɔrmər ˈsinjər ˌviˈpi, ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ˈklaɪmɪt ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ) ˈæftər ðə ˈwərkˌʃɑp, ðə ˈpænəlɪsts wɪl bi ʤɔɪnd baɪ ˈstudənt ənd kəmˈjunɪti grups tɪ ˈnɛtˌwərk ənd dɪˈskəs ðɛr ækˈtɪvɪtiz ənd pəˈzɪʃənz. grups kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ðɪs ˈnɛtˌwərkɪŋ ˈsɛʃən ˌɪnˈklud: ˈnukliər ˈɛnərʤi ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ˈsərvɪs ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl lɔ ˈpɑləsi ˈsɛnər ˈlɪtəl ˈvɪlɪʤ ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈʤəstɪs ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən grin juθ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˈtɛˌrɑ soʊˈsaɪɪti həl haʊs ˌɪnˈkludɪd ɪn ðə ɪˈvɛnt ɪz ə fri ˈfʊtˌprɪnt) ˈlənʧən kəmˈpraɪzd əv ˌɪnˈgridiənts. ˈfaɪnəli, ə bæŋk əv kəmˈpjutərz wɪθ dræft ˈlɛtərz tɪ, ˈsɪti ənd kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˈlidərz kənˈsərnɪŋ spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈkɑrbən ˌmɪtɪˈgeɪʃən ˈækʃənz wɪl prəˈvaɪd kənˈvinjənt ˌɑpərˈtunətiz fər ˈɪnˌfluənsɪŋ dɪˈsɪʒən ˈmeɪkərz. klɪk ðə ˌrɛʤɪˈstreɪʃən lɪŋk əˈbəv tɪ kənˈfərm jʊr spɑt æt ðə ɪˈvɛnt!

this half-day event will promote awareness and policy engagement concerning carbon emission at the personal, institutional (uic), city, and national levels. this workshop will build on two unique and timely features: the newly-elected congress has demonstrated little interest in mitigating carbon emissions rahm emanuel has been elected mayor of chicago following 20 years of energy, climate and environmental action by mayor richard m. daley. the workshop coincides with the implementation of the 2011 federal budget and just precedes congressional debate on the 2012 budget. the reductions in both the 2011 and 2012 budgets will be widely felt in the community and are likely to stall serious national action on mitigating carbon emissions for at least two years. this event also falls between rahm emanuel's election as mayor of chicago on february 22 and his inauguration on may 16, making it a prime month for communicating energy and carbon emission priorities to the mayor and his staff. during the workshop speakers will discuss carbon footprints on the personal, institutional, city and national levels of engagement and then form a panel to stimulate and respond to questions from the audience. workshop panelists: george crabtree (moderator) - uic distinguished professor of physics nathan kipnis (personal carbon) - principal, nathan kipnis architects, inc. cynthia klein-banai (institutional carbon) – uic associate chancellor for sustainability peter locke (city carbon) – co-founder and managing director, terralocke sustainability consultants thomas cushing (national carbon) – development consultant, clean energy trust (former senior vp, chicago climate exchange) after the workshop, the panelists will be joined by student and community groups to network and discuss their activities and positions. groups committed to this networking session include: nuclear energy information service environmental law & policy center little village environmental justice organization green youth revolution terra society hull house included in the event is a free (low-carbon footprint) luncheon comprised of locally-sourced ingredients. finally, a bank of computers with draft letters to uic, city and congressional leaders concerning specific carbon mitigation actions will provide convenient opportunities for influencing decision makers. click the registration link above to confirm your spot at the event!

ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti: ɪts raɪz tɪ ˈprɑmənəns, ɪts ˌɪndɪˈspɛnsəbəl ˈnæʃənəl roʊl, waɪ ɪt məst bi prəˈtɛktɪd, baɪ ˈʤɑnəθən ɑr. koʊl, publicaffairs*, 616 ˈpeɪʤɪz, 35 haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən: haʊ ˈkɑlɪʤɪz ər ˈweɪstɪŋ ɑr ˈməni ənd ˈfeɪlɪŋ ɑr kɪdz, baɪ ˈændru ˈhækər ənd ˈklɔdiə, ˈhɛnri hoʊlt ənd ˈkəmpəˌni, 288 ˈpeɪʤɪz, 26 mɔr ðən naɪn əˈmɛrɪkənz ɪn 10 seɪ ðət ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər əˈməŋ ðə ˈneɪʃənz "moʊst ˈvæljəbəl ˈrisɔrsɪz," bət ðeɪ hoʊld ˈdɪfərənt ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz kənˈflɪktɪŋ aɪˈdiəz əˈbaʊt wət ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər ˈvæljəbəl fər. ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər ɪkˈspɛktɪd tɪ ˈʤɛnərˌeɪt aɪˈdiəz ənd ˈʤɛnərˌeɪt ʤɑbz, tɪ priˈpɛr ðə nɛkst ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əv ˈlidərz ənd ˈoʊpən ðɛr dɔrz tɪ ðə greɪt mæs əv haɪ skul ˈgræʤəˌweɪts, tɪ spik truθ tɪ paʊər ənd sərv ɛz ˈrisɔrsɪz fər ðoʊz ɪn paʊər. ˈnidləs tɪ seɪ, haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈhæzənt ˈfɪgjərd aʊt haʊ tɪ du ɔl ðiz θɪŋz æt wəns, ənd ɪts ˈfeɪlɪŋz hæv bɪn grɪst fər ə ˈkɑtɪʤ ˈɪndəstri əv ˈkrɪtɪks. ˈændru ˈhækər ənd ˈklɔdiə' haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪz ðə ˈleɪtəst əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðɪs ˈbʊkˌʃɛlf əv broadsides*, ðə kˈwɛʃən mɑrk ɪn ðə ˈtaɪtəl ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ ɪts vˈjuˌpɔɪnt. ɪn ʃɑrp ˈkɑntræst, ˈʤɑnəθən koʊlz ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪz ə ˈpiən tɪ ɪˈlit ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz. iʧ bʊk ˈɔfərz ˈsəmθɪŋ əv ˈvælju bət goʊz tu fɑr: əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər ˈniðər ðə frɔdz ðət haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən əˈsərts nɔr ɛz ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv ɛz ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˌɪˈmæʤənz. koʊl pəˈzɛsɪz ðə krəˈdɛnʃəlz tɪ kræft ðə dɪˈfɪnɪtɪv əˈkaʊnt əv ðə ˈneɪʃənz ˈfɔrˌmoʊst ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz. hi həz bɪn æt kəˈləmbiə, əˈməŋ ðə bɛst əv ðoʊz ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz, fər ˈnɪrli hæf ə ˈsɛnʧəri, frəm ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət tɪ prəˈfɛsər tɪ ˈproʊvoʊst, ənd ðət ˈpərsɪnəl ˈhɪstəri gɪvz ɪm ə ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ əv haʊ səʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz rən. ɛz ən ˈɛmənənt ˈskɑlər əv ðə ˌsoʊsiˈɑləʤi əv saɪəns, hi həz dɛlvd ˈdipli ˈɪntu ðə ˈsoʊʃəl ˈprɑsɛsəz ðət jild ˈrisərʧ. ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti kənˈtɛndz, wɪθ ˈmaʊntənz əv ˈɛvədəns, ðət ðə ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz hæv bɪn "ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl sɔrs əv ˌdɪˈskəvri ənd ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts," proʊˈfaʊndli ˈʃeɪpɪŋ haʊ wi lɪv. jɛt koʊl siz ˈtrəbəl əˈhɛd, wɪθ ˈʧælənʤɪz ˈkəmɪŋ frəm ən ˈoʊvərˌriʧɪŋ ˈgəvərnmənt ðət, ɪn ðə 11 ˈɪrə, həz kənˈstrɪktəd ˌækəˈdɛmɪk ˈfridəm ɪn ðə neɪm əv ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti, ɛz wɛl ɛz frəm wɪˈθɪn ðə geɪts, wɛr ðə ˌɪnˈtɑlərəns əv ðoʊz hu rɪˈgɑrd ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɛz ˌɛnˈlaɪtənd ˌəndərˈmaɪnz ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl laɪf. əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsətiz du hæv məʧ tɪ boʊst əˈbaʊt. eɪt əv ðə wərldz tɔp 10 ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz, ənd 17 əv ðə tɔp 20 ər ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl ˈʃæŋˈhaɪ tɔŋ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz 2009 ˈræŋkɪŋz. ðoʊz ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz ər hoʊm tɪ ðə moʊst noʊˈbɛl praɪz ˈwɪnərz ɪn saɪəns ənd ˈmɛdəsən ənd ðə ˈsɔrsəz əv ðə moʊst ˈpætənts. ˌɔlˈðoʊ wi teɪk səʧ əˈʧivmənts fər ˈgrænɪd, ðɪs priˈɛmənəns deɪts ˈoʊnli tɪ ðə 1930s*. bət ɛz ˈvæljəbəl ɛz əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər, koʊl kleɪmz tu məʧ ˈkrɛdɪt fər ðɛm. ðeɪ ər nɑt riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ˈɛvəri ˌdɪˈskəvri ɪn wɪʧ ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˈrisərʧərz hæv hæd ə hænd; ˈɪndəstri, ˈgəvərnmənt, ənd θɪŋk tæŋks hæv ˈkɛrid aʊt ˈpɪvətəl ˈstədiz, ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz kəmˈpɛtɪtɪvli. ˈkətɪˌŋɛʤ wərk həz ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈkəm ən ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl əˈfɛr, wɪθ ˈnumərəs ˈɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈʤərnəlz baɪ ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈrisərʧərz. dəˈlɛməz əraɪz wɪn ðə fruts əv ˈrisərʧ faɪnd ə kəˈmərʃəl ˈmɑrkɪt. ˈəndər wət ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz du ðə ˈkæmpəs- ˈɪndəstri dilz ðət koʊl ɛmˈbreɪsɪz dɪˈstɔrt ðə praɪˈɔrətiz əv ðə ər ðə ˈmɪʃən əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti? koʊl ɛnˈvɪʒənz ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɛz ə "fri zoʊn riˈmuvd frəm ðə paʊərz ðət bi" ən ˈædmərəbəl ˈnoʊʃən, bət wən ðæts nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli wɪθ ðə praɪˈɔrətiz əv ðə ˈmərkənˌtaɪl ˈpɑrtnərz. ˈgəvərnmənt mərˈɔdɪŋ θˈrɛtənz ðɪs priˈɛmənəns. koʊl spɛnz tu ˈʧæptərz ɛkˈskɔriˌeɪtɪŋ ðə bʊʃ ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən, ənd ˈraɪtli soʊ, fər ˌɪnərˈfɪrɪŋ wɪθ saɪəns ˈrisərʧ ənd ˈgloʊbəl ˈwɔrmɪŋ ər tu noʊˈtɔriəs ɪgˈzæmpəlz ɛz wɛl ɛz fər ˈkipɪŋ ˈskɑlərz aʊt əv ðə ˈkəntri ɔn ˌɪmˈprɑbəbəl sɪˈkjʊrəti graʊnz. ˈivɪn mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ɪz ˈpəblɪk dɪsɪnˈvɛstmənt ɪn haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən. ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə boʊsts faɪv əv ðə wərldz tɔp 50 ˌjunəˈvərsətiz, bət ðɛr priˈɛmənəns ɪz ɪn ˈʤɛpərdi ɛz ðə steɪt ˈgəvərnmənt retrenches*. ðə ˈflægˌʃɪp ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ɪn ˈmɪʃɪgən ənd vərˈʤɪnjə, ˈfeɪsɪŋ ðə seɪm prɪˈdɪkəmənt, hæv rɪˈspɑndɪd baɪ ˈreɪzɪŋ tjuˈɪʃən tɪ ˈlɛvəlz ðət pʊt ðɛm aʊt əv riʧ fər ˈmɛni ˈfæməliz. ˈminˌwaɪl, "ˌækəˈdɛmɪk ˈdɑgməˌtɪzəm" ˈfrizɪŋ aʊt ðə dɪˈsɛnərz θˈrɛtənz ˌækəˈdɛmɪk ˈfridəm mɔr ðən ən ˈaʊˈtraɪt wɪʧ hənt. ˈivɪn ɛz ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz kəm ənd goʊ, ðiz ˌækəˈdɛmɪk hæv ðə ləgˈʒəriənt steɪɪŋ paʊər əv ˈtɛnjər. ðiz deɪz, jʊr mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ faɪnd ə ɪkˈsprɛʃən əv aɪˈdiəz ɔn tɔk ˈreɪdiˌoʊ ðən ɔn ə ˈkɑlɪʤ ˈkæmpəs. ðə fækt ðət ˌəndərˈgræʤəwəts ər ˈrɛrli sin ɪn ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪz ˈsəmˈwət səˈpraɪzɪŋ bɪˈkəz kəˈləmbiə praɪdz ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɔn ɪts ˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃən tɪ ˈtiʧɪŋ. ɛz koʊl ækˈnɑlɪʤɪz, ðɛrz ə kəˈnɛkʃən bɪtˈwin ˈrisərʧ ənd ˈtiʧɪŋ; ə prəˈfɛsər hu ɪz ˈæktɪvli ɪnˈgeɪʤd ɪn ˈskɑlərˌʃɪp ɔn ðə frənˈtɪrz əv ˈrisərʧ simz mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ kip əp wɪθ nu ˈnɑlɪʤ ənd tɪ ˈɪnəˌgreɪt ɪt ˈɪntu ən ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət kɔrs, ˈivɪn ən ˌɪntrəˈdəktəri wən. tɪ ˈboʊlstər hɪz ˈɑrgjəmənt fər ðə ˈpɪvətəl roʊl əv ðə ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsəti, koʊl drɔz ɔn ðə reɪs bɪtˈwin ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ənd tɛkˈnɑləʤi, ˈklɔdiə ˈgoʊldɪn ənd ˈlɔrəns ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən əv ðə hɪˈstɔrɪk ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns əv haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən fər əˈmɛrɪkəz ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk priˈɛmənəns. bət ˈgoʊldɪn ənd kæts ˈɑrənt ˈraɪtɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈrisərʧ. ðɛr kənˈsərn ɪz ðə sloʊɪŋ sɪns 1970 əv ðə reɪt əv ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˈkɑlɪʤ ɛnˈroʊlmənt, wɪʧ, ðeɪ ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt, ɪz prəˈdusɪŋ ə ˈwərkˌfɔrs ðət ɪz ˌtɛknəˈlɑʤɪkəli underprepared*. wɪn ˌəndərˈgræʤəwəts du meɪk ən əˈpɪrəns ɪn ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti, ðeɪ ər ˈsəmˌtaɪmz dɪˈpɪktɪd ɛz mɪsˈgaɪdɪd juθ, ɛz wɪn ðeɪ ˈhɛkəl ˌənˈpɑpjələr ˈkæmpəs ˈspikərz. stɪl, koʊl ˈɑrgjuz, "ˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃən tɪ wənz ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən" peɪz ɔf ɪt ˈsəbsɪˌdaɪzɪz ðə ˈrisərʧ ˈɛnərˌpraɪz, "provid[ing*] ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈpɔrʃən əv ðə ˈrisɔrsɪz ˈnidɪd tɪ kriˈeɪt ənd səˈsteɪn greɪt ˈgræʤəˌweɪt ənd prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈproʊˌgræmz əv ˈstədi." səʧ ˈsɛnəmənts ˈaʊˌtreɪʤ ˈhækər ənd, ðə əv haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈhækər ˈtiʧɪz pəˈlɪtɪkəl saɪəns æt kwinz ˈkɑlɪʤ, wən əv ðə dɪˈvɪʒənz əv ðə ˈsɪti ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv nu jɔrk, ə ˈsəbˌweɪ raɪd ənd ə ˈlaɪˌtjɪr frəm kəˈləmbiə, ənd ðə pərˈspɛktɪv əˈfɔrdəd baɪ ðət lɛs ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd pərʧ ʃeɪps hɪz vjuz ɔn haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən. raɪts fər ðə saɪəns ˈsɛkʃən əv ðə nu jɔrk taɪmz. haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪz, baɪ dɪˈzaɪn, lɛs ˈtɛmpərət ðən ˈhækərz ˈərliər bʊks əˈbaʊt ˈreɪʃəl ənd ˈʤɛndər ˌɪnɪkˈwɑləti ər' ˈʤərnəˌlɪzəm. ɪts ə əˈsɔlt ɔn ˈsimɪŋli ˈɛvəri ˈkɔrnər əv ˌækəˈdɛmɪk laɪf, ˈbrɔdli əˈtækɪŋ ˈʃɑdi ˈkɔrsɪz, ˌɪˈnɛpt ˈtiʧɪŋ, ənd ˈpædɪd tjuˈɪʃən. ðə ˈvɪʒən əv ə ˈkɑlɪʤ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ðət ˈhækər ənd ədˈvæns ɪz ɛz ˈtaɪmləs ɛz ˈkɑrdɪnəl ˈnumənz ˈklæsɪk əˈkaʊnt, ðə aɪˈdiə əv ə ˌjunəˈvərsəti. "ˈkɑlɪʤ ʃʊd bi ə ˈkəlʧərəl ˈʤərni, ən ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃən," ðə ˈɔθərz raɪt. ə ˈmeɪʤər laɪk spɔrt ˈmænɪʤmənt ər ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən həz noʊ pleɪs ɪn ðɪs ˈvɪʒən: "ɪt ˈɪzənt ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən. ɪt ɪz ˈtreɪnɪŋ." wət ʃʊd ˈkɑlɪʤɪz du? meɪk ˌəndərˈgræʤəwəts "mɔr ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ ˈpipəl," ˈhækər ənd seɪ. ðɪs ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ əv ðə ˈpərpəsɪz əv ə ˈkɑlɪʤ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈænəˌmeɪts mɔr nuɑnst əˈkaʊnts səʧ ɛz ˈænθɔˌni ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃənz ɛnd: waɪ ɑr ˈkɑlɪʤɪz ənd ˌjunəˈvərsətiz hæv ˈgɪvɪn əp ɔn ðə ˈminɪŋ əv laɪf ənd ʤɔrʤ ˈfælɪs' multiversities*, aɪˈdiəz, ənd dɪˈmɑkrəsi. æt list fər səm əv ˈjuˈɛs, ðɪs ɪz ən əˈpilɪŋ ˈkaʊntərˌweɪt tɪ ðə rɪˈlɛntlɪs ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ðə ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk rɪˈtərnz ðət fɔr jɪrz ɪn ˈkɑlɪʤ ər sɛd tɪ ˈʤɛnərˌeɪt. nɑt soʊ lɔŋ əˈgoʊ, ˈkɑlɪʤɪz sɔ ðɛr ˈstudənts ɛz jəŋ ˈpipəl huz ˈprɛfərənsɪz wər tɪ bi fɔrmd, bət ɪn ðiz taɪmz ðeɪ rɪˈgɑrd ˈstudənts ɛz kənˈsumərz huz ˈprɛfərənsɪz ər tɪ bi ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd. haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən pɔɪnts aʊt səm əv ðə pərˈnɪʃəs ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz əv ðɪs ʃɪft. ˈkɑlɪʤɪz spɛnd skædz əv ˈməni tɪ meɪk ðɛr ˈkæmpəsɪz ɛz ˈspɪfi ɛz səˈbərbiə. ðə ˈreɪʃiˌoʊ əv ædˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtərz tɪ ˈstudənts həz ˈməʃˌrʊmd, wɪθ səʧ nu pəˈzɪʃənz ɛz səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti dɪˈrɛktər, krɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈspɛʃəlɪst, vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ˈstudənt səkˈsɛs, ənd koʊˈɔrdəˌneɪtər əv ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz. ˈminˌwaɪl, əˈsərt ˈhækər ənd, ˈfækəlti ər peɪd ˈhænsəmli fər ðə aʊərz ðeɪ pʊt ˈɪntu ˈtiʧɪŋ (ə kleɪm beɪst ɔn ə ˈdubiəs ˌkælkjəˈleɪʃən əv prəˈfɛsərz' ˈaʊrli peɪ). əˈspɛʃəli ɪn ðə ˈlidɪŋ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz, ðə ˈtɛnjərd klæs ɪz lɛft tɪ du ɪts oʊn θɪŋ, wɪθ ðə wərk əv ˈtiʧɪŋ ˈlɑrʤli ˈkɛrid aʊt baɪ ˈæˌʤəŋkts ənd ˈtiʧɪŋ əˈsɪstənts. ðæts ə bæd dil fər ˈstudənts: əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈlɑrʤˌskeɪl 2008 ˈstədi ˈsaɪtɪd baɪ ˈhækər ənd, ðə mɔr ˈstudənts ər tɔt baɪ itinerants*, ðə mɔr ˈlaɪkli ðeɪ ər tɪ drɔp aʊt. æt nu jɔrk ˌjunəˈvərsəti ənd ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə, əˈməŋ ˈəðər ˈhaɪli ræŋkt skulz, ðə hu lɛd ˈsɛkʃənz ər ˌəndərˈgræʤəwəts ɪz ðɪs wət tjuˈɪʃən ʃʊd baɪ? nɔr ər ðə ˈlɪˌbərəl ɑrts ˈkɑlɪʤɪz ɔf ðə hʊk. ə sˈwɔrθˌmɔr ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, wɪθ ən ˈænjuəl tjuˈɪʃən əv ɪz sɛd tɪ bi noʊ ˈbɛtər ðən wəts ɔn ˈɔfər æt ˈkɑlɪʤ, ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd ɪn mcminnville*, ˈɔrəˌgɑn, wɛr ðə tjuˈɪʃən rənz moʊst contentiously*, ˈhækər ənd kənˈtɛnd ðət prəˈfɛsərz' ˈrisərʧ gɪts ɪn ðə weɪ əv ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən (baɪ wɪʧ ðeɪ min ˈtiʧɪŋ). "wət ɪf ˈkɑlɪʤɪz ənd ˌjunəˈvərsətiz wər tɪ ʃɛd ðɛr ˈrisərʧ kəmˈpoʊnənts soʊ ðeɪ kʊd ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən?" ðeɪ æsk. wət ɪf ˈrisərʧ wər ðə ˈprɑvɪns əv ˈpleɪsɪz səʧ ɛz ðə sɔk ˈɪnstɪˌtut ənd ðə ˈbrʊkɪŋz ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən? fər koʊl ˌɪnˈdid, fər moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs ɪn ðə ðɪs ɪz ˈhɛrəsi, ənd ˈteɪkən ˈlɪtərəli ɪt ɛmˈbɑdiz ðə brænd əv ˈpɑpjəˌlɪzəm. ʃʊd ˈhækər, hu həz ˈrɪtən ˈmɛni ˈsɪriəs bʊks, hæv ˈmaɪˌgreɪtɪd frəm kɔrˈnɛl tɪ ˈbrʊkɪŋz ˌɪnˈstɛd əv kwinz? bət ðə ˌprɑvəˈkeɪʃən ˌɪnˈvaɪts ə ˌriəˈsɛsmənt əv ðə ˈhɔri ˈnoʊʃən ðət duɪŋ ˈrisərʧ ɪn wənz ˈnɛroʊ ˌspɛʃələˈzeɪʃən ɪz ɛˈsɛnʃəl fər gʊd ˈtiʧɪŋ. kənˈsərvətɪv ˈpəndət ˈwɪljəm ˈbɛnɪt, hum ˈhækər ənd kwoʊt, ɪz ɔn ðə ˈməni ɪn ˈpɔɪntɪŋ aʊt ðət "tu ˈmɛni ˈfækəlti ˈmɛmbərz wɔnt tɪ tiʧ ðɛr ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən ər ðɛr nɛkst ˈɑrtɪkəl." ˌækəˈdɛmɪks ər ˈʤɛnərəli ˈbɛtər æt ˈænəˌlaɪzɪŋ ðən priˈskraɪbɪŋ, ənd ðiz tu bʊks ər nɑt ɪkˈsɛpʃənz. ɪn ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti, koʊl mˈjuzɪz əˈbaʊt ðə ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ˌridɪˈstrɪbjətɪŋ səm əv ðɛr wɛlθ tɪ ˈpraɪvət ˌjunəˈvərsətiz səʧ ɛz ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈpəblɪk ˈrisərʧ ˌjunəˈvərsətiz səʧ ɛz wɪˈskɑnsən ənd ucla*. doʊnt hoʊld jʊr brɛθ. ðə greɪt ˈpəblɪk ˌjunəˈvərsətiz ər ə ˈnæʃənəl ˈtrɛʒər, bət ənˈlɛs ðeɪ rɪˈsiv ən ˌɪnfˈjuʒən əv ˈpəblɪk fəndz, ðət ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈkæpɪtəl meɪ bi lɔst. haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˈɪzənt ə ˈsɪstəm, ə fækt ðət ˈpɑrtli ɪkˈspleɪnz ɪts hɪˈstɔrɪk səkˈsɛs. bət ɪn ðɛr ˈdɪfərənt weɪz, ðə greɪt əˈmɛrɪkən ˌjunəˈvərsəti ənd haɪər ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ʃoʊ ðət ɔl ɪz nɑt wɛl ɪn ðə hɔlz əv ˈaɪvi. ðə ˈbɪgəst nid ɪz tɪ ˈoʊpən ðə ˈkæmpəs dɔrz tɪ ðə ˈmɛni hu naʊ kænt əˈfɔrd tɪ gɪt ɪn. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə pæst 30 jɪrz, ˈævərɪʤ ˈpraɪvət tjuˈɪʃən həz gɔn frəm 20 pərˈsɛnt tɪ 50 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈmidiən ˈfæməli ˈɪnˌkəm. ˈævərɪʤ ˈpəblɪk tjuˈɪʃən, 4 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈmidiən ˈɪnˌkəm ɪn 1980 ɪz naʊ 11 pərˈsɛnt. ˈminˌwaɪl, mɔr ˈstudənts ər ˈgræʤəˌweɪtɪŋ frəm haɪ skul ˌənpriˈpɛrd fər ðə dɪˈmændz əv ˈkɑlɪʤ. ðoʊ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈstudənts ˈgræʤəˌweɪtɪŋ frəm ˈkɑlɪʤ ɪz noʊ cure-all*, ɪts ˈkrɪtɪkəl tɪ ðə ˈfɔrʧənz əv ðə ˈneɪʃən. ɪt maɪt ˈivɪn ɪnˈkərəʤ ðə nɛkst ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən tɪ bi mɔr ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəli ædˈvɛnʧərəs. ˈivɪn ɪf wi kænt ɔl bi rɪʧ, wi kən ˈsərtənli bi mɔr ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ.

the great american university: its rise to prominence, its indispensable national role, why it must be protected, by jonathan r. cole, publicaffairs, 616 pages, $35 higher education: how colleges are wasting our money and failing our kids, by andrew hacker and claudia dreifus, henry holt and company, 288 pages, $26 more than nine americans in 10 say that universities are among the nation's "most valuable resources," but they hold different and sometimes conflicting ideas about what universities are valuable for. universities are expected to generate ideas and generate jobs, to prepare the next generation of leaders and open their doors to the great mass of high school graduates, to speak truth to power and serve as resources for those in power. needless to say, higher education hasn't figured out how to do all these things at once, and its failings have been grist for a cottage industry of sharp-eyed critics. andrew hacker and claudia dreifus' higher education is the latest addition to this bookshelf of broadsides, the question mark in the title signaling its viewpoint. in sharp contrast, jonathan cole's the great american university is a 616-page paean to elite research universities. each book offers something of value but goes too far: american universities are neither the frauds that higher education asserts nor as impressive as the great american university imagines. cole possesses the credentials to craft the definitive account of the nation's foremost research universities. he has been at columbia, among the best of those institutions, for nearly half a century, from undergraduate to professor to provost, and that personal history gives him a fine-grained understanding of how such universities run. as an eminent scholar of the sociology of science, he has delved deeply into the social processes that yield pathbreaking research. the great american university contends, with mountains of evidence, that the research universities have been "the principal source of discovery and innovation in the united states," profoundly shaping how we live. yet cole sees trouble ahead, with challenges coming from an overreaching government that, in the post-september 11 era, has constricted academic freedom in the name of national security, as well as from within the gates, where the intolerance of those who regard themselves as enlightened undermines intellectual life. american universities do have much to boast about. eight of the world's top 10 research universities, and 17 of the top 20, are located in the united states, according to the influential shanghai jiao tong university's 2009 rankings. those institutions are home to the most nobel prize winners in science and medicine and the sources of the most patents. although we take such achievements for granted, this preeminence dates only to the 1930s. but as valuable as american universities are, cole claims too much credit for them. they are not responsible for every discovery in which university researchers have had a hand; industry, government, and think tanks have carried out pivotal studies, sometimes collaboratively and sometimes competitively. cutting-edge work has also become an international affair, with numerous articles in scientific journals co-authored by intellectual border-crossing researchers. dilemmas arise when the fruits of research find a commercial market. under what circumstances do the campus- industry technology-transfer deals that cole embraces distort the priorities of the professoriate or the mission of the university? cole envisions the university as a "free zone removed from the powers that be" -- an admirable notion, but one that's not necessarily congruent with the priorities of the mercantile partners. government marauding threatens this preeminence. cole spends two chapters excoriating the bush administration, and rightly so, for interfering with science -- stem-cell research and global warming are two notorious examples -- as well as for keeping scholars out of the country on improbable security grounds. even more important is public disinvestment in higher education. the university of california boasts five of the world's top 50 universities, but their preeminence is in jeopardy as the state government retrenches. the flagship universities in michigan and virginia, facing the same predicament, have responded by raising tuition to levels that put them out of reach for many families. meanwhile, "academic dogmatism" -- freezing out the dissenters -- threatens academic freedom more invidiously than an outright witch hunt. even as know-nothing politicians come and go, these academic dogmatists have the luxuriant staying power of tenure. these days, you're more likely to find a full-throated expression of ideas on talk radio than on a college campus. the fact that undergraduates are rarely seen in the great american university is somewhat surprising because columbia prides itself on its dedication to teaching. as cole acknowledges, there's a connection between research and teaching; a professor who is actively engaged in scholarship on the frontiers of research seems more likely to keep up with new knowledge and to integrate it into an undergraduate course, even an introductory one. to bolster his argument for the pivotal role of the research university, cole draws on the race between education and technology, claudia goldin and lawrence katz's pathbreaking demonstration of the historic importance of higher education for america's economic preeminence. but goldin and katz aren't writing about research. their concern is the slowing since 1970 of the rate of increase in college enrollment, which, they demonstrate, is producing a workforce that is technologically underprepared. when undergraduates do make an appearance in the great american university, they are sometimes depicted as misguided youth, as when they heckle unpopular campus speakers. still, cole argues, "dedication to one's undergraduate population" pays off -- it subsidizes the research enterprise, "provid[ing] a significant portion of the resources needed to create and sustain great graduate and professional programs of study." such sentiments outrage hacker and dreifus, the co-authors of higher education hacker teaches political science at queens college, one of the divisions of the city university of new york, a 70-minute subway ride and a light-year from columbia, and the perspective afforded by that less privileged perch doubtlessly shapes his views on higher education. dreifus writes for the science section of the new york times. higher education is, by design, less temperate than hacker's earlier books about racial and gender inequality or dreifus' journalism. it's a j'accuse assault on seemingly every corner of academic life, broadly attacking shoddy courses, inept teaching, and padded tuition. the vision of a college education that hacker and dreifus advance is as timeless as cardinal newman's classic 19th-century account, the idea of a university. "college should be a cultural journey, an intellectual expedition," the authors write. a major like sport management or sign-language interpretation has no place in this vision: "it isn't education. it is training." what should colleges do? make undergraduates "more interesting people," hacker and dreifus say. this understanding of the purposes of a college education animates more nuanced accounts such as anthony kronman's education's end: why our colleges and universities have given up on the meaning of life and george fallis' multiversities, ideas, and democracy. at least for some of us, this is an appealing counterweight to the relentless focus on the economic returns that four years in college are said to generate. not so long ago, colleges saw their students as young people whose preferences were to be formed, but in these market-driven times they regard students as consumers whose preferences are to be satisfied. higher education points out some of the pernicious consequences of this shift. colleges spend scads of money to make their campuses as spiffy as suburbia. the ratio of administrators to students has mushroomed, with such new positions as sustainability director, credential specialist, vice president of student success, and coordinator of learning-immersion experiences. meanwhile, assert hacker and dreifus, faculty are paid handsomely for the hours they put into teaching (a claim based on a dubious calculation of professors' hourly pay). especially in the leading universities, the tenured class is left to do its own thing, with the scut work of teaching largely carried out by adjuncts and teaching assistants. that's a bad deal for students: according to a large-scale 2008 study cited by hacker and dreifus, the more students are taught by itinerants, the more likely they are to drop out. at new york university and the university of pennsylvania, among other highly ranked schools, the tas who lead sections are undergraduates -- is this what $40,000-plus tuition should buy? nor are the liberal arts colleges off the hook. a swarthmore education, with an annual tuition of $37,510, is said to be no better than what's on offer at linfield college, located in mcminnville, oregon, where the tuition runs $26,834. most contentiously, hacker and dreifus contend that professors' research gets in the way of education (by which they mean teaching). "what if colleges and universities were to shed their research components so they could focus on education?" they ask. what if research were the province of places such as the salk institute and the brookings institution? for cole -- indeed, for most of us in the professoriate -- this is heresy, and taken literally it embodies the know-nothing brand of populism. should hacker, who has written many serious books, have migrated from cornell to brookings instead of queens? but the provocation invites a reassessment of the hoary notion that doing research in one's narrow specialization is essential for good teaching. conservative pundit william bennett, whom hacker and dreifus quote, is on the money in pointing out that "too many faculty members want to teach their dissertation or their next article." academics are generally better at analyzing than prescribing, and these two books are not exceptions. in the great american university, cole muses about the possibility of the super-rich universities redistributing some of their wealth to worse-off private universities such as chicago as well as cash-starved public research universities such as wisconsin and ucla. don't hold your breath. the great public universities are a national treasure, but unless they receive an infusion of public funds, that intellectual capital may be lost. higher education in the united states isn't a system, a fact that partly explains its historic success. but in their different ways, the great american university and higher education show that all is not well in the halls of ivy. the biggest need is to open the campus doors to the many who now can't afford to get in. during the past 30 years, average private tuition has gone from 20 percent to 50 percent of median family income. average public tuition, 4 percent of median income in 1980, is now 11 percent. meanwhile, more students are graduating from high school unprepared for the demands of college. though increasing the number of students graduating from college is no cure-all, it's critical to the fortunes of the nation. it might even encourage the next generation to be more intellectually adventurous. even if we can't all be rich, we can certainly be more interesting.

ˈloʊkəl ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti əˈfɪʃəlz prəˈpoʊzd ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ ˈfaɪnɪŋ sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˈmɪljən fər əˈlɛʤədli əˈlaʊɪŋ ˈpraɪvət kənˈstrəkʃən saɪts tɪ pəˈlut ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˈwɔtərˌweɪz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə lɔs ləˈgun. ˈoʊvər ə ˈpɪriəd əv ˈnɪrli faɪv jɪrz, ˈsɪti əˈfɪʃəlz feɪld tɪ ˈkɑndəkt ˈprɑpər saɪt ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz, prɪˈvɛnt ˈhɑrmfəl ˈsɛdəmənt ɪˈroʊʒən ənd ɛnˈfɔrs ðə ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti ˈɔrdənənsɪz æt ˈməltəpəl saɪts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˈriʤənəl ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti kənˈtroʊl bɔrd. ɪˈroʊʒən frəm kənˈstrəkʃən saɪts kən sɛnd ˈsɛdəmənt ˈdaʊnˈstrim tɪ kriks ənd ləˈgunz, wɛr ɪt kən ˈtrænspɔrt ˈtɑksɪk pəˈlutənts, klɑg ˈnæʧərəl ˈdreɪnɪʤ ˈsɪstəmz ənd sˈməðər ˈhæbəˌtæt, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə kəmˈpleɪnt ˈɪʃud baɪ ðə bɔrd. ə ˈsɪti ˈspoʊksmən sɛd əˈfɪʃəlz wər rivˈjuɪŋ ðə kəmˈpleɪnt ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ ənd ɪgˈzæmɪnɪŋ weɪz tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs ðə kənˈsərnz ɪn ə ˈmænər ðət wʊd prəˈvaɪd ˈgreɪtər ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈbɛnəfɪts tɪ kəmˈjunɪtiz ɪn sæn diˈeɪgoʊ. ðə ˈsɪti kʊd peɪ ðə ˈpɛnəlti, ˈkɑntɛst ɪt ər prəˈpoʊz ə ˈsɛtəlmənt ðət meɪ ˌɪnˈklud ə ˌsəpləˈmɛntəl ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl ˈprɑʤɛkt. ðə bɔrd həz ˈskɛʤʊld ə ˈhirɪŋ fər ɔkt. 12 ðə kəmˈpleɪnt bleɪmz ðə vaɪəˈleɪʃənz ˈpɑrtli ɔn ˈpurli treɪnd ˈsɪti ˌɪnˈspɛktərz, ənd kɔlz ðə vaɪəˈleɪʃənz səˈpraɪzɪŋ bɪˈkəz ðə ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz hæv bɪn ɪn pleɪs fər mɔr ðən 20 jɪrz. "ðə ˈwɔtər bɔrd ɪkˈspɛkts ðə kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti ˈɔrdənənsɪz tɪ bi ɛmˈbreɪst mɔr ˈbrɔdli baɪ ɔl ˈsɪti stæf nɑt ʤɪst ðə ˈplænərz hu roʊt ðɛm," sɛd ʤeɪmz smɪθ, ðə əˈsɪstənt ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔfɪsər ənd ˈlidər əv ðə ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən tim. ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɪz ðə ˈmæksəməm faɪn fər ðə vaɪəˈleɪʃənz, wɪʧ ˈɔlsoʊ əˈfɛktɪd ðə tɪˈwɑnə ˈrɪvər ˈɛsʧuˌɛri ɪn ðə saʊθ beɪ, wʊd hæv bɪn ˈmɪljən. ðə ˈmɪljən prəˈpoʊzd wɑz dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ðə "ˈmɪnəməm ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti." ðə əˈlɛʤd vaɪəˈleɪʃənz tʊk pleɪs bɪtˈwin ɑkˈtoʊbər 2010 ənd meɪ 2015 ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɪz sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˌɪnˈspɛktərz wər ˈiðər əˈneɪbəl ər ənˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ teɪk ðə ɛnˈfɔrsmənt ˈækʃənz əˈgɛnst kənˈstrəkʃən saɪts ðət ər spɛld aʊt ɪn ˈsɪti ˈɔrdənənsɪz. ɪt sɪz ˈsɪti əˈfɪʃəlz ənd ðə ˈwɔtər bɔrd ˈʤɔɪntli ˈkræftɪd plænz tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs ˈsɛdəmənt ˈprɑbləmz əˈfɛktɪŋ sɔlt mɑrʃ ˈhæbəˌtæt ɪn ðə lɔs ləˈgun, ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət ðə ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪp ˈprɑmptɪd ðə bɔrd tɪ teɪk ə ˈflɛksəbəl əˈproʊʧ. "ðə sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˈwɔtər bɔrd pʊt ə lɔt əv ˈrisɔrsɪz ˈɪntu kəˈlæbərˌeɪtɪv, ˈɛfərts tɪ prəˈtɛkt ənd rɪˈstɔr ˈɛriəz laɪk lɔs ləˈgun ənd tɪˈwɑnə ˈrɪvər ˈɛsʧuˌɛri," smɪθ sɛd. "ɛnˈfɔrsmənt laɪk ðɪs ɪz ðə rɪˈzəlt əv ə ˈmeɪʤər ˌdiviˈeɪʃən frəm ðə ˌɛkspɛkˈteɪʃənz wi hæd fər ðoʊz ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪps." ðə kəmˈpleɪnt sɪz ən ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən baɪ ðə bɔrd faʊnd ˈsɪti əˈfɪʃəlz wər əˈlaʊɪŋ kənˈstrəkʃən saɪts wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈwɔtərˌʃɛd tɪ skərt ɪˈroʊʒən kənˈtroʊl rɪkˈwaɪrmənts, ˈlidɪŋ tɪ ˈməltəpəl ˈɪnstənsɪz əv ˈsɛdəmənt pəˈluʃən ðət kʊd hæv ˈizəli bɪn prɪˈvɛnɪd. sæn diˈeɪgoʊ coastkeeper*, ə nɑnˈprɑfət grup ˈfoʊkɪst ɔn ˈloʊkəl ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti, sɛd ɪt wɑz ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnɪŋ tɪ si səʧ vaɪəˈleɪʃənz. ənˈfɔrʧənət ðət wi stɪl hæv mˌjunɪsəˈpælɪtiz ˈfeɪlɪŋ tɪ ˈɪmpləmənt ˈivɪn ðə ˈmɪnəməm ˈmɛʒərz ˈnɛsəˌsɛri tɪ əˈʧiv klin ˈwɔtər wɪn wi noʊ ðət pəˈluʃən ɪz wən əv ðə ˈbɪgəst θrɛts tɪ ɑr ˈwɔtər quality,”*,” sɛd mæt, ˈligəl ənd ˈpɑləsi dɪˈrɛktər. preɪzd ðə bɔrd fər ɪts ˈvɪʤələns. ər plizd tɪ si ðə sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˈriʤənəl ˈwɔtər kˈwɑləti kənˈtroʊl bɔrd ˈwərkɪŋ soʊ ˈdɪləʤəntli tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈwɔtərz əv sæn diego,”*,” hi sɛd. ðə prəˈpoʊzd faɪn ɪz beɪst ɔn ə ˈfɔrmjələ əv pər deɪ, pləs 10 fər ˈɛvəri ˈgælən əv pəˈlutənt ˈdɪsˌʧɑrʤ əˈbəv ðət dɪz nɑt gɪt klind əp. ðə ˈfɔrmjələ ˈɔlsoʊ ædz ɔn 10 pərˈsɛnt ɛz ə ˈpjunətɪv dɪˈtərrənt. faɪn ˈməni goʊz ˈɪntu ə ˈsteɪtˌwaɪd əˈkaʊnt fər ənd əˈbeɪtmənt ˈprɑʤɛkts, bət əp tɪ hæf kʊd bi sɛt əˈsaɪd fər ˈloʊkəl ˈprɑʤɛkts ɪf ðə ˈsɪti ənd ðə bɔrd riʧ ə ˈsɛtəlmənt, ə bɔrd ˈspoʊksˌwʊmən sɛd.

local water quality officials proposed on tuesday fining san diego $4.6 million for allegedly allowing private construction sites to pollute sensitive waterways, including the los peñasquitos lagoon. over a period of nearly five years, city officials failed to conduct proper site inspections, prevent harmful sediment erosion and enforce the city’s water quality ordinances at multiple sites, according to the san diego regional water quality control board. erosion from construction sites can send sediment downstream to creeks and lagoons, where it can transport toxic pollutants, clog natural drainage systems and smother habitat, according to a six-page complaint issued by the board. a city spokesman said officials were reviewing the complaint on tuesday and examining ways to address the board’s concerns in a manner that would provide greater environmental benefits to communities in san diego. the city could pay the penalty, contest it or propose a settlement that may include a supplemental environmental project. the board has scheduled a hearing for oct. 12. the complaint blames the violations partly on poorly trained city inspectors, and calls the violations surprising because the regulations have been in place for more than 20 years. "the water board expects the city’s commitment to water quality ordinances to be embraced more broadly by all city staff — not just the planners who wrote them," said james smith, the board’s assistant executive officer and leader of the prosecution team. the complaint says the maximum fine for the violations, which also affected the tijuana river estuary in the south bay, would have been $22.7 million. the $4.6 million proposed was described as the city’s "minimum liability." the alleged violations took place between october 2010 and may 2015. the complaint says san diego inspectors were either unable or unwilling to take the enforcement actions against construction sites that are spelled out in city ordinances. it says city officials and the water board jointly crafted plans to address sediment problems affecting salt marsh habitat in the los penasquitos lagoon, noting that the partnership prompted the board to take a flexible approach. "the san diego water board put a lot of resources into collaborative, outcome-focused efforts to protect and restore areas like los peñasquitos lagoon and tijuana river estuary," smith said. "enforcement like this is the result of a major deviation from the expectations we had for those partnerships." the complaint says an investigation by the board found city officials were allowing construction sites within the lagoon’s watershed to skirt erosion control requirements, leading to multiple instances of sediment pollution that could have easily been prevented. san diego coastkeeper, a nonprofit group focused on local water quality, said it was disappointing to see such violations. “it’s unfortunate that we still have municipalities failing to implement even the minimum measures necessary to achieve clean water when we know that stormwater pollution is one of the biggest threats to our water quality,” said matt o’malley, coastkeeper’s legal and policy director. o’malley praised the board for its vigilance. “we are pleased to see the san diego regional water quality control board working so diligently to protect the waters of san diego,” he said. the proposed fine is based on a formula of $10,000 per day, plus $10 for every gallon of pollutant discharge above 1,000 that does not get cleaned up. the formula also adds on 10 percent as a punitive deterrent. fine money goes into a statewide account for clean-up and abatement projects, but up to half could be set aside for local projects if the city and the board reach a settlement, a board spokeswoman said.

ðə kɪs əv ləv ˈproʊˌtɛst baɪ ˈæktɪvɪsts ɪn ˌkɛˈrɑlə həz ˈbeɪgən. ðə ˈproʊˌtɛst ɪz biɪŋ hɛld æt mərˈin draɪv graʊnz əˈgɛnst ðə ˈmɔrəl pəˈlisɪŋ baɪ ðə ˈsɛnə, sɛd. dɪˈspaɪt bɪˈgɪnɪŋ ðə ˈproʊˌtɛst æt 4 piɛm, ðə "ˈkɪsɪŋ" həz nɑt jɛt ˈhæpənd, rɪˈpɔrts seɪ. ˈpipəl hæv ˈgæðərd ɪn ˈhənərdz, mɔr ˈpipəl tɪ si wəts ˈhæpənɪŋ ðən ɪn ˌsɑləˈdɛrəti. ˌkɛˈrɑlə pəˈlis həz ˈtaɪtənd ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. ə grup əv ˈpipəl ɔn ˈfeɪsˌbʊk kɔld fər ðə ˈproʊˌgræm ˈæftər ˈsɛnə ˈæktɪvɪsts ʧeɪst əˈweɪ jəŋ mɛn ənd ˈwɪmən hu wər ˈsɪtɪŋ ɪn ðə mərˈin draɪv ˈɛriə ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ. "kɪs əv ləv ˈproʊˌgræm (wɪl bi) æt mərˈin draɪv təˈdeɪ æt 4 piɛm əˈgɛnst ˈmɔrəl pəˈlisɪŋ baɪ ðə ˈsɛnə," ðə grup ˈpoʊstɪd ɔn ɪts ˈfeɪsˌbʊk wɔl. ˌɛfˈwaɪˌaɪ kɪs əv ləv: mæn ˌɪntərˈəpts ˈləvərz ɛnˈgeɪʤmənt, ˈkɪsɪz hər ənd ɛndz əp ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈfæməliz əˈpruvəl pəˈlis sɛd ə ˈsɛntrəl pəˈlis wɑz səˈspɛndɪd ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ fər ˈfeɪlɪŋ tɪ stɑp ðə "ˈmɔrəl pəˈlisɪŋ" waɪl eɪt pəˈlis ˌpərsəˈnɛl, hu wər ɔn ˈduti wɪn ðə ˈɪnsədənt əˈkərd, wər ˈtrænsfərd tɪ ðə ɑrmd rɪˈzərv pəˈlis kæmp. ə ˈsɪmələr kɪs əv ləv ˈproʊˌgræm wɑz hɛld ɪn ɪn 2014 tɪ ˈproʊˌtɛst ˈvændəlɪzəm baɪ ðə ʤəˈnɑtə ˈæktɪvɪsts æt ə hoʊˈtɛl ɪn kozhikode*. ɪt wɑz hɛld əˈmɪd ˈproʊˌtɛst baɪ ˈvɛriəs ˈaʊtˌfɪts ənd ðoʊz hu pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd wər ˈteɪkən ˈɪntu ˈkəstədi. ðə kɔl fər ðə kɪs əv ləv ˌæʤəˈteɪʃən keɪm təˈdeɪ əˈmɪd ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈproʊˌtɛsts baɪ ðə ənd ðə ˈæktɪvɪsts æt mərˈin draɪv. ðə ˈkɑŋgrəs ənd ɪts ˈstudənt wɪŋ hæv ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld fər ˈproʊˌtɛst əˈgɛnst "ˈmɔrəl pəˈlisɪŋ". ˌɛfˈwaɪˌaɪ ən ləv ˈstɔri: ˈtɑpər ˈtinə ɪz ˈdeɪtɪŋ ræŋk ˈhoʊldər kɑn ðə kæmˈpeɪn ˌɪnˈvɑlvz ˌvɑlənˈtɪrz ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ðə mərˈin draɪv ənd ˈhəgɪŋ ənd ˈkɪsɪŋ iʧ ˈəðər. sɪks ˈæktɪvɪsts əv ðə ˈsɛnə hæv bɪn ˈteɪkən ˈɪntu ˈkəstədi ɪn kəˈnɛkʃən wɪθ ˈjɛstərˌdeɪz ˈɪnsədənt wɪʧ həz kəm ɪn fər ˌkɑndəmˈneɪʃən frəm boʊθ ðə ˈrulɪŋ cpi(m*) ənd ðə ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən ˈkɑŋgrəs. ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən nuz ˈʧænəlz hæd ɛrd ˈvɪdioʊ ˈfʊtɪʤ ʃoʊɪŋ ə grup əv ˈmɑrʧɪŋ ˈsɛnə ˈæktɪvɪsts, ˈwildɪŋ stɪks ənd ˈʧeɪsɪŋ əˈweɪ jəŋ mɛn ənd ˈwɪmən frəm mərˈin draɪv, ə ˈtʊrɪst spɑt. ðə ˈɪnsədənt hæd əˈkərd əˈlɛʤədli ɪn ðə ˈprɛzəns əv pəˈlis. meɪər ʤeɪn hæd kənˈdɛmd ðə ˈɪnsədənt ənd æst ðə pəˈlis tɪ teɪk strɔŋ ˈækʃən əˈgɛnst ðoʊz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd. ˈɔlsoʊ wɔʧ: ˈmɔrəl pəˈlisɪŋ ɪn ˌkɛˈrɑlə ɔn ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈwɪmənz deɪ

the kiss of love protest organised by activists in kerala has begun. the protest is being held at marine drive grounds against the moral policing by the shiv sena, organisers said. despite beginning the protest at 4 pm, the "kissing" has not yet happened, reports say. people have gathered in hundreds, more people to see what's happening than in solidarity. kerala police has tightened the security in the area. a group of people on facebook called for the programme after shiv sena activists chased away young men and women who were sitting in the marine drive area yesterday. "kiss of love programme (will be) at marine drive today at 4 pm against moral policing by the shiv sena," the group posted on its facebook wall. fyi || kiss of love: andhra man interrupts lover's engagement, kisses her and ends up getting family's approval || police said a central police sub-inspector was suspended yesterday for failing to stop the shiv senas "moral policing" while eight police personnel, who were on duty when the incident occurred, were transferred to the armed reserve police camp. a similar kiss of love programme was held in kochi in 2014 to protest vandalism by the bharatiya janata yuva morcha activists at a hotel in kozhikode. it was held amid protest by various outfits and those who participated were taken into custody. the call for the kiss of love agitation came today amid ongoing protests by the dyfi and the sfi activists at marine drive. the congress and its student wing ksu have also called for protest against senas "moral policing". fyi || an ias love story: upsc topper tina dabi is dating 2nd rank holder athar aamir khan || the campaign involves volunteers coming to the marine drive and hugging and kissing each other. six activists of the shiv sena have been taken into custody in connection with yesterdays incident which has come in for condemnation from both the ruling cpi(m) and the opposition congress. tv news channels had aired video footage showing a group of marching shiv sena activists, wielding sticks and chasing away young men and women from marine drive, a tourist spot. the incident had occurred allegedly in the presence of police. kochi mayor soumini jain had condemned the incident and asked the police to take strong action against those involved. also watch: shiv sena's moral policing in kerala on international women's day

ˈsæmˌsəŋ əˈnaʊnst təˈdeɪ ðət ɪts ˈbeɪgən mæs pərˈdəkʃən əv ʧɪps ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən əv ɪts ˈprɔˌsɛs, ðə tɛkˈnɑləʤi ðət wɪl paʊər boʊθ ðə ˈkəmpəniz oʊn 8 ˈprɑˌsɛsər ənd ðət əv ə ˈmeɪʤər ˈraɪvəl: kˈwɑlˌkɑm. ðə sˈnæpˌdrægən 820 wɪl bi ˌmænjəˈfækʧərd baɪ ˈsæmˌsəŋ, ˈjuzɪŋ ðə nu ˈprɔˌsɛs, ənd ɪz ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi juzd baɪ ˈməltəpəl ˈflægˌʃɪp dɪˈvaɪsɪz əˈveɪləbəl ɪn ðə fərst hæf əv 2016 ðə nuz kəmz ˈæftər ə ˈʧælənʤɪŋ 2015 fər kˈwɑlˌkɑm, hu sɔ ɪts sˈnæpˌdrægən 810 ˈprɑˌsɛsər fɔl ʃɔrt əv ðə ˈkəmpəniz ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən fər pərˈfɔrməns ɪn ðə ˈænˌdrɔɪd speɪs. ˈsæmˌsəŋ, ˈminˌwaɪl, muvd əˈweɪ frəm kˈwɑlˌkɑm ʧɪps ɪn ˈərnɪst fər ɪts 2015 haɪɛnd ˈlaɪˌnəp ənd tərnd ɪn ˈɛksələnt rɪˈzəlts frəm ɪts ˈprɑˌsɛsərz. ˈsæmˌsəŋz ˈfaʊndri ˈbɪznɪs ˈʃʊdənt bi kənfˈjuzd wɪθ ðə ˈkəmpəniz foʊn ˈbɪznɪs ər ðə ʧɪps ɪt dɪˈzaɪnz ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪts ˈvɛri məʧ fər haɪər, ənd moʊst ˈprɑmənəntli həz bɪn ˈæpəlz ˈlɔŋˈtərm ˈpɑrtnər ɪn ˈaɪˌfoʊn ʧɪp ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ. æt list səm ˈmɑdəlz əv ðə ˈgæləksi ər ˈrumərd tɪ juz ðə sˈnæpˌdrægən 820 ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ənd læst jɪr ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðət kˈwɑlˌkɑmz dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ juz ˈsæmˌsəŋz ˈfaʊndriz wɑz ɪn pɑrt ˈmoʊtəˌveɪtəd baɪ ðə hoʊp ðət ðə ˌkɔˈriən ˈkəmpəˌni maɪt brɪŋ ɪts ˈkəstəm bæk. bət ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs dɪz ˈɔlsoʊ gɪv ˈsæmˌsəŋ ə ˈtɛknɪkəl ɛʤ ˈoʊvər trəˈdɪʃənəl kˈwɑlˌkɑm ˈpɑrtnər tsmc*, æt list ɪn ˈθɪri ɪt ʃʊd əˈlaʊ fər ˈʧipər ʧɪps ðət kənˈsum lɛs paʊər. ˌwəˈtɛvər ðə ˈrizənz fər kˈwɑlˌkɑmz dil, ðə kˈwɛʃən əv ðə əˈvɛnʧuəl ˈgæləksi kəmˈpoʊnənts ʤɪst gɑt ə ˈlɪtəl mɔr ˌɪnˈtrigɪŋ fər ˈɪndəstri ˈwɑʧərz.

samsung announced today that it's begun mass production of chips using the second generation of its 14nm process, the technology that will power both the company's own exynos 8 octa processor and that of a major rival: qualcomm. the snapdragon 820 will be manufactured by samsung, using the new 14nm lpp process, and is likely to be used by multiple flagship devices available in the first half of 2016. the news comes after a challenging 2015 for qualcomm, who saw its snapdragon 810 processor fall short of the company's reputation for class-leading performance in the android space. samsung, meanwhile, moved away from qualcomm chips in earnest for its 2015 high-end lineup and turned in excellent results from its exynos processors. samsung's foundry business shouldn't be confused with the company's phone business or the chips it designs itself it's very much for hire, and most prominently has been apple's long-term partner in iphone chip manufacturing. at least some models of the galaxy s7 are rumored to use the snapdragon 820, however, and last year recode reported that qualcomm's decision to use samsung's foundries was in part motivated by the hope that the korean company might bring its custom back. but the 14nm process does also give samsung a technical edge over traditional qualcomm partner tsmc, at least in theory it should allow for cheaper chips that consume less power. whatever the reasons for qualcomm's deal, the question of the eventual galaxy s7's components just got a little more intriguing for industry watchers.

ˈprɛzɪdənt trəmp ənd fərst ˈleɪdi trəmp əˈtɛnd ə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli ˈfɛbjəˌwɛri. 18 2017 ɪn ˈmɛlbərn, fla*. (ˌeɪˈpi) læst ˈwiˌkɪnd æt ə ˈflɔrɪdə kæmˈpeɪn ˈræli, ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts meɪd veɪg kleɪmz ðət sˈwidən həz ən ˈɪməgrənt ˈvaɪələns ˈprɑbləm. ˈrisərʧ wi hæv kənˈdəktəd ʃoʊz ðət ðɪs ɪz nɑt tru. ɪn fækt, ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm əv sˈwidən ɪz beɪst ɔn ˈkɑmən mɪskənˈsɛpʃənz ənd mɪsˈhændəld ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən. ðə ˈkɑmɛnts wər ərˈɪʤənəli ˌɪnˈspaɪərd baɪ ə fɑks nuz rɪˈpɔrt ɔn ə ˈvɪdioʊ ˌprɑpəˈgændə pis riˈlist baɪ ˈɑmi ˈhɔroʊɪts wɪʧ əˈlɛʤɪz ðət sˈwidən ˈfeɪsɪz ə speɪt əv ˈməzlɪm ˈɪməgrənt ˈvaɪələns ənd ðət sˈwidɪʃ əˈθɔrətiz ər ˈkəvərɪŋ ðɪs əp. ðə ˈvɪdioʊ mɪsˈjuzɪz kwoʊts frəm sˈwidɪʃ pəˈlis tɪ səˈʤɛst ðət əˈfɪʃəl kraɪm stəˈtɪstɪks ɪn sˈwidən ər biɪŋ ˈpərpəsli wɪθˈhɛld. ˈæftər ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈkɑmɛnts, ˈsɛvərəl ˈmidiə ˈaʊˌtlɛts ˈdəbəld daʊn ɔn ðiz kleɪmz. ðɪs ɪz ə ˈfidˌbæk lup beɪst ɔn wət ər naʊ kɔld facts.”*.” sˈwidən ɪz ə ˈgloʊbəl ˈmɑdəl fər əˈfɪʃəl trænˈspɛrənsi ənd əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti əˈfɪʃəl kraɪm stəˈtɪstɪks frəm sˈwidən ˈæˌkʧuəli ʃoʊ ðət ðə kraɪm reɪt həz rɪˈmeɪnd ˈstɛdi sɪns 2005 mɔr, ðə sˈwidɪʃ pəˈlis du nɑt kəˈlɛkt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðə ɛθˈnɪsɪti, rɪˈlɪʤən, ər reɪs əv ˈpərpəˌtreɪtərz ər ˈvɪktɪmz əv kraɪm, wɪʧ minz noʊ ˈɛvədəns fər kleɪmz ðət ˈməzlɪm ˈɪməgrənts ər kəˈmɪtɪŋ kraɪmz ɪn ˈrɛkərd ˈnəmbərz. nɔr ɪz ðɛr ˈɛni ˈɛvədəns tɪ səˈpɔrt ðə kleɪm ðət sˈwidɪʃ əˈθɔrətiz ər məˈnɪpjəˌleɪtɪŋ ðə stəˈtɪstɪks, ɛz ðə prəˈdusər əv ðə ˈvɪdioʊ əˈlɛʤɪz. ˈnæʃənəl frənt ˈskændəl həz ɪkˈspoʊzd ðə ˈdərti ˈlɪtəl ˈsikrɪt əv fɑr raɪt] ˈæˌkʧuəli, kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ðə juz., ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əv sˈwidən ɪz ə ˈmɑdəl ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈdætə ækˈsɛsəbəl ənd ˈækʃənz trænˈspɛrənt. ɪts əˈfɪʃəl stəˈtɪstɪks ər səm əv ðə moʊst kəmˈplit ənd ˈrɛdəli ækˈsɛsəbəl ɪn ðə wərld. sɪns 1766 sˈwidɪʃ lɔ ɔn ˈfridəm əv ðə prɛs həz ˌɪnˈkludɪd ə ˈprɪnsəpəl əv ˈpəblɪk ˈækˌsɛs (offentlighetsprincipen*), wɪʧ grænts ˈpəblɪk ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ɔl ˈgəvərnmənt ˈdɑkjəmənts əˈpɑn rɪkˈwɛst ənˈlɛs ðeɪ fɔl ˈəndər ˈsikrəsi riˈstrɪkʃənz. ðɪs lɔ ɪz ðə ˈoʊldəst pis əv ˈfridəm əv ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən ɪn ðə wərld. baɪ ˈkɑntræst, ðə trəmp ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən həz bɪn ˈæktɪvli ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ riˈmuv məʧ əv ðə juz. ˈpəblɪkli əˈveɪləbəl ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən, frəm ˈklaɪmɪt ˈdætə tɪ ˈbəʤɪtɪŋ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd ˈdætə ˈgæðərd baɪ ðə usda*, ðə epa*, ənd ðə ˈsiˌdiˈsi. bət ˈsəmˌtaɪmz kraɪm stəˈtɪstɪks ər soʊ θəroʊ ɛz tɪ bi mɪsˈlidɪŋ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ˈlænˌskeɪp, ðoʊ ə ˈmɑdəl fər ˈəðər ˈkəntriz tɪ ˈɛmjəˌleɪt, ɪz nɑt wɪˈθaʊt ˈdrɔˌbæks wɪn ðə ˈdætə ɪz ˌmɪsəndərˈstʊd ər ˌmɪsrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, bɪˈkəz sˈwidən rɪˈpɔrts kraɪm ənd əˈbjuz soʊ ˈθəroʊli, ˈpipəl ˈɔfən əˈsum ðət ðə steɪt ɪz nɑt ɪn greɪt ʃeɪp. bɪˈkəz ðə sˈwidɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt rɪˈpɔrts haɪ ˈnəmbərz əv reɪp ənd pəˈlis bruˈtælɪti, səm ˈraɪtˌwɪŋ əbˈzərvərz, səʧ ɛz ˈnaɪʤəl farage*, hæv juzd ðɪs ɛz ˈɛvədəns ðət sˈwidən ɪz ðə capital”*” əv ˈjʊrəp. ðɪs ɪz mɪsˈlidɪŋ. ɪn sˈwidən, ðə ˈligəl ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən əv ˈsɛkʃuəl əˈsɔlt ɪz məʧ ˈbrɔdər ðən ɪt ɪz ɪn ðə juz. ənd ˈivɪn ˈəðər ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkəntriz. waɪl ðə reɪt əv reɪp həz rɪˈmeɪnd ˈstɛdi ɪn sˈwidən ˈoʊvər ðə pæst ˈdɛkeɪd, ˈʧeɪnʤɪz tɪ ðə ˈligəl ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən əv ˈsɛkʃuəl əˈsɔlt ɪn 2005 ənd 2013 rɪˈzəltɪd ɪn ˌɪnˈkrisɪz ɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈsɛkʃuəl əˈsɔlt bɪˈkəz mɔr ækts naʊ fɔl wɪˈθɪn ðə ˈligəl ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən ənd ər ˈðɛrˌfɔr əˈfɪʃəli ˈkaʊntɪd. ðəs, ðə ˈstændərd əv əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti həz ˌɪnˈkrist. mɔr, ɪn sˈwidən, ˈpipəl ər səˈpɔrtɪd wɪn rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ səʧ vaɪəˈleɪʃənz. ˈwɪmən peɪ loʊər ˈsoʊʃəl kɔsts fər goʊɪŋ ˈpəblɪk wɪθ ə reɪp ˌæləˈgeɪʃən ənd ər ˈvɛri ənˈlaɪkli tɪ bi ʃeɪmd, rɪˈtæliˌeɪtɪd əˈgɛnst, ər pʊt ɔn ə ˈpɛrəˌlɛl traɪəl, ɛz ˈɔfən ˈhæpənz ɪn ðə juz. [ˈməzlɪmz ər ðə list ˈpɑpjələr rɪˈlɪʤəs grup ɪn ðə juz. dɪsˈlaɪkt ˈivɪn mɔr ðən ˈeɪθiəsts.] ðiz tu ˈprɑsɛsəz ər mˈjuʧuəli ˌriɪnˈfɔrsɪŋ. wɪn ə ˈvɪktɪm əv ə kraɪm laɪk ə reɪp ər pəˈlis bruˈtælɪti rɪˈpɔrt ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz tɪ ðə sˈwidɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt, ðiz ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz ər kəˈlɛktəd, trækt, ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪd, ənd ˈəltəmətli əˈʤudəˌkeɪtɪd ɪn ə kɔrt əv lɔ. sˈwidɪʃ ˈsɪtɪzənz noʊ ðɪs. ɪt ɪnˈkərəʤəz ðɛm tɪ kəm ˈfɔrwərd wɪθ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən. ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl əv ˈpəblɪk ˈækˌsɛs minz ðət ˈnɪrli ˈɛvəri ˌæləˈgeɪʃən əv ə kraɪm ər əv ˈgəvərnmənt mɪˈskɑndəkt ɪz rɪˈkɔrdɪd ənd meɪd ˈpəblɪkli əˈveɪləbəl. ˈsɪtɪzənz ɪn sˈwidən kən juz ðɪs ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ hoʊld ðɛr ˈgəvərnmənt əˈkaʊntəbəl. ˌpɛrəˈdɑksəkəli, ˈoʊpənəs meɪks ɪt əˈpɪr mɔr ˈtrəbəld ðən ɪt ɪz ðoʊ rɛr ɪn sˈwidən, grup ˈvaɪələns dɪz ˈsəmˌtaɪmz rɪˈzəlt ɪn ˈɪnʤəriz ənd ˈprɑpərti ˈdæmɪʤ. wən əv ðiz rɛr ɪˈvɛnts ˈhæpənd ʤɪst ə fju deɪz ˈæftər ˈkɑmɛnts. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl əv ˈpəblɪk ˈækˌsɛs, ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əbˈzərvərz kən əˈsɛs ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ðɪs keɪs ˈjuzɪŋ əˈfɪʃəl ˈrɛkərdz frəm ðə sˈwidɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt ənd kəmˈpɛr ðət ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ ðə əˈkaʊnts ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtɪd baɪ ˈloʊkəl ənd ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈmidiə ənd ˈəðər əbˈzərvərz ənd ˈwɪtnəsɪz. wɪˈθaʊt ˈækjərət ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ənd ənˈfɛtərd ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ˈgəvərnmənt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən, səʧ ə kəmˈpɛrəsən ɪz məʧ ˈhɑrdər fər əˈmɛrɪkən ˈsɪtɪzənz. ɪn ðə juz., səm juz., steɪt, ənd ˈloʊkəl ˈgəvərnmənt ˈeɪʤənsiz ˈsərtən əˈbjuzɪz, laɪk pəˈlis ˈʃutɪŋz. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðət ˈəndərrɪˈpɔrtɪŋ ɪz ˈivɪn ˌɪnˈtɛnʃənəl. juz. ˈgəvərnmənt ˈeɪʤənsiz ər ˈðɛrˌfɔr lɛs əˈkaʊntəbəl tɪ ðɛr ˈsɪtɪzənz wɪn ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɪz wɪθˈhɛld ər əbˈskjʊrd. ɪf ˈsɪtɪzənz bɪˈliv ðɪs, ðɛn ðeɪ maɪt bi lɛs ˈlaɪkli tɪ rɪˈpɔrt kraɪmz tɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt. fər juz. ˈæktɪvɪsts hu wɪʃ tɪ ˈædvəˌkeɪt fər ˌɪnˈkrist ˌgəvərnˈmɛntəl trænˈspɛrənsi, ˌæksɛsəˈbɪlɪti, ənd ˈəltəmətli əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti, sˈwidən ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts ən ˈivɪn haɪər ˈstændərd tɪ eɪm fər. krɪˈstin ɛk ɪz ən əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt prəˈfɛsər ɪn ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv pis ənd ˈkɑnflɪkt ˈrisərʧ æt ˌjunəˈvərsəti. ˈkrɪstəfər ʤeɪ. fərɪs ɪz ən əˈsɪstənt prəˈfɛsər ɪn ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv pəˈlɪtɪkəl saɪəns ənd ˈfækəlti əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ɪn ðə ˈsɛnər fər pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈstədiz æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti əv ˈmɪʃɪgən.

president trump and first lady melania trump attend a campaign rally feb. 18, 2017, in melbourne, fla. (ap) last weekend at a florida campaign rally, the president of the united states made vague claims intimating that sweden has an immigrant violence problem. research we have conducted shows that this is not true. in fact, criticism of sweden is based on common misconceptions and mishandled information. the president’s comments were originally inspired by a fox news report on a video propaganda piece released by ami horowitz , which alleges that sweden faces a spate of muslim immigrant violence and that swedish authorities are covering this up. the video misuses quotes from swedish police to suggest that official crime statistics in sweden are being purposely withheld. after president trump’s comments, several right-wing media outlets doubled down on these claims. this is a feedback loop based on what are now called “alternative facts.” sweden is a global model for official transparency and accountability official crime statistics from sweden actually show that the crime rate has remained steady since 2005. what’s more, the swedish police do not collect information on the ethnicity, religion, or race of perpetrators or victims of crime, which means there’s no evidence for claims that muslim immigrants are committing crimes in record numbers. nor is there any evidence to support the claim that swedish authorities are manipulating the statistics, as the producer of the video alleges. [france’s national front scandal has exposed the dirty little secret of europe’s far right] actually, compared to the u.s., the government of sweden is a model in making data accessible and actions transparent. its official statistics are some of the most complete and readily accessible in the world. since 1766, swedish law on freedom of the press has included a principle of public access (offentlighetsprincipen), which grants public access to all government documents upon request unless they fall under secrecy restrictions. this law is the oldest piece of freedom of information legislation in the world. by contrast, the trump administration has been actively working to remove much of the u.s. government’s publicly available information, from climate data to budgeting information and data gathered by the usda, the epa, and the cdc. but sometimes sweden’s crime statistics are so thorough as to be misleading sweden’s information landscape, though a model for other countries to emulate, is not without drawbacks when the data is misunderstood or misrepresented. for example, because sweden reports crime and abuse so thoroughly, people often assume that the state is not in great shape. because the swedish government reports high numbers of rape and police brutality, some rightwing observers, such as ukip’s nigel farage, have used this as evidence that sweden is the “rape capital” of europe. this is misleading. in sweden, the legal definition of sexual assault is much broader than it is in the u.s. and even other european countries. while the rate of rape has remained steady in sweden over the past decade, changes to the legal definition of sexual assault in 2005 and 2013 resulted in increases in reported sexual assault — because more acts now fall within the legal definition and are therefore officially counted. thus, the standard of accountability has increased. what’s more, in sweden, people are supported when reporting such violations. women pay lower social costs for going public with a rape allegation — and are very unlikely to be shamed, retaliated against, or put on a parallel trial, as often happens in the u.s. [muslims are the least popular religious group in the u.s. they’re disliked even more than atheists.] these two processes are mutually reinforcing. when a victim of a crime like a rape or police brutality report allegations to the swedish government, these allegations are collected, tracked, investigated, and ultimately adjudicated in a court of law. swedish citizens know this. it encourages them to come forward with information. the principle of public access means that nearly every allegation of a crime or of government misconduct is recorded and made publicly available. citizens in sweden can use this information to hold their government accountable. paradoxically, sweden’s openness makes it appear more troubled than it is though rare in sweden, group violence does sometimes result in injuries and property damage. one of these rare events happened just a few days after trump’s comments. however, because of the principle of public access, outside observers can assess information about this case using official records from the swedish government and compare that information to the accounts generated by local and international media and other observers and witnesses. without accurate information and unfettered access to government information, such a comparison is much harder for american citizens. in the u.s., some u.s., state, and local government agencies under-report certain abuses, like police shootings. sometimes that underreporting is even intentional. u.s. government agencies are therefore less accountable to their citizens when information is withheld or obscured. if citizens believe this, then they might be less likely to report crimes to the government. for u.s. activists who wish to advocate for increased governmental transparency, accessibility, and ultimately accountability, sweden represents an even higher standard to aim for. kristine eck is an associate professor in the department of peace and conflict research at uppsala university. christopher j. fariss is an assistant professor in the department of political science and faculty associate in the center for political studies at the university of michigan.

hɪz neɪm ɪz maɪk sˈnaɪdər ənd hi həz ə ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ʤɑb. ˈɛvəri jɪr, hi hɛlps tɪ prɪˈdɪkt wɪn ðə triz ɪn ˈhɛvəli ˈfɔrəstəd vərˈmɑnt wɪl hɪt ðɛr pik ˈlɛvəlz əv ˈglɔriəs rɛd ənd ˈjɛloʊ. əˈfɪʃəli hiz ðə steɪts kəˈmɪʃənər əv ˈfɔrəsts, pɑrks, ənd ˌrɛkriˈeɪʃən, bət ənəˈfɪʃəli hiz ðə vərˈmɑnt lif ˈfɔrˌkæstər, ə ʤɑb ðət hɛlps draɪv əˈbaʊt 460 ˈmɪljən ɪn ˈænjuəl ˈtʊˌrɪzəm ˈrɛvəˌnu ɛz "leafers*" dɪˈsɛnd ɔn ðə steɪt, ˈkæmərəz ənd ˈwɔləts ɪn hænd. ˈɛnˈpiˈɑr ˈrisəntli tʊk ə draɪv wɪθ sˈnaɪdər, ˈtrævəlɪŋ səm bæk roʊdz ɪn hɪz grin ˈpɪˌkəp trək, ˈlʊkɪŋ fər saɪnz əv dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈkələr. "si ðət ˈhɪlˌsaɪd əˈkrɔs ðə weɪ aʊt ðɛr," hi æst vərˈmɑnt ˈpəblɪk ˈreɪdiˌoʊz ˈʃɑrlət ˈɔlˌbraɪt. "ɪts kaɪnd əv rɪmd baɪ sprus ənd paɪn ənd ðɛn ðɪs ˈpɑkət əv ˈɔrɪnʤ ðæts dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ, ðæts ˈvɛri dɛns, lʊks laɪk ə ˈvɛri dɛns ˈʃʊgər ˈmeɪpəl stænd ðət ɪz ˈtərnɪŋ ˈnaɪsli ɪn kaɪnd əv ən ˈərli feɪz, ɪn kaɪnd əv ə mˈjutɪd, mɔr əv ə ˈrəsɪt toʊn tɪ ɪt." ˈɛvəri deɪ sˈnaɪdərz ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃənz meɪk ðɛr weɪ ˈɔntu ˈfoʊlɪʤ vərˈmɑnt, ə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ðət ˈfiʧərz rɪˈpɔrts frəm əraʊnd ðə steɪt, ˈkələr mæps, ˈfoʊˌtoʊz, ˈvɪdioʊ ənd lɪŋks tɪ ˈdraɪvɪŋ ənd baɪk tʊrz, ˈfoʊlɪʤ ˈfɛstɪvəlz ənd ˈpleɪsɪz tɪ steɪ. ɛz hi roʊt ɔn sɛpt. 26 ðə ˈfoʊlɪʤ ɪz ɔˈrɛdi æt ɪts pik ɪn ˌnɔrˈθistərn vərˈmɑnt, bət ðə ˈkələrz ər mˈjutɪd bɪˈkəz ðɛr ər tu ˈmɛni klaʊdz. ˈkɑmɛnts frəm ˈəðərz seɪ ðə ˈkələrz ər bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˈbrɪljənt ɔn ðə ˈistərn saɪd əv ðə steɪt waɪl ˈwɪnzər ˈkaʊnti tɪ ðə wɛst ɪz ʤɪst ˈstɑrtɪŋ tɪ si ɪts livz tərn. vərˈmɑnts saɪt ˈɪzənt ðə ˈoʊnli pleɪs ju kən goʊ tɪ gɪt rɪˈpɔrts ɔn fɔl ˈkələrz. ðə juz. ˈfɔrɪst ˈsərvɪs rənz ə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ˈkəvərɪŋ fɔl ˈfoʊlɪʤ fər ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈkəntri. ju kən sərʧ ðə saɪt baɪ steɪt ər ˈivɪn baɪ spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈfɔrəsts (fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, vərˈmɑnts grin ˈmaʊntən ˈnæʃənəl ˈfɔrɪst). iʧ rɪˈpɔrt kəmz wɪθ ə ˈloʊkəl mæp əv ðə ˈkələrz ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈtrævəl tɪps ənd ˈfɔrˌkæsts. ðə ˈsərvɪs ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɔfərz ə fɔl ˈkələrz foʊn ˈhɑˌtlaɪn: ʤɪst kɔl fər ˈɑdiˌoʊ ˈəpˌdeɪts ɔn wɪʧ ˈɛriəz ənd taɪps əv triz ər æt ðɛr pik. "əˈmɛrɪkəz ˈpəblɪk lændz, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ɑr ˈnæʃənəl ˈfɔrəsts, ər əˈməŋ ðə moʊst spɛkˈtækjələr ˈvɛnuz tɪ vju ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪn fɔl ˈkələrz," sɛd juz. ˈfɔrɪst ˈsərvɪs ʧif tɑm ˈtɪdwəl sɛd ɪn ə prɛs riˈlis ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ. ðə ˈfɔrɪst ˈsərvɪs sɪz fɔl ˈtʊˌrɪzəm ɪz wərθ 8 ˈbɪljən ˈɛvəri jɪr ɪn nu ˈɪŋglənd əˈloʊn. ˈtʊˌrɪzəm kəˈmɪʃənər ˈmeɪgən smɪθ toʊld ˈɛnˈpiˈɑr ðət ðɪs ɪz wən əv ðə ˈrizənz waɪ ðə steɪt rənz ɪts oʊn saɪt, soʊ ðeɪ kən ˈbɛtər kəmˈpit wɪθ ˈəðər nu ˈɪŋglənd steɪts fər ðoʊz ˈvæljəbəl ˈvɪzɪtər ˈdɔlərz. "aɪd laɪk tɪ seɪ ðət ˈməni fɔlz frəm triz æt ðɪs taɪm əv jɪr," ʃi sɛd. rɪˈleɪtɪd ɔn mnn*: jɛs, vərˈmɑnt həz ə lif ˈfɔrˌkæstər ɪts hɪz ʤɑb tɪ gɪv ˈtʊrɪsts ðə bɛst ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən soʊ ðeɪ kən plæn ðɛr fɔl ˈfoʊlɪʤ trɪps.

his name is mike snyder and he has a very important job. every year, he helps to predict when the trees in heavily forested vermont will hit their peak levels of glorious red and yellow. officially he's the state's commissioner of forests, parks, and recreation, but unofficially he's the vermont leaf forecaster, a job that helps drive about $460 million in annual tourism revenue as "leafers" descend on the state, cameras and wallets in hand. npr recently took a drive with snyder, traveling some back roads in his green pickup truck, looking for signs of developing color. "see that hillside across the way out there," he asked vermont public radio's charlotte albright. "it's kind of rimmed by spruce and pine ... and then this pocket of orange that's developing, that's very dense, looks like a very dense sugar maple stand that is turning nicely in kind of an early phase, in kind of a muted, more of a russet tone to it." every day snyder's observations make their way onto foliage vermont, a website that features reports from around the state, color maps, photos, video and links to driving and bike tours, foliage festivals and places to stay. as he wrote on sept. 26, the foliage is already at its peak in northeastern vermont, but the colors are muted because there are too many clouds. comments from others say the colors are becoming brilliant on the eastern side of the state while windsor county to the west is just starting to see its leaves turn. vermont's site isn't the only place you can go to get reports on fall colors. the u.s. forest service runs a website covering fall foliage for the entire country. you can search the site by state or even by specific forests (for example, vermont's green mountain national forest). each report comes with a local map of the colors as well as travel tips and forecasts. the service also offers a fall colors phone hotline: just call 800-354-4595 for audio updates on which areas and types of trees are at their peak. "america's public lands, particularly our national forests, are among the most spectacular venues to view the changes in fall colors," said u.s. forest service chief tom tidwell said in a press release earlier this month. the forest service says fall tourism is worth $8 billion every year in new england alone. tourism commissioner megan smith told npr that this is one of the reasons why the state runs its own site, so they can better compete with other new england states for those valuable visitor dollars. "i'd like to say that money falls from trees at this time of year," she said. related on mnn: yes, vermont has a leaf forecaster it's his job to give tourists the best information so they can plan their fall foliage trips.

ˈwɔʃɪŋtən rɪˈpəblɪkən ʤɑn məˈkeɪn əˈkjuzd ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ əv ˈwɑflɪŋ ɔn ə plɛʤ tɪ əkˈsɛpt ˈpəblɪk fɪˈnænsɪŋ fər ðə fɔl ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl kæmˈpeɪn. məˈkeɪn sɪz hi wɪl əkˈsɛpt ˈpəblɪk ˈməni ɪn ðə fɔl ənd stɪk tɪ ˈspɛndɪŋ ˈlɪmɪts ɪf hɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk əˈpoʊnənt dɪz ðə seɪm. ˌoʊˈbɑmə əˈgrid tɪ du soʊ læst fɔl ɪf hi bɪˈkeɪm ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌnɑməˈni, ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ ə kˌwɛsʧəˈnɛr frəm ðə ˌmɪdˈwɛst dɪˈmɑkrəsi ˈnɛtˌwərk, ə nɑnˈpɑrtəzən ˈsɪvɪk grup. ˌoʊˈbɑmə prəˈpoʊzd ɪn ə ˈkɑləm ˈpəblɪʃt ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ɔn ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ ˈtudeɪz əˈpɪnjən peɪʤ ðət məˈkeɪn əˈgri tɪ ˈrɛfˌjuz ˈfənˌdreɪsɪŋ hɛlp frəm ˈaʊtˈsaɪd grups, ðət ðeɪ ˈlɪmət ðə ˈspɛndɪŋ baɪ ðɛr oʊn ˈpɑrtiz ənd ðət məˈkeɪn əˈgri tɪ ˈspɛndɪŋ ˈlɪmɪts "waɪl ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈkɑntɛst kənˈtɪnjuz." "ðə lɔz ər ˈkɑmplɛks ənd fɪld wɪθ ˈluˌphoʊlz ðət kən ˈrɛndər ˈminɪŋləs ˈɛni əˈgrimənt ðət ɪz nɑt ˈsɑlədli kənˈstrəktɪd," ˌoʊˈbɑmə roʊt. məˈkeɪn, ˈspikɪŋ ɪn oʊˈhaɪoʊ, sɛd ðə ˌɪləˈnɔɪz ˈsɛnətər ɪz ɪnˈgeɪʤɪŋ ɪn "ˈdəbəlˌspik." məˈkeɪn, ə ˈsɛnətər frəm ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə, roʊt ðə 2002 lɔ riˈstrɪktɪŋ kæmˈpeɪn ˈspɛndɪŋ. hi sɛd hi ənd ˌoʊˈbɑmə boʊθ meɪd ðə seɪm plɛʤ ənd ɪt ɪz "nɑt ˈɛni mɔr ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd ðən ðət." "aɪ θɪŋk ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpipəl wʊd ɪkˈspɛkt ɪm tɪ hoʊld ðət kəˈmɪtmənt, əˈspɛʃəli ɪf wi wɔnt tɪ brɪŋ əˈbaʊt ʧeɪnʤ," hi sɛd, ˈjuzɪŋ wən əv ˌoʊˈbɑməz kæmˈpeɪn θimz. məˈkeɪn sɛd hid hɪz plɛʤ ɪf ˌoʊˈbɑmə ər ˈhɪləri ˈrɔdəm ˈklɪntən dɪd nɑt meɪk ðə seɪm kəˈmɪtmənt. ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈspoʊksmən bɪl ˈbərtən ˈnoʊtɪd məˈkeɪn dɪd nɑt teɪk ˈpəblɪk ˈməni ər əˈdhɪr tɪ ˈɛni ˈspɛndɪŋ ˈlɪmɪts fər ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛriz, dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˈsɛnətərz roʊl ɪn ˈʃeɪpɪŋ lɔ. "ʤɑn məˈkeɪn ɪz ɪn noʊ pleɪs tɪ kˈwɛʃən ˈɛniˌwən ɔn ˈplɛʤɪz," ˈbərtən sɛd. ˈklɪntən həz nɑt əˈgrid tɪ əkˈsɛpt ˈpəblɪk ˈməni ɪf ʃi bɪˈkəmz ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌnɑməˈni, ənd hər kæmˈpeɪn həz ˈkrɪtəˌsaɪzd ˌoʊˈbɑmə fər nɑt ˌriəˈfərmɪŋ hɪz plɛʤ. ɪf ˈkænədɪts əkˈsɛpt ˈpəblɪk fɪˈnænsɪŋ, ðeɪ wʊd rɪˈsiv əˈbaʊt ˈmɪljən ˈæftər ðɛr ˈnɑməˌneɪtɪŋ kənˈvɛnʃən, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ bɑb əv ðə ˈfɛdərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən kəˈmɪʃən. məˈkeɪn ənd ˌoʊˈbɑmə duəld ɛz rɪˈpɔrts fər ˈʤænjuˌɛri wər faɪld wɪθ ðə ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ. məˈkeɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈreɪzɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈmɪljən ɪn doʊˈneɪʃənz læst mənθ. hi bɪˈgæn ˈʤænjuˌɛri ɛz ən ˈəndərˌdɔg ɪn ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpraɪˌmɛriz bət ˈɛndɪd læst mənθ wɪθ ˈvɪktəriz ɪn nu ˈhæmʃər, saʊθ ˌkɛrəˈlaɪnə ənd ˈflɔrɪdə. məˈkeɪn tʊk aʊt əˈbaʊt 1 ˈmɪljən ɪn loʊnz tɪ peɪ fər ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən kəˈmərʃəlz, ɔn tɔp əv əˈbaʊt ˈmɪljən ɪn loʊnz frəm læst jɪr, hɪz rɪˈpɔrt sɛd. ˈfɔrmər ˈɑrkənˌsɑ ˈgəvərnər maɪk ˈhəkəbi, hu treɪlz fɑr bɪˈhaɪnd məˈkeɪn ɪn ˈdɛləˌgeɪts, ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈreɪzɪŋ əˈbaʊt 4 ˈmɪljən ənd ˈspɛndɪŋ əˈbaʊt 5 ˈmɪljən ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri. ˌoʊˈbɑməz rɪˈpɔrt ʃoʊd hi reɪzd 36 ˈmɪljən læst mənθ. hi ˈfɪnɪʃt ðə mənθ wɪθ 25 ˈmɪljən kæʃ ɔn hænd, bət 7 ˈmɪljən ɪz spəˈsɪfɪkli fər ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˈklɪntən reɪzd ˈnɪrli 14 ˈmɪljən læst mənθ, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ hər rɪˈpɔrt, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ əˈbaʊt 1 ˈmɪljən fər ðə ˈʤɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən. ˈkaʊntɪŋ hər dɛts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ 5 ˈmɪljən ʃi lɛnt hər kæmˈpeɪn, ˈklɪntən ˈɛndɪd ˈʤænjuˌɛri wɪθ əˈbaʊt ˈmɪljən. ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ənd ˈklɪntən kæmˈpeɪnz spɛnt əˈbaʊt 1 ˈmɪljən ə deɪ ˈmɪljən fər ðə mənθ baɪ ˈklɪntən, ˈmɪljən fər ˌoʊˈbɑmə. əˈməŋ ˈkænədɪts hu hæv ˈɛndɪd ðɛr kæmˈpeɪnz, rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈrudi ˌʤuliˈɑni ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈspɛndɪŋ əˈbaʊt 7 ˈmɪljən læst mənθ. ðə ˈfɔrmər nu jɔrk ˈsɪti meɪər ˈɛndɪd hɪz bɪd ˈæftər ˈfɪnɪʃɪŋ θərd ɪn ˈflɔrɪdə. hi reɪzd 3 ˈmɪljən læst mənθ, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ hɪz rɪˈpɔrt. kənˈtrɪbjutɪŋ: ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ baɪ stæf, ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈhoʊpfəl sɛn. ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə əv ˌɪləˈnɔɪz, lɛft, ənd rɪˈpəblɪkən ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈhoʊpfəl sɛn. ʤɑn məˈkeɪn əv ˌɛrɪˈzoʊnə, raɪt. məˈkeɪn həz əˈkjuzd ˌoʊˈbɑmə əv ˈwɑflɪŋ. ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz: ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ təˈdeɪ ˈwɛlkəmz jʊr θɔts, ˈstɔriz ənd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ðɪs ˈɑrtɪkəl. pliz steɪ ɔn ˈtɑpɪk ənd bi rɪˈspɛktfəl əv ˈəðərz. kip ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən əˈproʊpriˌeɪt fər ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ˈridərz əˈkrɔs ðə mæp.

washington — republican front-runner john mccain accused barack obama on wednesday of waffling on a pledge to accept public financing for the fall presidential campaign. mccain says he will accept public money in the fall and stick to spending limits if his democratic opponent does the same. obama agreed to do so last fall if he became the democratic nominee, in response to a questionnaire from the midwest democracy network, a non-partisan civic group. obama proposed in a column published wednesday on usa today's opinion page that mccain agree to refuse fundraising help from outside groups, that they limit the spending by their own parties and that mccain agree to spending limits "while the democratic primary contest continues." "the campaign-finance laws are complex and filled with loopholes that can render meaningless any agreement that is not solidly constructed," obama wrote. mccain, speaking in ohio, said the illinois senator is engaging in "doublespeak." mccain, a senator from arizona, wrote the 2002 law restricting campaign spending. he said he and obama both made the same pledge and it is "not any more complicated than that." "i think the american people would expect him to hold that commitment, especially if we want to bring about change," he said, using one of obama's campaign themes. mccain said he'd re-evaluate his pledge if obama or hillary rodham clinton did not make the same commitment. obama spokesman bill burton noted mccain did not take public money or adhere to any spending limits for the primaries, despite the senator's role in shaping campaign-finance law. "john mccain is in no place to question anyone on pledges," burton said. clinton has not agreed to accept public money if she becomes the democratic nominee, and her campaign has criticized obama for not reaffirming his pledge. if candidates accept public financing, they would receive about $84.1 million after their nominating convention, according to bob biersack of the federal election commission. mccain and obama dueled as campaign-finance reports for january were filed with the fec on wednesday. mccain reported raising about $11.7 million in donations last month. he began january as an underdog in the republican primaries but ended last month with victories in new hampshire, south carolina and florida. mccain took out about $1 million in loans to pay for tv commercials, on top of about $3.9 million in loans from last year, his report said. former arkansas governor mike huckabee, who trails far behind mccain in gop delegates, reported raising about $4 million and spending about $5 million in january. obama's report showed he raised $36 million last month. he finished the month with $25 million cash on hand, but $7 million is specifically for the general election. clinton raised nearly $14 million last month, according to her report, including about $1 million for the general election. counting her debts, including $5 million she lent her campaign, clinton ended january with about $1.5 million. the obama and clinton campaigns spent about $1 million a day — $28.5 million for the month by clinton, $30.5 million for obama. among candidates who have ended their campaigns, republican rudy giuliani reported spending about $7 million last month. the former new york city mayor ended his bid after finishing third in florida. he raised $3 million last month, according to his report. contributing: the associated press enlarge by staff, afp/getty images democratic presidential hopeful sen. barack obama of illinois, left, and republican presidential hopeful sen. john mccain of arizona, right. mccain has accused obama of waffling. conversation guidelines: usa today welcomes your thoughts, stories and information related to this article. please stay on topic and be respectful of others. keep the conversation appropriate for interested readers across the map.

ɪn ðə, əˈmɛrɪkən ə ˈskætərd grup əv ən ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈænˌsɛstər hu ɪmˈbɑdid ðɛr ˈprɪnsəpəlz ənd huz ˈraɪtɪŋz kʊd bi əˈplaɪd tɪ ðə kənˈtɛmpərˌɛri juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. bʊks laɪk ˈpitər ˈɛdmənd bərk ənd ðə ˈnæʧərəl lɔ ənd, moʊst ˈfeɪməsli, ˈrəsəl ðə kənˈsərvətɪv maɪnd ˈripækɪʤd ðə ˈsteɪtsmən ˈɛdmənd bərk ˈɪntu ən ˈɔlˈpərpəs kənˈsərvətɪv ˈʧæmpiən. wɛr bərk stʊd əˈgɛnst ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə frɛnʧ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, kənˈsərvətɪvz kʊd rɪˈzɪst ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə koʊld wɔr. ɛz bərk hæd stʊd fər ɪˈtərnəl ˈvɛrətiz ɪn 1790 soʊ tu hi kʊd naʊ stænd fər ðə ˈnæʧərəl lɔ əˈgɛnst ən ˈimərʤɪŋ ˈlɪˌbərəl ˈrɛlətɪˌvɪzəm. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ɪn ˈrɛtrəˌspɛkt ˈsimɪŋli ˈɑbviəs, ðɪs ʧɔɪs wɑz nɑt wən ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd hæv meɪd. ɪn hɪz oʊn deɪ bərk wɑz nɑt ə riˈækʃəˌnɛri ər ˈivɪn ə kənˈsərvətɪv ɪn ɑr sɛns bət ə rɪˈfɔrmɪŋ wɪg. mɔˈroʊvər, waɪl hi ɪz ˈɛmənəntli kˈwoʊtəbəl, hɪz wərdz ər ʤɪst ɛz ˈsutəbəl tɪ səˈpɔrt ˈlɪˌbərəl ˈkɔzɪz ɛz kənˈsərvətɪv wənz. ɪn ðə ˈsɛnʧəri ˈraɪtərz səʧ ɛz ðə hɪˈstɔriən ʤɔrʤ ˈbæŋkrɔft kənˈsɪdərd bərk ən ˈædmərəbəl, bət ˈaʊtˌdeɪtɪd, əˈpoʊnənt əv tərˈænɪkəl paʊər nɑt ˈsutɪd fər ˌɛmjəˈleɪʃən ɪn ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk, ɪˌgæləˈtɛriən əˈmɛrɪkə; ˈəðərz ˈleɪbəld ɪm ə ˈsɪmpəl juˌtɪləˈtɛriən. ˈrəsəl kərk ˈfɔrsfəli rɪˈʤɛktɪd ðɪs ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən, boʊθ ɪn ðə kənˈsərvətɪv maɪnd ənd ɪn hɪz ˈleɪtər baɪˈɑgrəfi əv bərk. fər kərk, ðə dɪˈfɛns əv trəˈdɪʃən bərk ˈmaʊnɪd kənˈveɪd nɑt səm juˌtɪləˈtɛriən ˈkælkjələs bət ˈrəðər ən ˈɑrgjəmənt ðət ˈkəstəmz ðət hæd dɪˈvɛləpt ˈoʊvər pərˈhæps ˈɔlsoʊ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪŋ ðə ˈgreɪtəst gʊd fər ðə ˈgreɪtəst æt rut ən ɪkˈsprɛʃən əv ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ ˈprɪnsəpəl. ðɪs wɑz ðə ˈfɑrðəst θɪŋ frəm wət kərk dərˈɪsɪvli tərmd ““benthamism,”*,” ə ðət wʊd ʧeɪnʤ ˈkəstəmz ənd trəˈdɪʃən ɛz sun ɛz səm ˈæbˌstrækt ˈprɪnsəpəl bɪd ɪt tɪ du soʊ. ˈrəðər, bərk ˈʧæmpiənd ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl əv ˈɔrdər, wɪʧ kərk dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ænˈtɪsəpəˌtɔri ˌrɛfjuˈteɪʃən əv, ˈpɑzətɪˌvɪzəm, ənd ˈprægməˌtɪzəm, ən ˌæfərˈmeɪʃən əv ðət ˌrɛvərˈɛnʃəl vju əv soʊˈsaɪɪti wɪʧ meɪ bi treɪst θru ˈɛrəˌstɑtəl, ˈsɪsərˌoʊ, ˈsɛnəkə, ðə ˈroʊmən jurisconsults*, ðə schoolmen*, ˈrɪʧərd ˈhʊkər, ənd ˈlɛsər thinkers.”*.” bərk, ˈðɛrˌfɔr, wɑz fər ðə ˈeɪʤɪz. bət nɑt ɔl kənˈsərvətɪvz əˈgrid wɪθ ðə ˈpɪkʧər kərk ənd ˈəðərz wər ˈpeɪnɪŋ. ˈθɪŋkərz laɪk ˈnæʃənəl ˌrivˈju ˈsinjər ˈɛdɪtər fræŋk maɪər rɪˈʤɛktɪd kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ɛz ən ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk kəˈlɛktɪˌvɪzəm. ˈrɪʧərd ˈwivər, ˈɔθər əv ðə ˈsɛmənəl kənˈsərvətɪv wərk aɪˈdiəz hæv ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz, roʊt ə ˈfeɪməs ˈɛˌseɪ ˈɑrgjuɪŋ ðət frəm circumstance”*” wɑz, frəm ə kənˈsərvətɪv pɔɪnt əv vju, ˌɪnˈfɪriər tɪ frəm principle.”*.” jɛt ðə vju əv kərk ənd həz prɪˈveɪld: bərk ɪz naʊ ruˈtinli kənˈsɪdərd ə ˈfaʊndər əv əˈmɛrɪkən kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt dru məˈkeɪg kənˈsɪdərz waɪ stɑk həz ˈrɪzən soʊ haɪ ɔn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl raɪt ɪn ðɪs ˈstədi əv ðə rɪˈsɛpʃən ənd juz əv bərk ɪn ðə juz. sɪns ðə ˈfaʊndɪŋ. ˈɛdmənd bərk ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə ɪz ə kənˈsaɪs ˈtritmənt əv ðə ˈmɛni weɪz əˈmɛrɪkənz hæv θɔt əv bərk, ənd məˈkeɪg ˈprɛzənts ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈtritmənt əv ðə ˈimərʤəns əv ə ɛz hi kənˈkludz ɪt ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ əv ən ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl groʊθ ɔn ðiz ʃɔrz. bərk ˌɪnˈspaɪərd æmˈbɪgjuəs riˈækʃənz ˈʃɔrtli ˈæftər ðə ˈfaʊndɪŋ. hi hæd, ˈæftər ɔl, bɪn ðə ˈeɪʤənt əv nu jɔrk ˈkɑləni praɪər tɪ ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, ənd hi səˈpɔrtɪd ðə colonists’*’ ˈgrivənsɪz θru ðə ənd 1770s*. ɪn ə ˈtɛlɪŋ ˈditeɪl məˈkeɪg ˌriˈkaʊnts, ðə ˌkɑntəˈnɛnəl ˈkɑŋgrəs ˈtoʊstɪd tɪ hɛlθ ɪn 1775 ɛz ə frɛnd əv ˈlɪbərˌti. bət hɪz ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˈkɑləniz ˈlæstɪd ˈoʊnli soʊ lɔŋ ɛz ðeɪ wər ə pɑrt əv ðə ˈɛmpaɪər; wəns ðət wɑz noʊ ˈlɔŋgər ðə keɪs, ɪt ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd. nɑt ənˈtɪl 1791 dɪd rɪˈflɛkʃənz ɔn ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn fræns riʧ əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd wɪn ɪt dɪd hɪz ˈfɔrmər ədˈmaɪrərz ənd frɛndz, səʧ ɛz ˈtɑməs peɪn, wər ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnɪd baɪ hɪz ˈfərvənt stæns əˈgɛnst ðə frɛnʧ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. riˈleɪʃən tɪ ðə nu ˈneɪʃən ʧeɪnʤd. baɪ ðət taɪm, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ məˈkeɪg, ðə daɪ hæd bɪn kæst: əˈmɛrɪkə wɑz ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri ˈneɪʃən, ˈivɪn ɪf ðət ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wɑz kˈwɑləˌfaɪd baɪ rɪˈspɛkt fər ˈsərtən ˈbrɪtɪʃ pəˈlɪtɪkəl trəˈdɪʃənz. dɪˈvoʊʃən tɪ ə hərˈɛdəˌtɛri kɪŋ ənd ˌɛrəˈstɑkrəsi, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wɑz baʊnd tɪ fɔl ɔn dɛf ɪrz. bərk bɪˈkeɪm ə ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ɪf nɑt ˈfɪgjər əˈməŋ ðə ˈfaʊndɪŋ ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən. məˈkeɪg ˈhaɪˌlaɪts ðɪs ɪn ə ˈʧæptər kəmˈpɛrɪŋ bərk tɪ ʤɑn ˈædəmz, hu ɪz ˈsəmˌtaɪmz kənˈsɪdərd ə sɔrt əv əˈmɛrɪkən bərk. ðə ˈɪŋglɪʃmən hɪmˈsɛlf ˌəndərˈstʊd hɪz ˈmɪʃən ɛz biɪŋ tɪ ðə breɪks tɪ ðə moʊˈmɛntəm əv ˌɛnˈlaɪtənmənt overreach.”*.” bət ˈædəmz wɑz ən əˈmɛrɪkən ənd sɔt tɪ ˈɪmpləmənt θɔt ɪn səm ˈwərkəbəl, riˈspɑnsəbəl manner.”*.” ðə tu wər əˈlaɪnd ɪn ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ðə frɛnʧ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, bət ˈivɪn ðɛr məˈkeɪg siz ə ˈdɪfərəns. ɛz ðə ˈoʊnli ˈfɛdərəlɪst ˈprɛzɪdənt, ˈædəmz fɪt ðə bɪl fər ðə ˈfɔrsɪz əv ˈɔrdər ənd ˌkɑntəˈnuəti, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈʤɛfərsən dɪd fər ðə ˈfɔrsɪz əv ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən ənd ˈprɑˌgrɛs. ɪf ðə aɪˈdil wɑz tɪ bɪˈkəm ðə ˈdɑmənənt ˈnæʃənəl ˈvɪʒən, ənd soʊ gɪv raɪz tɪ ən ˌaɪdiˈɑləʤi əv ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm ənd ˈprɑˌgrɛs, ðɛn ˈsərtənli ə counter-persuasion*, ˈlusli dɪˈfaɪnd ɛz kənˈsərvətɪv, wɑz ˈnidɪd ɪn ˈɔrdər fər ðə daɪˈnæmɪk ˈprɑˌgrɛs tɪ ˈfəŋkʃən. məˈkeɪg ˈɔlsoʊ dɪˈvoʊts ˈʧæptərz tɪ ʤækˈsoʊniən əˈmɛrɪkə; ðə ˌæntɪˈbɛləm wɪgz, hu əˈtɛmptəd ə ˈpɑrʃəl ˌrɛstərˈeɪʃən əv ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən ɪn riˈækʃən əˈgɛnst ðə mɑb rul əv andrew”*” ˈʤæksən; ðə wɔr ˈpɪriəd ənd ˈgɪldɪd eɪʤ, wɪn ʤɑn ˈmɔrli ənd e.l*. ˈgɑdkɪn aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd bərk ɛz ə juˌtɪləˈtɛriən; ənd ˈθiəˌdɔr ˈruzəˌvɛlt, hu ˈɔltərnətli dɪˈtɛstɪd ənd ədˈmaɪərd ə kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ðət oʊd lɛs tɪ bərk ðən ˌfəndəˈmɛnəˌlɪzəm, məˈnɑpəli ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, ənd ‘‘tory’*’ ˈætəˌtudz təˈwɔrd ˈkəlʧər ənd society.”*.” ˈruzəˌvɛlt lidz tɪ ˈwʊˌdroʊ ˈwɪlsən, hu roʊt səbˈstænʃəli, ənd ˈpɑzətɪvli, əˈbaʊt bərk ɪn ðə 1890s*. bərk wɑz əˈpoʊzd tɪ æbˈstrækʃən ənd ˈfeɪvərd riˈspɑnsəbəl rɪˈfɔrm; hi wɑz ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈkloʊzər tɪ ðə ˈpoʊstˈwɔr ˈvɪʒən. ðə ˈsɛkənd pɑrt əv ðə bʊk, america,”*,” kənˈsɪdərz haʊ ənd waɪ bərk bɪˈkeɪm ðə ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈstændərdˈbɛrər. məˈkeɪg ˈraɪtli ˈfoʊkɪsɪz ɔn ˈlɑrʤər ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈmuvmənts, səʧ ɛz ðə rɪˈvaɪvəl əv lɔ thinking”*” ɔn ˈkæθlɪk ˈkæmpəsɪz ɪn ðə leɪt 1940s*, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɔn mɔr ˈkɑnkrit ˈfæktərz, səʧ ɛz ðə 1948 ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ˌkɔrəˈspɑndəns. ðə kənˈsərvətɪv əv bərk brɪŋz məˈkeɪg tɪ hɪz ˈsɛkənd θim: fər məˈkeɪg, kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ɪz ə ˈvaɪtəl bət ˈʤunjər ˈpɑrtnər ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈkəlʧər. hi raɪts ðət kˈwɪkli ˈlərnɪd ðət ðeɪ wər ənˈlaɪkli tɪ prɪˈveɪl. ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt pruvd tu rɪˈzɪstənt tɪ ðə ˌɪˈneɪt əv ðə ˈmɛsɪʤ. ɪn riˈækʃən tɪ ðɪs, ðə pərˈspɛktɪv bɪˈkeɪm trænsˈfɔrmd ˈɪntu ə pərˈɛniəl ˈkaʊntərˌpɔɪnt ðət wɑz pleɪd əˈgɛnst ðə ˈmeɪʤər θimz əv iˌgæləˈtɛriəˌnɪzəm ənd kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv məˈtɪriəl progress.”*.” ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm ɪz ˈdɛstɪnd tɪ pleɪ lɔɪəl ɪˈnəf tɪ ˈɪnfluəns ðə əˈʤɛndə, nɑt strɔŋ ɪˈnəf tɪ sɛt it.”*.” ˈtritmənt əv kərk, hum hi kɔlz ˈgreɪtəst ˈpoʊstˈwɔr burkean,”*,” ɪz ˌsɪmpəˈθɛtɪk waɪl ˈfoʊkɪsɪŋ ɔn ə ˈsɛntrəl ˈprɑbləm. fər kərk, bərk ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˈænsɛstri əv ðə wɛst ˈʃɑrpənd tɪ ə pɔɪnt θrəst æt ðə hɑrt əv ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri fræns. kərk ˈklɪrli wɔnts bərk tɪ bi ðə sɔrs əv ə trəˈdɪʃən əˈpoʊzd tɪ wət hi kɔld rationality,”*,” jɛt wən stɪl kəˈnɛktɪd tɪ ðə prɪˈmɔrdiəl ˈwɪzdəm əv ðə ˈnæʧərəl lɔ, əˈbaʊt wɪʧ bərk sɛd ˈlɪtəl ɪkˈsplɪsətli. bət bɪˈkəz kərk tʊk ə ənd ˌɪnˈsɛpərəbəl vju əv civilization,”*,” hi kʊd nɑt ˌɪnˈkɔrpərˌeɪt ˈmɑdərn aɪˈdilz əv ˈprɑˌgrɛs, ˈɛkwəti, dɪˈmɑkrəsi, ənd ðə pərˈsut əv happiness.”*.” ɪn ðət sɛns, kərk wɑz mɔr riˈækʃəˌnɛri ðən bərk ˈɛvər wɑz: bərk wɑz ə prəˈgrɛsɪv rɪˈfɔrmər hu dɪˈfɛndɪd ˈbrɪtɪʃ trəˈdɪʃənz ðət wər dɪˈklaɪnɪŋ bət nɑt jɛt ɪkˈstɪŋkt, kərk kənˈdɛmd ˈlɪˌbərəl rɪˈfɔrmərz ənd sɔt tɪ ˌɪmˈpoʊz ˈeɪnʧənt, ˈfɔrən, ənd veɪg trəˈdɪʃənz ðət hæd ˈnɛvər ˈrɪli ɪgˈzɪstəd ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd states.”*.” ðɪs ɪz fər məˈkeɪg ˈəltəmətli ə mɪˈsteɪkən ɪnˈdɛvər bɪˈkəz bərk kən ˈnɛvər kwaɪt fɪt ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd hɪz riˈsərʤəns ɪn ðə wɑz ˈmɪrli ən ˌɑpərˈtun ˈmoʊmənt fər ə ˈmuvmənt ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ə ˈfɑðər. kərk ˈnɛvər ˈrɪli ðə weɪ, seɪ, tiz. ˈɛliət dɪd fər trəˈdɪʃənz dɪˈfaɪnd ðə ˈneɪʃən. hi roʊt ˈlɪtəl, fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ɔn əˈmɛrɪkən kriˈeɪʃənz laɪk ʤæz ər ˈivɪn ˈbeɪsˈbɔl, ˈɔfən ə sɔrs əv pɑp ˈwɪzdəm fər ˌraɪtˈwɪŋərz. jɛt məˈkeɪg dɪz nɑt ˈfʊli ˈæˌdrɛs wət kərk wɑz duɪŋ wɪθ hɪz ˌɪnvəˈkeɪʃən əv bərk. kərk wɑz ˈweɪʤɪŋ ə ˈbætəl əv ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən, nɑt ˈoʊnli wɪθ ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm ənd ˈəðər streɪnz əv nuɑns məˈkeɪg noʊts bət huz sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns hi ˈpæsɪz wɪθ wət hi sɔ ˈkəmɪŋ ˈæftər ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm, wət kərk kɔld ðə eɪʤ əv ˈsɛnəmənt. kərk, laɪk ˈəðərz səʧ ɛz ˈdænjəl bɛl, ˈmɑrʃəl məˈkluən, ənd ˈfɪlɪp rieff*, sɔ ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm ənd ðə ˈræʃənəl ˌɛnˈlaɪtənmənt ðət brɔt ɪt ˈɪntu biɪŋ ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ən ɛnd. wət wʊd ˌriˈpleɪs ɪt hæd ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl tɪ bi ʃeɪpt baɪ ə ˈpaʊərfəl ˌɪˈmæʤənətɪv ˈvɪʒən əv ˈjumən soʊˈsaɪɪti, ə ˈvɪʒən kərk sɔ ɪn bərk. ðɪs wɑz nɑt ə ˈrɪʤɪd ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk ˈvɪʒən bət wən ðət ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd soʊˈsaɪɪti ɛz ən ˌɪntərˈlɑkd ˈjunjən əv kəmˈjunɪtiz. ə ˈvɪʒən ðət kɔzd wən ˈraɪtər, ˈkæθlɪk ˌjunəˈvərsəti prəˈfɛsər əv ˈpɑləˌtɪks kleɪz ryn*, tɪ kɔl bərk ðə fərst poʊstˈmɑdərn. ɪn ðɪs, kərk wɑz tru ɛr: kərk wəns wɛnt soʊ fɑr ɛz tɪ seɪ ðət ɪt bi ðə kənˈsərvətɪv ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən wɪʧ ɪz tɪ gaɪd ðə age.”*.” kənˈsərvətɪvz ər ˈɛvər ɪn ðə məˈnɔrəti, fər məˈkeɪg, bɪˈkəz mɑˈdərnəti həz ənˈliʃt ə paʊər ðət kən goʊ ɪn ˈoʊnli wən weɪ: ˈkænɑt tərn bæk ðə clock.”*.” bət ɛz ˈʧɛstərtən rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ ðət ˈæfərˌɪzəm, sɪns ə klɑk ɪz ˈmænˈmeɪd, ɛz ɪz ˈkəlʧər, ðə klɑk kən bi tərnd ˈɛniˌwɛr wi laɪk. məˈkeɪg noʊts ðə (ɪn səm weɪz) ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈneɪʧər əv kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm bət wɪˈθaʊt æˈdrɛsɪŋ ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈneɪʧər əv ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm. ə ˈsɛnʧəri əˈgoʊ, ˈmɛni ˈlɪˌbərəlz wər ɪˈlitɪsts hu wʊd noʊ mɔr hæv səˈpɔrtɪd geɪ ˈmɛrɪʤ ər ə ˈlɪˌbərəl ˈwɛlˌfɛr steɪt ðən dɪz rəʃ ˈlɪmˌbɔ təˈdeɪ. tɪ ˈɑrgju ðət kənˈsərvəˌtɪzəm məst ˈɔlˌweɪz bi ə ˈʤunjər ˈpɑrtnər, ˈmɪrli kərˈɛktɪŋ ˌɛkˈsɛsɪz, ˌɪmˈplaɪz ðət ðɛr ɪz ə dɪˈfɪnɪtɪv dɪˈrɛkʃɪn nɑt ˈoʊnli tɪ ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm bət tɪ ˈhɪstəri ˌɪtˈsɛlf, ə kənˈtɛnʃən ðət, ɪf ɪt ɪz nɑt unfalsifiable*, ˈsərtənli həz ˈlɪtəl tɪ kənˈfərm ɪt. sin ɪn ðɪs weɪ, ðə kənˈsərvətɪv əv bərk bɪˈkəmz mɔr ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnsəbəl. ˈmɪstɪˌsɪzəm ənd rɪˈlaɪəns ɔn səm fɔrm əv ˈnæʧərəl lɔ wər nɑt mɛnt tɪ kənˈveɪ ə ˌlɛgəˈlɪstɪk ˈstrəkʧər əv ˌmɛtəˈfɪzɪks, wɪθ ““ought”*” ˈkɑnfədəntli dəraɪvd frəm ““is.”*.” nɔr ɪz ˈkɑmən rɪˈzɔrt tɪ ““circumstance”*” ə rɪˈʤɛkʃən əv ˈnæʧərəl ˈprɪnsəpəlz. ˈrəðər, ɪt ɪz ə ˌrɛkɪgˈnɪʃən ðət æt ðə hɑrt əv iʧ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ənd ðə səˈsaɪɪtiz ðə ˈjumən reɪs kriˈeɪts, ðəs kənˈsərvətɪvz ər ˌɛnˈʤɔɪnd tɪ ɛsˈʧu ˈsoʊʃəl ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ ənd rɪˈspɛkt ðə bɪˈwɪldərɪŋ əreɪ əv weɪz ɪn wɪʧ wi kən ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ɑr laɪf təˈgɛðər. ðɛr ər ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ ˈprɪnsəpəlz, bət ðeɪ məst bi ˈsɪftɪd frəm ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr fækts, nɑt ˈθiərˌaɪzɪŋ. ˌɔlˈðoʊ məˈkeɪg dɪˈfaɪnz kərk ənd hɪz səˈpɔrtərz ɛz priˈmɔdərn ““antirationalists,”*,” ðə ˌriˈæləˌti ɪz mɔr ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd. məˈkeɪg ɪz raɪt ðət æt taɪmz kərk simz tɪ bi ˈspikɪŋ frəm ə wərld hæd ɔˈrɛdi pæst away.”*.” bət ðət ɪz wət meɪks ðə ˌɪˈmæʤənətɪv ˈvɪʒən əv bərk, ɛz sin θru ðə wərk əv kərk, ðə moʊst ˌfɔrˈmɪdəbəl ɔlˈtərnətɪv tɪ ˈlɪˌbərəˌlɪzəm əˈməŋ ðə vaɪɪŋ fər əˈtɛnʃən təˈdeɪ. ˈʤɛrəld ʤeɪ. ɪz ˈɛdɪtər əv ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˈbʊkmən ənd ˈɔθər əv ðə poʊstˈmɑdərn ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən əv ˈrəsəl kərk.

in the 1950s, american conservatives—then a scattered group of fugitives—sought an intellectual ancestor who embodied their principles and whose writings could be applied to the contemporary united states. books like peter stanlis’s edmund burke and the natural law and, most famously, russell kirk’s the conservative mind repackaged the 18th-century anglo-irish statesman edmund burke into an all-purpose conservative champion. where burke stood against jacobinism during the french revolution, conservatives could resist communism during the cold war. as burke had stood for eternal verities in 1790, so too he could now stand for the natural law against an emerging liberal relativism. although in retrospect seemingly obvious, this choice was not one everyone would have made. in his own day burke was not a reactionary or even a conservative in our sense but a reforming whig. moreover, while he is eminently quotable, his words are just as suitable to support liberal causes as conservative ones. in the 19th century writers such as the historian george bancroft considered burke an admirable, but outdated, opponent of tyrannical power not suited for emulation in democratic, egalitarian america; others labeled him a simple utilitarian. russell kirk forcefully rejected this interpretation, both in the conservative mind and in his later biography of burke. for kirk, the defense of tradition burke mounted conveyed not some utilitarian calculus but rather an argument that customs that had developed over centuries—while perhaps also representing the greatest good for the greatest number—were at root an expression of enduring principle. this was the farthest thing from what kirk derisively termed “benthamism,” a utilitarianism that would change customs and tradition as soon as some abstract principle bid it to do so. rather, burke championed the principle of order, which kirk described as “an anticipatory refutation of utilitarianism, positivism, and pragmatism, an affirmation of that reverential view of society which may be traced through aristotle, cicero, seneca, the roman jurisconsults, the schoolmen, richard hooker, and lesser thinkers.” burke, therefore, was for the ages. but not all conservatives agreed with the picture kirk and others were painting. libertarian-minded thinkers like national review senior editor frank meyer rejected kirk’s conservatism as an aristocratic collectivism. richard weaver, author of the seminal conservative work ideas have consequences, wrote a famous essay arguing that burke’s “argument from circumstance” was, from a conservative point of view, inferior to lincoln’s “argument from principle.” yet the view of kirk and stanlis has prevailed: burke is now routinely considered a founder of american conservatism. advertisement drew maciag considers why burke’s stock has risen so high on the american intellectual right in this study of the reception and use of burke in the u.s. since the founding. edmund burke in america is a concise treatment of the many ways americans have thought of burke, and maciag presents an important historiographical treatment of the emergence of a burkean conservatism—even as he concludes it is something of an artificial growth on these shores. burke inspired ambiguous reactions shortly after the founding. he had, after all, been the agent of new york colony prior to the revolution, and he supported the colonists’ grievances through the 1760s and 1770s. in a telling detail maciag recounts, the continental congress toasted to burke’s health in 1775 as a friend of liberty. but his interest in the colonies lasted only so long as they were a part of the empire; once that was no longer the case, it disappeared. not until 1791 did burke’s reflections on the revolution in france reach america, and when it did his former admirers and friends, such as thomas paine, were disappointed by his fervent stance against the french revolution. burke’s relation to the new nation changed. by that time, according to maciag, the die had been cast: america was a revolutionary nation, even if that revolution was qualified by respect for certain british political traditions. burke’s devotion to a hereditary king and aristocracy, however, was bound to fall on deaf ears. burke became a controversial if not disfavored figure among the founding generation. maciag highlights this in a chapter comparing burke to john adams, who is sometimes considered a sort of american burke. the englishman himself understood his mission as being to “apply the brakes to the momentum of enlightenment overreach.” but adams was an american and sought to implement “enlightenment thought in some workable, responsible manner.” the two were aligned in opposition to the french revolution, but even there maciag sees a difference. as the only federalist president, adams fit the bill for the forces of order and continuity, as well as jefferson did for the forces of innovation and progress. if the republican-enlightenment ideal was to become the dominant national vision, and so give rise to an ideology of liberalism and progress, then certainly a counter-persuasion, loosely defined as conservative, was needed in order for the dynamic progress to function. maciag also devotes chapters to jacksonian america; the antebellum whigs, who attempted a partial restoration of burke’s reputation in reaction against the mob rule of “king andrew” jackson; the post-civil war period and gilded age, when john morley and e.l. godkin identified burke as a utilitarian; and theodore roosevelt, who alternately detested and admired a conservatism that owed less to burke than “religious fundamentalism, monopoly capitalism, and ‘tory’ attitudes toward culture and society.” roosevelt leads to woodrow wilson, who wrote substantially, and positively, about burke in the 1890s. wilson’s burke was opposed to abstraction and favored responsible reform; he was getting closer to the postwar conservative’s vision. the second part of the book, “postwar america,” considers how and why burke became the right’s intellectual standard-bearer. maciag rightly focuses on larger intellectual movements, such as the revival of “natural law thinking” on catholic campuses in the late 1940s, as well as on more concrete factors, such as the 1948 publication of burke’s correspondence. the conservative reappropriation of burke brings maciag to his second theme: for maciag, conservatism is a vital but junior partner in the american political culture. he writes that “american burkeans quickly learned that they were unlikely to prevail. the exceptionalist environment proved too resistant to the innate traditionalism of the burkean message. in reaction to this, the burkean perspective became transformed into a perennial counterpoint that was played against the major themes of egalitarianism and competitive material progress.” in other words, conservatism is destined to play “the loyal opposition—strong enough to influence the agenda, not strong enough to set it.” maciag’s treatment of kirk, whom he calls “the greatest postwar burkean,” is sympathetic while focusing on a central problem. for kirk, burke represented the entire intellectual ancestry of the west sharpened to a point thrust at the heart of revolutionary france. kirk clearly wants burke to be the source of a tradition opposed to what he called “defecated rationality,” yet one still connected to the primordial wisdom of the natural law, about which burke said little explicitly. but because kirk took a “holistic and inseparable view of civilization,” he could not incorporate “the modern ideals of progress, equity, democracy, and the pursuit of happiness.” in that sense, kirk was more reactionary than burke ever was: “while burke was a progressive reformer who defended british traditions that were declining but not yet extinct, kirk condemned liberal reformers and sought to impose ancient, foreign, and vague traditions that had never really existed in the united states.” this is for maciag ultimately a mistaken endeavor because burke can never quite fit in america, and his resurgence in the 1950s was merely an opportune moment for a movement looking for a father. kirk never really explained—in the way, say, t.s. eliot did for england—what traditions defined the nation. he wrote little, for example, on american creations like jazz or even baseball, often a go-to source of pop wisdom for right-wingers. yet maciag does not fully address what kirk was doing with his invocation of burke. kirk was waging a battle of imagination, not only with liberalism and other strains of conservatism—a nuance maciag notes but whose significance he passes over—but with what he saw coming after liberalism, what kirk called the age of sentiment. kirk, like others such as daniel bell, marshall mcluhan, and philip rieff, saw liberalism and the rational enlightenment that brought it into being coming to an end. what would replace it had the potential to be shaped by a powerful imaginative vision of human society, a vision kirk saw in burke. this was not a rigid aristocratic vision but one that recognized society as an interlocked union of communities. a vision that caused one writer, catholic university professor of politics claes ryn, to call burke the first postmodern. in this, kirk was burke’s true heir: kirk once went so far as to say that it “may be the conservative imagination which is to guide the post-modern age.” conservatives are ever in the minority, for maciag, because modernity has unleashed a power that can go in only one way: “you cannot turn back the clock.” but as chesterton responded to that aphorism, since a clock is manmade, as is culture, the clock can be turned anywhere we like. maciag notes the (in some ways) changing nature of conservatism but without addressing the changing nature of liberalism. a century ago, many liberals were eugenicist elitists who would no more have supported gay marriage or a liberal welfare state than does rush limbaugh today. to argue that conservatism must always be a junior partner, merely correcting liberalism’s excesses, implies that there is a definitive direction not only to liberalism but to history itself, a contention that, if it is not unfalsifiable, certainly has little to confirm it. seen in this way, the conservative reappropriation of burke becomes more comprehensible. burke’s mysticism and reliance on some form of natural law were not meant to convey a legalistic structure of metaphysics, with “ought” confidently derived from “is.” nor is burke’s common resort to “circumstance” a rejection of natural principles. rather, it is a recognition that mystery—not reason—lies at the heart of each individual and the societies the human race creates, thus conservatives are enjoined to eschew social engineering and respect the bewildering array of ways in which we can organize our life together. there are enduring principles, but they must be sifted from particular facts, not theorizing. although maciag defines kirk and his supporters as premodern “antirationalists,” the reality is more complicated. maciag is right that at times kirk seems to be speaking from a world “that had already passed away.” but that is what makes the imaginative vision of burke, as seen through the work of kirk, the most formidable alternative to liberalism among the conservatisms vying for attention today. gerald j. russello is editor of the university bookman and author of the postmodern imagination of russell kirk.

juz. ənd ˈkəstəmz ɛnˈfɔrsmənt (aɪs) ʧoʊz nɑt tɪ ˈɑnər ə rɪkˈwɛst fər ən ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ˈæftər ˈoʊməˌhɑ pəˈlis ərˈɛstɪd ˌɪˈligəl ˈeɪliən ˈmeɪjiə ˈæftər hi strək ənd kɪld ˈsɛrə rut waɪl ˈdraɪvɪŋ drəŋk ənd ðə naɪt əv ˈʤænjuˌɛri 31 ˈmeɪjiə ˈvænɪʃt ˈʃɔrtli ˈæftər ˈpoʊstɪŋ bɑnd. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ, ˈoʊməˌhɑ pəˈlis ˈæksədənt ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtər dɔn ˈtərnˌbʊl rɪˈpitɪdli rɪkˈwɛstɪd aɪs dɪˈteɪn ˈmeɪjiə ˈæftər hɪz ərˈɛst, tɪ noʊ əˈveɪl. dɪˈspaɪt ˈfeɪsɪŋ əp tɪ 20 jɪrz ɪn ˈprɪzən, ðə ˌɪˈligəl ˈeɪliən wɑz nɑt dɪˈtərmənd ə flaɪt rɪsk ənd aɪs, ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɛnˈfɔrsmənt program”*” (pɛp), rɪfˈjuzd tɪ dɪˈteɪn ɪm. aɪs ˈspoʊksmən ʃɔn sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt tɪ nuz: æt ðə taɪm əv hɪz ˈʤænjuˌɛri 2016 ərˈɛst ɪn ˈoʊməˌhɑ ɔn ˈloʊkəl ˈkrɪmənəl ˈʧɑrʤɪz, ˈmeɪjiə, 19 əv hɑnˈdʊrəs, dɪd nɑt mit ɛnˈfɔrsmənt praɪˈɔrətiz, ɛz ˈsteɪtɪd baɪ ðə noʊv. 20 2014 ˈsɪvəl ɛnˈfɔrsmənt ˈmɛˌmoʊ ˈɪʃud baɪ ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri ˈʤɑnsən, bɪˈkəz hi hæd noʊ praɪər sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˌmɪsdəˈminər ər ˈfɛləni kənˈvɪkʃən ˈrɛkərd. ɛz səʧ, aɪs dɪd nɑt lɑʤ ə. ˈmeɪjiə ɪz ˈskɛʤʊld tɪ goʊ ˌbiˈfɔr ən ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ʤəʤ ɔn mɑrʧ 23 2017 ənd ɪt wɪl bi əp tɪ ðə ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən kɔrts ˈəndər ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv ˈɔfəs fər ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ˌrivˈju (eoir*) tɪ dɪˈtərmən ˈwɛðər hi həz ə ˈligəl ˈbeɪsɪs tɪ rɪˈmeɪn ɪn ðə juz. haʊ ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən kɔrts kən ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ dɪˈtərmən ˈwɛðər ər nɑt ˈsɛrə ˌɪˈligəl ˈeɪliən ˈkɪlər kən rɪˈmeɪn ɪn ðə juz. wɪn ˈmeɪjiə ɪz ˈnoʊˌwɛr tɪ bi faʊnd ɪz ənˈklɪr. ðə broʊk daʊn ə ˈtaɪmlaɪn əv nɪˈglɛkt ɔn boʊθ ðə ˈloʊkəl ənd ˈfɛdərəl ˈlɛvəlz: ˈmeɪjiə, hu wɑz ˈlɪstɪd ɔn hɪz ʤeɪl ˈbʊkɪŋ ʃit ɛz frəm hɑnˈdʊrəs ənd nɑt ə juz. ˈsɪtɪzən, wɑz ˈgreɪdɪd ə loʊ rɪsk tɪ fli baɪ ˈdəgləs ˈkaʊnti priˈtraɪəl riˈlis əˈfɪʃəlz, dɪˈspaɪt ðə fækt ðət hi hæd ə ˈwɔrənt ənd twaɪs hæd feɪld tɪ əˈpɪr ɪn kɔrt. ɔn ə skeɪl əv 1 tɪ 7 ðə haɪər ðə ˈnəmbər, ðə mɔr rɪsk əv fliɪŋ ðə priˈtraɪəl riˈlis stæf ˈgreɪdɪd ˈmeɪjiə ə 2 ɔn ˈfɛbjəˌwɛri. 4 ˈdəgləs ˈkaʊnti ʤəʤ ʤɛf sɛt beɪl æt 10 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈminɪŋ ðət ˈmeɪjiə hæd tɪ poʊst kæʃ tɪ bi riˈlist. ðə ˌrivˈju əv 10 ˈmoʊtər ˈviɪkəl ˈhɑməˌsaɪd ˈkeɪsɪz faɪld ɪn nəˈbræskə ˈoʊvər ðə pæst tu jɪrz ʃoʊd ðət faɪv ˈʤəʤɪz sɛt ðə seɪm beɪl əˈmaʊnt. faɪv ˈəðər ˈʤəʤɪz sɛt haɪər beɪl əˈmaʊnts 10 pərˈsɛnt əv (twaɪs) ənd (twaɪs). ɔl əv ðə ˈəðər dɪˈfɛndənts wər juz. ˈsɪtɪzənz. nɑt klɪr ˈwɛðər ðə ʤəʤ wɑz ˌɪnˈfɔrmd əv ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ˈstætəs. ˈdɛpjəti ˈoʊməˌhɑ pəˈlis ʧif deɪv ˈbeɪkər sɛd leɪt ˈfraɪˌdeɪ ðət ən ˈæksədənt ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtər ˌɪnˈfɔrmd ˈdɛpjəti ˈdəgləs ˈkaʊnti əˈtərni mæt əv aɪs ˈstætəs ˌbiˈfɔr ˈmeɪjiə wɑz riˈlist frəm nəˈbræskə ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsɛnər. ɪn kənˈsɪdərɪŋ beɪl, ə ˈtrænˌskrɪpt ʃoʊz, dɪd nɑt gɪv ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz ə ʧæns tɪ steɪt ðɛr pəˈzɪʃən ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈɛvəri ʤəʤ ˈtɪpɪkəli dɪz. ˈæftər nɑt rɪˈsivɪŋ ə ʧæns tɪ spik əˈbaʊt beɪl, ˈdɛpjəti ˈdəgləs ˈkaʊnti əˈtərni ˈdeɪvɪd wɛr dɪd nɑt ˌɪntərˈəpt ʤəʤ. nɔr dɪd ˈɛniˌwən ˈɑbʤɛkt ˈæftər ðə ʤəʤ sɛt beɪl æt 10 pərˈsɛnt əv ˈfɑðər kɔld ˈoʊməˌhɑ pəˈlis ˈæksədənt ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtər dɔn ˈtərnˌbʊl kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt beɪl əˈmaʊnt. ˈtərnˌbʊl rɪˈpitɪdli kɔld aɪs əˈbaʊt dɪˈteɪnɪŋ ˈmeɪjiə tɪ bɑnd əˈmaʊnt ənd ˈɛləˌveɪtɪd flaɪt risk,”*,” ˈbeɪkər sɛd. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ˈbeɪkər sɛd, rɪkˈwɛst ɪz denied.”*.” ʃi ənd hər luˈtɛnənt traɪd tɪ kɔl ən aɪs ˈsupərˌvaɪzər. ðə kɔl wɑz ˈnɛvər rɪˈtərnd, ˈbeɪkər sɛd. ðə bɑnd ˈhirɪŋ tʊk lɛs ðən tu ˈmɪnəts, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə rɪˈpɔrt. ˈdəgləs ˈkaʊnti əˈtərni dɑn klaɪn toʊld ðə: ðə ʤəʤ ʤɪst wɛnt, ‘‘bam*, ðə bond.’*.’ ˈrənɪŋ ðə ʃoʊ ɪn tərmz əv haʊ ðə kənˈdəktəd. wi ˈgɪvɪn ən ˌɑpərˈtunəti tɪ spik. ɪn səm weɪz, aɪ wɪʃ ɑr ˈpərsən wʊd hæv ʤɪst stɑpt ðə prəˈsidɪŋ ənd sɛd, θɪŋk ən ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt bond,’*,’ bət ðət ˈhæpən. noʊ seɪɪŋ ðət ˈpipəl nid tɪ bi ˈproʊˌfaɪld. bət wɪn wi hæv ˈsəmˌwən hu həz bɪn ərˈɛstɪd fər ə ˈsɪriəs kraɪm ənd nɑt hir ˈligəli ðeɪ hæv ˈɛvəri ˈrizən ɪn ðə wərld tɪ flee…*… ðɛr həz tɪ bi ə kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən bɪtˈwin ðə fɛdz ənd ðə state…*… fər ɪm tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ɪˈveɪd ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən ɪz trɪˈmɛndəsli ˈfrəˌstreɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈjuˈɛs. ənd aɪ noʊ tru fər [ˈsɛrə] ˈfæməli ənd fər pəˈlis ɛz wɛl. ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə pɛp ˈproʊˌgræm dɪˈskərɪʤɪz aɪs ˈeɪʤənts frəm ɛnˈfɔrsɪŋ ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən lɔ ˈɛvəri taɪm ən ˈeɪliən ˈvaɪəleɪts ɪt: ““pep…*… ˈfərðər riˈstrɪkts ðə kraɪˈtɪriə fər deportation,”*,” roʊt ðə ˈsɛnər fər ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən ˈstədiz dɪˈrɛktər əv ˈpɑləsi ˈʤɛsɪkə vɔn ɪn 2015 ““now*, ˈoʊnli ˈsərtən kənˈvɪktəd ˈfɛlənz, əˈfɛndərz wɪθ θri ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ˌmɪsdəˈminər kənˈvɪkʃənz, ənd səm nu ˌɪˈligəl ərˈaɪvəlz wɪl bi kənˈsɪdərd əˈproʊpriˌeɪt fər ˌdipɔrˈteɪʃən. ənd aɪs ˈɔfɪsərz ər toʊld tɪ meɪk ɪkˈsɛpʃənz ˈivɪn tɪ ðiz ˈkætəˌgɔriz ɪf ˈsərtən ˈfæktərz ɪgˈzɪst, səʧ ɛz ˈfæməli ər kəmˈjunɪti taɪz, ˈɪlnəs, ˈprɛgnənsi, ər ˈəðər exceptions…*… ˈnæʃənəl ˈsæŋkʧuˌɛri ˈpɑləsiz laɪk pɛp ər ə ˈtræʤədi ˈweɪtɪŋ tɪ happen.”*.” ðə deɪ ˌbiˈfɔr ðə kræʃ, rut ˈgræʤəˌweɪtɪd frəm ˌjunəˈvərsəti wɪθ ə ənd ə biz. ɪn kraɪm ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən. ə kæmˈpeɪn həz bɪn sɛt əp tɪ hɛlp hər ˈfæməli ɛz ðeɪ mɔrn hər lɔs. iˈmeɪl ˈkeɪti æt kmchugh@breitbart.com*.

u.s. immigrations and customs enforcement (ice) chose not to honor a request for an immigration detainer after omaha police arrested illegal alien eswin mejia after he struck and killed 21-year-old sarah root while driving drunk and street-racing the night of january 31. mejia vanished shortly after posting bond. according to omaha’s world-herald, omaha police accident investigator dawn turnbull repeatedly requested ice detain mejia after his arrest, to no avail. despite facing up to 20 years in prison, the illegal alien was not determined a flight risk and ice, following the obama administration’s “priority enforcement program” (pep), refused to detain him. ice spokesman shawn neudauer said in a statement to breitbart news: at the time of his january 2016 arrest in omaha on local criminal charges, eswin mejia, 19, of honduras, did not meet ice’s enforcement priorities, as stated by the nov. 20, 2014 civil enforcement memo issued by secretary johnson, because he had no prior significant misdemeanor or felony conviction record. as such, ice did not lodge a detainer. mejia is scheduled to go before an immigration judge on march 23, 2017, and it will be up to the immigration courts under the department of justice’s executive office for immigration review (eoir) to determine whether he has a legal basis to remain in the u.s. how immigration courts can expect to determine whether or not sarah root’s illegal alien killer can remain in the u.s. when mejia is nowhere to be found is unclear. the world-herald broke down a timeline of neglect on both the local and federal levels: mejia, who was listed on his jail booking sheet as from honduras and not a u.s. citizen, was graded a low risk to flee by douglas county pretrial release officials, despite the fact that he had a warrant and twice had failed to appear in court. on a scale of 1 to 7 — the higher the number, the more risk of fleeing — the county’s pretrial release staff graded mejia a 2. on feb. 4, douglas county judge jeff marcuzzo set mejia’s bail at 10 percent of $50,000 — meaning that mejia had to post $5,000 cash to be released. the newspaper’s review of 10 motor vehicle homicide cases filed in nebraska over the past two years showed that five judges set the same bail amount. five other judges set higher bail amounts — 10 percent of $75,000, $250,000 (twice) and $500,000 (twice). all of the other defendants were u.s. citizens. it’s not clear whether the judge was informed of mejia’s immigration status. deputy omaha police chief dave baker said late friday that an accident investigator informed deputy douglas county attorney matt kuhse of mejia’s ice status before mejia was released from nebraska medical center. in considering bail, a transcript shows, marcuzzo did not give prosecutors a chance to state their position — something every judge typically does. after not receiving a chance to speak about bail, deputy douglas county attorney david wear did not interrupt judge marcuzzo. nor did anyone object after the judge set bail at 10 percent of $50,000. root’s father called omaha police accident investigator dawn turnbull concerned about mejia’s bail amount. turnbull repeatedly called ice about detaining mejia “due to bond amount and elevated flight risk,” baker said. eventually, baker said, “her request is denied.” she and her lieutenant tried to call an ice supervisor. the call was never returned, baker said. the bond hearing took less than two minutes, according to the report. douglas county attorney don kleine told the world-herald: the judge just went, ‘bam, here’s the bond.’ he’s running the show in terms of how the hearing’s conducted. we weren’t given an opportunity to speak. in some ways, i wish our person would have just stopped the proceeding and said, ‘we think that’s an insufficient bond,’ but that didn’t happen. no one’s saying that people need to be profiled. but when we have someone who has been arrested for a serious crime — and they’re not here legally — they have every reason in the world to flee… there has to be a common-sense communication between the feds and the state… for him to be able to evade prosecution is tremendously frustrating to us. and i know that’s true for [sarah root’s] family and for police as well. the obama administration’s pep program discourages ice agents from enforcing immigration law every time an alien violates it: “pep… further restricts the criteria for deportation,” wrote the center for immigration studies director of policy jessica vaughan in 2015. “now, only certain convicted felons, offenders with three separate misdemeanor convictions, and some new illegal arrivals will be considered appropriate for deportation. and ice officers are told to make exceptions even to these categories if certain factors exist, such as family or community ties, illness, pregnancy, or other exceptions… national sanctuary policies like pep are a tragedy waiting to happen.” the day before the crash, root graduated from bellvue university with a 4.0 gpa and a b.s. in crime investigation. a gofundme campaign has been set up to help her family as they mourn her loss. email katie at kmchugh@breitbart.com.

ˈɛvriˌwən θɔt ˈhərmən sɪm dɪˈzərvd tɪ bi ˈɑnərd. ɪt wɑz ˈmənˌdeɪ, ˈfɛbjəˌwɛri. 6 2006 ənd hi wɑz drɛst ɪn hɪz bɛst sut tɪ əˈtɛnd ðə deɪz ɪˈvɛnt. hi hæd bɪn ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪd tɪ ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈpæləs tɪ əkˈsɛpt ðə "ˈɔrdər əv ðə waɪt stɑr" fər hɪz "ˈsərvɪs tɪ ðə ɛˈstoʊniən ˈneɪʃən." ɪt wɑz ən aɪˈrɑnɪk ʧɔɪs. ɪt ˈwəzənt ðə ˈoʊnli ˈmɛdəl sɪm rɪˈsivd fər hɪz ˈsərvɪsɪz ðət jɪr. ðə ˈəðər ˈɑnər wɑz wən ðət hi kʊd ˈoʊnli si ɔn hɪz kəmˈpjutər skrin, səˈpoʊzədli soʊ ɛz tɪ nɑt ˈʤɛpərˌdaɪz hɪz ˈkəvər. ˈsɛrʤi, hɪz ˈhændələr wɪθ ðə, ˈrəʃəz ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈsərvɪs, əˈpɪrd ɔn ðə skrin tɪ ʃoʊ ɪm hɪz ˈmɛdəl. wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ðə wən hu ˌɪnˈfɔrmd sɪm ðət hi hæd bɪn prəˈmoʊtəd tɪ ðə ræŋk əv ˈmeɪʤər ˈʤɛnərəl fər ˈhævɪŋ səˈplaɪd ˈmɔˌskaʊ wɪθ ðə neɪmz əv ɔl səˈspɛktɪd ənd noʊn ˈrəʃənz ˈwərkɪŋ ɛz spaɪz fər ˈneɪtoʊ. vˈlædəmɪr ˈputɪn wɑz ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈprɛst, toʊld hɪz bɛst spaɪ. fɔr jɪrz ɔn, sɪm həz naʊ riʧt ðə leɪt feɪz əv hɪz kərɪr. ˌɪnˈdid, ɪn hɪz fild spaɪɪŋ ɪt ɪz nɑt ənˈkɑmən tɪ spɛnd wənz oʊld eɪʤ ɪn ə smɔl ˈprɪzən sɛl. sɪmz ɪz ˌɪnˈkɑrsərˌeɪtɪd ɪn ə ˈfəŋkʃənəl, ˈbɪldɪŋ meɪd əv ˌriɪnˈfɔrst ˈkɑnkrit ɪn ðə ɛˈstoʊniən ˈsɪti əv ˌtɑrˈtu, wɛr hi wɛrz ə pleɪn ˈprɪzən ˈjunəˌfɔrm ənd siks ˈkəmfərt ɪn ðə ˈbaɪbəl. ˈfoʊˌtoʊz dɪˈpɪkt ɪm ɛz ən ˈoʊldər, mæn wɪθ ə sæd lʊk ɪn hɪz aɪz. ðɪs ɪz ðə seɪm mæn hum ˈneɪtoʊ, ɪn ə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd rɪˈpɔrt, həz ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪzd ɛz ðə spaɪ hu wɑz "moʊst ˈdæmɪʤɪŋ ɪn əˈlaɪəns ˈhɪstəri." ðə rɪˈpɔrt əˈlɛʤɪz ðət sɪm, ɛz ðə ˈfɔrmər hɛd əv sɪˈkjʊrəti æt ðə ɛˈstoʊniən dɪˈfɛns ˈmɪnɪstri, hæd ˈækˌsɛs tɪ moʊst əv ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈneɪtoʊ ˈdɑkjəmənts hɪz ˈkəntri rɪˈsivd ˈæftər ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ ðə əˈlaɪəns ɪn ðə spərɪŋ əv 2004 ənˈtɪl hɪz ərˈɛst, ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər 2008 hi ɪz bɪˈlivd tɪ hæv ˈsikrɪtli ˈhændɪd ˈoʊvər ˈθaʊzənz əv ðoʊz ˈdɑkjəmənts tɪ ðə ˈrəʃənz. səm əv ðiz kənˈteɪnd ˈhaɪli ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ˈneɪtoʊz ˈsikrɪt dɪˈfɛns ˈpɑləsiz, "ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən, ˈmeɪntənəns, proʊˈkjʊrmənt ənd juz əv ˈsɪstəmz." 28 ˈneɪtoʊ ˈkəntriz ˈʃɛrɪŋ ˈsikrɪts əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈneɪtoʊ rɪˈpɔrt, ðə ˈmæstər spaɪ ˈɔlsoʊ "ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪzd ə waɪd reɪnʤ əv ˈneɪtoʊ ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns rɪˈpɔrts ənd æˈnælɪˌsiz," ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ wənz rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈtɛrəˌrɪzəm, ˈsikrɪt ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri plænz ənd ˌkaʊnərˈɛspjəˌnɑʤ. ˈnɛvər ˌbiˈfɔr, ðə ˈneɪtoʊ æˈnælɪsɪs kənˈkludz, həz ə spaɪ bɪˈtreɪd səʧ ə lɑrʤ ˈvɑljum əv ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈsikrɪts fər səʧ ə lɔŋ taɪm. əv kɔrs, sɪm wɑz nɑt ðə ˈoʊnli spaɪ ɪn ˈneɪtoʊz pæst. fər jɪrz, ˈreɪnər rəp, ə wɛst ˈʤərmən hu wɛnt baɪ ðə əv "ˈtoʊˌpæz," səˈplaɪd ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈstɑsi, ðə ˈsikrɪt pəˈlis əv ðə ˈfɔrmər ist ˈʤərməni. frɛnʧ ˈɔfɪsər səˈplaɪd ˌjugoʊsˈlɑviə wɪθ ˈneɪtoʊ ˈbɑmɪŋ plænz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈkoʊsoʊˌvoʊ ˈkraɪsəs. ənd ˈdænjəl ʤeɪmz, hu wɑz ˈwərkɪŋ ɛz ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈʤɛnərəlz ˈpərsɪnəl ˌɪnˈtərprətər, ˈriˌleɪd ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˈditeɪlz əv hɪz ˈkəntriz ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ɪn æfˈgænəˌstæn tɪ ˌɪˈrɑn. stɪl, ðə sɪm keɪs rɪˈvilz ʤɪst haʊ məʧ əv ə rɪsk ðə əˈlaɪəns wɑz ˈteɪkɪŋ wɪn ɪt ˈgræʤuəli ɪkˈspændɪd ˈistwərd ˈæftər ðə ɛnd əv ðə koʊld wɔr. iʧ əv ɪts ˈkɑrənt 28 ˈmɛmbər steɪts naʊ ˌɛnˈʤɔɪz ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən wɪˈθɪn ðə əˈlaɪəns. fər ˈɛkspərts, ðɪs ɪz ɔˈrɛdi ənˈsɛtəlɪŋ ɪˈnəf. bət ˈivɪn mɔr ˈwərisəm ɪz ðə fækt ðət ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə oʊld ɪˈlit huz ˈlɔɪəltiz wəns leɪ wɪθ ə kəmˈplitli ˈdɪfərənt pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈsɪstəm naʊ wərk ɪn ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti ˌæpərˈætəs əv səm əv ðə nu ˈmɛmbər steɪts. ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, ˈpipəl laɪk ˈhərmən sɪm. ə swɪft raɪz tɪ paʊər sɪm wɑz bɔrn aʊt əv ˈwɛˌdlɑk ɪn meɪ 1947 ɪn ðə smɔl ɛˈstoʊniən ˈsɪti əv suure-jaani*. wɪn hi wɑz tu jɪrz oʊld, hɪz ˈməðər ˈbɛrli ɪˈskeɪpt ˈstɑlɪnz ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ənd ˌdipɔrˈteɪʃən tɪ saɪˈbɪriə. sun ðɛˈræftər, ʃi ˈmɛrid ənd lɛft ðə bɔɪ tɪ lɪv wɪθ hɪz ˈgrændˌməðər ənd ɔnt. ɪn skul, hi wɑz kənˈsɪdərd æmˈbɪʃəs, ˈhɑrdˌwərkɪŋ ənd well-adapted*. ɪn 1966 wɪn sɪm wɑz ˈstədiɪŋ ˈkɛmɪstri ɪn, hi ˈwɪtnəst ə brɔl bɪtˈwin ə gæŋ əv juθs ənd ðə pəˈlis ɪn frənt əv ə ˈsɪnəmə ɔn ðə ˈsɪtiz ˈaʊtˌskərts. hi ˌɪntərˈvind ənd, wɪθ hɪz hɛlp, ðə pəˈlis ˈmænɪʤd tɪ ˌoʊvərˈpaʊər ðə gæŋ. ðə ˈɔfɪsərz wər səˈpraɪzd ðət ə ˈstudənt, əv ɔl ˈpipəl, hæd kəm tɪ ðɛr eɪd. soʊ, ðeɪ ˈɔfərd ɪm ə ʤɑb. "ɪt wɑz ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv hɪz kərɪr wɪθ ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈsərvɪs, ðə ˌkeɪˌʤiˈbi," sɪz ˈʤərnəlɪst kärmas*, hu fɪlmd "ðə spaɪ ˌɪnˈsaɪd," ə ˌdɑkjəˈmɛnəri ɔn ðə sɪm keɪs fər ɛˈstoʊniən ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən. sɪm kɛpt hɪz nu ʤɑb ə ˈsikrɪt frəm hɪz ˈfæməli. ðə ɔnt, hu hæd bɪn ˈpərsəˌkjutəd ˈəndər ˈstɑlən, wɑz əˈpɔld wɪn ʃi faʊnd aʊt. ə ʃɔrt taɪm ˈleɪtər, hər ˈnɛfju wɑz kənˈfərmd æt ðə ʧərʧ ɪn suuri-jaani*, wɪʧ hi ˈɔlsoʊ kɛpt frəm hɪz ˈfæməli. sɪm kˈwɪkli kɑrvd aʊt ə kərɪr fər hɪmˈsɛlf wɪθ ðə pəˈlis. ɪn 1975 hi ˈgræʤəˌweɪtɪd wɪθ ˈɑnərz frəm ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈjunjənz ˌɪnˈtɪriər ˈmɪnɪstri əˈkædəmi. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, hi ʤɔɪnd ðə ˈkɑmjənəst ˈpɑrti ə ˈnɛsəˌsɛri stɛp, ˈgɪvɪn ðə fækt ðət hɪz ʤɑb ˌɪnˈvɑlvd əˈkəmpəniɪŋ ˌdɛləˈgeɪʃənz əˈbrɔd ənd ðət səʧ ʤɑbz wər rɪˈzərvd fər ðoʊz kənˈsɪdərd ˈplɪtɪkli rɪˈlaɪəbəl. hɪz ˈdɔtər wɑz bɔrn ɪn 1974 ðə rɪˈzəlt əv ən əˈfɛr wɪθ ə flaɪt əˈtɛndənt. təˈdeɪ, ʃi wərks ɛz ə kəmˈpjutər ˈspɛʃəlɪst wɪθ europol*, ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən pəˈlis əˈθɔrəti. ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ taɪmz ənd (əˈpɛrəntli) əˈliʤənsɪz wɪn ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈjunjən bɪˈgæn tɪ dɪˈklaɪn, sɪm wɑz ə ˈkərnəl ənd hæd ɔˈrɛdi rɪˈsivd 44 əˈwɔrdz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɔl θri əv ðə ˈmɛdəlz əˈwɔrdɪd fər ɪgˈzɛmpləri bɪˈheɪvjər. bət hɪz oʊld wərld noʊ ˈlɔŋgər ɪgˈzɪstəd. wɪn ɛˈstoʊniə, ə ˈfɔrmər ˈsoʊviˌɛt riˈpəblɪk, bɪˈkeɪm ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ɪn 1991 ðə ˌkeɪˌʤiˈbi hæd tɪ əˈbændən ɪts ˈhɛdˌkɔrtərz ɪn ənd ˈsɛvər ɔl əˈfɪʃəl taɪz wɪθ sɪm. ɔl əv ə ˈsədən, sɪm bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈʧæmpiən əv ɛˈstoʊniən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns. wɪn ˈkɑmjənəst ˈhɑrˌdlaɪnərz əˈtækt ðə ˈpɑrləmɛnt ˈbɪldɪŋ ənd ðə sit əv ˈgəvərnmənt ɔn ðə hɪl ɪn ˈsɛntrəl ɪn meɪ 1990 sɪm tʊk ɪt əˈpɑn hɪmˈsɛlf tɪ ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ðɛr dɪˈfɛns. ðɛˈræftər, hi wɑz ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd ɛz ə ˈhɪroʊ ənd ˈrumərz ðət hi hæd ˈsikrɪtli hɛlp ðə ˈrəʃənz slɪp aʊt sun ˈfeɪdɪd əˈweɪ. æt ðɪs pɔɪnt, sɪm wɛnt bæk tɪ ədˈvænsɪŋ hɪz kərɪr. hi bɪˈkeɪm ʧif əv pəˈlis ɪn ˈhɑrju ˈkaʊnti, wɪʧ ˌɪnˈkludz, hi ˈsupərˌvaɪzd ðə wɪθˈdrɔəl ər ðə rɛd ˈɑrmi, ənd hi sɪˈkjʊrd ðə rɪˈmuvəl əv ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈnukliər ˈwɔˌrhɛdz. ɪn 1994 hi wɑz prəˈmoʊtəd tɪ hɛd ðə ˈbɔltɪk riˈpəblɪks ˈnæʃənəl pəˈlis fɔrs. bət ˈhɑrdli sɪks mənθs hæd pæst ˌbiˈfɔr sɪm wɑz dɪsˈmɪst ɔn ˈʧɑrʤɪz əv kərˈəpʃən, wɪʧ hi ˈviəməntli dɪˈnaɪd. hi hæd bɪn ˈɔfərd ə pəˈzɪʃən, bət hi tərnd ɪt daʊn ənd rɪˈtaɪrd, ˌɪnˈstɛd. ˈɪntu ðə səkˈsɛsər ɪn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 1995 ˈæftər hɪz riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ hɪz ˈgərlˌfrɛnd 20 jɪrz hɪz ˈʤunjər fɛl əˈpɑrt, sɪm meɪd ə spɑnˈteɪniəs trɪp tɪ ˌtuˈniʒə. ðɪs, æt list, wɑz ðə ˈrizən hi wʊd ˈleɪtər prəˈvaɪd. waɪl ðɛr, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ sɪm, ən oʊld əkˈweɪntəns frəm hɪz ˌkeɪˌʤiˈbi deɪz əˈproʊʧt ɪm əˈməŋ ðə əv ðə məˈdinə, ənd sɛd: "ɪts mi, ˌvɑˈlɛnˌtin." ˈvæləri koʊd neɪm "ˌvɑˈlɛnˌtin" wɑz bɔrn ɪn bərˈlɪn ɪn 1946 laɪk sɪm, hi əˈtɛndəd ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ənd bɪˈgæn hɪz kərɪr wɪθ ðə ˌkeɪˌʤiˈbi æt ən ˈərli eɪʤ. ˌɔlˈðoʊ hi əˈfɪʃəli wɛnt ˈɪntu rɪˈtaɪərmənt ɪn ˈrəʃə ɪn 1991 ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈneɪtoʊ rɪˈpɔrt steɪts ðət hi wɑz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs ˈpɪriəd ɪn ˈbɪldɪŋ əp ə ˈnɛtˌwərk əv ˈeɪʤənts ɪn ðə ˈbɔltɪk steɪts. sɪm kleɪmz ðət hi rɪˈzɪstɪd ˌɪˈnɪʃəl ˈɛfərts tɪ rɪˈkrut ɪm. bət, hi sɪz ðiz deɪz, hi hæd ʤɪst bɪn faɪərd ənd fɛlt ˈjusləs. "doʊnt ˈwəri əˈbaʊt ɪt," rɪˈpɔrtədli rɪˈplaɪd ˌbiˈfɔr ˈjuzɪŋ ðə θrɛt əv ɪkˈspoʊzɪŋ ˌkeɪˌʤiˈbi pæst tɪ pʊt ˈprɛʃər ɔn ɪm. fɔr bɪrz ˈleɪtər, sɪm rɪˈlɛntɪd, ˌɪnˈsɪstɪŋ ðət hi bi ˈgɪvɪn ðə ræŋk əv ˈkərnəl əˈgɛn ʃʊd hi rɪˈtərn tɪ ˈsərvɪs. frəm ðɛn ɔn, hi wɑz ən ˈeɪʤənt wɪθ ðə, ðə ˈrəʃən ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈeɪʤənsi ənd wən əv ðə səkˈsɛsər ˈeɪʤənsiz. ˈgɪtɪŋ bæk ˈɪntu ðə spaɪɪŋ geɪm ðæts wət sɪm kleɪmz, æt list. bət ˈneɪtoʊ ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtərz θɪŋk ɪts ˈɔlsoʊ ˈpɑsəbəl ðət hi ˈnɛvər stɑpt biɪŋ ən ˈeɪʤənt, ənd ðət hi rɪˈmeɪnd ɪn ɛˈstoʊniə ɛz ə "sˈlipər" tɪ priˈpɛr fər hɪz ˈsəbsəkwənt kərɪr. ˈʃɔrtli ˈæftər hɪz rɪˈtərn frəm ˌtuˈniʒə ənd wɪˈθaʊt ˈɛni əˈpɛrənt fɔrˈwɔrnɪŋ sɪm wɑz ˈsəmənd tɪ dɪˈfɛns ˈmɪnɪstri. ðɛr, hi wɑz ˈgɪvɪn ðə səˈpraɪz əˈpɔɪntmənt əv dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə æˈnælɪsɪs dɪˈvɪʒən. pɑrt əv ðə ʤɑb ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈnərʧərɪŋ ˈkɑnˌtækts wɪθ ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən ənd ˈneɪtoʊ ənd pərˈpɛrɪŋ hɪz ˈkəntri tɪ ʤɔɪn ðə ˈwɛstərn dɪˈfɛns əˈlaɪəns. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, hi wɑz ˈsikrɪtli ˈtərnɪŋ ˈoʊvər tɪ ðə ˈrəʃənz ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ hi keɪm əˈkrɔs, ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ˈiðər ˈfoʊtoʊˌkɑpiz ər ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs əv ˈdɑkjəmənts. wɑz ˈgɪvɪŋ ɪm prɪˈsaɪs ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz. fər ˈɪnstəns, sɪm wɑz toʊld tɪ pleɪs ðə fɪlm roʊlz ˈɪntu ˈɛmti ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈkɑrtənz ˈiðər rɛd ər ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈkrəmpəl ðɛm əp ɛz ɪf ðeɪ wər træʃ ənd θroʊ ðɛm əˈweɪ ɪn pɑrk ˈgɑrbɪʤ kænz. iʧ əv ðiz dɛd drɑps wɑz juzd ˈoʊnli wəns. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, ðə ˈeɪʤənt ənd hɪz ˈrəʃən ˈhændələr mɛt 16 taɪmz, ɪn 10 ˈdɪfərənt ˈkəntriz. ɪt wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ æt ðɪs taɪm ðət sɪm rɪˈpɔrtədli ˈɔfərd tɪ prəˈvaɪd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən tɪ ðə (bnd*), ˈʤərməniz ˈfɔrən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈeɪʤənsi, ənd bɪˈkeɪm wən əv ɪts ˈsɔrsəz. hi kɛpt ðə ɔn ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz əv ˈrəʃənz ənd ˈkrɪmənəl ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ɪn ðə ˈbɔltɪk steɪts ənd wɑz peɪd ˈhænsəmli fər ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən. ə nu ˈhændələr ɪn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 2001 sɪm ˈmɛrid heete*, ə ˈfɔrmər ˈsoʊviˌɛt pəˈlis ˈɔfɪsər, hu hæd ˈɔlsoʊ kɑrvd aʊt ən əˈstɑnɪʃɪŋ wɔr kərɪr fər hərˈsɛlf ənd wɑz ðə hɛd əv ðə pəˈlis dɪˈpɑrtmənts ˈligəl dɪˈvɪʒən. ʃi ˈɔfən əˈkəmpənid ɪm ɔn hɪz trɪps əˈbrɔd. ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈmitɪŋ ɪn ˈhɛlsɪŋki ɪn noʊˈvɛmbər 2001 sɛd hɪz ˌgʊdˈbaɪz. hi wɑz rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ, ənd nu ˈhændələr wʊd bi ə mæn neɪmd ænˈtoʊnioʊ də ˈʤizəs græf. ðɪs wɑz ðə fɔls ˈpɔrʧəˌgiz aɪˈdɛntəˌti. hɪz ril neɪm wɑz ˈsɛrʤi, ənd hi wɑz ən ˈɔfɪsər nɑt ˈrɛʤɪstərd wɪθ ˈɛni ˈɛmbəsi. ˈneɪtoʊ bɪˈlivz ðət ˈmænɪʤd ən ɪnˈtaɪər ˈnɛtˌwərk əv ˈrəʃən ˈeɪʤənts ɪn ðə ˈbɔltɪks. sɪm ənd fərst mɛt æt ə treɪn ˈsteɪʃən ɔn ðə ˈaʊtˌskərts əv. sɪm wɑz ˈkɛriɪŋ ə bæg ˈoʊvər hɪz lɛft ˈʃoʊldər ə saɪn ðət ðə koʊst wɑz klɪr. riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ hɪz nu ˈhændələr wɑz kul, bət prəˈfɛʃənəl. sɪm rɪˈsivd ðə ˈstændərd ˈeɪʤənts ˈsæləri əv əˈbaʊt ə mənθ, pləs ə ˈsəbsɪdi fər hɪz hɛlθ kɛr. ˈɔlsoʊ ˈaʊtˌfɪtɪd ɪm wɪθ ə ˈdɪʤɪtəl ˈkæmərə, ə ˈlæpˌtɑp, flæʃ draɪvz ənd ə pɪl kənˈteɪnər wɪθ ə fɔls ˈbɑtəm fər ˈhaɪdɪŋ ˈmɛməri kɑrdz. sɪm ˈfoʊtəˌgræft, ˈkɑpid ənd stɔrd ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈdɑkjəmənts. hi dɪˈlɪvərd hɪz məˈtɪriəl æt 14 ˈmitɪŋz θruaʊt ˈjʊrəp, ɪkˈsɛpt ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ("tu ˈmɛni ˈkæmərəz"), ˈnɔrˌweɪ ("tu ɪkˈspɛnsɪv") ənd ˈʤərməni ("tu ˈmɛni pəˈlis ˈkɑnˌtækts"). ˌbiˈfɔr iʧ ˈmitɪŋ, sɪm hæd tɪ sɛnd ə nuˈmɛrɪkəl koʊd frəm ə ˈpəblɪk, peɪ foʊn tɪ ˈpeɪʤər. ðə koʊd kənˈsɪstɪd əv hɪz aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən ˈnəmbər, 242 ənd ðə ˈnəmbər 55 wɪʧ ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɪd ðət ðə ˈmitɪŋ kʊd teɪk pleɪs ɛz əˈgrid. ðɛn hi wɑz səˈpoʊzd tɪ weɪt fər tɪ əˈproʊʧ ɪm. ɪf ðɛr wɑz ə ˈprɑbləm, sɪm wɑz səˈpoʊzd tɪ ˈɛnər ðə ˈnəmbər 77 bət ðɛr wər ˈnɛvər ˈɛni ˈprɑbləmz. ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns kuz ɛˈstoʊniə bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈmɛmbər əv ˈneɪtoʊ ɔn mɑrʧ 29 2004 sɪm sɛt əp ðə ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti əˈθɔrəti, ə dɪˈpɑrtmənt ɪn dɪˈfɛns ˈmɪnɪstri. ɪn hɪz nu pəˈzɪʃən, hi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd hu wʊd hæv ˈækˌsɛs tɪ wɪʧ ˈdɑkjəmənts. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, hi wɑz riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ˈmænəʤɪŋ ðə prəˈtɛkʃən əv ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈdɑkjəmənts, ðə ˈsɪstəm fər sɪˈkjʊr ˈdætə trænzˈmɪʃən wɪθ ˈneɪtoʊ ənd ðə eu*, ənd ˈbækˌgraʊnd sɪˈkjʊrəti ʧɛks əv əˈfɪʃəlz. ˈrəʃən ˈkɑnˌtækts wər ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ɛnˈkrɪpʃən tɛkˈnɑləʤi, ənd hi dɪˈlɪvərd soʊ məʧ ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ðɪs ˈsəbʤɪkt ðət ˈneɪtoʊ wʊd ˈleɪtər kənˈklud ɪn ɪts ˈklæsəˌfaɪd rɪˈpɔrt ðət ækˈtɪvɪtiz meɪd ðə əˈlaɪəns "mɔr ˈvəlnərəbəl tɪ ˈsaɪbər θrɛts ənd əˈtæks" bɪˈkəz "ɑr wik pɔɪnts ər naʊ ˈwɛlˈnoʊn baɪ ɑr ˈædvərˌsɛriz." ðə weɪv əv ɔn ɛˈstoʊniə ɪn 2007 wɪʧ ˈpræktɪkəli ʃət ðə ˈkəntri daʊn, ˈɔfərd əˈlɑrmɪŋ ˈɛvədəns əv ðə sɪˈvɛrɪti əv ðə θrɛt. æt ðə taɪm, moʊst əv əˈfɪʃəl ˈdutiz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ˈsərʧɪŋ fər pəˈtɛnʃəl spaɪz. hi wɑz æst tɪ faɪnd ˈænsərz tɪ əp tɪ 60 kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt ˈkænədɪts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ wənz rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ðɛr ˈhɑbiz ənd ˈpɑsəbəl ˈwiknəsɪz fər kɑz, ˈwɪmən ənd ˈælkəˌhɑl. ðə ˈneɪtoʊ rɪˈpɔrt saɪts ɛz "ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈwərisəm" pɑrˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈænjuəl sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkɑnfərənsəz æt ðə əˈlaɪənsɪz ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈhɛdˌkɔrtərz ɪn mons*, ˈbɛlʤəm, ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn tu ˌkaʊnərˈɛspjəˌnɑʤ ˈkɑnfərənsəz, ɪn 2006 ənd 2007 æt ðə ˈkɑnfərəns hɛld ɪn ðə dəʧ taʊn əv ɪn 2006 ə ˈsiˈdi kənˈteɪnɪŋ ðə neɪmz əv ɔl noʊn ənd səˈspɛktɪd ˈrəʃən ˈneɪtoʊ spaɪz, ɛz wɛl ɛz dɪˈteɪld ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɔn ˈdəbəl ˈeɪʤənts, wɑz dɪˈstrɪbjətəd tɪ əˈtɛnˈdiz. ðə ˈsiˈdi "ˈlændɪd dɪˈrɛkli ɔn dɛsk" ənd "kɔzd kwaɪt ə stər" ɪn ˈmɔˌskaʊ, sɪz, ˈklɪrli ɪn preɪz əv ðə ˈmæstər spaɪ. fər ðə ku, sɪm rɪˈsivd ə ˈboʊnəs ənd wɑz rɪˈpɔrtədli prəˈmoʊtəd tɪ ˈmeɪʤər ˈʤɛnərəl. ˈbəstɪd əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈneɪtoʊ rɪˈpɔrt, ðɪs ækt əv ˈtrizən həz ˈdæmɪʤd ðə əˈlaɪəns səˈvɪrli ənd ˌɪnˈdɛfənətli. ə ʃɔrt taɪm ˈleɪtər, ðoʊ, ˈwɛstərn ˌkaʊnərˈɛspjəˌnɑʤ əˈfɪʃəlz gru səˈspɪʃəs əv sɪm. ɪgˈzæktli waɪ ðɪs ˈhæpənd ɪz ənˈklɪr. ðə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz, ɪn wɪʧ boʊθ ðə ənd ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd, bɪˈgæn ɔn meɪ 26 2008 ˈəndər ðə koʊd neɪm "waɪt naɪt." sɪm, hu wɑz æt ðɪs taɪm ən ædˈvaɪzər tɪ dɪˈfɛns ˈmɪnɪstər, wɑz pleɪst ˈəndər sərˈveɪləns. ɔn sɛpt. 16 2008 ɪn ə ˈbleɪtənt vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv sɪˈkjʊrəti ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz, ˈhændələr kɔld ɪm ɔn hɪz sɛl foʊn. hi hæd ˈnɛvər ɪˈstæblɪʃt ˈkɑnˌtækt soʊ ˈoʊpənli. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə kɔl, ˈkænsəld ə ˈskɛʤʊld ˈmitɪŋ. "əm sɪk," hi sɛd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən, wɪʧ wɑz biɪŋ rɪˈkɔrdɪd baɪ ðə kapo*, sɪˈkjʊrəti pəˈlis. θri deɪz ˈleɪtər, ðə nus ˈtaɪtənd əraʊnd sɪm. fər deɪz, hi hæd bɪn ˈəndər ˈkɑnstənt sərˈveɪləns. ɔn ðɪs ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˌæftərˈnun, hi ənd hɪz waɪf droʊv tɪ ðə ("ˈplɛʒər") ˈʃɑpɪŋ ˈsɛnər ɪn keila*, ə smɔl ˈsɪti nɪr ðɛr roʊ haʊs ɪn saue*, ˈaʊtˈsaɪd, tɪ baɪ keɪk fər hɪz ˈstɛpˌməðər. hi wɑz ərˈɛstɪd waɪl ˈwɔkɪŋ bæk tɪ hɪz kɑr. ən ˈæmbjələns hæd bɪn pɑrkt əraʊnd ðə ˈkɔrnər ɪn keɪs sɪm ˈvaɪələntli rɪˈzɪstɪd ərˈɛst. bət hi ˈdɪdənt. ɪn ˈkəntri hoʊm, pəˈlis faʊnd hɪz spaɪɪŋ ɪkˈwɪpmənt: stæks əv ˈklæsəˌfaɪd ˈdɑkjəmənts, tu ˈpɪstəlz, tu ˈraɪfəlz ənd ˈpisɪz əv ˈpeɪpər wɪθ ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz frəm, kəmˈplit wɪθ ðə ˈlætərz ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ., fər hɪz pɑrt, hæd ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd wɪˈθaʊt ə treɪs, ənd ɪt wɑz ˈleɪtər ˈrumərd ðət hi hæd dɪˈfɛktɪd tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ˈsɛntənsɪŋ ɔn ˈfɛbjəˌwɛri. 25 2009 sɪm wɑz ˈsɛntənst tɪ ˈoʊvər 12 jɪrz ɪn ˈprɪzən. hi wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈɔrdərd tɪ peɪ ˈdæmɪʤɪz ˈrəfli ɪkˈwɪvələnt tɪ ˈmɪljən ˈmɪljən) ənd ˈriˌfənd ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əˈbaʊt ɪn ˈsæləri ˈpeɪmənts. ˈsɛvərəl ˈhaʊsɪz ənd ˈpisɪz əv ˈprɑpərti wər sizd ɛz kəˈlætərəl, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ hæf əv hɪz ˈkəntri haʊs, hɪz ʃɛr əv ðə roʊ haʊs ɪn saue*, ə ˈdəzən ˈwɔtərˌkələrz ənd ɔɪl ˈpeɪnɪŋz, ənd ə kəˈlɛkʃən əv 44 kɔɪnz. ə jɪr ˌbiˈfɔr hɪz ərˈɛst, sɪm hæd ˈdoʊˌneɪtɪd ə ˌkændəˈlɑbrə tɪ ðə ʧərʧ ɪn hɪz ˈbərθˌpleɪs əv suuri-jaani*. ðə gɪft dɪd nɑt brɪŋ ɪm ˈɛni lək. ˈivɪn ðə hoʊp əv ˈspɛndɪŋ hɪz ˈgoʊldən jɪrz ɛz ə rɪˈtaɪrd ˈʤɛnərəl ɪn ˈrəʃə pruvd tɪ bi ən ˌɪˈluʒən. æt ðɛr læst ˈmitɪŋ, hæd ˌɪnˈfɔrmd ɪm ðət hɪz ræŋk ənd ðə ˈmɛdəlz ˈnɛvər ɪgˈzɪstəd ənd ðət hi wɑz ˈnəθɪŋ bət ə peɪd ˈtreɪtər.

everyone thought hermann simm deserved to be honored. it was monday, feb. 6, 2006, and he was dressed in his best suit to attend the day's event. he had been invited to estonia's presidential palace to accept the "order of the white star" for his "service to the estonian nation." it was an ironic choice. it wasn't the only medal simm received for his services that year. the other honor was one that he could only see on his computer screen, supposedly so as to not jeopardize his cover. sergey jakovlev, his handler with the svr, russia's foreign intelligence service, appeared on the screen to show him his medal. jakovlev was also the one who informed simm that he had been promoted to the rank of major general for having supplied moscow with the names of all suspected and known russians working as spies for nato. then-president vladimir putin was very impressed, jakovlev told his best spy. four years on, simm has now reached the late phase of his career. indeed, in his field -- spying -- it is not uncommon to spend one's old age in a small prison cell. simms is incarcerated in a functional, post-soviet building made of reinforced concrete in the estonian city of tartu, where he wears a plain prison uniform and seeks comfort in the bible. photos depict him as an older, gray-haired man with a sad look in his eyes. this is the same man whom nato, in a classified 141-page report, has recognized as the spy who was "most damaging in alliance history." the report alleges that simm, as the former head of security at the estonian defense ministry, had access to most of the classified nato documents his country received after joining the alliance in the spring of 2004. until his arrest, in september 2008, he is believed to have secretly handed over thousands of those documents to the russians. some of these contained highly sensitive information about nato's secret defense policies, "including installation, maintenance, procurement and use of cryptographic systems." 28 nato countries sharing secrets according to the classified nato report, the master spy also "compromised a wide range of nato intelligence reports and analyses," including ones related to fighting terrorism, secret military plans and counterespionage. never before, the nato analysis concludes, has a spy betrayed such a large volume of military secrets for such a long time. of course, simm was not the only spy in nato's past. for years, rainer rupp, a west german who went by the codename of "topaz," supplied classified information to the stasi, the secret police of the former east germany. french officer pierre-henri bunel supplied yugoslavia with nato bombing plans during the kosovo crisis. and daniel james, who was working as a british general's personal interpreter, relayed sensitive details of his country's military operations in afghanistan to iran. still, the simm case reveals just how much of a risk the alliance was taking when it gradually expanded eastward after the end of the cold war. each of its current 28 member states now enjoys access to almost all the classified information within the alliance. for experts, this is already unsettling enough. but even more worrisome is the fact that members of the old elite -- whose loyalties once lay with a completely different political system -- now work in the security apparatus of some of the new member states. in other words, people like herman simm. a swift rise to power simm was born out of wedlock in may 1947 in the small estonian city of suure-jaani. when he was two years old, his mother barely escaped stalin's ethnic-cleansing operations and deportation to siberia. soon thereafter, she married and left the boy to live with his grandmother and aunt. in school, he was considered ambitious, hardworking and well-adapted. in 1966, when simm was studying chemistry in tallinn, he witnessed a brawl between a gang of youths and the police in front of a cinema on the city's outskirts. he intervened and, with his help, the police managed to overpower the gang. the officers were surprised that a student, of all people, had come to their aid. so, they offered him a job. "it was the beginning of his career with the soviet intelligence service, the kgb," says journalist mihkel kärmas, who filmed "the spy inside," a documentary on the simm case for estonian television. simm kept his new job a secret from his family. the aunt, who had been persecuted under stalin, was appalled when she found out. a short time later, her nephew was confirmed at the church in suuri-jaani, which he also kept from his family. simm quickly carved out a career for himself with the police. in 1975, he graduated with honors from the soviet union's interior ministry academy. likewise, he joined the communist party -- a necessary step, given the fact that his job involved accompanying delegations abroad and that such jobs were reserved for those considered politically reliable. his daughter was born in 1974, the result of an affair with a flight attendant. today, she works as a computer specialist with europol, the european police authority. changing times and (apparently) allegiances when the soviet union began to decline, simm was a colonel and had already received 44 awards, including all three of the medals awarded for exemplary behavior. but his old world no longer existed. when estonia, a former soviet republic, became independent in 1991, the kgb had to abandon its headquarters in tallinn and sever all official ties with simm. all of a sudden, simm became a champion of estonian independence. when communist hardliners attacked the parliament building and the seat of government on the toompea hill in central tallinn in may 1990, simm took it upon himself to organize their defense. thereafter, he was celebrated as a hero -- and rumors that he had secretly help the russians slip out soon faded away. at this point, simm went back to advancing his career. he became chief of police in harju county, which includes tallinn, he supervised the withdrawal or the red army, and he secured the removal of soviet nuclear warheads. in 1994, he was promoted to head the baltic republic's national police force. but hardly six months had passed before simm was dismissed on charges of corruption, which he vehemently denied. he had been offered a lower-level position, but he turned it down and retired, instead. re-recruitment into the kgb's successor in july 1995, after his relationship with his girlfriend -- 20 years his junior -- fell apart, simm made a spontaneous trip to tunisia. this, at least, was the reason he would later provide. while there, according to simm, an old acquaintance from his kgb days approached him among the souks of the medina, and said: "it's me, valentin." valery zentsov -- code name "valentin" -- was born in berlin in 1946. like simm, he attended university in tallinn and began his career with the kgb at an early age. although he officially went into retirement in russia in 1991, the classified nato report states that he was involved during this period in building up a network of agents in the baltic states. simm claims that he resisted zentsov's initial efforts to recruit him. but, he says these days, he had just been fired and felt useless. "don't worry about it," zentsov reportedly replied -- before using the threat of exposing simm's kgb past to put pressure on him. four beers later, simm relented, insisting that he be given the rank of colonel again should he return to service. from then on, he was an agent with the svr, the russian foreign intelligence agency and one of the kgb's successor agencies. getting back into the spying game that's what simm claims, at least. but nato investigators think it's also possible that he never stopped being an agent, and that he remained in estonia as a "sleeper" to prepare for his subsequent career. shortly after his return from tunisia -- and without any apparent forewarning -- simm was summoned to estonia's defense ministry. there, he was given the surprise appointment of director of the analysis division. part of the job involved nurturing contacts with the european union and nato and preparing his country to join the western defense alliance. at the same time, he was secretly turning over to the russians everything he came across, in the form of either photocopies or photographs of documents. zentsov was giving him precise instructions. for instance, simm was told to place the film rolls into empty drinking cartons -- either red or orange -- crumple them up as if they were trash and throw them away in park garbage cans. each of these dead drops was used only once. likewise, the agent and his russian handler met 16 times, in 10 different countries. it was also at this time that simm reportedly offered to provide information to the bundesnachrichtendienst (bnd), germany's foreign intelligence agency, and became one of its sources. he kept the bnd up-to-date on the activities of russians and criminal organizations in the baltic states -- and was paid handsomely for the information. a new handler in july 2001, simm married heete, a former soviet police officer, who had also carved out an astonishing post-cold war career for herself and was the head of the police department's legal division. she often accompanied him on his trips abroad. during a meeting in helsinki in november 2001, zentsov said his goodbyes. he was retiring, and simm's new handler would be a man named antonio amurett de jesus graf. this was the handler's false portuguese identity. his real name was sergey jakovlev, and he was an svr officer not registered with any embassy. nato believes that jakovlev managed an entire network of russian agents in the baltics. simm and jakovlev first met at a train station on the outskirts of tallinn. simm was carrying a bag over his left shoulder -- a sign that the coast was clear. simm's relationship with his new handler was cool, but professional. simm received the standard agent's salary of about €1,000 ($1,320) a month, plus a €200 subsidy for his health care. jakovlev also outfitted him with a digital camera, a laptop, usb flash drives and a pill container with a false bottom for hiding memory cards. simm photographed, copied and stored thousands of documents. he delivered his material at 14 meetings throughout europe, except in great britain ("too many cameras"), norway ("too expensive") and germany ("too many police contacts"). before each meeting, simm had to send a numerical code from a public, card-operated pay phone to jakovlev's pager. the code consisted of his identification number, 242, and the number 55, which indicated that the meeting could take place as agreed. then he was supposed to wait for jakovlev to approach him. if there was a problem, simm was supposed to enter the number 77. but there were never any problems. intelligence coups estonia became a member of nato on march 29, 2004. simm set up the national security authority, a department in estonia's defense ministry. in his new position, he decided who would have access to which documents. likewise, he was responsible for managing the protection of classified documents, the system for secure data transmission with nato and the eu, and background security checks of officials. simm's russian contacts were particularly interested in encryption technology, and he delivered so much information on this subject that nato would later conclude in its classified report that simm's activities made the alliance "more vulnerable to cyber threats and attacks" because "our weak points are now well-known by our adversaries." the three-week wave of cyberattacks on estonia in 2007, which practically shut the country down, offered alarming evidence of the severity of the threat. at the time, most of simm's official duties involved searching for potential spies. he was asked to find answers to up to 60 questions about candidates, including ones related to their hobbies and possible weaknesses for cars, women and alcohol. the nato report cites as "particularly worrisome" simm's participation in the annual security conferences at the alliance's military headquarters in mons, belgium, as well as in two counterespionage conferences, in 2006 and 2007. at the conference held in the dutch town of brunssum in 2006, a cd containing the names of all known and suspected russian nato spies, as well as detailed information on double agents, was distributed to attendees. the cd "landed directly on putin's desk" and "caused quite a stir" in moscow, jakovlev says, clearly in praise of the master spy. for the coup, simm received a €5,000 bonus and was reportedly promoted to major general. busted according to the classified nato report, this act of treason has damaged the alliance severely and indefinitely. a short time later, though, western counterespionage officials grew suspicious of simm. exactly why this happened is unclear. the investigations, in which both the bnd and the fbi participated, began on may 26, 2008 under the code name "white knight." simm, who was at this time an adviser to estonia's defense minister, was placed under surveillance. on sept. 16, 2008, in a blatant violation of security regulations, simm's handler called him on his cell phone. he had never established contact so openly. during the call, jakovlev cancelled a scheduled meeting. "i'm sick," he said during the conversation, which was being recorded by the kapo, estonia's security police. three days later, the noose tightened around simm. for days, he had been under constant surveillance. on this particular afternoon, he and his wife drove to the röömu ("pleasure") shopping center in keila, a small city near their row house in saue, outside tallinn, to buy cake for his stepmother. he was arrested while walking back to his car. an ambulance had been parked around the corner in case simm violently resisted arrest. but he didn't. in simm's country home, police found his spying equipment: stacks of classified documents, two pistols, two rifles and pieces of paper with instructions from jakovlev, complete with the latter's dna. jakovlev, for his part, had disappeared without a trace, and it was later rumored that he had defected to the united states. sentencing on feb. 25, 2009, simm was sentenced to over 12 years in prison. he was also ordered to pay damages roughly equivalent to €1.3 million ($1.7 million) and refund the government about €85,000 in salary payments. several houses and pieces of property were seized as collateral, including half of his country house, his share of the row house in saue, a dozen watercolors and oil paintings, and a collection of 44 coins. a year before his arrest, simm had donated a candelabra to the church in his birthplace of suuri-jaani. the gift did not bring him any luck. even the hope of spending his golden years as a retired general in russia proved to be an illusion. at their last meeting, jakovlev had informed him that his rank and the medals never existed -- and that he was nothing but a paid traitor.

ɪts noʊˈvɛmbər 30 1962 ˈneɪtɪv brɪt ʤɔrʤ ˈfælkənər, ən ˈɪŋlɪʃ prəˈfɛsər æt ə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈɛriə ˈkɑlɪʤ, ɪz ˈfaɪndɪŋ ɪt ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ koʊp wɪθ laɪf. ʤɪm, hɪz ˈpərsɪnəl ˈpɑrtnər əv ˈsɪkˈstin jɪrz, daɪd ɪn ə kɑr ˈæksədənt eɪt mənθs ˈərliər wɪn hi wɑz ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ wɪθ ˈfæməli. ʤɪmz ˈfæməli wər nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ tɛl ʤɔrʤ əv ðə dɛθ ər ˈæksədənt, lɛt əˈloʊn əˈlaʊ ɪm tɪ əˈtɛnd ðə fˈjunərəl. ðɪs deɪ, ʤɔrʤ həz ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ gɪt hɪz əˈfɛrz ɪn ˈɔrdər ˌbiˈfɔr hi wɪl kəˈmɪt ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ðət ˈivnɪŋ. ɛz hi ruˈtinli ənd pərˈpɛrz fər ðə ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ənd poʊst ˈsuɪˌsaɪd, ʤɔrʤ ˌrɛməˈnɪsɪz əˈbaʊt hɪz laɪf wɪθ ʤɪm. bət ʤɔrʤ spɛnz ðɪs deɪ wɪθ ˈvɛriəs ˈpipəl, hu si ə mæn ˈsædər ðən ˈjuʒəwəl ənd hu əˈfɛkt hɪz oʊn θɔts əˈbaʊt wət hi ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ du. ðoʊz ˈpipəl ˌɪnˈklud ˈkɑrloʊs, ə ˈspænɪʃ ˈrisəntli əraɪvd ɪn lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs; ˈʧɑrli, hɪz bɛst frɛnd hu hi nu frəm ˈɪŋglənd, ʃi hu ɪz ə ˈdrɑmə kwin əv ə ˈwʊmən hu roʊˈmæntɪkəli dɪˈzaɪərz hər bɛst frɛnd dɪˈspaɪt hɪz ˈsɛkʃuəl ˈrɪtən baɪ

it's november 30, 1962. native brit george falconer, an english professor at a los angeles area college, is finding it difficult to cope with life. jim, his personal partner of sixteen years, died in a car accident eight months earlier when he was visiting with family. jim's family were not going to tell george of the death or accident, let alone allow him to attend the funeral. this day, george has decided to get his affairs in order before he will commit suicide that evening. as he routinely and fastidiously prepares for the suicide and post suicide, george reminisces about his life with jim. but george spends this day with various people, who see a man sadder than usual and who affect his own thoughts about what he is going to do. those people include carlos, a spanish immigrant/aspiring actor/gigolo recently arrived in los angeles; charley, his best friend who he knew from england, she who is a drama queen of a woman who romantically desires her best friend despite his sexual ... written by huggo

aɪ ˈrɛrli fərˈgɛt ə ˈfəni ˈæftərˌteɪst. təˈdeɪ, ə mɪˈstɪriəs bɑks əv mɪlk əraɪvd æt ðə vɑks ˈɔfəs. ɛz ðə ˈfɔrˌmoʊst ˈɛkspərt ɔn ðə drinkables*, aɪ əˈgrid tɪ ə teɪst tɛst. ˈædvərˌtaɪzɪz ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɛz "cold-filtered*" mɪlk wɪθ lɛs ˈʃʊgər ənd fæt ənd mɔr ˈproʊˌtin ənd ˈkælsiəm ðən ɪts kəmˈpɛtɪtərz. ənd nɑt ʤɪst ðət: ˈɔlsoʊ lactose-free*. ðə kleɪmz ər ɛz ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ ɛz ðɛr ˌkæpɪtəˈlɪstɪk haɪɛnd, mɪlk! ˈdəbli soʊ wɪn ju kənˈsɪdər ɪz ðə ˈleɪtəst kriˈeɪʃən baɪ ˌkoʊkəˈkoʊlɑ, ə ˈkəmpəˌni ðət bɪlt ɪts ˈlɛgəsi ɔn ˈsoʊdə, ə ˈlidɪŋ kɔz əv əˈbisəti. ɪz ril mɪlk bət ɪz noʊ ˈsoʊdə. ənd jɛs, ɪt ˈtɛknɪkəli ɪz ril mɪlk; ðə "ril" sil, ˈɛlɪʤəbəl fər juz baɪ ˈdɛri ˈprɑdəkt ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz, ɪz ˈpraʊdli dɪˈspleɪd bɪˈniθ ən ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən əv haʊ ðə ˈmæʤɪk mɪlk ɪz meɪd. tɪ maɪ səˈpraɪz, teɪsts, wɛl, laɪk mɪlk. ɪt lʊks ənd filz ə ˈlɪtəl ˈθɪkər ðən trəˈdɪʃənəl mɪlk, ənd həz ə sˈlaɪtli ˈrɪʧər teɪst, əˈspɛʃəli ðə ˈʧɔklət mɪlk, wɪʧ sɪts ɔn ðə ˈspɛktrəm bɪtˈwin ˈʧɔklət ʃeɪk ənd mɪlk ðæts stud ɔn ə ˈleɪzi ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ˈmɔrnɪŋ ɪn ə boʊl əv ˈkoʊkoʊ pəfs. bət ɪn ə blaɪnd teɪst tɛst, aɪd ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈstrəgəl ˌdɪfərˈɛnʧiˌeɪtɪŋ ɪt frəm ðə ˈəðər mɪlks ɔn seɪl æt maɪ ˈgroʊsər. ðə ˈæftərˌteɪst ɪz ˈæftərˌteɪst ɪz lɛs əˈpilɪŋ. ə fju ˈmɪnəts ˈsɪpɪŋ ə kəp əv ˈʧɔklət ənd ðɛn ə kəp əv 2, ðə ˌɪnˈsaɪd əv maɪ maʊθ hæd ðət fil ðət ˈʧeɪsɪz ə ˈproʊˌtin ʃeɪk. meɪks sɛns: ðə fɪlˈtreɪʃən ˈprɔˌsɛs juzd baɪ ɪz ðə seɪm wən juzd tɪ ˈproʊdus ˈproʊˌtin ʃeɪk, kɔr paʊər. wəts ˈivɪn gnarlier*, ðoʊ, ɪz æd kæmˈpeɪn. jʊr baʊnd tɪ si ðə ˈɪmɪʤɪz ɪf ju ˈgugəl, ə ˈkərsəri ˈpræktɪs aɪ du fər ˈɛni nu fud ˈprɑdəkt aɪ kənˈsum, əˈspɛʃəli ɪf ðə ˈprɑdəkt ˈprɑməsəz tɪ bi ˈmɑrkɪdli ˈhɛlθiər ðən ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. leɪt læst jɪr, faʊnd ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈsɛnər əv ˈæftər ðə ˈkəmpəˌni riˈlist ə ˈnəmbər əv pərˈmoʊʃənəl ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈfiʧərɪŋ nud ˈwɪmən kənˈsild baɪ kloʊðz meɪd əv mɪlk ə bɪˈzɑr tɪ ˈmɑdəlz əv ðə 1940s*, ʤɪst, ju noʊ, ˈkəvərd ɪn mɪlk. ðə wərst æd əv ðə bənʧ ʃoʊz ə ˈjumən ˈwʊmənz feɪs ˈdɪʤətəli glud əˈtɑp ən ˌɪmˈpɑsəbli θɪn ˈbɑdi ðət əˈpɪrz tɪ bi ˈdɛtəˌneɪtɪŋ ə fɑrt ˈpaʊərfəl ɪˈnəf tɪ ʃrɛd θru ðə rɪr əv hər mɪlk skərt. ðə ˈdɪʤəˌtaɪzd ˈwʊmən stændz ɪn hilz ɔn ə ˈbæθˌrum skeɪl ˈivɪn ðoʊ ðə æd meɪks noʊ ˈmɛnʃən əv ðə weɪt, ˈʃʊgər, ər fæt. (ðə ædz əˈpɪr tɪ bi ˈrɪfɪŋ ɔn ðiz pin-ups*, wɪʧ sɔrt əv ɪkˈspleɪnz ðə ˈpleɪsmənt, bət ˈdəzənt ɪkˈspleɪn haʊ ðiz "ril ˈwɪmən" hæv ˈθɪnər lɛgz ðən ˈænəˌmeɪtɪd ˈwɪmən.) 'drɪŋk wət ʃiz ˈwɛrɪŋ' ɪn lɑrʤ prɪnt əˈbəv ðə ˈfoʊˌtoʊ, ðə æd ɪkˈskleɪmz, "drɪŋk wət ʃiz ˈwɛrɪŋ. mɪlk wɪθ 50 mɔr ˈproʊˌtin ˈkælsiəm." soʊ æt wərst ðə æd ɪz ˈsɛlɪŋ kənˈsumərz ɔn ðə aɪˈdiə əv ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ mɪlk ɔf ən ˈwʊmən, ənd æt wərst ɪts ˈsɛlɪŋ ju 2 fɑrt mɪlk. ðə rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ ædz ər ˈikwəl pɑrts ˈɔkwərd ənd dɪˈminɪŋ, ðoʊ ˈmərsɪfəˌli nən ˌɪnˈvɑlv ɪkˈsploʊsɪv gæs. ˈəðərˌwaɪz həz hoʊnd ɪts pɪʧ ɛz ə ˈhɛlθi, ˈnæʧərəl ˈdɛri ˈprɑdəkt. ɪts ˈmɑrkətɪŋ ʃit kənˈteɪnz ˈfreɪzɪz laɪk "wi groʊ ɑr oʊn krɑps," "wi fɪl ɑr oʊn trəks," ənd ɪt dɪˈskraɪbz ɪts kaʊz ɛz "spɔɪld." "ɑr kaʊz hæv ˈkəmfərtəbəl bɛdz," ðə ʃit sɪz, "ənd ˈfriˌstændɪŋ stɔlz kaʊz ləv tɪ steɪ kul, soʊ ɪn ðə wɔrm ˈsəmər mənθs wi juz fænz tɪ meɪnˈteɪn ə 7 ˈɛmˈpiˈeɪʧ briz ˈoʊvər ðə fid ˈmeɪnʤər ənd ˈoʊvər ðə kaʊz' bɛdz." ɔl əv ðə ˈbəzi ˈproʊˌmoʊ spik saʊnz nis, bət wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈsəmθɪŋ ɛz ˈhɛlθfəl ənd ˈnæʧərəl ɛz mɪlk, ˌkoʊkəˈkoʊlɑ həz ə lɔt əv trəst tɪ riˈbɪld æt list fər mi. ɪts ˈnumərəs ˈkɑntrəˌvərsiz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˌənfərˈgɛtəbəl "ˈkəmɪŋ təˈgɛðər" æd kæmˈpeɪn, ə ˈlæfəbəl əˈtɛmpt tɪ rɪˈspɑnd tɪ ˈsoʊdəz kəˈnɛkʃən tɪ ðə əˈbisəti ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk. aɪ wɔnt tɪ drɪŋk ə ˈhɛlθiər mɪlk; aɪl peɪ mɔr fər ɪt. bət ˈɪtəl teɪk əˈwaɪl tɪ gɪt pæst ðət ˈæftərˌteɪst.

i rarely forget a funny aftertaste. today, a mysterious box of milk arrived at the vox nyc office. as the foremost expert on the cow-based drinkables, i agreed to a taste test. fairlife advertises itself as "cold-filtered" milk with less sugar and fat and more protein and calcium than its competitors. and not just that: fairlife's also lactose-free. the claims are as exciting as they're capitalistic — high-end, ultra-healthy milk! — doubly so when you consider fairlife is the latest creation by coca-cola, a company that built its legacy on soda, a leading cause of obesity. fairlife is real milk but fairlife is no soda. and yes, it technically is real milk; the "real" seal, eligible for use by dairy product manufacturers, is proudly displayed beneath an explanation of how the magic milk is made. to my surprise, fairlife tastes, well, like milk. it looks and feels a little thicker than traditional milk, and has a slightly richer taste, especially the chocolate milk, which sits on the spectrum between chocolate shake and milk that's stewed on a lazy saturday morning in a bowl of cocoa puffs. but in a blind taste test, i'd probably struggle differentiating it from the other milks on sale at my grocer. the aftertaste is malty fairlife's aftertaste is less appealing. a few minutes sipping a cup of chocolate fairlife and then a cup of 2% fairlife, the inside of my mouth had that malty feel that chases a protein shake. makes sense: the filtration process used by fairlife is the same one used to produce coca-cola's protein shake, core power. what's even gnarlier, though, is fairlife's ad campaign. you're bound to see the images if you google fairlife, a cursory practice i do for any new food product i consume, especially if the product promises to be markedly healthier than the competition. late last year, fairlife found itself in the center of twitterstorm after the company released a number of promotional images featuring nude women concealed by clothes made of milk — a bizarre pseudo-throwback to pin-up models of the 1940s, just, you know, covered in milk. the worst ad of the bunch shows a human woman's face digitally glued atop an impossibly thin body that appears to be detonating a fart powerful enough to shred through the rear of her milk skirt. the digitized woman stands in heels on a bathroom scale — even though the ad makes no mention of the weight, sugar, or fat. (the ads appear to be riffing on these pin-ups, which sort of explains the scale's placement, but doesn't explain how these "real women" have thinner legs than animated women.) 'drink what she's wearing' in large print above the photo, the ad exclaims, "drink what she's wearing. milk with 50% more protein & calcium." so at worst the ad is selling consumers on the idea of drinking ultra-filtered milk off an ultra-sexualized woman, and at worst it's selling you 2% fart milk. the remaining fairlife ads are equal parts awkward and demeaning, though mercifully none involve explosive gas. otherwise fairlife has honed its pitch as a healthy, natural dairy product. its marketing sheet contains phrases like "we grow our own crops," "we fill our own trucks," and it describes its cows as "spoiled." "our cows have comfortable beds," the sheet says, "and freestanding stalls [...] cows love to stay cool, so in the warm summer months we use fans to maintain a 7 mph breeze over the feed manger and over the cows' beds." all of the buzzy promo speak sounds nice, but when it comes to something as healthful and natural as milk, coca-cola has a lot of trust to rebuild — at least for me. it's numerous controversies, including the unforgettable "coming together" ad campaign, a laughable attempt to respond to soda's connection to the obesity epidemic. i want to drink a healthier milk; i'll pay more for it. but it'll take awhile to get past that aftertaste.

ˈɛdɪtərz noʊt: ɪn ðə ˈsɛkənd ˌɪnˈstɔlmənt əv ən ɔˈkeɪʒənəl peɪʤ 2 ˈsɪriz ˈtaɪtəld "bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈhaɪˌlaɪts," wɪʧ ɪgˈzæmənz ðə ˈditeɪlz əv kəmˈpɛlɪŋ, əbˈskjʊr, ˈbrɛθˌteɪkɪŋ ənd ˈvɪdioʊ klɪps ɛz toʊld baɪ ðə ˈfɪgjərz ɪn ənd əraʊnd ðə ˈækʃən, wi lʊk æt ðə ˈstɔri əv ə ˌmænjəˈfækʧərd, ɪˈvɛnt ðət bɪˈkeɪm ðə moʊst ˈgruɪlɪŋ ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən tu ˈsupər boʊl timz ˈɛvər feɪst ənd mɔr ˈmɛmərəbəl ðən ðə ˈækʧəwəl ˈsupər boʊl ðeɪ pleɪd. ðə ˈpɪtsbərg ˈstilərz ənd ðə ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ˈvaɪkɪŋz mɛt ɪn ˈsupər boʊl ɪn nu ˌɔˈrlinz ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri 1975 ə geɪm ðət ˌɪnˈkludɪd 16 fˈjuʧər hɔl əv ˈfeɪmərz (ˈkaʊntɪŋ ˈkoʊʧɪz bəd grænt ənd ʧək noʊl), ˈpɪtsbərgz stil ˈkərtən dɪˈfɛns, ˌmɪnəˈsoʊtəz ˈpərpəl ˈpipəl ˈitərz ənd ˈlɛʤənˌdɛri kˈwɔrtərˌbæks fræn ənd ˈtɛri ˈbrædˌʃɔ. ðət geɪm, wɪʧ ðə ˈstilərz wən wɑz nɑt ðə moʊst drəˈmætɪk ər ˈmɛmərəbəl ˈʃoʊˌdaʊn bɪtˈwin ðə tu timz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər. ðət dɪˈstɪŋkʃən goʊz tɪ ən ˈɛpɪk, ɔn ðə sændz əv ˌwaɪkiˈki hɛld tu wiks ˈleɪtər ɛz pɑrt əv ˈeɪˌbiˌsiz "superteams*" ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. ˈæftər ɪt wɑz ɔl ˈoʊvər ənd ðə tu timz leɪ ˈmoʊnɪŋ ənd ɪgˈzɔstɪd ɪn ðə sænd, dɪk ˈbətən jɛs, ðət dɪk ˈbətən, ðə ˈfɪgjər ˈskeɪtɪŋ gaɪ toʊld ə spɔrts ˈɪləˌstreɪtɪd ˈraɪtər, "ˈnəθɪŋ ˈnəθɪŋ, nɑt ˈivɪn maɪ oʊn oʊˈlɪmpɪk ˈvɪktəriz həz ˈɛvər muvd mi laɪk ðət." ðə ˈprɪnsəpəlz ˈriˌkɔl ðə ˈgreɪtəst ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən ɪn ˈhɪstəri. ʤɛf ˈsimən, ˈfɔrmər ˈvaɪkɪŋz ˈlaɪnˌbækər: "ɪt wɑz ðə wərst ˈfɪzɪkəl streɪn aɪv ˈɛvər bɪn ˈəndər. ɪt wɑz ðə moʊst ˌɪnˈtɛns, ˈbrutəl əˈbjuz aɪv ˈɛvər gɔn θru ənd ˈmeɪbi baɪ fɑr." deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn, ˈfɔrmər ˈvaɪkɪŋz ˈrənɪŋ bæk: "ðə wɑz ðə ˈtəfəst, moʊst ˈfɪzɪkəl θɪŋ aɪv ˈɛvər dən, bɑr nən. ɛz fɑr ɛz biɪŋ taɪərd, aɪ hæv ˈnɛvər bɪn mɔr fəˈtigd. aɪ wɑz ˈɔlˌweɪz ɪn greɪt ʃeɪp ɛz ə pleɪər. ˈpræktɪs wɑz ˈɔlˌweɪz ə briz. bət wɪn ju hæv gɑt tɪ du ˈsəmθɪŋ fər ə lɛŋθ əv taɪm ənd doʊnt dɛr lɛt əp, ɪt dreɪnz ju. ɪt wɑz 16 ˈmɪnəts, bət ɪt simd laɪk 16 aʊərz." bɛv ˈɔzˌbɔrn, deɪvz waɪf: "ju ʤɪst ˈwɔntɪd ðɛm tɪ wɪn ðə ˈsupər boʊl, bət ðɪs wɑz ˈwəndərɪŋ ɪf ˈɛvriˌwən wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ stɪl bi əˈlaɪv wɪn ɪt wɑz ˈoʊvər." ðə "superteams*" ʃoʊ ɪˈvɑlvd frəm ðə "ˌsupərˈstɑrz" ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən, ə ˈsɪriz; ˈeɪˌbiˌsi fərst ɛrd "ˌsupərˈstɑrz" ɪn 1973 ənd "superteams*" ˈfɑloʊd ɪn 1975 "superteams*" ˈpɪtɪd ðə ˈsupər boʊl ənd wərld ˈsɪriz pɑrˈtɪsəpənts əˈgɛnst iʧ ˈəðər ɪn ə ˈsɪriz əv ɪˈvɛnts ðət ˌɪnˈkludɪd ˈtændəm baɪk ˈraɪdɪŋ, ə swɪm ˈriˌleɪ, ən ˈɑbstəkəl kɔrs, ə wɔr kəˈnu reɪs ənd ðə ðət sərvd ɛz ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃənz ˈklaɪˌmæks. jɛs, ðə wər ə lɔt mɔr fən. dɑn ˈoʊlˌmaɪr, prəˈdusər ənd dɪˈrɛktər fər ðə "ˌsupərˈstɑrz": "ðə ərˈɪʤənəl aɪˈdiə wɑz dɪk button's*, ðə oʊld ˈfɪgjər ˈskeɪtər. hi hæd ə θɪŋ hi roʊt əp ɔn ə hæf peɪʤ əv ˈpeɪpər: ˈfeɪməs ˈæθˌlits kəmˈpitɪŋ ɪn spɔrts ˈəðər ðən ðɛr oʊn. ˈeɪˌbiˌsi spɔrts wɑz ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ðə aɪˈdiə, ənd wi flɛʃt ɪt aʊt ənd keɪm əp wɪθ 'ˌsupərˈstɑrz' ənd aʊt əv 'ˌsupərˈstɑrz' keɪm 'superteams*.' wi ʤɪst kaɪnd əv meɪd əp ðə ɪˈvɛnts, ə ˈrənɪŋ reɪs, ə ˈbaɪsɪkəl reɪs. wi wər ɪn həˈwaɪˌi, soʊ ðæts haʊ wi keɪm əp wɪθ ðə wɔr kəˈnu reɪs. ənd ðə ʤɪst simd tɪ bi sɔrt əv ə ˈnæʧərəl θɪŋ fər timz tɪ kəmˈpit ɪn. ɪt ˈwəzənt ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk. ɪt wɑz ʤɪst ˈkəmɪŋ əp wɪθ ˈsɛvən ɪˈvɛnts ju kʊd du." ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ˈsɪlviə ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs lɛd ðə ˈstilərz tɪ ə ˈvɪktəri ɪn ˈsupər boʊl wɪθ 158 jɑrdz ˈrəʃɪŋ. stiv ˈrəʃɪn, ˈfɔrmər spɔrts ˈɪləˌstreɪtɪd ˈkɑləmnəst ənd ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ˈneɪtɪv: "ɛz ə kɪd, aɪ ˈdɪdənt dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ bɪtˈwin ɪˈvɛnts ənd nonevents*, soʊ ðə ˈkɛrid ɛz məʧ weɪt ɛz ðə ˈsupər boʊl. pərˈhæps mɔr, sɪns ðə vaɪks wər traɪɪŋ tɪ əˈvɛnʤ ðɛr ˈsupər boʊl dəˈbɑkəl, wɪʧ wɑz wən əv ðə greɪt dɪsəˈpɔɪntmənts əv maɪ ˈʧaɪlˌdhʊd. (aɪl ˈnɛvər fərˈgɛt maɪ bɛst frɛnd maɪk ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə saɪn tɪ hoʊld əp tɪ ðə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp geɪm: 'wɪr vaɪks fænz ənd hɪrz ɑr plænz. wɪr ˈgɑnə pæk ɑr ʤinz fər nu ˌɔˈrlinz.') soʊ aɪ wɑz əp fər ðə, oʊɪŋ ˈoʊnli ˈpɑrʃəli tɪ ðə ˈləki ʧɑrmz ˈoʊvərˌloʊd aɪd hæv bɪn ɔn ɪn ðoʊz deɪz." ˈiən ˈælən, ˈpəblɪʃər əv ˈfænəsi ˈfʊtˌbɔl ˈɪndɛks ənd ˈstilərz fæn: "ɪn ˈhaɪnˌsaɪt, ɪt wɑz rɪˈdɪkjələs daʊn ðɛr wɪθ ðə laɪks əv ðə ˌwənɔnˈwən ˈbæskətˌbɔl ˈʧælənʤ bɪtˈwin ˈʤuljəs ˈərˌvɪŋ ənd kərˈim ənd mʊˈhɑməd ˈɑli ˈteɪkɪŋ ɔn ə proʊ ˈrɛsələr. bət ɪt wɑz ˈminɪŋfəl æt ðə taɪm. ðɪs wɑz 1975 ðɛr wɑz noʊ ˈkeɪbəl ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən. wi ˈdɪdənt hæv ˈækˌsɛs iʧ wik tɪ ˈhənərdz əv ˈkɑlɪʤ ənd proʊ spɔrts geɪmz. soʊ wɪn ˈeɪˌbiˌsi pʊt ðə tu ˈsupər boʊl timz ɔn ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən əˈgɛnst iʧ ˈəðər, aɪ kɛrd. aɪ ˈfɪgjərd maɪ bɪˈləvəd ˈstilərz wʊd roʊl θru ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl timz." dɑn ˈoʊlˌmaɪr: "ɪt gɑt gʊd ˈreɪtɪŋz. ərˈɪʤənəli wi pʊt ɪt ɔn bɪˈkəz ˈeɪˌbiˌsi spɔrts hæd lɔst ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ tɪ ˈsiˌbiˌɛs ənd ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ hæd bɪn ɑr bɪg əˈtrækʃən ɔn ˈsənˌdi ˌæftərˈnunz. wi pʊt ðə 'ˌsupərˈstɑrz' ɔn ənd ʤɪst ˈklɑbərd ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ." ˈbɛri fræŋk, ɪˈvɛnt prəˈdusər, ˈkɑrənt vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv wərld: "laɪk soʊ ˈmɛni θɪŋz, ɪf ɔl ðə ˈpipəl hu seɪ ðeɪ sɔ ɪt ɔn ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈæˌkʧuəli sɔ ɪt, wi wʊd hæv hæd ˈsupər boʊl ˈreɪtɪŋz." maɪk, ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ˈneɪtɪv ənd ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ ˈænəlɪst fər fɑks spɔrts nɛt: "aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ˈkɛrɪŋ mɔr əˈbaʊt ðət ðən ˈɛni ˈjumən biɪŋ ʃʊd ˈɛvər kɛr əˈbaʊt ə ɪˈvɛnt." "superteams*" wɑz teɪpt sun ˈæftər ðə ˈsupər boʊl fər ˈbrɔdˌkæst ˈleɪtər ðət ˈwɪntər. pleɪərz wər ˌgɛrənˈtid ə beɪs əˈmaʊnt əv ˈməni fər pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ, wɪθ ˈboʊnəsɪz fər ˈwɪnɪŋ ən ɪˈvɛnt, ənd ðə ˈstilərz wund əp ˈteɪkɪŋ hoʊm ˈsəmθɪŋ laɪk ər iʧ ənd ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz əˈbaʊt pləs ˈrəfli fər ˈriʧɪŋ ðə nɛkst raʊnd. ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən wɑz taɪd ˈhɛdɪŋ ˈɪntu ðə, ðə ˈfaɪnəl ɪˈvɛnt. ˈændi ˈrəsəl, ˈfɔrmər ˈstilərz ˈlaɪnˌbækər ənd "superteams*" ˈkæptən: "ˈwɪnɪŋ ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən wɑz ə bɪg dil, nɑt bɪˈkəz əv ɪts ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns bət bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈməni fər ðə ˈwɪnɪŋ tim. wi wərənt ðɛr ʤɪst tɪ hæv fən wi wər ðɛr tɪ wɪn ənd kəˈlɛkt ðə ˈwɪnərz ʧɛk, wɪʧ wɑz səbˈstænʃəli mɔr ˈməni ðən ˈɛni əv ˈjuˈɛs wər ˈmeɪkɪŋ fər ə ˈfʊtˌbɔl geɪm ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈsupər boʊl. aɪ pʊt ðə ˈməni ɪn maɪ kɪdz ˈkɑlɪʤ fənd, ˈhɛlpɪŋ ɪm goʊ tɪ ˈdɑrtməθ." deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "bæk ɪn ðoʊz deɪz, wi ˈdɪdənt meɪk ə lɔt əv ˈməni. baɪ goʊɪŋ ənd ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪn ðɪs 'ˌsupərˈstɑrz' dil, ɪf wi wən ðə fərst raʊnd wi wər ˌgɛrənˈtid, aɪ θɪŋk, ə ˈpərsən, ənd [ˈivɪn] ɪf ju ˈdɪdənt wɪn, ju gɑt ə fri veɪˈkeɪʃən. ðə wɑz ðə ˈfaɪnəl ɪˈvɛnt, ənd baɪ ˈwɪnɪŋ ðət, wi muvd ɔn tɪ ðə ˈfaɪnəl ənd gɑt laɪk ðət wɑz bɪg wɪn ju wər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə jɪr ɪf ju wər ˈləki. tɪ goʊ ˈoʊvər ðɛr ənd pɪk əp ðət wɑz ə bɪg dil. pləs, ðeɪ bit ˈjuˈɛs ɪn ðə ˈsupər boʊl. ðə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈpipəl pɪʧt ðət aɪˈdiə tɪ ˈjuˈɛs raɪt ˈæftər ðə ˈsupər boʊl. ðeɪ məst hæv bɪn ˈplænɪŋ ɪt əˈhɛd əv taɪm. aɪ doʊnt noʊ haʊ ðeɪ ʧoʊz ðə ˈpipəl hu wɛnt, bət ðeɪ æst ˈjuˈɛs tɪ kəm. ɪt wɑz ðə fərst jɪr, ənd wi ˈdɪdənt ˈivɪn noʊ wət ɪt wɑz. wi lʊkt əp ənd sɛd, 'ðɪs wɪl bi ə nis veɪˈkeɪʃən ɪf ˈnəθɪŋ ɛls.'" ˈbɛri fræŋk: "wi peɪd ðɛr hoʊˈtɛl bɪlz, bət ˌɪnˈstɛd əv ˈfulɪŋ əraʊnd wɪθ ðɛr ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəlz, wi geɪv iʧ əv ðɛm ən ˈɛnvəˌloʊp əv ˈməni. wi sɛd, 'ðɪs wɪl peɪ fər jʊr ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəlz,' ənd ɪn iʧ ˈɛnvəˌloʊp wɑz 300 θri 100 bɪlz. ju wʊd hæv θɔt wi hæd ˈgɪvɪn ðɛm ðə riˈækʃən tɪ kæʃ ɛz əˈpoʊzd tɪ ə ʧɛk ɪz soʊ məʧ ˈgreɪtər. aɪ ˈlərnɪd ə ˈlɛsən ðɛr. kæʃ ɪz kɪŋ wɪθ ˈæθˌlits." pɔl krɔs, ˈfɔrmər ˈvaɪkɪŋz dɪˈfɛnsɪv bæk ənd hɔl əv ˈfeɪmər: "bæk ðɛn, wɪn ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən sɛd, 'wɪl du ðɪs, wɪl du ðət,' ju ˈwɔntɪd tɪ du ɪt bɪˈkəz ɪt wɑz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət noʊ wən ɛls kʊd du." ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ˈmæni ˈɪmɪʤɪz ʤoʊ grin ənd ðə ˈpɪtsbərg dɪˈfɛns ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz, ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə tɪ ʤɪst 119 jɑrdz ɔn əˈfɛns. dɔn ˈsimən, ʤɛfs waɪf: "ɪt wɑz ˈʤænjuˌɛri ɪn ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə, ənd ˈɛvriˌbɑdi wɑz laɪk, 'waʊ, wɪr goʊɪŋ tɪ həˈwaɪˌi.' ɪt ˈwəzənt ə bɪg dil fər ðə wɛst koʊst timz, bət ɪt wɑz ˈdɛfənətli bɪg fər ˈjuˈɛs." ðə wɑz hɛld ɔn ðə biʧ æt ˌwaɪkiˈki. ðə træk, ˈtændəm baɪk ənd sˈwɪmɪŋ ɪˈvɛnts wər hɛld æt skul, frəm wɪʧ dɔn ˈsimən ˈgræʤəˌweɪtɪd ɪn 1969 ənd wɛr ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɑz ə ˈstudənt æt ðə taɪm əv ðə "superteams*" ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. wʊd ə ˈsərtən ˈtiˌneɪʤər hæv gɔn tɪ si pleɪərz frəm ðə ˈsupər boʊl ənd wərld ˈsɪriz kəmˈpit æt hɪz skul? ˈbɛri fræŋk: "[ˌoʊˈbɑmə] meɪ ˈvɛri wɛl hæv bɪn ðɛr, bət ɪf hi wɑz, aɪ ˈdɪdənt ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ɪm æt ðə taɪm. hi ʃʊd hæv wɔrn ə ˈtiˌsərt ðət sɛd, 'steɪ tund, aɪ wɪl bi ˈprɛzɪdənt.'" stiv ˈrəʃɪn: "aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər biɪŋ ˈfæsəˌneɪtɪd baɪ ˌwaɪkiˈki, ˈwɑnɪŋ tɪ goʊ ðɛr, tɪ ðoʊz waɪt sændz wɛr twɪn ˈaɪˌkɑnz əv maɪ ˈʧaɪlˌdhʊd ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz ənd ðə ˈbreɪdi bənʧ veɪˈkeɪʃənd." ðə ˈstilərz hæd sɪks pleɪərz ɔn ðə roʊp: ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs, l.c*. ˈgrinˌwʊd, ˈərni hoʊmz, ʤɪm klæk, reɪ ˈmænzˌfild ənd ˈændi ˈrəsəl. ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz ˈkaʊnərd wɪθ ðiz sɪks: ˈælən peɪʤ, kɑrl ˈɛlər, ʤɛf ˈsimən, deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn, rɑn ənd mɪk tingelhoff*. ðə tu saɪdz wər ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪd baɪ ə pɪt əv ˈwɔtər ənd ə lɔŋ strɛʧ əv roʊp. ðə fərst tim tɪ dræg ə ˈmɑrkər ɔn ðə roʊp ˈoʊvər tɪ ɪts saɪd wɑz ðə ˈwɪnər. huˈɛvər wən ðə wʊd ədˈvæns tɪ ðə ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp raʊnd əˈgɛnst ðə ˈwɪnər. dɪk ˈbətən: "ɪt ˈɔlˌweɪz wɑz ə mægˈnɪfɪsənt θɪŋ tɪ si wən tim pʊl ðə ˈəðər ˈɪntu ðə ˈwɔtər pɪt. ju gɑt ɪkˈsprɛʃənz ənd ˈæŋgər ənd ril ˈiˌmoʊʃən ðət ˈkʊdənt bi feɪkt. aɪ θɪŋk wi wər goʊɪŋ bərˈsərk ɔn ðə saɪd. ɪt wɑz wən əv ðoʊz ˈbrɪljəntli waɪld ˈmoʊmənts ðət greɪt æθˈlɛtɪˌsɪzm gɪvz ju." ʤɛf ˈsimən: "wət ˈrɪli sɛt ðət əp ɪz wi hæd lɔst tɪ ðɛm ɪn ðə ˈsupər boʊl, ənd aɪ θɪŋk ðɛr wɑz ə ril dɪˌtərməˈneɪʃən tɪ wɪn, ənd ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ hɪnʤd ɔn ðə. ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ wɑz taɪd goʊɪŋ ˈɪntu ɪt, ənd wi wər dɪˈtərmənd nɑt tɪ luz." ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs, ˈstilərz hɔl əv feɪm ˈrənɪŋ bæk: "fər ˈjuˈɛs, ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt θɪŋ ənd ðə ˈbɪgəst pɑrt wɑz ðə ˈsupər boʊl, ˈoʊˈkeɪ? naʊ ðiz ˈəðər geɪmz heɪ, wi ˈwɔntɪd tɪ kəmˈpit, ðiz wər fən ɪˈvɛnts tɪ si wət ˈəðər gaɪz kʊd du ɪn ˈəðər ˈkætəˌgɔriz, bət aɪ gɛs wi lʊkt æt ɪt mɔr ðət, heɪ, wɪl gɪv ɑr bɛst, wɪl gɪv ɑr ɔl, wi wɔnt tɪ wɪn bət wi nu ðət ðə ˈvɪktəri ðət ˈrɪli ˈkaʊntɪd wɑz ðə ˈsupər boʊl." ˈændi ˈrəsəl: "ðət ɪˈvɛnt, ðə læst ənd ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪŋ ɪˈvɛnt, wɑz ˈpurli ˈɛksəˌkjutɪd baɪ ɑr tim. ɪf aɪ ˈriˌkɔl kərˈɛktli (ənd aɪ ˈsɛldəm du) iʧ tim wɑz əˈlaʊd ɛz ˈmɛni pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ənˈtɪl ðə ˈtoʊtəl weɪt ɪkˈsidɪd paʊnz ər səm ˈnəmbər laɪk ðət. ɛz ˈkæptən əv ɑr 'ˈsupər tim,' aɪ mɪˈsteɪkənli juzd ɑr ˈbɪgəst ənd ˈstrɔŋgəst pleɪərz i.e*., fæts hoʊmz æt paʊnz ˈkɔzɪŋ ˈjuˈɛs tɪ ˈoʊnli hæv sɪks tug-of-warriors*. ðə ˈəðər mɪˈsteɪk wi meɪd wɑz tɪ əˈlaʊ ɑrˈsɛlvz tɪ fɔl ˈbækwərdz ˈɔntu ðə sænd ənd ðɛn nɑt tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ juz ˈɛni ˈməsəlz ˈəðər ðən ɑr ɑrmz. wi wər ˈtoʊtəli ɪgˈzɔstɪd, leɪɪŋ ðɛr ɪn ðə hɑt sænd, ˈjuzɪŋ ˈoʊnli ɑr ɑrm ˈməsəlz wi ʃʊd hæv stʊd əp ənd juzd ɑr lɛgz." pɔl krɔs: "aɪ wɑz ðə wət wʊd ju kɔl ɪt? ðə gaɪ hu wɑz ˈtɛlɪŋ ˈɛvriˌbɑdi tɪ pʊl? aɪ wɑz ðə coxswain*. aɪd rən əp ənd daʊn ðə laɪn ənd tɛl ðɛm tɪ kip ˈpʊlɪŋ. ɪt wɑz ʤɪst ˌɛkstrəˈɔrdəˌnɛri tɪ wɔʧ ðoʊz ʤaɪənt, strɔŋ gaɪz pʊl ənd pʊl ənd pʊl. ˈniðər tim ˈwɔntɪd tɪ gɪt bit. ɪt wɑz fəˈnɑmənəl. ɪt wɑz ʤɪst ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbəl. ðeɪ wər boʊθ ˈpʊlɪŋ fər ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ðeɪ hæd. aɪ wɑz glæd aɪ ˈwəzənt ˈpʊlɪŋ bɪˈkəz ðeɪ wər ˈsəfərɪŋ." ˌɛnˈlɑrʤ ˈeɪˌbiˌsi fər 16 ˈmɪnəts, ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz dəg ɪn ðə sænd ənd pʊld wɪθ ɔl ðɛr wɪl. ðə ʃoʊ prəˈdusərz ˈdɪdənt θɪŋk ðə wʊd læst mɔr ðən ə ˈkəpəl əv ˈmɪnəts. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ˈæftər ðə ˈstilərz ʤəmpt tɪ ən ˈərli lɛd, ðə tu timz dəg dip ˈɪntu ðə sænd ənd fɛl ˈɪntu wət əˈpɪrd tɪ bi ən əˈnɛndɪŋ ˈsteɪlˌmeɪt. ðə təg wɛnt ɔn soʊ lɔŋ ˈeɪˌbiˌsi hæd tɪ goʊ tɪ ə kəˈmərʃəl breɪk ənd ðə tu timz wər stɪl dəg ɪn wɪn ðə ˈkæmərəz rɪˈtərnd. ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs: "wəns aɪ θɪŋk ˈpipəl sɔ səm ˈpipəl ˈdɪgɪŋ ɪn, ˈɛvriˌbɑdi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ dɪg ɪn. ənd ɪt ˈrɪli tərnd ˈɪntu ə kwaɪt ə bɪt ˈlɔŋgər ɪˈvɛnt ðən ˈpipəl θɔt. aɪ bɪˈliv ðɛr wɑz ˈstɑrtɪŋ tɪ bi səm ˈprɛʃər frəm ðə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən kru ðət wi hæv tɪ gɪt ðɪs ˈoʊvər, wi kænt ʤɪst hæv ˈpipəl ˈsɪtɪŋ ɔn ðə roʊp." dɑn ˈoʊlˌmaɪr: "wi ˈkʊdənt ʤɪst stɑp ɪt bɪˈkəz wi ˈhædənt ˈrɪli θɔt əv ðət. ˈɛniˌtaɪm ju du ˈsəmθɪŋ nu, ju ɛnd əp siɪŋ ˈsəmθɪŋ wɛr ju seɪ, 'oʊ, wi ˈdɪdənt θɪŋk əv ðət.' wi θɔt ɪt maɪt goʊ θri, ˈmeɪbi fɔr ˈmɪnəts. wi wər əˈfreɪd ɪt wʊd bi ˈoʊvər ɪn 30 ˈsɛkəndz. haʊ rɔŋ wi wər." ˈbɛri fræŋk: "ðɪs ˈwəzənt laɪf ənd dɛθ. bət ðeɪ gɑt ˈɪntu ɪt. ðæts əˈnəðər θɪŋ ju doʊnt wɔnt tɪ lɛt daʊn jʊr ˈtimˌmeɪts." bɛv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "aɪ ʤɪst rɪˈmɛmbər ðə veɪnz ˈstɪkɪŋ aʊt ɪn deɪvz nɛk ənd ɑrmz. aɪ θɔt ðeɪ wər goʊɪŋ tɪ pɑp. wi gɑt ˈvɛri kənˈsərnd æt ðə ɛnd. ju ˈwəndərd haʊ məʧ ˈlɔŋgər ðeɪ kʊd goʊ ɔn. baɪ ðɛr ɪkˈsprɛʃənz, ju nu ðeɪ ˈkʊdənt læst." dɔn ˈsimən: "ʤɛf wɑz sɪk, ənd aɪ wɑz kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ðət. hi ˈhædənt ˈitən ə lɔt. soʊ aɪ wɑz ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ɪm. aɪ hæd noʊ aɪˈdiə ɪt wʊd goʊ ɔn ðət lɔŋ. aɪ ˈfɪgjərd ɪt wʊd bi ə fju ˈmɪnəts ənd dən. ɛz ɪt wɛnt ɔn aɪ θɪŋk wi wər ɔl ˈwəndərɪŋ, 'ɪz ˈsəmˌbɑdi goʊɪŋ tɪ kɔl ðɪs?' bət aɪ nu ðoʊz ˈfɛloʊz wʊd nɑt gɪv əp. aɪ nu ˈsəmˌwən wʊd hæv tɪ du ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪkˈsɛpʃənəl ər ðə wʊd hæv tɪ kɔl ɪt. ənd aɪ θɪŋk səm əv ˈjuˈɛs ˈwɔntɪd tɪ hæv ðɛm kɔl ɪt." dɑn ˈoʊlˌmaɪr: "wət wɑz greɪt əˈbaʊt ɪt wɪθ ðə ˈfʊtˌbɔl pleɪərz wɑz ɪt wɑz ən ˌɑpərˈtunəti tɪ si ðɛm wɪˈθaʊt ɔl ðɛr ˈhɛlməts ənd ɪkˈwɪpmənt ɔn. wi hæd ɔl ðiz ˈpaʊərfəl ʃɑts əv ðɛm ˈstreɪnɪŋ." maɪk: "aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs ˈlʊkɪŋ laɪk geɪb ˈkæplən ənd ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlʊkɪŋ laɪk hi wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ daɪ ənd ɪm ˈwɪʃɪŋ hi wʊd." wɪθ boʊθ timz dəg ˈɪntu ðə sænd, pleɪərz əˈtɛmptəd ˈdɪfərənt əˈproʊʧɪz tɪ breɪk ðə ˈdɛˌdlɑk. æt wən pɔɪnt, peɪʤ stʊd əp, tərnd əraʊnd, pʊt ðə roʊp əraʊnd hɪz ˈʃoʊldər ənd traɪd tɪ dræg hɪz tim tɪ ˈvɪktəri. ðə ˈtərnɪŋ pɔɪnt, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, əˈkərd wɪn ˈpɪtsbərgz ˈərni hoʊmz lɛft hɪz ˈæŋkər pəˈzɪʃən tɪ goʊ tɪ ðə frənt əv ðə roʊp ənd pʊl ɪn ə ˈdɛspərɪt əˈtɛmpt tɪ ʧeɪnʤ moʊˈmɛntəm. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ðət muv ˈlaɪkli geɪv ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz ðə ˈoʊpənɪŋ ðeɪ ˈnidɪd. ðeɪ pʊld hɑrd ənd ˈgræʤuəli drægd ðə ˈmɑrkər əˈkrɔs ðə laɪn tɪ wɪn. stiv ˈrəʃɪn: "ɛz aɪ ˈriˌkɔl ɪt, peɪʤ mɔr ər lɛs pʊld ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈstilərz tim əˈkrɔs ðə laɪn ðeɪ əˈpɪrd tɪ bi ˈbɛrˌfʊt ɪn ðə sænd ənd ðɛn boʊθ timz kəˈlæpst ɪn ə paɪl əv ˈbaɪˌsɛps, ˈməˌstæʃɪz, muttonchops*, ˈʤɔgɪŋ ʃɔrts ənd tub sɑks." ʤɛf ˈsimən: "wi fɛlt ˈvɪndəkeɪtɪd. wi hæd prɪˈveɪld, ənd ɪt mɛnt ˈsəmθɪŋ. aɪ θɪŋk aɪ wʊd bi ˈəndərˌsteɪtɪŋ ɪt ɪf aɪ ˈdɪdənt ækˈnɑlɪʤ ðət ɪt wɑz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ ˈɛvəri gaɪ ðət wi nɑt luz əˈgɛn. ðə ˌmoʊtəˈveɪʃən fər ˈjuˈɛs fɑr ɪˈklɪpst wət ɪt wɑz fər ðə ˈstilərz. bət ðət ɪt wɛnt ɔn fər 16 ˈmɪnəts səˈʤɛstɪd ðeɪ wər ˈfʊli kəˈmɪtɪd, tu." ˈæftər ðə təg wɑz ˈoʊvər, o.j*. ˈsɪmpsən (ˈwərkɪŋ fər ˈeɪˌbiˌsi) æst ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs waɪ hi ˈhædənt ˈgɔtən əp. ˈhɛrɪs, laɪɪŋ spɛnt ɪn ðə sænd, reɪzd hɪz hɛd haɪ ɪˈnəf tɪ tɛl ˈsɪmpsən, "əm goʊɪŋ tɪ aʊt bi hir fər ə waɪl, ʤus." ˈeɪˌbiˌsi ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs ˈkʊdənt ˈivɪn muv æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə. ˈfræŋkoʊ ˈhɛrɪs: "ɪt wɑz ˈprɪti ˈbrutəl; ɪt tʊk ə lɔt aʊt əv ˈjuˈɛs. ənd wɪθ maɪ feɪs ɪn ðə sænd ðət fɛlt ˈprɪti gʊd ɪn ðə taɪm ˈæftərwərdz. wɪn jʊr ɪn ə ˈklæsɪk ɪˈvɛnt ənd ju luz ɪt, ðət meɪks ɪt ə ˈlɪtəl ˈtəfər, ðət meɪks ju kip jʊr hɛd daʊn ɪn ðə sænd ə ˈlɪtəl ˈlɔŋgər. ˈluzɪŋ ɪn ðət veɪn, ðɛrz ˈnoʊˌwɛr tɪ goʊ ənd soʊ ju ʤɪst hæv tɪ ˈpɑndər ɪt ənd fil ðə ˈægəni ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt mɔr." deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "wi wər tu taɪərd tɪ ˈsɛləˌbreɪt. wi wər ɪgˈzɔstɪd. ɪt tʊk ə lɔŋ taɪm tɪ rɪˈkəvər. aɪv ˈnɛvər bɪn soʊ ˈtoʊtəli ɪgˈzɔstɪd ɪn maɪ æθˈlɛtɪk kərɪr. maɪ ɑrmz aɪ ˈkʊdənt ˈivɪn muv maɪ ɑrmz fər ə kəmˈplit aʊər. ju wər soʊ tɛns fər soʊ lɔŋ, jʊr ˈməsəlz ʤɪst lɑkt ɪn ðət pəˈzɪʃən. aɪ hæd gləvz ɔn wi ɔl wɔr ʧip ˈhændˌbɔl gləvz ənd aɪ ˈkʊdənt ˈoʊpən maɪ hænz tɪ gɪt ðə gləvz ɔf." dɔn ˈsimən: "ʤɛf wɑz ʤɪst ˈprɑstreɪt ɔn ðə sænd ənd ɑr sən, ʤɛf jr*., hu wɑz 2 keɪm ˈrənɪŋ əp, 'ˈdædi, ˈdædi! ohhhhh*, wəts ˈhæpənd tɪ ɪm?' hi wɑz ɔl ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ɪm bɪˈkəz hi wɑz laɪɪŋ ɪn ðə sænd soʊ lɔŋ. [ðə waɪvz] ʤɪst sæt ðɛr baɪ ðɛm bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ˈlɪtərəli kʊd nɑt muv. ðeɪ wər spɛnt. aɪ sæt ðɛr wɪθ ɪm ənˈtɪl hi wɑz ˈeɪbəl tɪ gɪt əp ənd wɔk əˈweɪ." ˈændi ˈrəsəl: "aɪ rɪˈmɛmbər laɪɪŋ ðɛr ɪn ðə sænd, ɪgˈzɔstɪd ənd ˈkræmpɪŋ əp, kwaɪt dɪsˈgəstɪd ðət wi faʊnd ɑrˈsɛlvz wɪˈθaʊt ðə juz əv ðə strɛŋθ əv ɑr lɛgz ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz wər ɪn ðə seɪm pəˈzɪʃən bət noʊɪŋ ðət ðə ˈækʃən əv ʤɪst ˈstændɪŋ əp wʊd hæv riˈlist ɑr 'təg' ənd ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz wʊd hæv wən ˈizəli æt ðət ˈmoʊmənt. ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə ˈrizən ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz wən wɑz ðɛr frəˈstreɪʃən əv ˈhævɪŋ lɔst ðət ˈsupər boʊl, ə geɪm ðət kʊd ˈizəli hæv gɔn ˈiðər weɪ. pərˈhæps ɪn ðət ˈmɪnət wi wər tu tɪ kənˈtɪnju ˈpʊlɪŋ æt ɑr mæks." wɪθ ðə ˈvɪktəri, ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz ədˈvænst tɪ ðə ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp əˈgɛnst ðə lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈdɑʤərz, hu wər ðə dɪˈfɛndɪŋ ˈnæʃənəl lig ʧæmps. wɪθ ə tim ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ stiv ˈgɑrvi, rɑn cey*, ˈʤɪmi wɪn, bɪl ˈrəsəl ənd ˈdeɪvi loʊps, ðə ˈdɑʤərz wɪpt ðə ˈvaɪkɪŋz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ə səˈpraɪzɪŋ ˈvɪktəri ɪn ən ˌæntiklaɪˈmæktɪk. deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "wi tʊk ɔn ðə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl tim ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəlz ənd ðeɪ hæd wən ər tu mɔr gaɪz ɪn ðə. ɪt wɑz ðə weɪt ˈlɪmət θɪŋ, ənd ðeɪ pʊt ɔl ðɛr laɪt gaɪz ɔn, soʊ ðeɪ bit ˈjuˈɛs ɪn laɪk 30 ˈsɛkəndz. ðeɪ ʤɪst hæd mɔr ɑrmz ənd lɛgz tɪ wərk wɪθ." ˈeɪˌbiˌsi brɔt bæk ðə "superteams*" fər ə fju jɪrz ənd ˈædɪd "ˈbætəl əv ðə ˈnɛtˌwərk stɑrz," wɪʧ bɪˈkeɪm ðə sɔrs əv ðə ˈklæsɪk ˈsɛkənd ˈsɪti ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈpɛrədi, "ˈbætəl əv ðə stɑrz" wɪθ ˈmɪstər. ˈrɑʤərz, ˈʤuljə ʧaɪld, kɑrl ˈseɪgən ənd dɪk ˈkæˌvɛt. ɪts ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ˌɪˈmæʤən ˈəndər wət ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz ju kʊd gɪt ˈsupər boʊl ənd wərld ˈsɪriz ˈʧæmpiənz tɪ kəmˈpit ɪn səʧ ən ɪˈvɛnt ɛz ðə "superteams*" ðiz deɪz. deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "ju ˈkʊdənt peɪ ɪˈnəf ˈməni tɪ du ɪt naʊ. ðeɪ meɪk soʊ məʧ ˈməni naʊ, ðeɪ woʊnt goʊ ˈoʊvər ðɛr ənd teɪk ðə ʧæns əv ˈpʊlɪŋ ˈməsəlz ər ˈgɪtɪŋ hərt. ðeɪ ˈwʊdənt du wət wi dɪd. wi tɔkt æt ˈbæŋkwəts, ˈdɪnərz, wi pleɪd ɪn səˈlɛbrɪti ˈbæskətˌbɔl geɪmz moʊst əv ˈjuˈɛs ˈnidɪd ðət. wi hæd ˈsɛkənd ʤɑbz tɪ ərn ˈməni. timz ˈwʊdənt lɛt ðɛm du ɪt naʊ. ɪts təf tɪ ˈivɪn gɪt gaɪz tɪ goʊ tɪ ðə proʊ boʊl." ˈbɛri fræŋk: "wət ˈhæpənd wɑz, ˈbeɪsˈbɔl timz pʊt ˈɪntu ðɛr ˈkɑnˌtrækts ðət ðə pleɪərz ˈkʊdənt du ɪt soʊ ðeɪ ˈwʊdənt gɪt hərt. ðə ˈfʊtˌbɔl timz ˈnɛvər dɪd ðət, bət ðə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl ənd ˈbæskətˌbɔl timz dɪd. wi hæd ə baɪk reɪs kræʃ, ənd aɪ θɔt wi kɪld ə ˈkəpəl bɔlˈpleɪərz." kɛn ˈgrɪfi jr*., huz ˈfɑðər, kɛn ˈsɪstər., kəmˈpitɪd ɪn "superteams*" wɪθ ðə rɛdz: "aɪ θɪŋk ðə ˈməni ɪz ˈdɪfərənt ənd ðə gaɪz ər ˈgɪtɪŋ peɪd ə səbˈstænʃəl əˈmaʊnt, soʊ ənˈlɛs ɪts ən ækˈtɪvɪti ðət ɪz rɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ ˈbeɪsˈbɔl ənd ɪz bɪˈhaɪnd ɪt, ɪt wɪl ˈnɛvər ˈhæpən əˈgɛn. ɪf ju pʊl ə ˈhæmˌstrɪŋ ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri, ɪt kən teɪk ju ɔl jɪr tɪ hil. aɪ doʊnt θɪŋk timz wʊd bi ril ˈhæpi əˈbaʊt gaɪz pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ ɪn ðət ˌɛniˈmɔr." ɪn ðə ˈiˌmoʊʃən əv ðə ˈmoʊmənt ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli ˈæftər ðə, deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn toʊld spɔrts ˈɪləˌstreɪtɪd ðət ɪt wɑz ðə ˈgreɪtəst ˈvɪktəri, "ðə ˈgreɪtəst ɪkˈspɪriəns," hi hæd ˈɛvər hæd ɪn spɔrt ənd ðət ˈpipəl "wɪl rɪˈmɛmbər ɪt wɪn ðeɪv fərˈgɑtən hu pleɪd ɪn ðə 1975 ˈsupər boʊl." deɪv ˈɔzˌbɔrn: "ɪt wɑz kwaɪt ə fit. ðeɪ tɔkt əˈbaʊt ðət fər ə lɔŋ taɪm. ju kən æsk ˈpipəl əˈbaʊt ðə ˈsupər boʊl ənd ðeɪ woʊnt rɪˈmɛmbər məʧ, bət ðeɪ rɪˈmɛmbər ðət." dɑn ˈoʊlˌmaɪr: "ɪts wən əv ðə ˈrizənz ˈpipəl ləv spɔrts ənd ædˈmaɪr ˈæθˌlits. hir ər gaɪz hu keɪm ˈoʊvər tɪ hæv ə gʊd taɪm ənd jɛs, ðeɪ gɪt ə ˈlɪtəl ˈməni, bət ðɪs wɑz ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. ðə gən faɪərz, ðə ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən stɑrts, ənd ðiz wər ə bənʧ əv gaɪz hu wərənt goʊɪŋ tɪ luz noʊ ˈmætər wət. ðeɪ wər ˈkɪlɪŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ɪt wɑz ˌənbəˈlivəbəl. wɪn jʊr ˈmeɪkɪŋ əp ɪˈvɛnts, ju hæv ən aɪˈdiə ɪn jʊr maɪnd əˈbaʊt haʊ gʊd ðeɪ wɪl bi, ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðeɪ tərn aʊt ˈivɪn ˈbɛtər. ðæts ə ˈfəŋkʃən əv gaɪz ˈrɪli ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈɪntu ɪt, ənd ðoʊz gaɪz ˈrɪli gɑt ˈɪntu ɪt. ɪt wɑz ə ˈmætər əv praɪd, ənd ðeɪ wərənt goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪv əp. ðæts ðə paʊər əv ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ənd ðə paʊər əv ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən. "ɪts kaɪnd əv ə ˈtrɪbjut tɪ ðə ˈæθˌlits ənd tɪ ðə gaɪz tɪ meɪk stəf laɪk ðət ˈmɛmərəbəl." ʤɪm ˈkeɪpəl ɪz ə ˈsinjər ˈraɪtər fər espn.com*. ju kən ˈfɑloʊ ɪm ɔn tˈwɪtər æt @jimcaple*.

editor's note: in the second installment of an occasional page 2 series titled "behind the highlights," which examines the details of compelling, obscure, breathtaking and stupefying video clips as told by the figures in and around the action, we look at the story of a manufactured, made-for-tv event that became the most grueling competition two super bowl teams ever faced -- and more memorable than the actual super bowl they played. the pittsburgh steelers and the minnesota vikings met in super bowl ix in new orleans in january 1975, a game that included 16 future hall of famers (counting coaches bud grant and chuck noll), pittsburgh's steel curtain defense, minnesota's purple people eaters and legendary quarterbacks fran tarkenton and terry bradshaw. that game, which the steelers won 16-6, was not the most dramatic or memorable showdown between the two teams, however. that distinction goes to an epic, 16-minute tug-of-war on the sands of waikiki held two weeks later as part of abc's "superteams" competition. after it was all over and the two teams lay moaning and exhausted in the sand, dick button -- yes, that dick button, the figure skating guy -- told a sports illustrated writer, "nothing -- nothing, not even my own olympic victories -- has ever moved me like that." the principals recall the greatest competition in history. jeff siemon, former vikings linebacker: "it was the worst physical strain i've ever been under. it was the most intense, brutal abuse i've ever gone through -- and maybe by far." dave osborn, former vikings running back: "the tug-of-war was the toughest, most physical thing i've ever done, bar none. as far as being tired, i have never been more fatigued. i was always in great shape as a player. practice was always a breeze. but when you have got to do something for a length of time and don't dare let up, it drains you. it was 16 minutes, but it seemed like 16 hours." bev osborn, dave's wife: "you just wanted them to win the super bowl, but this was wondering if everyone was going to still be alive when it was over." the "superteams" show evolved from the "superstars" competition, a made-for-tv series; abc first aired "superstars" in 1973, and "superteams" followed in 1975. "superteams" pitted the super bowl and world series participants against each other in a series of events that included tandem bike riding, a swim relay, an obstacle course, a war canoe race and the tug-of-war that served as the competition's climax. yes, the '70s were a lot more fun. don ohlmeyer, producer and director for the "superstars": "the original idea was dick button's, the old figure skater. he had a thing he wrote up on a half page of paper: famous athletes competing in sports other than their own. abc sports was interested in the idea, and we fleshed it out and came up with 'superstars' -- and out of 'superstars' came 'superteams.' we just kind of made up the events, a running race, a bicycle race. we were in hawaii, so that's how we came up with the war canoe race. and the tug-of-war just seemed to be sort of a natural thing for teams to compete in. it wasn't anything scientific. it was just coming up with seven events you could do." [+] enlarge sylvia allen/getty images franco harris led the steelers to a 16-6 victory in super bowl ix with 158 yards rushing. steve rushin, former sports illustrated columnist and minnesota native: "as a kid, i didn't distinguish between events and nonevents, so the vikings-steelers tug-of-war carried as much weight as the super bowl. perhaps more, since the vikes were trying to avenge their super bowl debacle, which was one of the great disappointments of my childhood. (i'll never forget my best friend mike mccollow making a sign to hold up to the tv during the nfc championship game: 'we're vikes fans and here's our plans. we're gonna pack our jeans for new orleans.') so i was geeked up for the tug-of-war, owing only partially to the lucky charms overload i'd have been on in those days." ian allan, publisher of fantasy football index and steelers fan: "in hindsight, it was ridiculous -- down there with the likes of the one-on-one basketball challenge between julius erving and kareem abdul-jabbar and muhammad ali taking on a pro wrestler. but it was meaningful at the time. this was 1975. there was no cable television. we didn't have access each week to hundreds of college and pro sports games. so when abc put the two super bowl teams on tv against each other, i cared. i figured my beloved steelers would roll through the vikings, as well as the baseball teams." don ohlmeyer: "it got good ratings. originally we put it on because abc sports had lost the nba to cbs and the nba had been our big attraction on sunday afternoons. we put the 'superstars' on and just clobbered the nba." barry frank, event producer, current vice president of img world: "like so many things, if all the people who say they saw it on tv actually saw it, we would have had super bowl ratings." mike mccollow, minnesota native and nba analyst for fox sports net: "i remember caring more about that tug-of-war than any human being should ever care about a made-for-tv event." "superteams" was taped soon after the super bowl for broadcast later that winter. players were guaranteed a base amount of money for participating, with bonuses for winning an event, and the steelers wound up taking home something like $4,000 or $5,000 each and the vikings about $6,000, plus roughly $5,000 for reaching the next round. the competition was tied heading into the tug-of-war, the final event. andy russell, former steelers all-pro linebacker and "superteams" captain: "winning the superteams competition was a big deal, not because of its importance but because of the money for the winning team. we weren't there just to have fun -- we were there to win and collect the winner's check, which was substantially more money than any of us were making for a football game -- including the super bowl. i put the money in my kid's college fund, helping him go to dartmouth." dave osborn: "back in those days, we didn't make a lot of money. by going and getting in this 'superstars' deal, if we won the first round we were guaranteed, i think, $5,000 a person, and [even] if you didn't win, you got a free vacation. the tug-of-war was the final event, and by winning that, we moved on to the final and got like $10,000. that was big when you were making $50,000 a year -- if you were lucky. to go over there and pick up $10,000, that was a big deal. plus, they beat us in the super bowl. the tv people pitched that idea to us right after the super bowl. they must have been planning it ahead of time. i don't know how they chose the people who went, but they asked us to come. it was the first year, and we didn't even know what it was. we looked up and said, 'this will be a nice vacation if nothing else.'" barry frank: "we paid their hotel bills, but instead of fooling around with their incidentals, we gave each of them an envelope of money. we said, 'this will pay for your incidentals,' and in each envelope was $300, three $100 bills. you would have thought we had given them $20,000. the reaction to cash as opposed to a check is so much greater. i learned a lesson there. cash is king with athletes." paul krause, former vikings defensive back and hall of famer: "back then, when tv said, 'we'll do this, we'll do that,' you wanted to do it because it was something that no one else could do." [+] enlarge manny rubio/nfl/getty images joe greene and the pittsburgh defense dominated the vikings, holding minnesota to just 119 yards on offense. dawn siemon, jeff's wife: "it was january in minnesota, and everybody was like, 'wow, we're going to hawaii.' it wasn't a big deal for the west coast teams, but it was definitely big for us." the tug-of-war was held on the beach at waikiki. the track, tandem bike and swimming events were held at punahou school, from which dawn siemon graduated in 1969 and where barack obama was a 13-year-old student at the time of the "superteams" competition. would a certain teenager have gone to see players from the super bowl and world series compete at his school? barry frank: "[obama] may very well have been there, but if he was, i didn't recognize him at the time. he should have worn a t-shirt that said, 'stay tuned, i will be president.'" steve rushin: "i remember being fascinated by waikiki, wanting to go there, to those white sands where twin icons of my childhood -- the vikings and the brady bunch -- vacationed." the steelers had six players on the rope: franco harris, l.c. greenwood, ernie holmes, jim clack, ray mansfield and andy russell. the vikings countered with these six: alan page, carl eller, jeff siemon, dave osborn, ron yary and mick tingelhoff. the two sides were separated by a 3-foot-deep pit of water and a long stretch of rope. the first team to drag a marker on the rope over to its side was the winner. whoever won the tug-of-war would advance to the championship round against the dodgers-a's winner. dick button: "it always was a magnificent thing to see one team pull the other into the water pit. you got expressions and anger and real emotion that couldn't be faked. i think we were going berserk on the side. it was one of those brilliantly wild moments that great athleticism gives you." jeff siemon: "what really set that up is we had lost to them in the super bowl, and i think there was a real determination to win, and everything hinged on the tug-of-war. everything was tied going into it, and we were determined not to lose." franco harris, steelers hall of fame running back: "for us, the most important thing and the biggest part was the super bowl, ok? now these other games -- hey, we wanted to compete, these were fun events to see what other guys could do in other categories, but i guess we looked at it more that, hey, we'll give our best, we'll give our all, we want to win -- but we knew that the victory that really counted was the super bowl." andy russell: "that event, the last and deciding event, was poorly executed by our team. if i recall correctly (and i seldom do) each team was allowed as many participants until the total weight exceeded 1,500 pounds or some number like that. as captain of our 'super team,' i mistakenly used our biggest and strongest players -- i.e., fats holmes at 300-plus pounds -- causing us to only have six tug-of-warriors. the other mistake we made was to allow ourselves to fall backwards onto the sand and then not to be able to use any muscles other than our arms. we were totally exhausted, laying there in the hot sand, using only our arm muscles -- we should have stood up and used our legs." paul krause: "i was the what would you call it? the guy who was telling everybody to pull? i was the coxswain. i'd run up and down the line and tell them to keep pulling. it was just extraordinary to watch those giant, strong guys pull and pull and pull. neither team wanted to get beat. it was phenomenal. it was just incredible. they were both pulling for everything they had. i was glad i wasn't pulling because they were suffering." [+] enlarge abc for 16 minutes, the vikings dug in the sand and pulled with all their will. the show producers didn't think the tug-of-war would last more than a couple of minutes. instead, after the steelers jumped to an early lead, the two teams dug deep into the sand and fell into what appeared to be an unending stalemate. the tug went on so long abc had to go to a commercial break and the two teams were still dug in when the cameras returned. franco harris: "once i think people saw some people digging in, everybody decided to dig in. and it really turned into a quite a bit longer event than people thought. i believe there was starting to be some pressure from the tv crew that we have to get this over, we can't just have people sitting on the rope." don ohlmeyer: "we couldn't just stop it because we hadn't really thought of that. anytime you do something new, you end up seeing something where you say, 'oh, we didn't think of that.' we thought it might go three, maybe four minutes. we were afraid it would be over in 30 seconds. how wrong we were." barry frank: "this wasn't life and death. but they got into it. that's another thing -- you don't want to let down your teammates." bev osborn: "i just remember the veins sticking out in dave's neck and arms. i thought they were going to pop. we got very concerned at the end. you wondered how much longer they could go on. by their expressions, you knew they couldn't last." dawn siemon: "jeff was sick, and i was concerned about that. he hadn't eaten a lot. so i was worried about him. i had no idea it would go on that long. i figured it would be a few minutes and done. as it went on i think we were all wondering, 'is somebody going to call this?' but i knew those fellows would not give up. i knew someone would have to do something exceptional or the refs would have to call it. and i think some of us wanted to have them call it." don ohlmeyer: "what was great about it with the football players was it was an opportunity to see them without all their helmets and equipment on. we had all these powerful shots of them straining." mike mccollow: "i remember franco harris looking like gabe kaplan and also looking like he was going to die and him wishing he would." with both teams dug into the sand, players attempted different approaches to break the deadlock. at one point, page stood up, turned around, put the rope around his shoulder and tried to drag his team to victory. the turning point, however, occurred when pittsburgh's ernie holmes left his anchor position to go to the front of the rope and pull in a desperate attempt to change momentum. instead, that move likely gave the vikings the opening they needed. they pulled hard and gradually dragged the marker across the line to win. steve rushin: "as i recall it, page more or less pulled the entire steelers team across the line -- they appeared to be barefoot water-skiing in the sand --- and then both teams collapsed in a pile of biceps, mustaches, muttonchops, jogging shorts and tube socks." jeff siemon: "we felt vindicated. we had prevailed, and it meant something. i think i would be understating it if i didn't acknowledge that it was important to every guy that we not lose again. the motivation for us far eclipsed what it was for the steelers. but that it went on for 16 minutes suggested they were fully committed, too." after the tug was over, o.j. simpson (working for abc) asked franco harris why he hadn't gotten up. harris, lying spent in the sand, raised his head high enough to tell simpson, "i'm going to out be here for a while, juice." abc franco harris couldn't even move at the end of the tug-of-war. franco harris: "it was pretty brutal; it took a lot out of us. and with my face in the sand -- that felt pretty good in the time afterwards. when you're in a classic event and you lose it, that makes it a little tougher, that makes you keep your head down in the sand a little longer. losing in that vein, there's nowhere to go and so you just have to ponder it and feel the agony a little bit more." dave osborn: "we were too tired to celebrate. we were exhausted. it took a long time to recover. i've never been so totally exhausted in my athletic career. my arms -- i couldn't even move my arms for a complete hour. you were so tense for so long, your muscles just locked in that position. i had gloves on -- we all wore cheap handball gloves -- and i couldn't open my hands to get the gloves off." dawn siemon: "jeff was just prostrate on the sand and our son, jeff jr., who was 2, came running up, 'daddy, daddy! ohhhhh, what's happened to him?' he was all worried about him because he was lying in the sand so long. [the wives] just sat there by them because they literally could not move. they were spent. i sat there with him until he was able to get up and walk away." andy russell: "i remember lying there in the sand, exhausted and cramping up, quite disgusted that we found ourselves without the use of the strength of our legs -- the vikings were in the same position -- but knowing that the action of just standing up would have released our 'tug' and the vikings would have won easily at that moment. probably the reason the vikings won was their frustration of having lost that super bowl, a game that could easily have gone either way. perhaps in that 16th minute we were too self-satisfied to continue pulling at our max." with the tug-of-war victory, the vikings advanced to the championship against the los angeles dodgers, who were the defending national league champs. with a team including steve garvey, ron cey, jimmy wynn, bill russell and davey lopes, the dodgers whipped the vikings 7-2, including a surprising victory in an anticlimactic tug-of-war. dave osborn: "we took on the baseball team in the finals and they had one or two more guys in the tug-of-war. it was the weight limit thing, and they put all their light guys on, so they beat us in like 30 seconds. they just had more arms and legs to work with." abc brought back the "superteams" for a few years and added "battle of the network stars," which became the source of the classic second city television parody, "battle of the pbs stars" with mr. rogers, julia child, carl sagan and dick cavett. it's difficult to imagine under what circumstances you could get super bowl and world series champions to compete in such an event as the "superteams" these days. dave osborn: "you couldn't pay enough money to do it now. they make so much money now, they won't go over there and take the chance of pulling muscles or getting hurt. they wouldn't do what we did. we talked at banquets, dinners, we played in celebrity basketball games -- most of us needed that. we had second jobs to earn money. teams wouldn't let them do it now. it's tough to even get guys to go to the pro bowl." barry frank: "what happened was, baseball teams put into their contracts that the players couldn't do it so they wouldn't get hurt. the football teams never did that, but the baseball and basketball teams did. we had a bike race crash, and i thought we killed a couple ballplayers." ken griffey jr., whose father, ken sr., competed in "superteams" with the reds: "i think the money is different and the guys are getting paid a substantial amount, so unless it's an activity that is related to baseball and mlb is behind it, it will never happen again. if you pull a hamstring in january, it can take you all year to heal. i don't think teams would be real happy about guys participating in that anymore." in the emotion of the moment immediately after the tug-of-war, dave osborn told sports illustrated that it was the greatest victory, "the greatest experience," he had ever had in sport and that people "will remember it when they've forgotten who played in the 1975 super bowl." dave osborn: "it was quite a feat. they talked about that for a long time. you can ask people about the super bowl and they won't remember much, but they remember that tug-of-war." don ohlmeyer: "it's one of the reasons people love sports and admire athletes. here are guys who came over to have a good time and yes, they get a little money, but this was competition. the gun fires, the competition starts, and these were a bunch of guys who weren't going to lose no matter what. they were killing themselves. it was unbelievable. when you're making up events, you have an idea in your mind about how good they will be, and sometimes they turn out even better. that's a function of guys really getting into it, and those guys really got into it. it was a matter of pride, and they weren't going to give up. that's the power of television and the power of competition. "it's kind of a tribute to the athletes and to the guys to make stuff like that memorable." jim caple is a senior writer for espn.com. you can follow him on twitter at @jimcaple.

(ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn) ɪf jʊr ˈwɔkɪŋ əˈlɔŋ ðə ist ˈæfrɪkɑn koʊst ənd ʧæns əˈpɑn ə hərd əv ˈɛləfənts, ˈraɪˌnoʊz ənd ə taʊər əv ʤəræfs, ðɛn doʊnt ˈpænɪk, jʊr nɑt həˈlusɪneɪtɪŋ ənd ˈniðər hæv ju ˈstəmbəld ɔn ə ˌsaɪkəˈdɛlɪk nu ˈspiʃiz, ˈsɑri. noʊ, ɪn fækt ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈvaɪbrənt ˈkɪŋdəm əv ˈɑrtəzənz wɛr ˈhɑrmfəl weɪst ɪz trænsˈfɔrmd ˈɪntu ə ˈkələrfəl blɪs wən æt ə taɪm. ˌɪnˈsaɪd ɪts ˈwərkˌʃɑp, riˈkleɪmd oʊld ˈsændəlz ənd ˈəðər pəˈlutɪŋ ˈpisɪz əv ˈrəbər ər ˈfæʃənd ˈɪntu ˈhænˈmeɪd ˈænəməl tɔɪz, ˈkərtənz, ˈɪntrəkət ˈnɛkləsɪz ənd ˈivɪn ˈskəlpʧərz. ðə ˈpleɪfəl kriˈeɪʃənz ər soʊld ˈloʊkəli ɛz wɛl ɛz ɪn ˈdəzənz əv zuz, əkˈwɛriəmz ənd stɔrz ɪn səm 20 ˈkəntriz əˈkrɔs ðə woʊld. "ɪts ə səˈluʃən tɪ ðə ˈgloʊbəl ˈprɑbləm əv mərˈin pəˈluʃən," sɪz ˈʤuli ʧərʧ, ðə əv ˈoʊʃən soʊl. "ɪt gɪts ˈpipəl tɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈoʊʃən ənd lɪŋks ðɛm tɪ ˈwɔtərˌweɪz ənd wɪr duɪŋ ɪt θru ˈbɪznɪs." ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛnəl θrɛt laɪk ɪn ˈmɛni ˈəðər dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈkəntriz, ər ðə ˈfʊtˌwɛr əv ʧɔɪs fər ˈmɪljənz əv ˈpipəl ɪn ˈkɛnjə. əˈfɔrdəbəl ənd kənˈvinjənt, ðeɪ ər wɔrn baɪ boʊθ ˈʧɪldrən ənd ˈædəlts əˈlaɪk, ɛz wɛl ɛz baɪ skɔrz əv ˈtʊrɪsts ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ðə waɪt sænd ˈbiʧɪz ɪn ist ˈæfrɪkɑ. bət wəns ðə ˈsændəlz' ˈwɔkɪŋ laɪf kəmz tɪ ən ɛnd, ðə juˈbɪkwɪtəs ˈfʊtˌwɛr ˈɔfən ɪmˈbɑrks ɔn əˈnəðər, mɔr ˈhɑrmfəl, ˈʤərni. ˈmæsɪz əv ˈbroʊkən ˈrəbər dəmpt ɪn ˈsɪtiz ənd ˈvɪlɪʤɪz ər ˈkɛrid baɪ suɪʤ ˈsɪstəmz, ˈrɪvərz ənd ˈəðər ˈwɔtərˌweɪz ˈɪntu ˈkɛnjən ˈkoʊˌstlaɪnz ˈɛvəri jɪr. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, ˈkaʊntləs əv ənd ˈəðər ˈplæstɪk weɪst ɛndz əp ɔn ðə seɪm ʃɔrz, brɔt ðɛr baɪ ˈpaʊərfəl kərənts frəm ˈpleɪsɪz ɛz fɑr əˈweɪ ɛz ˈʧaɪnə ənd ˌɪndoʊˈniʒə. ðə ˈflɑtsəm ənd du nɑt ˈoʊnli spɔɪl ðə ˈnæʧərəl ˈbjuti əv ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt bət ər ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈmeɪʤər ˈhæzərd tɪ ðə ˈwaɪlˌdlaɪf ˈlɪvɪŋ ðɛr. "pəˈluʃən ɪn ɔl ɑr ˈwɔtərˌweɪz ɪz ə bɪg ˈprɑbləm," sɪz ʧərʧ, hu wɑz bɔrn ənd reɪzd ɪn ˈkɛnjə. "ˈrɪvərz ər klɔgd əp wɪθ ˈplæstɪk ənd ˈrəbər ənd ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ ɛls," ʃi ædz. "wɪn ˈpipəl seɪ ðət ðə ˈoʊʃən ɪz ˈplæstɪk sup, ɪt ˈrɪli ɪz, bɪˈkəz ˈplæstɪk ˈdəzənt goʊ əˈweɪ ɪt ʤɪst breɪks daʊn tɪ sˈmɔlər ənd sˈmɔlər pɑrts. fɪʃ, weɪlz, ʃɑrks ər ˈdaɪˌʤɛstɪŋ ðət ˈplæstɪk ənd ˈsunər ər ˈleɪtər ðæts goʊɪŋ tɪ wərk ɪts weɪ ˈɪntu ɑr fud ʧeɪn." maɪ goʊl ɪz tɪ kriˈeɪt ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ðə weɪ ˈpipəl lɪv ənd ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ðə weɪ ˈpipəl ˌəndərˈstænd ðə wərld ənd ɪts kəˈnɛkʃənz. ˈʤuli ʧərʧ, ˈoʊʃən soʊl treɪd, nɑt eɪd ðə ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃən fər ˈoʊʃən soʊl keɪm ɪn 1997 wɪn ʧərʧ, ə mərˈin ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃənɪst æt ðə taɪm, ˈstɑrtɪd ˈwərkɪŋ ɪn ə si ˈtərtəl ˌprɛzərˈveɪʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt ɔn ðə rɪˈmoʊt ˈaɪlənd əv nɪr ðə ˈbɔrdər. waɪlst ðɛr, ʧərʧ wɑz ʃɑkt tɪ faɪnd ˈbjutəfəl ˈbiʧɪz strun wɪθ ə ˈmɪriəd əv ˈplæstɪk ˈɑbʤɛkts ðət ˈdæmɪʤd ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ənd əbˈstrəktɪd ðə ˈtərtəlz frəm ˈriʧɪŋ ðɛr ˈnɛstɪŋ saɪts. bət, wɪθ ˈkjʊriəs ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən, ʧərʧ ˈɔlsoʊ wɔʧt haʊ ˈloʊkəl ˈʧɪldrən juzd ðɪs mərˈin dəˈbri ənd ˈəðər ʤəŋk ðeɪd faʊnd baɪ ðə si tɪ kriˈeɪt ðɛr oʊn tɔɪz tɪ pleɪ wɪθ. ðɪs ˈtrɪgərd ə θɔt ɔn ˈʧərʧəz maɪnd: wət ɪf ʃi kʊd lɔnʧ ə ˈprɑʤɛkt ðət wʊd hɛlp klin ðə ˈbiʧɪz ənd ˈɔlsoʊ bust dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɪn ðə kəmˈjunɪti? ˌɪnˈspaɪərd baɪ ðə ˈʧɪldrənz ˈmeɪkˌʃɪft kriˈeɪʃənz, ʧərʧ ðɛn ɪnˈkərəʤd ðə ˈloʊkəl ˈwɪmən tɪ kəˈlɛkt, wɑʃ ənd ˈprɔˌsɛs ðə ənd ˈtrænsfɔrm ðɛm ˈɪntu ˈkələrfəl fər ə ˈprɑfɪt. "wi ˈstɑrtɪd ə ˈmaɪnər ˈlɪtəl ˈproʊˌgræm ðɛr," ˈriˌkɔlz ʧərʧ, "wɪθ ðət sɔrt əv aɪˈdiə tɪ lɪŋk ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃən ənd dɪˈvɛləpmənt təˈgɛðər." trænsˈfɔrmɪŋ ˈrəbər, ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈætəˌtudz wət bɪˈgæn ɛz ə pɑrt taɪm ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv wɪʧ wɑz ˌɪˈnɪʃəli dəbd həz naʊ bɪn tərnd ˈɪntu ə ˈrɛgjələr ənd groʊɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs. ˈoʊʃən soʊl, wɪʧ prəˈvaɪdz dɪˈrɛkt ɪmˈplɔɪmənt təˈdeɪ tɪ mɔr ðən 70 ˈpipəl, eɪmz tɪ riˈsaɪkəl ˈɛvəri jɪr. ɪt wərks wɪθ mɔr ðən 10 səˈplaɪərz hu kəˈlɛkt ðə rɑ məˈtɪriəl frəm ˈwɔtərˌweɪz ɪn ənd əraʊnd ˌnaɪˈroʊbi, ɛz wɛl ɛz frəm ðə ˈkɛnjən ˈkoʊˌstlaɪn, ənd dɪˈlɪvər ɪt tɪ ðə ˈkəmpəniz ˈwərkˌʃɑp. ɪts ə səˈluʃən tɪ ðə ˈgloʊbəl ˈprɑbləm əv mərˈin pəˈluʃən. ˈʤuli ʧərʧ, ˈoʊʃən soʊl ðɛr, ˈoʊʃən soʊl ˈwərkərz goʊ θru lɑrʤ bægz fʊl əv ˈbroʊkən ˈɛvəri deɪ tɪ səˈlɛkt ðə wənz ðɛr goʊɪŋ tɪ juz ɪn ðɛr kriˈeɪʃənz. ðə ˈɑrtəzənz ðɛn klin ðə ˈrəbər ˈsændəlz ənd sɔrt ðɛm əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðɛr ˈkələr. nɛkst, ðeɪ kət, moʊld ənd sænd ðɛm ɛz ðeɪ tərn ðə oʊld ˈɪntu ðɛr kriˈeɪʃənz. "wi ər ˈfoʊkɪst ˈmeɪnli ɔn ˈænəməlz," sɪz ʧərʧ. "ɑr ˈtərgət ˈmɑrkɪts ər zuz, əkˈwɛriəmz ənd mˈjuziəmz ˈwərldˈwaɪd wiv dən ðət bɪˈkəz ðæts wət wɪr gʊd æt ˈmeɪkɪŋ æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt bət wi ər ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ ˈəðər ˈprɑdəkts tu." ʧərʧ sɪz ðət ˈoʊʃən soʊl ɪz fər hər "ə minz tɪ ən ɛnd," ə mɔr ˈifɛktɪv weɪ tɪ sprɛd hər grin ˈmɛsɪʤ ðən ˈwərkɪŋ ɛz ə mərˈin ˌkɑnsərˈveɪʃənɪst. "maɪ goʊl ɪz tɪ kriˈeɪt ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ðə weɪ ˈpipəl lɪv ənd ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ðə weɪ ˈpipəl ˌəndərˈstænd ðə wərld ənd ɪts kəˈnɛkʃənz," ʃi sɪz. "ˈsərtənli əˈbaʊt ðə ˈoʊʃən, duɪŋ ðət θru ðə ˈbɪznɪs əv riˈsaɪkəlɪŋ ˈrəbər ðət floʊts," ʃi kənˈtɪnjuz, "ənd duɪŋ ɪt ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli ɪn ə ˈrɛlətɪv səˈsteɪnəbəl ənd groʊn əp weɪ wɛr ju hæv tɪ hæv ə ˈmɑrkɪt ənd ə gʊd ˈprɑdəkt, juv gɑt tɪ bi kəˈmərʃəl," ædz ʧərʧ. "aɪ θɪŋk ˈoʊnli ɪf wi səkˈsidɪd kəˈmərʃəli wi kən ˈrɪli səkˈsid ɪn ɑr goʊl wɪʧ ɪz tɪ kriˈeɪt ˌætəˈtudənəl ənd ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl ʧeɪnʤ."

(cnn) if you're walking along the east african coast and chance upon a herd of brightly-striped elephants, flame-hued rhinos and a tower of crazily-colored giraffes, then don't panic, you're not hallucinating -- and neither have you stumbled on a psychedelic new species, sorry. no, in fact this is the vibrant kingdom of skilful artisans where harmful waste is transformed into a colorful bliss -- one flip-flop at a time. inside its nairobi-based workshop, reclaimed old sandals and other polluting pieces of rubber are fashioned into handmade animal toys, eye-popping curtains, intricate necklaces and even life-size sculptures. the playful creations are sold locally as well as in dozens of zoos, aquariums and stores in some 20 countries across the wold. "it's a trade-based solution to the global problem of marine pollution," says julie church, the co-founder of ocean sole. "it gets people to think about the ocean and links them to waterways -- and we're doing it through business." environmental threat like in many other developing countries, flip-flops are the footwear of choice for millions of people in kenya. affordable and convenient, they are worn by both children and adults alike, as well as by scores of tourists visiting the white sand beaches in east africa. but once the sandals' walking life comes to an end, the ubiquitous footwear often embarks on another, more harmful, journey. masses of broken rubber flip-flops dumped in cities and villages are carried by sewage systems, rivers and other waterways into kenyan coastlines every year. at the same time, countless of non-degradable flip-flops and other plastic waste ends up on the same shores, brought there by powerful currents from places as far away as china and indonesia. the flotsam and jetsam do not only spoil the natural beauty of the environment but are also a major hazard to the wildlife living there. "pollution in all our waterways is a big problem," says church, who was born and raised in kenya. "rivers are clogged up with plastic and rubber and everything else," she adds. "when people say that the ocean is plastic soup, it really is, because plastic doesn't go away -- it just breaks down to smaller and smaller parts. fish, whales, sharks are digesting that plastic and sooner or later that's going to work its way into our food chain." my goal is to create change in the way people live and change in the way people understand the world and its connections. julie church, ocean sole trade, not aid the inspiration for ocean sole came in 1997 when church, a marine conservationist at the time, started working in a sea turtle preservation project on the remote island of kiwayu near the kenya-somalia border. whilst there, church was shocked to find beautiful beaches strewn with a myriad of plastic objects that damaged the environment and obstructed the turtles from reaching their nesting sites. but, with curious fascination, church also watched how local children used this marine debris -- cast-off flip-flops and other junk they'd found by the sea -- to create their own toys to play with. this triggered a thought on church's mind: what if she could launch a project that would help clean the beaches and also boost development in the community? inspired by the children's makeshift creations, church then encouraged the local women to collect, wash and process the thrown-away flip-flops and transform them into colorful artefacts for a profit. "we started a minor little program there," recalls church, "with that sort of idea to link conservation and development together." transforming rubber, changing attitudes what began as a part time initiative -- which was initially dubbed uniqueco -- has now been turned into a regular and growing business. ocean sole, which provides direct employment today to more than 70 people, aims to recycle 400,000 flip-flops every year. it works with more than 10 suppliers who collect the raw material from waterways in and around nairobi, as well as from the kenyan coastline, and deliver it to the company's workshop. it's a trade-based solution to the global problem of marine pollution. julie church, ocean sole there, ocean sole workers go through large bags full of broken flip-flops every day to select the ones they're going to use in their creations. the artisans then clean the rubber sandals and sort them according to their color. next, they cut, mold and sand them as they turn the old flip-flops into their eye-catching creations. "we are focused mainly on animals," says church. "our target markets are zoos, aquariums and museums worldwide -- we've done that because that's what we're good at making at the moment but we are exploring other products too." church says that ocean sole is for her "a means to an end," a more effective way to spread her green message than working as a marine conservationist. "my goal is to create change in the way people live and change in the way people understand the world and its connections," she says. "certainly about the ocean, doing that through the business of recycling rubber that floats," she continues, "and doing it independently in a relative sustainable and grown up way where you have to have a market and a good product, you've got to be commercial," adds church. "i think only if we succeeded commercially we can really succeed in our goal which is to create attitudinal and lifestyle change."

ə ˈpɑrlər geɪm pleɪd baɪ ˈprɪti məʧ ˈɛni nu ˈjɔrkər ˌtɛmpərˈɛrəli ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs: ə ˈrənɪŋ ˈtæli əv different.”*.” ˈæftər ˈspɛndɪŋ fɔr mənθs ɪn ðə lænd əv keɪl ʧɪps, ˈsənˌʃaɪn, ənd ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptərz, maɪ lɪst ɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪərli kənˈsumd baɪ θɔts əˈbaʊt ˈdraɪvɪŋ. noʊ. 1 (səˈbʤɛktɪv, əv kɔrs): ˌænʤəˈlɛnoʊz ər ˈtɛrəbəl ˈdraɪvərz kəmˈpɛrd tɪ nu ˈjɔrkərz. fɑr tu ˈpeɪʃənt, kɑm, ənd ɪz ˈbæfəlɪŋ tɪ ðə ist ˈkoʊstər hu faɪndz hərˈsɛlf ˈsɪtɪŋ ɪn ðə kɑr ˈmɛni mɔr aʊərz əv ðə wik ðən ɪn mænˈhætən. ˈæftər ɔl, ðiz ˈɛkstrə aʊərz ɪn ðə kɑr ʤɪst meɪk ˈɛvriˌwən tenser*, mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ gən θru ðə ˈjɛloʊ laɪt, hɔŋk ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmənəˌtli? noʊ, hir ɪn l.a*., ˈdraɪvərz ˈpisfəli weɪt fər ju tɪ lʊk əp (frəm jʊr smɑrt foʊn, moʊst ˈlaɪkli) ənd ˈnoʊtɪs ðə ˌlɛfˈthænd ˈsɪgnəl ɪz grin. wəns ju du, ju kən teɪk jʊr taɪm, ˈɪnʧɪŋ ˈfɔrwərd laɪk ə glowworm*. faɪn ɪf ˈoʊnli wən kɑr gɪts θru pər grin ˈɛroʊ. noʊ wən simz tɪ kɛr. ənd ɛz fər ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃənz wɪˈθaʊt ə ðɪs ɪz ˈtruli ˈbɑðər tɪ krip ˈɪntu ðə ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃən. ðeɪ weɪt, laɪk sɪˈdeɪtɪd ˈænəməlz, bæk æt ðə laɪt. wən deɪ ˈdʊrɪŋ maɪ fərst mənθ hir, aɪ izd ˈɪntu ðə ˌɪntərˈsɛkʃən, ˈrɛdi tɪ bleɪz θru ə brif gæp ɪn ðə ˈɔnˌkəmɪŋ tɪ ˈnoʊtɪs ðət ðə kɑr traɪɪŋ tɪ meɪk ə lɛft frəm ðə ˈɔnˌkəmɪŋ saɪd wɑz stɪl ˈhæŋɪŋ bæk æt ðə laɪt. aɪ kənˈsəltɪd ə ˈfɛloʊ nu jɔrk trænˈsplænt tɪ kənˈfərm ðət aɪ ˌəndərˈstʊd ðə rulz əv ˈdraɪvɪŋ. ““yes,”*,” hi sɛd, ˌəndərˈstænd ðɛm. bət noʊ wən ˈɪnʧɪz aʊt hir! ˈmædənɪŋ. maɪ rɪˈspɑns ɪz tɪ aɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz ɪn ðə weɪ əv ðə ˈɔnˌkəmɪŋ traffic.”*.” lɑ l.a*. vaɪ. ˈminˌwaɪl, ɪkˈspɛkt səʧ kɑm ɪn ðə ˈhɑliˌwʊd hɪlz. ˈhævɪŋ bɪn ləld baɪ ɔl ðɪs, ju meɪ faɪnd ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈdrɪftɪŋ θru ðə əv ˈhɑliˌwʊd ɔn ə ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt, ˈbæfəld baɪ ðə roads’*’ twɪsts ənd tərnz, traɪɪŋ tɪ ˌɪgˈnɔr ðə g.p.s*. ɛz ɪt gɪts mɔr ənd mɔr ˌɪnˈsɪstənt. (““recalculating*. riˈkælkjəˌleɪtɪŋ. riˈkælkjəˌleɪtɪŋ. tərn lɛft æt ˈsənˌsɛt draɪv. tərn lɛft æt ˈsənˌsɛt drive.”*.”) ðə roʊdz hir ər laɪk sneɪlz, ˈspaɪrəlɪŋ əraʊnd. ɛz ju draɪv əˈlɔŋ, ˈwəndərɪŋ wɛr ðə hɛl tɪ tərn, ə kɑr meɪ rəʃ əˈpɑn ju, hɔŋk əˈkjuzɪŋli, ənd pæs ju ˈdeɪnʤərəsli ɔn ə tərn, ˈoʊnli tɪ pʊl ˈɪntu ə ˈdraɪvˌweɪ tu ˈhaʊsɪz əp. bi priˈpɛrd, ˈistərnərz: l.a*. ˈtræfɪk ɪz kɑm ɪkˈsɛpt ɪn ðə ˈhɑliˌwʊd ənd ˈbɛvərli hɪlz, wɪʧ ər ˈaɪləndz əv ˈsutəbli ist koʊst ˌɪmˈpeɪʃəns əˈməŋ ðə ˈplæsɪd si əv ðə rɛst əv l.a*. gɪt ˈoʊvər ðə rɪˈlækst ɔl ðət ˈmɛdɪkəl ˌmɛrəˈwɑnə ɪn ðə ɛr, ər ðə ˈvɛgən ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl (tu tɪ teɪk ə wɔk, ənd ˈriəˌlaɪz ðət noʊ wən ɛls, laɪk ju, ɪz ˈwɔkɪŋ ˈhəridli daʊn ðə strit, ɑrmz əˈkɪmˌboʊ, ɛz ɪf ðeɪ ˈrɪli hæv tɪ gɪt ˈsəmˌwɛr; ðeɪ stroʊl ˌɪnˈstɛd, ˈsəkɪŋ daʊn ə smoothie*, ˈjoʊgə mæt ˈəndər ðə ɑrm. ɔn ðə ist saɪd, wɛr aɪ lɪv, laɪf ɪz ˈlæŋgwəd ənd fʊl əv ðə saʊnz əv ˈbɑrkɪŋ dɔgz. əˈbaʊnd, ənd chihuahuas*. brɪŋ jʊr ˈɪrˌpləgz ɪf ju wɪʃ tɪ hæv ə ˈpisfəl wɔk θru ðə strits, ər, ɪf ju prɪˈfər, teɪk səm ˈtræŋkwəˌlaɪzərz, soʊ ðə dɔgz, ˈrɛdi fər səm dɪˈvərʒən tɪ gɪv ðɛm ə sɛns əv ˈpərpəs, meɪk ju ʤəmp aʊt əv jʊr skɪn. wən deɪ, ˈwərkɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈkɔfi ʃɑp nɪr maɪ hoʊm, aɪ ˈoʊvərˈhərd ə gaɪ ˈtɔkɪŋ tɪ ə gərl hi wɑz traɪɪŋ tɪ ˌɪmˈprɛs. ““yeah*, ˈleɪtli, ʤɪst traɪɪŋ tɪ bɪˈkəm ˈkɑnʃəsli conscious,”*,” hi sɛd. ʃʊd traɪ ɪt. ju noʊ, wɪn ju gɪt ˈæʤəˌteɪtəd baɪ səm wərk ʃɪt, ər wɪn ðət ˈwʊmən frəm skul ɪz ˈbɑðərɪŋ ju, ju hæv tɪ æsk wət kaɪnd əv ˌɑpərˈtunəti laɪz hir. ɔl əˈbaʊt biɪŋ ˈkɑnʃəsli ˈkɑnʃəs. ðə ril goal.”*.” aɪ bɪˈgæn ˌɪˈmæʤənɪŋ ɔl əv ˈjuˈɛs ˌənˈkɑnʃəsli ˈkɑnʃəs ˈpipəl ɛz ə kaɪnd əv kəˈlɛktɪv ˈzɑmbi laɪf, ˈwɑndərɪŋ əraʊnd wɪθ ɑr aɪz krɔst ənd ˈbɑdiz ˈdrupɪŋ, ˈoʊnli tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz ðɪs wɑz ˈprɑbəˌbli ɪgˈzæktli haʊ hi θɔt ðə rɛst əv ˈjuˈɛs wər ˈlɪvɪŋ. ənˈlaɪk nu jɔrk, ˌfɪləˈsɑfɪkəl ˈdɪfərənsɪz əˈbaʊnd hir: ə frɛnd toʊld mi əˈbaʊt ə ˈbərθˌdeɪ ˈpɑrti wɛr ðə hoʊst ˈnɪrli keɪm tɪ bloʊz wɪθ ə ˈfiˌmeɪl gɛst; ɪt tərnd aʊt ʃi wɑz ə ˌsaɪənˈtɑləʤəst, ənd wɔnt ˈɛni ˈkreɪzi here.”*.” ɪt juzd tɪ bi ðə keɪs ðət l.a*. simd ˈətərli ˈdɪfərənt frəm ˈistərn ˈsɪtiz ɪn wən ˈkruʃəl weɪ: ɪt wɑz ɔˈrɛdi ˈhɔntɪŋli əˌpɑkəˈlɪptɪk, ə pleɪs əv stip hɪlz, dip ˈkænjənz, ˈtɛrəbəl ˈərθkˌweɪks, ənd wɪndz ˈbɛrɪŋ pluˈtoʊniəm frəm ʤəˈpæn. ðə fərst mənθ aɪ lɪvd hir aɪ ɪn maɪ bɛd æt naɪt ɛz ðə ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptərz pæst ˈoʊvər, ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ðɛr wɑz ən ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈsɪriz əv manhunts*. (ənd ðɛr wɑz, fər ə ˈdɔrnər wɑz ɔn ðə lus.) wən deɪ, aɪ toʊld ə wɛst koʊst frɛnd əˈbaʊt maɪ ənd hi lʊkt æt mi laɪk aɪ wɑz sloʊ, ðɛn sɛd, ˈkɛrfəli, ˈtræfɪk helicopters.”*.” ˌwəˈtɛvər ðoʊz ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptərz ər, ðeɪ gɪv l.a*. ðə fil əv biɪŋ ˈkɑnstəntli ˈəndər siʤ, ðə weɪ ðə kaɪˈoʊtis ðət haʊl daʊn ɪn ðə rəˈvin du, ðə weɪ ðə ˈwaɪldˌfaɪərz, ˈɪʧɪŋ ˈɪntu fleɪm ɛz sun ɛz ðə θərˈmɑmətər ˈraɪzɪz, du. wən deɪ læst wik, ðə smoʊk ɪn ˈglɛnˌdeɪl wɑz soʊ θɪk ðət əˈθɔrətiz ʃət daʊn ðə ˈhaɪˌweɪ aɪ juz tɪ gɪt hoʊm frəm wərk. stɪl hæv ə ˈdɛspərɪt, ˈdeɪnʤərəs ɛʤ: wət ju gɪt ˈlɪvɪŋ ɔn ə ʤaɪənt fɔlt baɪ ðə ˈoʊʃən. bət strək, ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ðɪs taɪm, baɪ haʊ əˌpɑkəˈlɪptɪk ɪˈkɑləʤi noʊ ˈlɔŋgər filz ˌæbsəˈlutli ˈfɔrən. sɪns 2001 ðət ˈsaɪənsˌfɪkʃən ˈfilɪŋ həz ˈmaɪˌgreɪtɪd ˈistwərd. læst fɔl, ˈsændi droʊv hoʊm tɪ ɔl əv ˈjuˈɛs ðə ˈfɑli ənd ˌɪmˈpɛrəld grænˈdur əv ɑr ˈaɪlənd ɪgˈzɪstəns, wɪθ ɪts ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd ˈflədɪŋ ənd wɪndz. ɪn mɑrʧ, aɪ tʊk maɪ wən trɪp bæk ˈbɔstən, wɛr aɪ steɪd ɪn ə hoʊˈtɛl ʤɪst jɑrdz əˈweɪ frəm wɛr ðə fərst ˈmɛrəˌθɑn ˈbɑmɪŋ wʊd əˈkər ə fju wiks ˈleɪtər wɔʧt ˈɪmɪʤɪz əv deɪzd biɪŋ ˈɪntərvˌjud ənd down.”*.” ˈgɪvɪn ɔl ðɪs, sʊt ˈreɪnɪŋ daʊn frəm ə skaɪ əv sən simz ˈrɛlətɪvli ˈnɔrməl: ə kaɪnd əv pəˈθɛtɪk ˈfæləsi fər ɑr climate-changing*, ˈɪrə. mɪs ɪt. ðə ˈəðər naɪt, aɪ droʊv hoʊm ɪn ðə fɔg frəm ə ˈskrinɪŋ əv ən oʊld ˈdeɪvɪd oʊ. ˈrəsəl ˈmuvi æt ðə nu ˈbɛvərli ˈsɪnəmə. ɪn ðə mɪst ɔn ˈbɛvərli ˈbʊləˌvɑrd, ðə pɑm triz stʊd aʊt laɪk streɪnʤ ˈlɑliˌpɑps, ðə swits əv ə priˈkɛriəs candyland*. ˈfoʊtəˌgræf baɪ brus

a parlor game played by pretty much any new yorker temporarily living in los angeles: a running tally of “how they’re different.” after spending four months in the land of kale chips, sunshine, and helicopters, my list is almost entirely consumed by thoughts about driving. no. 1 (subjective, of course): angelenos are terrible drivers compared to new yorkers. they’re far too patient, calm, and forgiving—which is baffling to the east coaster who finds herself sitting in the car many more hours of the week than in manhattan. after all, shouldn’t these extra hours in the car just make everyone tenser, more impatient—more likely to gun through the yellow light, honk indiscriminately? no, here in l.a., drivers peacefully wait for you to look up (from your smart phone, most likely) and notice the left-hand signal is green. once you do, you can take your time, inching forward like a glowworm. it’s fine if only one car gets through per green arrow. no one seems to care. and as for intersections without a left-turn arrow—and this is truly confusing—drivers don’t bother to creep into the intersection. they wait, like sedated animals, back at the light. one day during my first month here, i eased into the intersection, ready to blaze through a brief gap in the oncoming traffic—only to notice that the car trying to make a left from the oncoming side was still hanging back at the light. i consulted a fellow new york transplant to confirm that i understood the rules of driving. “yes,” he said, “you understand them. but no one inches out here! it’s maddening. my response is to overcompensate—till i realize in the way of the oncoming traffic.” c’est la l.a. vie. meanwhile, don’t expect such calm in the hollywood hills. having been lulled by all this, you may find yourself drifting languidly through the undulations of hollywood on a saturday night, baffled by the roads’ twists and turns, trying to ignore the g.p.s. as it gets more and more insistent. (“recalculating. recalculating. recalculating. turn left at sunset drive. turn left at sunset drive.”) the roads here are like snails, spiralling around. as you drive along, wondering where the hell to turn, a car may rush upon you, honk accusingly, and pass you dangerously on a turn, only to pull into a driveway two houses up. be prepared, easterners: l.a. traffic is calm except in the hollywood and beverly hills, which are islands of suitably east coast sclerotic impatience among the placid sea of the rest of l.a. get over the relaxed driving—perhaps it’s all that medical marijuana in the air, or the vegan lifestyle (too enervated to care?)—and take a walk, and you’ll realize that no one else, like you, is walking hurriedly down the street, arms akimbo, as if they really have to get somewhere; they stroll instead, sucking down a coconut-milk smoothie, yoga mat under the arm. on the east side, where i live, life is languid and full of the sounds of barking dogs. pitbulls abound, and chihuahuas. bring your earplugs if you wish to have a peaceful walk through the bougainvillea-covered streets, or, if you prefer, take some tranquilizers, so the dogs, ready for some diversion to give them a sense of purpose, don’t make you jump out of your skin. one day, working in the coffee shop near my home, i overheard a shaggy-haired guy talking to a girl he was trying to impress. “yeah, lately, just trying to become consciously conscious,” he said. “you should try it. you know, when you get agitated by some work shit, or when that woman from school is bothering you, you have to ask what kind of opportunity lies here. it’s all about being consciously conscious. that’s the real goal.” i childishly began imagining all of us unconsciously conscious people as a kind of collective zombie life, wandering around with our eyes crossed and bodies drooping, only to realize this was probably exactly how he thought the rest of us were living. unlike new york, philosophical differences abound here: a friend told me about a birthday party where the host nearly came to blows with a female guest; it turned out she was a scientologist, and “he didn’t want any crazy here.” it used to be the case that l.a. seemed utterly different from eastern cities in one crucial way: it was already hauntingly apocalyptic, a place of steep hills, deep predator-filled canyons, terrible earthquakes, and winds bearing plutonium from japan. the first month i lived here i cowered in my bed at night as the helicopters passed over, thinking there was an ongoing series of manhunts. (and there was, for a while—christopher dorner was on the loose.) one day, i told a west coast friend about my night-terror and he looked at me like i was slow, then said, carefully, “they’re traffic helicopters.” whatever those helicopters are, they give l.a. the feel of being constantly under siege, the way the coyotes that howl down in the ravine do, the way the wildfires, itching into flame as soon as the thermometer rises, do. one day last week, the smoke in glendale was so thick that authorities shut down the highway i use to get home from work. california’s monumentalities still have a desperate, dangerous edge: it’s what you get living on a giant fault by the ocean. but struck, visiting this time, by how california’s apocalyptic ecology no longer feels absolutely foreign. since 2001, that science-fiction feeling has migrated eastward. last fall, sandy drove home to all of us the folly and imperiled grandeur of our island existence, with its unprecedented flooding and winds. in march, i took my one trip back east—to boston, where i stayed in a hotel just yards away from where the first marathon bombing would occur a few weeks later—and later watched images of dazed bostonites being interviewed and “locked down.” given all this, l.a.’s soot raining down from a sky of sun seems relatively normal: a kind of pathetic fallacy for our climate-changing, end-days era. i’ll miss it. the other night, i drove home in the fog from a screening of an old david o. russell movie at the new beverly cinema. in the mist on beverly boulevard, the palm trees stood out like strange lollipops, the sweets of a precarious candyland. photograph by bruce davidson/magnum

fər səm ˈʃɑpərz ɪn ˈlɪkər stɔr aɪəlz ˈtuzˌdeɪ, ɪt wɑz ə ˈmoʊmənt tɪ toʊst ðə ɛnd əv ðə bæn ɔn ˈsənˌdi ˈriˌteɪl ˈælkəˌhɑl seɪlz. gəv. mɑrk ˈdeɪtən saɪnd ə bɪl ˈtuzˌdeɪ ðət ɛndz ðə bæn ðɪs ˈsəmər. ɪf ðeɪ ʧuz tɪ du soʊ, ˈlɪkər stɔrz wɪl ˈoʊpən fər ðə fərst taɪm ɪn ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə steɪt ˈhɪstəri ɔn ˈsənˌdi, ˌʤuˈlaɪ 2 nu lɔ rɪˈflɛkts ðə dɪˈzaɪərz əv moʊst ˈpipəl ɪn ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə, hu hæv meɪd ɪt klɪr tɪ ðɛr ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtərz ðət ðeɪ wɔnt tɪ hæv ðɪs əˈdɪʃənəl option,”*,” ˈdeɪtən sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt. ðə bɪl pæst boʊθ ˈʧeɪmbərz əv ðə ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪʧər læst wik wɪθ baɪˈpɑrtɪzən səˈpɔrt. ɪz ə gʊd thing,”*,” sɛd əˈmændə əv ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs ɛz ʃi ʃɑpt fər bɪr ənd waɪn æt ˈlɪkər ənd ʧiz ʃɑp. wɪθ ðə bæn ɪn pleɪs, sɛd ðoʊz hu laɪk tɪ drɪŋk ˈælkəˌhɑl waɪl ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈsənˌdi spɔrts ˈiðər hæv tɪ plæn əˈhɛd tɪ baɪ ðɛr buz, hɛd tɪ ə bɑr ər ˈtrævəl tɪ wɪˈskɑnsən, wɛr ˈsənˌdi seɪlz ər ˈligəl. ˈtɛrəbəl æt ˈplænɪŋ ahead,”*,” ʃi sɛd. biɪŋ ˈeɪbəl tɪ baɪ ˈlɪkər ɔn ˈsənˌdi ɪn ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ˈlaɪkli wɪl min ˈlɪmət moʊst əv hər wɪˈskɑnsən ˈlɪkər stɔr trɪps tɪ ðoʊz deɪz ʃi kreɪvz ðə wɪˈskɑnsən bru ˈspɑtɪd kaʊ. ðə ˈsənˌdi bæn ə ˈsɪli thing,”*,” sɛd su əv st*. pɔl. pæst ɪts time.”*.” fər jɪrz, ʃi sɛd, ɪt mɛnt ˈhævɪŋ tɪ meɪk du wɪθ bɪr bɪˈkəz ðə bɪr wɑz ðə ˈoʊnli θɪŋ əˈveɪləbəl ɪf ə ˈsənˌdi ˈpɑrti pɑpt əp. ““or*, ju wʊd drɪŋk wət wɑz lɛft ˈoʊvər frəm saturday,”*,” ʃi sɛd. ˈstændɪŋ ˈnɪrˈbaɪ, ˈhoʊldɪŋ ə ˈbɑtəl əv ˈpɔrʧəˌgiz waɪn, keɪt məkˈnəlti, 66 əv st*. pɔl, sɛd noʊ ˈlɔŋgər əv ðə eɪʤ wɛr filz ““compelled”*” tɪ baɪ ˈlɪkər ɔn ˈsənˌdi. bət, ʃi ˈædɪd, ɪt wɪl bi nis ðət ʃi kən. wɔnt tɪ gɪt wət ju nid wɪn ju nid it,”*,” ʃi sɛd, ˈlæfɪŋ. ðə nu lɔ əˈlaʊz ˈlɪkər ˈriˌteɪlərz tɪ bi ˈoʊpən ˈsənˌdiz frəm 11 a.m*. tɪ 6 p.m*. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈsɪtiz meɪ pæs ən ˈɔrdənəns tɪ kip ˈlɪkər stɔrz kloʊzd ɔn ˈsənˌdiz. ɪn taɪm fər ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns deɪ, ˌmɪnəˈsoʊtənz wɪl hæv ðə ˈfridəm tɪ baɪ bɪr ənd waɪn ɔn sunday,”*,” sɛd haʊs ˈspikər kərt, r-crown*, ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt riˈlist ˈtuzˌdeɪ. əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ʧif ˈɔθər rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. lun, ˈprɛri wɑz ə ˈkruʃəl pleɪər ɪn ðə ˈræpɪd rɪˈvərsəl frəm ˈrisənt jɪrz wɪn ˈɛfərts tɪ ˈligəˌlaɪz ˈsənˌdi ˈlɪkər seɪlz feɪld tɪ lɔnʧ. wər ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnstrəˈmɛnəl ɪn ˈflɪpɪŋ ðə ˈɪʃu. ˈwɪnɪŋ ɔn ˈsənˌdi seɪlz gɪvz ə ˈbəzi ˈɪʃu goʊɪŋ ˈɪntu ə pəˈtɛnʃəl 2018 rən fər ˈgəvərnər. ðə ˈɛfərt tɪ ənˈdu ðə ˈsənˌdi bæn feɪst ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən frəm səm stɔr ˈoʊnərz, bɪr dɪˈstrɪbjətərz ənd ðə ˈtimstərz ˈjunjən, bət ɪt gɑt nu moʊˈmɛntəm ðɪs jɪr frəm nu ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz rɪˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ ˌoʊvərˈwɛlmɪŋ ˈpəblɪk səˈpɔrt. səm kənˈsumərz ər ˈhoʊpɪŋ ðɪs wɪl lɛd ðə weɪ tɪ əˈlaʊɪŋ ˈælkəˌhɑl seɪlz ɪn ˈgroʊsəri stɔrz. gʊd wɪθ biɪŋ ˈeɪbəl tɪ baɪ ˈlɪkər ɔn ˈsənˌdiz, bət mɔr ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈhævɪŋ ɪt ɪn ˈgroʊsəri stores,”*,” sɛd əv ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs. wʊd bi convenient.”*.” wɪθ ˈlɪkər ɪn hænd æt, ə fju ˈkəstəmərz laɪk ˈkɛli ˈlətgən əv ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs ɪkˈsprɛst kənˈsərn ðət ðə lɔ maɪt hərt sˈmɔlər ˈbɪznɪsɪz ðət wɪl naʊ fil ˈprɛʃərd tɪ bi ˈoʊpən ˈsɛvən deɪz ə wik tɪ kəmˈpit wɪθ ˈlɪkər stɔrz laɪk ˈtoʊtəl waɪn mɔr. wɪl bi ə reɪs tɪ ðə bottom,”*,” sɛd ˈdɛrɪk schluender*, ə ˈlɪˌbərəl hu əˈpoʊzd ˈdrɑpɪŋ ðə ˈsənˌdi bæn bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˌɪmˈpækt ɪt maɪt hæv ɔn ˈwərkərz ənd stɔrz ˈɪntu ˈhaɪpər competition.”*.” wəns ðə bæn ɪz ˈlɪftɪd, hi ədˈmɪts hi ˈlaɪkli wɪl bi ɪn ˈlɪkər stɔrz ɔn səm ˈsənˌdiz. nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ teɪk ə ˈmɔrəl stænd here.”*.” ˈəðərz meɪ faɪnd ɪt hɑrd tɪ breɪk frəm trəˈdɪʃən ənd stɪl wɪl baɪ ðɛr ˈlɪkər baɪ ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ. groʊn əp noʊɪŋ aɪ baɪ ɔn ˈsənˌdi soʊ aɪ ˈɔlˌweɪz plænd accordingly,”*,” ʤeɪk ˈkərkgɪsnər əv ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs sɛd ɛz hi stʊd ɪn ðə ˈʧɛˌkaʊt laɪn wɪθ ˈbɑtəlz əv waɪn ənd bɪr. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, ɛz ˈɛmɪli əv ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs ˈsæmpəld waɪn wɪθ hər ˈsɪstər, ˈlɪndzi, ʃi sɛd, gɛs aɪ lɪv laɪk ən ˈædəlt ənd aɪ ˈɔlˌweɪz hæv ɪˈnəf buz fər ðə weekend.”*.” ɛz ən ɪmˈplɔɪi æt əˈnəðər ˈlɪkər stɔr kɔrk ˈɛmɪli θrɪld ðət ʃi maɪt hæv tɪ wərk ɔn ˈsənˌdiz. ɛz ə kənˈsumər, ʃi ˌəndərˈstændz ðə əˈpil, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ʃi dəˈbeɪtɪd ðə ˈmɛrɪts əv ðə lɔ ɛz ʃi ənd hər ˈsɪstər swərld ðə rɛd waɪn ɪn ðɛr ˈglæsɪz. nɑt biɪŋ əˈlaʊd tɪ baɪ ˈlɪkər ɔn ˈsənˌdi filz laɪk ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə ɪz biɪŋ ““paternalistic,”*,” ˈlɪndzi ˈɑrgjud. ʃi lɪvd ɪn wɪˈskɑnsən fər ə taɪm ənd ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət ˈsənˌdi ˈlɪkər seɪlz wər nɑt ““doomsday”*” fər smɔl ˈbɪznɪsɪz. wɪl fɪt ˈbɛtər ɪn maɪ life,”*,” ʃi sɛd.

for some shoppers in liquor store aisles tuesday, it was a moment to toast the end of the ban on sunday retail alcohol sales. gov. mark dayton signed a bill tuesday that ends the ban this summer. if they choose to do so, liquor stores will open for the first time in minnesota state history on sunday, july 2. “this new law reflects the desires of most people in minnesota, who have made it clear to their legislators that they want to have this additional option,” dayton said in a statement. the bill passed both chambers of the legislature last week with bipartisan support. “this is a good thing,” said amanda dybedahl of minneapolis as she shopped for beer and wine at surdyk’s liquor and cheese shop. with the ban in place, dybedahl said those who like to drink alcohol while watching sunday sports either have to plan ahead to buy their booze, head to a bar or travel to wisconsin, where sunday sales are legal. “i’m terrible at planning ahead,” she said. being able to buy liquor on sunday in minnesota likely will mean she’ll limit most of her wisconsin liquor store trips to those days she craves the wisconsin brew spotted cow. the sunday ban “is a silly thing,” said sue krivit of st. paul. “it’s past its time.” for years, she said, it meant having to make do with 3.2 beer because the lower-alcohol beer was the only thing available if a sunday party popped up. “or, you would drink what was left over from saturday,” she said. standing nearby, holding a bottle of portuguese wine, kate mcnulty, 66, of st. paul, said she’s no longer of the age where she’s feels “compelled” to buy liquor on sunday. but, she added, it will be nice that she can. “you want to get what you need when you need it,” she said, laughing. the new law allows liquor retailers to be open sundays from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. however, cities may pass an ordinance to keep liquor stores closed on sundays. “just in time for independence day, minnesotans will have the freedom to buy beer and wine on sunday,” said house speaker kurt daudt, r-crown, in a statement released tuesday. daudt — along with chief author rep. jenifer loon, r-eden prairie — was a crucial player in the rapid reversal from recent years when efforts to legalize sunday liquor sales failed to launch. metro-area dflers were also instrumental in flipping the issue. winning on sunday salesves daudt a buzzy issue going into a potential 2018 run for governor. the yearslong effort to undo the sunday ban faced opposition from some store owners, beer distributors and the teamsters union, but it got new momentum this year from new lawmakers responding to overwhelming public support. some consumers are hoping this will lead the way to allowing alcohol sales in grocery stores. “i’m good with being able to buy liquor on sundays, but i’m more interested in having it in grocery stores,” said sedna cedarstone of minneapolis. “it would be convenient.” with liquor in hand at surdyk’s, a few customers like kelly lutgen of minneapolis expressed concern that the law might hurt smaller businesses that will now feel pressured to be open seven days a week to compete with big-box liquor stores like total wine & more. “it will be a race to the bottom,” said derek schluender, a self-described liberal who opposed dropping the sunday ban because of the impact it might have on workers and stores “thrust into hyper competition.” once the ban is lifted, he admits he likely will be in liquor stores on some sundays. “i’m not going to take a moral stand here.” others may find it hard to break from tradition and still will buy their liquor by saturday. “i’ve grown up knowing i can’t buy on sunday so i always planned accordingly,” jake kirchgessner of minneapolis said as he stood in the checkout line with bottles of wine and beer. likewise, as emily beltt of minneapolis sampled wine with her sister, lindsey beltt, she said, “i guess i live like an adult and i always have enough booze for the weekend.” as an employee at another liquor store — cork dork — emily beltt isn’t thrilled that she might have to work on sundays. as a consumer, she understands the appeal, although she debated the merits of the law as she and her sister swirled the red wine in their glasses. not being allowed to buy liquor on sunday feels like minnesota is being “paternalistic,” lindsey beltt argued. she lived in wisconsin for a time and pointed out that sunday liquor sales were not “doomsday” for small businesses. “this will fit better in my life,” she said. patrick.coolican@startribune.com • 651-925-5042 marylynn.smith@startribune.com • 612-673-4788

dəˈbeɪtɪŋ ðə undebatable*: ðə klæʃ ɪksˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ vjuz ɔn ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst fər ˈsɛvərəl jɪrz naʊ, ʤuɪʃ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz hæv sɛd ðət tɪ dəˈbeɪt ðoʊz hu dɪˈspjut ðə sɪks ˈmɪljən ˈstɔri gɪvz lɪˈʤɪtəməsi tɪ ə vju ðət ɪz bɪɔnd ðə baʊndz əv ˈdisənt ˈpəblɪk ˈdɪskɔrs, ənd prəˈvaɪdz ə ˈfɔrəm fər "heɪt." ˈdɛbərə lipstadt*, ˈɔθər əv dɪˈnaɪɪŋ ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst, ˌɪnˈsɪsts ðət ðɛr ɪz nɑt ənd ˈkænɑt bi ə dəˈbeɪt ɔn ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst. ɪn ə fju ˈkəntriz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ fræns ənd ˈʤərməni, ðoʊz hu ɪkˈsprɛs ˈdɪsədɪnt vjuz ɔn ðɪs ˈɪʃu ər ˈtritɪd ɛz ˈkrɪmənəlz. ˈæˌkʧuəli, ðɛr hæv ɔˈrɛdi bɪn ə fju ˈskætərd ˈhɔləˌkɔst dəˈbeɪts. fər ˈsɛvərəl aʊərz ɪn ˈeɪprəl 1979 frɛnʧ prəˈfɛsər ˈrɑbərt dɪˈfɛndɪd hɪz riˈvɪʒənɪst vjuz əˈgɛnst ˈʧælənʤ baɪ ˈsɛvərəl "exterminationist*" hɪˈstɔriənz ɔn swɪs ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən. ðət seɪm jɪr ðə ˌɪˈtæljən ˈhɪstəri ˈʤərnəl ˈoʊpənd ɪts ˈpeɪʤɪz tɪ boʊθ ənd ˈskɑlərz tɪ ˈprɛzənt ðɛr kənˈflɪktɪŋ ˈɑrgjəmənts. (si ɑr., "ðə gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz: truθ ər laɪ?," ˈwɪntər 1981 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈnəθɪŋ ɔn ðɪs skeɪl həz soʊ fɑr bɪn ˈpɑsəbəl ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts, ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ˌæftərˈnun, ˌʤuˈlaɪ 22 1995 ə strɔŋ bim əv laɪt pɪrst ðə prɪˈveɪlɪŋ ˈblæˌkaʊt wɪn tu ˈskɑlərz skwɛrd ɔf ɪn ə dəˈbeɪt æt ə hoʊˈtɛl ɪn ˈkɔstɑ ˈmeɪsə, ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə. ˈmaɪkəl ˈʃərmər, ˈhɪstəri əv saɪəns əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt prəˈfɛsər æt ˌɑksəˈdɛntəl ˈkɑlɪʤ, ənd əv ˈskɛptɪk ˈmægəˌzin, mæʧt wɪts fər tu aʊərz wɪθ mɑrk ˈwɛbər, dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju, ənd ˈɛdɪtər əv ɪts ˈʤərnəl əv hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju. grɛg ˈreɪvən, ˈʤərnəl əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˈɛdɪtər, sərvd ɛz ˈɛmˈsi fər ðə ɪˈvɛnt, wɪʧ wɑz ˈspɑnsərd baɪ ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju, ənd ˌɪntrəˈdust ðə tu pɑrˈtɪsəpənts. iʧ ˈspikər dɪˈlɪvərd ə ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˌprɛzənˈteɪʃən, ˈfɑloʊd baɪ ə rɪˈbətəl. ə kˈwɛʃən ənd ˈænsər ˈpɪriəd kənˈkludɪd ðə ɪˈvɛnt. (ə ˈvɪdioʊˈteɪp əv ðɪs dəˈbeɪt ɪz əˈveɪləbəl frəm ðə stɔr.) ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri ɪn hɪz ˈoʊpənɪŋ ˌprɛzənˈteɪʃən, ˈwɛbər ɪkˈspleɪnd prɪˈsaɪsli wət riˈvɪʒənɪsts seɪ, ənd du nɑt seɪ, əˈbaʊt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈɪʃu. hi strɛst ðət ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri həz ʧeɪnʤd ˈdræstɪkli ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz. wət wi ər toʊld təˈdeɪ ɪz kwaɪt ˈdɪfərənt ðən ðə ˈstɔri ˈgɪvɪn æt ðə greɪt ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəl əv ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud: ˈmɛni ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən kleɪmz ðət wər wəns ˈwaɪdli ækˈsɛptɪd hæv bɪn kˈwaɪətli drɑpt ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ðə greɪt ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəl əv səˈpoʊzədli pruvd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz ˌsɪstəˈmætɪkli kɪld ˈpipəl ɪn gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz æt ˈdækaʊ, ˈbjukɛnˌwɑld ənd ˈəðər ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmps ɪn ˈʤərməni ˈprɑpər. ðət pɑrt əv ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri pruvd soʊ ənˈtɛnəbəl ðət ɪt wɑz əˈbændənd mɔr ðən tˈwɛnti jɪrz əˈgoʊ. ɛz ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, noʊ ˈsɪriəs hɪˈstɔriən naʊ səˈpɔrts ðə wəns səˈpoʊzədli ˈpruvən ˈstɔriz əv "ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən kæmps" ɪn ðə ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri əv ðə oʊld ˈʤərmən raɪk. ˈivɪn ˈsaɪmən ˈwizənˈθɑl, ðə ˈwɛlˈnoʊn "ˈnɑtsi ˈhəntər," ækˈnɑlɪʤd ɪn 1975 ənd əˈgɛn ɪn 1993 ðət, "ðɛr wər noʊ ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən kæmps ɔn ˈʤərmən sɔɪl." ðiz deɪz, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ˈprɑmənənt ˈhɔləˌkɔst hɪˈstɔriənz meɪnˈteɪn ðət lɑrʤ ˈnəmbərz əv ʤuz wər gæst æt ʤɪst sɪks kæmps ɪn wət ɪz naʊ ˈpoʊlənd: ˈɔʃwɪts (ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈbərkənaʊ),, trɛˈblɪŋkər, soʊˈbɪbɔr, ənd. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld "ˈɛvədəns" pərˈzɛnəd fər æt ðiz sɪks kæmps ɪz nɑt kˌwɑləˈteɪtɪvli ˈdɪfərənt ðən ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld "ˈɛvədəns" fər əˈlɛʤd æt ðə kæmps ɪn ˈʤərməni. æt ðə greɪt ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəl, ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, ðə ˈælaɪz ʧɑrʤd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz hæd ˈmərdərd wən ənd ə hæf ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl ɪn ðə kæmp əˈloʊn. ɪn ðə ˈdɛkeɪdz ðət ˈfɑloʊd, ðɪs ʧɑrʤ wɑz ˈwaɪdli rɪˈpitɪd. təˈdeɪ noʊ wən bɪˈlivz ɪt. ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn ˈɔʃwɪts ˈwɛbər ənd ˈʃərmər iʧ dɪˈvoʊtɪd kənˈsɪdərəbəl əˈtɛnʃən tɪ ðə əˈlɛʤd gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ənd əˈspɛʃəli, ðə ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn əv ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri. æt ðə ˈnʊrəmbərg trəˈbjunəl, ənd fər ˈdɛkeɪdz ˈæftərwərdz, ɪt wɑz ˌjunəˈvərsəli əˈlɛʤd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz kɪld fɔr ˈmɪljən ˈprɪzənərz æt ˈɔʃwɪts əˈloʊn. ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz, ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, ðɪs ˈfɪgjər həz bɪn ˈdræstɪkli rɪˈvaɪzd ˈdaʊnwərdz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈprɑmənənt frɛnʧ ˈhɔləˌkɔst hɪˈstɔriən həz ˈrisəntli ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ðət ˈpərsənz, əv hum wər ʤuz, ˈpɛrɪʃt æt ˈɔʃwɪts. waɪl ˈivɪn səʧ loʊər ˈfɪgjərz ər ˌɪnkərˈɛkt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ðeɪ ʃoʊ haʊ ðə ˈɔʃwɪts ˈstɔri həz ʧeɪnʤd ˈdræstɪkli ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz. ˈmaɪkəl ˈʃərmər, əv "ˈskɛptɪk" ˈmægəˌzin, ˈæˈdrɛsɪz ðə ˈmitɪŋ. bleɪm fər ðə ˈwaɪldli ɪgˈzæʤərˌeɪtɪd fɔr ˈmɪljən ˈfɪgjər ɪz təˈdeɪ pɪnd ɪn ðə poʊlz ər ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛts. "wət ɪz ruˈtinli səˈprɛst," sɛd ˈwɛbər, ɪz ðə fækt ðət ðə fɔr ˈmɪljən ˈɔʃwɪts ˈfɪgjər wɑz nɑt ˈoʊnli prəˈmoʊtəd baɪ ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛts, bət əˈfɪʃəli ɛnˈdɔrst baɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ənd ˈbrɪtən, ˈnoʊtəbli æt ðə ˈnʊrəmbərg trəˈbjunəl, ənd wɑz ˈwaɪdli ənd ənˈkrɪtɪkəli rɪˈpitɪd ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈmidiə ənd ˈmeɪʤər ˈrɛfərəns wərks. wən ˈdɑkjəmɛnt ðət ɪz ˈkɑnstəntli ˈsaɪtɪd ɛz ki ˈɛvədəns fər ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ɪz ðə ˈpoʊstˈwɔr "kənˈfɛʃən" əv ˈɔʃwɪts ˌkɑmənˈdɑnt ˈruˌdɑlf. ɪn hɪz ˈsteɪtmənt əv ˈeɪprəl 5 1946 wɪʧ wɑz səbˈmɪtəd baɪ ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən æt ðə meɪn ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəl, səˈpoʊzədli "kənˈfɛst" tɪ ˈkɪlɪŋ tu ənd hæf ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl æt ˈɔʃwɪts bɪtˈwin 1940 ənd dɪˈsɛmbər 1943 (hi kleɪmd ðət əˈnəðər hæf ˈmɪljən səˈkəmd tɪ stɑrˈveɪʃən ənd dɪˈziz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs ˈpɪriəd.) bət ɪf fɑr fjuər ðən tu ˈmɪljən daɪd æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ɛz ɪz naʊ əˈfɪʃəli kənˈsidɪd ɪn ˈɪzriəl ənd ˈpoʊlənd, ðə "kənˈfɛʃən" ɪz ˌɪmˈplɪsətli ˈfrɔʤələnt. ɪn fækt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, wi naʊ noʊ ðət ðɪs "kənˈfɛʃən," ɛz wɛl ɛz' ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəl ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni, ər nɑt ˈoʊnli dɪˈmɑnstrəbli fɔls ɔn ˈkruʃəl pɔɪnts, bət wər əbˈteɪnd baɪ ˈtɔrʧər. (si: ˈrupərt ˈbətlər, ˈliʤənz əv dɛθ [ˈɪŋglənd: 1983 pp*. 235ff*.; ɑr., "haʊ ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ əbˈteɪnd ðə kənˈfɛʃənz əv ˈruˌdɑlf," ˈwɪntər ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ɪn spaɪt əv ðə ˈdræstɪk ˈdaʊnwərd riˈvɪʒənz ɪn ðə wəns səˈpoʊzədli əˈθɔrəˌteɪtɪv dɛθ toʊlz fər ˈɔʃwɪts ənd, sɛd ˈwɛbər, noʊ hɪˈstɔriən həz jɛt hæd ðə kərɪʤ tɪ drɔ ðə "ˈrəðər ˈɑbviəs kənˈkluʒən ðət ðə ˈlɛʤənˌdɛri sɪks ˈmɪljən ˈfɪgjər ˈkænɑt ˈpɑsəbli bi kərˈɛkt." fər ðə taɪm biɪŋ, ˈɛniˌweɪ, ɪt ɪz stɪl ˈtritɪd wɪθ ˈrɛvərəns. ˈwɛbər ˈsaɪtɪd dɪˈteɪld ˈɛriəl ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs əv ˈɔʃwɪts ˈteɪkən baɪ ˈæˌlaɪd riˈkɑnəsəns ˈɛrˌkræft ɔn ˈsɛvərəl ˈrændəm deɪz ɪn 1944 ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə haɪt əv ðə əˈlɛʤd ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈpɪriəd ðɛr. ðiz ˈfoʊtəˌgræfs, wɪʧ wər fərst meɪd ˈpəblɪk ɪn 1979 "ʃoʊ noʊ treɪs əv paɪlz əv ˈkɔrpsɪz, sˈmoʊkɪŋ ˈʧɪmniz ər ˈmæsɪz əv ʤuz əˈweɪtɪŋ dɛθ," ɔl əv wɪʧ hæv bɪn əˈlɛʤd, ənd wɪʧ wʊd hæv bɪn ˈvɪzəbəl ɪf ˈɔʃwɪts hæd ˌɪnˈdid bɪn ðə ˈɪnfəməs ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈsɛnər ɪt ɪz sɛd tɪ hæv bɪn. ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃənz ˈwɛbər spoʊk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈvɛriəs ˈɛkspərt rɪˈpɔrts ənd ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃənz ðət hæv bɪn meɪd əv ðə əˈlɛʤd ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz, əˈspɛʃəli æt. hi spoʊk fərst əˈbaʊt frɛd ənd hɪz ˈfɛbruˌɛri 1988 ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ˈbərkənaʊ ənd. ɪn swɔrn ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni ɪn ðə 1988 tərˈɑntoʊ traɪəl əv ərnst, ənd ɪn ə ˈtɛknɪkəl rɪˈpɔrt, dɪˈskraɪbd ˈɛvəri ˈæˌspɛkt əv hɪz ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz. prɪˈzɛntɪŋ ˈfoʊˌtoʊz əv ðə fəˈsɪlɪtiz, plænz, ʧɑrts ənd ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈdætə, hi ɪkˈspleɪnd hɪz ˈstɑrtlɪŋ kənˈkluʒən ðət ðə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ˈstɔri ɪz əbˈsərd ənd ˈfɪzɪkəli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl. ɪt ɪz wərθ ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət æt ðə taɪm wɑz ˈwaɪdli ækˈnɑlɪʤd ɛz əˈmɛrɪkəz ˈfɔrˌmoʊst ˌɛksəˈkjuʃən ˈhɑrdˌwɛr ˈspɛʃəlɪst. (si ðə ˈwɪntər ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˌɛnˈlɑrʤmənt əv ən ˈæˌlaɪd ˈɛriəl riˈkɑnəsəns ˈfoʊˌtoʊ əv, ˈteɪkən ɔn ˈɔgəst 25 1944 ɪt ʃoʊz noʊ treɪs əv paɪlz əv ˈkɔrpsɪz, sˈmoʊkɪŋ ˈʧɪmniz ər ˈmæsɪz əv ʤuz əˈweɪtɪŋ dɛθ. ə lɑrʤ əv ðɪs ˈfoʊtəˌgræf wɑz dɪˈspleɪd æt ðə dəˈbeɪt. ˈfaɪndɪŋz hæv bɪn əˌθɔrəˈteɪtɪvli kərˈɑbərˌeɪtɪd baɪ ə ˈmeɪʤər ˈpɑlɪʃ ˈrisərʧ ˈsɛnər, ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud. ðeɪ ˈprɑmptɪd ðə ˈɔʃwɪts steɪt mˈjuziəm, ən ˈeɪʤənsi əv ðə ˈpɑlɪʃ ˈgəvərnmənt, tɪ kəˈmɪʃən ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut əv ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ˈrisərʧ ɪn ˈkrɑkɑv tɪ ˈkɑndəkt ə ˈsɪmələr ˌfɔˈrɛnsɪk ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən. ɪn ə ˌkɑnfəˈdɛnʃəl rɪˈpɔrt ˈdeɪtɪd sɛpˈtɛmbər 24 1990 ðə ˈkrɑkɑv ˈɪnstɪˌtut kənˈfərmd ðət ɪts oʊn ˈfaɪndɪŋz ˈvɛri ˈkloʊsli mæʧ ðoʊz əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən gæs ˈʧeɪmbər ˈspɛʃəlɪst. (si ðə ˈsəmər 1991 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˈdɑktər. ˈwɪljəm ˈlɪndzi, ən əˈmɛrɪkən ˈrisərʧ ˈkɛmɪst ɪmˈplɔɪd fər 33 jɪrz baɪ ðə ˈdupɑnt ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən, ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz ˈpərsənəli ˌɪnˈspɛktɪd ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz, sɛd ˈwɛbər. ɪn ə 1985 kɔrt keɪs ˈlɪndzi ˈtɛstɪˌfaɪd ˈəndər oʊθ ðət ðə ˈɔʃwɪts ˈgæsɪŋ ˈstɔri ɪz ˈfɪzɪkəli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl. beɪst ɔn hɪz ˈkɛrfəl ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃən əv ðə əˈlɛʤd gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ˈbərkənaʊ ənd, ənd ɔn hɪz jɪrz əv ɪkˈspɪriəns, hi dɪˈklɛrd: "aɪ hæv kəm tɪ ðə kənˈkluʒən ðət noʊ wən wɑz ˈwɪlfəli ər ˈpərpəsfəli kɪld wɪθ bi [ˈhaɪdrəʤən ˈsaɪˌnaɪd] ɪn ðɪs ˈmænər. aɪ kənˈsɪdər ɪt ˌæbsəˈlutli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl." ˈsɪmələrli, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ə ˈlidɪŋ ˈɔstriən ˈɛnʤəˈnɪr, ˈwɔltər lüftl*, dɪˈklɛrd ɪn mɑrʧ 1992 ðət ðə ˈstɔriz əv mæs ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən əv ʤuz ɪn gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz æt ˈɔʃwɪts ənd ər "ˈtɛknɪkəli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl." lüftl*, ə ˈɛnʤəˈnɪr, hɛdz ə lɑrʤ ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ fərm ɪn viˈɛnə. æt ðə taɪm hɪz rɪˈpɔrt wɑz meɪd ˈpəblɪk, hi wɑz ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ðə ˈɔstriən ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrz ˈʧeɪmbər, ə fɔr ˈθaʊzənd ˈmɛmbər prəˈfɛʃənəl əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən. (si ðə ˈwɪntər ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˈʤərmən ˈkɛmɪst ˈruˌdɑlf ˈsɪmələrli ˈpəblɪʃt ə dɪˈteɪld rɪˈpɔrt ɔn ðə səˈpoʊzd gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz əv ˈɔʃwɪts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈbərkənaʊ. hɪz 1993 rɪˈpɔrt, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ɪz beɪst ɔn ən ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən, ˈkɛmɪkəl æˈnælɪsɪs əv ˈsæmpəlz, ənd məˈtɪkjələs ˈrisərʧ. ˈruˌdɑlf, ə ˈsərtəˌfaɪd ˈkɛmɪst ənd ˈdɑktərəl ˈkænədɪt, wərkt æt ðə rɪˈnaʊnd mæks plæŋk ˈɪnstɪtut ˈrisərʧ ˈsɛnər ɪn ˈstətgərt. "fər ˈrizənz," ˈruˌdɑlf kənˈkludɪd, "ðə kleɪmd mæs wɪθ ˈæsəd ɪn ðə əˈlɛʤd 'gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz' ɪn ˈɔʃwɪts dɪd nɑt teɪk pleɪs ðə səˈpoʊzd fəˈsɪlɪtiz fər mæs ˈkɪlɪŋ ɪn ˈɔʃwɪts ənd ˈbərkənaʊ wər nɑt ˈsutəbəl fər ðɪs ˈpərpəs." 'stim ˈʧeɪmbərz' ənd 'ʤuɪʃ soʊp' ə ˈkæstɪŋ əv ðɪs "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" dɔr frəm ðə kæmp ɪn ˈpoʊlənd ɪz ɔn dɪˈspleɪ æt ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˈhɔləˌkɔst məˈmɔriəl mˈjuziəm ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, ˌdiˈsi. frɛnʧ ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈrisərʧər həz kənˈsidɪd ðət ðɪs "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ɪz ə frɔd. (si ðə sept.-oct*. 1993 "ˈʤərnəl," pi. 39 æt wən taɪm, ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, ɪt wɑz ˈsɪriəsli kleɪmd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz ɪkˈstərməˌneɪtɪd ʤuz wɪθ ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti ənd stim, ənd ðət ðeɪ ˌmænjəˈfækʧərd soʊp frəm ʤuɪʃ ˈkɔrpsɪz. æt ˈnʊrəmbərg, hi wɛnt ɔn, ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ʧɑrʤd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz kɪld ʤuz æt trɛˈblɪŋkər, nɑt ɪn gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz, ɛz ɪz naʊ kleɪmd, bət baɪ ˈstimɪŋ ðɛm tɪ dɛθ ɪn ˈsoʊˈkɔld "stim ˈʧeɪmbərz." ðiz bɪˈzɑr ˈstɔriz hæv ˈɔlsoʊ bɪn kˈwaɪətli əˈbændənd ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz. (si "trɛˈblɪŋkər," ˈsəmər 1992 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ɪn ˈeɪprəl 1990 ˌɪzˈreɪli hɪˈstɔriənz kənˈsidɪd ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz dɪd nɑt ˌmænjəˈfækʧər bɑrz əv soʊp frəm ðə ˈbɑdiz əv ˈmərdərd ʤuz ˈkɑntrɛri tɪ wət hæd bɪn əˈlɛʤd fər jɪrz ɪn ˈkaʊntləs ˌpɪriˈɑdɪkəlz ənd səˈpoʊzədli əˈθɔrəˌteɪtɪv ˈhɪstəri tɛksts. ɪf ðɪs ˈstɔri ɪz nɑt tru, wən maɪt ˈrizənəbli æsk, haʊ ðɛn dɪd ɪt ˈɛvər gɪt ˈstɑrtɪd? ˌɪzˈreɪli hɪˈstɔriən jəˈhudə baʊər hæd ə ˈrɛdi ˈænsər. hi ʧɑrʤd ðət ðə ˈnɑtsiz ˌɪnˈvɛntɪd ɪt. ɪn fækt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ðɪs ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈfeɪbəl wɑz fərst ˈwaɪdli ˈsərkjəˌleɪtɪd ɪn 1942 baɪ ðə wərld ʤuɪʃ ˈkɑŋgrəs, ənd əˈspɛʃəli baɪ ɪts ˈprɛzɪdənt, ˈræˌbaɪ ˈstivən ɛs. waɪz. æn fræŋk ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri ɪz ˈsupərˌfɪʃəli ˈplɔzəbəl, sɛd ˈwɛbər. ˈɛvriˌwən həz sin ðə hɔˈrɪfɪk ˈfoʊˌtoʊz əv dɛd ənd daɪɪŋ ˈɪnˌmeɪts ˈteɪkən æt, ənd ˈəðər ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmps wɪn ðeɪ wər ˈlɪˌbərˌeɪtɪd baɪ ˈbrɪtɪʃ ənd əˈmɛrɪkən ˈfɔrsɪz ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl wiks əv ðə wɔr ɪn ˈjʊrəp. ðiz ˈpipəl wər ənˈfɔrʧənət ˈvɪktɪmz, sɛd ˈwɛbər, nɑt əv ən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈproʊˌgræm, bət əv dɪˈziz ənd ˌmælnuˈtrɪʃən brɔt ɔn baɪ ðə kəmˈplit kəˈlæps əv ˈʤərməni ɪn ðə ˈfaɪnəl mənθs əv ðə wɔr. ɪn fækt, hi sɛd, ɪf ðɛr hæd bɪn ən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈproʊˌgræm, ðə ʤuz faʊnd baɪ ˈæˌlaɪd ˈfɔrsɪz æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə wɔr wʊd hæv lɔŋ sɪns bɪn kɪld. pərˈhæps ðə bɛst noʊn "ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈvɪktɪm" həz bɪn æn fræŋk, huz neɪm ɪz noʊn əraʊnd ðə wərld fər hər ˈfeɪməs ˈdaɪəri. hər feɪt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ɪz ˈtɪpɪkəl əv ˈmɛni ʤuz hu lɔst ðɛr lɪvz ɪn ˈʤərmən kæmps ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə wɔr. ðə gərl ənd hər ˈfɑðər, ˈɑˌtoʊ fræŋk, wər dɪˈpɔrtəd frəm ðə ˈnɛðərləndz tɪ ˈɔʃwɪts ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər 1944 ˈsɛvərəl wiks ˈleɪtər, ɪn ðə feɪs əv ðə ədˈvænsɪŋ ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈɑrmi, æn wɑz ɪˈvækjəˌweɪtɪd əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈmɛni ˈəðər ʤuz tɪ ðə kæmp, wɛr ʃi daɪd əv ˈtaɪfəs ɪn mɑrʧ 1945 hər ˈfɑðər keɪm daʊn wɪθ ˈtaɪfəs ɪn ˈɔʃwɪts ənd wɑz sɛnt tɪ ðə kæmp ˈhɑˌspɪtəl tɪ rɪˈkəvər. hi wɑz wən əv ˈθaʊzənz əv sɪk ənd ˈfibəl ʤuz hu wər lɛft bɪˈhaɪnd wɪn ðə ˈʤərmənz əˈbændənd ðə kæmp ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri 1945 ˈʃɔrtli ˌbiˈfɔr ɪt wɑz ˈoʊvərˌrən baɪ ðə ˈsoʊviˌɛts. hi daɪd ɪn sˈwɪtsərlənd ɪn 1980 ɪf ðə ˈʤərmən ˈpɑləsi hæd bɪn tɪ kɪl æn fræŋk, ˈniðər ʃi, nɔr hər ˈfɑðər ənd ˈsɪstər (əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈmɛni ˈəðər ʤuz), wʊd nɑt hæv "sərˈvaɪvd" ˈɔʃwɪts. "ɛz ˈtræʤɪk ɛz ɪt wɑz," sɛd ˈwɛbər, "ðɛr feɪt ˈkænɑt bi ˈrɛkənˌsaɪld wɪθ ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri." ˈɔrdər tɪ ðə kæmps æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ðə ˈælaɪz ˈkɑnfəˌskeɪtəd ə trɪˈmɛndəs kˈwɑntəti əv ˈʤərmən ˈdɑkjəmənts ˈdilɪŋ wɪθ ˈʤərməniz ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ʤuɪʃ ˈpɑləsi, wɪʧ wɑz ˈsəmˌtaɪmz rɪˈfərd tɪ ɛz ðə "ˈfaɪnəl səˈluʃən." "bət nɑt ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈʤərmən ˈdɑkjəmɛnt həz ˈɛvər bɪn faʊnd ðət ˈɔrdərz ər ˈivɪn rɪˈfərz tɪ ən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈproʊˌgræm," hi ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzd. "tɪ ðə ˈkɑntrɛri, ðə ˈdɑkjəmənts ˈklɪrli ʃoʊ ðət ðə ˈʤərmən 'ˈfaɪnəl səˈluʃən' ˈpɑləsi wɑz wən əv ˌɛməˈgreɪʃən ənd ˌdipɔrˈteɪʃən, nɑt ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən." mɔˈroʊvər, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ðɛr "ɪz noʊ ˌdɑkjəˈmɛnəri ˈɛvədəns ðət ˈeɪdɑlf ˈhɪtlər ˈɛvər geɪv ən ˈɔrdər tɪ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪt ðə ʤuz, ər ðət hi nu əv ˈɛni ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈproʊˌgræm." ˌɪnˈstɛd, ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud, "ðə ˈrɛkərd ʃoʊz ðət ðə ˈʤərmən ˈlidər ˈwɔntɪd ðə ʤuz tɪ liv ˈjʊrəp, baɪ ˌɛməˈgreɪʃən ɪf ˈpɑsəbəl ənd baɪ ˌdipɔrˈteɪʃən ɪf ˈnɛsəˌsɛri." ˈkɑntrɛri tɪ ðə ˈpɑpjələr ˌprɑpəˈgændə ˈɪmɪʤ, ðə ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈʤərmən əˈθɔrətiz wər kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ðə haɪ dɛθ reɪt ɪn ðə ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmps du tɪ dɪˈziz, ənd tʊk ˈmɛʒərz tɪ prɪˈvɛnt dɛθs əˈməŋ ðə ˈɪnˌmeɪts. ɪn ðɪs rɪˈgɑrd, ˈwɛbər kˈwoʊtɪd frəm ə dɪˈrɛktɪv ˈdeɪtɪd dɪˈsɛmbər 28 1942 frəm ðə hɛd əv ðə kæmp ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən ˈɔfəs tɪ ɔl ðə ˈʤərmən ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmps, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈɔʃwɪts. ɪt ˈʃɑrpli ˈkrɪtəˌsaɪzd ðə haɪ dɛθ reɪt əv ˈɪnˌmeɪts du tɪ dɪˈziz, ənd ˈɔrdərd ðət "kæmp fɪˈzɪʃənz məst juz ɔl minz æt ðɛr dɪˈspoʊzəl tɪ sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli rɪˈdus ðə dɛθ reɪt ɪn ðə ˈvɛriəs kæmps." ˈfərðərˌmɔr, ɪt ˈɔrdərd: "ðə kæmp ˈdɑktərz məst ˈsupərˌvaɪz mɔr ˈɔfən ðən ɪn ðə pæst ðə nuˈtrɪʃən əv ðə ˈprɪzənərz ənd, ɪn kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən wɪθ ðə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən, səbˈmɪt ˌɪmˈpruvmənt ˌrɛkəmənˈdeɪʃənz tɪ ðə kæmp ˈfaɪnəli, ðə dɪˈrɛktɪv strɛst, "ðə [ˈhɪmlər] həz ˈɔrdərd ðət ðə dɛθ reɪt ˌæbsəˈlutli məst bi rɪˈdust." 'sərˈvaɪvər ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni' mɑrk ˈwɛbər, dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju, meɪks ə pɔɪnt ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst dəˈbeɪt. hi rɪˈspɑndz tɪ kleɪmz meɪd ɪn "ðə ˈrɛkərd," ə ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən. ˈhɔləˌkɔst hɪˈstɔriənz rɪˈlaɪ ˈhɛvəli ɔn ˈsoʊˈkɔld "sərˈvaɪvər ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni," tɪ səˈpɔrt ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri. bət səʧ "ˈɛvədəns," ˈwɛbər sɛd, ɪz noʊˈtɔriəsli ˌənrɪˈlaɪəbəl. hi ˈsaɪtɪd ən ˈɑrtɪkəl baɪ ʤuɪʃ hɪˈstɔriən ˈsæmjul, hɪmˈsɛlf ə "sərˈvaɪvər" (ʤuɪʃ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈstədiz, ʤæn. 1950 "moʊst əv ðə ˈmɛmˌwɑrz ənd rɪˈpɔrts" əv "sərˈvaɪvərz," ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt, "ər fʊl əv prɪˈpɑstərəs verbosity*, ɪgˌzæʤərˈeɪʃən, drəˈmætɪk ˈifɛkts, ˌoʊvərˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd self-inflation*, philosophizing*, ˈlɪrɪˌsɪzəm, ənˈʧɛkt ˈrumərz, baɪəs, ˈpɑrtəzən əˈtæks ənd əˈpɑləˌʤiz." ɪn əˈdɪʃən, ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud, mɔr ðən tɛn ˈθaʊzənd əv ðə tˈwɛnti ˈθaʊzənd ˈsoʊˈkɔld "ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊniz" əv ʤuɪʃ "sərˈvaɪvərz" ɔn faɪl æt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈsɛnər ɪn ˈɪzriəl ər ˈɔlsoʊ ˌənrɪˈlaɪəbəl, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə frənt peɪʤ ˈɑrtɪkəl ðət əˈpɪrd ɪn ðə ʤərˈusələm poʊst ˈnuzˌpeɪpər əv ˈɔgəst 17th*, 1986 ðə rɪˈpɔrt kwoʊts krəˈkɔfski, ðə ˈɑrˌkaɪvz dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈgəvərnmənts ˈhɔləˌkɔst məˈmɔriəl ˈsɛnər, hu dɪˈklɛrd ðət "ˈoʊvər hæf əv ðə ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊniz frəm ˈhɔləˌkɔst sərˈvaɪvərz ɔn ˈrɛkərd æt ər 'ˌənrɪˈlaɪəbəl'." ɛz ə ˈfɛrli ˈtɪpɪkəl ɪgˈzæmpəl əv "ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs" gæs ˈʧeɪmbər ˈɛvədəns, ˈwɛbər kˈwoʊtɪd frəm ðə swɔrn ˈsteɪtmənt əv rɪˈʤinə biˈɑˌlɛk, ə ˈfɔrmər ˈɔʃwɪts ˈprɪzənər hu səˈpoʊzədli sərˈvaɪvd ə "ˈgæsɪŋ." (si hər ˈsteɪtmənt ɔn peɪʤ 32 ˈkɔlɪŋ ðɪs əˈkaʊnt "əbˈsərd" ənd "ˈludəkrəs," ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət hər dɪˈskrɪpʃən əv ə "ˈgæsɪŋ" ɪz wən ðət noʊ ˈsɪriəs hɪˈstɔriən təˈdeɪ wʊd ˈkrɛdɪt. dɪˌzɪnfərˈmeɪʃən ˈwɛbər tʊk ˈsɛvərəl ˈmɪnəts tɪ dil wɪθ kleɪmz pərˈzɛnəd ɪn wən əv ðə moʊst ˈwaɪdli dɪˈstrɪbjətəd ˈpisɪz əv ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˌprɑpəˈgændə. hi hɛld əp ə ˈkɑpi əv ðə ˈrɛkərd: ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪn ˈhɪstəri, ə ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ðə ˈzaɪənɪst lig əv bəˈneɪ brɪθ ðət pərˈpɔrts tɪ bi ə rɪˈlaɪəbəl əˈkaʊnt əv haʊ ˈjʊrəps ʤuz wər ˈtritɪd bɪtˈwin 1933 ənd 1945 əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈrɛkərd, sɛd ˈwɛbər, noʊ lɛs tu ˈmɪljən ʤuz wər kɪld æt trɛˈblɪŋkər əˈloʊn. bət ɪt dɪz nɑt kleɪm ðət ðə ˈvɪktɪmz wər ʃɑt ər gæst, wɪʧ ɪz ðə ˈʤɛnərəli ækˈsɛptɪd ˈstɔri ðiz deɪz, bət meɪnˈteɪnz ˌɪnˈstɛd ðət ðeɪ wər stimd tɪ dɛθ ə ˈstɔri noʊ ˈrɛpjətəbəl hɪˈstɔriən naʊ ækˈsɛpts. əˈnəðər ˈaɪtəm, ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud, tɛlz ˈridərz əˈbaʊt mæs ˈkɪlɪŋz æt ðə kæmp. ˈsaɪtɪŋ ən "ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs əˈkaʊnt," ðə ˈrɛkərd rɪˈpɔrts ðət ʤuz wər pʊt tɪ dɛθ ðɛr, nɑt baɪ ˈgæsɪŋ, bət baɪ ðɛm ɪn ə ˈspɛʃəl haɪˈdrɔlɪk ˌɪˌlɛktrəˈkjuʃən dɪˈvaɪs. ðɪs ɪz jɛt əˈnəðər dɪˈskrɛdɪtɪd ˌprɑpəˈgændə ˈfeɪbəl. ðɪs ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkludz ə ˈfoʊtəˌgræf əv ə dɔr wɪθ ə ˈsɪnɪstər skəl ənd ˈkrɔsˌboʊnz ˈɛmbləm, ənd ðə wərdz ɪn ˈʤərmən: "ˈkɔʃən! gæs! ˈmɔrtəl ˈdeɪnʤər! du nɑt ˈoʊpən!" ˌəndərˈniθ ðɪs ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ə ˈkæpʃən tɛlz ˈridərz: "dɔr əv ə gæs ˈʧeɪmbər, ˈtɪpɪkəl əv wənz θru wɪʧ ˈmɪljənz əv ʤuz pæst tɪ ðɛr dɛθs." ɪn fækt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ðɪs ˈfoʊtəˌgræf ˈæˌkʧuəli ʃoʊz ðə dɔr əv ə gæs ˈʧeɪmbər æt ˈdækaʊ juzd tɪ kɪl laɪs ɪn ˈkloʊðɪŋ. ɪt wɑz ˈnɛvər juzd tɪ kɪl ˈpipəl. æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ðə ˈrɛkərd goʊz ɔn tɪ rɪˈpɔrt, "mɔr ðən fɔr ˈmɪljən ˈpərsənz wər ˌsɪstəˈmætɪkli sˈlɔtərd." ɛz ˈwɛbər hæd ɔˈrɛdi ˈmɛnʃənd, ðɪs ɪz əˈnəðər wəns əˌθɔrəˈteɪtɪvli ækˈsɛptɪd kleɪm ðət həz bɪn kənˈsaɪnd tɪ ðə træʃ hip əv ˈhɪstəri. 'holocaustomania*' "ˈivɪn ˈæftər mɔr ðən ˈfɔrti jɪrz," sɛd ˈwɛbər, "ðə væst ˈhɔləˌkɔst kæmˈpeɪn ʃoʊz noʊ saɪn əv dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ, bət ˌɪnˈstɛd simz tɪ groʊ mɔr ˌɪnˈtɛns wɪθ iʧ ˈpæsɪŋ jɪr." hi kənˈtɪnjud: "ðɪs rɪˈlɛntlɪs ˈmidiə kæmˈpeɪn, wɪʧ hɪˈstɔriən ˈælfrɪd ˈlɪlinθəl əˈproʊpriɪtli kɔlz 'holocaustomania*,' pɔrˈtreɪz ðə feɪt əv ðə ʤuz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr ɛz ðə ˈsɛntrəl ɪˈvɛnt əv ˈhɪstəri." ˈvɪktɪmz ʤɪst du nɑt ˈmɛrət ðə seɪm kənˈsərn, sɛd ˈwɛbər. "fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ðɛr ər noʊ əˈmɛrɪkən məˈmɔriəlz, 'ˈstədi ˈsɛnərz,' ər ˈænjuəl əbˈzərvənsɪz fər ðə ˈvɪktɪmz əv ˈsoʊviˌɛt ˈdɪkteɪtər ˈʤoʊzəf ˈstɑlən, ˈivɪn ðoʊ ɪt ɪz wɛl ɪˈstæblɪʃt ðət ˈstɑlɪnz ˈvɪktɪmz ˈvæstli aʊtˈnəmbər ˈhɪtlərz ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst həz bɪˈkəm boʊθ ə ˈflərɪʃɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs ənd ˈivɪn ə kaɪnd əv nu rɪˈlɪʤən fər ˈmɛni ʤuz." waɪl wi ər ˈɛndləsli toʊld ðət ðə ˈʤərmənz ˈmərdərd sɪks ˈmɪljən ˌjʊrəˈpiən ʤuz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ðə ˈpəblɪk ɪz kɛpt ˈlɑrʤli ˈɪgnərənt əv ðə ˈvɪktɪmz. ˈwɛbər kənˈtɪnjud: ɪf ju æsk ən ˈævərɪʤ, ˈrizənəbli ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd əˈmɛrɪkən: "haʊ ˈmɛni ˌjʊrəˈpiən ʤuz wər kɪld baɪ ðə ˈnɑtsiz ˈdʊrɪŋ wərld wɔr?," ðə ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˌɔtəˈmætɪk ˈænsər ɪz, əv kɔrs, sɪks ˈmɪljən. bət ɪf ju æsk ðət seɪm ˈpərsən: haʊ ˈmɛni əˈmɛrɪkənz lɔst ðɛr lɪvz ɪn ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr, ər, fər ðət ˈmætər, haʊ ˈmɛni ˈbrɪtɪʃ, ər ʧaɪˈniz, ər ˈʤərmənz, daɪd, ðə rɪˈspɑns ɪz ˈjuʒəwəli ən ədˈmɪʃən əv ˈɪgnərəns. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə brɪˈtænɪkə, ˈwɛbər ˈnoʊtɪd, səm 20 ˈmɪljən ʧaɪˈniz səˈvɪljən ˈpɛrɪʃt ɪn wərld wɔr, waɪl əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ʧaɪˈniz ˈgəvərnmənt, 35 ˈmɪljən ʧaɪˈniz lɔst ðɛr lɪvz ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ˌʤæpəˈniz əˈgrɛʃən. "haʊ ˈmɛni əˈmɛrɪkənz noʊ ər kɛr əˈbaʊt ðiz ˈeɪʒən ˈvɪktɪmz əv ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr?," ˈwɛbər æst. 'kənˈvərʤəns əv ˈɛvədəns' ɛz ˈmaɪkəl ˈʃərmər keɪm tɪ ðə ˈpoʊdiəm ðə ˈɔdiəns ˈgritɪd ɪm wɪθ ə raʊnd əv əˈplɔz. ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪz ˈɑbviəsli ə ˈvɛri ˈiˌmoʊʃənəl ˈɪʃu, hi toʊld ðə ˈgæðərɪŋ, "ɪf nɑt ðə moʊst ˈiˌmoʊʃənəl ɪˈvɛnt ɪn ˈmɑdərn ˈhɪstəri." ɔl ðə seɪm, hi wɛnt ɔn, ɛz ə "ˈsɪvəl ˌlɪˌbərˈtɛˌriən" hi ɪnˈtaɪərli əˈgriz ðət ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl əv fri spiʧ ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈtɛkt ˈdɪsədɪnt vjuz əˈbaʊt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst. ɛz ɪt ˈhæpənz, hi hæd ʤɪst rɪˈtərnd frəm ˈjʊrəp, wɛr hi ˌɪnˈspɛktɪd ðə saɪts əv ðə ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈʤərmən ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmps əv ˈɔʃwɪts,, ənd ˈdækaʊ. hi sɔt tɪ dɪˈskrɛdət ˈhɔləˌkɔst riˈvɪʒənɪsts (ənd ðɛr ˈɑrgjəmənts) baɪ kəmˈpɛrɪŋ ðɛm wɪθ "creationists*." hi rɪˈʤɛktɪd ɛz ˈspiʃəs ˈrɑbərt dɪˈmænd fər "wən pruf, ʤɪst wən pruf" əv ə ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈʤərmən ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl gæs ˈʧeɪmbər. "hiz nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt 'wən pruf'," sɛd ˈʃərmər, "bɪˈkəz ðɛr ˈɪzənt 'wən pruf' əv ə gæs ˈʧeɪmbər." kɔl ɪz laɪk ðə dɪˈmænd fər "ʤɪst wən ˈfɑsəl" ˈpruvɪŋ ˌɛvəˈluʃən. "ˌɛvəˈluʃən ɪz nɑt pruvd baɪ wən ˈfɑsəl," ˈʃərmər sɛd. "wi ər ˈvɛri ˈkɑnfədənt əv ðə ˈsikwəns əv hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ɪˈvɛnts ɪn ˌɛvəˈluʃən ənd ɪn ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst," hi kənˈtɪnjud. "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst, ɛz ɪt ɪz ˈʤɛnərəli ækˈsɛptɪd, ˈhæpənd," sɛd ˈʃərmər. ˈɛvədəns fər ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən əv sɪks ˈmɪljən ʤuz, ˈmɛni əv ðɛm ɪn gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz, ɪz "ˈkɑnstəntli faɪn tund ənd ʧeɪnʤd." "waɪl ðɛr meɪ bi ˈprɑbləmz wɪθ bɪts ənd ˈpisɪz əv ðə ˈstɔri," sɛd ˈʃərmər, "wi hæv tɪ lʊk æt ðə bɪg ˈpɪkʧər." wət pruvz "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst," hi sɛd, ɪz ə "kənˈvərʤəns əv ˈɛvədəns" ər ə əv inductions*." grɛg ˈreɪvən, ˈʤərnəl əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˈɛdɪtər, ˌɪntrəˈdusɪz ðə ˈspikərz æt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst dəˈbeɪt. "dɪd ðə ˈnɑtsiz ˌɪnˈtɛnd tɪ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪt ˌjʊrəˈpiən ʤuz?," ˈʃərmər æst. hi rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ hɪz oʊn kˈwiri baɪ seɪɪŋ ðət ðɪs kˈwɛʃən ɪz tu ˈsɪmpəl. "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪz nɑt ə ˈsɪŋgəl ɪˈvɛnt ðət əˈkərd æt wən taɪm," hi sɛd, bət ˈrəðər ə kəˈlɛkʃən əv ɪˈvɛnts. ˈrəðər ðən ən plæn ər ˈproʊˌgræm, ðə "ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪˈvɑlvd ˈoʊvər taɪm." ˌɪnˈkrɪməˌneɪtɪŋ ˈsteɪtmənts? pərˈhæps ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv ˈɛvədəns pərˈzɛnəd baɪ ˈʃərmər tɪ pruv ə ˈʤərmən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈpɑləsi wər ˈsɛvərəl ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈsteɪtmənts baɪ θərd raɪk əˈfɪʃəlz. ðiz ˌɪnˈkludɪd ˈɛksərpts frəm ðə "ˈsərvɪs ˈʤərnəl" əv hɑns fræŋk, ˈgəvərnər əv ˈpoʊlənd, ˈpæsɪʤɪz frəm ðə ˈdaɪəri əv ˌprɑpəˈgændə ˈmɪnɪstər ˈʤoʊzəf ˈgoʊbəlz, ənd ə ˈpɔrʃən əv ʧif ˈhaɪnrɪk ˈwɛlˈnoʊn ɑkˈtoʊbər 1943 ˈpoʊzən spiʧ. (ˈʃərmər hæd ɔˈrɛdi ˈpəblɪʃt ðiz ɪn ðə ʤun 1994 "pseudohistory*" ˈɪʃu əv hɪz ˈskɛptɪk ˈmægəˌzin, vol*. 2 noʊ. 4 pp*. ɪn spaɪt əv wət ˈwɛbər hæd sɛd ˈərliər əˈbaʊt ɪt, ˈʃərmər ˈɔlsoʊ ˈsaɪtɪd ðə ˈpoʊstˈwɔr ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni əv ˈfɔrmər ˈɔʃwɪts ˌkɑmənˈdɑnt ˈruˌdɑlf ɛz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈɛvədəns əv ə ˈʤərmən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈproʊˌgræm. ˈʃərmər ˈɔfərd noʊ rɪˈspɑns tɪ ðə spɪˈsɪfɪk pɔɪnts meɪd baɪ ˈwɛbər əˈbaʊt ðɪs, ɪkˈsɛpt tɪ seɪ ðət' ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni "həz səm ˈfəŋki θɪŋz sərˈaʊndɪŋ ɪt," ənd ðət' ˈfɪgjərz meɪ bi "weɪ ɔf." ˈʃərmər ˈɔlsoʊ kəmˈpɛrd' ˈpoʊstˈwɔr ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni wɪθ ðət əv ˈpɛri brɔd ənd kæmp fəˈzɪʃən ˈdɑktər. ˈjoʊhɑn pɔl ˈkrimər. (ɔn ðɪs, si: ɑr. "kənˈfɛʃənz əv mɛn hu wər æt ˈɔʃwɪts," ˈsəmər 1981 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˈhoʊldɪŋ əp ə ˈkɑpi əv ðə 1994 ænˈθɔləˌʤi, əˈnætəmi əv ðə ˈɔʃwɪts dɛθ kæmp, ˈʃərmər ˌrɛkəˈmɛndɪd ðɪs wərk ənd spəˈsɪfɪkli ɛnˈdɔrst ðə ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃən ðɛr əv kəˈneɪdiən ˈɑrkəˌtɛkt væn pɛlt. kˈwoʊtɪŋ væn pɛlt, ˈʃərmər sɛd ðət "ˈɔʃwɪts həz bɪˈkəm ə mɪθ fju ɪˈvɛnts kən ˈraɪvəl ðə ˈmɪθɪk paʊər əv ˈɔʃwɪts." ˈɔʃwɪts, sɛd ˈʃərmər, wɑz "ˈnɛvər ˌɪnˈtɛndɪd, hi [væn pɛlt] pruvz, tɪ bi ən ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən kæmp." ˈrəðər, ɪt "ɪˈvɑlvd" ˈɪntu ə ˈkɪlɪŋ ˈsɛnər. ˈhɔləˌkɔst hɪˈstɔriənz səʧ ɛz ənd væn pɛlt naʊ kənˈtɛnd ðət ðə səˈpoʊzd "gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz" æt ənd wər ərˈɪʤənəli plænd ənd kənˈstrəktɪd ɛz ˈnɔrməl mɔrgz (leichenkeller*). ˈoʊnli ˈleɪtər, ðeɪ əˈsərt, wər ðiz rumz trænsˈfɔrmd ˈɪntu ˈkɪlɪŋ fəˈsɪlɪtiz. ˈwɛbər rɪˈspɑndz ˈwɛbər strɛst ðət waɪl ˈʃərmər ˈrɛdəli ækˈnɑlɪʤɪz ðət məʧ əv wət wi hæv bɪn toʊld əˈbaʊt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz ɪz nɑt tru, ənd ðət ˈmɛni spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈhɔləˌkɔst kleɪmz ər naʊ dɪˈmɑnstrəbli fɔls, hi ɪnˈtaɪərli ˌɪgˈnɔrz ðə ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃənz əv ðɪs ˈdræstɪk riˈvɪʒən əv ðə hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˈrɛkərd. paɪlz əv wəns səˈpoʊzədli ˈsɑləd "ˈɛvədəns" ər naʊ ækˈnɑlɪʤd tɪ bi ˈfrɔʤələnt, ˈnumərəs "ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs" ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊniz ənd "əˈfɪʃəl" rɪˈpɔrts ər naʊ kənˈsidɪd tɪ bi ˈwərθləs. bət ðɪs ɪz əv mɔr ðən ˌækəˈdɛmɪk sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns. ˈmɛni lɪvz hæv bɪn ruɪnd bɪˈkəz əv səʧ wəns səˈpoʊzədli "ˈpruvən" ˈhɔləˌkɔst kleɪmz. ˈʃərmər ˌɪgˈnɔrd ˈnumərəs spɪˈsɪfɪk pɔɪnts meɪd baɪ ˈwɛbər, ənd wɑz veɪg əˈbaʊt prɪˈsaɪsli wɪn ənd wɛr ʤuz wər səˈpoʊzədli gæst, ˈivɪn æt ˈɔʃwɪts. ˈwɛbər hoʊldz əp ə ˈkɑpi əv "ðə ˈrɛkərd: ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪn ˈhɪstəri," ə ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən əv ðə ˈzaɪənɪst lig." "kənˈvərʤəns əv ˈɛvədəns" ˈθiˌsɪs ɪz ˌfəndəˈmɛnəli flɔd, ˈwɛbər wɛnt ɔn, bɪˈkəz ɪt kən ˈrɛdəli bi juzd tɪ "pruv" kleɪmz, səʧ ɛz æt ˈdækaʊ, ðət ər naʊ ˌjunəˈvərsəli rɪˈgɑrdɪd ɛz ənˈtru. ˌɪnˈdid, ðə ˈɛvədəns pərˈzɛnəd æt ˈnʊrəmbərg fər (ˈmɪθɪkəl) æt ˈdækaʊ, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ɪz ɪn səm weɪz ˈstrɔŋgər ðən ðə ˈɛvədəns pərˈzɛnəd ðɛr fər æt ˈɔʃwɪts. tɪ "pruv" æt ˈdækaʊ, ˈnʊrəmbərg ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz wər æt list ˈeɪbəl tɪ pɔɪnt tɪ ðə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ˌɪtˈsɛlf, saɪt ən əˈfɪʃəl ˈjuˈɛs kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪv rɪˈpɔrt, ənd kwoʊt "ˈaɪˈwɪtnəs" ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni baɪ ˈfɔrmər kæmp fəˈzɪʃən ˈdɑktər. frænz ˈblɑhə. ðə ˈstɔri əv æt ðə ˈɔʃwɪts aɪ meɪn kæmp həz ˈɔlsoʊ ʧeɪnʤd, ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt. fər jɪrz ə rum ðɛr wɑz ʃoʊn ɔf tɪ ˈtʊrɪsts ɛz ə ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ɪn ɪts "ərˈɪʤənəl steɪt." naʊ ɪt ɪz ækˈnɑlɪʤd tɪ bi ə ˈpoʊstˈwɔr "ˌrikənˈstrəkʃən." kleɪmz əv ðɛr ər pleɪd daʊn ˈɛvər mɔr. ˈwɛbər ˈsaɪtɪd ə ˈrisənt ˈɪʃu əv ðə frɛnʧ ˈmægəˌzin ˌlɛkˈsprɛs, wɪʧ rɪˈpɔrts ðət "ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ" əˈbaʊt ðɪs gæs ˈʧeɪmbər "ɪz fɔls." (si: "ˈmeɪʤər frɛnʧ ˈmægəˌzin ækˈnɑlɪʤɪz ˈɔʃwɪts gæs ˈʧeɪmbər frɔd," jan.-feb*. 1995 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. rɪˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ saɪˈteɪʃən əv ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈsteɪtmənts əv hɑns fræŋk, ˈwɛbər ˈpɔɪntɪd aʊt ðət æt ðə ɛnd əv ðə wɔr ðə ˈfɔrmər ˈgəvərnər ˈʤɛnərəl əv ˈpoʊlənd hæd tərnd ˈoʊvər tɪ ðə ˈælaɪz hɪz oʊn dɪˈteɪld "ˈsərvɪs ˈʤərnəl" (diensttagebuch*), ˈkɑnfədənt ðət ɪt wʊd ɪgˈzɑnərˌeɪt ɪm. mɔˈroʊvər, ˈwɛbər wɛnt ɔn, fræŋk ˈtɛstɪˌfaɪd æt ˈnʊrəmbərg ðət hi dɪd nɑt noʊ əv ˈɛni ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈʤərmən ˈproʊˌgræm ər ˈpɑləsi tɪ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪt ˈjʊrəps ʤuz. (ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni əv ˈeɪprəl 18 1946 "blu ˈsɪriz," vol*. 12 pp*. si ˈɔlsoʊ: ɛm. ˈwɛbər, "ðə ˈnʊrəmbərg traɪəlz ənd ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst," ˈsəmər 1992 ˈʤərnəl, pi. 195 fræŋk ɪkˈspleɪnd tɪ ðə trəˈbjunəl ðət hi hæd bɪn ˈvɛri kənˈsərnd ˈoʊvər pərˈsɪstənt rɪˈpɔrts ðət ʤuz wər biɪŋ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪtɪd. hi sɛd ðət ɔn wən əˈkeɪʒən, wɪn ə rɪˈpɔrt riʧt ɪm əˈbaʊt ˈkɪlɪŋz əv ʤuz æt, hi wɛnt tɪ ðə saɪt ðə nɛkst deɪ. hi spoʊk wɪθ ʤuz hu wər ˈwərkɪŋ ðɛr, ənd wɑz əˈneɪbəl tɪ faɪnd ˈɛvədəns əv ˈkɪlɪŋz. ɔn əˈnəðər əˈkeɪʒən, ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 1944 hi reɪzd ðɪs ˈmætər ɪn ə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪθ ˈhɪtlər. "maɪ führer*, ˈrumərz əˈbaʊt ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən əv ðə ʤuz wɪl nɑt bi ˈsaɪlənst. ðeɪ ər hərd ˈɛvriˌwɛr tɛl mi, maɪ führer*, ɪz ðɛr ˈɛniˌθɪŋ tɪ ɪt?" ɛz fræŋk rɪˈleɪtɪd, ˈhɪtlər rɪˈplaɪd: "ju kən ˈvɛri wɛl ˌɪˈmæʤən ðət ðɛr ər ˌɛksəˈkjuʃənz goʊɪŋ ɔn əv ˌɪnˈsərʤənts. əˈpɑrt frəm ðət aɪ du nɑt noʊ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ. waɪ doʊnt ju spik tɪ ˈhaɪnrɪk ˈhɪmlər əˈbaʊt ɪt?" ˈhɪmlər dɪˈnaɪd ðə ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz, fræŋk sɛd. (ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli, ðə ˈsteɪtmənts baɪ fræŋk, ˈgoʊbəlz ənd ˈhɪmlər ˈsaɪtɪd baɪ ˈʃərmər wər ɔl dɛlt wɪθ ɪn ˈditeɪl ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə 1988 traɪəl, ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli baɪ ˌprɑsəˈkjuʃən ˈwɪtnəs ˈkrɪstəfər ˈbraʊnɪŋ, dɪˈfɛns əˈtərni dəg ˈkrɪsti, ənd dɪˈfɛns ˈwɪtnəsɪz, ˈərvɪŋ ənd ˈwɛbər. si: bi. kulaszka*, ɛd., dɪd sɪks ˈmɪljən ˈrɪli daɪ? [tərˈɑntoʊ: 1992 esp*. pp*. 93 130 131 208 302 336 369 396 417 ˈdækaʊ "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" dɔr. ðɪs əˈfɪʃəl ˈjuˈɛs ˈɑrmi ˈfoʊˌtoʊ wɑz ˈteɪkən æt ˈdækaʊ ɔn ˈeɪprəl 30 1945 wən deɪ ˈæftər ðə kæmps ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən. ɪt ʃoʊz ə ˈstændɪŋ ɪn frənt əv ə dɔr mɑrkt wɪθ ə skəl ənd ˈkrɔsˌboʊnz. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˈkæpʃən, "ðiz ˈʧeɪmbərz wər juzd baɪ ðə ˈnɑtsi gɑrdz fər ˈkɪlɪŋ ˈprɪzənərz əv ðə ˈɪnfəməs ˈdækaʊ ˌkɑnsənˈtreɪʃən kæmp." ɪn fækt, ðɪs ɪz ə smɔl dɪsɪnˈfɛkʃən gæs ˈʧeɪmbər juzd fər kloʊðz, ɛz pɑrt əv ðə ruˈtin tɪ kərˈteɪl ðə sprɛd əv dɪˈziz. ðɪs ˈʧeɪmbər wɑz ˈnɛvər juzd tɪ kɪl ˈpipəl. fər ˈsɛvərəl ˈdɛkeɪdz, ðɪs ˈfoʊˌtoʊ həz bɪn ˈwaɪdli ˌriprəˈdust tɪ hɛlp kip əˈlaɪv ðə noʊˈtɔriəs ˈdækaʊ "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" mɪθ. ə lɑrʤ əv ðɪs ˈfoʊtəˌgræf wɑz ɔn dɪˈspleɪ æt ðə dəˈbeɪt. waɪl kənˈsidɪŋ ðət ˈmɛni spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈhɔləˌkɔst kleɪmz ər naʊ noʊn tɪ bi dɪˈmɑnstrəbli ənˈtru, ˈʃərmər dɪz nɑt hoʊld ˈɛniˌwən riˈspɑnsəbəl fər ðiz ˈfælsˌhʊdz. ɪn hɪz 1994 ˈskɛptɪk ˈɛˌseɪ, hi ˈmænəˌfɛsts ə ˈdəbəl ˈstændərd: waɪl kwɪk tɪ pɔɪnt tɪ ril ər ˌɪˈmæʤənd ˈɛrərz əv fækt ər ˌɪnˌtərprɪˈteɪʃən baɪ riˈvɪʒənɪsts, hi ˈpæsɪz ˈoʊvər ɪn ˈsaɪləns ðə ˈnumərəs ˈdɛmənstrəbəl hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˈfælsˌhʊdz prəˈmoʊtəd baɪ səʧ grups ɛz ðə. ɪn hɪz ˈskɛptɪk ˈɛˌseɪ ˈʃərmər kæsts əˈspərʒənz ɔn ðə əˈlɛʤədli ˈsɪnɪstər ˈmoʊtɪvz əv riˈvɪʒənɪsts, waɪl ˈtritɪŋ ɛz ˌhaɪˈmaɪndɪd ˈskɑlərz əv gʊd wɪl. ɪn ʃɔrt, hi kˈwɛsʧənz ðə ˈmoʊtɪvz ˈoʊnli əv ˈkrɪtɪks əv ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri. ˈwɛbər ˈsaɪtɪd ə ˈrisənt ˈlɛtər baɪ ˈmaɪkəl, ˈrisərʧ dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˈhɔləˌkɔst məˈmɔriəl mˈjuziəm. frəm ɔˈstreɪljə keɪm ðɪs kˈwɛʃən: "waɪ doʊnt ju hæv ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz səm kriməˈtɔriəm ˈəvənz ɔn dɪˈspleɪ ɪn jʊr lɑrʤ mˈjuziəm?" rɪˈspɑndɪd: "wi du hæv kriməˈtɔriə ˈəvənz ɪn ðə mˈjuziəm. wi kʊd nɑt brɪŋ ˈoʊvər gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz bɪˈkəz ðɛr wɑz noʊ ərˈɪʤənəl ðət wɑz əˈveɪləbəl fər ˈjuˈɛs tɪ brɪŋ tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts. ˌɪnˈstɛd wi meɪd ə ˈmɑdəl əv ðə kriməˈtɔriə ənd ˈleɪbəld ɪt ə ˈmɑdəl." ðɪs ɪz ə rɪˈmɑrkəbəl ˈsteɪtmənt, bɪˈkəz ənˈtɪl ˈvɛri ˈrisəntli, ˈɛniˌweɪ, ɪt wɑz əˈsərtəd ðət "ərˈɪʤənəl" ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz ɪgˈzɪstəd æt ˈɔʃwɪts, ənd. ˈlɛtər əv ˈeɪprəl 21 1995 ˈædəˌleɪd ˈɪnstɪˌtut ˈnuzˌlɛtər, meɪ 1995 pp*. ˌɔlˈðoʊ kleɪmz əv æt ðə kæmp hæv bɪn pleɪd daʊn ɪn ˈrisənt ˈdɛkeɪdz, ɪt ʃʊd nɑt bi fərˈgɑtən ðət ðɪs wɑz wəns əˌθɔrəˈteɪtɪvli rɪˈgɑrdɪd ɛz wən əv ðə moʊst ˈtɛrəbəl ˈʤərmən ˈkɪlɪŋ ˈsɛnərz. ɛz ən ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈwɛbər ˈnoʊtɪd ðət, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə 1957 ɪˈdɪʃən əv ðə ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpidiə brɪˈtænɪkə (vol*. 10 pi. 288 "kloʊz tɪ tu ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl, ˈmoʊstli ʤuz, wər ɪkˈstərməˌneɪtɪd bɪtˈwin 1941 ənd 1945 ɪn. rɪˈfərɪŋ tɪ ðə mɛnˈtælɪti bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈsimɪŋli ˈsislɪs ˈhɔləˌkɔst kæmˈpeɪn, ˈwɛbər ˈsaɪtɪd ə ˈsteɪtmənt baɪ ˈeɪbrəˌhæm ˈfɑksmən, ˈnæʃənəl dɪˈrɛktər əv ðə ˈzaɪənɪst lig. ɔn ðə ˈfrənˌtlaɪn ˈnuzˌlɛtər, ʤæn. 1994 pi. 2 "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst," ˈfɑksmən dɪˈklɛrd, ɪz ə ˈsɪŋgjələr ɪˈvɛnt. ɪt ɪz nɑt ˈsɪmpli wən ɪgˈzæmpəl əv ˈʤɛnəˌsaɪd bət ə nɪr səkˈsɛsfəl əˈtɛmpt ɔn ðə laɪf əv gɑdz ˈʧoʊzən ˈʧɪldrən ənd ðəs, ɔn gɑd hɪmˈsɛlf. ɪt ɪz ən ɪˈvɛnt ðət ɪz ðə ænˈtɪθəsəs əv kriˈeɪʃən ɛz rɪˈkɔrdɪd ɪn ðə ˈbaɪbəl; ənd laɪk ɪts dɪˈrɛkt ˈɑpəzɪt, wɪʧ ɪz riˈlɪvd ˈwikli wɪθ ðə ˈsæbəθ ənd ˈjɪrli wɪθ ðə ˈtɔrə, ɪt məst bi rɪˈmɛmbərd frəm ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən tɪ ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən. waɪl ˈʃərmər həz dɪˈskraɪbd ðɪs ˈfɑksmən ˈsteɪtmənt ˈmɪrli ɛz "ən ənˈfɔrʧənət ʧɔɪs əv wərdz" (ˈskɛptɪk, ʤun 1994 pi. 33 ɪt ɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli "fɔrˈtuɪtəs," sɛd ˈwɛbər, bɪˈkəz "ɪt ɪz riˈfrɛʃɪŋli rɪˈvilz ðə ˈɛrəgənt ənd ˈbɪgətɪd əv ðə ənd, ˌɪnˈdid, əv məʧ əv ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈhɔləˌkɔst kæmˈpeɪn." hi kənˈtɪnjud: wɪn səʧ ˈpipəl seɪ "ˈnɛvər fərˈgɛt," ðeɪ min ˈnɛvər: æt noʊ taɪm, ənd ənˈtɪl ðə ɛnd əv taɪm. faɪv jɪrz, tˈwɛnti jɪrz, ə ˈhənərd jɪrz frəm naʊ, wi wɪl stɪl bi ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈstɛdi ˈdrəmˌbit əv wət ɪz ˌjufəˈmɪstɪkli kɔld "ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən" ðɪs mɛnˈtælɪti hɛlps ɪkˈspleɪn waɪ ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst pleɪz ðə roʊl ɪt dɪz ɪn ɑr soʊˈsaɪɪti. ɛz ˈɛvədəns boʊθ əv ðə mɛnˈtælɪti əv ɑr ˈædvərˌsɛriz, ənd əv ðə ˈprɑˌgrɛs ðət həz bɪn meɪd ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz. ˈwɛbər ˈsaɪtɪd ðə ˈpəblɪk ˌdɛklərˈeɪʃən ˈɪʃud ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 1979 baɪ 34 frɛnʧ ˈskɑlərz. "ðə kˈwɛʃən əv haʊ ˈtɛknɪkəli səʧ ə mæs ˈmərdər wɑz ˈpɑsəbəl ʃʊd nɑt bi reɪzd," ðeɪ ˈsteɪtɪd. "ɪt wɑz ˈtɛknɪkəli ˈpɑsəbəl bɪˈkəz ɪt əˈkərd.... ðɛr ɪz nɑt nɔr kən ðɛr bi ə dəˈbeɪt ˈoʊvər ðə ɪgˈzɪstəns əv ðə gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz." təˈdeɪ, ənd ˈlɑrʤli ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ riˈvɪʒənɪst ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm, ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz səʧ væn pɛlt, ənd ˈʃərmər ər ˈərnəstli ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ prɪˈsaɪsli ðɪs "kˈwɛʃən əv haʊ ˈtɛknɪkəli səʧ ə mæs ˈmərdər wɑz ˈpɑsəbəl." ˈʃərmər rɪˈspɑndz wɪn ˈʃərmər rɪˈtərnd tɪ ðə ˈpoʊdiəm, hi əˈfərmd ðət ɪt ɪz "ˈɑbviəsli" ˈprɑpər tɪ æsk səʧ kˈwɛsʧənz, ˈædɪŋ ðət hɪz oʊn ˈrisərʧ ʃoʊz ðət hi ˈriʤɛkts ðə 1979 frɛnʧ ˈskɑlərz' ˈsteɪtmənt. ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz ˈrisənt ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ˈjʊrəp, hi æst ˈnumərəs kˈwɛsʧənz əv əˈfɪʃəlz æt ˈfɔrmər kæmp saɪts ɪn ən ˈɛfərt tɪ lərn ʤɪst haʊ ðə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz" ər səˈpoʊzd tɪ hæv ˈfəŋkʃənd. ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz ˈvɪzɪt tɪ, ˈʃərmər sɛd, əˈfɪʃəlz ðɛr rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ hɪz spɪˈsɪfɪk kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt ðə kæmp "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" wɪθ ˌɪˈnædəkˌweɪt ər ˌkɑntrəˈdɪktəri ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃənz. hi ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈsidɪd ðət ðɛr ər ˈprɑbləmz wɪθ ðɪs fəˈsɪlɪti. fər wən θɪŋ, ðə ˈʧeɪmbərz "dɔrz doʊnt lɑk." ˈʃərmər ɪkˈsprɛst ðə bɪˈlif ðət ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl wər kənˈdəktəd æt "æt moʊst ɔn ə smɔl skeɪl ənd ɪkˌspɛrəˈmɛntəli." ðə ˈdækaʊ "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ɪz ə "non-issue*," sɛd ˈʃərmər, bɪˈkəz noʊ wən naʊ kleɪmz ðət ˈɛniˌwən wɑz ˈɛvər gæst ðɛr. səˈpraɪzɪŋli, ðoʊ, hi wɛnt ɔn tɪ gɪv ə fju ˈrizənz waɪ hi θɪŋks ˈprɪzənərz meɪ ˌɪnˈdid hæv bɪn gæst ðɛr. ˈboʊgəs ˈʧeɪmbər æt ðə ˈfɔrmər kæmp (nɪr ˈləblɪn, ˈpoʊlənd), ˈʃərmər sɛd, hi ˌɪnˈspɛktɪd ə ˈbɪldɪŋ ðət ɪz ʃoʊn ɔf tɪ ˈtʊrɪsts ɛz ə ˈwɔrˌtaɪm ˈkɪlɪŋ fəˈsɪlɪti, wɪθ ə "bɪg saɪn" aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪɪŋ ɪt ɛz ə ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl gæs ˈʧeɪmbər. ðɪs "ˌrikənˈstrəktɪd" ˈʧeɪmbər, hi sɛd, "meɪks noʊ sɛns." ˈʃərmər sɛd ðət hi ɪz "ˈsərtən" ðət ɪt wɑz "nɑt ə ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl gæs ˈʧeɪmbər." hi ˈspɛkjəˌleɪtɪd ðət ɪt maɪt hæv bɪn ə fəˈsɪlɪti. (səʧ gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz, ˈkɑmən ɪn ˈʤərmən kæmps, wər ˌɪnˈstɔld tɪ prɪˈvɛnt dɛθs. ðeɪ juzd bi, wɪθ ˈpɔɪzənəs gæs, tɪ kɪl laɪs ɪn ˈkloʊðɪŋ.) ˈʃərmər əˈskraɪbd ðə mɪsˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃən əv ðɪs ˈbɪldɪŋ tɪ ðə "ˌənprəˈfɛʃənəl" ˈkɛrɪktər əv ðə stæf ðɛr. "aɪ ˈsəˌspɛkt æt [ðət] ɪf ðɛr wər ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl, ɪt wɑz dən ɔn ə smɔl skeɪl," hi kənˈtɪnjud, ɔlˈbiɪt æt ˈəðər loʊˈkeɪʃənz ɪn ðə kæmp. hi meɪd noʊ ˈɛfərt tɪ dɪˈfɛnd ðə kleɪm ðət wən ənd hæf ˈmɪljən ˈpipəl wər kɪld æt. ˈʃərmər ˈɔlsoʊ faʊnd ˈprɑbləmz wɪθ ðə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz" æt ˈɔʃwɪts. ɛz hi ˈnoʊtɪd, ɪt ɪz ˈfrikwɛntli ənd əˌθɔrəˈteɪtɪvli əˈlɛʤd ðət bi wɑz dəmpt ˈɪntu "gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz" (æt ənd) θru "waɪər mɛʃ ˈkɑləmz." ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈʃərmər sɛd hi wɑz əˈneɪbəl tɪ faɪnd ˈɛni treɪs əv ðiz ˈkɑləmz. "aɪ æm ˈskɛptɪkəl" əv ðə waɪər mɛʃ ˈkɑləmz ˈstɔri, hi sɛd. ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ riˈvɪʒəˌnɪzəm "fər trəˈdɪʃənəl ʤuɪʃ hɪˈstɔriənz," ˈʃərmər sɛd, ðə gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz ər ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ər "wət meɪks ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst juˈnik ˈoʊvər ˈəðər ˈhɔləˌkɔsts." ɪn vju, "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪz ˈoʊnli juˈnik ɪn ðə sɛns əv biɪŋ juˈnik, ɛz ɔl hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ɪˈvɛnts ər ðɛrz ˈnəθɪŋ juˈnik əˈbaʊt steɪts ˈkɪlɪŋ ˈmæsɪz əv ˈpipəl ɪts bɪn dən fər ˈθaʊzənz əv jɪrz." ˈwɛbər ənd ˈʃərmər ˈkɑnvərs ˈdʊrɪŋ ə breɪk æt ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst dəˈbeɪt ˈspɑnsərd baɪ ðə ˈɪnstɪˌtut fər hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju. ækˈnɑlɪʤɪŋ ðət ˈmɛni spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈhɔləˌkɔst kleɪmz hæv bɪn əˈbændənd ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz, ˈʃərmər əˈfərmd: "ˈklɪrli riˈvɪʒən həz bɪn goʊɪŋ ɔn." ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz, hi sɛd, ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst "ˈstɔri həz bɪn rɪˈfaɪnd ˈhənərdz əv pərˈsɛnɪʤ pɔɪnts," ənd həz bɪn rɪˈvaɪzd "ˈəmpˈtin taɪmz." "haʊ ɪz ɪt ðət səm ˈpipəl kən gɪt əˈweɪ, soʊ tɪ spik, wɪθ rɪˈvaɪzɪŋ ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst?," ˈʃərmər æst, waɪl riˈvɪʒənɪsts ˈkænɑt? ɪn ɑr soʊˈsaɪɪti, hi sɛd, ɪt ɔl "dɪˈpɛndz ɔn hu ɪz duɪŋ ðə ˈæskɪŋ." "ðə ˈprɑbləm jʊr ˈhævɪŋ ɛz riˈvɪʒənɪsts," hi wɛnt ɔn, "ɪz ðət juv bɪn ˈleɪbəld ðə əˈsəmpʃən ɪz ðət ðɛrz ən ˌaɪdiˈɑləʤi bɪˈhaɪnd ðə kˈwɛsʧənz juv bɪn ˈæskɪŋ." riˈvɪʒənɪst ˈsteɪtmənts, noʊ ˈmætər haʊ ˈfækʧuəl ənd ˈtruθfəl, ər ˈsɪmpli dɪsˈmɪst. "juv bɪn ˈleɪbəld," sɛd ˈʃərmər əv ˈhɔləˌkɔst riˈvɪʒənɪsts, ənd ə pəˈʤɔrətɪv "ˈleɪbəl həz stək ðɛr." "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst wɪl bi rɪˈvaɪzd," ˈʃərmər strɛst," baɪ "væn pɛlt ənd ˈəðərz bət ðɛl gɪt əˈweɪ wɪθ ɪt bɪˈkəz ðɛr nɑt əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd wɪθ ˈɛni ˌaɪdiˈɑləʤi, ənd ðæts ðə ˈprɑbləm jʊr ɛnˈkaʊnərɪŋ. əm nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ ˌɪmˈpjut ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ˈmoʊtɪvz tɪ ˈɛni ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈpərsən hir. əm ʤɪst seɪɪŋ ðət ðæts ðə pərˈsɛpʃən aʊt ðɛr əˈməŋst non-revisionists*, ənd ðæts ðə ˈprɑbləm jʊr ˈrənɪŋ ˈɪntu." ˈfaɪnəl rɪˈmɑrks wən ˈmɛmbər əv ˈɔdiəns ən ˈæfrɪkənəˈmɛrɪkən ˈʤərnəlɪst ənd ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈraɪtər wɑz ˈbɑðərd baɪ ðə əˈbrəpt ənd ˈfæsəl weɪ ðət ˈʃərmər hæd ækˈnɑlɪʤd ðət ə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ʃoʊn tɪ ˈtʊrɪsts æt ɪz ə frɔd. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə kənˈkludɪŋ kˈwɛʃən ənd ˈænsər ˈsɛʃən, hi æst ðə ˈskɛptɪk ɪf hi ˈɪzənt əˈfɛndɪd baɪ ðə fækt ðət ə "gæs ˈʧeɪmbər" ɪz pərˈzɛnəd tɪ ˈtʊrɪsts æt wɪθ ə saɪn ðət ɪz "soʊ ˈpætəntli ənˈtru." waɪl ˈʃərmər wɑz ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ kɔl ðɪs saɪn "nɑt əˈproʊpriˌeɪt" ənd tɪ seɪ ðət ɪt ˈkɑnstəˌtuts ə "ˈdeɪnʤər," hi dɪd nɑt sim ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈbɑðərd baɪ ðɪs frɔd. ˈʃərmər simd ˈsɪmələrli ˌənkənˈsərnd ˈoʊvər ðə ˌaɪdiəˈlɑʤɪkəl ər rɪˈlɪʤəs əˈʤɛndə ðət ˈɑbviəsli draɪvz məʧ əv ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst kæmˈpeɪn ə kæmˈpeɪn ðət pɔrˈtreɪz ɔl əv juˈmænɪti ɛz kəˈlɛktɪvli ˈgɪlti fər wət ɪz rɪˈgɑrdɪd ɛz ðə moʊst ˈtɛrəbəl kraɪm ɪn ˈhɪstəri. wɪθ ðə ˈpæsɪʤ əv taɪm, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ənd ɛz ˈɛvər mɔr hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˈɛvədəns kəmz tɪ laɪt, ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪz ɪn ˈmægnəˌtud. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, hi wɛnt ɔn, ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst kæmˈpeɪn kənˈtɪnjuz ɪf ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, groʊɪŋ ˈɛvər mɔr ˌɪnˈtɛns wɪθ ðə ˈpæsɪʤ əv jɪrz. ɪn ɑr soʊˈsaɪɪti, ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri ɪz ˈtritɪd wɪθ ˈspɛʃəl ˈrɛvərəns. ɪt ɪz ˈsɪmpli nɑt pərˈmɪsəbəl tɪ vju ðə feɪt əv ˈjʊrəps ʤuz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd wərld wɔr wɪθ ðə seɪm ˈkrɪtɪkəl, kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən wɪθ wɪʧ wi lʊk æt ˈəðər ˈʧæptərz əv ˈhɪstəri. ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛntli, riˈvɪʒənɪst ˈskɛptɪks ər nɑt ˈoʊnli dɪsˈmɪst bət smɪrd ənd ˈvɪləfaɪd, ənd, ɪn səm ˈkəntriz, ˈtritɪd ɛz ˈkrɪmənəlz. 'ˈplɪtɪkli kərˈɛkt' ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm ˈskɛptɪk ˈmægəˌzin, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ˈseɪfli teɪks eɪm æt ˈfoʊni ˌjuˌɛˈfoʊ ˈsaɪtɪŋz, ˈfrɔʤələnt hɛlθ kjʊrz, ˈjəri ˈgɛlər trɪks, ˈwɪʧˌkræft traɪəlz ɪn ˈsɛnʧəriz gɔn baɪ, ənd soʊ fɔrθ. ɪn ʃɔrt, sɛd ˈwɛbər, ɪt ˈpræktɪsɪz "ˈpiˈsi ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm." ðɪs kaɪnd əv ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm teɪks noʊ ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr kərɪʤ. "ðə ril ˈʧælənʤ" fər sɪnˈsɪrli ˈskɛptɪks, sɛd ˈwɛbər, "ɪz tɪ ˈʧælənʤ ˈsteɪtmənts meɪd baɪ ˈgəvərnmənts." ˈwɛbər əˈdrɛst ðə ˈɑrgjəmənt baɪ ˈʃərmər ənd væn pɛlt ðət ðə əˈlɛʤd "gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz" æt fəˈsɪlɪtiz ənd wər ərˈɪʤənəli dɪˈzaɪnd ənd kənˈstrəktɪd ɛz ˈnɔrməl mɔrg ˈsɛlərz ɪn 1942 ənd ˈoʊnli ˈleɪtər (ɪn leɪt 1942 ər ˈərli 1943 ˈmɑdəˌfaɪd ər trænsˈfɔrmd ˈɪntu ˌhɑməˈsaɪdəl ˈgæsɪŋ fəˈsɪlɪtiz. væn pɛlt bɪˈlivz ðət ə dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ kɪl ˈɔʃwɪts ˈprɪzənərz ɪn gæs ˈʧeɪmbərz wɑz meɪd ɪn ðə ˈsəmər əv 1941 waɪl ˈəðər "exterminationists*" kənˈtɛnd ðət ðɪs dɪˈsɪʒən wɑz meɪd ɪn ˈərli 1942 ɪn ˈiðər keɪs, ðɪs ˈθiˌsɪs meɪks nɑt sɛns, sɛd ˈwɛbər. waɪ wʊd ðə ˈʤərmənz dɪˈzaɪn ənd ˈkɑnstrəkt æt ˈbərkənaʊ ðə ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn əv ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈstɔri ɛz ˈɔrdəˌnɛri, fəˈsɪlɪtiz ɪn leɪt 1942 ənd ˈərli 1943 ðət ɪz, ˈæftər ðə ˈʤərmənz hæd səˈpoʊzədli ɔˈrɛdi ˌɪˈnɔgərˌeɪtɪd ðɛr ɪkˌstərməˈneɪʃən ˈpɑləsi. ˈfərðərˌmɔr, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ðə æt ˈɔʃwɪts (ənd əˈspɛʃəli), wɪθ ðɛr ˈlɪmɪtɪd kriˈmeɪʃən kəˈpæsɪtiz, ˈsɪmpli wər nɑt dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ dɪˈspoʊz əv ðə ˈbɑdiz əv ˈmɛni ˈhənərdz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈprɪzənərz. ɪn ʃɔrt, ðə ˈɔʃwɪts wər nɑt plænd ər bɪlt kənˈsɪstənt wɪθ ə plæn ər ˈpɑləsi tɪ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪt ˈprɪzənərz ɪn ðə kæmp. (si: ə. bəts, "səm θɔts ɔn ˈoʊpəs," 1993 ˈʤərnəl, pp*. ˈfaɪnəli, ˈwɛbər rɪˈspɑndɪd tɪ ə kˈwɛʃən əˈbaʊt ðə "bloodcurdling*" rɪˈmɑrks əv ˈʤərmən əˈfɪʃəlz kˈwoʊtɪd ˈərliər baɪ ˈʃərmər. waɪl ðiz ˈsteɪtmənts du rɪˈflɛkt ə ˈpɑləsi əv ˈbrutəl riˈprɛʃən, ˈwɛbər sɛd, ðeɪ du nɑt rɪˈfər tɪ ə ˈpɑləsi tɪ ɪkˈstərməˌneɪt ˈjʊrəps ʤuz. ðiz rɪˈmɑrks ər ˈiðər rɪˈtɔrɪkəl ɪgˌzæʤərˈeɪʃən ər ər ˈteɪkən aʊt əv ˈkɑntɛkst. ˈsɛvərəl əv ðoʊz hu əˈtɛndəd ðə ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ˈkɑmɛntəd ðət ɪt wɑz nɑt məʧ əv ə dəˈbeɪt bɪˈkəz ˈʃərmər meɪd soʊ ˈmɛni kənˈsɛʃənz tɪ ðə riˈvɪʒənɪsts. ɪn ˈɛni keɪs, ðɪs ɪˈvɛnt wɑz ə bɪg stɛp ˈfɔrwərd fər ðə kɔz əv hɪˈstɔrɪkəl riˈvɪʒəˌnɪzəm bɪˈkəz ɪt drəˈmætɪkəli geɪv ðə laɪ tɪ ðə kleɪm ðət "ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst" ɪz "undebatable*," ənd ʃoʊd ðət ðə riˈvɪʒənɪst vju əv ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ˈstɔri ɪz wən ðət ˈkænɑt bi dɪsˈmɪst aʊt əv hænd. frəm ðə ˈʤərnəl əv hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˌrivˈju, jan.-feb*. 1996 (vol*. 16 noʊ. 1 ˈpeɪʤɪz

debating the undebatable: the weber-shermer clash exchanging views on the holocaust for several years now, jewish organizations have said that to debate those who dispute the six million story gives legitimacy to a view that is beyond the bounds of decent public discourse, and provides a forum for "hate." deborah lipstadt, author of denying the holocaust, insists that there is not and cannot be a debate on the holocaust. in a few countries, including france and germany, those who express dissident views on this issue are treated as criminals. actually, there have already been a few scattered holocaust debates. for several hours in april 1979, french professor robert faurisson defended his revisionist views against challenge by several "exterminationist" historians on italian-language swiss television. that same year the italian history journal storia illustrata opened its pages to both faurisson and anti-revisionist scholars to present their conflicting arguments. (see r. faurisson, "the gas chambers: truth or lie?," winter 1981 journal, pp. 319-373.) although nothing on this scale has so far been possible in the united states, on saturday afternoon, july 22, 1995, a strong beam of light pierced the prevailing blackout when two scholars squared off in a debate at a hotel in costa mesa, california. michael shermer, history of science associate professor at occidental college, and editor-publisher of skeptic magazine, matched wits for two hours with mark weber, director of the institute for historical review, and editor of its journal of historical review. greg raven, journal associate editor, served as mc for the event, which was sponsored by the institute for historical review, and introduced the two participants. each speaker delivered a 30-minute opening presentation, followed by a 20-minute rebuttal. a question and answer period concluded the event. (a videotape of this debate is available from the ihr store.) changing holocaust story in his opening presentation, weber explained precisely what revisionists say, and do not say, about the holocaust issue. he stressed that the holocaust story has changed drastically over the years. what we are told today is quite different than the story given at the great nuremberg trial of 1945-46. weber continued: many extermination claims that were once widely accepted have been quietly dropped in recent years. for example, the great nuremberg trial of 1945-1946 supposedly proved that the germans systematically killed people in gas chambers at dachau, buchenwald and other concentration camps in germany proper. that part of the extermination story proved so untenable that it was abandoned more than twenty years ago. as weber pointed out, no serious historian now supports the once supposedly proven stories of "extermination camps" in the territory of the old german reich. even simon wiesenthal, the well-known "nazi hunter," acknowledged in 1975 and again in 1993 that, "there were no extermination camps on german soil." these days, said weber, prominent holocaust historians maintain that large numbers of jews were gassed at just six camps in what is now poland: auschwitz (including birkenau), majdanek, treblinka, sobibor, chelmno and belzec. however, weber said, the so-called "evidence" presented for gassings at these six camps is not qualitatively different than the now-discredited so-called "evidence" for alleged gassings at the camps in germany. at the great nuremberg trial, weber pointed out, the allies charged that the germans had murdered one and a half million people in the majdanek camp alone. in the decades that followed, this charge was widely repeated. today no one believes it. cornerstone auschwitz weber and shermer each devoted considerable attention to the alleged gas chambers at auschwitz, and especially auschwitz-birkenau, the cornerstone of the holocaust story. at the nuremberg tribunal, and for decades afterwards, it was universally alleged that the germans killed four million prisoners at auschwitz alone. in recent years, weber pointed out, this figure has been drastically revised downwards. for example, prominent french holocaust historian jean-claude pressac has recently estimated that 775,000 persons, of whom 630,000 were jews, perished at auschwitz. while even such lower figures are incorrect, said weber, they show how the auschwitz story has changed drastically over the years. michael shermer, editor-publisher of "skeptic" magazine, addresses the ihr-sponsored meeting. blame for the wildly exaggerated four million figure is today pinned in the poles or the soviets. "what is routinely suppressed," said weber, is the fact that the four million auschwitz figure was not only promoted by the soviets, but officially endorsed by the united states and britain, notably at the nuremberg tribunal, and was widely and uncritically repeated in the american media and major reference works. one document that is constantly cited as key evidence for the holocaust extermination story, said weber, is the postwar "confession" of auschwitz commandant rudolf höss. in his statement of april 5, 1946, which was submitted by the us prosecution at the main nuremberg trial, höss supposedly "confessed" to killing two and half million people at auschwitz between 1940 and december 1943. (he claimed that another half million succumbed to starvation and disease during this period.) but if far fewer than two million died at auschwitz, as is now officially conceded in israel and poland, the höss "confession" is implicitly fraudulent. in fact, said weber, we now know that this "confession," as well as höss' nuremberg trial testimony, are not only demonstrably false on crucial points, but were obtained by torture. (see: rupert butler, legions of death [england: 1983], pp. 235ff.; r. faurisson, "how the british obtained the confessions of rudolf höss," winter 1986-87 journal, pp. 389-403.) in spite of the drastic downward revisions in the once supposedly authoritative death tolls for auschwitz and majdanek, said weber, no non-revisionist historian has yet had the courage to draw the "rather obvious conclusion that the legendary six million figure cannot possibly be correct." for the time being, anyway, it is still treated with reverence. weber cited detailed aerial photographs of auschwitz taken by allied reconnaissance aircraft on several random days in 1944, during the height of the alleged extermination period there. these photographs, which were first made public in 1979, "show no trace of piles of corpses, smoking crematory chimneys or masses of jews awaiting death," all of which have been alleged, and which would have been visible if auschwitz had indeed been the infamous extermination center it is said to have been. forensic examinations weber spoke about the various expert reports and on-site forensic examinations that have been made of the alleged extermination gas chambers, especially at auschwitz-birkenau. he spoke first about fred leuchter and his february 1988 on-site investigation at auschwitz, birkenau and majdanek. in sworn testimony in the 1988 toronto trial of ernst zündel, and in a technical report, leuchter described every aspect of his investigations. presenting photos of the facilities, plans, charts and scientific data, he explained his startling conclusion that the "gas chamber" story is absurd and physically impossible. it is worth noting that at the time leuchter was widely acknowledged as america's foremost execution hardware specialist. (see the winter 1992-93 journal, pp. 421-428, 485-492.) enlargement of an allied aerial reconnaissance photo of auschwitz-birkenau, taken on august 25, 1944. it shows no trace of piles of corpses, smoking crematory chimneys or masses of jews awaiting death. a large blow-up of this photograph was displayed at the weber-shermer debate. leuchter's findings have been authoritatively corroborated by a major polish research center, weber continued. they prompted the auschwitz state museum, an agency of the polish government, to commission the institute of forensic research in krakow to conduct a similar forensic investigation. in a confidential report dated september 24, 1990, the krakow institute confirmed that its own findings very closely match those of the american gas chamber specialist. (see the summer 1991 journal, pp. 207-216.) dr. william lindsey, an american research chemist employed for 33 years by the dupont corporation, likewise personally inspected the so-called gas chambers, said weber. in a 1985 court case lindsey testified under oath that the auschwitz gassing story is physically impossible. based on his careful examination of the alleged gas chambers at auschwitz, birkenau and majdanek, and on his years of experience, he declared: "i have come to the conclusion that no one was willfully or purposefully killed with zyklon b [hydrogen cyanide] in this manner. i consider it absolutely impossible." similarly, said weber, a leading austrian engineer, walter lüftl, declared in march 1992 that the stories of mass extermination of jews in gas chambers at auschwitz and mauthausen are "technically impossible." lüftl, a court-recognized engineer, heads a large engineering firm in vienna. at the time his report was made public, he was president of the austrian engineers chamber, a four thousand member professional association. (see the winter 1992-93 journal, pp. 391-420.) german chemist germar rudolf similarly published a detailed report on the supposed gas chambers of auschwitz, including birkenau. his 1993 report, weber said, is based on an on-site investigation, chemical analysis of samples, and meticulous research. rudolf, a certified chemist and doctoral candidate, worked at the renowned max planck institut research center in stuttgart. "for chemical-physical reasons," rudolf concluded, "the claimed mass gassings with hydrocyanic acid in the alleged 'gas chambers' in auschwitz did not take place ... the supposed facilities for mass killing in auschwitz and birkenau were not suitable for this purpose." 'steam chambers' and 'jewish soap' a casting of this "gas chamber" door from the majdanek camp in poland is on display at the us holocaust memorial museum in washington, dc. french holocaust researcher jean-claude pressac has conceded that this "gas chamber" is a fraud. (see the sept.-oct. 1993 "journal," p. 39.) at one time, weber pointed out, it was seriously claimed that the germans exterminated jews with electricity and steam, and that they manufactured soap from jewish corpses. at nuremberg, he went on, the united states charged that the germans killed jews at treblinka, not in gas chambers, as is now claimed, but by steaming them to death in so-called "steam chambers." these bizarre stories have also been quietly abandoned in recent years. (see "treblinka," summer 1992 journal, pp. 133-158.) in april 1990, israeli historians conceded that the germans did not manufacture bars of soap from the bodies of murdered jews -- contrary to what had been alleged for years in countless periodicals and supposedly authoritative history texts. if this story is not true, one might reasonably ask, how then did it ever get started? israeli historian yehuda bauer had a ready answer. he charged that the nazis invented it. in fact, said weber, this particular fable was first widely circulated in 1942 by the world jewish congress, and especially by its president, rabbi stephen s. wise. anne frank the holocaust extermination story is superficially plausible, said weber. everyone has seen the horrific photos of dead and dying inmates taken at bergen-belsen, nordhausen and other concentration camps when they were liberated by british and american forces in the final weeks of the war in europe. these people were unfortunate victims, said weber, not of an extermination program, but of disease and malnutrition brought on by the complete collapse of germany in the final months of the war. in fact, he said, if there had been an extermination program, the jews found by allied forces at the end of the war would have long since been killed. perhaps the best known "holocaust victim" has been anne frank, whose name is known around the world for her famous diary. her fate, said weber, is typical of many jews who lost their lives in german camps during the war. the 15-year-old girl and her father, otto frank, were deported from the netherlands to auschwitz in september 1944. several weeks later, in the face of the advancing soviet army, anne was evacuated along with many other jews to the bergen-belsen camp, where she died of typhus in march 1945. her father came down with typhus in auschwitz and was sent to the camp hospital to recover. he was one of thousands of sick and feeble jews who were left behind when the germans abandoned the camp in january 1945, shortly before it was overrun by the soviets. he died in switzerland in 1980. if the german policy had been to kill anne frank, neither she, nor her father and sister (along with many other jews), would not have "survived" auschwitz. "as tragic as it was," said weber, "their fate cannot be reconciled with the extermination story." himmler's order to the camps at the end of the second world war, weber said, the allies confiscated a tremendous quantity of german documents dealing with germany's wartime jewish policy, which was sometimes referred to as the "final solution." "but not a single german document has ever been found that orders or even refers to an extermination program," he emphasized. "to the contrary, the documents clearly show that the german 'final solution' policy was one of emigration and deportation, not extermination." moreover, said weber, there "is no documentary evidence that adolf hitler ever gave an order to exterminate the jews, or that he knew of any extermination program." instead, weber continued, "the record shows that the german leader wanted the jews to leave europe, by emigration if possible and by deportation if necessary." contrary to the popular propaganda image, the wartime german authorities were concerned about the high death rate in the concentration camps due to disease, and took measures to prevent deaths among the inmates. in this regard, weber quoted from a directive dated december 28, 1942, from the head of the ss camp administration office to all the german concentration camps, including auschwitz. it sharply criticized the high death rate of inmates due to disease, and ordered that "camp physicians must use all means at their disposal to significantly reduce the death rate in the various camps." furthermore, it ordered: "the camp doctors must supervise more often than in the past the nutrition of the prisoners and, in cooperation with the administration, submit improvement recommendations to the camp commandants ..." finally, the directive stressed, "the reichsführer ss [himmler] has ordered that the death rate absolutely must be reduced." 'survivor testimony' mark weber, director of the institute for historical review, makes a point during the ihr-sponsored holocaust debate. he responds to claims made in "the record," a mass-circulation adl publication. holocaust historians rely heavily on so-called "survivor testimony," to support the extermination story. but such "evidence," weber said, is notoriously unreliable. he cited an article by jewish historian samuel gringauz, himself a "survivor" (jewish social studies, jan. 1950). "most of the memoirs and reports" of "survivors," gringauz pointed out, "are full of preposterous verbosity, graphomanic exaggeration, dramatic effects, overestimated self-inflation, dilettante philosophizing, would-be lyricism, unchecked rumors, bias, partisan attacks and apologies." in addition, weber continued, more than ten thousand of the twenty thousand so-called "testimonies" of jewish "survivors" on file at the yad vashem holocaust center in israel are also unreliable, according to a front page article that appeared in the jerusalem post newspaper of august 17th, 1986. the report quotes shmuel krakowski, the archives director of the israeli government's holocaust memorial center, who declared that "over half of the 20,000 testimonies from holocaust survivors on record at yad vashem are 'unreliable'." as a fairly typical example of "eyewitness" gas chamber evidence, weber quoted from the sworn statement of regina bialek, a former auschwitz prisoner who supposedly survived a "gassing." (see her statement on page 32). calling this first-person account "absurd" and "ludicrous," weber pointed out that her description of a "gassing" is one that no serious historian today would credit. adl disinformation weber took several minutes to deal with claims presented in one of the most widely distributed pieces of holocaust propaganda. he held up a copy of the record: the holocaust in history, a publication of the zionist anti-defamation league of b'nai b'rith that purports to be a reliable account of how europe's jews were treated between 1933 and 1945. according to the record, said weber, no less two million jews were killed at treblinka alone. but it does not claim that the victims were shot or gassed, which is the generally accepted story these days, but maintains instead that they were steamed to death -- a story no reputable historian now accepts. another item, weber continued, tells readers about mass killings at the belzec camp. citing an "eyewitness account," the record reports that jews were put to death there, not by gassing, but by electrocuting them in a special hydraulic electrocution device. this is yet another discredited propaganda fable. this adl publication also includes a photograph of a door with a sinister skull and crossbones emblem, and the words in german: "caution! gas! mortal danger! do not open!" underneath this photo a caption tells readers: "door of a gas chamber, typical of ones through which millions of jews passed to their deaths." in fact, said weber, this photograph actually shows the door of a non-homidical gas chamber at dachau used to kill lice in clothing. it was never used to kill people. at auschwitz, the adl record goes on to report, "more than four million persons were systematically slaughtered." as weber had already mentioned, this is another once authoritatively accepted claim that has been consigned to the trash heap of history. 'holocaustomania' "even after more than forty years," said weber, "the vast holocaust campaign shows no sign of diminishing, but instead seems to grow more intense with each passing year." he continued: "this relentless media campaign, which jewish-american historian alfred lilienthal appropriately calls 'holocaustomania,' portrays the fate of the jews during the second world war as thel event of history." non-jewish victims just do not merit the same concern, said weber. "for example, there are no american memorials, 'study centers,' or annual observances for the victims of soviet dictator joseph stalin, even though it is well established that stalin's victims vastly outnumber hitler's ... the holocaust has become both a flourishing business and even a kind of new religion for many jews." while we are endlessly told that the germans murdered six million european jews during the second world war, said weber, the public is kept largely ignorant of the conflict's non-jewish victims. weber continued: if you ask an average, reasonably educated american: "how many european jews were killed by the nazis during world war ii?," the almost automatic answer is, of course, six million. but if you ask that same person: how many americans lost their lives in the second world war, or, for that matter, how many british, or chinese, or germans, died, the response is usually an admission of ignorance. according to the encyclopaedia britannica, weber noted, some 20 million chinese civilian perished in world war ii, while according to the chinese government, 35 million chinese lost their lives as a result of japanese aggression. "how many americans know or care about these asian victims of the second world war?," weber asked. shermer's 'convergence of evidence' as michael shermer came to the podium the audience greeted him with a round of applause. the holocaust is obviously a very emotional issue, he told the gathering, "if not the most emotional event in modern history." all the same, he went on, as a "civil libertarian" he entirely agrees that the principle of free speech should also protect dissident views about the holocaust. as it happens, he had just returned from europe, where he inspected the sites of the wartime german concentration camps of auschwitz, majdanek, mauthausen and dachau. he sought to discredit holocaust revisionists (and their arguments) by comparing them with anti-darwinian "creationists." he rejected as specious robert faurisson's often-repeated demand for "one proof, just one proof" of a wartime german homicidal gas chamber. "he's not going to get 'one proof'," said shermer, "because there isn't 'one proof' of a gas chamber." faurisson's call is like the creationist demand for "just one fossil" proving evolution. "evolution is not proved by one fossil," shermer said. "we are very confident of the sequence of historical events in evolution and in the holocaust," he continued. "the holocaust, as it is generally accepted, happened," said shermer. evidence for the extermination of six million jews, many of them in gas chambers, is "constantly fine tuned and changed." "while there may be problems with bits and pieces of the story," said shermer, "we have to look at the big picture." what proves "the holocaust," he said, is a "convergence of evidence" or a "consilience of inductions." greg raven, journal associate editor, introduces the speakers at the weber-shermer holocaust debate. "did the nazis intend to exterminate european jews?," shermer asked. he responded to his own query by saying that this question is too simple. "the holocaust is not a single event that occurred at one time," he said, but rather a collection of events. rather than an over-arching plan or program, the "holocaust evolved over time." incriminating statements? perhaps the most impressive evidence presented by shermer to prove a german extermination policy were several wartime statements by high-ranking third reich officials. these included excerpts from the "service journal" of hans frank, governor of german-ruled poland, passages from the diary of propaganda minister joseph goebbels, and a portion of ss chief heinrich himmler's well-known october 1943 posen speech. (shermer had already published these in the june 1994 "pseudohistory" issue of his skeptic magazine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 44-54.) in spite of what weber had said earlier about it, shermer also cited the postwar testimony of former auschwitz commandant rudolf höss as important evidence of a german extermination program. shermer offered no response to the specific points made by weber about this, except to say that höss' testimony "has some funky things surrounding it," and that höss' figures may be "way off." shermer also compared höss' postwar testimony with that of perry broad and camp physician dr. johann paul kremer. (on this, see: r. faurisson "confessions of ss men who were at auschwitz," summer 1981 journal, pp. 103-136.) holding up a copy of the 1994 anthology, anatomy of the auschwitz death camp, shermer recommended this work and specifically endorsed the contribution there of canadian architect robert-jan van pelt. quoting van pelt, shermer said that "auschwitz has become a myth ... few events can rival the mythic power of auschwitz." auschwitz, said shermer, was "never intended, he [van pelt] proves, to be an extermination camp." rather, it "evolved" into a killing center. holocaust historians such as pressac and van pelt now contend that the supposed "gas chambers" at kremas ii and iii were originally planned and constructed as normal morgues (leichenkeller). only later, they assert, were these rooms transformed into killing facilities. weber responds weber stressed that while shermer readily acknowledges that much of what we have been told about the holocaust over the years is not true, and that many specific holocaust claims are now demonstrably false, he entirely ignores the implications of this drastic revision of the historical record. piles of once supposedly solid "evidence" are now acknowledged to be fraudulent, numerous "eyewitness" testimonies and "official" reports are now conceded to be worthless. but this is of more than academic significance. many lives have been ruined because of such once supposedly "proven" holocaust claims. shermer ignored numerous specific points made by weber, and was vague about precisely when and where jews were supposedly gassed, even at auschwitz. weber holds up a copy of "the record: the holocaust in history," a mass-circulation publication of the zionist "anti-defamation league." shermer's "convergence of evidence" thesis is fundamentally flawed, weber went on, because it can readily be used to "prove" claims, such as gassings at dachau, that are now universally regarded as untrue. indeed, the evidence presented at nuremberg for (mythical) gassings at dachau, said weber, is in some ways stronger than the evidence presented there for gassings at auschwitz. to "prove" gassings at dachau, nuremberg prosecutors were at least able to point to the "gas chamber" itself, cite an official us congressional investigative report, and quote "eyewitness" testimony by former camp physician dr. franz blaha. the story of gassings at the auschwitz i main camp has also changed, weber pointed out. for years a room there was shown off to tourists as a homicidal "gas chamber" in its "original state." now it is acknowledged to be a postwar "reconstruction." claims of gassings there are played down ever more. weber cited a recent issue of the french magazine l'express, which reports that "everything" about this gas chamber "is false." (see: "major french magazine acknowledges auschwitz gas chamber fraud," jan.-feb. 1995 journal, pp. 23-24.) responding to shermer's citation of wartime statements of hans frank, weber pointed out that at the end of the war the former governor general of poland had turned over to the allies his own detailed "service journal" (diensttagebuch), confident that it would exonerate him. moreover, weber went on, frank testified at nuremberg that he did not know of any wartime german program or policy to exterminate europe's jews. (testimony of april 18, 1946. imt "blue series," vol. 12, pp. 17-19. see also: m. weber, "the nuremberg trials and the holocaust," summer 1992 journal, p. 195.) frank explained to the tribunal that he had been very concerned over persistent reports that jews were being exterminated. he said that on one occasion, when a report reached him about killings of jews at belzec, he went to the site the next day. he spoke with jews who were working there, and was unable to find evidence of killings. on another occasion, in february 1944, he raised this matter in a conversation with hitler. "my führer, rumors about the extermination of the jews will not be silenced. they are heard everywhere ... tell me, my führer, is there anything to it?" as frank related, hitler replied: "you can very well imagine that there are executions going on -- of insurgents. apart from that i do not know anything. why don't you speak to heinrich himmler about it?" himmler denied the extermination allegations, frank said. (incidentally, the statements by frank, goebbels and himmler cited by shermer were all dealt with in detail during the 1988 zündel trial, particularly by prosecution witness christopher browning, defense attorney doug christie, and defense witnesses faurisson, irving and weber. see: b. kulaszka, ed., did six million really die? [toronto: 1992], esp. pp. 93, 113-116, 130, 131, 208, 302, 336, 343-344, 369, 396, 405-409, 417.) dachau "gas chamber" door. this official us army photo was taken at dachau on april 30, 1945, one day after the camp's liberation. it shows a gi standing in front of a door marked with a skull and crossbones. according to the official caption, "these chambers were used by the nazi guards for killing prisoners of the infamous dachau concentration camp." in fact, this is a small disinfection gas chamber used for delousing clothes, as part of the routine to curtail the spread of disease. this chamber was never used to kill people. for several decades, this photo has been widely reproduced to help keep alive the notorious dachau "gas chamber" myth. a large blow-up of this photograph was on display at the weber-shermer debate. while conceding that many specific holocaust claims are now known to be demonstrably untrue, shermer does not hold anyone responsible for these falsehoods. in his 1994 skeptic essay, he manifests a double standard: while quick to point to real or imagined errors of fact or interpretation by revisionists, he passes over in silence the numerous demonstrable historical falsehoods promoted by such groups as the adl. in his skeptic essay shermer casts aspersions on the allegedly sinister motives of revisionists, while treating anti-revisionists as high-minded scholars of good will. in short, he questions the motives only of critics of the holocaust story. weber cited a recent letter by michael berenbaum, research director of the us holocaust memorial museum. from australia came this question: "why don't you have homicidal gas chambers and/or some crematorium ovens on display in your large museum?" berenbaum responded: "we do have crematoria ovens in the museum. we could not bring over gas chambers because there was no original that was available for us to bring to the united states. instead we made a model of the crematoria and labelled it a model." this is a remarkable statement, because until very recently, anyway, it was asserted that "original" homicidal gas chambers existed at auschwitz, mauthausen and majdanek. (berenbaum letter of april 21, 1995. adelaide institute newsletter, may 1995, pp. 5-6.) although claims of gassings at the mauthausen camp have been played down in recent decades, it should not be forgotten that this was once authoritatively regarded as one of the most terrible german killing centers. as an example, weber noted that, according to the 1957 edition of the encyclopaedia britannica (vol. 10, p. 288), "close to two million people, mostly jews, were exterminated between 1941 and 1945" in mauthausen. referring to the mentality behind the seemingly ceaseless holocaust campaign, weber cited a statement by abraham foxman, national director of the zionist anti-defamation league. (adl on the frontline newsletter, jan. 1994, p. 2.) "the holocaust," foxman declared, is a singular event. it is not simply one example of genocide but a near successful attempt on the life of god's chosen children and thus, on god himself. it is an event that is the antithesis of creation as recorded in the bible; and like its direct opposite, which is relived weekly with the sabbath and yearly with the torah, it must be remembered from generation to generation. while shermer has described this foxman statement merely as "an unfortunate choice of words" (skeptic, june 1994, p. 33), it is actually "fortuitous," said weber, because "it is refreshingly reveals the arrogant and bigoted mind-set of the adl and, indeed, of much of the entire holocaust campaign." he continued: when such people say "never forget," they mean never: at no time, and until the end of time. five years, twenty years, a hundred years from now, we will still be enduring a steady drumbeat of what is euphemistically called "holocaust education" ... this mentality helps explain why the holocaust plays the quasi-religious role it does in our society. as evidence both of the mentality of our adversaries, and of the progress that has been made in recent years. weber cited the public declaration issued in february 1979 by 34 french scholars. "the question of how technically such a mass murder was possible should not be raised," they stated. "it was technically possible because it occurred.... there is not nor can there be a debate over the existence of the gas chambers." today, and largely in response to revisionist skepticism, individuals such van pelt, pressac and shermer are earnestly investigating precisely this "question of how technically such a mass murder was possible." shermer responds when shermer returned to the podium, he affirmed that it is "obviously" proper to ask such questions, adding that his own research shows that he rejects the 1979 french scholars' statement. during his recent visit to europe, he asked numerous questions of officials at former camp sites in an effort to learn just how the "gas chambers" are supposed to have functioned. during his visit to mauthausen, shermer said, officials there responded to his specific questions about the camp "gas chamber" with inadequate or contradictory explanations. he also conceded that there are problems with this facility. for one thing, the chamber's "doors don't lock." shermer expressed the belief that homicidal gassings were conducted at mauthausen "at most on a small scale and experimentally." the dachau "gas chamber" is a "non-issue," said shermer, because no one now claims that anyone was ever gassed there. surprisingly, though, he went on to give a few reasons why he thinks prisoners may indeed have been gassed there. bogus majdanek chamber at the former majdanek camp (near lublin, poland), shermer said, he inspected a building that is shown off to tourists as a wartime killing facility, with a "big sign" identifying it as a homicidal gas chamber. this "reconstructed" chamber, he said, "makes no sense." shermer said that he is "certain" that it was "not a homicidal gas chamber." he speculated that it might have been a non-homicidal delousing facility. (such non-homicidal gas chambers, common in german camps, were installed to prevent deaths. they used zyklon b, with poisonous hydrocyanic gas, to kill typhus-bearing lice in clothing.) shermer ascribed the misrepresentation of this building to the "unprofessional" character of the staff there. "i suspect at majdanek [that] if there were homicidal gassings, it was done on a small scale," he continued, albeit at other locations in the camp. he made no effort to defend the claim that one and half million people were killed at majdanek. shermer also found problems with the "gas chambers" at auschwitz. as he noted, it is frequently and authoritatively alleged that zyklon b was dumped into auschwitz-birkenau "gas chambers" (at kremas ii and ii) through ceiling-floor "wire mesh columns." however, shermer said he was unable to find any on-site trace of these columns. "i am skeptical" of the wire mesh columns story, he said. ongoing revisionism "for traditional jewish historians," shermer said, the gas chambers are important because they are "what makes the holocaust unique over other holocausts." in shermer's view, "the holocaust is only unique in the sense of being contingently unique, as all historical events are ... there's nothing unique about states killing masses of people -- it's been done for thousands of years." weber and shermer converse during a break at the holocaust debate sponsored by the institute for historical review. acknowledging that many specific holocaust claims have been abandoned over the years, shermer affirmed: "clearly revision has been going on." over the years, he said, the holocaust "story has been refined hundreds of percentage points," and has been revised "umpteen times." "how is it that some people can get away, so to speak, with revising the holocaust?," shermer asked, while revisionists cannot? in our society, he said, it all "depends on who is doing the asking." "the problem you're having as revisionists," he went on, "is that you've been labeled ... the assumption is that there's an ideology behind the questions you've been asking." revisionist statements, no matter how factual and truthful, are simply dismissed. "you've been labeled," said shermer of holocaust revisionists, and a pejorative "label has stuck there." "the holocaust will be revised," shermer stressed," by "van pelt and others ... but they'll get away with it because they're not associated with any ideology, and that's the problem you're encountering. i'm not going to impute ideological motives to any particular person here. i'm just saying that that's the perception out there amongst non-revisionists, and that's the problem you're running into." final remarks one member of audience -- an african-american journalist and television writer -- was bothered by the abrupt and facile way that shermer had acknowledged that a "gas chamber" shown to tourists at majdanek is a fraud. during the concluding question and answer session, he asked the skeptic editor-publisher if he isn't offended by the fact that a "gas chamber" is deceitfully presented to tourists at majdanek with a sign that is "so patently untrue." while shermer was willing to call this sign "not appropriate" and to say that it constitutes a "danger," he did not seem particularly bothered by this fraud. shermer seemed similarly unconcerned over the ideological or religious agenda that obviously drives much of the holocaust campaign -- a campaign that portrays all of non-jewish humanity as collectively guilty for what is regarded as the most terrible crime in history. with the passage of time, said weber, and as ever more historical evidence comes to light, the holocaust story diminishes in magnitude. at the same time, he went on, the holocaust campaign continues -- if anything, growing ever more intense with the passage of years. in our society, the holocaust story is treated with special reverence. it is simply not permissible to view the fate of europe's jews during the second world war with the same critical, open-minded consideration with which we look at other chapters of history. consequently, revisionist skeptics are not only dismissed but smeared and vilified, and, in some countries, treated as criminals. 'politically correct' skepticism shermer's skeptic magazine, weber said, safely takes aim at phony ufo sightings, fraudulent health cures, uri geller spoon-bending tricks, witchcraft trials in centuries gone by, and so forth. in short, said weber, it practices "pc skepticism." this kind of skepticism takes no particular courage. "the real challenge" for sincerely open-minded skeptics, said weber, "is to challenge statements made by governments." weber addressed the argument by shermer and van pelt that the alleged "gas chambers" at auschwitz-birkenau crematory facilities ii and iii were originally designed and constructed as normal morgue cellars in 1942, and only later (in late 1942 or early 1943) modified or transformed into homicidal gassing facilities. van pelt believes that a decision to kill auschwitz prisoners in gas chambers was made in the summer of 1941, while other "exterminationists" contend that this decision was made in early 1942. in either case, this thesis makes not sense, said weber. why would the germans design and construct kremas ii-v at birkenau -- the cornerstone of the holocaust extermination story -- as ordinary, non-homicidal crematory facilities in late 1942 and early 1943, that is, after the germans had supposedly already inaugurated their extermination policy. furthermore, weber said, the crematories at auschwitz (and especially auschwitz-birkenau), with their limited cremation capacities, simply were not designed to dispose of the bodies of many hundreds of thousands of prisoners. in short, the auschwitz crematories were not planned or built consistent with a plan or policy to exterminate prisoners in the camp. (see: a. butz, "some thoughts on pressac's opus," may-june 1993 journal, pp. 23-37.) finally, weber responded to a question about the "bloodcurdling" remarks of high-ranking german officials quoted earlier by shermer. while these statements do reflect a policy of brutal repression, weber said, they do not refer to a policy to exterminate europe's jews. these remarks are either rhetorical exaggeration or are taken out of context. several of those who attended the weber-shermer exchange commented that it was not much of a debate because shermer made so many concessions to the revisionists. in any case, this event was a big step forward for the cause of historical revisionism because it dramatically gave the lie to the often-repeated claim that "the holocaust" is "undebatable," and showed that the revisionist view of the holocaust story is one that cannot be dismissed out of hand. from the journal of historical review, jan.-feb. 1996 (vol. 16, no. 1), pages 23-34.

ˈoʊˈkeɪ, soʊ ˈroʊzi ðə ˈroʊˌbət meɪ stɪl bi ə fju ˌɪtəˈreɪʃənz əˈweɪ, bət ðə rɛst əv jʊr haʊs, frəm jʊr ˈdɔrˌbɛl tɪ jʊr ˈtoʊstər, ɪz əˈbaʊt tɪ gɪt məʧ, məʧ, sˈmɑrtər. ðə meɪn ˈprɑbləm wɪθ ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ hoʊm ɔtəˈmeɪʃən ˈsɪstəmz ɪz ðət ðɛr ɪz noʊ ˈstændərd. moʊst ˈɛvəri ˈkəmpəˌni ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkɪt ɪmˈplɔɪz ə prəˈpraɪəˌtɛri kəˈmænd ˈsɪstəm əˈtɑp ˈiðər ə zigbee*, z-wave*, ər ˈwaɪˌfaɪ kəˈnɛkʃən, nən əv wɪʧ kən ˌɪntərkəˈnɛkt. ðət minz ənˈlɛs ju wɔnt tɪ bɪld ənd ˈproʊˌgræm jʊr oʊn kənˈtroʊlərz, jʊr goʊɪŋ tɪ bi stək wɪθ baɪɪŋ ə hoʊl bənʧ əv disseparate*, nɪʧ tɪ jʊr smɑrt doorknob/deadlock*, əˈnəðər fər jʊr hoʊm sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈsɪstəm, əˈnəðər fər jʊr smɑrt gərɑʒ dɔr, ənd soʊ ɔn. loʊz əˈnaʊnst təˈdeɪ ðət ɪts ˈroʊlɪŋ aʊt ə nu hoʊm sɪˈkjʊrəti ənd ɔtəˈmeɪʃən ˈsɪstəm, dəbd ðə ˈaɪrɪs, ðət wɪl bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈɪnəˌgreɪt wɪθ ənd kənˈtroʊl ˈɛni hoʊm ɔtəˈmeɪʃən dɪˈvaɪs ðət rənz ɔn æt list wən əv ðə θri ˈɪndəstri ˈstændərdz. noʊ ðæts nɑt ˈsɪri backwards—well*, ɪt ɪz, bət nɑt ə smɑrt phone-controlled*, ˈsɪstəm. bət huz gɑt ðə ˈpeɪʃəns ənd draɪv speɪs tɪ ˌɪnˈstɔl əp tɪ ə ˈdəzən ər mɔr ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl æps tɪ kənˈtroʊl ˈsɪŋgjələr ˈfəŋkʃənz ɪn ðɛr haʊs? ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt ðə ˈaɪrɪs hoʊm ɔtəˈmeɪʃən kən kəˈmænd ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ frəm jʊr dɔr lɑks ənd laɪt bəlbz tɪ pɛt dɔrz ənd bɪlt ɔf ðə ˈsɪstəm ˈɪmpləˌmɛnəd baɪ ðə əˈlərt mi hoʊm ˈmɑnətərɪŋ ˈsərvɪs. ˈaɪrɪs kəmz ɪn θri seɪf sɪˈkjʊr ˈpækɪʤ, wɪʧ ˌɪnˈkludz ə ˈproʊˌgræməbəl dɔr lɑk, ə pɛr əv ˈmoʊʃən ənd ˈkɑnˌtækt ˈsɛnsərz, ənd rɪˈmoʊt ˈkiˌpæd; ðə ˈkəmfərt kənˈtroʊl ˈsɪstəm, wɪʧ ˈmɑnətərz ðə ˈɛnərʤi ˈjusɪʤ ənd steɪt əv ðə hoʊmz ˈθərməˌstæt ɛz wɛl ɛz ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl əˈplaɪənsɪz θru ðə juz əv paʊər laɪn ˈɪntərˌnɛt kəˈnɛktɪd "smɑrt pləgz"; ənd ðə smɑrt kɪt, wɪʧ kəmˈbaɪnz boʊθ kɪts. ðə ənd kɪts ˈriˌteɪl fər 180 əˈpis waɪl ðə fʊl kɪt goʊz fər ə ˈsɑləd 300 iʧ sɛt ɪz bɪlt əraʊnd ə kəˈnɛktɪd həb ˈkeɪpəbəl əv ˈmænəʤɪŋ əp tɪ ə ˈhənərd ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl dɪˈvaɪsɪz. æt ɪts riˈlis, ðə ˈaɪrɪs kɪts ˌɪnˈkludz ˈfiʧərz səʧ ɛz ˈproʊˌgræməbəl laɪts ənd sˈwɪʧɪz, rɪˈmoʊt ˈθərməˌstæts ənd ˈdɔgi dɔrz, sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈkæmərəz ənd ˈmoʊʃən ˈsɛnsərz. ɪn əˈdɪʃən, ˈɛvəri ˈsɛnsər ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkludz ə ˈtɛmpərəʧər ˈsɛnsər tɪ ˈbɛtər ˈpɪnˌpɔɪnt ðə ərˌɪʤəˈneɪʃən pɔɪnts əv dəˈmɛstɪk faɪərz. bɪɔnd ðət, ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈmɑnətərɪŋ ˈsərvɪs ɪz ˈiðər fri fər ðə ˈbeɪsɪk ˈlɛvəl ər 10 ə mənθ fər ðə ˈprimiəm ˈsərvɪs. ðə ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ðə tu ɪz ðət fər ðə fri ˈsərvɪs, ðə ˈhoʊˌmoʊnər kən ˈoʊnli ˈtɑgəl ðə steɪt əv ən əˈplaɪəns ənd ˈmɑnətər ɪts ˈɛnərʤi ˈjusɪʤ. ˈprimiəm ˈjuzərz kən nɑt ˈoʊnli si ɪf ən əˈplaɪəns ɪz ɔn bət ˈɔlsoʊ ˈdɪkˌteɪt ɪts bɪˈheɪvjər (tərn ɔn æt 6pm*, ɔf æt 10pm*, bət tərn ɔn rəˈgɑrdləs ɪf aɪ maɪ ˈpərsɪnəl ki fɔb kəmz wɪˈθɪn reɪnʤ). ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt waɪl ðə ɔtəˈmeɪʃən ˈɔpʃənz ər ˈsəmˈwət ˈlɪmɪtɪd æt ðɪs pɔɪnt, loʊz plænz ɔn ˈroʊlɪŋ aʊt ə ˈmɪriəd əv əˈdɪʃənəl, ˌfəŋkʃəˈnælɪti wɪˈθɪn ðə nɛkst fju mənθs. ðət kʊd ˌɪnˈklud hoʊm ˌɪrəˈgeɪʃən skimz, ˈɛldər kɛr ənd ˈmɑnətərɪŋ, ənd rɪˈpɔrtədli ˈivɪn dɪˈplɔɪmənt (goʊɪŋ ˈkæmpɪŋ? ənˈpləg jʊr hoʊm sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈsɪstəm ənd brɪŋ ɪt wɪθ ju ɛz ən ˌɪmˈprɑmptu bɛr pərˈɪmətər). [loʊz]

ok, so rosie the robot may still be a few iterations away, but the rest of your house, from your doorbell to your toaster, is about to get much, much, smarter. the main problem with existing home automation systems is that there is no agreed-upon standard. most every company in the market employs a proprietary command system atop either a zigbee, z-wave, or wi-fi connection, none of which can interconnect. that means unless you want to build and program your own arduino controllers, you're going to be stuck with buying a whole bunch of disseparate, niche systems—one to your smart doorknob/deadlock, another for your home security system, another for your smart garage door, and so on. lowes announced today that it's rolling out a new all-in-one home security and automation system, dubbed the iris, that will be able to integrate with and control any home automation device that runs on at least one of the three industry standards. no that's not siri backwards—well, it is, but not intentionally—it's a smart phone-controlled, home-wide c&c system. but who's got the patience and drive space to install up to a dozen or more individual apps to control singular functions in their house? advertisement the iris hub-based home automation system—which can command everything from your door locks and light bulbs to pet doors and thermostats—is built off the cloud-based system implemented by the uk-based alert me home monitoring service. iris comes in three varieties—the safe & secure package, which includes a programmable door lock, a pair of motion and contact sensors, and remote keypad; the comfort & control system, which monitors the energy usage and state of the home's thermostat as well as individual appliances through the use of power line internet connected "smart plugs"; and the smart kit, which combines both kits. the s&s and c&c kits retail for $180 apiece while the full kit goes for a solid $300. each set is built around a centra connected hub capable of managing up to a hundred individual devices. at its release, the iris kits includes features such as programmable lights and switches, remote thermostats and tweeting doggy doors, security cameras and motion sensors. in addition, every sensor also includes a temperature sensor to better pinpoint the origination points of domestic fires. beyond that, ongoing monitoring service is either free for the basic level or $10 a month for the premium service. the difference between the two is that for the free service, the homeowner can only toggle the on-off state of an appliance and monitor its energy usage. premium users can not only see if an appliance is on but also dictate its behavior (turn on at 6pm, off at 10pm, but turn on regardless if i my personal key fob comes within range). advertisement while the automation options are somewhat limited at this point, lowes plans on rolling out a myriad of additional, user-demanded functionality within the next few months. that could include home irrigation schemes, elder care and monitoring, and reportedly even plug-n-play deployment (going camping? unplug your home security system and bring it with you as an impromptu bear perimeter). [lowes]

ˈʤərgən klɑp sɪz ðət hi wɪl du ɔl hi kən tɪ hɛlp ˈstivən drim əv bɪˈkəmɪŋ ə ˈmænɪʤər ˈʤərgən klɑp sɪz ðət hi wɪl du ɔl hi kən tɪ hɛlp ˈstivən drim əv bɪˈkəmɪŋ ə ˈmænɪʤər ˈlɪvərˌpul bɔs ˈʤərgən klɑp sɪz hi ɪz ˈrɛdi tɪ du ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ hi kən tɪ hɛlp ˈstivən bɪˈkəm ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈmænɪʤər. ðə ˈlɪvərˌpul greɪt wɪl ˈrɛzəˌmeɪ hɪz riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wɪθ hɪz ˈhoʊmˌtaʊn kləb ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri wɪn hi ʤɔɪnz ðə əˈkædəmi ˈkoʊʧɪŋ stæf, 18 mənθs sɪns hi lɛft fər lɑ ˈgæləksi ˈæftər 17 jɪrz ɛz ə pleɪər. ˈlɔŋˈtərm æmˈbɪʃən ɪz tɪ bɪˈkəm ə ˈmænɪʤər, ənd ðə wɪl faɪnd ə ˈwɪlɪŋ ˈmɛnˌtɔr ɪn ðə ˈkɑrənt rɛdz bɔs. ˈlɪvərˌpul ˈlɪvərˌpul "wi hæd ə ˈvɛri gʊd, ˈvɛri lɔŋ tɔk təˈgɛðər," klɑp sɛd, ˈspikɪŋ æt hɪz prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns əˈhɛd əv ˈwɛnzˌdeɪz kəp ˈsɛkənd lɛg əˈgɛnst ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən, lɪv ɔn skaɪ spɔrts. "ˈɛvriˌwən ɪn ðɪs rum noʊz ˈbɛtər ðən aɪ du hi ɪz ə ˈwəndərfəl gaɪ ənd ɪt wɑz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ noʊ wət ˈstivən wɔnts ənd hi sɛd hi wɔnts tɪ bi ə ˈmænɪʤər ɪn ðə fˈjuʧər. ðæts kul. ˈiən sɪz ðə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈoʊvərˌraɪdɪŋ ˈprɑbləm wɪθ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈlɪvərˌpul tim ɪz ðət ðeɪ kənˈsid tu ˈmɛni goʊlz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðɛr dɪˈfit tɪ ˈiən sɪz ðə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈoʊvərˌraɪdɪŋ ˈprɑbləm wɪθ ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈlɪvərˌpul tim ɪz ðət ðeɪ kənˈsid tu ˈmɛni goʊlz ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðɛr dɪˈfit tɪ "frəm maɪ saɪd aɪ sɛd ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ aɪ kən du tɪ hɛlp ɪm ɔn hɪz weɪ tɪ bi ðə bɛst ˈmænɪʤər hi kən bi, aɪ æm ˈrɛdi fər ðɪs ənd aɪd laɪk tɪ du ɪt. ˈʤeɪmi ˈkærəgər ˈwɛlkəmz ðə rɪˈtərn əv ˈstivən tɪ ˈlɪvərˌpul ˈʤeɪmi ˈkærəgər ˈwɛlkəmz ðə rɪˈtərn əv ˈstivən tɪ ˈlɪvərˌpul "naʊ hi ɪz æt ðə əˈkædəmi ɪt ɪz gʊd fər ˈjuˈɛs ənd fər ɪm ɪt ɪz ˈpərˌfɪkt. biɪŋ ə ˈmænɪʤər ɪz ə ʤɑb ju hæv tɪ lərn ənd wɪn ə ˈpərsən laɪk ˈstivən ənd ðə pleɪər hi wɑz ɪz ˈrɛdi tɪ meɪk ðə stɛps, ðət ɪz ˈwəndərfəl nuz fər ˈfʊtˌbɔl. "kəmˈbaɪnɪŋ hɪz pleɪɪŋ ɪkˈspɪriəns wɪθ ɔl ðə θɪŋz hi wɪl lərn frəm naʊ ɔn wɪl bi ə braɪt fˈjuʧər. ɪt ɪz ˈbrɪljənt." gɪt ə skaɪ spɔrts deɪ pæs. ðə bɛst skaɪ spɔrts ˈækʃən fər 24 aʊərz, ɔl frəm ʤɪst

jurgen klopp says that he will do all he can to help steven gerrard's dream of becoming a manager jurgen klopp says that he will do all he can to help steven gerrard's dream of becoming a manager liverpool boss jurgen klopp says he is ready to do everything he can to help steven gerrard become a successful manager. the liverpool great will resume his relationship with his hometown club in february when he joins the academy coaching staff, 18 months since he left for la galaxy after 17 years as a player. gerrard's long-term ambition is to become a manager, and the 36-year-old will find a willing mentor in the current reds boss. 2:39 liverpool 2-3 swansea liverpool 2-3 swansea "we had a very good, very long talk together," klopp said, speaking at his pre-match press conference ahead of wednesday's efl cup semi-final second leg against southampton, live on sky sports. "everyone in this room knows better than i do he is a wonderful guy and it was important to know what steven wants and he said he wants to be a manager in the future. that's cool. ian ladyman says the single overriding problem with the current liverpool team is that they concede too many goals following their 3-2 defeat to swansea ian ladyman says the single overriding problem with the current liverpool team is that they concede too many goals following their 3-2 defeat to swansea "from my side i said everything i can do to help him on his way to be the best manager he can be, i am ready for this and i'd like to do it. jamie carragher welcomes the return of steven gerrard to liverpool jamie carragher welcomes the return of steven gerrard to liverpool "now he is at the academy it is good for us and for him it is perfect. being a manager is a job you have to learn and when a person like steven gerrard and the player he was is ready to make the steps, that is wonderful news for football. "combining his playing experience with all the things he will learn from now on will be a bright future. it is brilliant." get a sky sports day pass. the best sky sports action for 24 hours, all from just £6.99!

ˈtaɪsən fˈjʊri vaʊz tɪ bit boʊθ mɛn ɔn ðə seɪm naɪt ˈtaɪsən fˈjʊri vaʊz tɪ bit boʊθ mɛn ɔn ðə seɪm naɪt rɛd mɔr ˈɑrtɪkəlz baɪ ʤɔrʤ mɪs ˈɛni ˈækʃən. saɪn əp fər ðə fri newsletter(s*) hir ˈtaɪsən fˈjʊri həz ə səˈluʃən tɪ ðə pəˈtɛnʃəl ˈskɛʤʊl klæʃ bɪtˈwin hɪz ˈriˈmæʧ wɪθ ənd ˈænθɔˌni fərst wərld ˈtaɪtəl dɪˈfɛns ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 9 fˈjʊri wɪl dɪˈfɛnd hɪz ənd ˈtaɪtəlz əˈgɛnst æt ðə ˈmænˌʧɛstər ərˈinə, waɪl prəˈmoʊtər ˈɛdi hərn həz ˈsteɪtɪd ‘‘aj’*’ kʊd ˈɔlsoʊ bɑks ɔn ðət deɪt. waɪl ɪt rɪˈmeɪnz tɪ bi sin wɪʧ deɪt ˈʤɑˌʃuə wɪl ˈdɛfənətli dɪˈfɛnd ðə ˈtaɪtəl hi wən frəm ˈʧɑrəlz ˈmɑrtɪn ɔn, fˈjʊri səˈʤɛsts hi kʊd faɪt boʊθ ənd ˈʤɑˌʃuə ɔn ðə seɪm naɪt. wi du ɪz, wi goʊ tɪ ðə ˈmænˌʧɛstər ərˈinə, ʧɑrʤ ˈtrɛbəl fər ðə ˈtɪkɪts, ˈtrɛbəl fər ðə pay-preview*, faɪt fərst, bit ɪm, ðɛn faɪt ənd bit ɪm ɔn ðə seɪm night,”*,” hi sɛd. faɪts, seɪm naɪt. maɪ proposal.”*.” ˈnæʧərəli, fˈjʊri wɑz dɪsˈmɪsɪv əv ˈstɑpɪʤ wɪn ˈoʊvər ˈmɑrtɪn, hu hɪmˈsɛlf hæd ˌɪnˈhɛrətɪd ðə ˈtaɪtəl strɪpt frəm fˈjʊri wɪn vˈjɑʧəslɑv rɪˈtaɪrd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɛr faɪt ɪn ˈʤænjuˌɛri. fˈjʊri tʊk ðə ˈtaɪtəl frəm wɪn hi bit ɪm, bət wɑz sˈwɪftli strɪpt du tɪ hɪz kənˈtrækʧuəl ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃən tɪ ən ˌɪˈmiˌdiət ˈriˈmæʧ, ˈminɪŋ hi kʊd nɑt meɪk hɪz ˈmændəˌtɔri dɪˈfɛns. θɔt hi [ˈʤɑˌʃuə] lʊkt laɪk ə pəmpt əp ˈweɪˌtlɪftər. hi fɔt ən əˈmɛrɪkən hu gɑt peɪd tɪ laɪ daʊn. hi [ˈmɑrtɪn] həz əˈbaʊt ɛz məʧ faɪt ɪn ɪm ɛz ə glæs əv ˈwɔtər. ɔl ðiz əˈmɛrɪkənz ər bəmz, fight,”*,” hi sɛd. ðə ˈhɛviˌweɪt ˈʧæmpiən, ɪf ðeɪ bit mi nɑt wərld ˈʧæmpiənz. wɪˈθaʊt mi, ˈʤɑˌʃuə bi ə wərld ˈʧæmpiən bɪˈkəz ðeɪ hæv rɪˈlivd əv hɪz ˈtaɪtəl. ɪt teɪks ə ril mæn tɪ rɪˈliv ə ˈsupər ˈʧæmpiən əv hɪz belts.”*.” ə pəˈtɛnʃəl bɪtˈwin fˈjʊri ənd ˈʤɑˌʃuə ɪz naʊ wən stɛp ˈkloʊzər tɪ ˌriˈæləˌti, ənd ðɛr ər ˈɔlsoʊ ˈəðər bɪg naɪts fər ðə ʤaɪənt əˈgɛnst ðə laɪks əv ˈʧæmpiən ˈwaɪldər. ˌhaʊˈɛvər hi məst fərst teɪk kɛr əv ˈbɪznɪs əˈgɛnst, ənd fˈjʊri ɪz wɛl əˈwɛr ðət hi ˈkænɑt teɪk hɪz aɪ ɔf ðə bɔl. faɪt gɑt tɪ ˈwəri əˈbaʊt ɪz wlad*, bɪˈkəz 10 taɪmz ðə mæn əv ˈɛni əv ðə ˈəðər champions,”*,” hi sɛd. maɪt hæv hæd ən ɔf naɪt, hi maɪt hæv lɔst ɔn ˈpərpəs, aɪ maɪt bi ɪn fər ə hɛl əv ə ˈhaɪdɪŋ ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 9 wi noʊ. gɑt tɪ gɪt pæst ɪm fərst, noʊ pɔɪnt ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðiz ˈəðər bəmz ənˈtɪl aɪ bit ðə mæn hu wɑz ðə mæn. aɪ kən du ðət, faɪt ɔl əv ðɛm. ˈizi paydays*. aɪ teɪk ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ wənz fərst, ðə ˈiziəst. hæv ðə əˈmɛrɪkən wənz afterwards.”*.”

tyson fury vows to beat both men on the same night tyson fury vows to beat both men on the same night read more articles by george gigney don’t miss any action. sign up for the free bn newsletter(s) here tyson fury has a solution to the potential schedule clash between his rematch with wladimir klitschko and anthony joshua’s first ibf world title defence on july 9. fury will defend his wba and wbo titles against klitschko at the manchester arena, while joshua’s promoter eddie hearn has stated ‘aj’ could also box on that date. while it remains to be seen which date joshua will definitely defend the title he won from charles martin on, fury suggests he could fight both klitschko and joshua on the same night. “what we do is, we go to the manchester arena, charge treble for the tickets, treble for the pay-preview, i’ll fight klitschko first, beat him, then i’ll fight aj and beat him on the same night,” he said. “two fights, same night. that’s my proposal.” naturally, fury was dismissive of joshua’s second-round stoppage win over martin, who himself had inherited the ibf title stripped from fury when vyacheslav glazkov retired during their fight in january. fury took the ibf title from klitschko when he beat him, but was swiftly stripped due to his contractual obligation to an immediate rematch, meaning he could not make his mandatory defence. “i thought he [joshua] looked like a pumped up weightlifter. he fought an american who got paid to lie down. he [martin] has about as much fight in him as a glass of water. all these americans are bums, can’t fight,” he said. “i’m the heavyweight champion, if they don’t beat me they’re not world champions. without me, joshua wouldn’t be a world champion because they wouldn’t have relieved klitschko of his ibf title. it takes a real man to relieve a super champion of his belts.” a potential megafight between fury and joshua is now one step closer to reality, and there are also other big nights for the wilmslow giant against the likes of wbc champion deontay wilder. however he must first take care of business against klitschko, and fury is well aware that he cannot take his eye off the ball. “the fight i’ve got to worry about is wlad, because wlad’s 10 times the man of any of the other champions,” he said. “he might have had an off night, he might have lost on purpose, i might be in for a hell of a hiding on july 9. we don’t know. i’ve got to get past him first, there’s no point talking about these other bums until i beat the man who was the man. “provided i can do that, i’ll fight all of them. they’re easy paydays. i take the british ones first, they’re the easiest. i’ll have the american ones afterwards.”

ðɪs wik aɪ ˈprɛzənt maɪ dɪˈskəʃən wɪθ ðə enigmatic(hellboy*, ˈɛmˈpiˈeɪʧ, ɪˈnɪgmə) frəm ðə ˈrisənt nis kənˈvɛnʃən ɪn ˈbɛdfərd. ˈdəŋkən aɪ ʧæt əˈbaʊt haʊ hi ˈstɑrtɪd ˈwərkɪŋ ɪn ˈkɑmɪks, wət lɛd tɪ ɪm duɪŋ wɪθ maɪk mignola*, ənd wət hi həz plænd goʊɪŋ ˈfɔrwərd. ˈɑdiˌoʊ klɪp: əˈdoʊbi flæʃ pleɪər (ˈvərʒən 9 ər əˈbəv) ɪz rikˈwaɪərd tɪ pleɪ ðɪs ˈɑdiˌoʊ klɪp. ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ðə ˈleɪtəst ˈvərʒən hir. ju ˈɔlsoʊ nid tɪ hæv ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt ɪˈneɪbəld ɪn jʊr ˈbraʊzər. (dɪˈrɛkt ˈdaʊnˌloʊd) ju meɪ ˈɔlsoʊ ˈdaʊnˌloʊd ðɪs ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd hir. pɑp ˈkəlʧər haʊnd ɪz ə ˈwikli ˈpɔdˌkæst ˈfiʧərɪŋ ˈɪntərvˌjuz ənd dɪˈskəʃən frəm ðə wərld əv ˈkɑmɪks ənd pɑp ˈkəlʧər wɪθ krɪs kən səbˈskraɪb ˈviə ˈaɪˌtunz ər θru ðə fid ˈloʊˌkeɪtəd hir ənd ju kən ˈfɑloʊ krɪs ɔn tˈwɪtər æt

this week i present my discussion with the enigmatic(hellboy, mph, enigma) from the recent nice convention in bedford. duncan & i chat about how he started working in comics, what led to him doing hellboy with mike mignola, and what he has planned going forward. audio clip: adobe flash player (version 9 or above) is required to play this audio clip. download the latest version here. you also need to have javascript enabled in your browser. (direct download) you may also download this episode here. pop culture hound is a weekly podcast featuring interviews and discussion from the world of comics and pop culture with chris thompson.you can subscribe via itunes or through the rss feed located here , and you can follow chris on twitter at @popculturehound

ˈbrɪtɪʃ praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər tərˈisə meɪ ˈnoʊtɪd ðə lɔŋ ˈhɪstəri əv ðə kloʊz taɪz bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈkəntriz. ˈgɛti trəmp ˌɪnˈvaɪts ˈbrɪtɪʃ praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər fər ə ˈvɪzɪt ˈdɑnəld trəmp həz ˌɪnˈvaɪtɪd ˈbrɪtɪʃ praɪm ˈmɪnɪstər tərˈisə meɪ fər ə ˈvɪzɪt tɪ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts sun ɛz possible,”*,” əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈspoʊkspərsən fər noʊ. 10 ˈdaʊnɪŋ strit. trəmp spoʊk wɪθ meɪ baɪ foʊn ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ, ðə praɪm ˈɔfəs sɛd, ənd ʃi kənˈgræʧəˌleɪtɪd ɪm hɪz ɪˈlɛkʃən kæmˈpeɪn ənd victory.”*.” ðə sɛd hi lʊkt ˈfɔrwərd tɪ ˈwərkɪŋ təˈgɛðər, ənd ɪkˈsprɛst ˈkɑnfədɛns ðə ˈspɛʃəl riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp wʊd goʊ frəm strɛŋθ tɪ strength,”*,” ðə ˈspoʊkspərsən sɛd. ˈstɔri kənˈtɪnjud bɪˈloʊ meɪ ˈnoʊtɪd ðə lɔŋ ˈhɪstəri əv ðə kloʊz taɪz bɪtˈwin ðə tu ˈkəntriz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðɛr ʃɛrd ˈvæljuz, bət ˈɔlsoʊ ɪkˈsprɛst ə dɪˈzaɪər tɪ ˈboʊlstər baɪˈlætərəl treɪd ənd ˌɪnˈvɛstmənt wɪθ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ɪn ðə weɪk əv muvz tɪ liv ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən. trəmp, hu oʊnz ˈsɛvərəl gɔlf ˈkɔrsɪz ɪn ˈaɪərlənd ənd ˈskɑtlənd, dɪˈskraɪbd ðə u.k*. ɛz ə ““very*, ˈvɛri ˈspɛʃəl pleɪs fər mi ənd fər ɑr country.”*.” ɛz ə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˈkænədɪt, trəmp heɪld ˈbrɪtɪʃ voters’*’ dɪˈsɪʒən tɪ ˈɛksət ðə eu*, ˈkɔlɪŋ hɪmˈsɛlf ““mr*. brexit”*” fər prɪˈdɪktɪŋ ðət ðə ˌrɛfərˈɛndəm wʊd səkˈsid. "ˈbrɪtən ənd ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts hæv ən ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ ənd ˈspɛʃəl riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp beɪst ɔn ðə ˈvæljuz əv ˈfridəm, dɪˈmɑkrəsi ənd ˈɛnərˌpraɪz," meɪ sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt ˈɪʃud ˈæftər hər foʊn kɔl wɪθ trəmp. "wi ər, ənd wɪl rɪˈmeɪn, strɔŋ ənd kloʊz ˈpɑrtnərz ɔn treɪd, sɪˈkjʊrəti ənd dɪˈfɛns." ʃi ˈædɪd: "aɪ lʊk ˈfɔrwərd tɪ ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ˈdɑnəld trəmp, ˈbɪldɪŋ ɔn ðiz taɪz tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðə sɪˈkjʊrəti ənd prɑˈspɛrəti əv ɑr ˈneɪʃənz ɪn ðə jɪrz əˈhɛd."

british prime minister theresa may noted the long history of the close ties between the two countries. | getty president-elect trump invites british prime minister for a visit president-elect donald trump has invited british prime minister theresa may for a visit to the united states “as soon as possible,” according to a spokesperson for no. 10 downing street. trump spoke with may by phone on thursday, the prime minister’s office said, and she congratulated him “on his hard-fought election campaign and victory.” the president-elect said he looked forward to working together, and expressed confidence “that the special relationship would go from strength to strength,” the spokesperson said. story continued below may noted the long history of the close ties between the two countries, as well as their shared values, but also expressed a desire to bolster bilateral trade and investment with the united states in the wake of britain’s moves to leave the european union. trump, who owns several golf courses in ireland and scotland, described the u.k. as a “very, very special place for me and for our country.” as a presidential candidate, trump hailed british voters’ decision to exit the eu, calling himself “mr. brexit” for predicting that the referendum would succeed. "britain and the united states have an enduring and special relationship based on the values of freedom, democracy and enterprise," may said in a statement issued after her phone call with trump. "we are, and will remain, strong and close partners on trade, security and defence." she added: "i look forward to working with president-elect donald trump, building on these ties to ensure the security and prosperity of our nations in the years ahead."

ə grup əv praʊd eɪˈsɛksjuəl foʊks ɪn ðə 2015 ˈləndən praɪd pəreɪd. ˈfoʊˌtoʊ baɪ fəŋk (kriˈeɪtɪv ˈkɑmənz). maɪ frɛndz θɪŋk aɪ ʤɪst ˈhævənt mɛt ðə raɪt gaɪ jɛt. maɪ ˈdɔktər ˈɔfərd tɪ rən səm tɛsts. ˈivɪn ðə ˈkætəgərˌaɪzɪz læk əv ˈsɛkʃuəl ərˈaʊzəl ɛz ə dɪˈsɔrdər. ɪz wən əv ðə ˈlɛsər invisible—sexualities*. laɪk pansexuality*: ˈpipəl tɔk əˈbaʊt ɪt, ˈmoʊstli bɪˈkəz ðeɪ noʊ wət ɪt ɪz. ˈivɪn ɪˈreɪst frəm kwɪr ˈdɪskɔrs. ðɛr wɑz ə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌprɑkləˈmeɪʃən ˈɪʃud ðɪs wik dɪˈklɛrɪŋ ʤun 2016 ˈlɛzbiən, geɪ, ˌbaɪˈsɛkʃuəl, ənd ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər praɪd mənθ, bət ɪt ˈdɪdənt ˈmɛnʃən. ˈivɪn wɪn ɪz ˈlɛŋθənd tɪ lgbtqa*, ðə ə ˈɔfən stændz fər ““ally”*” ˈrəðər ðən ““asexual.”*.” nɑt ən ˈɛkspərt. ʤɪst ˈsəmˌwən hu aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪz wɪθ ðə ˈleɪbəl ənd noʊ ˈlɔŋgər filz ˈbroʊkən. eɪˈsɛksjuəl ənd aromantic*, soʊ nɑt ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈiðər sɛks ər ˈroʊmæns, ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈmɛni du meɪnˈteɪn ˈhɛlθi roʊˈmæntɪk riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps. aɪ traɪd ˈdeɪtɪŋ ə fju taɪmz ɪn haɪ skul, bət aɪ ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ ɪt ðə weɪ maɪ frɛndz simd tɪ. ˈæftər aɪ gɑt maɪ fərst kɪs, aɪ wɛnt hoʊm ənd kraɪd. hi ˈivɪn ðət bæd əv ə ˈkɪsər. ə lɔt əv maɪ haɪ skul frɛndz wər kwɪr, ənd ðeɪ wər ˈhɛvəli ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə geɪ raɪts ˈmuvmənt. aɪ wɑz ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɛz ən ˈælaɪ, bət aɪ ˈnɛvər θɔt əv ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ɛz kwɪr bɪˈkəz aɪ feɪs dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən ðə weɪ ðeɪ dɪd. aɪ ʤɪst θɔt aɪ wɑz ə frik. ðə ˈɔθər, ˈlusi roʊz mihajlich*. aɪ ˈlərnɪd əˈbaʊt wɪn aɪ wɑz ɪn ˈkɑlɪʤ. nɑt ɪn klæs, ˈlərnɪd əˈbaʊt ɪt ɔn ˈtəmblər. ðɛr ə ˈmoʊmənt əv ˈklɛrɪti. aɪˌdɛntəfəˈkeɪʃən wɑz ə ˈgræʤuəl ˈprɔˌsɛs fər mi. ðə mɔr aɪ ˈlərnɪd əˈbaʊt, ðə mɔr aɪ bɪˈgæn tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ənd əkˈsɛpt ˌmaɪˈsɛlf. aɪ bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈklɑzət eɪˈsɛksjuəl, nɑt dɪˈskəsɪŋ maɪ ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃən, bɪˈkəz aɪ wɑz əˈfreɪd əv ˈəðər riˈækʃənz. ɪt wɑz ˈizi. aɪ wɑz juzd tɪ ˈdɑʤɪŋ kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt maɪ ləv laɪf, ˈfɛndɪŋ ɔf ˈpɪti wɪn aɪ wɑz əˈloʊn ɔn deɪ, ˈhaɪdɪŋ haʊ aɪ fɛlt ər fil. ðət wɑz wɪn aɪ bɪˈgæn tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz haʊ məʧ dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən ˈæˌkʧuəli du feɪs. nɑt ɪn ðə ˈklɑzət ˌɛniˈmɔr. aɪ dɑʤ kˈwɛsʧənz, ənd nɑt əˈʃeɪmd tɪ spɛnd deɪ goʊɪŋ tɪ si baɪ ˌmaɪˈsɛlf (ɪt wɑz greɪt!). naʊ aɪ feɪs ə ˈdɪfərənt kaɪnd əv dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən. ðɛr ər taɪmz wɪn prəˈtɛktɪŋ ˈjɔrsɛlf ɪz mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðən ˈreɪzɪŋ əˈwɛrnəs. ɪf ə gaɪ ɪz ˈhɪtɪŋ ɔn ju, ənd ju wɔnt ɪm tɪ stɑp, θroʊɪŋ əraʊnd ðə wərd ““sex”*” ɪn ˈɛni ˈkɑntɛkst kən bi ə bæd aɪˈdiə. ˌɪnˈstɛd, aɪ ˈmɛnʃən ðət aɪ æm aromantic*. ðə wərd ““romance”*” ɪz ə məʧ mɔr ˈifɛktɪv weɪ tɪ gɪt rɪd əv gaɪz hu ər ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ˈhʊˌkəps. kən ˈɔlsoʊ bi ə ˈloʊnli ɪkˈspɪriəns. nɑt bɪˈkəz nɑt ˈgɪtɪŋ leɪd, bət bɪˈkəz ˈmidiə meɪks ɪt sim laɪk wi hæv noʊ ˈvælju ɪf nɑt ˈgɪtɪŋ leɪd. ɪn pɑp ˈkəlʧər, wɪn ˈkɛrɪktərz wɔnt tɪ hæv sɛks, ˈjuʒəwəli dɪˈpɪktɪd ɛz ˈprudɪʃ, ˌɪnˈseɪn, ər dɪˈzizd. æt bɛst, ðɛr ɪz ˈtritɪd ɛz ən ˈɑbstəkəl. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, wɪn ən eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkəpəl wɑz ˈfiʧərd ɪn ən ˈɛpɪˌsoʊd əv haʊs, wən əv ðɛm ˈɛndɪd əp ˈhævɪŋ ə dɪˈziz ðət ˌɪnˈhɪbətɪd ðɛr sɛks draɪv, ənd ɪt tərnd aʊt ðə ˈəðər ˈpərsən wɑz ˈfeɪkɪŋ ˈniðər əv ðɛm wər ˈæˌkʧuəli eɪˈsɛksjuəl. wən əv ðə ˈbɛtər eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪz ˈvuˌdu ɪn ðə ˈjuˈɛˈseɪ ˈsɪriz ˈklɪrli nɑt ˈfeɪkɪŋ ɪt, nɔr dɪz ʃi θɪŋk ʃi nidz tɪ bi ““fixed.”*.” ˈəðər ˈkɛrɪktərz, ðoʊ, bɪˈlɪtəl hər ənd kwɪz hər əˈbaʊt hər ˈsɛkʃuəl ˈfilɪŋz. wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ bʊks, ˌrɛprəzɛnˈteɪʃən ɪz ˈsɪmələrli ˈlɪmɪtɪd. ðə ɪz ˈpræktɪkəli ðə ˈoʊnli ˈlɪtərəʧər aʊt ðɛr ɔn. ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli hɑrd tɪ faɪnd eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn jəŋ ˈædəlt ˈfɪkʃən, wɪʧ ɪz ənˈfɔrʧənət sɪns ˌædəˈlɛsəns ɪz wɪn moʊst ˈpipəl bɪˈgɪn tɪ dɪˈskəvər ðɛr ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃənz. ˈhævɪŋ ə ˈkɛrɪktər tɪ aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ wɪθ kən goʊ ə lɔŋ weɪ təˈwɔrdz self-acceptance*. rɛd ðɪs nɛkst: wɪr nɑt ˈbroʊkən eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn pɑp ˈkəlʧər rɛd ðɪs nɛkst: ɪn dɪˈfɛns əv ˈwɪmən wən əv maɪ ˈfeɪvərɪt ˈʒɑnrəz ɪz jəŋ ˈædəlt saɪəns ˈfɪkʃən. aɪ eɪt əp ðə ˈhəŋgər geɪmz, ðə dɪˈvərʤənt ˈsɪriz, ˈlɪtəl ˈbrəðər baɪ ˈkɔˌri doctorow*, ənd ˈrɛdi pleɪər wən baɪ ˈərnɪst klaɪn, bət aɪ kʊd ˈnɛvər aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ wɪθ ðə roʊˈmæntɪk ˈsəbplɑts. aɪ hæv ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈwɔntɪd tɪ rɛd ə jəŋ ˈædəlt ˈnɑvəl wɛr ðə proʊˈtægənəst wɑz tu ˈbɪzi ˈseɪvɪŋ ðə wərld tɪ ˈwəri əˈbaʊt hər ləv laɪf. soʊ aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ raɪt ɪt. ləv ˈtraɪˌæŋgəlz: nɑt ˈrɪli maɪ θɪŋ. maɪ ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ˈsɪriz ɪz ə jəŋ ˈædəlt ˈtrɪləʤi, bət nɑt əˈbaʊt ə sɑrˈkæstɪk ˈtiˌneɪʤ gərl hu seɪvz ðə wərld frəm ə ˌtoʊˌtælɪˈtɛriən rəˈʒim ənd stɪl faɪndz taɪm tɪ gɪt ðə gaɪ. ʃi gɪt ðə wɔnt ɪm. ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ɪz ə ˈstɔri, soʊ ɪt teɪks ðə proʊˈtægənəst ənˈtɪl ðə θərd bʊk tɪ dɪˈskəvər hər ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃən. ɪn ˈfɪkʃən, roʊˈmæntɪk fʊlˈfɪlmənt ɪz ˈjuʒəwəli dɪˈleɪd tɪ kriˈeɪt ˈkɑnflɪkt, soʊ moʊst ˈridərz wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli əˈsum ðət ðə tu meɪn ˈkɛrɪktərz ər goʊɪŋ tɪ hɪt ɪt ɔf (ənd gɪt ɪt ɔn) ɪn ðə θərd bʊk. tɪ bi fɛr, ɔl ju hæv tɪ du tɪ kriˈeɪt ðət əˈsəmpʃən ɪz pʊt tu ˈkɛrɪktərz əv ˈɑpəzɪt ˈʤɛndərz ɪn ðə seɪm rum. ər ˈkɑntənənt. aɪ spɛnt fɔr jɪrz ˈraɪtɪŋ ðə ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ˈsɪriz. ðət wɑz ðə ˈizi pɑrt. ðə hɑrd pɑrt ɪz ˈgɪtɪŋ ɪt ˈpəblɪʃt, bət aɪ ˈstɑrtɪd ˈsɛndɪŋ kˈwiri ˈlɛtərz tɪ ˈeɪʤənts hu rɪkˈwɛstɪd jəŋ ˈædəlt ənd saɪəns ˈfɪkʃən. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ə ˈlɪtərˌɛri ˈeɪʤənsi sɛnt mi ən ˈɔfər əv ˌrɛprəzɛnˈteɪʃən. nɑt ʤɪst ˈɛni ˈlɪtərˌɛri wɑz wən əv ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈlɪtərˌɛri ˈeɪʤənsiz ɪn ðə wərld. ðeɪ sɛd ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ pɪʧ maɪ bʊk tɪ ˈhɑrpərˈkɔlɪnz ənd ðət ðə ˈɪnərˌfeɪs ˈsɪriz kʊd bi ðə nɛkst ˈhəŋgər geɪmz. aɪ ʃʊd hæv noʊn ɪt wɑz tu gʊd tɪ bi tru. ˈæftər ˈɔlˌmoʊst ə jɪr əv riˈvɪʒən, ðə ˈeɪʤənt ʧeɪnʤd hər maɪnd. ʃi toʊld mi ˈroʊmæns wɑz tɪ kip ˈridərz invested.”*.” aɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ traɪ ˌɪnˈstɛd. ˈmɛni ˈpipəl stɪl əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt wɪθ ˈvænɪti ˈprɛsɪz, bət ðə ˈɪndəstri həz ʧeɪnʤd ə lɔt, θæŋks ɪn lɑrʤ pɑrt tɪ ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt. aɪ pʊt ˈɪnərˌfeɪs əp ɔn. ɪt wɑz meɪd ə stæf wi love”*” pɪk ɔn ðə fərst deɪ ənd ɪz naʊ 70 pərˈsɛnt ˈfəndɪd. aɪ θɪŋk ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɪ gɪt maɪ ˈnɛrətɪv aʊt tɪ jəŋ ɪf ɪt minz ˈpəblɪʃɪŋ ðə bʊk ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ˈrəðər ðən goʊɪŋ wɪθ ə ˈfænsi ˈpəblɪʃər. ə bɪg ˈrizən waɪ ðɛr ər soʊ fju eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn prɪnt ər ɔn skrin ɪz bɪˈkəz ˈmidiə kriˈeɪtərz sim tɪ θɪŋk noʊ ˈmɑrkɪt fər ðɛm. ˈæftər ɔl, sɛks sɛlz, raɪt? ɪf wi wɔnt dɪˈvərsɪti, wi nid tɪ ʃoʊ ðɛm ðət ɪt sɛlz tu. rɛd ðɪs nɛkst: wɪr nɑt ˈbroʊkən eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪn pɑp ˈkəlʧər rɛd ðɪs nɛkst: ɪn dɪˈfɛns əv ˈwɪmən

a group of proud asexual folks in the 2015 london pride parade. photo by funk dooby (creative commons). my friends think i just haven't met the right guy yet. my doctor offered to run some tests. even the dsm-5 categorizes lack of sexual arousal as a disorder. asexuality is one of the lesser known—or invisible—sexualities. it’s like pansexuality: people don’t talk about it, mostly because they don’t know what it is. it’s even erased from queer discourse. there was a presidential proclamation issued this week declaring june 2016 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender pride month, but it didn't mention asexuality. even when lgbt is lengthened to lgbtqa, the a often stands for “ally” rather than “asexual.” i’m not an expert. i’m just someone who identifies with the label and no longer feels broken. i’m asexual and aromantic, so i’m not interested in either sex or romance, although many asexuals do maintain healthy romantic relationships. i tried dating a few times in high school, but i didn’t enjoy it the way my friends seemed to. after i got my first kiss, i went home and cried. he wasn’t even that bad of a kisser. a lot of my high school friends were queer, and they were heavily involved in the gay rights movement. i was involved as an ally, but i never thought of myself as queer because i didn’t face discrimination the way they did. i just thought i was a freak. the author, lucy rose mihajlich. i learned about asexuality when i was in college. not in class, though—i learned about it on tumblr. there wasn’t a moment of clarity. identification was a gradual process for me. the more i learned about asexuality, the more i began to understand and accept myself. i became a closet asexual, not discussing my orientation, because i was afraid of other people’s reactions. it was easy. i was used to dodging questions about my love life, fending off pity when i was alone on valentine’s day, hiding how i felt or didn’t feel. that was when i began to realize how much discrimination asexuals actually do face. i’m not in the closet anymore. i don’t dodge questions, and i’m not ashamed to spend valentine’s day going to see deadpool by myself (it was great!). now i face a different kind of discrimination. there are times when protecting yourself is more important than raising awareness. if a guy is hitting on you, and you want him to stop, throwing around the word “sex” in any context can be a bad idea. instead, i mention that i am aromantic. the word “romance” is a much more effective way to get rid of guys who are looking for hookups. asexuality can also be a lonely experience. not because we’re not getting laid, but because media makes it seem like we have no value if we’re not getting laid. in pop culture, when characters don’t want to have sex, they’re usually depicted as prudish, insane, or diseased. at best, their asexuality is treated as an obstacle. for example, when an asexual couple was featured in an episode of house, one of them ended up having a disease that inhibited their sex drive, and it turned out the other person was faking it—so neither of them were actually asexual. one of the better asexual characters is voodoo in the usa series sirens—she’s clearly not faking it, nor does she think she needs to be “fixed.” other characters, though, belittle her and quiz her about her sexual feelings. when it comes to books, representation is similarly limited. the dsm-5 is practically the only literature out there on asexuals. it’s particularly hard to find asexual characters in young adult fiction, which is unfortunate since adolescence is when most people begin to discover their sexual orientations. having a character to identify with can go a long way towards self-acceptance. read this next: we're not broken — asexual characters in pop culture read this next: in defense of unlikable women one of my favorite genres is young adult dystopian science fiction. i ate up the hunger games, the divergent series, little brother by cory doctorow, and ready player one by ernest cline, but i could never identify with the romantic subplots. i have always wanted to read a young adult dystopian novel where the protagonist was too busy saving the world to worry about her love life. so i decided to write it. love triangles: not really my thing. my interface series is a young adult dystopian trilogy, but it’s not about a sarcastic teenage girl who saves the world from a totalitarian regime and still finds time to get the guy. she doesn’t get the guy—she doesn’t want him. interface is a coming-of-age story, so it takes the protagonist until the third book to discover her sexual orientation. in fiction, romantic fulfillment is usually delayed to create conflict, so most readers will probably assume that the two main characters are going to hit it off (and get it on) in the third book. to be fair, all you have to do to create that assumption is put two characters of opposite genders in the same room. or continent. i spent four years writing the interface series. that was the easy part. the hard part is getting it published, but i started sending query letters to agents who requested young adult and science fiction. eventually, a literary agency sent me an offer of representation. not just any literary agency—it was one of the biggest literary agencies in the world. they said they wanted to pitch my book to harpercollins and that the interface series could be the next hunger games. i should have known it was too good to be true. after almost a year of revision, the agent changed her mind. she told me romance was “crucial to keep readers invested.” i decided to try self-publishing instead. many people still associate self-publishing with vanity presses, but the industry has changed a lot, thanks in large part to the internet. i put interface up on kickstarter. it was made a kickstarter staff “project we love” pick on the first day and is now 70 percent funded. i think it’s important to get my narrative out to young people—even if it means publishing the book myself rather than going with a fancy publisher. a big reason why there are so few asexual characters in print or on screen is because media creators seem to think there’s no market for them. after all, sex sells, right? if we want diversity, we need to show them that it sells too. read this next: we're not broken — asexual characters in pop culture read this next: in defense of unlikable women

atif* ɛf kʊˈreɪʃi, ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl tim |ˈɛdɪtɪd baɪ (ˈɪmɪʤ baɪ ənˈnoʊn ˈoʊnər) ˈditeɪlz kən ˈpækɪˌstæn rɪˈzɪst pæks pɑks əˌmɛrɪˈkænə? wɪn ɪt ɪz sɛd tɪ ðɛm: "meɪk nɑt ˈmɪsʧəf ɔn ðə ərθ," ðeɪ seɪ: "waɪ, wi ˈoʊnli wɔnt tɪ meɪk pis!" ˈhoʊli ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt wɛˈrɛvər ðə əˈmɛrɪkənz goʊ, ðɛr ˈpɑləsiz sprɛd ˈpɔɪzən. ˈəndər ðə ˈpriˌtɛkst əv 'ˈfridəm ənd dɪˈmɑkrəsi' ˈjuˈɛs ˈtræmpəl ˈoʊvər ˈwikər ˈneɪʃənz, ˈpleɪsɪŋ ənd rɪˈpleɪsɪŋ ˈpəpɪt ˈrulərz ɔn ə wɪm ənd əˈgɛnst ɔl ˌæspərˈeɪʃənz fər tru ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns. (ˈstivən ˌoʊvərθˈroʊn ɪz ə məst bʊk tɪ rɛd ɪn ðɪs ˈkɑntɛkst). wɪθ ˈtoʊtəl kənˈtroʊl əv ˈgloʊbəl ˈmidiə, ənd ðɛr ˈwɛpənz əv mæs dɪˈstrækʃən, ðeɪ ər ˈeɪbəl tɪ krəʃ rɪˈzɪstəns æt ðə ˈvɛri rut ˌbiˈfɔr ɪt ˈivɪn fɔrmz ɪn ðə maɪnd. ʤɪst ɛz noʊm sɛd, "ɪf ðə ˈnʊrəmbərg lɔz wər əˈplaɪd, ðɛn ˈɛvəri əˈmɛrɪkən ˈprɛzɪdənt wʊd hæv bɪn hæŋd". jɛt ɪn spaɪt əv ðə 'fasad-fil-ardh*' ðət əˈmɛrɪkə həz ənˈliʃt əraʊnd ðə wərld, wi stɪl si ən ənˈsimli əbˈsɛʃən wɪθ ɔl θɪŋz əˈmɛrɪkən. ˈsəfərɪŋ frəm ə mæs saɪˈkoʊsəs ˈeɪkɪn tɪ stockholm-syndrome*, ˈivɪn ˈneɪʃənz ənd ˈbrutəˌlaɪzd baɪ əˈmɛrɪkə si ˈoʊnli əˈmɛrɪkə ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl sælˈveɪʃən. ˈklɪrli, əˈmɛrɪkən ˌprɑpəˈgændəsts hæv dən ðɛr wərk wɛl. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt nɑt ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn. ɪn wət kən ˈoʊnli bi dɪˈskraɪbd ɛz ə klɪr ənd ˈhoʊpfəl saɪn ðət ðɪs ˈneɪʃən ɪz əˈweɪkənɪŋ, ˈrisənt poʊlz hæv rɪˈvild ðət ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ˈpəblɪk ˌkætəˈgɔrɪkli dɪˈnaʊnsɪz əˈmɛrɪkən ˈpɑləsiz. ə ˈrisəntli kənˈdəktəd poʊl baɪ rɪˈvild ðət 89 əv ˈoʊvər pɑrˈtɪsəpənts wər əv ðə əˈpɪnjən ðət ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ʃʊd bi dɪˈklɛrd ɛz ə ˈhɑstəl steɪt. ðɪs ˈoʊnli ˌriɪnˈfɔrsɪz əˈnəðər ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪkəli kənˈdəktəd poʊl kənˈdəktəd baɪ ðə ˈnɛtˌwərk ðət faʊnd ðət ˈoʊvər 70 əv ˌpækɪˈstæniz hɛld əˈmɛrɪkə tɪ bi ðə ˈgreɪtəst θrɛt tɪ ðə ˈsɑvrənti ənd ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns əv ˈpækɪˌstæn ˈivɪn ˈgreɪtər ðən ənd ɪˈtərnəl ˈɛnəmi ˈɪndiə. soʊ greɪt ɪz ðɪs ə ˈprɑbləm fər ðə əˈmɛrɪkənz ðət wɪn ðɛr ˈʤɛnərəlz ɪn ðə ˈriʤən ər kwɪzd baɪ ˈʤərnəlɪsts, ðeɪ ər mɔr ˈlaɪkli tɪ bi æst əˈbaʊt ðə 'ˈbætəl fər hɑrts ənd maɪndz' ˈrəðər ðən ˈækʧəwəl ˈbætəlz. bət ɪn spaɪt əv ðə feɪnd kənˈsərn ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, ðə ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd ɪz nɑt tu greɪt ə kənˈsərn fər ˈjuˈɛs ˈpɑləsiˌmeɪkərz. ˈæftər ɔl, ɛz fɑr ɛz ðə ˈjuˈɛs ɪz kənˈsərnd, ˈoʊnli ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈpəpɪt ˈlidərz nid bi ðə rɛst əv ˈpækɪˌstæn kən goʊ tɪ hɛl. bət ɪn ðɪs laɪz ðə ˈprɑbləm fər ðə ˈjuˈɛs. ɛz ðə ˈfɑrsɪkəl ˌriˈæləˌti əv ˈpækɪˌstænz dɪˈmɑkrəsi ɪz bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli klɪr tɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk æt lɑrʤ, ðeɪ ər ˈtərnɪŋ ðɛr aɪr nɑt ʤɪst ɔn ðɛr ˈpəpɪt ˈlidərz, bət ɔn ðɛr ˈfɔrən puppet-masters*. ənd ðɪs dɪz nɑt boʊd wɛl fər fˈjuʧər plænz fər ðə ˈriʤən. ðɪs mud ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn ɪz ˈnəθɪŋ nu. ɪt ɪz ə moʊd əv θɔt ðət ɪz fəˈmɪljər tɪ moʊst ˌpækɪˈstæniz ənd wɪθ gʊd ˈrizən. riˈleɪʃənz hæv ˈɔlˌweɪz bɪn ˈfrækʃəs nɑt beɪst ɔn mˈjuʧuəl trəst ənd rɪˈspɛkt bət ɔn mˈjuʧuəl səˈspɪʃən ənd nəˈsɛsɪti. ˈɛvəri ˌpækɪˈstæni, frəm strit sˈwipər tɪ ˌɪnˈdəstriəlɪst, noʊz əv ðə ˈɪnfəməs ˈɪnsədənt ɪn ðə ˈərli wɪn ðə ˈjuˈɛs feɪld tɪ dɪˈlɪvər tɪ ˈpækɪˌstæn ˈdəzənz əv ˈfaɪtər ʤɛts ðət ˈpækɪˌstæn hæd ɔˈrɛdi peɪd fər ənd nɑt ˈkɑntɛnt wɪθ hjuˈmɪliˌeɪtɪŋ ə praʊd ˈneɪʃən ɪˈnəf, ɪn ə ˈfaɪnəl ˈsælvoʊ, ðeɪ ˌɪnˈstɛd dɪˈlɪvərd əv ɔl θɪŋz wit. ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ˈpəblɪk wər nɑt ˌɪmˈprɛst tɪ seɪ ðə list. bət ðət ɪz oʊld hæt. mɔr ˈrisəntli, əˈmɛrɪkə həz kəˈmɪtɪd ə ˈlɪtəni əv ˈɛrərz ðət kən ˈoʊnli lɛd ən əˈbʤɛktɪv ˈpərsən tɪ kənˈklud ðət nɑt ˈoʊnli dɪz ðə ˈjuˈɛs nɑt hæv ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈɪntəˌrɛst tɪ hɑrt, bət ðeɪ ər ˈoʊnli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ˈmɑrʤənəˌlaɪzɪŋ ənd dɪˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzɪŋ ˈpækɪˌstæn θru ˈɛni minz ˈpɑsəbəl. ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ˈpipəl ər nɑt blaɪnd. ðeɪ si ðə ʃɪˈkeɪnəri ˈklɪrli: ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt ðə 'sərʤ' ɪn əˈmɛrɪkən trups ɪn æfˈgænəˌstæn əˈkəmpənid ə 'sərʤ' ɪn ˈtɛrəˌrɪzəm ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn. waɪl ðə ˈæfˌgæn ˈtælɪˌbæn ˈnɛvər θˈrɛtənd ˌpækɪˈstæni ˈsɑvrənti, sɪns 2001 ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈɪnəsənts hæv bɪn kɪld ɪn ə weɪv əv ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ˈbɑmɪŋz ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn ðət 'coincidently*', ˈoʊnli bɪˈgæn ˈæftər ðə ˈjuˈɛs ˌɪnˈveɪʒən ənd ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən əv æfˈgænəˌstæn ɪn 2001 ðə dɪˈlɪbərˌeɪt sprɛd əv ðə ˈæfˌgæn ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən ˈɪntu ˈpækɪˌstæn ənd ðə ˈtritmənt əv boʊθ ˈneɪʃənz ɛz ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈθiətər ər 'ˈbætəlˌfild' kɔld afpak*. ðə ˈnoʊʃən ðət boʊθ ˈneɪʃənz ər tɪ bi ˈtritɪd ðə seɪm ˈivɪn ðoʊ wən ɪz ənd ˈprɪmɪtɪv waɪl ðə ˈəðər həz ə səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtəd ˈsɪvɪk soʊˈsaɪɪti ɪz ˈlæfəbəl, bət ðə aɪˈdiə ðət əˈmɛrɪkən ˈfɔrsɪz kən straɪk ˈɪntu ˈpækɪˌstæn wɪθ ˌɪmˈpjunɪti ɪz ɪˈnəf tɪ meɪk ðə ˈævərɪʤ bləd bɔɪl. weɪv ˈæftər weɪv əv ˈkæləs ənd ˈɪmprəˌsaɪs droʊn əˈtæks. ðiz əˈʧiv ˈpræktɪkəli ˈnəθɪŋ waɪl ˈoʊnli ˈmərdərɪŋ ˈɪnəsənt səˈvɪljənz ənd əp ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ˈpəblɪk hu dɪˈspɛr æt ðɛr ˈfɛklɪs ˈgəvərnmənt fər biɪŋ kəmˈplɪsət ɪn kənˈtɪnjuəl vaɪəˈleɪʃənz əv ðə ˈneɪʃənz ˈsɑvrənti ənd ˈdɪgnəti. sɪns 2001 ðə ˈjuˈɛs həz tərnd ə blaɪnd aɪ təˈwɔrdz ˈɪndiən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz frəm ˌɪnˈsaɪd æfˈgænəˌstæn dɪˈzaɪnd tɪ dɪˈsteɪbəˌlaɪz ˈpækɪˌstæn. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə rɪˈpɔrt ˈpəblɪʃt ɪn sɛpˈtɛmbər 2008 baɪ brɪg (ɑr) raja*, ˈɪndiə həz 14 ˈkɑnsələts ɪn æfˈgænəˌstæn frəm wɪʧ rɑ ɪz ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ. ɪn wakhan*, ˈprɑvɪns, rɑ ɪz ˈɔpərˌeɪtɪŋ ə madrassah*, wɛr ˈklɛrɪks frəm ˈɪndiə ər ˈbreɪnˌwɑʃɪŋ ˈloʊkəl ˈæfˌgænz, ˈuzbɛks ənd tajiks*. ðɛr ˈstudənts ər ðɛn ˈɪnfɪlˌtreɪtɪd ˈɪntu ˈpækɪˌstæn wɛr ðeɪ ˈrɛdəli ˈkɛri aʊt ˈsuɪˌsaɪd ˈmɪʃənz ənd ˈəðər ˈbleɪtənt ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃən ˈɪntu æfˈgænəˌstæn baɪ ðə ˈɪndiən ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˌæpərˈætəs həz prəˈvaɪdɪd seɪf ˈheɪvən frəm wɪʧ ˈɪndiən ˈeɪʤənts əˈtæk ənd dɪˈsteɪbəˌlaɪz ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈtraɪbəl ˈɛriəz ənd əˈnəðər ˈrisənt rɪˈpɔrt frəm ˈfɔrən əˈfɛrz ˈmægəˌzin, baɪ krɪˈstin fɛr əv rænd ˌkɔrpərˈeɪʃən gɪvz ˈjuˈɛs ðə ˌɪnˈsaɪd: "ˈhævɪŋ ˈvɪzɪtɪd ðə ˈɪndiən ˈmɪʃən ɪn zahedan*, ˌɪˈrɑn, aɪ kən əˈʃʊr ju ðeɪ ər nɑt ˈɪʃuɪŋ ˈvizəz ɛz ðə meɪn ækˈtɪvɪti! mɔˈroʊvər, ˈɪndiə həz rən ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz frəm ɪts ˈmɪʃən ɪn mazar*, æfˈgænəˌstæn (θru wɪʧ ɪt səˈpɔrtɪd ðə ˈnɔrðərn əˈlaɪəns) ənd ɪz ˈlaɪkli duɪŋ soʊ frəm ðə ˈəðər ˈkɑnsələts ɪt həz riˈoʊpənd ɪn ʤəˈlæləbæd ənd əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈbɔrdər. ˈɪndiən əˈfɪʃəlz hæv toʊld mi ˈpraɪvətli ðət ðeɪ ər ˈpəmpɪŋ ˈməni ˈɪntu. ˈkɑbʊl həz ɪnˈkərəʤd ˈɪndiə tɪ ɪnˈgeɪʤ ɪn proʊˈvɑkətɪv ækˈtɪvɪtiz səʧ ɛz ˈjuzɪŋ ðə ˈbɔrdər roʊdz ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən tɪ bɪld ˈsɛnsɪtɪv pɑrts əv ðə rɪŋ roʊd ənd juz ðə pəˈlis fɔrs fər sɪˈkjʊrəti. ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈbɪldɪŋ skulz ɔn ə ˈsɛnsɪtɪv pɑrt əv ðə ˈbɔrdər ɪn frəm (ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈtraɪbəl ˈɛriə wɛr ˈpækɪˌstæn ˈɑrmi hæd tɪ ˈkɛri aʊt ə ˈmeɪʤər ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən tɪ ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt ˈmɪlətənts). ðə kənˈtɪnjuəl ˈbɑrkɪŋ baɪ əˈmɛrɪkən əˈfɪʃəlz fər ˈpækɪˌstæn tɪ "du mɔr!" ɪn spaɪt əv ðə fækt ðət noʊ ˈneɪʃən həz dən ər ˈsækrəˌfaɪst mɔr tɪ ˈkɑmbæt ˈtɛrəˌrɪzəm ɪn ɪts oʊn ˌsɛlˈfɪntəˌrɛst. ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈsoʊlʤərz ˈmɑrtərd, ˈtrɛʒər spɛnt ənd tɪrz əv ˈwɪdoʊz ənd ˈɔrfənz ʃɛd ɪz ˈtɛstɪˌmoʊni tɪ ðə truθ ðət ðoʊz hu kleɪm ðət ˈpækɪˌstæn ɪz ˈhæfˌhɑrtɪd ɪn ðɪs ˈɛfərt ər laɪərz. ðə ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk fɑrs wɛrˈbaɪ əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɛnʤəˈnird ɪts ˈpəpɪts tɪ ðə reɪnz ɪn ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈrisənt ɪˈlɛkʃənz. fər ðoʊz hu stɪl dɪˈnaɪ ðət ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ɪˈlɛkʃənz wər ˌɛnʤəˈnird, θɪŋk fər ə ˈmoʊmənt haʊ ɪz ɪt ˈpɑsəbəl ðət ðə moʊst kərəpt ənd dɪˈspaɪzd mæn ɪn ˈpækɪˌstænz ɪnˈtaɪər ˈhɪstəri, wʊd bɪˈkəm ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ˈpækɪˌstæn ɪf ðə ɪˈlɛkʃənz wər ˈtruli ənd ˈfɛrli ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk? ˈivɪn ðoʊ ɑr 'ˈpɑpjələrli ɪˈlɛktɪd' ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ər ɪn ðə ˈpɑkət əv ðə əˈmɛrɪkənz, ðeɪ rɪˈmeɪn ˈfrəˌstreɪtəd ðət ˈsərtən ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn rɪˈmeɪn aʊt əv ðɛr riʧ. ðə blæk ˌprɑpəˈgændə ˈtɑrgətɪŋ ˈpækɪˌstænz ˌpeɪtriˈɑtɪk ɑrmd ˈfɔrsɪz, ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns ˈsərvɪsɪz ənd ˈnukliər ˈwɛpənz ˈɑrsənəl rɪˈvilz ðɛr ˈɑbviəs ˌɪnˈtɛnt. ðət ðiz ər ðə ˈoʊnli ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃənz ðət ˈtruli hæv ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈɪntərɪsts tɪ hɑrt, ðə ˈpəblɪk du nɑt əˈpriʃiˌeɪt ðə kæmˈpeɪn tɪ məˈlaɪn ðɛm. ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld səˈvɪljən ˈnukliər dil ðət meɪks ə ˈbleɪtənt ˈmɑkəri əv ðə nɑnprɔˌlɪfərˈeɪʃən əˈkɔrdz, rɪˈwɔrdɪŋ ˈɪndiən ˌɪnˈtrænsɪʤəns ənd ˈɛrəgəns æt ðə ɪkˈspɛns əv ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊrəti. ðə ɪkˈspoʊʒər əv ˈbleɪtənt ɪz ˈɛvədənt ɛz əˈmɛrɪkə tərnz ɔn ðə ˈwɛpənz tæp fər ˈɪndiə, hum ɪt ˈwɪʃɪz tɪ tərn ˈɪntu ɪts ˈsɛnʧəri 'sleɪv ˈsoʊlʤər' ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ˈkaʊntər ˈʧaɪnə, waɪl ˌpækɪˈstæni əˈfɪʃəlz ər lɛft ˈdæŋgəlɪŋ ənd məst dəˈbeɪs ənd hjuˈmɪliˌeɪt ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ ɪnˈʃʊr ðə dɪˈlɪvəri əv ə ˈtraɪflɪŋ ˈnəmbər əv ənd ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptərz tɪ faɪt ðə seɪm ˈɛnəmiz ðət əˈmɛrɪkə ɪz ˈspɑnsərɪŋ. ðə ˈʃildɪŋ, prəˈtɛkʃən ənd ˈnərʧərɪŋ əv ˌɪnˈsərʤənt grups ɔn ˌpækɪˈstæni sɔɪl baɪ ðə siaɪeɪ. ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˌlɪˌbərˈeɪʃən ˈɑrmi' (rɛd: ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈklɛrɪti ɪn ðə kəˈnəndrəm, baɪ ənd ˈpækɪˌstæn' ər ˈoʊnli ə fju əv ˈmɛni. ɔl ðiz grups beɪs ðɛr ˌɪnˈsɪˌdiəs ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz frəm ˌɪnˈsaɪd æfˈgænəˌstæn wɪʧ ɪz ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd baɪ ðə ˈjuˈɛs. ɪn spaɪt əv ðɛr ˌɪndərˈɛkt kənˈtroʊl ˈoʊvər ɑr ˈmidiə, əˈmɛrɪkə wɪl ˈnɛvər wɪn ðə 'ˈbætəl əv hɑrts ənd maɪndz' ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn. ˈivɪn ðoʊ ðə raɪz əv ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld 'fri ˈmidiə' ɪn ˈpækɪˌstæn həz brɔt tɪ ðə fɔr ə vərˈaɪəti ənd rentagobs*, sɛlf proʊˈkleɪmd hu ˈsɔləmli ˌɪnˈsɪst ðət ˈpækɪˌstæn ˈkænɑt rɪˈzɪst pæks əˌmɛrɪˈkænə (pɑks əˌmɛrɪˈkænə wʊd bi mɔr əˈproʊpriˌeɪt), ðə ˈpipəl ər nɑt soʊ ˈgələbəl ɛz tɪ bɪˈliv ɪt. ðeɪ si ðə ɪgˈzæmpəl əv ˌɪˈrɑn ənd ˌvɛnɪzˈweɪlə, wɪʧ ˌɔlˈðoʊ nɑt aɪˈdil steɪts baɪ ˈɛni minz, æt list ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt ðət ðoʊz hu rɪˈzɪst əˈmɛrɪkən hiˈʤɛməni kən stɪl sərˈvaɪv ənd ˈivɪn ˈprɑspər. wɛr ðɛr ər ˈpɑkəts əv rɪˈzɪstəns, ðɪs ˈoʊnli ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts ðə ɪgˈzɪstəns əv ən ˈɑnərəbəl ˈpipəl hu ər nɑt priˈpɛrd tɪ ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz ɔn ðɛr ˈdɪgnəti. ðə ˈrisənt ˈpoʊlɪŋ ɪz kɔz fər greɪt hoʊp. ɪt pruvz wət wɑz ˈnɛvər ɪn daʊt ðə ˌpækɪˈstæni ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən wɪl nɑt stænd fər ðiz ˈjuˈɛs vaɪəˈleɪʃənz əv ˈpækɪˌstænz ˈsɑvrənti ənd ˈnæʃənəl ˈɪntəˌrɛst fər məʧ ˈlɔŋgər. wi noʊ ðət wi fɪr ˈɑlə mɔr ðən wi fɪr əˈmɛrɪkə, bət ðə ˈneɪʃən məst naʊ ˈriəˌlaɪz əˈnəðər proʊˈfaʊnd truθ sælˈveɪʃən dɪz nɑt laɪ ɪn kənˈtɪnjud kˌwɔpərˈeɪʃən ənd dəˈbeɪsmənt ɪn frənt əv əˈmɛrɪkə, bət ˈoʊnli ɪn feɪθ ɪn ˈɑlə ənd ɪz hɪz ˈmɛsɪnʤər (sɔ). ɪt ɪz taɪm fər ðɪs ˈneɪʃən tɪ θroʊ ɔf ɪts ˈʃækəlz ənd ɪts ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns. ɛf kʊˈreɪʃi ɪz pɑrt əv ðə ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl tim ənd ˈɔlsoʊ raɪts fər

atif f qureshi, pkkh editorial team |edited by talha mujaddidi pakistankakhudahafiz.com (image by unknown owner) details dmca can pakistan resist pax pox americana? when it is said to them: "make not mischief on the earth," they say: "why, we only want to make peace!" holy qur'an (2-11) - advertisement - wherever the americans go, their policies spread poison. under the pretext of 'freedom and democracy' us policy-makers trample over weaker nations, placing and replacing puppet rulers on a whim and propagandising against all aspirations for true independence. (stephen kinzer's overthrown is a must book to read in this context). with total control of global media, and their weapons of mass distraction, they are able to crush resistance at the very root � before it even forms in the mind. just as noam chomsky said, "if the nuremberg laws were applied, then every post-war american president would have been hanged". yet in spite of the 'fasad-fil-ardh' that america has unleashed around the world, we still see an unseemly obsession with all things american. suffering from a mass psychosis akin to stockholm-syndrome, even nations traumatised and brutalized by america see only america as possible salvation. clearly, american propagandists have done their work well. - advertisement - not in pakistan. in what can only be described as a clear and hopeful sign that this nation is awakening, recent polls have revealed that the pakistani public categorically denounces american policies. a recently conducted poll by pakistankakhudahafiz.com revealed that 89% of over participants were of the opinion that the united states should be declared as a hostile state. this only reinforces another scientifically conducted poll conducted by the al-jazeera network that found that over 70% of pakistanis held america to be the greatest threat to the sovereignty and independence of pakistan � even greater than arch-rival and eternal enemy india. so great is this a problem for the americans that when their generals in the region are quizzed by journalists, they are more likely to be asked about the 'battle for hearts and minds' rather than actual battles. but in spite of the feigned concern in washington, the widespread anti-americanism is not too great a concern for us policymakers. after all, as far as the us is concerned, only pakistan's puppet leaders need be pro-us � the rest of pakistan can go to hell. but in this lies the problem for the us. as the farcical reality of pakistan's democracy is becoming increasingly clear to the public at large, they are turning their ire not just on their puppet leaders, but on their foreign puppet-masters. and this does not bode well for us's future plans for the region. this anti-us mood in pakistan is nothing new. it is a mode of thought that is familiar to most pakistanis � and with good reason. us-pak relations have always been fractious � not based on mutual trust and respect but on mutual suspicion and necessity. every pakistani, from street sweeper to industrialist, knows of the infamous incident in the early 1990's when the us failed to deliver to pakistan dozens of f16 fighter jets that pakistan had already paid for � and not content with humiliating a proud nation enough, in a final salvo, they instead delivered of all things � wheat. the pakistani public were not impressed to say the least. but that is old hat. more recently, america has committed a litany of errors that can only lead an objective person to conclude that not only does the us not have pakistan's interest to heart, but they are only interested in marginalizing and destabilizing pakistan through any means possible. the pakistani people are not blind. they see the chicanery clearly: - advertisement - the 'surge' in american troops in afghanistan accompanied a 'surge' in terrorism in pakistan. while the afghan taliban never threatened pakistani sovereignty, since 2001 thousands of innocents have been killed in a wave of suicide bombings in pakistan that 'coincidently', only began after the us invasion and occupation of afghanistan in 2001. the deliberate spread of the afghan occupation into pakistan and the treatment of both nations as a single theatre or 'battlefield' called afpak. the notion that both nations are to be treated the same even though one is war-torn and primitive while the other has a sophisticated civic society is laughable, but the idea that american forces can strike into pakistan with impunity is enough to make the average pakistani's blood boil. wave after wave of callous and imprecise drone attacks. these achieve practically nothing while only murdering innocent civilians and riling up the pakistani public who despair at their feckless government for being complicit in continual violations of the nations sovereignty and dignity. since 2001 the us has turned a blind eye towards indian intelligence operations from inside afghanistan designed to destabilize pakistan. according to a report published in september 2008 by brig (r) asif haroon raja, india has 14 consulates in afghanistan from which raw is operating. in wakhan, badakshan province, raw is operating a madrassah, where clerics from india are brainwashing local afghans, uzbeks and tajiks. their students are then infiltrated into pakistan where they readily carry out suicide missions and other operations.this blatant infiltration into afghanistan by the indian intelligence apparatus has provided safe haven from which indian agents attack and destabilize pakistan's tribal areas and nwfp.in another recent report from foreign affairs magazine, by christine fair of rand corporation gives us the inside: "having visited the indian mission in zahedan, iran, i can assure you they are not issuing visas as the main activity! moreover, india has run operations from its mission in mazar, afghanistan (through which it supported the northern alliance) and is likely doing so from the other consulates it has reopened in jalalabad and qandahar along the border. indian officials have told me privately that they are pumping money into baluchistan. kabul has encouraged india to engage in provocative activities such as using the border roads organization to build sensitive parts of the ring road and use the indo-tibetan police force for security. it is also building schools on a sensitive part of the border in kunar�across from bajaur (pakistan's tribal area where pakistan army had to carry out a major operation to eliminate ttp militants). the continual barking by american officials for pakistan to "do more!" in spite of the fact that no nation has done or sacrificed more to combat terrorism in its own self-interest. the number of soldiers martyred, treasure spent and tears of widows and orphans shed is testimony to the truth that those who claim that pakistan is half-hearted in this effort are liars. the cia-sponsored democratic farce whereby american engineered its puppets to sieze the reigns in pakistan's recent elections. for those who still deny that the pakistani elections were engineered, think for a moment how is it possible that the most corrupt and despised man in pakistan's entire history, asif zardari would become the president of pakistan if the elections were truly and fairly democratic? even though our 'popularly elected' politicians are in the pocket of the americans, they remain frustrated that certain institutions in pakistan remain out of their reach. the black propaganda targeting pakistan's patriotic armed forces, intelligence services and nuclear weapons arsenal reveals their obvious intent. well-aware that these are the only institutions that truly have pakistan's interests to heart, the public do not appreciate the am-brit campaign to malign them. the so-called indo-us civilian nuclear deal that makes a blatant mockery of the non-proliferation accords, rewarding indian intransigence and arrogance at the expense of pakistan's national security. the exposure of blatant double-standards is evident as america turns on the weapons tap for india, whom it wishes to turn into its 21st century 'slave soldier' in order to counter china, while pakistani officials are left dangling and must debase and humiliate themselves in order to ensure the delivery of a trifling number of f-16's and helicopters to fight the same enemies that america is sponsoring. the shielding, protection and nurturing of anti-pakistan insurgent groups on pakistani soil by the cia. the so-called 'baluchistan liberation army' (read: finding clarity in the baluchistan conundrum, by talha mujaddidi ) and 'tehrik-e-taliban pakistan' are only a few of many. all these groups base their insidious operations from inside afghanistan � which is occupied by the us. in spite of their indirect control over our media, america will never win the 'battle of hearts and minds' in pakistan. even though the rise of the so-called 'free media' in pakistan has brought to the fore a variety rentashills and rentagobs, self proclaimed pseudo-intellectuals who solemnly insist that pakistan cannot resist pax americana (pox americana would be more appropriate), the people are not so gullible as to believe it. they see the example of iran and venezuela, which although not ideal states by any means, at least demonstrate that those who resist american hegemony can still survive and even prosper. where there are pockets of resistance, this only demonstrates the existence of an honorable people who are not prepared to compromise on their dignity. the recent polling is cause for great hope. it proves what was never in doubt � the pakistani population will not stand for these us violations of pakistan's sovereignty and national interest for much longer. we know that we fear allah more than we fear america, but the nation must now realise another profound truth � salvation does not lie in continued cooperation and debasement in front of america, but only in faith in allah and is his messenger (saw). it is time for this nation to throw off its shackles and re-declare its independence. atif f qureshi is part of the pkkh editorial team and also writes for pakdestiny.net

pliz tərn ɔn ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt. ˈmidiə rikˈwaɪərz ˈʤɑvəˌskrɪpt tɪ pleɪ. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt ə gæs blæst æt ə koʊl maɪn ɪn ˈʧaɪnə həz kɪld 42 ˈpipəl ənd lɛft 66 træpt, steɪt ˈmidiə rɪˈpɔrts. ˈzɪnhjuə sɛd ðət 528 ˈwərkərz wər ɪn ðə maɪn ɪn ˈprɑvɪns æt ðə taɪm əv ðə blæst ənd ðət ˈrɛˌskjuərz wər ˈsərʧɪŋ fər ðoʊz træpt. mɔr ðən 400 ˈəðər ˈmaɪnərz rɪˈpɔrtədli ˈmænɪʤd tɪ ɪˈskeɪp ðə maɪn, ɪn ðə ˈriʤən ˈbɔrdərɪŋ ˈrəʃə. ˈʧaɪnəz koʊl maɪnz ər noʊˈtɔriəsli ˈdeɪnʤərəs dɪˈspaɪt ˈtaɪtər ˈgəvərnmənt ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz eɪmd æt ˈəpˌgreɪdɪŋ ˈseɪfti. læst jɪr əˈloʊn, mɔr ðən ˈpipəl wər kɪld ɪn ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈæksədənts. ðə ˈleɪtəst blæst ˈhæpənd æt 0230 ˈloʊkəl taɪm ɔn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ 1830 ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ), sɛd ˈzɪnhjuə. dip ˈəndərˌgraʊnd moʊst əv ðə ˈwərkərz ˈmænɪʤd tɪ ɪˈskeɪp ðə pɪt, bət ˈmɛni wər stɪl træpt əˈbaʊt ə θərd əv ə maɪl 500m*) ˈəndərˌgraʊnd, ʧaɪˈniz ˈmidiə rɪˈpɔrt. ˈʧaɪnəz koʊl maɪnz ər noʊˈtɔriəsli ˈdeɪnʤərəs dɪˈspaɪt ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃənz ˈmɛni əv ðə ˈɪnʤərd wər biɪŋ ˈtritɪd æt ðə ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈbjʊroʊ ˈhɑˌspɪtəl, wɪʧ sɛd ɔl 800 əv ɪts ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈwərkərz hæd ʤɔɪnd ðə ˈrɛskju ˌɑpərˈeɪʃən, ˈzɪnhjuə ˌriˈpɔrtəd. wæŋ xingang*, ə ɪlɛkˈtrɪʃən hu ˈsəfərd hɛd ˈɪnʤəriz, sɛd hi wɑz nɑkt aʊt baɪ ðə blæst ɛz hi wɑz ˈɛnərɪŋ ðə maɪn. "aɪ pæst aʊt fər ə waɪl," ˈzɪnhjuə kˈwoʊtɪd ɪm ɛz seɪɪŋ. "aɪ faʊnd aɪ wɑz ʃˈraʊdɪd baɪ ˈhɛvi smoʊk wɪn aɪ riˈgeɪnd ˈkɑnʃəsnəs. aɪ groʊpt maɪ weɪ aʊt ɪn ðə dɑrk, ənd kɔld fər hɛlp." ðə maɪn ɪz ˈɑpərˌeɪtəd baɪ ðə ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈhoʊldɪŋ grup. maɪnz ər ˈʤɛnərəli kənˈsɪdərd ˈseɪfər ðən ˈpraɪvət collieries*, huz læks ˈseɪfti ˈstændərdz kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ə haɪ reɪt əv ˈæksədənts. moʊst ər bleɪmd ɔn ə ˈfeɪljər tɪ ˈfɑloʊ ˈseɪfti ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz, ˈɔfən ɪn ən əˈtɛmpt tɪ kət kɔsts ənd mit ən ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ dɪˈmænd fər fjuəl. ðə ʧaɪˈniz əˈθɔrətiz hæv bɪn traɪɪŋ tɪ dil wɪθ ðə ˈdeɪnʤərz baɪ ˈkloʊzɪŋ sˈmɔlər ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənz ənd ˈfɔrsɪŋ ˈloʊkəl əˈθɔrətiz tɪ ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt ðə ˈɪndəstri, sɪz ðə ˌbibiˈsis ˈmaɪkəl ˈbrɪstoʊ ɪn ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ. ðə ˈgəvərnmənt kloʊzd səm smɔl maɪnz ɪn ə ˈrisənt ˈseɪfti draɪv, ənd sɪz ðə ˈnəmbər əv ˈmaɪnərz kɪld həz bɪn hævd ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt. bət ˈmaɪnərz ər stɪl daɪɪŋ æt ə reɪt əv sɪks ə deɪ, ənd ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈleɪbər grups seɪ ˈmɛni ˈæksədənts ər ˈkəvərd əp ɪn ðə draɪv fər ˈprɑfɪt ənd koʊl. ɪn ˈfɛbruˌɛri, mɔr ðən 70 ˈwərkərz wər kɪld ɪn ən ɪkˈsploʊʒən æt ə maɪn ɪn ˈprɑvɪns. ˈbʊkmɑrk wɪθ: dɪˈlɪʃəs ˈfeɪsˌbʊk wət ər ðiz? ˈiˌmeɪl ðɪs tɪ ə frɛnd ˈprɪntəbəl ˈvərʒən

please turn on javascript. media requires javascript to play. advertisement a gas blast at a coal mine in china has killed 42 people and left 66 trapped, state media reports. xinhua said that 528 workers were in the mine in heilongjiang province at the time of the blast and that rescuers were searching for those trapped. more than 400 other miners reportedly managed to escape the mine, in the region bordering russia. china's coal mines are notoriously dangerous despite tighter government regulations aimed at upgrading safety. last year alone, more than 3,000 people were killed in mining accidents. the latest blast happened at 0230 local time on saturday (1830 gmt on friday), said xinhua. deep underground most of the workers managed to escape the pit, but many were still trapped about a third of a mile (500m) underground, chinese media report. china's coal mines are notoriously dangerous despite regulations many of the injured were being treated at the hegang mining bureau hospital, which said all 800 of its medical workers had joined the rescue operation, xinhua reported. wang xingang, a 27-year-old electrician who suffered head injuries, said he was knocked out by the blast as he was entering the mine. "i passed out for a while," xinhua quoted him as saying. "i found i was shrouded by heavy smoke when i regained consciousness. i groped my way out in the dark, and called for help." the mine is operated by the state-owned heilongjiang longmei mining holding group. state-run mines are generally considered safer than private collieries, whose lax safety standards contributed to a high rate of accidents. most are blamed on a failure to follow safety guidelines, often in an attempt to cut costs and meet an increasing demand for fuel. the chinese authorities have been trying to deal with the dangers by closing smaller mining operations and forcing local authorities to regulate the industry, says the bbc's michael bristow in beijing. the government closed some 1,000 small mines in a recent safety drive, and says the number of miners killed has been halved as a result. but miners are still dying at a rate of six a day, and independent labour groups say many accidents are covered up in the drive for profit and coal. in february, more than 70 workers were killed in an explosion at a mine in shanxi province. bookmark with: delicious digg reddit facebook stumbleupon what are these? e-mail this to a friend printable version

saʊnz laɪk ə maɪk ʤəʤ ˈmuvi, raɪt?? ˈmeɪbi ə ˈfɑloʊ əp tɪ idiocracy*? lɛt mi pʊt ɪt ðɪs weɪ. ɪf ju θɔt fud, ɪŋk. wɑz ə ˌdɑkjəˈmɛnəri əˈbaʊt fud ðət geɪv ju ˈsɛkənd θɔts əˈbaʊt wət wi it,, ˈstrimɪŋ ɔn ənd baɪ ˈæpiən weɪ (dɪˈkæpriˌoʊ) wɪl liv ju ˈspətərɪŋ wɪθ reɪʤ. ɪts laɪk ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈɛvəri 60 ˈmɪnəts ˈɛvər meɪd ɪn wən ˈsɪtɪŋ. ənd waɪ? bɪˈkəz 90 əv wət ju θɔt wər ðə ˈkɔzɪz əv ˈklaɪmɪt ʧeɪnʤ ənd waɪ ɪts ˈhæpənɪŋ ɪz nɑt tru. bɪˈkəz ɪf ju wɔʧ ðɪs fɪlm ənd tɛl ə frɛnd, ju wɪl bɪˈkəm 100 kənˈvɪnst ðət səm ˈfæktəri fɑrm ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ stɑrt ˈteɪlɪŋ ju. bɪˈkəz ɪf ju θɪŋk ˈsɪlkˌwʊd wɑz ən ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd ɪˈvɛnt, ˌənrɪˈleɪtɪd tɪ nis, ˈjəmi ˈbərgərz jʊr dɛd rɔŋ. rɪˈmɛmbər ðət wi ˈlɔˌsut ˈoʊprə ˈwɪnfri gɑt mɪkst əp wɪθ ɪn 1998 ðiz ˈpipəl min ˈbɪznɪs. ənd ðɛr ˈbɪznɪs ɪz ju it ðə mit ðeɪ ˈfæktəri fɑrm ˈɛvəri deɪ ɪn ənˈθɪŋkəbəl kənˈdɪʃənz ənd ʃət ðə hɛl əp əˈbaʊt ʤɪst haʊ ðeɪ du ɪt. ðæts raɪt. ðə ˈænəməl ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ˈɪndəstri ˈrɪli ˈdəzənt laɪk tɪ dɪˈskəs ˈɛni ˈnɛgətɪv ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃənz əv ðɛr ˈbɪznɪs. nɑt ðə ˌɪnhjuˈmeɪn ˈtritmənt əv ˈænəməlz, nɑt ðə ˌɪnhjuˈmeɪn ˈtritmənt əv ðə ˈwərkərz, nɑt ðə ˈwɔtər ənd lænd juz, ənd moʊst ˈsərtənli nɑt ðə ˌɪmˈpækt ðət ðeɪ hæv ɔn ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. fən fækt: ɪt teɪks 660 ˈgælənz əv ˈwɔtər fər ðət ˈbərgər ju ʤɪst eɪt. aɪ æm ə ˈskɛptɪk baɪ ˈneɪʧər. aɪ ˈoʊnli bɪˈgæn ˈitɪŋ ə daɪət bɪˈkəz aɪ hæd tɪ. əm noʊ seɪnt. fər jɪrz aɪ eɪt mit ənd ʃəvd ˈɪntu ə ˈtaɪni ˈlɪtəl bɔl ðə ˈnɑlɪʤ aɪ hæd əˈbaʊt ˌɪnhjuˈmeɪn sˈlɔtərˌhaʊsɪz ənd ˈwərkərz. ɪt wɑz tu ˈnæsti tɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt. soʊ aɪ ˈdɪdənt. ɪt wɑz səm ˌɪnkənˈvinjənt bləd tɛst rɪˈzəlts ðət fɔrst maɪ hænd. bət ðɛn, aɪ bɪˈgæn ˈlərnɪŋ mɔr əˈbaʊt ˈitɪŋ ə daɪət ənd wət rɪˈvilz ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ðət bɪlt ə faɪər ˈəndər mi. ðə ˈkɔrpərət ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən ənd grid, ˌɪnhjuˈmænəti, ˈrɛkləs ˌdɪsrɪˈgɑrd fər ˈpipəl, ˈænəməlz ənd ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ənd laɪɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈænəməl ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ˈɪndəstri ər stupefying*. θæŋks tɪ ˈmuviz laɪk ənd ðə sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli ˈhɑrdər tɪ teɪk ˈərθlɪŋz, ˈfæktəri ˈfɑrmɪŋ ər "ˈænəməl ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər' ˈbɪznɪs, ɛz ðeɪ laɪk tɪ ˌjufəˈmɪstɪkli kɔl ðɛmˈsɛlvz, həz riʧt ə ˈtɪpɪŋ pɔɪnt ənd ɪz əˈbaʊt tɪ hæv ə bɪg, ˈnæsti təˈbæˌkoʊ ˈmoʊmənt ɪn ðə ˈpəblɪk aɪ.

sounds like a mike judge movie, right? cowspiracy? maybe a follow up to 2006's idiocracy? let me put it this way. if you thought food, inc. was a documentary about food that gave you second thoughts about what we eat, cowspiracy, streaming on netflix and co-produced by appian way (dicaprio) will leave you sputtering with rage. it's like watching every 60 minutes ever made in one sitting. and why? because 90% of what you thought were the causes of climate change and why it's happening is not true. because if you watch this film and tell a friend, you will become 100% convinced that some factory farm council/lobby is going to start tailing you. because if you think silkwood was an isolated event, unrelated to nice, yummy burgers -- you're dead wrong. remember that wee lawsuit oprah winfrey got mixed up with in 1998? these people mean business. and their business is you eat the meat they factory farm every day in unthinkable conditions and shut the hell up about just how they do it. that's right. the animal agriculture industry really doesn't like to discuss any negative implications of their business. not the inhumane treatment of animals, not the inhumane treatment of the workers, not the water and land use, and most certainly not the impact that they have on the environment. fun fact: it takes 660 gallons of water for that burger you just ate. i am a skeptic by nature. i only began eating a plant-based diet because i had to. i'm no saint. for years i ate meat and shoved into a tiny little ball the knowledge i had about inhumane slaughterhouses and workers. it was too nasty to think about. so i didn't. it was some inconvenient blood test results that forced my hand. but then, i began learning more about eating a plant-based diet and what cowspiracy reveals is something that built a fire under me. the corporate intimidation and greed, inhumanity, reckless disregard for people, animals and the environment and lying in the animal agriculture industry are stupefying. thanks to movies like cowspiracy and the significantly harder to take earthlings, factory farming - or "animal agriculture' business, as they like to euphemistically call themselves, has reached a tipping point and is about to have a big, nasty rjr tobacco moment in the public eye.

aɪ ʤɪst spɛnt səm taɪm ɔn ðə foʊn wɪθ, ə ˈpɪtsbərg pərˈfɔrmər hu wɑz geɪ bæʃt ɪn ðə ˈblumˌfild ˈneɪbərˌhʊd əv ˈpɪtsbərg læst naɪt. ə ˈnəmbər əv ˈditeɪlz hæv bɪn ˈimərʤɪŋ, nɑt ɔl əv wɪʧ ər ˈfʊli ˈækjərət, soʊ aɪ ˈwɔntɪd tɪ gɪt ðə ˈstɔri, ər ɛz məʧ ɛz aɪ kʊd dɪˈrɛkli frəm ðə ˈpərsən hu wɑz bæʃt. ðɛr ɪz ə ˈræli ðɪs ˈivnɪŋ ˈaʊtˈsaɪd əv ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr ɔn ˈlɪbərˌti ˈævəˌnu æt 9pm*. ənd 2 ˈəðər frɛndz wər ɪn dræg, ənd hæd bɪn æt ðə bɑks, əˈnəðər kləb ɪn ðə ˈɛriə. əˈbaʊt æm, ðeɪ hæd ˈdrɪvən daʊn ˈlɪbərˌti ˈɑˌveɪ ənd pɑrkt ɪn frənt əv ðə əˈlʊr ʃɑp, wɪʧ ɪz əˈkrɔs ðə strit frəm ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr, ənd wər ˈhɛdɪd tɪ ðə ˈkæsəl. ə ˈwʊmən frɛnd əv ðɛrz, ˈivə ˈhæpənd əˈlɔŋ ənd meɪ hæv bɪn ˈhɛdɪd tɪ ðə seɪm pleɪs. ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr, wər 3 drəŋks hu ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli bɪˈgæn ˈjɛlɪŋ slərz ənd tɔnts æt ənd hər frɛndz. kˈwɪkli ɪt ˈɛskəˌleɪtɪd frəm tɔnts tɪ ə ˈfɪzɪkəl ˌɑltərˈkeɪʃən ɪn ðə strit ənd ɪn frənt əv ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr. wɑz pənʧt ənd æt wən pɔɪnt fɛl (hilz ər ə bɪʧ tɪ stænd ɔn ɪn ə faɪt), wɛr, ɔn ðə graʊnd ʃi wɑz kɪkt ənd hɪt rɪˈpitɪdli. ʃi rɪˈmɛmbər ə hoʊl lɔt, ənd məʧ əv wət ʃi noʊz əˈbaʊt ðə əˈtæk keɪm frəm hər frɛnd ˈʧɛri hu wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ðɛr. æt wən pɔɪnt ðə ˈmænɪʤər keɪm aʊt əv ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr ənd pʊld ðə θri drəŋks ɔf əv ənd toʊld ðɛm tɪ gɪt lɔst. hi rɪfˈjuzd tɪ əˈlaʊ ðɛm bæk ɪn ðə bɑr. ənd hər frɛndz ˈstɑrtɪd tɪ wɔk əˈweɪ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs, bət ðə drəŋks ˈfɑloʊd ðɛm ənd kɔt əp wɪθ ðɛm ə bɪt ˈfɑrðər daʊn ðə strit ənd bɪˈgæn ðə ˈbitɪŋ ɔl ˈoʊvər əˈgɛn. ɪf aɪ gɑt ðɪs kərˈɛktli, ˈivə, ˈʧɛri,- ˈɛvriˌwən wɑz hɪt ɪn ðə əˈtæk, nɑt ʤɪst. ɪt həz bɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈɛlsˌwɛr, ðət ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr ˈbaʊnsər dɪd ˈnəθɪŋ, bət wɑz klɪr wɪθ mi ðət ðə ˈmænɪʤər frəm ðɛr wɑz ɪkˈstrimli ˈhɛlpfəl, ənd ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr həz geɪ ɪmˈplɔɪiz. ˈɛni ˈaʊˌtreɪʤ ˈoʊvər ðɪs nidz tɪ bi dɪˈrɛktɪd təˈwɔrdz ˈstɑpɪŋ ˈvaɪələns, ənd nɑt əˈgɛnst ðɪs wən ˈbɪznɪs ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt. kraɪmz əˈgɛnst geɪ, ˈlɛzbiən, ˌbaɪˈsɛkʃuəl, ənd ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ˈpipəl ˈhæpən ˈɛvriˌwɛr. ɪt kʊd bi ɪn ðə sˈmɔləst moʊst kənˈsərvətɪv pleɪs, ər ɪn ðə ˈbɪgəst geɪ ˈmɛkə, laɪk wɛst ˈhɑliˌwʊd. jɛt, noʊ ˈmætər wɛr, ˈvaɪələns laɪk ðɪs ɪz ˌənækˈsɛptəbəl, ənd ðə səˈluʃən ɪz fər ðə kəmˈjunɪti tɪ raɪz əp ənd dɪˈmænd ən ɛnd tɪ ðiz taɪps əv ˈhæpənɪŋz. bɪˈlivd ðət ˈivə hæd kɔld ðə pəˈlis, bət ˈɛndɪd əp ɔn hoʊld ənd soʊ ɪt wɑz əv noʊ hɛlp æt ɔl. hi ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈlivz ðət ðə ˈplɛʒər bɑr ˈmænɪʤər kɔld ðə kɑps, bət ðət ɪz ˌənkənˈfərmd æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt. bət sɪz, ðət ðə pəˈlis ˈfraɪtən hər. ə fju jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ʃi wɑz əˈtækt ɪn ə ˈdaɪnər, wɛr, wɪn ðə pəˈlis əraɪvd, ʃi wɑz ɛz ɪf ʃi hæd bɪn ðə ˈkrɪmənəl, ənd soʊ ʃi hæv məʧ feɪθ ɪn ðə pəˈlis. iʧ ənd ˈɛvəri ˈpərsən ʃʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ wɔk daʊn ə ˈsaɪdˌwɔk ənd bi lɛft əˈloʊn. noʊ wən ʃʊd bi ðə ˈtərgət əv ˌhoʊməˈfoʊbɪk slərz ənd ˈæŋgri wərdz, lɛt əˈloʊn ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈvaɪələns. ənd ðə səˈluʃən ɪz tɪ bi aʊt ənd praʊd. tɪ ˈrɛfˌjuz tɪ bæk daʊn ənd bi əˈfreɪd, bət ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ dɪˈmænd rɪˈspɛkt ənd tɪ bi ˈtritɪd ɛz ˈikwəlz tɪ ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls. ðə ˈræli təˈnaɪt ɪz wən stɛp ɪn ðət ˈprɔˌsɛs.

i just spent some time on the phone with veruca, a pittsburgh performer who was gay bashed in the bloomfield neighborhood of pittsburgh last night. â a number of details have been emerging, not all of which are fully accurate, so i wanted to get the story, or as much as i could directly from the person who was bashed. there is a rally this evening outside of the pleasure bar on liberty avenue at 9pm. veruca and 2 other friends were in drag, and had been at the brillo box, another club in the lawrenceville/bloomfield area. about 1:30 am, they had driven down liberty ave and parked in front of the allure shop, which is across the street from the pleasure bar, and were headed to the castle. a woman friend of theirs, eva happened along and may have been headed to the same place. outside the pleasure bar, were 3 drunks who immediately began yelling slurs and taunts at veruca and her friends. quickly it escalated from taunts to a physical altercation in the street and in front of the pleasure bar. veruca was punched and at one point fell (heels are a bitch to stand on in a fight), where, on the ground she was kicked and hit repeatedly. she doesn’t remember a whole lot, and much of what she knows about the attack came from her friend cherry who was also there. at one point the manager came out of the pleasure bar and pulled the three drunks off of veruca and told them to get lost. he refused to allow them back in the bar. veruca and her friends started to walk away during this, but the drunks followed them and caught up with them a bit farther down the street and began the beating all over again. if i got this correctly, eva, cherry, veruca- everyone was hit in the attack, not just veruca. it has been reported elsewhere, that the pleasure bar bouncer did nothing, but veruca was clear with me that the manager from there was extremely helpful, and the pleasure bar has gay employees. any outrage over this needs to be directed towards stopping violence, and not against this one business establishment. crimes against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people happen everywhere. it could be in the smallest most conservative place, or in the biggest gay mecca, like west hollywood. yet, no matter where, violence like this is unacceptable, and the solution is for the community to rise up and demand an end to these types of happenings. veruca believed that eva had called the police, but ended up on hold and so it was of no help at all. he also believes that the pleasure bar manager called the cops, but that is unconfirmed at the moment. but veruca says, that the police frighten her. a few years ago, she was attacked in a diner, where, when the police arrived, she was treaded as if she had been the criminal, and so she doesn’t have much faith in the police. each and every person should be able to walk down a sidewalk and be left alone. no one should be the target of homophobic slurs â and angry words, let alone physical violence. and the solution is to be out and proud. to refuse to back down and be afraid, but willing to demand respect and to be treated as equals to everyone else. the rally tonight is one step in that process.

ɪn ə bɪd tɪ sˈwɪftli dɪˈlɪvər ɔn wən əv ˈdɑnəld trəmps ʧif kæmˈpeɪn ˈprɑməsəz, kənˈgrɛʃənəl rɪˈpəblɪkənz ər ɪkˈsplɔrɪŋ weɪz tɪ bɪˈgɪn ˈfəndɪŋ ə ˈbɛriər ɔn ðə juz. ˈsəðərn ˈbɔrdər ˈstɑrtɪŋ ɛz sun ɛz ˈeɪprəl. ˈməltəpəl ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz dɪˈskraɪbd ðə plænz ˈθərzˌdeɪ, wɪʧ wʊd juz əˈθɔrəti ˈəndər ə 2006 lɔ səˈpɔrtɪd baɪ rɪˈpəblɪkənz ənd ˈdɛməˌkræts əˈlaɪk tɪ ˈʤəstəˌfaɪ ˈspɛndɪŋ ðət kʊd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli riʧ ˈɪntu ðə ˈbɪljənz əv ˈdɔlərz. frəm ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðɪs kæmˈpeɪn, trəmp plɛʤd tɪ "bɪld ə wɔl ənd meɪk ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ peɪ fər ɪt." waɪl ðə ˈfəndɪŋ ˈəndər dɪˈskəʃən ɪn ˈkɑŋgrəs wʊd bi frəm juz. ˈtækˌspeɪər fəndz, ɪt wʊd nɑt prɪˈklud trəmps ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən frəm ˈsikɪŋ ˌriɪmˈbərsmənt frəm ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ, ɛz trəmp hɪmˈsɛlf həz dɪˈskəst ɔn ðə kæmˈpeɪn treɪl. "aɪ sɛd ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ɪz peɪɪŋ fər ðə wɔl, wɪθ ðə fʊl ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ ðət ðə ˈkəntri əv ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ wɪl bi ˌriɪmˈbərsɪŋ ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts fər ðə fʊl kɔst əv səʧ ə wɔl, ˈoʊˈkeɪ?" hi sɛd ˈdʊrɪŋ ən ɔkt. 22 spiʧ ɪn ˈgɛtizbərg, ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪnjə. "wɪr goʊɪŋ tɪ hæv ðə wɔl. ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ peɪ fər ðə wɔl." ə ˈnəmbər əv rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz bɪˈliv ðət trəmp həz əˈθɔrəti ˈəndər ðə sɪˈkjʊr fɛns ækt əv 2006 tɪ kəˈmɛns kənˈstrəkʃən ɔn ə wɔl. ðət lɔ, bækt baɪ ˈprɛzɪdənt ʤɔrʤ ˈdəbəlju. bʊʃ, ˈmænˌdeɪtɪd 700 maɪəlz əv "ˌriɪnˈfɔrst ˈfɛnsɪŋ" əˈlɔŋ ðə ˈbɔrdər əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ɛnˈhænst sərˈveɪləns ˈsɪstəmz ðət keɪm tɪ bi noʊn ɛz ə "ˈvərʧuəl fɛns." bət ðə fʊl ˈkɑmpləmənt əv ˈbɛriərz wɑz ˈnɛvər kəmˈplitɪd, ənd ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz bɪˈliv ðət ðə lɔ prəˈvaɪdz səˈfɪʃənt əˈθɔrəti tɪ kəmˈplit ə fʊl ˈbɔrdər wɔl laɪk ðət dɪˈskraɪbd baɪ trəmp. ðət wʊd əˈlaʊ ˈkɑŋgrəs, wɪˈθaʊt ˈpæsɪŋ ə nu pis əv ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən, tɪ stɑrt ˈfəndɪŋ ðə wɔl θru ðə ˈnɔrməl əˌproʊpriˈeɪʃənz ˈprɔˌsɛs. ˈkɑrənt ˈfɛdərəl ˈspɛndɪŋ əˈθɔrəti ɪkˈspaɪərz ɔn ˈeɪprəl 28 ənd rɪˈpəblɪkənz kʊd pʊʃ tɪ ˌɪnˈklud ˈbɔrdər wɔl ˈfəndɪŋ ɪn ˈɛni ˈspɛndɪŋ ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən ðət wʊd ˈfɑloʊ. waɪl ˈdɛməˌkræts kʊd wɛl blɑk ə ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ˈbɔrdər wɔl bɪl, ɪt wʊd bi mɔr ˈdɪfəkəlt fər ðɛm tɪ blɑk ˈspɛndɪŋ ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən, ðəs ˈrɪskɪŋ ə ˈgəvərnmənt ˈʃətˌdaʊn. ˈsɛvərəl ˌhaɪˈproʊfaɪl ˈdɛməˌkræts, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ then-sen*. ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑmə ənd ˈkɑrənt ˈsɛnɪt məˈnɔrəti ˈlidər ˈʧɑrəlz ˈʃumər, ˈvoʊtɪd fər ðə sɪˈkjʊr fɛns ækt. "ɪts ən ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ lɔ ðət ˈhæzənt bɪn ˈɪmpləˌmɛnəd, ɪn pɑrt beɪst ɔn ðə ˌaɪdiˈɑləʤi ənd fəˈlɑsəfi əv ðə ˈaʊtˌgoʊɪŋ ˈprɛzɪdənt," sɛd rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. luk ˈmɛsər, r-ind*., ˈʧɛrmən əv ðə haʊs rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈpɑləsi kəˈmɪti, hu sɛd hi wɑz wən əv ˈsɛvərəl ˈlɔˌmeɪkərz ˈpʊʃɪŋ ðə əˈproʊʧ. "aɪ si ˈnəθɪŋ ˈpɑrtəzən əˈbaʊt traɪɪŋ tɪ kəmˈplaɪ wɪθ ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ lɔz." ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs fərst ˌriˈpɔrtəd ɔn ðə dɪˈskəʃənz ˈθərzˌdeɪ. ki ˈpɑləsi dɪˈsɪʒənz hæv nɑt jɛt bɪn meɪd wɛr tɪ stɑrt ˈbɪldɪŋ, fər ˈɪnstəns, ər ˈwɛðər ðə ˈbɛriər ɔt tɪ bi ə fɛns ər ə ˈsɑləd wɔl. ˈmɛsər sɛd ə ˈbrɔdər ˈbɔrdər sɪˈkjʊrəti bɪl kʊd ˈfɑloʊ ə muv tɪ stɑrt ˈspɛndɪŋ ɔn ə wɔl. "ɪt wʊd bi ə prəˈpoʊzəl ðət wʊd kɔst ˈbɪljənz əv ˈdɔlərz tɪ gɪt dən, bət ɪf ɪts ən əˈproʊpriˌeɪt praɪˈɔrəti fər ɑr ˈkəntri, ɪts wərθ ˈspɛndɪŋ ðət kaɪnd əv ˈməni," ˈmɛsər sɛd. əˈnəðər ˈlɔˌmeɪkər, rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. stiv kɪŋ, r-iowa*, ə fɪrs əˈpoʊnənt əv ˌɪˈligəl ˌɪməˈgreɪʃən sɛd hi dɪd nɑt noʊ prɪˈsaɪsli haʊ trəmp ˈwɔntɪd tɪ pərˈsid wɪθ ðə wɔl, bət ˈspɛkjəˌleɪtɪd ɔn wət hɪz kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz maɪt bi. "aɪ θɪŋk wət hiz ˈæskɪŋ ɪz: wət du ju hæv naʊ? wət ər ðə ˈæˌsɛts wi hæv tɪ wərk wɪθ, ənd wət ər ðə ˈʧælənʤɪz fər ˌækwəˈzɪʃən?" kɪŋ sɛd. "wət ər ðə tulz ðeɪ hæv wɪˈθɪn ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənts? haʊ məʧ ˈməni ɪz ˈsɪtɪŋ əraʊnd ɪn ðə [dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ˈhoʊmˌlænd sɪˈkjʊrəti] ðət kʊd bi ˌriˈæləˌkeɪtɪd? wət du ðeɪ hæv ɪn ðə bʊks fər dɪˈzaɪn, ənd haʊ məʧ ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ hæv ðeɪ dən? hiz gɑt ðə əˈθɔrəti tɪ du ə lɔt wɪˈθaʊt ˈmuvɪŋ ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən, bət hi wɔnts tɪ noʊ wət wʊd ˌrikˈwaɪər ˌlɛʤəsˈleɪʃən." kɪŋ sɛd hi wɑz nɑt əˈspɛʃəli kənˈsərnd ðət ˈkɑŋgrəs, nɑt ðə ˈmɛksəkən ˈgəvərnmənt, wʊd bi ˈraɪtɪŋ ðə fərst ʧɛks. "ɪf wi bɪld ðət wɔl, ənd ˈdɑnəld trəmp ˈhæzənt ˈfɪgjərd aʊt haʊ tɪ gɪt ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ tɪ peɪ, əm nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ðə gaɪ hu sɪz, 'lɛts weɪt ənˈtɪl wi gɪt ðɪs ɪn ˈpeɪsoʊz,' hi sɛd. ðə ˈwɔʃɪŋtən poʊsts ˈdeɪvɪd ˈwaɪgəl kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðɪs rɪˈpɔrt.

in a bid to swiftly deliver on one of president-elect donald trump's chief campaign promises, congressional republicans are exploring ways to begin funding a barrier on the u.s. southern border starting as soon as april. multiple lawmakers described the plans thursday, which would use authority under a 2006 law supported by republicans and democrats alike to justify spending that could eventually reach into the billions of dollars. from the beginning of this campaign, trump pledged to "build a wall and make mexico pay for it." while the funding under discussion in congress would be from u.s. taxpayer funds, it would not preclude trump's administration from seeking reimbursement from mexico, as trump himself has discussed on the campaign trail. "i said mexico is paying for the wall, with the full understanding that the country of mexico will be reimbursing the united states for the full cost of such a wall, ok?" he said during an oct. 22 speech in gettysburg, pennsylvania. "we're going to have the wall. mexico is going to pay for the wall." a number of republican lawmakers believe that trump has authority under the secure fence act of 2006 to commence construction on a wall. that law, backed by president george w. bush, mandated 700 miles of "reinforced fencing" along the u.s.-mexico border along with enhanced surveillance systems that came to be known as a "virtual fence." but the full complement of barriers was never completed, and gop lawmakers believe that the law provides sufficient authority to complete a full border wall like that described by trump. that would allow congress, without passing a new piece of legislation, to start funding the wall through the normal appropriations process. current federal spending authority expires on april 28, and republicans could push to include border wall funding in any spending legislation that would follow. while democrats could well block a separate border wall bill, it would be more difficult for them to block spending legislation, thus risking a government shutdown. several high-profile democrats, including then-sen. barack obama and current senate minority leader charles schumer, voted for the secure fence act. "it's an existing law that hasn't been implemented, in part based on the ideology and philosophy of the outgoing president," said rep. luke messer, r-ind., chairman of the house republican policy committee, who said he was one of several lawmakers pushing the approach. "i see nothing partisan about trying to comply with existing laws." the associated press first reported on the gop discussions thursday. key policy decisions have not yet been made - where to start building, for instance, or whether the barrier ought to be a fence or a solid wall. messer said a broader border security bill could follow a move to start spending on a wall. "it would be a proposal that would cost billions of dollars to get done, but if it's an appropriate priority for our country, it's worth spending that kind of money," messer said. another lawmaker, rep. steve king, r-iowa, a fierce opponent of illegal immigration said he did not know precisely how trump wanted to proceed with the wall, but speculated on what his considerations might be. "i think what he's asking is: what do you have now? what are the assets we have to work with, and what are the challenges for right-of-way acquisition?" king said. "what are the tools they have within the departments? how much money is sitting around in the [department of homeland security] that could be reallocated? what do they have in the books for design, and how much engineering have they done? he's got the authority to do a lot without moving legislation, but he wants to know what would require legislation." king said he was not especially concerned that congress, not the mexican government, would be writing the first checks. "if we build that wall, and donald trump hasn't figured out how to get mexico to pay, i'm not going to be the guy who says, 'let's wait until we get this in pesos,' " he said. the washington post's david weigel contributed to this report.

sony’s* ‘‘wipeout*: oʊˈmɛgə collection’*’ ˈdeɪbjuz æt ɔn ðə ˌɛnərˈteɪnmənt ˈsɔfˌwɛr ɔl ˈpraɪsɪz (ˈjunɪts). ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli, fər ə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ˈklæsɪk ˈfrænˌʧaɪz ðət lɔnʧt ɪn ðə seɪm wik ɛz nən əv ðə ˈpriviəs ˈvərʒənz əv ðɪs geɪm ˈɛvər ˈdeɪbjutɪd æt ˌbænˈdaɪ drɑps wən pleɪs tɪ ðɪs ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ˈklæsɪk ˈdeɪbjutɪd 5 wiks ˈæftər ‘‘wipeout’*’ bæk ɪn wik 44 1995 deɪˈbjutɪŋ æt ɪz codemasters’*’ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl məˈkreɪ dirt’*’ ˈdeɪbjutɪd æt 24 2007 məˈkreɪ dərt ˈdeɪbjutɪd æt hɛld ɔf ðə tɔp baɪ ˈhɪroʊ 2009 ənd ˈɔlsoʊ ˈdeɪbjutɪd æt 2011 hɛld ɔf baɪ ə ˈsɛkənd wik æt fər ‘‘l.a*. noire’*’. ˈziroʊ dawn’*’ klaɪmz ɔl ðə weɪ bæk tɪ θæŋks tɪ kənˈtɪnjud ˈriˌteɪl ˈdɪˌskaʊnɪŋ. ˈɔlsoʊ nu ðɪs wik ənd deɪˈbjutɪŋ æt ɪz ˈɛldər skroʊlz ˈɔnˌlaɪn: morrowind’*’, wɪʧ sɪts ʤɪst ɪn frənt əv æt bəˈθɛzdə ˈɔlsoʊ hæv 2 ðɪs wik du tɪ ˈmæsɪv ˈdɪˌskaʊnɪŋ ɪn æt ɪz ‘‘doom’*’ ənd ɪn æt ɪz tɔp 40 ˌɛnərˈteɪnmənt ˈsɔfˌwɛr (ɔl ˈpraɪsɪz) wik 23 jɪr 2017 ˈɛndɪŋ ʤun ˈtaɪtəl eɪʤ ˈreɪtɪŋ ˈpəblɪʃər 1 ˈwaɪˌpaʊt: oʊˈmɛgə kəˈlɛkʃən 7 ˈsoʊni kəmˈpjutər ɛnt. 1 2 7 16 ˌbænˈdaɪ ˌɛnərˈteɪnmənt 3 dərt 4 3 8 4 hərˈaɪzən ˈziroʊ dɔn 16 ˈsoʊni kəmˈpjutər ɛnt. 4 5 grænd θɛft ˈɔtoʊ vi 18 2 6 12 ˈblɪzərd 5 7 17 3 spɔrts 3 8 ˌɪnˈʤəstɪs 2 16 ˈwɔrnər bros*. ˌɪnərˈæktɪv 9 ðə ˈɛldər skroʊlz ˈɔnˌlaɪn: 18 bəˈθɛzdə 11 10 dɪˈsɑnərd 2 18 bəˈθɛzdə 9 11 ˈrɑkət lig 3 505 geɪmz 13 12 kɔl əv ˈduti: ˈɪnfənət ˈwɔrˌfɛr 18 ˈæktɪˌvɪʒən 12 13 ˈlɛgoʊ wərldz 7 ˈwɔrnər bros*. ˌɪnərˈæktɪv 10 14 ˈmɑrioʊ 8 dəˈləks 3 nɪnˈtɛndoʊ 6 15 preɪ 18 bəˈθɛzdə 18 16 ˈfɔrzə hərˈaɪzən 3 3 ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft 17 dum 18 bəˈθɛzdə 18 ˈfɔˌlaʊt 4 18 bəˈθɛzdə 15 19 ðə ˈlɛʤənd əv ˈzɛldə: brɛθ əv ðə waɪld 12 nɪnˈtɛndoʊ 14 20 gɪrz əv wɔr 4 18 ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft 7 21 tɑm ˈklænsiz goʊst ˈrikɔn: 18 24 22 ˈrɛzɪdənt ˈivəl 7 ˌbaɪoʊˈhæzərd 18 ˈkæpkəm 25 23 tɑm ˈklænsiz ˈreɪnˌboʊ 6 siʤ 18 21 24 ˈbætəlˌfild 1 18 geɪmz 32 25 ˈmɑfiə 18 17 26 ˈlɛgoʊ ˈsɪti ˌəndərˈkəvər 7 ˈwɔrnər bros*. ˌɪnərˈæktɪv 23 27 mæs ˈifɛkt: ænˈdrɑmədə 16 geɪmz 28 28 minecraft*: ɪˈdɪʃən 7 ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft 27 29 16 19 30 ˈhɪtˌmæn: ðə kəmˈplit fərst ˈsizən 18 skwɛr ˈɛnɪks 29 31 sˈnaɪpər: goʊst ˈwɔrjər 3 18 geɪmz 35 32 ðə ˈɛldər skroʊlz vi: ˈspɛʃəl ɛd. 18 bəˈθɛzdə 26 33 ˈheɪloʊ 5 ˈgɑrdiənz 16 ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft 30 34 16 ˈsoʊni kəmˈpjutər ɛnt. 38 35 ðə ˈwɪʧər: waɪld hənt ɪˈdɪʃən 18 ˌbænˈdaɪ ˌɛnərˈteɪnmənt 31 36 sˈnaɪpər ɪˈlit 4 16 soʊld aʊt seɪlz ˈmɑrkətɪŋ 40 37 tɑm ˈklænsiz ðə dɪˈvɪʒən 18 36 38 minecraft*: ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ɪˈdɪʃən 7 ˈsoʊni kəmˈpjutər ɛnt. 39 ˈɛnˌbiˈeɪ 3 39 40 ˈlɛgoʊ stɑr wɔrz: ðə fɔrs əˈweɪkənz 7 ˈwɔrnər bros*. ˌɪnərˈæktɪv geɪmz ʧɑrts kəmˈpaɪld baɪ

sony’s ‘wipeout: omega collection’ debuts at no1 on the entertainment software all prices (units). incredibly, for a playstation classic franchise that launched in the same week as ps1 (wk39-1995) none of the previous versions of this game ever debuted at no1. bandai namco’s ‘tekken 7’ drops one place to no2and this playstation classic debuted 5 weeks after ‘wipeout’ back in week 44, 1995. debuting at no3 is codemasters’ ‘dirt 4’. the original ‘colin mcrae dirt’ debuted at no4 (wk 24, 2007), ‘colin mcrae dirt 2’ debuted at no2, held off the top by activision’s ‘guitar hero 5’ (wk37, 2009) and ‘dirt 3’ also debuted at no2 (wk21, 2011) held off by a second week at no1 for rockstar/take 2’s ‘l.a. noire’. sony’s ‘horizon zero dawn’ climbs all the way back to no4 thanks to continued retail discounting. also new this week and debuting at no9 is bethesda’s ‘the elder scrolls online: morrowind’, which sits just in front of bethesda’s ‘dishonoured 2’ at no10. bethesda also have 2 re-entries this week due to massive discounting in at no17 is ‘doom’ and in at no18 is ‘fallout 4’. top 40 entertainment software (all prices) week 23 year 2017 ending 10th june lw tw title age rating publisher 1 wipeout: omega collection pegi 7+ sony computer ent. 1 2 tekken 7 pegi 16+ bandai namco entertainment 3 dirt 4 pegi 3+ codemasters 8 4 horizon zero dawn pegi 16+ sony computer ent. 4 5 grand theft auto v pegi 18+ rockstar 2 6 overwatch pegi 12+ blizzard 5 7 fifa 17 pegi 3+ ea sports 3 8 injustice 2 pegi 16+ warner bros. interactive 9 the elder scrolls online: morrowind pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 11 10 dishonored 2 pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 9 11 rocket league pegi 3+ 505 games 13 12 call of duty: infinite warfare pegi 18+ activision 12 13 lego worlds pegi 7+ warner bros. interactive 10 14 mario kart 8 deluxe pegi 3+ nintendo 6 15 prey pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 18 16 forza horizon 3 pegi 3+ microsoft 17 doom pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 18 fallout 4 pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 15 19 the legend of zelda: breath of the wild pegi 12+ nintendo 14 20 gears of war 4 pegi 18+ microsoft 7 21 tom clancy's ghost recon: wildlands pegi 18+ ubisoft 24 22 resident evil 7: biohazard pegi 18+ capcom 25 23 tom clancy's rainbow 6: siege pegi 18+ ubisoft 21 24 battlefield 1 pegi 18+ ea games 32 25 mafia iii pegi 18+ 2k 17 26 lego city undercover pegi 7+ warner bros. interactive 23 27 mass effect: andromeda pegi 16+ ea games 28 28 minecraft: xbox edition pegi 7+ microsoft 27 29 wwe 2k17 pegi 16+ 2k 19 30 hitman: the complete first season pegi 18+ square enix 29 31 sniper: ghost warrior 3 pegi 18+ ci games 35 32 the elder scrolls v: skyrim special ed. pegi 18+ bethesda softworks 26 33 halo 5: guardians pegi 16+ microsoft 30 34 farpoint pegi 16+ sony computer ent. 38 35 the witcher iii: wild hunt goty edition pegi 18+ bandai namco entertainment 31 36 sniper elite 4 pegi 16+ sold out sales & marketing 40 37 tom clancy's the division pegi 18+ ubisoft 36 38 minecraft: playstation edition pegi 7+ sony computer ent. 39 nba 2k17 pegi 3+ 2k 39 40 lego star wars: the force awakens pegi 7+ warner bros. interactive ukie games charts ©, compiled by gfk

ðə ˈfɪləˌpin ˈdrægən boʊt tim tʊk hoʊm 5 goʊld ˈmɛdəlz, 3 ˈsɪlvərz ənd 3 ˈbrɑnzɪz frəm ðə ˈdrægən boʊt wərld ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪps ɪn ˈpɑznən, ˈpoʊlənd ˈpəblɪʃt piɛm, sɛpˈtɛmbər 02 2014 məˈnɪlə, ˈfɪləˌpinz ðə ˈfɪləˌpinz kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ flɛks ɪts ˈməsəlz ɪn ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl spɔrts sin. ðə ˈfɪləˌpin ˈdrægən boʊt tim tʊk hoʊm 5 goʊld ˈmɛdəlz, 3 ˈsɪlvərz ənd 3 ˈbrɑnzɪz frəm ðə ˈdrægən boʊt wərld ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪps ɪn ˈpɑznən, ˈpoʊlənd, wɪʧ wɑz hɛld frəm ˈɔgəst ðə ˈʃoʊˌkeɪst ðɛr wɛrz ɪn ˈsinjərz mɛn, ˈʤunjərz mɛn ənd ˈsinjərz mɪkst ˈkætəˌgɔriz. ðə ˈfɪləˌpin ˌdɛləˈgeɪʃən wər kənˈsɪdərd fər ə wərld ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp ənd hæd tɪ ɪnˈdʊr ðə ˌənfəˈmɪljər koʊld ˈwɛðər kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ðə ˈtrɑpɪkəl ˈwɛðər ðeɪ treɪnd wɪθ bæk hoʊm. waɪl ðə ˈfɪləˌpinz dɪd nɑt ʤɔɪn ɔl ɪˈvɛnts, ðeɪ ˈfɪgjərd ɪn ə səkˈsɛsfəl pərˈfɔrməns ɛz ðeɪ ˈtælid ˈmɛdəlz ɪn ɔl 11 ɪˈvɛnts ðeɪ pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪd ɪn. ðeɪ kəmˈpitɪd əˈgɛnst ənd wər æt pɑr wɪθ səm əv ðə bɛst ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈrəʃə, ˈpoʊlənd ənd ˈkænədə. bɪˈloʊ ɪz ə fʊl lɪst əv ðə philippines’*’ ˈmɛdəlz ənd ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃənz frəm ðə wərld ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp. goʊld ˈmɛdəlz 5 ˈʤunjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər ˈʤunjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɛn 20 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɪkst 10 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər ˈsɪlvər ˈmɛdəlz 3 ˈsinjərz mɛn 20 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɪkst 10 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər brɑnz ˈmɛdəlz 3 ˈsinjərz mɛn 20 ˈsitər ˈsinjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər ˈʤunjərz mɛn 10 ˈsitər

the philippine dragon boat team took home 5 gold medals, 3 silvers and 3 bronzes from the icf dragon boat world championships in poznan, poland published 6:51 pm, september 02, 2014 manila, philippines – the philippines continues to flex its muscles in the international sports scene. the philippine dragon boat team took home 5 gold medals, 3 silvers and 3 bronzes from the icf dragon boat world championships in poznan, poland, which was held from august 28-31. the nation’s paddlers showcased their wares in seniors men, juniors men and seniors mixed categories. the philippine delegation were considered first-time paddlers for a world championship and had to endure the unfamiliar cold weather compared to the tropical weather they trained with back home. while the philippines did not join all events, they figured in a successful performance as they tallied medals in all 11 events they participated in. they competed against and were at par with some of the world’s best including russia, poland and canada. below is a full list of the philippines’ medals and competitions from the world championship. gold medals (5): juniors men 500m - 10 seater juniors men 200m - 10 seater seniors men 200m - 20 seater seniors mixed 200m - 10 seater seniors men 200m - 10 seater silver medals (3): seniors men 500m - 20 seater seniors mixed 500m - 10 seater seniors men 500m - 10 seater bronze medals (3): seniors men 2000m - 20 seater seniors men 2000m -10 seater juniors men 2000m - 10 seater – rappler.com

““destroy* christmas!”*!” ʧænts ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri əˈlaɪəns əv ˌənˈpɑpjələr mɛn ɛz ɪt teɪks tɪ ðə strits ɪn ˈænjuəl ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən. ˈkrɪsməs iv ɪz ðə roʊˈmæntɪk ɪˈvɛnt əv ðə jɪr ɪn ʤəˈpæn, ənd soʊ si ˈkaʊntləs ˈkəpəlz ˈstroʊlɪŋ hænd ɪn hænd daʊn ˈbʊləˌvɑrdz ɛz ðeɪ ædˈmaɪr ðə ˈsizənəl ˌdɛkərˈeɪʃənz. bət ɔn ðə ˌæftərˈnun əv dɪˈsɛmbər 24 ə grup əv ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz wɔkt θru ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn fər ə ˈvɛri ˈdɪfərənt ˈpərpəs. æt ˈrəfli 2 p.m*., ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri əˈlaɪəns əv ˌənˈpɑpjələr mɛn, ɛz ðə grup kɔlz ˌɪtˈsɛlf, dɪˈpɑrtɪd frəm pɑrk, ɪn ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn ˈtoʊkiˌoʊ, ɔn ə ˈproʊˌtɛst mɑrʧ. ðə ˈtərgət əv ðɛr aɪr: ˈkrɪsməs ˌɪtˈsɛlf. ðə ˈmɑrʧərz æt ðə frənt əv ðə grup ˈkɛrid ə ˈbænər wɪθ christmas”*” ˈrɪtən ɔn ɪt, ənd ðə grup, wɪʧ kənˈsɪstɪd əv ˈrəfli 15 ˈdɛmənˌstreɪtərz, ˈʃaʊtɪd sˈloʊgənz səʧ ɛz: əˈpoʊz christmas!”*!” ““explode*, ˈpipəl wɪθ ˈæktɪv ˈsoʊʃəl lives!”*!” ““repent*, couples!”*!” rɔŋ wɪθ biɪŋ unpopular?”*?” noʊt ðə mæn ɪn ðə hɑrd hæt wɪθ delusions”*” ˈrɪtən ɔn ɪt, ˈwɛrɪŋ ə saɪn ðət ridz ˈmætər haʊ ˈmɛni taɪmz ju hæv sex!”*!” ðɪs wɑz noʊ kwɪk ˈlɪtəl ˈproʊˌtɛst ˈiðər. ðə grup kənˈtɪnjud ˈwɔkɪŋ ənd ˈʧæntɪŋ ɔl ðə weɪ tɪ ðə ˈɛriə əraʊnd ˈsteɪʃən, ə trɛk wɪʧ tʊk əˈbaʊt 30 ˈmɪnəts. ɪkˈstɛndɪd ˈfʊtɪʤ əv ðə mɑrʧ, ɪn wɪʧ ju kən hir hantai”*” əˈpoʊz christmas”*”) ənd funasi”*” christmas”*”) ˈoʊvər ənd ˈoʊvər əˈgɛn. 2017 ˈæˌkʧuəli mɑrks ðə kənˈsɛkjətɪv jɪr fər ðə ˈproʊˌtɛst mɑrʧ tɪ bi hɛld. ðə seɪm ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz ˈɔlsoʊ steɪʤ ə deɪ ˈproʊˌtɛst, wɪθ ˌɪtəˈreɪʃən ˈhævɪŋ ˈteɪkən pleɪs ɪn ðə ˈneɪbərˌhʊd. ðɪs maɪt saʊnd laɪk ə bɪt əv fən baɪ gaɪz hu gɪt ə deɪt fər ˈkrɪsməs iv ər, bət ðɛr simz tɪ bi ə ˈsərtən ˈmɛʒər əv ˈʤɛnjuˌaɪn rɪˈzɛntmənt təˈwɔrdz ðə roʊˈmæntɪk fɛˈstɪvətiz ənd ˈæmərəs ˈrɛvələrz. ˈhɑrdli ˈɛni ʃoʊn ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈmɑrʧɪz, wɪθ ˈproʊˌtɛstərz ˈwɔkɪŋ ɪn ðə strit, ˈɑkjəˌpaɪɪŋ leɪnz ˌɔrdəˈnɛrəli rɪˈzərvd fər ˈmoʊtər ˈviɪkəl ˈtræfɪk. ðə ˈoʊnli brif ˈmoʊmənt əv ˈlɛvɪti kəmz wɪn wən kriˈeɪtɪv pɑrˈtɪsəpənt goʊz ənd ʃaʊts ðə ˈkrɪsməs trees,”*,” wɪʧ gɪts ə fju ˈʧəkəlz æt ðə tɔp mɑrk. waɪl biɪŋ ɔn wət ˌʤæpəˈniz soʊˈsaɪɪti kənˈsɪdərz ðə moʊst roʊˈmæntɪk naɪt əv ðə jɪr kən bi ə ˈdaʊnər fər səm ˈpipəl, wərθ ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðət ɪn ˈrisənt jɪrz, ɛz ʤəˈpæn həz ˈteɪkən ə mɔr rɪˈlækst əˈproʊʧ tɪ ˈdeɪtɪŋ, nɑt ˈhævɪŋ ə deɪt ɔn dɪˈsɛmbər 24 həz lɔst səm əv ɪts ˈstɪgmə. ˈsərtən ˈbɪznɪsɪz ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈkeɪtər spəˈsɪfɪkli tɪ ˈsɪŋgəlz ɔn ˈkrɪsməs iv. ənd ˈivɪn ɪf nən əv ðə ˈproʊˌtɛstərz hæv ˈgərlˌfrɛndz, əˈsɛmbəld ə ˈprɪti ˈsaɪzəbəl grup əv, ɪf nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli kloʊz frɛndz, æt list ˈpipəl ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ hæŋ aʊt wɪθ iʧ ˈəðər ɔn ə ˈsənˌdi, soʊ ɪt simz laɪk wɪθ ʤɪst ə ˈlɪtəl mɔr ˈɛfərt, ðeɪ kən ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈʧænəl ðət frəˈstreɪʃən ˈɪntu mɔr kənˈstrəktɪv ˈvɛnʧərz ðən ˈteɪkɪŋ tɪ ðə strits ɪn ˈproʊˌtɛst əv ˈpipəl hu du hæv ə deɪt. sɔrs: ˈhəfɪŋtən poʊst ʤəˈpæn ˈviə tɔp ˈɪmɪʤ:

“destroy christmas!” chants revolutionary alliance of unpopular men as it takes to the streets in annual demonstration. christmas eve is the romantic event of the year in japan, and so you’ll see countless couples strolling hand in hand down tokyo’s boulevards as they admire the seasonal decorations. but on the afternoon of december 24 a group of like-minded individuals walked through downtown for a very different purpose. at roughly 2 p.m., the revolutionary alliance of unpopular men, as the group calls itself, departed from yoyogi park, in downtown tokyo, on a protest march. the target of their ire: christmas itself. the marchers at the front of the group carried a banner with “destroy christmas” written on it, and the group, which consisted of roughly 15 demonstrators, shouted slogans such as: “we oppose christmas!” “explode, people with active social lives!” “repent, couples!” “what’s wrong with being unpopular?” ▼ note the man in the hard hat with “second-year delusions” written on it, wearing a sign that reads “it doesn’t matter how many times you have sex!” this was no quick little protest either. the group continued walking and chanting all the way to the area around shibuya station, a trek which took about 30 minutes. ▼ extended footage of the march, in which you can hear “kurisumasu hantai” (“we oppose christmas”) and “kurisumasu funasi” (“destroy christmas”) over and over again. 2017 actually marks the 10th consecutive year for the protest march to be held. the same organizers also stage a valentine’s day protest, with 2017’s iteration having taken place in the shinjuku neighborhood. this might sound like a bit of tongue-in-cheek fun by guys who couldn’t get a date for christmas eve or valentine’s, but there seems to be a certain measure of genuine resentment towards the romantic festivities and amorous revelers. there’s hardly any joviality shown during the marches, with protestors walking in the street, occupying lanes ordinarily reserved for motor vehicle traffic. the only brief moment of levity comes when one creative participant goes off-script and shouts “burn the christmas trees,” which gets a few chuckles at the top video’s 2:36 mark. while being dateless on what japanese society considers the most romantic night of the year can be a downer for some people, worth noting that in recent years, as japan has taken a more relaxed approach to dating, not having a date on december 24 has lost some of its stigma. certain businesses actually cater specifically to singles on christmas eve. and even if none of the protesters have girlfriends, they’ve assembled a pretty sizable group of, if not necessarily close friends, at least people who’re willing to hang out with each other on a sunday, so it seems like with just a little more effort, they can probably channel that frustration into more constructive ventures than taking to the streets in protest of people who do have a date. source: huffington post japan via hachima kiko top image: youtube/noxxx710

ə kənˈsɔrʃjəm əv 47 bæŋks həz kəmˈplitɪd ə dɪˈstrɪbjətəd ˈlɛʤər tɛkˈnɑləʤi (dlt*) ˈpaɪlət ðət ɪz naʊ sɛt tɪ muv tɪ pərˈdəkʃən ɪn 2017 əˈnaʊnst təˈdeɪ baɪ ˈrɪpəl ˈeɪʒə, ʤɔɪnt ˈvɛnʧər ɑrm wɪθ ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl ˈsərvɪsɪz fərm ˈhoʊldɪŋz, ðə fərmz ˈlɔdɪd ðə tɛst ɛz ən ɪgˈzæmpəl əv haʊ tɛkˈnɑləʤi kʊd bi ˈlɛvərɪʤd baɪ klaɪənts, ˈivɪn wɪn nɑt dɪˈplɔɪd ɔn ˈprɛmɪs æt iʧ ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl ˈkəmpəˌni. ˈdeɪwə nɛkst bæŋk, bæŋk, noʊˈmʊrə trəst, ˌsumɪˈtoʊmoʊ mɪtˈsui trəst ənd ˈɔrɪks bæŋk wər səm əv ðə bæŋks ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə traɪəl. (ə fʊl lɪst ɪz əˈveɪləbəl wɪθ ðə əˈfɪʃəl prɛs riˈlis.) ɪn ˈɪntərvˌju, ˈpætrɪk ˈgrɪfɪn, ɪgˈzɛkjətɪv vaɪs ˈprɛzɪdənt əv ˈbɪznɪs dɪˈvɛləpmənt æt ˈrɪpəl, freɪmd ðɪs ɛz ə stɑrk ˈkɑntræst tɪ ˈstændərd ˈpɑləsiz ɪn pleɪs æt bæŋks ɪn ˈjʊrəp ənd nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə. ˈgrɪfɪn toʊld: klaʊd ɪz ə ˈprɑdəkt ðət pʊts ɑr ˈɛnərˌpraɪz səˈluʃən ɪn ðə klaʊd, əˈlaʊɪŋ fər bæŋks ɪn ðə ˈriʤən tɪ juz tɪ kəˈnɛkt tɪ ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr ənd ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ðə səˈluʃən wɪˈθaʊt ən install.”*.” pərˈdəkʃən əˈhɛd ˈgrɪfɪn ɪkˈspleɪnd ðət ðə ˈpaɪlət ˈʃoʊˌkeɪsɪz haʊ bæŋks kʊd juz kəˈnɛkt ˈprɑdəkt ənd ɪts ˈproʊtəˌkɔl tɪ sɛnd trænˈzækʃənz bɪtˈwin iʧ ˈəðər, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈɛni ˈəðər bæŋk ˈrənɪŋ ðə ˈsɔfˌwɛr, boʊθ dəˈmɛstɪkli ənd ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑli. ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt əv ðə səkˈsɛsfəl tɛst, ˈgrɪfɪn sɛd səm bæŋks ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ər naʊ kəˈmɪtɪd tɪ ˈmuvɪŋ tɪ pərˈdəkʃən dɪˈplɔɪmənt əv ðə klaʊd ɪn 2017 bæŋks ər ˈplænɪŋ tɪ goʊ ˈɪntu pərˈdəkʃən əraʊnd autumn,”*,” joʊʃiˈkɑwə, dɪˈrɛktər əv ʤɔɪnt ˈvɛnʧər ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪps æt ˈrɪpəl, ˈædɪd. wɪl naʊ bɪˈgɪn dɪˈskəsɪŋ ðə rulz ənd ˈstændərdz bɪtˈwin banks.”*.” ˈnoʊtəbli, waɪl ˈrɪpəl həz ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzd ðə ˈifɛktɪvnəs əv ɪts ˈpeɪmənt səˈluʃən ɪn ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈkɑntɛkst, joʊʃiˈkɑwə, huz ʤɑb ɪz tɪ liˈeɪˌzɑn wɪθ ˈpɑrtnərz ɪn ðə ˌʤæpəˈniz ˈmɑrkɪt, ˈsaɪtɪd ðə ˈdɪfɪˌkəltiz wɪθ dəˈmɛstɪk trænˈzækʃənz ɛz ə ˈmoʊtəˌveɪtɪŋ ˈfæktər əˈməŋ pɑrˈtɪsəpənts. ˈpeɪmənts ər ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈvɛri ɪkˈspɛnsɪv, tɪ mɔr ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ðən ɪn ðə us,”*,” ʃi sɛd, ˈsaɪtɪŋ ˈɪʃuz wɪθ dəˈmɛstɪk nɛt ˈsɪstəm, ənd ðə ˈhɛvi juz əv kæʃ baɪ ˌʤæpəˈniz kənˈsumərz. joʊʃiˈkɑwə səˈʤɛstɪd ʤɪst 19 əv dəˈmɛstɪk trænˈzækʃənz ər ˈkæʃləs, ə ˈnəmbər ɪn laɪn wɪθ ˈrisərʧ frəm ðə ʤəˈpæn kənˈsumər ˈkrɛdɪt əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən, ðoʊ ˈrisərʧ frəm ˈmæstərˌkɑrd həz pʊt ðɪs ˈnəmbər ɛz haɪ ɛz 62 əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ˈfɪgjərz frəm, ˈrɪpəl ˈeɪʒə ɪz 60 oʊnd baɪ ðə bæŋk ənd 40 oʊnd baɪ ˈrɪpəl. oʊnz əv ˈrɪpəl ʃɛrz. həz ˌriˈpɔrtəd ɪt seɪvz ɔn ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl rəˈmɪtənsɪz wɪn ˈjuzɪŋ tɛkˈnɑləʤi ənd ɪts ˈneɪtɪv ˈæˌsɛt xrp*, ˈərnɪŋ ə 60 kɔst rɪˈdəkʃən. kəˈnɛktɪŋ ðə blɑks ˈgrɪfɪn wɛnt ɔn tɪ ˈhaɪˌlaɪt haʊ ˈrɪpəl bɪˈlivz ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt fɪts ˈɪntu ɪts ˈbrɔdər ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɛz ə ˈkəmpəˌni, ənd ɪts wərk wɪθ ɪts ˈwaɪdər ˈnɛtˌwərk əv ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈpɑrtnərz. sɪns ˈlɔnʧɪŋ ɪn 2012 ˈrɪpəl həz feɪst ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən frəm ən ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ dɪˈvərsɪti əv kənˈsɔrʃə, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə ˈlɪnəks ˈprɑʤɛkt ənd ˈbæŋkɪŋ kənˈsɔrʃjəm r3cev*. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈgrɪfɪn kənˈtɛndz ðət əˈproʊʧ, ˈɛmfəˌsaɪzɪŋ ““production”*” ənd ə ˈfoʊkɪs ɔn spɪˈsɪfɪk juz ˈkeɪsɪz, ɪz prəˈvaɪdɪŋ mɔr ˈvælju. ˈəltəmətli, hi ˈɑrgjuz ðət klaʊd ˈprɑdəkt, ɪf dɪˈplɔɪd ˈriʤənəli, kʊd pləg ˈɪntu ðə wərk ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ æt ɪts ˈgloʊbəl ˈpeɪmənts ˈstɪrɪŋ grup (gpsg*), wɪʧ ˈgrɪfɪn freɪmd ɛz ə dɪˈrɛkt kəmˈpɛtɪtər tɪ ðə swɪft ˈnɛtˌwərk. æst əˈbaʊt plænz tɪ ˈmɑdərˌnaɪz ɪts ˈsɪstəm, ˈgrɪfɪn ˈɔfərd ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl teɪk. ɪz ə sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈəpˈgreɪd. swɪft dɪz nɑt ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt ən ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈpeɪmənt structure,”*,” hi sɛd, ˈædɪŋ: roʊl aʊt ˈprɑdəkt ənd swɪft dɪz not.”*.” dɪˈskloʊʒər: ɪz ə səbˈsɪdiˌɛri əv ˈdɪʤɪtəl ˈkərənsi grup, wɪʧ həz ən ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp steɪk ɪn ˈrɪpəl. ʤəˈpæn ˈsɪti vju ˈviə

a consortium of 47 banks has completed a distributed ledger technology (dlt) pilot that is now set to move to production in 2017. announced today by sbi ripple asia, ripple’s joint venture arm with tokyo-based financial services firm sbi holdings, the firms lauded the test as an example of how ripple’s technology could be leveraged by clients, even when not deployed on premise at each individual company. daiwa next bank, mizuho bank, nomura trust, sumitomo mitsui trust and orix bank were some of the banks involved in the trial. (a full list is available with the official press release.) in interview, patrick griffin, executive vice president of business development at ripple, framed this as a stark contrast to standard policies in place at banks in europe and north america. griffin told coindesk: “rc cloud is a product that puts our enterprise solution in the cloud, allowing for banks in the region to use apis to connect to the software and access to the solution without an install.” production ahead griffin explained that the pilot showcases how banks could use ripple’s connect product and its interledger protocol to send transactions between each other, as well as any other bank running the software, both domestically and internationally. as a result of the successful test, griffin said some banks involved are now committed to moving to production deployment of the rc cloud in 2017. “several banks are planning to go into production around autumn,” emi yoshikawa, director of joint venture partnerships at ripple, added. “they will now begin discussing the rules and standards between banks.” notably, while ripple has emphasized the effectiveness of its payment solution in international context, yoshikawa, whose job is to liaison with ripple’s partners in the japanese market, cited the difficulties with domestic transactions as a motivating factor among participants. “domestic payments are actually very expensive, it’s 5x to 10x more expensive than in the us,” she said, citing issues with japan’s domestic zengin net system, and the heavy use of cash by japanese consumers. yoshikawa suggested just 19% of domestic transactions are cashless, a number in line with research from the japan consumer credit association, though research from mastercard has put this number as high as 62%. according to figures from sbi, sbi ripple asia is 60% owned by the bank and 40% owned by ripple. sbi owns 11.2% of ripple shares. sbi has reported it saves 12.6 bps on international remittances when using ripple’s technology and its native asset xrp, earning a 60% cost reduction. connecting the blocks griffin went on to highlight how ripple believes the project fits into its broader progress as a company, and its work with its wider network of banking partners. since launching in 2012, ripple has faced competition from an increasing diversity of consortia, including the linux foundation-led hyperledger project and banking consortium r3cev. however, griffin contends that ripple’s approach, emphasizing “production” and a focus on specific use cases, is providing more value. ultimately, he argues that rc cloud product, if deployed regionally, could plug into the work ongoing at its global payments steering group (gpsg), which griffin framed as a direct competitor to the swift network. asked about swift’s plans to modernize its system, griffin offered a critical take. “ripple is a significant upgrade. swift does not represent an innovation in the payment structure,” he said, adding: “we roll out product and swift does not.” disclosure: coindesk is a subsidiary of digital currency group, which has an ownership stake in ripple. japan city view via shutterstock

ɔl ˈwɛlkəm æt p.m*. ˈsənˌdi ɪˈvɛnt ðə ɛlk ðət wɑz ʃɑt ənd kɪld ˈtuzˌdeɪ, rɪˈlæksɪŋ ɪn ə bæk jɑrd nɪr ənd ɪn ˈboʊldər ɔn dɛk. 26 ˈʤɛrəˌmi ə ˈkændəˌllaɪt ˈvɪʤəl ɪz sɛt fər p.m*. ˈsənˌdi ɔn ˈmaʊntən vju roʊd ɪn ˈmɛməri ənd tɪ ˈsɛləˌbreɪt ðə laɪf əv ðə bʊl ɛlk ðət wɑz kɪld leɪt ˈtuzˌdeɪ naɪt ɔn hɪl ɪn ˈboʊldər. ˈmɛni ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə ˈpəblɪk hæv bɪn muvd baɪ ðə ˈvaɪələnt dɪˈmaɪz əv ðə lɑrʤ ɛlk ðət wɑz ˈfeɪtəli ʃɑt baɪ ən ˈboʊldər pəˈlis ˈɔfɪsər, hu həz sɪns bɪn pleɪst ɔn peɪd ədˈmɪnɪˌstreɪtɪv liv, ˈpɛndɪŋ ðə rɪˈzəlts əv ən ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən. ə ˈsɛkənd ˌɔfˈduti ˈɔfɪsər, səˈspɛktɪd əv əˈsɪstɪŋ ɪn ˈloʊdɪŋ ðə ˈænəməlz ˈbɑdi ˈɪntu ə ˈpɪˌkəp trək ənd ˈteɪkɪŋ ɪt əˈweɪ tɪ bi ˈprɑsɛst fər mit, wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ pleɪst ɔn liv. ðə ɛlk hæd bɪn ˈspɑtɪd fər ˈsɛvərəl wiks ɔn hɪl bɪtˈwin ənd strits, ənd ˈrɛzɪdənts əv ðə ˈɛriə geɪv kənˈflɪktɪŋ rɪˈpɔrts ɛz tɪ ˈwɛðər ɪt hæd bɪˈheɪvd əˈgrɛsɪvli təˈwɔrd ˈjumənz. ˈnumərəs ˈpipəl ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈneɪbərˌhʊd ˌɪnˈsɪstɪd ðət ɪt hæd nɑt, ðət ɪt əˈpɪrd tɪ bi ˈhɛlθi, ənd sɛd ðət ðeɪ kənˈsɪdərd ɪt ðɛr "ˈgɑrdiən." ɔl ər ˈwɛlkəm ənd ðə ɪˈvɛnt ɪz ˈoʊpən tɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk.

all welcome at 5:30 p.m. sunday event the elk that was shot and killed tuesday, relaxing in a back yard near 10th and mapleton in boulder on dec. 26. ( jeremy papasso ) a candlelight vigil is set for 5:30 p.m. sunday on mountain view road in memory -- and to celebrate the life -- of the bull elk that was killed late tuesday night on mapleton hill in boulder. many members of the public have been moved by the violent demise of the large elk that was fatally shot by an on-duty boulder police officer, who has since been placed on paid administrative leave, pending the results of an internal investigation. a second off-duty officer, suspected of assisting in loading the animal's body into a pickup truck and taking it away to be processed for meat, was also placed on leave. the elk had been spotted for several weeks on mapleton hill between 9th and 11th streets, and residents of the area gave conflicting reports as to whether it had behaved aggressively toward humans. numerous people living in the neighborhood insisted that it had not, that it appeared to be healthy, and said that they considered it their "guardian." all are welcome and the event is open to the public.

əm ˈmitɪŋ ˈpraɪvətli wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnər ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ. ðə tu əv ˈjuˈɛs wɪl ˈæˌdrɛs ˈfəndɪŋ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ. əm ˈigər tɪ hir hɪz aɪˈdiəz. lɪl frəm (@chancetherapper*) ˈfɛbruˌɛri 27 2017 ʧæns ðə ˈræpər ɪz sɛt tɪ mit wɪθ ˌɪləˈnɔɪz gəv. brus ɔn ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ, wɛr ðə pɛr wɪl dɪˈskəs ˈloʊkəl ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈmitɪŋ ˈpraɪvətli wɪθ ðə ˈgəvərnər ˈwɛnzˌdeɪ," ðə ˈwɪndi ˈsɪti ˈneɪtɪv ənd mjuˈzɪʃən ˈmənˌdeɪ. "ðə tu əv ˈjuˈɛs wɪl ˈæˌdrɛs ˈfəndɪŋ ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ. əm ˈigər tɪ hir hɪz ˈfɔrwərd tɪ ˈhirɪŋ jʊr aɪˈdiəz, tu," ðə rɪˈpəblɪkən ˈgəvərnər rɪˈspɑndɪd ˈmənˌdeɪ ˈmitɪŋ kəmz ˈæftər ə tˈwɪtər ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ bɪtˈwin ʧæns ənd, wɪʧ bɪˈgæn wɪn ðə ˈgəvərnər kənˈgræʧəˌleɪtɪd ðə ˈræpər ɔn hɪz ˈgræmi wɪnz ˈərliər ðɪs mənθ. ðə mjuˈzɪʃən wən ðə əˈwɔrd fər bɛst nu ˈɑrtɪst, əˈməŋ ˈəðər tɪ fər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈhɪstəri ɛz ən ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈɑrtɪst ənd ˈteɪkɪŋ hoʊm 3 ˈgræmiz. ɪl ɪz praʊd ðət jʊr wən əv ɑr oʊn," ɔn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 13.chance*, hu bækt ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ˌnɑməˈni ˈhɪləri ˈklɪntən ɪn ðə 2016 ɪˈlɛkʃən, tʊk ðə ˌɑpərˈtunəti tɪ æsk fər ə ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ðə ju ˈgəvərnər, aɪ wʊd ləv tɪ hæv ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ju ðɪs wik ɪf ˈpɑsəbəl," hi rɪˈspɑndɪd ə ˈkəpəl əv aʊərz ˈleɪtər, tweeting*, "lɛts sɛt əp ə ˈmitɪŋ sun. ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈfɔrwərd tɪ ɑr ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən ˈræpər wɑz bɔrn ənd reɪzd ɪn ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ənd həz bɪn ˈaʊtˈspoʊkən ɪn hɪz ˌɑpəˈzɪʃən tɪ ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp. hi vɔɪst hɪz səˈpɔrt fər ðə ˈmuvmənt ənd lɛd ˈhənərdz tɪ ən ˈərli ˈvoʊtɪŋ loʊˈkeɪʃən læst noʊˈvɛmbər ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ə fri ˈkɑnsərt.

i'm meeting privately with the governor wednesday. the two of us will address funding education in chicago. i'm eager to hear his ideas. — lil chano from 79th (@chancetherapper) february 27, 2017 chance the rapper is set to meet with illinois gov. bruce rauner on wednesday in chicago, where the pair will discuss local education issues."i'm meeting privately with the governor wednesday," the windy city native and musician tweeted monday. "the two of us will address funding education in chicago. i'm eager to hear his ideas.""looking forward to hearing your ideas, too," the republican governor responded monday afternoon.the meeting comes after a twitter exchange between chance and rauner, which began when the governor congratulated the rapper on his grammy wins earlier this month. the musician won the award for best new artist, among other categories."congrats to @chancetherapper for making history as an independent artist and taking home 3 grammys. il is proud that you're one of our own," rauner tweeted on february 13.chance, who backed democratic presidential nominee hillary clinton in the 2016 election, took the opportunity to ask for a meeting with the governor."thank you governor, i would love to have meeting with you this week if possible," he tweeted.rauner responded a couple of hours later, tweeting, "let's set up a meeting soon. looking forward to our conversation @chancetherapper."the 23-year-old rapper was born and raised in chicago and has been outspoken in his opposition to president donald trump. he voiced his support for the #blacklivesmatter movement and led hundreds to an early voting location last november following a free concert.

ˈpriviəsli ɪn ˈsɪriz: ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔld ənˈsərtənti ˈprɪnsəpəl "ə ˈjumən ˈrisərʧər ˈoʊnli siz ə ˈpɑrtɪkəl ɪn wən pleɪs æt wən taɪm." æt list ðæts wət ˈɛvriˌwən goʊz əraʊnd rɪˈpitɪŋ tɪ ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ˈpərsənəli, aɪd seɪ ðət wɪn ə ˈjumən ˈrisərʧər lʊks æt ə kˈwɑntəm kəmˈpjutər, ðeɪ kwaɪt ˈklɪrli si ˈpɑrtɪkəlz nɑt bɪˈheɪvɪŋ laɪk ðɛr ɪn wən pleɪs æt ə taɪm. ɪn fækt, ju hæv ˈnɛvər ɪn jʊr laɪf sin ə ˈpɑrtɪkəl "ɪn wən pleɪs æt ə taɪm" bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ˈɑrənt. ˌnənðəˈlɛs, wɪn ju ˈkɑnstrəkt ə bɪg ˈmɛʒərɪŋ ˈɪnstrəmənt ðət ɪz ˈsɛnsɪtɪv tɪ ə location—say*, ðə ˈmɛʒərɪŋ ˈɪnstrəmənts bɪˈheɪvjər dɪˈpɛndz ɔn ˈwɛðər ə ˈpɑrtɪkəl ɪz tɪ ðə lɛft ər raɪt əv səm dɪˈvaɪdɪŋ ju, ðə ˈjumən ˈrisərʧər, si ðə skrin ˈflæʃɪŋ "lɛft", ər "raɪt", bət nɑt ə ˈmɪksʧər laɪk "ligft*". ɛz ju maɪt hæv gɛst frəm ˈrɛdɪŋ əˈbaʊt ənd, ðɪs ɪz bɪˈkəz wi ɑrˈsɛlvz ər ˈgəvərnd baɪ ðə lɔz əv kˈwɑntəm məˈkænɪks ənd ˈsəbʤɪkt tɪ. ðə ˈstændˌpɔɪnt əv ðə ˈfeɪnmən pæθ ˈɪnəgrəl səˈʤɛsts vjuɪŋ ðə ˌɛvəˈluʃən əv ə kˈwɑntəm ˈsɪstəm ɛz ə səm ˈoʊvər ˈhɪstəriz, ən ˈɪnəgrəl ˈoʊvər weɪz ðə ˈsɪstəm "kʊd" ðə kˈwɑntəm ˌɛvəˈluʃən əv iʧ ˈhɪstəri stɪl dɪˈpɛndz ɔn θɪŋz laɪk ðə ˈsɛkənd dərˈɪvɪtɪv əv ðət kəmˈpoʊnənt əv ðə ˈæmpləˌtud ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən; ɪts nɑt ə səm ˈoʊvər ˈklæsɪkəl ˈhɪstəriz. ənd "kʊd" dɪz nɑt min ˌpɑsəˈbɪləˌti ɪn ðə ˈlɑʤɪkəl sɛns; ɔl ðə ˈæmpləˌtud floʊz ər ril ɪˈvɛnts... ˌnənðəˈlɛs, ə ˈjumən biɪŋ kən traɪ tɪ græsp ə kˈwɑntəm ˈsɪstəm baɪ ˌɪˈmæʤənɪŋ ɔl ðə weɪz ðət ˈsəmθɪŋ kʊd ˈhæpən, ənd ðɛn ˈædɪŋ əp ɔl ðə ˈlɪtəl ˈɛroʊz ðət floʊ tɪ aɪˈdɛntɪkəl ˈaʊtˌkəmz. ðət gɪts ju ˈsəmθɪŋ əv ðə ˈfleɪvər əv ðə ril kˈwɑntəm ˈfɪzɪks, əv ˈæmpləˌtud floʊz bɪtˈwin ˈvɑljumz əv kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən speɪs. naʊ əˈplaɪ ðɪs moʊd əv ˌvɪʒwələˈzeɪʃən tɪ ə ˈsɛnsər ˈmɛʒərɪŋ ən atom—say*, ə ˈsɛnsər ˈmɛʒərɪŋ ˈwɛðər ən ˈætəm ɪz tɪ ðə lɛft ər raɪt əv ə dɪˈvaɪdɪŋ laɪn. wɪʧ ɪz tɪ seɪ: ðə ˈsɛnsər ənd ðə ˈætəm ˌəndərˈgoʊ səm ˈfɪzɪkəl ˌɪnərˈækʃən ɪn wɪʧ ðə ˈfaɪnəl steɪt əv ðə ˈsɛnsər dɪˈpɛndz ˈhɛvəli ɔn ˈwɛðər ðə ˈætəm ɪz tɪ ðə lɛft ər raɪt əv ə dɪˈvaɪdɪŋ laɪn. (aɪ æm riˈjuzɪŋ səm ˈpriviəs ˈdaɪəˌgræmz, soʊ ðɪs ɪz nɑt ən ɪgˈzækt dɪˈpɪkʃən; bət ju ʃʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ juz jʊr oʊn ˌɪˌmæʤəˈneɪʃən æt ðɪs pɔɪnt.) ju meɪ ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz ðɪs ɛz ðə ɪnˈtæŋlɪŋ ˌɪnərˈækʃən dɪˈskraɪbd ɪn "decoherence*". ə kˈwɑntəm ˈsɪstəm ðət stɑrts aʊt ˈhaɪli factorizable*, ˈlʊkɪŋ plæd ənd rɛkˈtæŋgjələr, ðət ɪz, ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt, kən ɪˈvɑlv ˈɪntu ən ɛnˈtæŋgəld ˈsɪstəm ɛz ðə pɑrts ˌɪnərˈækt əˈməŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz. soʊ ju ɛnd əp wɪθ ən ˈæmpləˌtud ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən ðət kənˈteɪnz tu blɑbz əv blɑb əv ˈæmpləˌtud wɪθ ðə ˈætəm ɔn ðə lɛft, ənd ðə ˈsɛnsər seɪɪŋ "lɛft"; ənd ə blɑb əv ˈæmpləˌtud wɪθ ðə ˈætəm ɔn ðə raɪt, ənd ðə ˈsɛnsər seɪɪŋ "raɪt". fər ə ˈsɛnsər tɪ ˈmɛʒər ən ˈætəm ɪz tɪ bɪˈkəm ɛnˈtæŋgəld wɪθ ðə steɪt əv ðə ˈsɛnsər tɪ dɪˈpɛnd ɔn ðə steɪt əv ðə ðə tu tɪ bɪˈkəm ˈkɔrəˌleɪtəd. ɪn ə ˈklæsɪkəl ˈsɪstəm, ðɪs ɪz tru ˈoʊnli ɔn ə ˈlɛvəl. ɪn kˈwɑntəm ˈfɪzɪks ɪt ɪz ə ˈfɪzɪkəli ril steɪt əv əˈfɛrz. tɪ əbˈzərv ə θɪŋ ɪz tɪ ɛnˈtæŋgəl ˈjɔrsɛlf wɪθ ɪt. ju meɪ ˈriˌkɔl maɪ ˈhævɪŋ ˈpriviəsli sɛd θɪŋz ðət saʊnd ə gʊd dil laɪk ðɪs, ɪn dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ haʊ kɑgˈnɪʃən oʊˈbeɪz ðə lɔz əv thermodynamics*, ənd, məʧ ˈərliər, ˈtɔkɪŋ əˈbaʊt haʊ ˌræʃəˈnælɪti ɪz ə fəˈnɑməˌnɑn wɪˈθɪn ˌkɔˈzɑlɪti. ɪt ɪz ˈpɑsəbəl tɪ əˈpriʃiˌeɪt ðɪs ɪn ə ˈpjʊrli ˌfɪləˈsɑfɪkəl sɛns, bət kˈwɑntəm ˈfɪzɪks hɛlps draɪv ðə pɔɪnt hoʊm. lɛts seɪ juv gɑt ən ˈætəm, huz pəˈzɪʃən həz ˈæmpləˌtud ˈbəlʤɪz ɔn ðə lɛft ənd ɔn ðə raɪt. wi kən rɪˈgɑrd ðə ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən ɛz ə səm (əˈdɪʃən, nɑt ˌməltəpləˈkeɪʃən) əv ðə lɛft bəlʤ ənd ðə raɪt bəlʤ: ˈætəm ) ˈɔlsoʊ ðɛrz ə ˈsɛnsər ɪn ə steɪt, wɪʧ wɪl kɔl blæŋk: ˈsɛnsər baɪ haɪˈpɑθəsəs, ðə ˈsɪstəm stɑrts aʊt ɪn ə steɪt əv kˈwɑntəm ˈsɛnsər ˈhæzənt ˌɪnərˈæktəd wɪθ ðə ˈætəm jɛt. soʊ: ˈsɪstəm ) ) ɪz ən ˈæmpləˌtud sub-distribution*, ər, ˈoʊvər ðə ʤɔɪnt pəˈzɪʃənz əv ɔl ðə ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ðə ˈsɛnsər. ðɛn ju ˈməltəˌplaɪ ðɪs ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən baɪ ðə ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən ), wɪʧ ɪz ðə fər ðə pəˈzɪʃən. wɪʧ gɪts ju ðə ʤɔɪnt kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən speɪs ˈoʊvər ɔl ðə ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ðə ˈsɪstəm, ðə ˈsɛnsər ənd ðə ˈætəm. kˈwɑntəm ˌɛvəˈluʃən ɪz ˈlɪniər, wɪʧ minz ðət bi) ) evolution(b*). wi kən ˌəndərˈstænd ðə bɪˈheɪvjər əv ðɪs hoʊl ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən baɪ ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ ɪts pɑrts. nɑt ɪts ˈfæktərz, bət ɪts ˈædɪtɪv kəmˈpoʊnənts. soʊ naʊ wi juz ðə dɪˈstrɪbjutɪv rul əv ˌɛrɪθˈmɛtɪk, wɪʧ, bɪˈkəz wɪr ʤɪst ˈædɪŋ ənd ˈməltəˌplaɪɪŋ ˈkɑmplɛks ˈnəmbərz, wərks ʤɪst ɛz ˈjuʒəwəl: ˈsɪstəm ) ) ) ) naʊ, ðə ˈvɑljum əv kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən speɪs ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ ) ɪˈvɑlvz ˈɪntu ). wɪʧ ɪz tɪ seɪ: ˈpɑrtɪkəl pəˈzɪʃənz fər ðə ˈsɛnsər biɪŋ ɪn ɪts ˌɪˈnɪʃəˌlaɪzd steɪt ənd ðə ˈætəm biɪŋ ɔn ðə lɛft, ɛnd əp ˈsɛndɪŋ ðɛr ˈæmpləˌtud floʊz tɪ ˈfaɪnəl kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃənz ɪn wɪʧ ðə ˈsɛnsər ɪz ɪn ə lɛft steɪt, ənd ðə ˈætəm ɪz stɪl ɔn ðə lɛft. soʊ wi hæv ðə ˌɛvəˈluʃən: ) ) ) ) baɪ haɪˈpɑθəsəs, ɪz ə ˈdɪfərənt steɪt frəm ɪt ˈwʊdənt bi ə ˈvɛri ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˈsɛnsər. soʊ ðə ˈfaɪnəl steɪt ˈdəzənt ˈɛni ˈfərðər; ɪts ɛnˈtæŋgəld. bət ðɪs ɪnˈtæŋgəlmənt ɪz nɑt ˈlaɪkli tɪ ˈmænəˌfɛst ɪn ˈdɪfɪˌkəltiz əv ˌkælkjəˈleɪʃən. səˈpoʊz ðə ˈsɛnsər həz ə ˈlɪtəl skrin ðæts ˈflæʃɪŋ "lɛft" ər "raɪt". ðɪs meɪ sim laɪk ə ˈrɛlətɪvli smɔl ˈdɪfərəns tɪ ə ˈjumən, bət ɪt ˌɪnˈvɑlvz əv particles—photons*, ˌɪˈlɛktrɑnz, ɪnˈtaɪər ˈdɪfərənt pəˈzɪʃənz. soʊ, sɪns ðə steɪts ənd ər ˈwaɪdli ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪd ɪn ðə kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən speɪs, ðə ˈvɑljumz ) ənd ) ər ˈivɪn mɔr ˈwaɪdli ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪd. ðə lɛft blɑb ənd ðə raɪt blɑb ɪn ðə ˈæmpləˌtud ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən kən bi kənˈsɪdərd ˈsɛpərətli; ðeɪ woʊnt ˌɪnərˈækt. ðɛr ər noʊ ˈplɔzəbəl ˈfeɪnmən pæθs ðət ɛnd əp wɪθ boʊθ lɛft ənd raɪt ˈsɛndɪŋ ˈæmpləˌtud tɪ ðə seɪm ʤɔɪnt kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən. ðɛr wʊd hæv tɪ bi ə ˈfeɪnmən pæθ frəm lɛft, ənd ə ˈfeɪnmən pæθ frəm raɪt, ɪn wɪʧ ɔl ðə əv ˌdɪfərˈɛnʧiˌeɪtəd ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ˈɛndɪd əp ɪn ðə seɪm ˈpleɪsɪz. soʊ ðə ˈæmpləˌtud floʊz frəm lɛft ənd raɪt doʊnt ˌɪntərˈsɛkt, ənd doʊnt ˌɪnərˈfɪr. ju meɪ ˈriˌkɔl ðɪs ˈprɪnsəpəl frəm "decoherence*", fər haʊ ə ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˌɪnərˈækʃən kən tu ˌɪnərˈæktɪŋ blɑbz əv ˈæmpləˌtud, ˈɪntu tu blɑbz. ˈfɔrmərli, ðə ənd steɪts wər kloʊz ɪˈnəf ɪn kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən speɪs, ðət ðə blɑbz kʊd ˌɪnərˈækt wɪθ iʧ wʊd bi ˈfeɪnmən pæθs wɛr ən ˈætəm ɔn ðə lɛft ˈɛndɪd əp ɔn ðə raɪt. ər ˈfeɪnmən pæθs fər boʊθ ən ˈætəm ɔn ðə lɛft, ənd ən ˈætəm ɔn ðə raɪt, tɪ ɛnd əp ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl. naʊ, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə tu blɑbz ər. fər lɛft tɪ ˌɪnərˈækt wɪθ raɪt, ɪts nɑt ɪˈnəf fər ʤɪst ðə ˈætəm tɪ ɛnd əp ɔn ðə raɪt. ðə ˈsɛnsər wʊd hæv tɪ spɑnˈteɪniəsli lip ˈɪntu ə steɪt wɛr ɪt wɑz ˈflæʃɪŋ "raɪt" ɔn skrin. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz wɪθ ˈɛni ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt wɪʧ ˈpriviəsli ˈhæpənd tɪ bi hɪt baɪ ˈfoʊˌtɑnz fər ðə skrin ˈflæʃɪŋ "lɛft". traɪɪŋ tɪ rɪˈvərs ɪz laɪk traɪɪŋ tɪ ənˈskræmbəl ən ɛg. ənd wɪn ə ˈjumən biɪŋ lʊks æt ðə ˈsɛnsərz ˈlɪtəl dɪˈspleɪ skrin... ər ˈivɪn ʤɪst stændz ˈnɪrˈbaɪ, wɪθ əv ˈpɑrtɪkəlz sˈlaɪtli ˈɪnfluənst baɪ ˈgrævɪti... ðɛn, ˈəndər ɪgˈzæktli ðə seɪm lɔz, ðə ˈsɪstəm ɪˈvɑlvz ˈɪntu: ) ) ðəs, ˈɛni ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈvərʒən əv ˈjɔrsɛlf ˈoʊnli siz ðə ˈsɛnsər ˈrɛʤɪstərɪŋ wən rɪˈzəlt. ðæts bɪg ˈsikrɪt əv kˈwɑntəm məˈkænɪks. ɛz ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈsikrɪts goʊ, ɪts ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈprɪti dæm bɪg. dɪˈskəvərɪŋ ðət ðə ərθ wɑz nɑt ðə ˈsɛnər əv ðə ˈjunəˌvərs, ˈdəzənt hoʊld ə ˈkændəl tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪzɪŋ ðət jʊr twɪnz. ðət ju, ˈjɔrsɛlf, ər meɪd əv ˈpɑrtɪkəlz, ɪz ðə fɔrθ ənd ˈfaɪnəl ki tɪ rɪˈkəvərɪŋ ðə ˈklæsɪkəl həˌlusəˈneɪʃən. ɪts waɪ ju ˈoʊnli ˈɛvər si ðə ˈjunəˌvərs frəm wɪˈθɪn wən blɑb əv ˈæmpləˌtud, ənd nɑt ðə ˈvæstli ɛnˈtæŋgəld hoʊl. ˈæskɪŋ waɪ ju kænt si kæt ɛz ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəsli dɛd ənd əˈlaɪv, ɪz laɪk ən ˈæskɪŋ: "bət ɪf maɪ breɪn ˈrɪli splɪts daʊn ðə ˈmɪdəl, waɪ du aɪ ˈoʊnli ˈɛvər rɪˈmɛmbər ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ɔn ˈiðər ðə lɛft ər ðə raɪt? waɪ doʊnt aɪ faɪnd ˌmaɪˈsɛlf ɔn boʊθ saɪdz?" bɪˈkəz jʊr nɑt ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ənd əˈbəv ðə ˈjunəˌvərs, ˈlʊkɪŋ daʊn. jʊr ɪn ðə ˈjunəˌvərs. jʊr aɪz ər nɑt ən ˈɛmti ˈwɪndoʊ ˈɔntu ðə soʊl, θru wɪʧ ðə tru steɪt əv ðə ˈjunəˌvərs liks ɪn tɪ jʊr maɪnd. wət ju si, ju si bɪˈkəz jʊr breɪn ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnts ɪt: bɪˈkəz jʊr breɪn bɪˈkəmz ɛnˈtæŋgəld wɪθ ɪt: bɪˈkəz jʊr aɪz ənd breɪn ər pɑrt əv ə kənˈtɪnjuəs ˈfɪzɪks wɪθ ðə rɛst əv ˌriˈæləˌti. ju ˈoʊnli si ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈɑbʤɛkts, nɑt ˈɑbʤɛkts ˈlaɪˌtjɪrz əˈweɪ, bɪˈkəz ˈfoʊˌtɑnz frəm ðoʊz ˈɑbʤɛkts kænt riʧ ju, ˈðɛrˌfɔr ju kænt si ðɛm. baɪ ə ˈsɪmələr loʊˈkæləti ˈprɪnsəpəl, ju doʊnt ˌɪnərˈækt wɪθ ˈdɪstənt kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃənz. wɪn ju ˈoʊpən jʊr aɪz ənd si jʊr ˈʃuˌleɪs ɪz ənˈtaɪd, ðət ɪˈvɛnt ˈhæpənz wɪˈθɪn jʊr breɪn. ə breɪn ɪz meɪd əp əv ˌɪnərˈæktɪŋ ˈnʊrɑnz. ɪf ju hæd tu ˈsɛpərˌeɪt grups əv ˈnʊrɑnz ðət ˈnɛvər ˌɪnərˈæktəd wɪθ iʧ ˈəðər, bət dɪd ˌɪnərˈækt əˈməŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðeɪ wʊd nɑt bi ə ˈsɪŋgəl kəmˈpjutər. ɪf wən grup əv ˈnʊrɑnz θɔt "maɪ ˈʃuˌleɪs ɪz ənˈtaɪd", ənd ðə ˈəðər grup əv ˈnʊrɑnz θɔt "maɪ ˈʃuˌleɪs ɪz taɪd", ɪts ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ si haʊ ðiz tu breɪnz kʊd ˈpɑsəbli kənˈteɪn ðə seɪm ˈkɑnʃəsnəs. ənd ɪf ju θɪŋk ɔl ðɪs saʊnz ˈɑbviəs, noʊt ðət, hɪˈstɔrɪkəli ˈspikɪŋ, ɪt tʊk mɔr ðən tu ˈdɛkeɪdz ˈæftər ðə ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən əv kˈwɑntəm məˈkænɪks fər ə ˈfɪzɪsɪst tɪ ˈpəblɪʃ ðət ˈlɪtəl səˈʤɛsʧən. ˈpipəl ˈrɪli ˈɑrənt juzd tɪ ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əv ðɛmˈsɛlvz ɛz ˈpɑrtɪkəlz. ðə hæv ɪt ə bɪt ˈiziər, wɪn ðeɪ splɪt. ðeɪ kən si ðə ˈəðər saɪdz əv ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ənd tɔk tɪ ðɛm. bət ðə ˈoʊnli weɪ fər tu ˈwaɪdli ˈsɛpərˌeɪtɪd blɑbz əv ˈæmpləˌtud tɪ hæv ˈkɔzəl dɪˈpɛndənsiz ɔn iʧ bi ɪf ðɛr wər æt list səm ˈfeɪnmən pæθs ˈlidɪŋ tɪ aɪˈdɛntɪkəl kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃənz frəm boʊθ ˈstɑrtɪŋ blɑbz. wəns wən ɪnˈtaɪər ˈjumən breɪn θɪŋks "lɛft!", ənd əˈnəðər ɪnˈtaɪər ˈjumən breɪn θɪŋks "raɪt!", ðɛn ɪts ɪkˈstrimli ənˈlaɪkli fər ɔl əv ðə ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ðoʊz breɪnz, ənd ɔl əv ðə ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ɪn ðə ˈsɛnsərz, ənd ɔl əv ðə ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈpɑrtɪkəlz ðət ˌɪnərˈæktəd, tɪ koʊˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəli ɛnd əp ɪn əˈprɑksəmətli ðə seɪm kənˌfɪgjərˈeɪʃən əˈgɛn. ɪts əraʊnd ðə seɪm ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd ɛz jʊr breɪn spɑnˈteɪniəsli ɪˈreɪsɪŋ ɪts ˈmɛməriz əv siɪŋ ðə ˈsɛnsər ənd goʊɪŋ bæk tɪ ɪts ɪgˈzækt ərˈɪʤənəl steɪt; waɪl ˈnɪrˈbaɪ, ən ɛg ˌɪtˈsɛlf ənd ə ˈhæmbərgər tərnz bæk ˈɪntu ə kaʊ. soʊ ðə doʊnt ˌɪnərˈækt. ənd wi ˈnɛvər gɪt tɪ tɔk tɪ ɑr ˈəðər sɛlvz, nɔr kən ðeɪ spik tɪ ˈjuˈɛs. əv kɔrs, ðɪs ˈdəzənt min ðət ðə ˈəðər ˈɑrənt ðɛr ˈɛni mɔr, ˈɛni mɔr ðən wi ʃʊd θɪŋk ðət ə ˈspeɪsˌʃɪp ˈsədənli ˈsisɪz tɪ ɪgˈzɪst wɪn ɪt ˈtrævəlz ˈoʊvər ðə hərˈaɪzən (ˈrɛlətɪv tɪ ˈjuˈɛs) əv ən ɪkˈspændɪŋ ˈjunəˌvərs. (oʊ, ju θɔt ðət poʊst ɔn bɪˈlif ɪn ðə ˌɪmˈplaɪd ˌɪnˈvɪzəbəl wɑz pɑrt əv ðə ˈzɑmbi ˈsikwəns? noʊ, ðət wɑz ˈkoʊvərt ˌprɛpərˈeɪʃən fər ðə ˈkəmɪŋ ˈsɪriz ɔn kˈwɑntəm məˈkænɪks. ju kən goʊ θru laɪn baɪ laɪn ənd ˈsəbstəˌtut ðə ˈɑrgjəmənts, ɪn fækt. rɪˈmɛmbər ðət ðə nɛkst taɪm səm ˈkɑmɛntər snɔrts ənd sɪz, "bət wət du ɔl ðiz poʊsts hæv tɪ du wɪθ jʊr ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns wərk?") dɪˈstərbd baɪ ðə ˈprɑspɛkt əv ðɛr biɪŋ mɔr ðən wən ˈvərʒən əv ju? bət ɛz mæks pɔɪnts aʊt, ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ə ˈɪnfənət ˈjunəˌvərs ɔˈrɛdi ˌɪmˈplaɪz ðət ən ɪgˈzækt ˈdupləˌkeɪt əv ju ɪgˈzɪsts ˈsəmˌwɛr, wɪθ ˌprɑbəˈbɪləˌti 1 ɪn ɔl ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd, ðət ˈdupləˌkeɪt ɪz noʊ mɔr ðən əˈweɪ. ər ˈmitərz əˈweɪ, wɪθ ˈnəmbərz əv ðət ˈmægnəˌtud ɪts ˈprɪti məʧ ðə seɪm θɪŋ. (stɑp ðə ˈprɛsɪz! ˈʃɑkɪŋ nuz! ˈsaɪəntɪsts hæv əˈnaʊnst ðət ju ər ˈæˌkʧuəli ðə ˈdupləˌkeɪt əv ˈjɔrsɛlf əˈweɪ! wət ju θɔt wɑz "ju" ɪz ˈrɪli ʤɪst ə ˈdupləˌkeɪt əv ju.) ju ˈɔlsoʊ gɪt ðə seɪm bɪg wərld ˈifɛkt frəm ðə ˌɪnˈfleɪʃəˌnɛri sɪˈnɛrioʊ ɪn ðə bɪg bæŋ, wɪʧ bədz ɔf ˈməltəpəl ˈjunəˌvərsɪz. ənd boʊθ ˈspeɪʃəl ˌɪnˈfɪnɪti ənd ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən ər mɔr ər lɛs ˈstændərd ɪn ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈmɑdəl əv ˈfɪzɪks. soʊ ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ə bɪg wərld, wɪʧ kənˈteɪnz mɔr ðən wən ˈpərsən hu rɪˈzɛmbəlz ju, ɪz ə ˈbʊlət juv ˈprɪti məʧ gɑt tɪ nən əv ðə gənz ər ˈsərtən, ˈfɪzɪks ɪz ˈfaɪərrɪŋ ðət ˈbʊlət æt ju frəm æt list θri ˈdɪfərənt dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz. ˈmeɪbi ˈleɪtər aɪl du ə poʊst əˈbaʊt waɪ ju ˈʃʊdənt ˈpænɪk əˈbaʊt ðə bɪg wərld. ju ˈʃʊdənt bi drɔɪŋ ˈmɛni ˌɛpɪˈstɛmɪk ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃənz frəm ɪt, lɛt əˈloʊn ˈmɔrəl ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃənz. ɛz grɛg ˈigən pʊt ɪt, "ɪt ɔl ædz əp tɪ ˌnɔrˈmæləti." ˌɪnˈdid, aɪ ˈsəmˌtaɪmz θɪŋk əv ðɪs ɛz lɔ. pɑrt əv ðə kˈwɑntəm ˈfɪzɪks ˈsikwəns nɛkst poʊst: "ðə ˈkɑnʃəs ˈpɛrəˌdɑks" ˈpriviəs poʊst: "wɛr ɪkˈspɪriəns kənfˈjuzɪz physicistss*"

previously in series: the so-called heisenberg uncertainty principle "a human researcher only sees a particle in one place at one time." at least that's what everyone goes around repeating to themselves. personally, i'd say that when a human researcher looks at a quantum computer, they quite clearly see particles not behaving like they're in one place at a time. in fact, you have never in your life seen a particle "in one place at a time" because they aren't. nonetheless, when you construct a big measuring instrument that is sensitive to a particle's location—say, the measuring instrument's behavior depends on whether a particle is to the left or right of some dividing line—then you, the human researcher, see the screen flashing "left", or "right", but not a mixture like "ligft". as you might have guessed from reading about decoherence and heisenberg, this is because we ourselves are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and subject to decoherence. the standpoint of the feynman path integral suggests viewing the evolution of a quantum system as a sum over histories, an integral over ways the system "could" behave—though the quantum evolution of each history still depends on things like the second derivative of that component of the amplitude distribution; it's not a sum over classical histories. and "could" does not mean possibility in the logical sense; all the amplitude flows are real events... nonetheless, a human being can try to grasp a quantum system by imagining all the ways that something could happen, and then adding up all the little arrows that flow to identical outcomes. that gets you something of the flavor of the real quantum physics, of amplitude flows between volumes of configuration space. now apply this mode of visualization to a sensor measuring an atom—say, a sensor measuring whether an atom is to the left or right of a dividing line. which is to say: the sensor and the atom undergo some physical interaction in which the final state of the sensor depends heavily on whether the atom is to the left or right of a dividing line. (i am reusing some previous diagrams, so this is not an exact depiction; but you should be able to use your own imagination at this point.) you may recognize this as the entangling interaction described in "decoherence". a quantum system that starts out highly factorizable, looking plaid and rectangular, that is, independent, can evolve into an entangled system as the formerly-independent parts interact among themselves. so you end up with an amplitude distribution that contains two blobs of amplitude—a blob of amplitude with the atom on the left, and the sensor saying "left"; and a blob of amplitude with the atom on the right, and the sensor saying "right". for a sensor to measure an atom is to become entangled with it—for the state of the sensor to depend on the state of the atom—for the two to become correlated. in a classical system, this is true only on a probabilistic level. in quantum physics it is a physically real state of affairs. to observe a thing is to entangle yourself with it. you may recall my having previously said things that sound a good deal like this, in describing how cognition obeys the laws of thermodynamics, and, much earlier, talking about how rationality is a phenomenon within causality. it is possible to appreciate this in a purely philosophical sense, but quantum physics helps drive the point home. let's say you've got an atom, whose position has amplitude bulges on the left and on the right. we can regard the atom's distribution as a sum (addition, not multiplication) of the left bulge and the right bulge: atom = (atom-left + atom-right) also there's a sensor in a ready-to-sense state, which we'll call blank: sensor = sensor-blank by hypothesis, the system starts out in a state of quantum independence—the sensor hasn't interacted with the atom yet. so: system = (sensor-blank) * (atom-left + atom-right) sensor-blank is an amplitude sub-distribution, or sub-factor, over the joint positions of all the particles in the sensor. then you multiply this distribution by the distribution (atom-left + atom-right), which is the sub-factor for the atom's position. which gets you the joint configuration space over all the particles in the system, the sensor and the atom. quantum evolution is linear, which means that evolution(a + b) = evolution(a) + evolution(b). we can understand the behavior of this whole distribution by understanding its parts. not its multiplicative factors, but its additive components. so now we use the distributive rule of arithmetic, which, because we're just adding and multiplying complex numbers, works just as usual: system = (sensor-blank) * (atom-left + atom-right) = (sensor-blank * atom-left) + (sensor-blank * atom-right) now, the volume of configuration space corresponding to (sensor-blank * atom-left) evolves into (sensor-left * atom-left). which is to say: particle positions for the sensor being in its initialized state and the atom being on the left, end up sending their amplitude flows to final configurations in which the sensor is in a left state, and the atom is still on the left. so we have the evolution: (sensor-blank * atom-left) + (sensor-blank * atom-right) => (sensor-left * atom-left) + (sensor-right * atom-right) by hypothesis, sensor-left is a different state from sensor-right—otherwise it wouldn't be a very sensitive sensor. so the final state doesn't factorize any further; it's entangled. but this entanglement is not likely to manifest in difficulties of calculation. suppose the sensor has a little lcd screen that's flashing "left" or "right". this may seem like a relatively small difference to a human, but it involves avogadros of particles—photons, electrons, entire molecules—occupying different positions. so, since the states sensor-left and sensor-right are widely separated in the configuration space, the volumes (sensor-left * atom-left) and (sensor-right * atom-right) are even more widely separated. the left blob and the right blob in the amplitude distribution can be considered separately; they won't interact. there are no plausible feynman paths that end up with both left and right sending amplitude to the same joint configuration. there would have to be a feynman path from left, and a feynman path from right, in which all the quadrillions of differentiated particles ended up in the same places. so the amplitude flows from left and right don't intersect, and don't interfere. you may recall this principle from "decoherence", for how a sensitive interaction can decohere two interacting blobs of amplitude, into two noninteracting blobs. formerly, the atom-left and atom-right states were close enough in configuration space, that the blobs could interact with each other—there would be feynman paths where an atom on the left ended up on the right. or feynman paths for both an atom on the left, and an atom on the right, to end up in the middle. now, however, the two blobs are decohered. for left to interact with right, it's not enough for just the atom to end up on the right. the sensor would have to spontaneously leap into a state where it was flashing "right" on screen. likewise with any particles in the environment which previously happened to be hit by photons for the screen flashing "left". trying to reverse decoherence is like trying to unscramble an egg. and when a human being looks at the sensor's little display screen... or even just stands nearby, with quintillions of particles slightly influenced by gravity... then, under exactly the same laws, the system evolves into: (human-left * sensor-left * atom-left) + (human-right * sensor-right * atom-right) thus, any particular version of yourself only sees the sensor registering one result. that's it—the big secret of quantum mechanics. as physical secrets go, it's actually pretty damn big. discovering that the earth was not the center of the universe, doesn't hold a candle to realizing that you're twins. that you, yourself, are made of particles, is the fourth and final key to recovering the classical hallucination. it's why you only ever see the universe from within one blob of amplitude, and not the vastly entangled whole. asking why you can't see schrodinger's cat as simultaneously dead and alive, is like an ebborian asking: "but if my brain really splits down the middle, why do i only ever remember finding myself on either the left or the right? why don't i find myself on both sides?" because you're not outside and above the universe, looking down. you're in the universe. your eyes are not an empty window onto the soul, through which the true state of the universe leaks in to your mind. what you see, you see because your brain represents it: because your brain becomes entangled with it: because your eyes and brain are part of a continuous physics with the rest of reality. you only see nearby objects, not objects light-years away, because photons from those objects can't reach you, therefore you can't see them. by a similar locality principle, you don't interact with distant configurations. when you open your eyes and see your shoelace is untied, that event happens within your brain. a brain is made up of interacting neurons. if you had two separate groups of neurons that never interacted with each other, but did interact among themselves, they would not be a single computer. if one group of neurons thought "my shoelace is untied", and the other group of neurons thought "my shoelace is tied", it's difficult to see how these two brains could possibly contain the same consciousness. and if you think all this sounds obvious, note that, historically speaking, it took more than two decades after the invention of quantum mechanics for a physicist to publish that little suggestion. people really aren't used to thinking of themselves as particles. the ebborians have it a bit easier, when they split. they can see the other sides of themselves, and talk to them. but the only way for two widely separated blobs of amplitude to communicate—to have causal dependencies on each other—would be if there were at least some feynman paths leading to identical configurations from both starting blobs. once one entire human brain thinks "left!", and another entire human brain thinks "right!", then it's extremely unlikely for all of the particles in those brains, and all of the particles in the sensors, and all of the nearby particles that interacted, to coincidentally end up in approximately the same configuration again. it's around the same likelihood as your brain spontaneously erasing its memories of seeing the sensor and going back to its exact original state; while nearby, an egg unscrambles itself and a hamburger turns back into a cow. so the decohered amplitude-blobs don't interact. and we never get to talk to our other selves, nor can they speak to us. of course, this doesn't mean that the other amplitude-blobs aren't there any more, any more than we should think that a spaceship suddenly ceases to exist when it travels over the cosmological horizon (relative to us) of an expanding universe. (oh, you thought that post on belief in the implied invisible was part of the zombie sequence? no, that was covert preparation for the coming series on quantum mechanics. you can go through line by line and substitute the arguments, in fact. remember that the next time some commenter snorts and says, "but what do all these posts have to do with your artificial intelligence work?") disturbed by the prospect of there being more than one version of you? but as max tegmark points out, living in a spatially infinite universe already implies that an exact duplicate of you exists somewhere, with probability 1. in all likelihood, that duplicate is no more than 10^(1029) lightyears away. or 10^(1029) meters away, with numbers of that magnitude it's pretty much the same thing. (stop the presses! shocking news! scientists have announced that you are actually the duplicate of yourself 10^(1029) lightyears away! what you thought was "you" is really just a duplicate of you.) you also get the same big world effect from the inflationary scenario in the big bang, which buds off multiple universes. and both spatial infinity and inflation are more or less standard in the current model of physics. so living in a big world, which contains more than one person who resembles you, is a bullet you've pretty much got to bite—though none of the guns are certain, physics is firing that bullet at you from at least three different directions. maybe later i'll do a post about why you shouldn't panic about the big world. you shouldn't be drawing many epistemic implications from it, let alone moral implications. as greg egan put it, "it all adds up to normality." indeed, i sometimes think of this as egan's law. part of the quantum physics sequence next post: "the conscious sorites paradox" previous post: "where experience confuses physicistss"

ˈrisərʧərz frəm braʊn ˌjunəˈvərsəti ənd ˈhæzbroʊ ˈhɑˌspɪtəl hæv aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd ðə məˈlɛkjələr ˌɪnərˈækʃənz ðət əˈlaʊ ðə ˈproʊˌtin tɪ liv ðə ˈnukliəs əv ə brɛst ˈkænsər sɛl, proʊˈlɔŋɪŋ ðə laɪf. ðeɪ dɪˈskəvərd haʊ ðə ˈproʊˌtinz cbp*, ənd eɪd ɪn ɪts ɪˈskeɪp. ˈgæðərz æt ðə ˈbaʊndəri bɪtˈwin ðə ˈnukliəs ənd ðə rɛst əv ðə sɛl, ənd ðɛn bɪˈkəmz ˈæktɪˌveɪtɪd baɪ cbp*, wɪʧ ˈkɛmɪkli ˈrɛgjəˌleɪts ˈəndər ˈnɔrməl ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz. ðə ðɛn ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs juzd tɪ ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt, kɔld acetylation*, əˈlaʊɪŋ ðə ˈproʊˌtin tɪ bi ˈʃətəld aʊt əv ðə ˈnukliəs baɪ ðɪs ˌdɪˈskəvri kʊd lɛd tɪ nu əˈproʊʧɪz tɪ ˈtritɪŋ brɛst ˈkænsər, səʧ ɛz ˌɪnˈhɪbətɪŋ wi kən ˈtərgət wi kən ˈmeɪbi blɑk frəm ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv ðə ˈnukliəs ənd meɪnˈteɪn ɪt ɪn ɪts gʊd state,”*,” ˈreɪʧəl altura*, ðə ˈsinjər ˈɔθər, sɛd.

researchers from brown university and hasbro children’s hospital have identified the molecular interactions that allow the protein survivin to leave the nucleus of a breast cancer cell, prolonging the cell’s life. they discovered how the proteins hdac6, cbp, and crm1 aid survivin in its escape. hdac6 gathers at the boundary between the nucleus and the rest of the cell, and then becomes activated by cbp, which chemically regulates survivin under normal circumstances. the hdac6 then undoes the process used to regulate survivin, called acetylation, allowing the protein to be shuttled out of the nucleus by crm1. this discovery could lead to new approaches to treating breast cancer, such as inhibiting hdac6. “if we can target hdac6, we can maybe block survivin from coming out of the nucleus and maintain it in its good state,” rachel altura, the study’s senior author, said.

nu ʃi həz stɪl nɑt groʊn əˈkəstəmd tɪ ðə ˈɪrəˌteɪtɪŋ ˈhæbət dɪˈspaɪt biɪŋ ˈmɛrid tɪ ðə ˈbrʊklɪn nɛts paʊər ˈfɔrwərd fər ə ˈdɛkeɪd, ˈbrændi ˈgɑrnɪt rɪˈvild tɪ rɪˈpɔrtərz ðət ʃi wɑz wəns əˈgɛn kɛpt əp ðə hoʊl naɪt ˈθərzˌdeɪ baɪ hər ˈhəzbənd ˈtɔkɪŋ træʃ ɪn hɪz slip. məst hæv ˈwoʊkən əp fɔr ˈdɪfərənt taɪmz frəm ˈkɛvɪn ˈtɔsɪŋ ənd ˈtərnɪŋ ɪn bɛd waɪl ˈkɔlɪŋ ˈsəmˌwən ə ˈlɪtəl bɪʧ hu ˈfəkɪŋ skɔr ɔn him,”*,” sɛd ˈgɑrnɪt, ˈædɪŋ ðət ˌɔlˈðoʊ ʃi traɪz hər bɛst tɪ ˈsɪmpli tun aʊt ðə ˌənˈkɑnʃəs træʃ ˈtɔkɪŋ, ɪt ˈʤɛnərəli əˈkərz ˈməltəpəl taɪmz pər naɪt ənd kən kənˈtɪnju fər 30 ər 40 ˈmɪnəts ɔn ɛnd. wən pɔɪnt aɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli θɔt ˈsəmθɪŋ wɑz rɔŋ, bət ðɛn aɪ sɔ hɪz aɪz wər ʃət ənd hi wɑz sˈnɔrɪŋ ɪn bɪtˈwin riˈflɛksɪvli ˈpaʊndɪŋ hɪz ʧɛst ənd ˈməmbəlɪŋ gɑd noʊz wət əˈbaʊt ən əˈpoʊzɪŋ waɪf. ðə wərst wɑz wɪn hi skrimd ðət ʃɪt aʊt əv here!’*!’ æt ðə tɔp əv hɪz ləŋz əraʊnd fɔr ɪn ðə ˈɑnəstli səˈpraɪzd hi weɪk hɪmˈsɛlf up.”*.” ˈgɑrnɪt wɛnt ɔn tɪ ɪkˈspleɪn ðət hər ˈhəzbənd ˈnɛvər həz ˈɛni ˌrɛkəˈlɛkʃən ðə nɛkst deɪ əv ˈhævɪŋ tɔkt træʃ ɪn hɪz slip, ðoʊ hi ˈɔfən ˈsimləsli kənˈtɪnjuz ˈkərsɪŋ aʊt ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ bʊlz ˈsɛnər noʊə ɛz sun ɛz hi weɪks əp. ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt

new york—saying she has still not grown accustomed to the irritating habit despite being married to the brooklyn nets power forward for a decade, brandi garnett revealed to reporters that she was once again kept up the whole night thursday by her husband talking trash in his sleep. “i must have woken up four different times from kevin tossing and turning in bed while calling someone a little bitch who can’t fucking score on him,” said garnett, adding that although she tries her best to simply tune out the unconscious trash talking, it generally occurs multiple times per night and can continue for 30 or 40 minutes on end. “at one point i actually thought something was wrong, but then i saw his eyes were shut and he was snoring in between reflexively pounding his chest and mumbling god knows what about an opposing player’s wife. the worst was when he screamed ‘get that shit out of here!’ at the top of his lungs around four in the morning—i’m honestly surprised he didn’t wake himself up.” garnett went on to explain that her husband never has any recollection the next day of having talked trash in his sleep, though he often seamlessly continues cursing out chicago bulls center joakim noah as soon as he wakes up. advertisement

kʊd 'supermoon*' nɛkst wik dɪsˈrəpt ərθs ˈwɛðər? mun kəmz æt ɪts ˈkloʊsəst əˈproʊʧ fər 19 jɪrz ɪt ˈdəzənt teɪk məʧ tɪ gɪt ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛts aʊt ɪn fɔrs. ðə wɛb wɑz ˈjɛstərˌdeɪ əˈwɑʃ wɪθ əˌpɑkəˈlɪptɪk ˈwɔrnɪŋz ðət ðə ˈmuvmənt əv ðə mun wɪl ˈtrɪgər ˈtaɪdəl weɪvz, vɑlˈkænɪk ˌɪˈrəpʃənz ənd ˈivɪn ˈərθkˌweɪks nɛkst wik. ðə kənˈspɪrəsi θiərɪsts kleɪm ðət ɔn mɑrʧ 19 ðə mun wɪl bi ˈkloʊzər tɪ ərθ ðən æt ˈɛni taɪm sɪns 1992 ʤɪst maɪəlz əˈweɪ ənd ðət ɪts ˌgrævɪˈteɪʃənəl pʊl wɪl brɪŋ keɪɑs tɪ ərθ. ərθ wɪl bi æt ɪts ˈkloʊsəst pɔɪnt səm maɪəlz əˈweɪ tɪ ðə mun ɪn 19 jɪrz ɔn mɑrʧ 19 səm fɪr ðə 'ˈlunər' wɪl əˈfɛkt ɑr ˈklaɪmɪt ˈpætərn ˌhaʊˈɛvər, əˈstrɑnəmərz hæv dɪsˈmɪst ðə kleɪmz ɛz pjʊr ˈnɑnsɛns. ðə bɪˈzɑr ˈrumərz ˈsɛntər ɔn ə fəˈnɑməˌnɑn kɔld ðə 'ˈlunər'. ðə munz ˈɔrbət əraʊnd ərθ ɪz nɑt ə ˈsərkəl, bət ən ɪˈklɪps. æt ɪts ˈkloʊsəst əˈproʊʧ ðə ðə mun əˈpɪrz ˈbraɪtər ənd ˈlɑrʤər ɪn ðə skaɪ. wɪn ɪt ɪz ˈfərθəst əˈweɪ ðə ˈæpəˌʤi ɪt ɪz sˈmɔlər ənd ˈdɪmər. ə ˈlunər əˈkərz wəns ə mənθ. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, nɛkst wiks ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪdz wɪθ ə fʊl mun ə ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əv ɪˈvɛnts ðət ˈhæpən ʤɪst wəns ˈɛvəri tu ər θri jɪrz. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ɪt meɪks ə gʊd ˈfoʊˌtoʊ ˌɑpərˈtunəti fər əˈstrɑnəmərz, ˈsaɪəntɪsts seɪ ɪt həz noʊ ˌɪmˈpækt ɔn ərθ. ˈpriviəs tʊk pleɪs ɪn 1955 1974 1992 ənd 2005 ɔl jɪrz ðət hæd ɪkˈstrim ˈwɛðər ɪˈvɛnts ˈdɑktər ˈdeɪvɪd ˈhɑrlənd, speɪs hɪˈstɔriən ənd ˈɔθər, sɛd: 'ɪts ˈpɑsəbəl ðət ðə mun meɪ bi ə ˌkɪˈlɔˌmətər ər tu ˈkloʊzər tɪ ərθ ðən ˈnɔrməl æt ə, bət ɪts ən ˈətərli ˌɪnsɪgnˈjɪfɪkənt ɪˈvɛnt. bət ðə ˈɪntərˌnɛt ɪz əˈwɑʃ wɪθ ˈæməˌʧər ˈsaɪəntɪsts ˈwɔrnɪŋ ðət səʧ ə 'supermoon*' kʊd dɪsˈrəpt ərθs ˈklaɪmɪt ˈpætərnz ənd meɪ ˈivɪn kɔz ˈərθkˌweɪks ənd vɑlˈkænɪk ækˈtɪvɪti. ˈpriviəs tʊk pleɪs ɪn 1955 1974 1992 ənd 2005 ɔl jɪrz ðət hæd ɪkˈstrim ˈwɛðər ɪˈvɛnts, ðə kənˈspɪrəsi θiərɪsts seɪ. ðə tsuˈnɑmi ðət kɪld ˈhənərdz əv ˈθaʊzənz əv ˈpipəl ɪn ˌɪndoʊˈniʒə ˈhæpənd tu wiks ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈʤænjuˌɛri 2005. ənd ɔn ˈkrɪsməs deɪ 1974 sɪˈkloʊn ˈtreɪsi leɪd weɪst tɪ ˈdɑrwɪn, ɔˈstreɪljə. koʊˈɪnsɪdəns? ˈbændə aceh*, ˌɪndoʊˈniʒə, wɑz ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪd baɪ ðə dɪˈsɛmbər 2004 tsuˈnɑmi wɪʧ tʊk pleɪs tu wiks ˌbiˈfɔr ə bət pit ˈwilər əv ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈsɛntər fər ˈreɪdiˌoʊ əˈstrɑnəmi ˈgritɪd ˈwɔrnɪŋz əv ən ˌɪmˈpɛndɪŋ əˈpɑkəˌlɪps wɪθ scepticism*. 'ðɛr wɪl bi noʊ ˈərθkˌweɪks ər vɑlˈkeɪnoʊz ˌɪˈrəptɪŋ, ənˈlɛs ðeɪ ər tɪ ˈhæpən ˈɛniˌweɪ,' hi toʊld news.com.au*. 'ərθ wɪl ɪkˈspɪriəns ʤɪst ə loʊər ðən ˈjuʒəwəl loʊ taɪd ənd ə haɪər ðən ˈjuʒəwəl haɪ taɪd əraʊnd ðə taɪm əv ðə ɪˈvɛnt, bət ˈnəθɪŋ tɪ gɪt ɪkˈsaɪtɪd əˈbaʊt.' ɔˈstreɪljən əˈstrɑnəmər ˈdeɪvɪd əˈgrid, ˈpɔɪntɪŋ aʊt ðət kənˈspɪrəsi θiərɪsts wɪl ˈɔlˌweɪz bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ faɪnd ə ˈnæʧərəl dɪˈzæstər tɪ lɪŋk tɪ ə ˈsərtən taɪm ənd bleɪm ɪt ɔn ə. 'ɪf ju traɪ hɑrd ɪˈnəf ju kən ˌkrɑnəˈlɑʤɪkli əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛni ˈnæʧərəl dɪˈzæstər ər ɪˈvɛnt tɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ɪn ðə naɪt skaɪ ˈkɑmət, ˈplænət, sən,' hi sɛd. 'rɪˈmɛmbər ɪn ðə pæst, ˈplænəˌtɛri əˈlaɪnmənts wər goʊɪŋ tɪ pʊl ðə sən əˈpɑrt. ɪt ˈdɪdənt ˈhæpən. əˈstrɑləʤərz drɔ ə ˈvɛri lɔŋ boʊ moʊst taɪmz. 'ˈnɔrməl kɪŋ taɪdz ər əˈbaʊt ɔl aɪ wʊd ɪkˈspɛkt aʊt əv ðɪs priˈdɪkʃən.' ˈdʊrɪŋ ə fʊl mun, ðə sən ənd ðə mun ər ˈpʊlɪŋ ɔn ərθ frəm ˈɑpəzɪt saɪdz ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈʧænsɪz əv ˈɛni drəˈmætɪk ˈtaɪdəl ɪˈvɛnts ənˈlaɪkli. ɔn ˈævərɪʤ ðə mun ɪz maɪəlz əˈweɪ. æt ɪts ˈfərθəst ɪt ɪz maɪəlz əˈweɪ. ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈlunər ənd fʊl mun, ðə ˈlunər ˈsərfəs kən əˈpɪr əp tɪ 14 pər sɛnt ˈbɪgər ənd 30 pər sɛnt ˈbraɪtər ðən ˈəðər fʊl munz.

could 'supermoon' next week disrupt earth's weather? moon comes at its closest approach for 19 years it doesn't take much to get the internet's lunar-tics out in force. the web was yesterday awash with apocalyptic warnings that the movement of the moon will trigger tidal waves, volcanic eruptions and even earthquakes next week. the conspiracy theorists claim that on march 19, the moon will be closer to earth than at any time since 1992 - just 221,567 miles away - and that its gravitational pull will bring chaos to earth. earth will be at its closest point - some 221,567 miles away - to the moon in 19 years on march 19. some fear the 'lunar perigee' will affect our climate pattern however, astronomers have dismissed the claims as pure nonsense. the bizarre rumours centre on a phenomenon called the 'lunar perigee'. the moon's orbit around earth is not a circle, but an eclipse. at its closest approach - the perigee - the moon appears brighter and larger in the sky. when it is furthest away - the apogee - it is smaller and dimmer. a lunar perigee occurs once a month. however, next week's perigee coincides with a full moon - a combination of events that happen just once every two or three years. although it makes a good photo opportunity for astronomers, scientists say it has no impact on earth. previous supermoons took place in 1955, 1974, 1992 and 2005 - all years that had extreme weather events dr david harland, space historian and author, said: 'it's possible that the moon may be a kilometre or two closer to earth than normal at a perigee, but it's an utterly insignificant event. ' but the internet is awash with conspiracy-minded amateur scientists warning that such a 'supermoon' could disrupt earth's climate patterns and may even cause earthquakes and volcanic activity. previous supermoons took place in 1955, 1974, 1992 and 2005 - all years that had extreme weather events, the conspiracy theorists say. the tsunami that killed hundreds of thousands of people in indonesia happened two weeks before the january 2005 supermoon. and on christmas day 1974, cyclone tracy laid waste to darwin, australia. coincidence? banda aceh, indonesia, was devastated by the december 2004 tsunami which took place two weeks before a supermoon but pete wheeler of the international centre for radio astronomy greeted warnings of an impending apocalypse with scepticism. 'there will be no earthquakes or volcanoes erupting, unless they are to happen anyway,' he told news.com.au. 'earth will experience just a lower than usual low tide and a higher than usual high tide around the time of the event, but nothing to get excited about.' australian astronomer david reneke agreed, pointing out that conspiracy theorists will always be able to find a natural disaster to link to a certain time and blame it on a supermoon. 'if you try hard enough you can chronologically associate almost any natural disaster or event to anything in the night sky - comet, planet, sun,' he said. 'remember in the past, planetary alignments were going to pull the sun apart. it didn't happen. astrologers draw a very long bow most times. 'normal king tides are about all i would expect out of this supermoon prediction.' during a full moon, the sun and the moon are pulling on earth from opposite sides - making the chances of any dramatic tidal events unlikely. on average the moon is 235,000 miles away. at its furthest it is 248,000 miles away. during a lunar perigee and full moon, the lunar surface can appear up to 14 per cent bigger and 30 per cent brighter than other full moons.

ðə ˈfaʊndər əv ˈfɛstɪvəl, ˈmaɪkəl həz kənˈfərmd hiz ɪn tɔks wɪθ əˈbaʊt ˈmuvɪŋ ðə ɪˈvɛnt tɪ ðə graʊnz əv ðə ˈsteɪtli hoʊm fər wən jɪr. ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju æt ðə rɔɪəl bæθ ənd wɛst ʃoʊ ˈmaɪkəl toʊld wɛst ˈkəntri ðət hid laɪk tɪ si ðə mˈjuzɪk ˈfɛstɪvəl æt wɪˈθɪn ðə nɛkst tu ər θri jɪrz. ðə sərʧ fər ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv saɪt wɑz kənˈfərmd baɪ ˈdɔtər ˈɛmɪli ɪn ˈərli meɪ ðɪs jɪr. ˈɛmɪli ˈfɑloʊ fər ðoʊz ˈæskɪŋ, wɪr ˈplænɪŋ ə bɪg ɪˈvɛnt ˈɛlsˌwɛr fər 2018 ər 2019 bət ɪt ˈhæzənt ˈivɪn gɑt ə neɪm jɛt soʊ wɔʧ ðɪs speɪs fər mɔr ˈɪnfoʊ! bət waɪl dɪˈskəʃənz hæd bɪn bɪtˈwin ðə tu, ənˈtɪl naʊ ˈniðər ər hæd kənˈfərmd ðət tɔks wər ˈteɪkɪŋ pleɪs. ɪz ˈwaɪdli rɪˈgɑrdɪd ɛz ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈprɛsɪv ˈsteɪtli hoʊm ɪn ðə ˈkəntri ˈkrɛdɪt: pɑ ˈɪmɪʤɪz əm ˈtɔkɪŋ tɪ ˈɛvriˈdeɪ ˈæˌkʧuəli, soʊ aɪ hoʊp wi kən kəm tɪ ən əˈgrimənt wɪθ ðɛm ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli. bət wi ˈhævənt dən soʊ jɛt. ˈmaɪkəl ˈkleɪmɪŋ "ɪz ðə bɛst saɪt ɪn ðə hoʊl əv ˈɪŋglənd" ˈmaɪkəl kənˈfərmd hid laɪk tɪ si ðə ˈfɛstɪvəl muv ðɛr baɪ 2019 ˌɔlˈðoʊ hi bɪˈlivz ðə graʊnz əv ðə ˈsteɪtli hoʊm wʊd bi ˈpərˌfɪkt fər ðə wərld ˈfeɪməs ɪˈvɛnt, ˈmaɪkəl sɪz ðɛrz ə lɔt əv wərk tɪ du ˌbiˈfɔr plænz tɪ muv ðə ˈfɛstɪvəl wʊd gɪt ðə goʊ əˈhɛd. wɛnt ɔn tɪ seɪ ðət ðə ˈoʊnər əv, lɔrd bæθ, ɪz səˈpɔrtɪv əv ðə muv. hi ənd hɪz ˈfæməli wər ðə fərst ˈpipəl əˈproʊʧt wɪθ ðə səˈʤɛsʧən. ɪz ðə sit fər ðə ˈmɑrkwəs əv bæθ, lɔrd bæθ ˈkrɛdɪt: pɑ ˈɪmɪʤɪz ˈstɑrtɪŋ ɪn 1970s*, ˈfɛstɪvəl həz ˈteɪkən pleɪs ɔn ˈwərði fɑrm nɪr ɪn ˈsəmərˌsɛt fər 46 jɪrz. ˈfɛstɪvəl goʊərz ɪn ðə ˈərli deɪz ˈkrɛdɪt: pɑp ɪts ˈfaʊndər wɑz kin tɪ strɛs ðət ðə ˈfɛstɪvəlz hoʊm wɪl ˈɔlˌweɪz bi ðə fildz əv fɑrm ənd ˈɛni muv wʊd ˈoʊnli bi fər wən jɪr. ðæts ɪts hoʊm, ðət ɪz ˈprɑbəˌbli ðə bɛst pleɪs fər ɪt, ɪz. ˈwərði fɑrm ɪz ˈvɛri wɔrm, ɪts fʊl əv ˈætməsˌfɪr ənd ˈkɛrɪktər ənd ˈhɪstəri ɛz wɛl. bət aɪ ˈrɪli du nid ən ɔlˈtərnətɪv saɪt, noʊ daʊt əˈbaʊt ɪt. ˈmaɪkəl mɔr ðən ˈpipəl naʊ əˈtɛnd ðə ˈfaɪvˌdeɪ ˈfɛstɪvəl ˈkrɛdɪt: pɑp ðə graʊnd æt ˈwərði fɑrm ɪz ˈrɛstɪd wəns ˈɛvəri 5 jɪrz wɪθ ə 'ˈfæˌloʊ' jɪr ˈdʊrɪŋ wɪʧ ðə ˈfɛstɪvəl ˈdəzənt teɪk pleɪs. æt ðə ˈmoʊmənt ðɛrz noʊ ˈfɔlˌbæk ˈɔpʃən fər ðə ˈfɛstɪvəlz loʊˈkeɪʃən, ˈsəmθɪŋ wɪʧ həz bɪn ˈwəriɪŋ ðə fər ə lɔŋ taɪm. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈnəθɪŋ həz bɪn əˈgrid ˈmaɪkəl həz meɪd hɪz ˈprɛfərəns fər ðə ɔlˈtərnətɪv loʊˈkeɪʃən əv kwaɪt klɪr. si ðə ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən wɪθ ˈprɛzəntər ˈiən ˈækstən ɪn fʊl:

the founder of glastonbury festival, michael eavis has confirmed he's in talks with longleat about moving the event to the grounds of the stately home for one year. in an interview at the royal bath and west show - michael eavis told itv west country that he'd like to see the music festival at longleat within the next two or three years. the search for an alternative site was confirmed by eavis's daughter emily in early may this year. emily eavis @emilyeavis follow for those asking, we're planning a big event elsewhere for 2018 or 2019 but it hasn't even got a name yet so watch this space for more info! but while discussions had been rumoured between the two, until now neither glastonbury or longleat had confirmed that talks were taking place. longleat is widely regarded as the most impressive stately home in the country credit: pa images i'm talking to longleat everyday actually, so i hope we can come to an agreement with them eventually. but we haven't done so yet. – michael eavis claiming longleat "is the best site in the whole of england" michael eavis confirmed he'd like to see the festival move there by 2019. although he believes the grounds of the stately home would be perfect for the world famous event, michael says there's a lot of work to do before plans to move the festival would get the go ahead. eavis went on to say that the owner of longleat, lord bath, is supportive of the move. he and his family were the first people eavis approached with the suggestion. longleat is the seat for the marquess of bath, lord bath credit: pa images starting in 1970s, glastonbury festival has taken place on worthy farm near pilton in somerset for 46 years. festival goers in the early days credit: pilton pop its founder was keen to stress that the festival's home will always be the fields of farm and any move would only be for one year. that's its home, that is probably the best place for it, pilton is. worthy farm is very warm, it's full of atmosphere and character and history as well. but i really do need an alternative site, no doubt about it. – michael eavis more than 150,000 people now attend the five-day festival credit: pilton pop the ground at worthy farm is rested once every 5 years with a 'fallow' year during which the festival doesn't take place. at the moment there's no fallback option for the festival's location, something which has been worrying the organiser for a long time. although nothing has been agreed michael eavis has made his preference for the alternative location of glastonbury quite clear. see the conversation with presenter ian axton in full:

wən deɪ ɪn 2015 dæn bɛl lɛft hɪz hoʊm ɪn ˈbɔltəˌmɔr ənd droʊv ˈɪntu ðə ˈsəbərbz tɪ ˈvɪzɪt ðə oʊɪŋz mɪlz mɔl. ɪt wɑz ə trɪp aʊt əv ˈmɛməri. ɛz ə bɔɪ, hi hæd əˈtɛndəd ðə grænd ˈoʊpənɪŋ əv ðɪs ˈʃɑpɪŋ ˌɛmˈpɔriəm wɪθ hɪz ˈfæməli. goʊld dəst ənd pɪŋk ˈfɛðərz reɪnd daʊn frəm ðə ˈeɪtriəm ðət deɪ ɛz ˈθaʊzənz ˈgæðərd. sæks fɪθ ˈævəˌnu wɑz ən ˈæŋkər ˈtɛnənt. ðə fud kɔrt, laɪnd wɪθ pɑm triz, wɑz kɔld ðə kənˈsərvətɔri. ðə ˈɛnˌbiˈsi ˈsteɪʃən ɪn ˈbɔltəˌmɔr dɪˈspæʧt ɪts kæm 2 tɪ swip ˈoʊvər ðə ˈpɑrkɪŋ lɔt ənd ˈbrɔdˌkæst ʃɑts əv ðə ˈoʊʃən əv kɑz. ˈmɪstər. bɛl rɪˈmɛmbərd hɪz ɔnt ˈdraɪvɪŋ əraʊnd fər 45 ˈmɪnəts tɪ faɪnd ə spɑt. ðɪs wɑz 1986 ə pik mɔl jɪr ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə. æt list wən nu ˈʃɑpɪŋ mɔl hæd bɪn bɪlt ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˈɛvəri jɪr sɪns ðə 1950s*, ənd 19 ˈoʊpənd ɪn 1990 əˈloʊn. tɪ ˈkæpʧər ðə ˈspɪrɪt əv ðə taɪm, ˈɛskˌwaɪr dɪˈspæʧt ə ˈraɪtər tɪ ðə ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ˈsəbərbz tɪ ˈfɑloʊ tu ˈtiˌneɪʤ bɔɪz ɔn ə ˈtɪpɪkəl ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ naɪt əv mɔl ˈkruzɪŋ. ˈmuviz əv ðə ˈɪrə, laɪk bluz brothers”*” 1980 taɪmz æt high”*” 1982 stories”*” 1986 ““clueless”*” 1995 ““mallrats”*” 1995 ənd brown”*” 1997 ˌɪnˈkludɪd ki ˈsikwənsɪz sɛt wɪˈθɪn ðiz əv consumption,”*,” ə tərm kɔɪnd baɪ ðə ˌsoʊsiˈɑləʤɪst ʤɔrʤ ˈrɪtzər tɪ dɪˈskraɪb lɑrʤ ˈɪnˌdɔr ˈʃɑpɪŋ ˈspeɪsɪz. ɪf ju wər riˈmoʊtli ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈbumɪŋ kənˈsumər ˈkəlʧər ɪn ðoʊz jɪrz, ju spɛnt aʊərz ˈsərkəlɪŋ ˈɪnˌdɔr ˈfaʊntənz ənd ˈraɪdɪŋ ˈɛskəˌleɪtərz waɪl ˈsəkɪŋ daʊn ən ˈɔrɪnʤ ˈʤuljəs. ˈivɪn ðə ɪˈtərnəli ˈeɪliəˌneɪtɪd ʤoʊn ˈdɪdiən roʊt əv baɪɪŋ tu strɔ hæts, fɔr ˈbɑtəlz əv neɪl ɪˈnæməl ənd ˈtoʊstər, ɔn seɪl æt sears,”*,” æt ðə ˈælə ˈsɛnər ɪn ˌhɑnəˈlulu.

one day in 2015, dan bell left his home in baltimore and drove into the suburbs to visit the owings mills mall. it was a trip out of memory. as a 9-year-old boy, he had attended the grand opening of this 820,000-square-foot shopping emporium with his family. gold dust and pink feathers rained down from the glass-roof atrium that day as thousands gathered. saks fifth avenue was an anchor tenant. the food court, lined with palm trees, was called the conservatory. the nbc station in baltimore dispatched its copter cam 2 to sweep over the parking lot and broadcast shots of the ocean of cars. mr. bell remembered his aunt driving around for 45 minutes to find a spot. this was 1986, a peak mall year in america. at least one new shopping mall had been built in the united states every year since the 1950s, and 19 opened in 1990 alone. to capture the spirit of the time, esquire dispatched a writer to the chicago suburbs to follow two teenage boys on a typical saturday night of mall cruising. movies of the era, like “the blues brothers” (1980), “fast times at ridgemont high” (1982), “true stories” (1986), “clueless” (1995), “mallrats” (1995) and “jackie brown” (1997), included key sequences set within these “cathedrals of consumption,” a term coined by the sociologist george ritzer to describe large indoor shopping spaces. if you were remotely involved in the booming consumer culture in those years, you spent hours circling indoor fountains and riding escalators while sucking down an orange julius. even the eternally alienated joan didion wrote of buying two straw hats, four bottles of nail enamel and “a toaster, on sale at sears,” at the ala moana center in honolulu.

ɪn rɪˈspɑns tɪ ðə fɔls ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz meɪd əˈgɛnst drɪp ˈdɑktərz ˈsiˌiˈoʊ ˈfaʊndər, wi wɔnt tɪ ˈɪʃu ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˈsteɪtmənt: ʤəˈmɪlə, ˈfaʊndər ˈsiˌiˈoʊ əv drɪp ˈdɑktərz, ɪz bɔrd ˈsərtəˌfaɪd fəˈzɪʃən əˈsɪstənt wɪθ ə ˈpruvən træk ˈrɛkərd əv prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ˈhɛlθfəl ˌɪmjunoʊˈθɛrəpi busts tɪ ən ɪkˈstɛnsɪv ˌklaɪənˈtɛl. mɪz. ˈfaʊndɪd drɪp ˈdɑktərz wɪθ tu prɛˈmɪr ˈdɑktərz ɪn ðɛr fild ɔn stæf, ɛz wɛl ɛz ə tim əv kˈwɑləˌfaɪd ˈnərsɪz, ənd təˈgɛðər ðeɪ dɪˈlɪvər prəˈfɛʃənəl hɛlθ ˈsərvɪsɪz əˈkrɔs ˈsəðərn ˌkæləˈfɔrnjə ɪn ðɛr ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn lɔs ˈænʤəlɪs ˈklɪnɪk. ɛz wɛl, drɪp ˈdɑktərz ˈɔfər ðɛr ˈsərvɪsɪz ˈviə haʊs kɔlz fər haɪ ˈproʊˌfaɪl klaɪənts rikˈwaɪərɪŋ ðə ˈətˌmoʊst ˈpraɪvəsi. drɪp ˈdɑktərz həz dɪˈvɛləpt ən ɪkˈsklusɪv reɪnʤ əv ˈbustərz fər klaɪənts wɪθ ənˈkɑmprəmaɪzɪŋ dɪˈmændz ɪn hɛlθ, ˈɛnərʤi, ˈbjuti, ənd æθˈlɛtɪk pərˈfɔrməns. ɛz ə praʊd ˈsiˌiˈoʊ əv ə ˈflərɪʃɪŋ ˈbɪznɪs, ənd θˈraɪvɪŋ ˈfiˌmeɪl ˌɑntrəprəˈnʊr, mɪz. əˈdhɪrz tɪ ənˈkɑmprəmaɪzɪŋ ˈstændərdz fər ðə hɛlθ əv hər klaɪənts ənd ðə səkˈsɛs əv drɪp ˈdɑktərz. ðɪs wik, mɪz. wɑz drægd ˈɪntu ən ənˈfɔrʧənət ˈɪnsədənt ˌɪnˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈlaɪbɛləs ˌækjəˈzeɪʃənz sɛnt ɔn ðə hækt ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmidiə əˈkaʊnt əv səˈmɪr nasri*, ˈæftər ædˈmɪnɪˌstərɪŋ ə ˈstændərd ˈtritmənt ɔn ðə ˈsɑkər stɑr. mɪz. wʊd laɪk tɪ ˈæˌdrɛs hɛd ɔn ðɪs ənˈfɔrʧənət ˈɪnsədənt əv cyber-bullying*: ɔl drɪp ˈdɑktərz ˈsərvɪsɪz ər prəˈfɛʃənəl hɛlθ ˈsərvɪsɪz, ədˈmɪnɪstərd baɪ ə prəˈfɛʃənəl tim, ənd ɔl ˌɪnˌsɪnjuˈeɪʃənz ˈəðərˌwaɪz ər ˈnəθɪŋ mɔr ðən ˈlaɪbɛləs əˈtæks. ɔl tu ˈɔfən, ˈwɪmən ər ˈsəbʤɪkt tɪ ˈɔnˌlaɪn hərˈæsmənt, ənd fər ˈsaɪbər troʊlz, ˌɪnˌsɪnjuˈeɪʃənz əv ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɪmprəˈpraɪəti ər ɛz ˈizi weɪ tɪ ruɪn ə səkˈsɛsfəl kərɪr. ʤəˈmɪlə ənd ðə ɪnˈtaɪər drɪp ˈdɑktərz tim stænd baɪ ðɛr prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsərvɪsɪz ənd ˈrɛfˌjuz tɪ bi ˈbʊlid. ðə ɪnˈtaɪər tim lʊks ˈfɔrwərd tɪ kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ˈkətɪŋ ɛʤ ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈsərvɪsɪz tɪ ɪts ˌɛkstrəˈɔrdəˌnɛri ˌklaɪənˈtɛl. rɪˈplaɪ rɪˈpɔrt poʊst

in response to the false allegations made against drip doctor's ceo & founder, we want to issue the following statement: jamila sozahdah, founder & ceo of drip doctors, is board certified physician assistant with a proven track record of providing healthful immunotherapy boosts to an extensive a-list clientele. ms. sozahdah founded drip doctors with two premier doctors in their field on staff, as well as a team of qualified nurses, and together they deliver professional health services across southern california in their downtown los angeles clinic. as well, drip doctors offer their services via house calls for high profile clients requiring the utmost privacy. drip doctors has developed an exclusive range of boosters for clients with uncompromising demands in health, energy, beauty, and athletic performance. as a proud ceo of a flourishing business, and thriving female entrepreneur, ms. sozahdah adheres to uncompromising standards for the health of her clients and the success of drip doctors. this week, ms. sozahdah was dragged into an unfortunate incident involving libelous accusations sent on the hacked social media account of samir nasri, after administering a standard treatment on the soccer star. ms. sozahdah would like to address head on this unfortunate incident of cyber-bullying: all drip doctors services are professional health services, administered by a professional team, and all insinuations otherwise are nothing more than libelous attacks. all too often, women are subject to online harassment, and for cyber trolls, insinuations of sexual impropriety are as easy way to ruin a successful woman’s career. jamila sozahdah and the entire drip doctors team stand by their professional medical services and refuse to be bullied. the entire team looks forward to continuing providing cutting edge medical services to its extraordinary clientele. reply · report post

ˈsɪriə dɪˈfaɪz juz. ˈsæŋkʃənz, ˈkrəʃɪz dɪˈsɛnt beɪˈrut (ˌeɪˈpi) ˈsɪriən ˈfɔrsɪz kɛpt əp ə rɪˈlɛntlɪs kæmˈpeɪn əˈgɛnst ðə ˈkəntriz ˈəˌpraɪzɪŋ ˈθərzˌdeɪ, ˈjuzɪŋ tæŋks tɪ ʃɛl ə bɪˈsiʤd ˈbɔrdər taʊn ɛz ˈprɛzɪdənt ˌoʊˈbɑmə kɔld ɔn ˈsɪriəz ˈprɛzɪdənt tɪ lɛd hɪz ˈkəntri tɪ dɪˈmɑkrəsi ər "gɪt aʊt əv ðə weɪ." ˈprɛzɪdənt bəˈʃɑr əˈsɑd həz ˈteɪkən peɪnz tɪ pɔrˈtreɪ ˈkɑnfədɛns ənd ə ˈstili dɪˌtərməˈneɪʃən ɪn ˈrisənt deɪz əˈmɪd saɪnz ðət hɪz ˈbrutəl ˈkrækˌdaʊn ɪz ˈtɛrəˌfaɪɪŋ ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ˈɪntu səbˈmɪʃən. ðə reɪˈʒimz ˈkrækˌdaʊn ɔn dɪˈsɛnt, wɪʧ həz kɪld mɔr ðən 850 ˈpipəl, kənˈtɪnjud əˈhɛd əv əˈnəðər raʊnd əv ˈproʊˌtɛsts plænd fər ˈæftər ˈfraɪˌdeɪ prɛrz. ˈsɪriəz nuz ˈeɪʤənsi ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈdɛmd nu juz. ˈsæŋkʃənz, seɪɪŋ ðeɪ "dɪd nɑt ənd wɪl nɑt əˈfɛkt ˈsɪriəz ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˈʧɔɪsɪz ənd ˈstɛdˌfæstnəs." ðə ˈsɪriən ˈɑrmi ʃɛld ðə taʊn əv ˈoʊvərˈnaɪt ənd ˈərli ˈθərzˌdeɪ, ˈspɑrkɪŋ ðət kɪld æt list eɪt ˈpipəl. ðə ˈoʊvərˈnaɪt əˈtæk kɪld æt list eɪt ˈpipəl, ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ðə dɛθ toʊl tɪ 34 sɪns ðə ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri sild ɔf ðə ˈbɔrdər taʊn ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ənd muvd ɪn tæŋks ənd trups, tu ˈjumən raɪts ˈæktɪvɪsts toʊld ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs. "wi hərd ˈʃɛlɪŋ θruaʊt ðə naɪt ənd kən stɪl hir ˈgənˌfaɪər ˈɛvəri naʊ ənd ðɛn," sɛd ə ˈrɛzɪdənt, hu flɛd əˈkrɔs ðə ˈbɔrdər tɪ ˈlɛbənən ɛz ˈsɪriən trups brɔt ɪn ˌriɪnˈfɔrsmənts. hi sɛd hi kʊd si trups pəˈtroʊlɪŋ ðə ˈbɔrdər ənd smoʊk frəm faɪərz ɪn ðə taʊn, əˈpɛrəntli frəm hoʊmz ˈbərnɪŋ. ˈsɪriənz fliɪŋ tɪ ˈlɛbənən ɪn ˈrisənt deɪz hæv dɪˈskraɪbd hɔˈrɪfɪk sinz əv sleɪɪŋz ənd ˈbɑdiz ɪn ðə strits ɪn. læst wik, mæs ərˈɛsts ənd ˈhɛvi sɪˈkjʊrəti kɛpt kraʊdz bɪˈloʊ ˈpriviəs ˈlɛvəlz sin ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈəˌpraɪzɪŋ, səˈʤɛstɪŋ əˈsɑdz sˈwipɪŋ kæmˈpeɪn əv ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən ɪz ˈwərkɪŋ. ˌoʊˈbɑmə ɔn ˈθərzˌdeɪ kɔld fər ðə fərst taɪm fər ðə ˈlidər əv ˈsɪriə tɪ ɪmˈbreɪs dɪˈmɑkrəsi ər "gɪt aʊt əv ðə weɪ," ðoʊ wɪˈθaʊt spəˈsɪfɪkli dɪˈmændɪŋ hɪz ˈaʊstər. ðə ˈsɪriən ˈgəvərnmənt "həz ˈʧoʊzən ðə pæθ əv ˈmərdər ənd ðə mæs ərˈɛsts əv ɪts ˈsɪtɪzənz," ˌoʊˈbɑmə sɛd, ˈpreɪzɪŋ ðə ˈsɪriən ˈpipəl fər ðɛr kərɪʤ ɪn ˈstændɪŋ əp tɪ riˈprɛʃən. ˈsɪriə həz bænd ˈfɔrən ˈʤərnəlɪsts ənd prɪˈvɛnɪd ˈkəvərɪʤ əv ðə ˈkɑnflɪkt, ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈnɪrli ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli ˈvɛrəˌfaɪ əˈkaʊnts ˈkəmɪŋ aʊt əv ðə ˈkəntri ər tɪ geɪʤ ðə strɛŋθ əv ðə ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd ˈproʊˌtɛst ˈmuvmənt ɪn wən əv ðə moʊst əˌθɔrəˈtɛriən rəˈʒimz ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl ist., ə taʊn əv səm ˈpipəl nɪr ðə ˈbɔrdər wɪθ ˈlɛbənən, ɪz noʊn tɪ bi ə sˈməgəlɪŋ ˈɛriə wɛr ˈmɛni ˈrɛzɪdənts ər ɑrmd. ɪt həz bɪn ə ˈhɑtˌbɛd əv dɪˈsɛnt ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈəˌpraɪzɪŋ əˈgɛnst əˈsɑdz ˌɔtəˈkrætɪk rul. wən ˈæktɪvɪst, hu æst ðət hɪz neɪm nɑt bi juzd fər fɪr əv rɪˈpraɪzəlz frəm ðə ˈgəvərnmənt, sɛd ðɛr wər ˈhɛvi ɪksˈʧeɪnʤɪz əv faɪər bɪtˈwin sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈfɔrsɪz ənd ɑrmd səˈvɪljənz. hi ˈædɪd ðət 19 ˈsoʊlʤərz ˈɔlsoʊ hæv daɪd ɪn ðə taʊn. ə ˈsɛkənd ˈæktɪvɪst, muˈstɑfə ˈoʊsoʊ, sɛd hi kʊd nɑt kənˈfərm ðə əˈkaʊnts əv ɑrmd rɪˈzɪstəns frəm səˈvɪljənz. hi sɛd hɪz grup wɑz ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ rɪˈpɔrts ðət sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈfɔrsɪz wər ˈʃutɪŋ æt ˈsoʊlʤərz hu rɪfˈjuzd tɪ faɪər ɔn səˈvɪljənz. ðə juz. ˈækʃən mɑrks ðə fərst taɪm ðət ˈsæŋkʃənz hoʊld əˈsɑd ˈpərsənəli əˈkaʊntəbəl fər ˈækʃənz əv hɪz sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈfɔrsɪz. ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈjunjən, ˈminˌwaɪl, ɪz ˈpʊʃɪŋ fər ə ˈsɛkənd raʊnd əv ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈsæŋkʃənz ðət wʊd ˈtərgət əˈsɑd. ˈsɪriə ənd ɪts ˈælaɪ ɪn ˈlɛbənən, ˌhɛzbɑˈlə, boʊθ əˈludəd tɪ ˈʧɑrʤɪz ðət ðə juz. ɪz kənˈspaɪrɪŋ wɪθ ˈɪzriəl. ˌhɛzbɑˈlə sɛd ðə ˈsæŋkʃənz əˈmaʊnt tɪ ə ˈsɛtəlɪŋ əv əˈkaʊnts wɪθ ˈsɪriə bɪˈkəz əv ɪts səˈpɔrt fər ˌhɛzbɑˈlə, ðə ˌpælɪˈstɪniən ˈpipəl ənd ɪts rɪfˈjuzəl tɪ teɪk ˈdɪkˌteɪts frəm əˈmɛrɪkə. ðə ˈsɪriən ˈgəvərnmənt kɔld ðə ˈsæŋkʃənz "wən ɪn ə ˈsɪriz əv ˈsæŋkʃənz ˌɪmˈpoʊzd baɪ ðə juz. ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən əˈgɛnst ðə ˈsɪriən ˈpipəl ɛz pɑrt əv juz. ˈriʤənəl ˈpɑləsiz ˈsərvɪŋ ˈɪzriəl." ðə ˈsteɪtmənts kəm əˈgɛnst ðə ˈbækˌdrɑp əv ˌoʊˈbɑməz spiʧ, ɪn wɪʧ hi sɛd "tu ˈmɛni ˈlidərz ɪn ðə ˈriʤən traɪd tɪ dɪˈrɛkt ðɛr ˈpipəlz ˈgrivənsɪz ˈɛlsˌwɛr. ðə wɛst wɑz bleɪmd ɛz ðə sɔrs əv ɔl ɪlz, ə hæf ˈsɛnʧəri ˈæftər ðə ɛnd əv kəˈloʊniəˌlɪzəm. ænˈtægəˌnɪzəm təˈwɔrd ˈɪzriəl bɪˈkeɪm ðə ˈoʊnli əkˈsɛptəbəl ˈaʊˌtlɛt fər pəˈlɪtɪkəl ɪkˈsprɛʃən." ˈkɑpiˌraɪt 2011 ðə əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪtəd prɛs. ɔl raɪts rɪˈzərvd. ðɪs məˈtɪriəl meɪ nɑt bi ˈpəblɪʃt, ˈbrɔdˌkæst, riˈrɪtən ər ˌridɪˈstrɪbjətɪd. brɛnt ʤoʊnz. fər ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər, sɛnd ˈkɑmɛnts tɪ fər mɔr ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt riˈprɪnts pərˈmɪʃənz ˈvɪzɪt ɑr faq's*. tɪ rɪˈpɔrt kərˈɛkʃənz ənd ˌklɛrɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz, ˈkɑnˌtækt ˈstændərdz ˈɛdɪtər. fər ˌpəblɪˈkeɪʃən kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpər, sɛnd ˈkɑmɛnts tɪ ˌɪnˈklud neɪm, foʊn ˈnəmbər, ˈsɪti ənd steɪt fər ˌvɛrəfəˈkeɪʃən. tɪ vju ɑr kərˈɛkʃənz, goʊ tɪ

syria defies u.s. sanctions, crushes dissent beirut (ap) — syrian forces kept up a relentless campaign against the country's two-month uprising thursday, using tanks to shell a besieged border town as president obama called on syria's president to lead his country to democracy or "get out of the way." president bashar assad has taken pains to portray confidence and a steely determination in recent days amid signs that his brutal crackdown is terrifying the population into submission. the regime's crackdown on dissent, which has killed more than 850 people, continued ahead of another round of protests planned for after friday prayers. syria's state-run news agency also condemned new u.s. sanctions, saying they "did not and will not affect syria's independent choices and steadfastness." the syrian army shelled the town of talkalakh overnight and early thursday, sparking gunbattles that killed at least eight people. the overnight attack killed at least eight people, bringing the death toll to 34 since the military sealed off the border town saturday and moved in tanks and troops, two human rights activists told the associated press. "we heard shelling throughout the night and can still hear gunfire every now and then," said a talkalakh resident, who fled across the border to lebanon as syrian troops brought in reinforcements. he said he could see troops patrolling the border and smoke from fires in the town, apparently from homes burning. syrians fleeing to lebanon in recent days have described horrific scenes of execution-style slayings and bodies in the streets in talkalakh. last week, mass arrests and heavy security kept crowds below previous levels seen during the uprising, suggesting assad's sweeping campaign of intimidation is working. obama on thursday called for the first time for the leader of syria to embrace democracy or "get out of the way," though without specifically demanding his ouster. the syrian government "has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens," obama said, praising the syrian people for their courage in standing up to repression. syria has banned foreign journalists and prevented coverage of the conflict, making it nearly impossible to independently verify accounts coming out of the country or to gauge the strength of the unprecedented protest movement in one of the most authoritarian regimes in the middle east. talkalakh, a town of some 70,000 people near the border with lebanon, is known to be a smuggling area where many residents are armed. it has been a hotbed of dissent during the two-month uprising against assad's autocratic rule. one activist, who asked that his name not be used for fear of reprisals from the government, said there were heavy exchanges of fire between security forces and armed civilians. he added that 19 soldiers also have died in the town. a second activist, mustafa osso, said he could not confirm the accounts of armed resistance from civilians. he said his group was investigating reports that security forces were shooting at soldiers who refused to fire on civilians. the u.s. action marks the first time that sanctions hold assad personally accountable for actions of his security forces. the european union, meanwhile, is pushing for a second round of european sanctions that would target assad. syria and its ally in lebanon, hezbollah, both alluded to charges that the u.s. is conspiring with israel. hezbollah said the sanctions amount to a settling of accounts with syria because of its support for hezbollah, the palestinian people and its refusal to take dictates from america. the syrian government called the sanctions "one in a series of sanctions imposed by the u.s. administration against the syrian people as part of u.s. regional policies serving israel." the statements come against the backdrop of obama's speech, in which he said "too many leaders in the region tried to direct their people's grievances elsewhere. the west was blamed as the source of all ills, a half century after the end of colonialism. antagonism toward israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression." copyright 2011 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. brent jones. for publication consideration in the newspaper, send comments to for more information about reprints & permissions , visit our faq's. to report corrections and clarifications, contact standards editor. for publication consideration in the newspaper, send comments to letters@usatoday.com . include name, phone number, city and state for verification. to view our corrections, go to corrections.usatoday.com

““if* ðɛr ɪz ˈɛni kˈwɛʃən hir, wi ɔl hæv ə ˈprɑbləm ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd states.”*.” ˈmɛni wʊd seɪ ðət ˈrɪʧərd hɛlmz wɑz ə ˈstænˌdəp sɔrt əv gaɪ; hɪz mɑm, hɪz ˈneɪbərz, hɪz frɛndz, ˈivɪn hɪz ˈɛksˈwaɪf, ɔl əˈtɛstɪd tɪ hɪz ˈlɔɪəlti, hɪz ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns, ənd hɪz strɪkt, ˈhoʊlsəm kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ hɪz ˈkəntri, ə ˈpeɪtriət ənd ə ˈlidər. bət ðə mæn hu wʊd klaɪm ðə ræŋks əv juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns, frəm hɪz wərld wɔr tu stɪnt ɪn ðə ˈɔfəs əv strəˈtiʤɪk ˈsərvɪsɪz tɪ hɪz poʊst ɛz dɪˈrɛktər əv ˈsɛntrəl ˌɪnˈtɛləʤəns fər siaɪeɪ tɪ hɪz əˈpɔɪntmənt ɛz æmˈbæsədər tɪ ˌɪˈrɑn, ɪz rɪˈmɛmbərd baɪ ðə ˈpəblɪk fər hɪz ˈsikrəsi, hɪz laɪz, ənd hɪz kəˈmɪtmənt tɪ ðə koʊd əv hɪz ˈeɪʤənsi nən əv wɪʧ, əv kɔrs, əˈpɪr (æt list ɪn ðə ˈnɛgətɪv) ɪn ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ faɪl. ðə ˈeɪʤənsi ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪd ˈmɪstər. hɛlmz θri taɪmz. ðə fərst keɪm ˈʃɔrtli ˈæftər ðə wɔr, ɛz pɑrt əv ðə kriˈeɪʃən ənd ɪnˈvɛləpɪŋ əv ɔs. ðə sərʧ tərnd əp ˈmɛni ˈʃaɪnɪŋ rəvˈjuz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðoʊz hipt əˈpɑn ɪm waɪl ən ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət æt ˈwɪljəmz ˈkɑlɪʤ. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ riˈsərfəst ˌæləˈgeɪʃənz meɪd baɪ wən əv hɪz ˈfɔrmər ɔs ɪmˈplɔɪiz hu wɑz ˈəpˌsɛt ðət hɪz rɪˈpɔrts wər rɪˈpitɪdli ˈleɪbəld ɛz ənˈjuzəbəl, ðoʊ ðeɪ rɪˈvild ˈnəθɪŋ kənˈfərmɪŋ ˈkɑmjənəst ˌmoʊtəˈveɪʃənz. ðə nɛkst taɪm hi wɑz ˈskrutəˌnaɪzd keɪm ɪn ðə ˈfɪftiz, wɪn hi wɑz ˈvɛtɪd fər sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈklɪrəns ənd ðə ˈsəbʤɪkt əv mɔr ˈkɑmjənəst səˈspɪʃənz. hɛlmz wɑz ˈfaɪnəli rivˈjud əˈgɛn æt ðə tərn əv ɪn ˌprɛpərˈeɪʃən fər ðə æmˈbæsədərˌʃɪp tɪ ˌɪˈrɑn, ənd, ˌənsərˈpraɪzɪŋli, ðə ˈrənˌdaʊn əv ˈsteɪtmənts prəˈvaɪdɪd baɪ hɪz əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪts wɑz gloʊɪŋ. reɪ klaɪn, ə siaɪeɪ ˈænəlɪst dɪˈskraɪbd ɪn ðə faɪl ˌɪtˈsɛlf ɛz ə hɛlmz ˈraɪvəl, sɛd əv ðə siaɪeɪ ˈlɔɪəlti: ðɛr ɪz ˈɛni kˈwɛʃən hir, wi ɔl hæv ə ˈprɑbləm ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd states.”*.” ˌənsərˈpraɪzɪŋli, ˈəðərz vaʊʧt fər ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ kip ə ˈsikrɪt fər hɪz ˈgəvərnmənt. ənd ðoʊ hɪz ˈɛksˈwaɪf ɪkˈspleɪnd ðət hɛlmz hæd hæd gərl friends,”*,” hɪz eɪʤ wʊd ˈlaɪkli kərb ðət ˈæpəˌtaɪt ənd hɪz ˈfrɛndʃɪp wɪθ ˈmɛni ˈrulɪŋ ˌɪˈrɑniənz wʊd ˈlaɪkli hɛlp hɪz kɔz. ˈkjʊriəsli, ðə ˈpeɪpərz ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðət frɛndz ənd əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪts hæd meɪd əp əbˈsərd kleɪmz wɪn ðeɪ wər toʊld əv ðə ˈbækˌgraʊnd ʧɛk. ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz ðə ˈsəbʤɪkts əv ə præŋk ˈgɪvɪn ðə hɛd ˈɑbviəs pəˈzɛʃən əv sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈklɪrəns ənd trəst, ðeɪ kleɪmd tɪ meɪk θɪŋz əp. ɪf ðɛr wər ˈɛni aʊˈtlændɪʃ kleɪmz, ðeɪ wər kənˈvinjəntli oʊˈmɪtɪd frəm hɪz ˈfaɪnəl ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ faɪlz, wɪʧ ju kən ʧɛk aʊt ðə fərst ˈsɛkʃən əv bɪˈloʊ, ənd ðə rɛst ɔn ðə rɪkˈwɛst peɪʤ. faɪnd ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ? wɔnt tɪ ʃɛr səm siaɪeɪ ˈtrɪviə? lɛt ˈjuˈɛs noʊ æt info@muckrock.com*. ˈɪmɪʤ ˈviə ðə moʊl: ðə koʊld wɔr ˈmɛmˌwɑr əv ˈwɪnstən beɪts

“if there is any question here, we all have a problem in the united states.” many would say that richard helms was a stand-up sort of guy; his mom, his neighbors, his friends, even his ex-wife, all attested to his loyalty, his intelligence, and his strict, wholesome commitment to his country, a patriot and a leader. but the man who would climb the ranks of united states intelligence, from his world war two stint in the office of strategic services to his post as director of central intelligence for cia to his appointment as ambassador to iran, is remembered by the public for his secrecy, his lies, and his commitment to the cloak-and-dagger code of his agency - none of which, of course, appear (at least in the negative) in helms’s fbi file. the agency investigated mr. helms three times. the first came shortly after the war, as part of the cia’s creation and enveloping of oss. the search turned up many shining reviews, including those heaped upon him while an undergraduate at williams college. it also resurfaced allegations made by one of his former oss employees who was upset that his reports were repeatedly labelled as unusable, though they revealed nothing confirming communist motivations. the next time he was scrutinized came in the fifties, when he was vetted for security clearance … and the subject of more communist suspicions. helms was finally reviewed again at the turn of ‘72-’73 in preparation for the ambassadorship to iran, and, unsurprisingly, the rundown of statements provided by his associates was glowing. ray cline, a cia analyst described in the file itself as a helms rival, said of the cia leader’s loyalty: “if there is any question here, we all have a problem in the united states.” unsurprisingly, others vouched for the man’s ability to keep a secret for his government. and though his ex-wife explained that helms had had “several girl friends,” his age would likely curb that appetite … and his pre-existing friendship with many ruling iranians would likely help his cause. curiously, the papers reported that helms’s friends and associates had made up absurd claims when they were told of the background check. thinking themselves the subjects of a prank given the cia’s head obvious possession of security clearance and top-level trust, they claimed to make things up. if there were any outlandish claims, they were conveniently omitted from his final fbi files, which you can check out the first section of below, and the rest on the request page. find something interesting? want to share some cia trivia? let us know at info@muckrock.com. image via the mole: the cold war memoir of winston bates

ˈprɛvələns əˈbaʊt 1 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə wərld ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən həz ˈɔˌtɪzəm ˈspɛktrəm dɪˈsɔrdər. (ˈsiˌdiˈsi, 2014 ˈprɛvələns ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ɪz ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd æt 1 ɪn 59 bərθs. (ˈsiˌdiˈsi, 2018 mɔr ðən ˈmɪljən əˈmɛrɪkənz lɪv wɪθ ən ˈɔˌtɪzəm ˈspɛktrəm dɪˈsɔrdər. (ˈbjuʃər ɛt æl., 2014 ˈprɛvələns əv ˈɔˌtɪzəm ɪn juz. ˈʧɪldrən ˌɪnˈkrist baɪ pərˈsɛnt frəm 2000 1 ɪn 150 tɪ 2010 1 ɪn 68 (ˈsiˌdiˈsi, 2014 ˈɔˌtɪzəm ɪz ðə dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛnəl ˌdɪsəˈbɪlɪti. (ˈsiˌdiˈsi, 2008 ˈprɛvələns həz ˌɪnˈkrist baɪ pərˈsɛnt iʧ jɪr frəm 2002 tɪ 2010 (beɪst ɔn baɪˈɛniəl ˈnəmbərz frəm ðə ˈsiˌdiˈsi) ˌfaɪˈnænʃəl kɔsts ˈɔˌtɪzəm ˈsərvɪsɪz kɔst juz. ˈsɪtɪzənz ˈbɪljən ˈænjuəli. (ˈbjuʃər ɛt æl., 2014 ə məˈʤɔrəti əv kɔsts ɪn ðə juz. ər ɪn ˈædəlt ˈsərvɪsɪz ˈbɪljən, kəmˈpɛrd tɪ ˈbɪljən fər ˈʧɪldrən. (ˈbjuʃər ɛt æl., 2014 kɔst əv ˈlaɪˈflɔŋ kɛr kən bi rɪˈdust baɪ wɪθ ˈərli ˌdaɪəgˈnoʊsəs ənd ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən. (ˈɔˌtɪzəm. 2007 ðə ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz əv ɔˈtɪstɪk ˈspɛktrəm dɪˈsɔrdər əˈməŋ ˈʧɪldrən ɪn ə sˈwidɪʃ mˌjunɪsəˈpæləti. 1 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˈædəlt ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən əv ðə juˈnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm həz ˈɔˌtɪzəm ˈspɛktrəm dɪˈsɔrdər. tiz. ɛt æl., 2011 ðə juz. kɔst əv ˈɔˌtɪzəm ˈoʊvər ðə ˈlaɪfˌspæn ɪz əˈbaʊt ˈmɪljən fər ə ˈpərsən wɪθ ən ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˌdɪsəˈbɪlɪti, ər ˈmɪljən fər ə ˈpərsən wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl ˌdɪsəˈbɪlɪti. (ˈbjuʃər ɛt æl., 2014 ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən 35 pərˈsɛnt əv jəŋ ˈædəlts (ˈeɪʤɪz wɪθ ˈɔˌtɪzəm hæv nɑt hæd ə ʤɑb ər rɪˈsivd ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən ˈæftər ˈlivɪŋ haɪ skul. (ˈʃætək ɛt æl., 2012 ɪt kɔsts mɔr ðən ˈɛkstrə pər jɪr tɪ ˈɛʤəˌkeɪt ə ˈstudənt wɪθ ˈɔˌtɪzəm. (ləˈvɛl ɛt æl., 2014 (ðə ˈævərɪʤ kɔst əv ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪŋ ə ˈstudənt ɪz əˈbaʊt nces*, 2014 ɪn ʤun 2014 ˈoʊnli pərˈsɛnt əv ˈpipəl wɪθ dɪsəˈbɪlɪtiz ɪn ðə juz. wər pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪtɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈleɪbər fɔrs ˈwərkɪŋ ər ˈsikɪŋ wərk. əv ðoʊz, pərˈsɛnt wər ˌənɛmˈplɔɪd, ˈminɪŋ ˈoʊnli pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən wɪθ dɪsəˈbɪlɪtiz wɑz ɪmˈplɔɪd. (baɪ ˈkɑntræst, pərˈsɛnt əv ˈpipəl wɪˈθaʊt dɪsəˈbɪlɪtiz wər ɪn ðə ˈleɪbər fɔrs, ənd 65 pərˈsɛnt əv ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən wɪˈθaʊt dɪsəˈbɪlɪtiz wɑz ɪmˈplɔɪd.) (ˈbjʊroʊ əv ˈleɪbər stəˈtɪstɪks, 2014 2003 2006 2009 2011 2014 ˈkɑpiˌraɪt ðə ˈɔˌtɪzəm soʊˈsaɪɪti. ɔl raɪts rɪˈzərvd. læst ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd: ˈɔgəst 26 2015

prevalence about 1 percent of the world population has autism spectrum disorder. (cdc, 2014) prevalence in the united states is estimated at 1 in 59 births. (cdc, 2018) more than 3.5 million americans live with an autism spectrum disorder. (buescher et al., 2014) prevalence of autism in u.s. children increased by 119.4 percent from 2000 (1 in 150) to 2010 (1 in 68). (cdc, 2014) autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability. (cdc, 2008) prevalence has increased by 6-15 percent each year from 2002 to 2010. (based on biennial numbers from the cdc) financial costs autism services cost u.s. citizens $236-262 billion annually. (buescher et al., 2014) a majority of costs in the u.s. are in adult services – $175-196 billion, compared to $61-66 billion for children. (buescher et al., 2014) cost of lifelong care can be reduced by 2/3 with early diagnosis and intervention. (autism. 2007 sep;11(5):453-63; the economic consequences of autistic spectrum disorder among children in a swedish municipality. järbrink k1.) 1 percent of the adult population of the united kingdom has autism spectrum disorder. (brugha t.s. et al., 2011) the u.s. cost of autism over the lifespan is about $2.4 million for a person with an intellectual disability, or $1.4 million for a person without intellectual disability. (buescher et al., 2014) education 35 percent of young adults (ages 19-23) with autism have not had a job or received postgraduate education after leaving high school. (shattuck et al., 2012) it costs more than $8,600 extra per year to educate a student with autism. (lavelle et al., 2014) (the average cost of educating a student is about $12,000 – nces, 2014) in june 2014, only 19.3 percent of people with disabilities in the u.s. were participating in the labor force – working or seeking work. of those, 12.9 percent were unemployed, meaning only 16.8 percent of the population with disabilities was employed. (by contrast, 69.3 percent of people without disabilities were in the labor force, and 65 percent of the population without disabilities was employed.) (bureau of labor statistics, 2014) 2003, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2014 copyright the autism society. all rights reserved. last updated: august 26, 2015

hoʊm vju pɔɪnts traɪɪŋ tɪ meɪk sɛns baɪ ɛm ə ʧɪl həz ˈkəvərd ɑr lænd ˈrisəntli ˈlivɪŋ ˈʧɪldrən ɪkˈspoʊzd, koʊld ənd ˈhəŋgri ɪn ˈrɛfjuʤi kæmps. jɛt ðɛr ɪz əˈnəðər, ˈivɪn ˈgreɪtər ʧɪl ˈɛməˌneɪtɪŋ frəm tɛl ɑˈviv. ðə ˈzaɪənɪst ˈɑkjəˌpaɪərz əv ɑr lænd ər ɛmˈbɑrkɪŋ ɔn jɛt əˈnəðər ɪˈlɛkʃən. ɔl ˌɪndəˈkeɪʃənz pɔɪnt təˈwɔrdz ˈvɪktəri fər ðə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən. ðɪs ˈdɛvlɪʃ əˈlaɪəns bɪtˈwin ˌnɛtənˈjɑˌhu ənd ˈlibərmən ˈkɛriz wɪθ ɪt ðə moʊst ˌɛgˌzɪˈstɛnʃəl θrɛt tɪ ɑr ˈpipəl ɪn ˈpæləˌstaɪn ənd bɪɔnd. ə ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən əv ðə fɑr raɪt pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈpɑrtiz ɪn ˈɪzriəl minz mɔr ˈsəfərɪŋ fər ðə ˌpælɪˈstɪniənz, mɔr lænd græbz, mɔr ˈsɛtəlmənts ənd mɔr ʤuɪʃ ˈoʊnli ˈɪnwərd maɪˈgreɪʃən. hæv ə lʊk æt ðɪs: ðɪs lɪŋk ʃoʊz bɪɔnd ˈɛni ˈʃæˌdoʊ əv daʊt ðət ðə ˈzaɪənɪsts ər kənˈsɑləˌdeɪtɪŋ ənd ˈpʊʃɪŋ ˈfɔrwərd wɪθ ðə ˈɛθnɪk ˈklɛnzɪŋ əv ˈpæləˌstaɪn. ðɪs tɪ mi ɪz ˈizi tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd bɪˈkəz pɑrt ənd ˈpɑrsəl əv ðɛr ˈɔnˌgoʊɪŋ ˈpɑləsi. wət aɪ faɪnd pərˈplɛksɪŋ ənd ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ ˌəndərˈstænd ɪz nɑt wət ðə ˈzaɪənɪsts ər duɪŋ, bət wət ðə ˈærəbz ənd ðə ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl kəmˈjunɪti ər nɑt duɪŋ. ɪz ðɛr ˌɪˈnərʃə bɪˈkəz ðeɪ tu ər ˈəndər ˈzaɪənɪst ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən? ɪz ðə hoʊl wərld ˈəndər ˈzaɪənɪst ˌɑkjəˈpeɪʃən? ðɪs maɪt saʊnd ˈsɪnɪkəl, ɪf nɑt ˈaʊˈtraɪt proʊˈvɑkətɪv bət pliz bɛr wɪθ mi. aɪ æm ʃʊr ðət ju ər ɔl əˈwɛr əv ðə fˈjʊri əv ðə ˈzaɪənɪsts ˈoʊvər ðə əˈpɔɪntmənt əv ʧək ˈhægəl ɛz ðə nu ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt. ə fˈjʊri ðət meɪd mɑrk regef*, ˈspoʊksmən fər ˈmɪstər. ˌnɛtənˈjɑˌhu, seɪ ˈoʊpənli ðət ɪf ðɪs əˈpɔɪntmənt wɛnt əˈhɛd, ˈɪzriəl wʊd wild ðə ˈviˌtoʊ ðət ɪt hoʊldz ˈoʊvər ˈwɔʃɪŋtən. jɛs, ˈlɪtəl ˈɪzriəl həz paʊər əv ˈviˌtoʊ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈmaɪti gəˈlaɪəθ ðət ɪz ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts əv əˈmɛrɪkə. wət meɪd ˈmɪstər. ˈhægəl ənˈsutəbəl ɪn ðə aɪz əv ðə ˈviˌtoʊ ˈwildɪŋ ʤuɪʃ ˈlɑbi ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən wɑz ðɪs kwoʊt meɪd bæk ɪn 2006 pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌriˈæləˌti ɪz ðət ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈlɑbi ˌɪnˈtɪmɪˌdeɪts ə lɔt əv ˈpipəl əp hir. aɪ æm ə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ˈsɛnətər, aɪ æm nɑt ən ˌɪzˈreɪli senator.”*.” maɪnd ju, ðɪs wɑz ðə ˈvɛri seɪm ʧək ˈhægəl hu wɑz ə ˈsɪgnəˌtɔri tɪ ə 40 ˈbɪljən eɪd ˈpækɪʤ tɪ ˈɪzriəl. bət ðət kaʊnt. hi dɛrd tɪ spik aʊt. jɛt, ɔl ɪz nɑt lɔst. ðɛr ər stɪl ˈpipəl ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən hu ər ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ stænd əp ənd kɔl ɪt haʊ ɪt ɪz. aɪ keɪm əˈkrɔs ən ˌɛnˈlaɪtənɪŋ ənd ˌɪnˈfɔrmətɪv ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ ə ʤuɪʃ əˈmɛrɪkən ɔn ðə ˈrəʃə təˈdeɪ əˈmɛrɪkə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈproʊˌgræm, ðə set”*” wɪθ ˈæbi ˈmɑrtɪn. ðə ˈʤɛnəlmən ɪn kˈwɛʃən wɑz mɑrk bruzonsky*, ˈpəblɪʃər əv middleeast.org*. ðɪs ɪz wət hi hæd tɪ seɪ wɪn æst əˈbaʊt ðə strɛŋθ əv ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈlɑbi: bɪn ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ə lɔŋ taɪm. maɪ fərst ʤɑb aʊt əv ˈgræʤəˌweɪt skul wɑz tɪ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt ðə wərld ʤuɪʃ ˈkɑŋgrəs, soʊ bɪn ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðɪs fər ə lɔŋ taɪm. ðeɪ rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˌɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃən, ðeɪ rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˈblækˌmeɪl, ənd ðeɪ rɪˈlaɪ ɔn ˈlɛtɪŋ ˈpipəl noʊ ðət ɪf ju krɔs ðɛm jʊr kərɪr ɪz ɪn ˈʤɛpərdi. ðeɪ du ɪt wɪθ ˈʤərnəlɪsts, ðeɪ du ɪt wɪθ ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ənd ðeɪ hæv bɪn ɪkˈstrimli səkˈsɛsfəl. ˈaɪˌpæk ɪz ˈmɪrli ðə tɪp əv ðə ˈaɪsbərg. gɑt ðə ˈkɑnfərəns əv ˈmeɪʤər ʤuɪʃ əˈmɛrɪkən ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz. ðɛn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ʤuɪʃ ˈkɑŋgrəs, ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ʤuɪʃ kəˈmɪti, ˈkɑmənˌtɛri ˈmægəˌzin, tu θɪŋk tæŋks, wən wɪθ ðə rɪˈpəblɪkənz ənd ðə hɑrd ˈlaɪnərz, ðə ˈəðər wɪθ ðə ˈdɛməˌkræts. ə hoʊl reɪnʤ əv inter-working*, ˈɪntərˌlɑkɪŋ ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz. ɪt ˈstɑrtɪd frəm ðə ˈhɔləˌkɔst ənd frəm ʤuɪʃ ˈɪmpətəns ɪn ðə ˈθərtiz ənd ˈfɔrtiz ˈoʊvər wət ˈhæpənd tɪ ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈpipəl ɪn ˈjʊrəp. ðɛn ðɛr wɑz ðə faɪt ɪn ðə ˈoʊvər ˈwɛðər ər nɑt ðə ˈjuˈɛs wʊd səˈpɔrt ðə kriˈeɪʃən əv ə ʤuɪʃ steɪt. fərˈgɑtən ðət ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈpərsən ɪn ˈfɔrən ˈpɑləsi wɑz ˈʤɛnərəl ˈmɑrʃəl ənd hi əˈpoʊzd ɪt. hi ˈivɪn toʊld ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈtrumən, ɪf ju, ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈtrumən səˈpɔrt ðə kriˈeɪʃən əv ə ʤuɪʃ steɪt ðɛr wɪl bi əˈnɛndɪŋ wɔr ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl ist. ɪt wɪl bi əˈgɛnst əˈmɛrɪkən ˈɪntərɪsts, ənd aɪ jʊr ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt wɪl resign.”*.” hi wɑz ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ rɪˈzaɪn ˈoʊvər ðɪs. soʊ ðɪs faɪt həz bɪn goʊɪŋ ɔn fər ə lɔŋ time.”*.” ˈæbi ˈmɑrtɪn: məʧ ˈɪnfluəns dɪz ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈlɑbi ˈrɪli wild ɔn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən ˈpɑləˌtɪks ənd ˈækʧəwəl ˈpɑləsiz ðət ər implemented?”*?” ɛm. bi. lɔt əv ˈpipəl wɪl faɪnd ðɪs hɑrd tɪ bɪˈliv, bət tɪ ˈænsər jʊr kˈwɛʃən ˈɑnəstli ɛz aɪ hæv kəm tɪ ɪkˈspɪriəns ɪt, wɪn ɪt kəmz tɪ ˈmætərz rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈɪzriəl ər ˈmætərz rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈmɪdəl ist, ðɛr ˈɪnfluəns ɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈtoʊtəl. ðeɪ hæv səʧ weɪz əv məˈnɪpjəˌleɪtɪŋ ðə prɛs ənd ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ənd əv ˈfɔrsɪŋ ˈpipəl. mɔr, ðeɪ hæv ˈmɛni ˈfɔlˌbæk pəˈzɪʃənz. ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ðeɪ əˈpɪr nɑt tɪ gɪt ðɛr fərst goʊl, bət ðeɪ hæv ˈmɛni ˈəðər goʊlz ðət ər ˈɔlsoʊ əkˈsɛptəbəl tɪ ðɛm. nɑt ʤɪst əˈmɛrɪkən ʤuz, baɪ ðə weɪ, ˈkrɪsʧɪnz juˈnaɪtɪd fər ˈɪzriəl (cufi*), wɪʧ ˈaɪˌpæk hɛlpt ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ˈsɛvən jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ɪz ən ɪkˈstrimli ˈpaʊərfəl fɔrs ɪn ðɪs ˈkəntri ənd ðɛr kənˈvɛnʃən ɪz ˈivɪn ˈlɑrʤər ðən kənˈvɛnʃən. ˈhægəl meɪ hæv hɪz vjuz, bət ˈæftər ðə ˈhirɪŋz ðeɪ wɪl tərn ðɪs ɔl ˈɪntu ə ˌprɑpəˈgændə fɛst fər ðɛmˈsɛlvz. ðeɪ wɪl fɔrs ˈhægəl tɪ maʊθ ɔl əv ðɛr sˈloʊgənz ənd səˈpɔrt ɔl əv ðɛr pəˈzɪʃənz. kɔrs hi ˈrɪli bɪˈliv ˈɛni əv ɪt, bət hi wɪl hæv tɪ əˈblaɪʤ. ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt wɔnt tɪ bi pʊʃt ɪn ðɪs dɪˈrɛkʃɪn ˈiðər, bət ɪn ə sɛns ðə ʤuɪʃ ˈlɑbi ɪz mɔr ˈpaʊərfəl ðən ˈtɛmpərˌɛri ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz laɪk ðə ˈprɛzɪdənt ər ðə ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv steɪt. bɪn əraʊnd fər ˈfɔrti ər ˈfɪfti jɪrz. ʤun, 2008 ɪt wɑz ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl taɪm fər ˌoʊˈbɑmə, wɪn ˈpipəl wər ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪŋ bɪtˈwin ɪm ər ˈhɪləri. ˌoʊˈbɑmə hæd ə ˈpraɪvət ˈmitɪŋ ɪn ə hoʊˈtɛl raɪt hir ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən wɪθ nən ˈəðər ðən ðə bɔrd əv dɪˈrɛktərz əv ˈaɪˌpæk. ðət deɪ, θri aʊərz ˈæftər ðə ˈmitɪŋ ˈɛndɪd, rɑm ɪˈmænjuəl hu hæd ˈteɪkən ˌoʊˈbɑmə tɪ ðə ˈmitɪŋ wɪθ ˈaɪˌpæk, geɪv ə prɛs ˈkɑnfərəns əˈnaʊnsɪŋ ðət hi hæd swɪʧt hɪz əˈliʤəns frəm ðə ˈklɪntənz tɪ ˌoʊˈbɑmə. ðət wɑz ðə deɪ ðət wi nu ðət ˈaɪˌpæk ənd ðə ˌɪzˈreɪli ˈlɑbi hæd ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tɪ bæk obama.”*.” wi naʊ noʊ ðə rɪˈzəlts, ˌoʊˈbɑmə wən ðə ɪˈlɛkʃən, rɑm ɪˈmænjuəl wɑz əˈpɔɪntɪd ʧif əv stæf ənd ˈɪzriəl gɑt ˌoʊˈbɑmə wɛr ɪt ˈwɔntɪd ɪm. ɪn ðə waɪt haʊs biɪŋ ə gʊd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪv əv ˈɪntəˌrɛst, duɪŋ wət toʊld. ənd ˈfaɪnəli, tɪ maɪ ˈfɛloʊ ˈærəbz ənd ˈsɪtɪzənz əv ðə wərld, aɪ ˈɔfər ðə ˈwɪzdəm əv voʊlˈtɛr. ɪf ju wɔnt tɪ noʊ hu rulz ˈoʊvər ju lʊk əraʊnd ənd si hu ju ər nɑt əˈlaʊd tɪ criticise.”*.” ɛm. sɑˈlɑm wɑ pis nɑt kəˌpɪʧəˈleɪʃən

home view points trying to make sense by jafar m ramini a chill has covered our land recently leaving children exposed, cold and hungry in refugee camps. yet there is another, even greater chill emanating from tel aviv. the zionist occupiers of our land are embarking on yet another election. all indications point towards victory for the likud/beitinu coalition. this devilish alliance between netanyahu and lieberman carries with it the most existential threat to our people in palestine and beyond. a coalition of the far right political parties in israel means more suffering for the palestinians, more land grabs, more settlements and more jewish only inward migration. have a look at this: http://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/watch-there-was-no-palestinian-people-big-donor-birthright-israel-tells-max this link shows beyond any shadow of doubt that the zionists are consolidating and pushing forward with the ethnic cleansing of palestine. this to me is easy to understand because it’s part and parcel of their ongoing policy. what i find perplexing and difficult to understand is not what the zionists are doing, but what the arabs and the international community are not doing. is their inertia because they too are under zionist occupation? is the whole world under zionist occupation? this might sound cynical, if not outright provocative but please bear with me. i am sure that you are all aware of the fury of the zionists over the appointment of chuck hagel as the new secretary of state. a fury that made mark regef, spokesman for mr. netanyahu, say openly that if this appointment went ahead, israel would wield the veto that it holds over washington. yes, little israel has power of veto over the mighty goliath that is the united states of america. what made mr. hagel unsuitable in the eyes of the veto wielding jewish lobby in washington was this quote made back in 2006: “the political reality is that the jewish lobby intimidates a lot of people up here. i am a united states senator, i am not an israeli senator.” mind you, this was the very same chuck hagel who was a signatory to a $40 billion aid package to israel. but that doesn’t count. he dared to speak out. yet, all is not lost. there are still people in washington who are willing to stand up and call it how it is. i came across an enlightening and informative interview with a jewish american on the russia today america tv programme, ‘breaking the set” with abbey martin. the gentleman in question was mark bruzonsky, publisher of middleeast.org. this is what he had to say when asked about the strength of the jewish lobby: “i’ve been in washington a long time. my first job out of graduate school was to represent the world jewish congress, so i’ve been involved in this for a long time. they rely on intimidation, they rely on blackmail, and they rely on letting people know that if you cross them your career is in jeopardy. they do it with journalists, they do it with politicians and they have been extremely successful. aipac is merely the tip of the iceberg. you’ve got the president’s conference of major jewish american organizations. then there’s the american jewish congress, the american jewish committee, commentary magazine, two think tanks, one with the republicans and the hard liners, the other with the democrats. it’s a whole range of inter-working, interlocking organizations. it started from the holocaust and from jewish impotence in the thirties and forties over what happened to the jewish people in europe. then there was the fight in the 40s over whether or not the us would support the creation of a jewish state. everybody’s forgotten that the biggest person in foreign policy was general marshall and he opposed it. he even told president truman, “ if you, president truman support the creation of a jewish state there will be unending war in the middle east. it will be against american interests, and i your secretary of state will resign.” he was willing to resign over this. so this fight has been going on for a long time.” abbey martin: “how much influence does the jewish lobby really wield on washington politics and actual policies that are implemented?” m. b. “a lot of people will find this hard to believe, but to answer your question honestly as i have come to experience it, when it comes to matters relating to israel or matters relating to the middle east, their influence is almost total. “ they have such ways of manipulating the press and politicians and of forcing people. what’s more, they have many fallback positions. sometimes they appear not to get their first goal, but they have many other goals that are also acceptable to them. “it’s not just american jews, by the way, christians united for israel (cufi), which aipac helped organize seven years ago, is an extremely powerful force in this country and their convention is even larger than aipac’s convention. “chuck hagel may have his views, but after the hearings they will turn this all into a propaganda fest for themselves. they will force hagel to mouth all of their slogans and support all of their positions. “of course he doesn’t really believe any of it, but he will have to oblige. the president doesn’t want to be pushed in this direction either, but in a sense the jewish lobby is more powerful than temporary politicians like the president or the secretary of state. they’ve been around for forty or fifty years. “in june, 2008, it was a critical time for obama, when people were deciding between him or hillary. obama had a private meeting in a hotel right here in washington with none other than the board of directors of aipac. that day, three hours after the meeting ended, rahm emmanuel who had taken obama to the meeting with aipac, gave a press conference announcing that he had switched his allegiance from the clintons to obama. that was the day that we knew that aipac and the israeli lobby had decided to back obama.” we now know the results, obama won the election, rahm emmanuel was appointed obama’s chief of staff and israel got obama where it wanted him. in the white house being a good representative of israel’s interest, doing what he’s told. and finally, to my fellow arabs and citizens of the world, i offer the wisdom of voltaire. “ if you want to know who rules over you look around and see who you are not allowed to criticise.” jafar m. ramini salam wa laisa estislam peace not capitulation

ˈkæsəl ɪz ə bit 'ɛm əp ˈvɪdioʊ geɪm dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ðə ˈbihəməθ. ɪt ˈfiʧərz mˈjuzɪk kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ˈmɛmbərz əv. ðə 360 ˈvərʒən wɑz riˈlist ɔn ˈɔgəst 27 2008 ˈviə lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd ɛz pɑrt əv ðə lɪv ˈsəmər əv ɑrˈkeɪd. ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən wɑz riˈlist ɪn nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə ɔn ˈɔgəst 31 2010 ənd noʊˈvɛmbər 3 2010 ɪn ˈjʊrəp ˈviə ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ˈnɛtˌwərk. ə ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft ˈwɪndoʊz ˈvərʒən, ɪkˈsklusɪv tɪ stim, wɑz əˈnaʊnst ɔn ˈɔgəst 16 ðə geɪm ɪz sɛt ɪn ə ˈfɪkʃənəl mɪˈdjivəl ˈjunəˌvərs ɪn wɪʧ ə dɑrk ˈwɪzərd stilz ə ˈmɪstɪkəl ʤɛm ənd ˈkæpʧərz fɔr ˈprɪnsɛsɪz. fɔr naɪts ər ʧɑrʤd baɪ ðə kɪŋ tɪ ˈrɛskju ðə ˈprɪnsɛsɪz, rɪˈkəvər ðə ʤuəl, ənd brɪŋ ðə ˈwɪzərd tɪ ˈʤəstɪs. ɔn ʤun 15 2015 ðə ˈbihəməθ əˈnaʊnst ˈkæsəl, ə ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm fər wən, waɪl ðə stim ˈvərʒən rɪˈsivd ɪt ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ə fri ˈvərʒən ˈfiʧərz haɪər kˈwɑləti ˈtɛksʧərz, frame-rate*, pərˈfɔrməns ˌɪmˈpruvmənts, ənd ən əˈdɪʃənəl ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ˈɛdət ˈkæsəl ˈfiʧərz fɔr pleɪər koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪv ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ənd ə juˈnik kɑrˈtun ɑrt staɪl. ˈfiʧərz fɔr pleɪər koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪv ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ənd ə juˈnik kɑrˈtun ɑrt staɪl. ˈkæsəl ɪz ə ðət ˌɪnˈkɔrpərˌeɪts ə smɔl ˈnəmbər əv ˈvɪdioʊ geɪm ˈɛləmənts. ˈæftər səˈlɛktɪŋ ə ˈkɛrɪktər, ðə pleɪər ðɛn səˈlɛkts ə ˈstɑrtɪŋ steɪʤ θru ən ˈæftər kəmˈplitɪŋ ə steɪʤ, ðə pleɪər həz ðə ʧɔɪs tɪ riˈvɪzɪt ɪt ər tɪ muv tɪ əˈnəðər steɪʤ. ðə mæp ˈɔlsoʊ dɪˈspleɪz ʃɑps wɛr ðə pleɪər ˈkɛrɪktər kən baɪ ˈaɪtəmz ənd ˈwɛpənz ˈjuzɪŋ kɔɪnz geɪnd frəm dɪˈfitɪd foʊz ənd ʧɛsts. ərˈinə ˈsteɪʤɪz kən bi ənˈlɑkt wɛr ðə pleɪər ˈkɛrɪktər kən teɪk ɔn ˈʧælənʤɪz tɪ ənˈlɑk əˈdɪʃənəl ˈkæsəl səˈpɔrts koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪv ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ fər əp tɪ fɔr pleɪərz, ˈiðər ˈloʊkəli ər ˈɔnˌlaɪn. ðə geɪm prəˈgrɛʃən ɪn tərmz əv wət ˈsteɪʤɪz ər ənˈlɑkt ɪz dɪˈfaɪnd baɪ ðə pleɪər hu ɪz ˈfərθəst əˈlɔŋ, ˌɔlˈðoʊ səm ˈlɛvəlz ˌrikˈwaɪər ɔl pleɪərz tɪ hæv ənˈlɑkt ðɛm ˌbiˈfɔr prəˈsidɪŋ tɪ ðɛm; ˌhaʊˈɛvər, iʧ pleɪər ˈkɛrɪktər wɪl geɪn ɪkˈspɪriəns pɔɪnts ənd əkˈwaɪər wɛlθ, ˈwɛpənz, ənd ˈænəməl ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli ɛz ðeɪ ˈprɑˌgrɛs wɪθ ðə rɛst əv ðə ɪn iʧ steɪʤ, ðə pleɪər kən juz ˈmeɪˌleɪ ənd ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əˈtæks. iʧ ˈkɛrɪktər həz ə juˈnik ˈmæʤɪkəl əˈbɪləˌti ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ dɪˈfit foʊz ənd ə hɛlθ ˈmitər ðət, ɪf dreɪnd frəm ˈɛnəmi əˈtæks, wɪl kɔz ðə ˈkɛrɪktər tɪ fɔl ɪn ˈbætəl. ɪn ˈsɪŋgəl pleɪər moʊd, ðɪs ɛndz ðə steɪʤ; ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ɪn koʊˈɑpərˌeɪtɪv ˈməltiˌpleɪər ˈəðər pleɪərz meɪ əˈtɛmpt tɪ rɪˈvaɪv ðə daʊnd ˈkɛrɪktərz geɪn ɪkˈspɪriəns pɔɪnts baɪ ˈdæmɪʤɪŋ foʊz wɪʧ əˈlaʊ ðə ˈkɛrɪktər tɪ ˈlɛvəl əp. iʧ ˈlɛvəl geɪnd əˈlaʊz ðə pleɪər tɪ ˈæləˌkeɪt pɔɪnts təˈwɔrdz ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz fɔr ˈbeɪsɪk ˈkɑmbæt əˈtrɪˌbjuts. ˈsərtən ˈlɛvəl ədˈvænsɪz ˈɔlsoʊ grænt nu ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən əˈtæks. ˈprɑˌgrɛs ɪz trækt fər iʧ əv ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz ˈmæʤɪk ˈlɛvəl ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ trækt baɪ ə ˈmitər ənd ˈoʊvər taɪm. ˈnumərəs ˈwɛpənz kən bi faʊnd ɪn ðə geɪm, iʧ ðət hæv ˈvɛriəs ˈifɛkts tɪ ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz əˈtrɪˌbjuts wɪn ɪkˈwɪpt. ðə pleɪər kən faɪnd ˈænəməl kəmˈpænjənz fər ðɛr ˈkɛrɪktər ðət meɪ əˈsɪst ɪn ˈbætəl, ˌɪmˈpruv ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz əˈtrɪˌbjuts, ər prəˈvaɪd əˈnəðər ˈspɛʃəl əˈbɪləˌti səʧ ɛz ˌɪnˈkrist ˈtrɛʒər ərnd frəm dɪˈfitɪd iʧ ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm ˈfiʧərz tu minigames*. ɪn ərˈinə, ðə fərst, pleɪər ˈkɛrɪktərz əˈtɛmpt tɪ sərˈvaɪv θru ˈsɛvərəl weɪvz əv ˈɛnəmiz, ər faɪt iʧ ˈəðər. ðɪs ɪz əˈveɪləbəl ɔn ɔl ˈvərʒənz. ðə 360 mæk ɑs ɛks ənd ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft ˈwɪndoʊz ˈvərʒənz ˈfiʧər ə kɔld "ɔl ju kən kwɑf," ə ˈkɑntɛst tɪ əˈtɛmpt tɪ it ɛz məʧ fud ɛz ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈfiʧərz ə ˈvɑliˌbɔl fər əp tɪ fɔr pleɪərz ənd fɔr eɪaɪ plɑt ˈɛdət ˈkæsəl ɪz sɛt ɪn ə ˈfɪkʃənəl mɪˈdjivəl ˈjunəˌvərs. ɪt bɪˈgɪnz wɪθ fɔr naɪts əˈtɛndɪŋ ə ˈpɑrti ɪn ə kɪŋz ˈkæsəl. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈpɑrti, ə dɑrk ˈwɪzərd əraɪvz, ˈstilɪŋ ə ˈmɪstɪkəl ʤɛm ənd ˈkæpʧərɪŋ fɔr ˈprɪnsɛsɪz. ðə kɪŋ sɛndz ðə naɪts tɪ rɪˈtriv ðə ʤɛm, ˈrɛskju hɪz ˈdɔtərz, ənd brɪŋ ðə ˈwɪzərd tɪ ðə naɪts ɪnˈkaʊnər ˈsɛvərəl ˈɛnəmiz əˈlɔŋ ðə weɪ, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ, bət nɑt ˈlɪmɪtɪd tɪ, ˈəðər naɪts, ˈməltəpəl ɪnˈkaʊnərz wɪθ ə ˈsaɪˌklɔps, θivz, ə ʤaɪənt "ˈkætˌfɪʃ", ˈfæktəri ˈwərkərz, ˈmɑnstrəs ˈoʊʃənz wɪθ ˈnɪnʤə ˈpaɪrəts, ənd ˈeɪliən ˌɪnˈveɪdərz. ɛz ðə naɪts ˈprɑˌgrɛs ðeɪ səkˈsid ɪn ˈrɛskjuɪŋ ðə ˈprɪnsɛsɪz, ənd ˈəltəmətli ðə ˈʤərni ˈkəlmɪˌneɪts ɪn ə ˈfaɪnəl ˈʃoʊˌdaʊn wɪθ ðə ˈwɪzərd. ðə naɪts ˈimərʤ vɪkˈtɔriəs frəm ðə ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃən, ˈhævɪŋ dɪˈfitɪd ðə dɑrk ˈwɪzərd, ˈrɛskjuɪŋ ɔl əv ðə kɪŋz ˈdɔtərz, ənd rɪˈkəvərɪŋ ðə ˈmɪstɪkəl ðə naɪts ðɛn raɪd ðə riˈkleɪmd ʤɛm θru ˈsɛvərəl ˈɛmti ˈbætəlˌfildz ɔn ðɛr trɪp bæk tɪ ðə ˈkæsəl. æt ðə ˈkæsəl ðə kɪŋ brɪŋz wən əv hɪz ˈdɔtərz fər wən əv ðə naɪts tɪ kɪs, hər feɪs veɪld θruaʊt ðə ɪnˈtaɪər geɪm. ɛz wɪθ ˈpriviəs ˈlɛvəlz, ðə pleɪərz faɪt tɪ ðə dɛθ tɪ kleɪm ə kɪs frəm ðə ˈprɪnsɛs. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wɪn ðə ˈwɪnər traɪz tɪ du soʊ ðɪs taɪm, ðə ˈprɪnsɛs ɪz rɪˈvild tɪ bi ə klaʊn ðət ˈblæŋkəts ðə skrin ɪn ən dɪˈvɛləpmənt ənd ˈmɑrkətɪŋ ˈɛdət ɑrt fər ðə geɪm bɪˈgæn wɪθ sɪmˈplɪstɪk drɔɪŋz ɛz ˈrɛfərəns fər ðə geɪmz lɛd ˈɑrtɪst, dæn ˈpælədɪn ˈkæsəl wɑz fərst rɪˈvild ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 14 2005 æt ðə sæn diˈeɪgoʊ ˌɪnərˈnæʃənɑl ˈəndər ðə ˈwərkɪŋ ˈtaɪtəl jɛ oʊld ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə geɪm dɪd nɑt rɪˈsiv ɪts ˈtaɪtəl ənˈtɪl 2006, wɪn ɪt wɑz əˈnaʊnst fər lɪv ðoʊ ðə ərˈɪʤənəl 2005 ˈdɛmoʊ wɑz ʃoʊn ˈrənɪŋ ɔn ə nɪnˈtɛndoʊ gamecube*, noʊ ˈmɛnʃən həz bɪn meɪd əv ə riˈlis ɔn ə ɪt wɑz riˈlist fər ðə 360 ɔn ˈɔgəst 27 ɔn ˌʤuˈlaɪ 23 2009 ðə ˈbihəməθ əˈnaʊnst ðət ˈkæsəl wʊd bi ˈkəmɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ðə geɪm wɑz riˈlist ɔn ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ɪn nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə ɔn ˈɔgəst 31 2010 ənd ɪn ˈjʊrəp ɔn noʊˈvɛmbər 3 ə ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft ˈwɪndoʊz ˈvərʒən ɪkˈsklusɪv tɪ stim wɑz əˈnaʊnst ɔn ˈɔgəst 16 ðə geɪmz ɑrt staɪl wɑz dɪˈvɛləpt baɪ ðə lɛd ˈɑrtɪst dæn ˈpælədɪn. ɛz ðə tim kriˈeɪtɪd nu loʊˈkælz ənd ˈkɛrɪktərz, ɑrt wɑz juzd ɛz ə ˈtɛmplət fər lʊk, saɪz ənd skeɪl əv ðə ˈfaɪnəl ɑrt. ˈpælədɪn dru ˈməltəpəl ˈpɑrʃəl rɛnˈdɪʃənz əv ə geɪm ˈæˌsɛt, ðɛn səˈlɛktɪd wən fər ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈpælədɪn wɑz ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri sɔrs fər məʧ əv ðə ɑrt, ˈproʊˌgræmər tɑm fʊlp əˈsɪstɪd wɪθ ðə geɪmz ɑrt, kriˈeɪtɪŋ səm əv ðə ˈmɪnjən ˈkriʧərz fər bɔs ˈpælədɪn ˈsaɪtɪd ˈrɪvər ˈsɪti ˈrænsəm ɛz hɪz ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃən fər ðə geɪmz ɑrt staɪl, ˈnoʊtɪŋ ðə ˈkɛrɪktərz ɪkˈsprɛʃənz wɪn ˈdæmɪʤd ɛz ə ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr pɔɪnt əv fʊlp ˈædɪd ðət ˈsɛvərəl bit 'ɛm əps frəm ðə ənd ˈɪnfluənst ðə geɪm, səʧ ɛz ˈgɑrdiən ˈhɪroʊz, ˈfaɪnəl faɪt ənd ˈdəbəl məʧ əv ðə mˈjuzɪk fər ðə geɪm wɑz kriˈeɪtɪd baɪ ˈjuzərz, wɪθ ðə ˈbihəməθ ˈkɑntræktɪŋ ˈoʊvər tˈwɛnti ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz fər ðɛr ˈpælədɪn hɪmˈsɛlf skɔrd tu əv ðə træks ɪn ðə ðə ˈsaʊnˌtræk wɑz meɪd əˈveɪləbəl fər fri ɔn sɛpˈtɛmbər 1 2008 ˈviə ðə ˈkɑntɛnt ˈɛdət ðə 360 ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm ˈfiʧərz fɔr ˈkɑntɛnt pæks. ɔn ˈʤænjuˌɛri 14 2009 ðə kɪŋ pæk ˈkɑntɛnt wɑz riˈlist ənd ˈædɪd tu ˈkɛrɪktərz, əˈnəðər ˈænəməl ɔrb ənd θri ˈwɛpənz. ɔn ˈɔgəst 26 2009 ə ˈsɛkənd ˈkɑntɛnt pæk noʊn ɛz ðə pæk wɑz riˈlist ənd ˈfərðər ˈædɪd tu ˈkɛrɪktərz, wən ˈænəməl ɔrb ənd tu ˈwɛpənz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ə ˈpɪkʧər pæk fər lɪv ˈproʊˌfaɪlz. boʊθ pæks ər ˌɪnˈkludɪd ɛz pɑrt əv ðə fʊl geɪm ɔn ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən əv ˈkæsəl. əˈdɪʃəˌnəli, ðə ˈtaɪtəl ˈkɛrɪktər frəm ðə ˈpriviəs ˈtaɪtəl, ˈeɪliən ˈhɑmənɪd, ɪz əˈveɪləbəl tɪ pleɪ ɔn ðə 360 fər ðoʊz hu hæv ˈpərʧəst ˈeɪliən ˈhɑmənɪd hd*. ɛz ðə ˈbihəməθ hæd noʊ weɪ əv ˈtɛlɪŋ ˈwɛðər ən ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl hæd ˈpərʧəst ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 2 ˈvərʒən əv ˈeɪliən ˈhɑmənɪd, ðə ˈkɛrɪktər wɑz ˌɪnˈkludɪd ɪn ðə ˈvərʒən fri əv ʧɑrʤ. ˈraɪtɪŋ ɔn ðɛr blɔg, ðə dɪˈvɛləpərz ɪkˈspleɪnd "wi ər goʊɪŋ tɪ əˈtɛmpt wət ɪz ðə moʊst fɛr ənd meɪk ðə ˈlɑʤɪkəl əˈsəmpʃən ðət baɪ ðɪs pɔɪnt ˈɛvriˌwən həz ˈeɪliən ˈhɑmənɪd, ðə ˈbihəməθ əˈnaʊnst ə pɪŋk naɪt pæk, wɪʧ ˈfiʧərz ə pɪŋk naɪt, ən ˈkɛrɪktər ɪn ðə lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd ˈvərʒən əv ˈsupər mit bɔɪ, ənd faɪv nu ˈwɛpənz ɔn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 2 2011 ɪt wɑz riˈlist fər ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ɔn ˈfɛbruˌɛri 8 2011 wɪθ ə riˈlis ɔn ðə 360 ɔn ˈɔgəst 27 2011 əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ðə ˈblæksˌmɪθ pæk wɪʧ ædz wən əˈdɪʃənəl ˈkɛrɪktər ənd faɪv nu ˈwɛpənz. ɔl prəˈsidz frəm ðə ˈkɑntɛnt wɪl bi ˈdoʊˌneɪtɪd tɪ ðə brɛst ˈkænsər ˈrisərʧ ɪf 360 pleɪərz oʊn boʊθ ˈkæsəl ənd ˈfɑloʊˌəp ˈtaɪtəl, ˈθieɪtər, pleɪərz kən ənˈlɑk ˈhæti hattington*, ə nu ɔrb ənd θri nu ˈwɛpənz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ˈkæsəl ˈkɑntɛnt ɪn ˈɛdət ɔn ʤun 15 2015 ðə ˈbihəməθ əˈnaʊnst ˈkæsəl, ə ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm fər wən, waɪl ðə stim ˈvərʒən rɪˈsivd ɪt ɪn ðə fɔrm əv ə fri ˈəpˌdeɪt. ðə ˈvərʒən ˈfiʧərz haɪər kˈwɑləti ˈtɛksʧərz, frame-rate*, ˈməltiˌpleɪər pərˈfɔrməns ˌɪmˈpruvmənts, ənd ən əˈdɪʃənəl ˈbihəməθ ˈleɪtər ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ə riˈlis wɑz nɑt ɪn ðɛr plænz du tɪ ðə smɔl tim ənd ˈlɪmɪtɪd rɪˈsɛpʃən ˈɛdət ˈkæsəl wɑz wɛl rɪˈsivd ɔn iʧ ˈplætˌfɔrm. rɪˈpɔrts ˈægrəgət skɔrz əv ɔn ðə 360 ənd fər ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən ɪt həz bɪn ə kəˈmərʃəl səkˈsɛs, wɪθ ðə 360 ˈvərʒən ˈsɛlɪŋ ˈoʊvər tu ˈmɪljən ˈkɑpiz ɔn ðə 360 əˈloʊn ɛz əv ˈtoʊtəlz wər ˈoʊvər ˈmɪljən ɔn lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən həz ˈɔlsoʊ dən wɛl, ˈmuvɪŋ ˈoʊvər ɪn ˈɛdɪtər kæm ʃeɪ ræŋkt ɪt θərd ɔn hɪz tɔp 10 lɪst əv lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd geɪmz. hi preɪzd ɪt fər biɪŋ boʊθ ə tɪ ə ˈʒɑnrə ənd ə greɪt pis əv geɪm əˈdɪʃəˌnəli ɪn ə sɛpˈtɛmbər 2010 ˈræŋkɪŋ, ˈlɪstɪd ˈkæsəl fɪθ ɪn ðɛr tɔp tˈwɛntiˌfaɪv lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd ˈtaɪtəlz əv ɔl ɪt wɑz ˈvoʊtɪd 2008 bɛst geɪm əv ðə jɪr æt ðə lɪv ɑrˈkeɪd ˈkæsəl wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ lɪv ˈtaɪtəl əv ˈgeɪmɪŋ ˈtɑrgəts stæf neɪmd ðə geɪm ɛz wən əv ðɛr 40 geɪmz wɪl stɪl bi pleɪɪŋ frəm rivˈjuərz ˌjunəˈvərsəli preɪzd ðə juˈnik ɑrt staɪl əv ˈkæsəl. dɑn ˈfrænsɪs ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ðə "krɪsp ɑrt dɪˈzaɪn ˈrɪli meɪks ðə geɪm ˈændru ˈheɪwərd ˈnoʊtɪd ðət ðə geɪmz ˈkɛrɪktərz, ˈifɛkts, ənd ˈsinəri meɪk ðə geɪm dæn ˈwaɪˌthɛd əv ˈsteɪtɪd ðə geɪmz ɑrt wɑz mɔr dɪˈteɪld ənd ˈpɑlɪʃt ðən ðə ˈpriviəs ˈtaɪtəl, ˈeɪliən ðə geɪmz ˈhjumər wɑz ˈʤɛnərəli ˈlɔdɪd baɪ rivˈjuərz. ˈraɪtɪŋ fər ˈgeɪmɪŋ ˈtərgət, trɔɪ ˈsteɪtɪd ðə geɪm wɑz "ˈbɪgər ənd ˈfəniər" ðən ˈeɪliən ˈfrænsɪs ənd ˈhɪləri ˈgoʊldˌstin ˈɔlsoʊ preɪzd ðə geɪmz ðə ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈsivd haɪ mɑrks frəm rivˈjuərz. gametrailers*' stæf ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðə geɪm həz "ə dɪˈsɛptɪv sɪmˈplɪsɪti ðət səks ju raɪt ˈgoʊldˌstin preɪzd ðə sɪmˈplɪstɪk ˈgeɪmˌpleɪ, ənd sɛd ðə geɪm wɑz ə ˈmɑdərn θˈroʊˌbæk tɪ ˈklæsɪk bit 'ɛm əps. hi əˈdɪʃəˌnəli ˈnoʊtɪd ðə haɪ riˈpleɪ ˈvælju, ənd ˈsaɪtɪd ðə geɪmz fɔr pleɪər ˈməltiˌpleɪər ənd ˈnəmbər əv ɛz ˈrizənz tɪ kənˈtɪnjuəli pleɪ ðə ˈsɛvərəl rivˈjuərz ɪkˈsprɛst ˈərli frəˈstreɪʃən ɪn rɪˈgɑrdz tɪ ˈməltiˌpleɪər kəˈnɛkʃən ˈɪʃuz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər ðiz ˈɪʃuz wər riˈzɑlvd ɪn ə ˈleɪtər ˈtaɪtəl ˈəpˌdeɪt tɪ ðə ˈfrænsɪs ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðə kəˈnɛkʃən ˈɪʃuz "ˈhændiˌkæp ðə ˈməltiˌpleɪər "dɪˈspaɪt traɪɪŋ ɔl deɪ ənd naɪt ɔn lɔnʧ deɪ, wi wər ˈoʊnli ˈeɪbəl tɪ gɪt ə ˈkəpəl əv geɪmz goʊɪŋ fər ə ˈkəpəl əv ˈlɛvəlz ˌbiˈfɔr ðə kəˈnɛkʃənz wər lɔst" ˈsteɪtɪd ˈheɪwərd ˈɔlsoʊ ˌriˈpɔrtəd slaɪt kənɛkˈtɪvɪti ˈɪʃuz ɪn ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm ˈɔlsoʊ rɪˈsivd ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm frəm ˈkɛrəlɪn ˈpɛti fər ɪts əˈdɪʃənəl ˈvɑliˌbɔl geɪm moʊd, hu dɪˈskraɪbd ɪt ˈsɪmpli ɛz ˈtɛknɪkəl ˈɪʃuz ˈɛdət səm ˈjuzərz ɪkˈspɪriənst ˈprɑbləmz ˈfaɪndɪŋ əˈveɪləbəl ˈɔnˌlaɪn geɪmz, ɛz wɛl ɛz ðɛr 360 ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ˈfrizɪŋ wɪn əˈtɛmptɪŋ tɪ ʤɔɪn ən lɪv geɪm, ər waɪl ɔˈrɛdi ɪn ə "ðɛr ər ˈsərtən ˈnɛtˌwərk ˈsɛtɪŋz," sɛd ˈpælədɪn, "wɛr, ɪf jʊr ɪn ə ˈvɛri spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈnɛtˌwərk ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt, ɪt woʊnt wərk wɪθ əˈnəðər ˈpərsənz kəˈnɛkʃən ənd ðæts wəts ˈhæpənɪŋ. bət ðæts ˈsəmθɪŋ wɪr ɔˈrɛdi æˈdrɛsɪŋ baɪ ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft tɪ gɪt ə pæʧ aʊt ɛz fæst ɛz ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ˈməltiˌpleɪər ˈprɑbləmz, ðə geɪm kʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ɔˈkeɪʒənəˌli ˈsəfər frəm kərˈəptɪd seɪv faɪlz, ˈkɔzɪŋ pleɪərz tɪ luz ˈkɛrɪktər ˈprɑˌgrɛs. ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju wɪθ joystiq*, tɑm fʊlp ənd dæn ˈpælədɪn əv ðə ˈbihəməθ ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ðeɪ wər ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈsɔft tɪ gɪt ə pæʧ riˈlist ɛz sun ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ fɪks ðə ə pæʧ fər ðə geɪm wɑz riˈlist ɔn dɪˈsɛmbər 24 2008 ˈfɪksɪŋ ˈglɪʧɪz ənd ˈɛkˌsplɔɪts ɛz wɛl ɛz riˈzɑlvɪŋ ˈnɛtˌwərkɪŋ ˈɪʃuz ðət wər ɪkˈspɪriənst æt ðə geɪmz ˈsɪmələr ˈnɛtˌwərkɪŋ ˈprɑbləmz hæv ˈɔlsoʊ bɪn ˌriˈpɔrtəd fər ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən əv ðə ðə ˈpleɪˌsteɪʃən 3 ˈvərʒən əv ðə geɪm ˈoʊnli əˈlaʊz wən ˈproʊˌfaɪl tɪ bi saɪnd ɪn pər ˈkɑnsoʊl, wɪθ əˈdɪʃənəl pleɪərz biɪŋ əˈneɪbəl tɪ juz ðɛr oʊn ˈprɑˌgrɛs ˈrəðər ðən əv ðə ˈproʊˌfaɪl ɪn

castle crashers is a 2d beat 'em up video game developed by the behemoth. it features music created by members of newgrounds. the xbox 360 version was released on august 27, 2008 via xbox live arcade as part of the xbox live summer of arcade. the playstation 3 version was released in north america on august 31, 2010 and november 3, 2010 in europe via the playstation network. a microsoft windows version, exclusive to steam, was announced on august 16, 2012.[2] the game is set in a fictional medieval universe in which a dark wizard steals a mystical gem and captures four princesses. four knights are charged by the king to rescue the princesses, recover the jewel, and bring the wizard to justice. on june 15, 2015, the behemoth announced castle crashers remastered, a remastered version of the game for xbox one, while the steam version received it in the form of a free update.the remastered version features higher quality textures, uncapped frame-rate, performance improvements, and an additional mini-game.[4][5] gameplay [ edit ] castle crashers features four player cooperative gameplay and a unique cartoon art style. features four player cooperative gameplay and a unique cartoon art style. castle crashers is a side-scrolling beat-em-up that incorporates a small number of role-playing video game elements. after selecting a character, the player then selects a starting stage through an overworld map.[6] after completing a stage, the player has the choice to revisit it or to move to another stage. the map also displays shops where the player character can buy items and weapons using coins gained from defeated foes and chests. arena stages can be unlocked where the player character can take on challenges to unlock additional characters.[6] castle crashers supports cooperative gameplay for up to four players, either locally or online. the game progression in terms of what stages are unlocked is defined by the player who is furthest along, although some levels require all players to have unlocked them before proceeding to them; however, each player character will gain experience points and acquire wealth, weapons, and animal orbs independently as they progress with the rest of the party.[6] in each stage, the player can use melee and combination attacks. each character has a unique magical ability in order to defeat foes and a health meter that, if drained from enemy attacks, will cause the character to fall in battle. in single player mode, this ends the stage; however, in cooperative multiplayer other players may attempt to revive the downed character.[6] characters gain experience points by damaging foes which allow the character to level up. each level gained allows the player to allocate points towards the character's four basic combat attributes. certain level advances also grant new combination attacks. progress is tracked for each of the playable characters separately.[6] the character's magic level is also tracked by a meter and regenerates over time. numerous weapons can be found in the game, each that have various effects to the character's attributes when equipped. the player can find animal companions for their character that may assist in battle, improve the character's attributes, or provide another special ability such as increased treasure earned from defeated foes.[6] each version of the game features two minigames. in arena, the first minigame, player characters attempt to survive through several waves of enemies, or fight each other. this minigame is available on all versions. the xbox 360, mac os x and microsoft windows versions feature a minigame called "all you can quaff," a button-mashing contest to attempt to eat as much food as possible.[6] the playstation 3 version, however, features a volleyball minigame for up to four players and four ai characters.[7] plot [ edit ] castle crashers is set in a fictional medieval universe. it begins with four knights attending a party in a king's castle. during the party, a dark wizard arrives, stealing a mystical gem and capturing four princesses. the king sends the knights to retrieve the gem, rescue his daughters, and bring the wizard to justice.[6] the knights encounter several enemies along the way, including, but not limited to, other knights, multiple encounters with a cyclops, thieves, a giant "catfish", factory workers, monstrous oceans with ninja pirates, and alien invaders. as the knights progress they succeed in rescuing the princesses, and ultimately the journey culminates in a final showdown with the wizard. the knights emerge victorious from the confrontation, having defeated the dark wizard, rescuing all of the king's daughters, and recovering the mystical gem.[6] the knights then ride the reclaimed gem through several empty battlefields on their trip back to the castle. at the castle the king brings one of his daughters for one of the knights to kiss, her face veiled throughout the entire game. as with previous levels, the players fight to the death to claim a kiss from the princess. however, when the winner tries to do so this time, the princess is revealed to be a clown that blankets the screen in an animation.[6] development and marketing [ edit ] art for the game began with simplistic drawings as reference for the game's lead artist, dan paladin castle crashers was first revealed on july 14, 2005 at the san diego comic-con international under the working title ye olde side-scroller;[8][9] however, the game did not receive its title until 2006 comic-con, when it was announced for xbox live arcade.[10] though the original comic-con 2005 demo was shown running on a nintendo gamecube, no mention has been made of a release on a nintendo-based platform.[8] it was released for the xbox 360 on august 27, 2008.[1] on july 23, 2009 the behemoth announced that castle crashers would be coming to the playstation network.[11][12] the game was released on the playstation 3 in north america on august 31, 2010, and in europe on november 3, 2010.[1] a microsoft windows version exclusive to steam was announced on august 16, 2012.[2] the game's art style was developed by the behemoth's lead artist dan paladin. as the team created new locales and characters, placeholder art was used as a template for look, size and scale of the final art. paladin drew multiple partial renditions of a game asset, then selected one for finalization.[13] although paladin was the primary source for much of the art, programmer tom fulp assisted with the game's art, creating some of the minion creatures for boss characters.[14] paladin cited river city ransom as his primary inspiration for the game's art style, noting the character's expressions when damaged as a particular point of influence.[14] fulp added that several beat 'em ups from the 1980s and 90s influenced the game, such as guardian heroes, final fight and double dragon.[15] much of the music for the game was created by newgrounds users, with the behemoth contracting over twenty individuals for their tracks.[14] paladin himself scored two of the tracks in the game.[14] the soundtrack was made available for free on september 1, 2008 via the newgrounds website.[16] downloadable content [ edit ] the xbox 360 version of the game features four downloadable content packs. on january 14, 2009, the king pack downloadable content was released and added two characters, another animal orb and three weapons. on august 26, 2009 a second downloadable content pack known as the necromantic pack was released and further added two characters, one animal orb and two weapons, as well as a picture pack for xbox live profiles. both packs are included as part of the full game on the playstation 3 version of castle crashers. additionally, the title character from the behemoth's previous title, alien hominid, is available to play on the xbox 360 for those who have purchased alien hominid hd. as the behemoth had no way of telling whether an individual had purchased the playstation 2 version of alien hominid, the character was included in the ps3 version free of charge. writing on their blog, the developers explained "we are going to attempt what is the most fair and make the logical assumption that by this point everyone has ps2 alien hominid, right?"[17] the behemoth announced a pink knight pack, which features a pink knight, an unlockable character in the xbox live arcade version of super meat boy, and five new weapons on february 2, 2011. it was released for the playstation 3 on february 8, 2011, with a release on the xbox 360 on august 27, 2011 along with the blacksmith pack which adds one additional character and five new weapons. all proceeds from the content will be donated to the breast cancer research foundation.[18] if xbox 360 players own both castle crashers and behemoth's follow-up title, battleblock theater, players can unlock hatty hattington, a new orb and three new weapons, as well as castle crashers content in battleblock theater.[19] remastered [ edit ] on june 15, 2015, the behemoth announced castle crashers remastered, a remastered version of the game for xbox one, while the steam version received it in the form of a free update. the remastered version features higher quality textures, uncapped frame-rate, multiplayer performance improvements, and an additional mini-game.[4][5] behemoth later stated that a ps4 release was not in their plans due to the small team and limited resources.[20] reception [ edit ] castle crashers was well received on each platform. metacritic reports aggregate scores of 82/100 on the xbox 360 and 85/100 for the playstation 3.[22][21] it has been a commercial success, with the xbox 360 version selling over two million copies on the xbox 360 alone as of year-end 2010.[29] 2011's totals were over 2.6 million on xbox live arcade alone.[30] the playstation 3 version has also done well, moving over 181,000 in 2010.[31] ign editor cam shea ranked it third on his top 10 list of xbox live arcade games. he praised it for being both a call-back to a much-loved genre and a great piece of game design.[32] additionally in a september 2010 ranking, ign listed castle crashers fifth in their top twenty-five xbox live arcade titles of all time.[33] it was voted 2008 best game of the year at the xbox live arcade awards.[34] castle crashers was also xbox live arcade's best-selling title of 2008.[35] gaming target's staff named the game as one of their "40 games we'll still be playing from 2008."[36] reviewers universally praised the unique art style of castle crashers. gamespot's don francis noted that the "crisp art design really makes the game shine."[26] 1up.com's andrew hayward noted that the game's hand-drawn characters, effects, and scenery make the game "shine."[24] dan whitehead of eurogamer stated the game's art was more detailed and polished than the behemoth's previous title, alien hominid.[25] the game's humor was generally lauded by reviewers. writing for gaming target, troy matsumiya stated the game was "bigger and funnier" than alien hominid.[37] francis and ign's hilary goldstein also praised the game's humor.[26][28] the gameplay also received high marks from reviewers. gametrailers' staff stated that the game has "a deceptive simplicity that sucks you right in."[27] goldstein praised the simplistic gameplay, and said the game was a modern throwback to classic beat 'em ups. he additionally noted the high replay value, and cited the game's four player multiplayer and number of unlockables as reasons to continually play the game.[28] several reviewers expressed early frustration in regards to multiplayer connection issues, however these issues were resolved in a later title update to the game.[26] francis stated that the connection issues "handicap the multiplayer experience."[26] "despite trying all day and night on launch day, we were only able to get a couple of two-player games going for a couple of levels before the connections were lost" stated whitehead.[25] hayward also reported slight connectivity issues in the playstation 3 version.[38] the playstation 3 version of the game also received criticism from gamespot's carolyn petit for its additional volleyball game mode, who described it simply as "lousy."[39] technical issues [ edit ] some users experienced problems finding available online games, as well as their xbox 360 sometimes freezing when attempting to join an xbox live game, or while already in a game.[15][40] "there are certain network settings," said paladin, "where, if you're in a very specific network environment, it won't work with another person's connection and that's what's happening. but that's something we're already addressing by working with microsoft to get a patch out as fast as possible."[41] in addition to multiplayer problems, the game could also occasionally suffer from corrupted save files, causing players to lose character progress. in an interview with joystiq, tom fulp and dan paladin of the behemoth stated that they were working with microsoft to get a patch released as soon as possible in order to fix the issues.[41] a patch for the game was released on december 24, 2008 fixing glitches and exploits as well as resolving networking issues that were experienced at the game's launch.[26][42] similar networking problems have also been reported for the playstation 3 version of the game.[38][43] the playstation 3 version of the game only allows one profile to be signed in per console, with additional players being unable to use their own progress rather than of the profile in use.[44]

ˈstɔri ˈhaɪˌlaɪts ˈʧaɪnə hɔlts ˌɪmˈpɔrts əv mɪlk ˈpaʊdərz prəˈdust baɪ ə nu ˈzilənd ˈkəmpəˌni ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrt bæn kəmz ˈæftər ə bækˈtɪriə wɑz faʊnd ɪn ðə ˈprɑdəkt ˈmeɪkər ɪz ðə wərldz ˈlɑrʤəst ɪkˈspɔrtər əv ˈdɛri ˈprɑdəkts noʊ ˌriˈpɔrtəd ˈɪlnəsɪz jɛt; sɪz ɪts ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ klaɪənt ˈkəmpəˌniz ˈʧaɪnə həz ˈhɔltɪd ˌɪmˈpɔrts əv səm nu ˈzilənd mɪlk ˈpaʊdərz ˈæftər ə ˈkəmpəˌni dɪˈskloʊzd ðət θri ˈbæʧɪz əv ən ˌɪnˈgridiənt juzd ɪn spɔrts drɪŋks ənd ˈbeɪbi ˈfɔrmjələ ˈtɛstɪd ˈpɑzətɪv fər ə streɪn əv bækˈtɪriə ðət ˈkɔzɪz ˈbɑʧuˌlɪzəm. ðə nu grup sɛd ˈsæˌtɪˌdeɪ ðət θri ˈbæʧɪz əv ɪts weɪ ˈproʊˌtin ˈtɛstɪd ˈpɑzətɪv fər ðə bækˈtɪriə. ðoʊz ˈbæʧɪz wərənt fər juz ɪn ˈprɑdəkts, bət ðeɪ sɛd ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət juzd ðə weɪ ˈproʊˌtin ɪn ðɛr ˈprɑdəkts maɪt ˈɪʃu ˈriˌkɔlz., ðə wərldz ˈlɑrʤəst ˈdɛri ɪkˈspɔrtər, sɛd ɪt hæd wɔrnd ˈkəmpəˌniz ðət bɔt ðə weɪ ˈproʊˌtin əˈbaʊt ðə ˈprɑbləm. "ɛz ə rɪˈzəlt, ðiz ˈkəstəmərz ər ˈərʤəntli ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ ˈwɛðər ˈɛni əv ðə əˈfɛktɪd ˈprɑdəkt, wɪʧ kənˈteɪnz ə streɪn əv, ɪz ɪn ðɛr səˈplaɪ ʧeɪnz," ðə ˈkəmpəˌni sɛd. θri əv ðoʊz klaɪənts hæv toʊld ðət ðɛr ˈprɑdəkts ər seɪf. "ɑr ˈtɛknɪkəl timz hæv bɪn ˈwərkɪŋ ˈkloʊsli ðɪs ˈwiˌkɪnd wɪθ ˌkoʊkəˈkoʊlɑ, ənd ənd hæv ɪˈstæblɪʃt ðət ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs juzd tɪ ˌmænjəˈfækʧər ðɛr ˈprɑdəkts wʊd kɪl ðə bækˈtɪriə ðət wɑz ɪn ðə əˈfɛktɪd weɪ ˈproʊˌtin ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt," ˈgɛri roʊˈmɑˌnoʊ, ˈmænəʤɪŋ dɪˈrɛktər əv mɪlk ˈprɑdəkts, sɛd ɪn ə ˈkəmpəˌni ˈsteɪtmənt. ʤɪst wɔʧt ˈʧaɪnə hɔlts mɪlk frəm nu ˈzilənd riˈpleɪ mɔr ˈvɪdioʊz məst wɔʧ ˈʧaɪnə hɔlts mɪlk frəm nu ˈzilənd bət ˈʧaɪnə wɛr æt list sɪks ˈbeɪbiz daɪd frəm ˈteɪntɪd mɪlk ˈpaʊdər ɪn 2008 həz ˈhɔltɪd ɔl ˌɪmˈpɔrts əv nu ˈzilənd mɪlk ˈpaʊdərz frəm nu ˈzilənd ənd ɔˈstreɪljə, nu ˈziləndz treɪd ˈmɪnɪstər tɪm sɛd ɪn ən ˈɪntərvˌju ɔn ˈtɛləˌvɪʒən ˈnɛtˌwərk ɔn ˈsənˌdi. bət ɪn ən ˈəpˌdeɪt ɔn ɪts ˈwɛbˌsaɪt, ðə nu ˈzilənd ˈmɪnɪstri fər ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈɪndəstriz ˈklɛrəˌfaɪd ðət ʧaɪˈniz əˈθɔrətiz hæd səˈspɛndɪd ˌɪmˈpɔrts əv weɪ ˈpaʊdər ənd ˈdɛri beɪs ˈpaʊdər, waɪl ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ˌɪnˈspɛkʃən ənd ˌsupərˈvɪʒən əv nu ˈzilənd ˈdɛri ˈprɑdəkts. "ˈʧaɪnə həz nɑt kloʊzd ðə ˈmɑrkɪt tɪ ɔl nu ˈzilənd ˈdɛri ˈprɑdəkts," ðə ˈmɪnɪstri sɛd. "ənd ɪt həz ˈɔlsoʊ bɪn kwaɪt spɪˈsɪfɪk əˈbaʊt ðə reɪnʤ əv ˈprɑdəkts wɪʧ ɪt həz ˌtɛmpərˈɛrəli səˈspɛndɪd." ˈdɛri ɪz ə ki ˈɪndəstri ɪn nu ˈzilənd, ˈmeɪkɪŋ əp əˈbaʊt 3 əv ɪts gdp*. ðə treɪd ˈmɪnɪstri sɛd ɔˈstreɪljə, məˈleɪʒə, ˈsɔdi əˈreɪbiə, ˈtaɪˌlænd ənd viˌɛtˈnɑm ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtɪd ðə ˈprɑdəkt. ˈbɑʧuˌlɪzəm kən bi ˈfeɪtəl, wɪθ ˈsɪmptəmz ˈtɪpɪkəli bɪˈgɪnɪŋ wɪˈθɪn 36 aʊərz əv kənˈsumɪŋ kənˈtæməˌneɪtɪd fud. ðə ˌɪnˈfɛkʃən kən rɪˈzəlt ɪn pərˈælɪsɪs ənd ˈrɛspərəˌtɔri ˈfeɪljər, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə juz. ˈnæʃənəl ˈɪnstɪˌtuts əv hɛlθ ðə ˈkəmpəˌni ˌɪnˈvɑlvd, grup, wɑz ˈpɑrʃəli oʊnd baɪ grup ˈleɪtər faɪld fər ˈbæŋkrəptsi.

story highlights china halts imports of milk powders produced by a new zealand company the import ban comes after a botulism-causing bacteria was found in the product milk-powder maker fonterra is the world's largest exporter of dairy products no reported illnesses yet; fonterra says it's working with client companies china has halted imports of some new zealand milk powders after a company disclosed that three batches of an ingredient used in sports drinks and baby formula tested positive for a strain of bacteria that causes botulism. the new zealand-based fonterra group said saturday that three batches of its whey protein tested positive for the clostridium botulinum bacteria. those batches weren't for use in fonterra-branded products, but they said companies that used the whey protein in their products might issue recalls. fonterra, the world's largest dairy exporter, said it had warned companies that bought the whey protein about the problem. "as a result, these customers are urgently investigating whether any of the affected product, which contains a strain of clostridium, is in their supply chains," the company said. three of those clients have told fonterra that their products are safe. "our technical teams have been working closely this weekend with coca-cola, wahaha and vitaco and have established that the process used to manufacture their products would kill the bacteria that was in the affected whey protein concentrate," gary romano, fonterra's managing director of nz milk products, said in a company statement. just watched china halts milk from new zealand replay more videos ... must watch china halts milk from new zealand 04:08 but china -- where at least six babies died from tainted milk powder in 2008 -- has halted all imports of new zealand milk powders from new zealand and australia, new zealand's trade minister tim groser said in an interview on television network tvnz on sunday. but in an update on its website, the new zealand ministry for primary industries clarified that chinese authorities had suspended imports of fonterra-produced whey powder and dairy base powder, while also increasing inspection and supervision of new zealand dairy products. "china has not closed the market to all new zealand dairy products," the ministry said. "and it has also been quite specific about the range of fonterra products which it has temporarily suspended." dairy is a key industry in new zealand, making up about 3% of its gdp. the trade ministry said australia, malaysia, saudi arabia, thailand and vietnam also imported the product. botulism can be fatal, with symptoms typically beginning within 36 hours of consuming contaminated food. the infection can result in paralysis and respiratory failure, according to the u.s. national institutes of health the company involved, sanlu group, was partially owned by fonterra . sanlu group later filed for bankruptcy.

kloʊz ˈfɔrmər trəmp kæmˈpeɪn ˈʧɛrmən pɔl ˈmænəfɔrt ənd hɪz ˈbɪznɪs əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt, rɪk geɪts, hæv bɪn ˌɪnˈdaɪtɪd baɪ ə ˈfɛdərəl grænd ˈʤʊri ɔn ˈʧɑrʤɪz əv kənˈspɪrəsi əˈgɛnst ðə juˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ənd ˈəðər ˈfɛləni ˈʧɑrʤɪz taɪm baɪ ˈfoʊˌtoʊ rɪˈpəblɪkən juz. sɛn. rɑn ˈʤɑnsən əv wɪˈskɑnsən. (ˈfoʊˌtoʊ: ˈtɪfəni nuz ˈfoʊˌtoʊ rɪˈpəblɪkən juz. sɛn. rɑn ˈʤɑnsən stʊd baɪ hɪz ˌdɛklərˈeɪʃən ðət ˈrɑbərt ɛs. mˈjulər ʃʊd rɪˈzaɪn, ˈivɪn ɛz ðə fərst ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənts wər ˈhændɪd daʊn ˈmənˌdeɪ ɪn ðə proʊb ˈɪntu ˈrəʃən ˌɪnərˈfɪrəns ɪn ðə ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ɪˈlɛkʃən lɛd baɪ ðə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəl. bɛn ˈvoʊlkəl, ə ˈʤɑnsən ˈspoʊksmən, toʊld ðə mɪlˈwɔki ˈʤərnəl ˈsɛntənəl: "deɪ tɪ deɪ dɪˈvɛləpmənts ʧeɪnʤ ðə vju ðət ə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəl wɑz əˈpɔɪntɪd fɑr tu ˈərli ɪn ðɪs ˈprɔˌsɛs." "nɔr du ðeɪ əˈfɛkt hɪz ˈoʊvərˌɔl kənˈsərn ðət ðɪs ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˈkænɑt ˈtɑlərˌeɪt ˈivɪn ðə əˈpɪrəns əv ə ˈkɑnflɪkt əv ˈɪntəˌrɛst. ˈmɪstər. mˈjulər ɪz ˈsɪmpli tu kloʊz tɪ ʤeɪmz ənd ðə ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ ɛz kˈwɛsʧənz kənˈtɪnju tɪ ˈsərfəs əˈbaʊt ðɛr roʊlz ɪn ˈmætərz ðə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəl ɪz ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪtɪŋ," ˈvoʊlkəl sɛd. rɪˈleɪtɪd: ˈspikər pɔl raɪən sɪz ˈmænəfɔrt, geɪts ˌɪnˈdaɪtmənts woʊnt 'dɪˈreɪl' əˈʤɛndə mˈjulər wɑz əˈpɔɪntɪd ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəl fər ðə ˈrəʃə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˈæftər ˈprɛzɪdənt trəmp faɪərd ɛz ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ dɪˈrɛktər. ɔn ˈfraɪˌdeɪ, ˈʤɑnsən toʊld ðə rəˈsin ˈʤərnəl taɪmz ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl bɔrd ðət mˈjulər "ʃʊd rɪˈzaɪn" ənd ðət ðə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəlz ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən wɑz ˌɪmˈpidɪŋ kənˈgrɛʃənəl ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz ˈɪntu ˈrəʃən ˈɪnfluəns ɔn ðə 2016 ɪˈlɛkʃən. teɪk ðə pəˈzɪʃən ðət wi hæv ə ˈspɛʃəl ˈkaʊnsəl æt ðɪs taɪm. wi ʃʊd lɛt ðə (kənˈgrɛʃənəl) kəˈmɪtiz du ðɛr wərk," ˈʤɑnsən toʊld ðə ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl bɔrd. ðə ˈʤərnəl taɪmz ˌriˈpɔrtəd ðət "ˈʤɑnsən sɛd mˈjulər ʃʊd rɪˈzaɪn bɪˈkəz əv ðə ˈhændəlɪŋ əv ˈhɪləri ˈpraɪvət iˈmeɪl ˈsərvər əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ˈrisənt ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən rɪˈgɑrdɪŋ seɪlz əv juz. jərˈeɪniəm waɪl mˈjulər wɑz ˈɛfˈbiˈaɪ dɪˈrɛktər." ɔn ˈmənˌdeɪ, θri ˈfɔrmər kæmˈpeɪn əˈfɪʃəlz fər ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp wər ʧɑrʤd ɪn ðə ˈrəʃə proʊb. rɛd ər ʃɛr ðɪs ˈstɔri:

close former trump campaign chairman paul manafort and his business associate, rick gates, have been indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiracy against the united states and other felony charges time buy photo republican u.s. sen. ron johnson of wisconsin. (photo: tiffany stoiber/now news group)buy photo republican u.s. sen. ron johnson stood by his declaration that robert s. mueller iii should resign, even as the first indictments were handed down monday in the probe into russian interference in the presidential election led by the special counsel. ben voelkel, a johnson spokesman, told the milwaukee journal sentinel: "day to day developments don’t change the senator’s view that a special counsel was appointed far too early in this process." "nor do they affect his overall concern that this investigation cannot tolerate even the appearance of a conflict of interest. mr. mueller is simply too close to james comey and the fbi as questions continue to surface about their roles in matters the special counsel is investigating," voelkel said. related: speaker paul ryan says manafort, gates indictments won't 'derail' gop agenda mueller was appointed special counsel for the russia investigation after president trump fired comey as fbi director. on friday, johnson told the racine journal times editorial board that mueller "should resign" and that the special counsel's investigation was impeding congressional investigations into russian influence on the 2016 election. “i take the position that we shouldn’t have a special counsel at this time. we should let the (congressional) committees do their work," johnson told the editorial board. the journal times reported that "johnson said mueller should resign because of the fbi’s handling of hillary clinton’s private email server along with recent information regarding sales of u.s. uranium while mueller was fbi director." on monday, three former campaign officials for president donald trump were charged in the russia probe. read or share this story: https://jsonl.in/2zrub9l

ˌpeɪliənˈtɑləʤɪsts hæv faʊnd ɛnˈtumd ɪn ˈæmbər ə tɪk ˈgræspɪŋ ðə ˈfɛðər əv ə ˈdaɪnəˌsɔr, prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ðə fərst dɪˈrɛkt ˈɛvədəns ðət ðə ˈtaɪni pɛsts dræŋk ˈdaɪnəˌsɔr bləd. ˌɪˈmɔrtəlaɪzd ɪn ðə ˈgoʊldən ˈʤɛmˌstoʊn, ðə læst ˈsəpər ɪz rɪˈmɑrkəbəl bɪˈkəz ɪt ɪz rɛr tɪ faɪnd ˈpɛrəˌsaɪts wɪθ ðɛr hoʊsts ɪn ðə ˈfɑsəl ˈrɛkərd. ðə ˈfaɪndɪŋ, wɪʧ wɑz ˈpəblɪʃt ˈtuzˌdeɪ, gɪvz ˈrisərʧərz ˈtænəˌlaɪzɪŋ ˈɪnˌsaɪt ˈɪntu ðə ˌprihɪˈstɔrɪk daɪət əv wən əv moʊst ˈprɛvələnt pɛsts. ˈstədi prəˈvaɪdz ðə moʊst kəmˈpɛlɪŋ ˈɛvədəns tɪ deɪt fər tɪks ˈfidɪŋ ɔn ˈfɛðərd ˈænəməlz ɪn ðə cretaceous,”*,” sɛd raɪən si. məˈkɛlər, ə ˌpeɪliənˈtɑləʤɪst æt ðə rɔɪəl sæˈskæʧəˌwɔn mˈjuziəm ɪn ˈkænədə hu wɑz nɑt ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈstədi. ˈdɛmənˌstreɪts ʤɪst haʊ məʧ ˈditeɪl kən bi əbˈteɪnd frəm ə fju ˈpisɪz əv ˈæmbər ɪn ðə hænz əv ðə raɪt researchers.”*.”

paleontologists have found entombed in amber a 99-million-year-old tick grasping the feather of a dinosaur, providing the first direct evidence that the tiny pests drank dinosaur blood. immortalized in the golden gemstone, the bloodsucker’s last supper is remarkable because it is rare to find parasites with their hosts in the fossil record. the finding, which was published tuesday, gives researchers tantalizing insight into the prehistoric diet of one of today’s most prevalent pests. “this study provides the most compelling evidence to date for ticks feeding on feathered animals in the cretaceous,” said ryan c. mckellar, a paleontologist at the royal saskatchewan museum in canada who was not involved in the study. “it demonstrates just how much detail can be obtained from a few pieces of amber in the hands of the right researchers.”

aɪ ˈrɪli θɔt aɪ nu ˈsəmθɪŋ əˈbaʊt dɪˈzaɪnɪŋ geɪmz. ðɛn aɪ rɛd ˈʧælənʤɪz fər geɪm dɪˈzaɪnərz. bɔɪ, dɪd ɪt ˈoʊpən maɪ aɪz! fərst, ˈʧælənʤɪz fər geɪm dɪˈzaɪnərz ˈkəvər ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃənz baɪ ˈgɪvɪŋ ə ˈjusfəl ˌdɛfəˈnɪʃən əv geɪm dɪˈzaɪn ənd ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ tərmz laɪk "kɔr daɪˈnæmɪk", "ˈproʊtoʊˌtaɪp", "ˈbæləns" ənd "playtesting*". nɛkst, ˈʧælənʤɪz fər geɪm dɪˈzaɪnərz teɪks ju θru ðə geɪm dɪˈzaɪn ˈprɔˌsɛs, fərst baɪ ɪgˈzæmɪnɪŋ wət ɪt rɪˈfərz tɪ ɛz geɪm dɪˈzaɪn ˈætəmz, ðɛn daɪˈsɛktɪŋ ˈɛləmənts əv ʧæns ənd skɪl. ˈfaɪnəli, ðə bʊk əˈlaʊz ju tɪ brænʧ ɔf ˈɪntu ˈɛriəz ðət ˈɪntəˌrɛst ju, ˈwɛðər ɪt bi ˈmɑrkətɪŋ jʊr geɪm, kriˈeɪtɪŋ geɪmz ɔn ˈsoʊʃəl ˈnɛtˌwərks ər kriˈeɪtɪŋ geɪmz ðət tɛl ə ˈstɔri. æt ðə ɛnd əv iʧ ˈʧæptər, ˈʧælənʤɪz fər geɪm dɪˈzaɪnərz həz faɪv dɪˈzaɪn ˈʧælənʤɪz əv ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ kəmˈplɛksɪti ənd ə ˈsɛkʃən kɔld ʃɔrts, wɪʧ ər ˈtɑpɪks ðət ˈfɑstər ˈbreɪnˌstɔrmɪŋ geɪmz. hir ɪz ðə bɛst pɑrt. ðə ˈɔθərz kriˈeɪtɪd ə fænˈtæstɪk kɔrs ˈɔnˌlaɪn (ɪt wɑz fri ˈdʊrɪŋ ˈsəmər 2009 ðə bʊk wɑz ə rɪkˈwaɪrmənt, soʊ ɪf ju baɪ ðɪs bʊk, ju kən gɪt ðə moʊst frəm ɪt baɪ ˈrɛdɪŋ ɪt əˈlɔŋ wɪθ ðə kɔrs

i really thought i knew something about designing games. then i read challenges for game designers. boy, did it open my eyes! first, challenges for game designers cover the foundations by giving a useful definition of game design and explaining terms like "core dynamic", "prototype", "balance" and "playtesting". next, challenges for game designers takes you through the game design process, first by examining what it refers to as game design atoms, then dissecting elements of chance and skill. finally, the book allows you to branch off into areas that interest you, whether it be marketing your game, creating games on social networks or creating games that tell a story. at the end of each chapter, challenges for game designers has five design challenges of increasing complexity and a section called non-digital shorts, which are topics that foster brainstorming non-digital games. here is the best part. the authors created a fantastic course online (it was free during summer 2009). the book was a requirement, so if you buy this book, you can get the most from it by reading it along with the course [...].

10 wɑn frænˈsɪskoʊ də kəroʊˈnɑdoʊ ɪz ə ˈfæməli ˈfrɛndli pərˈmoʊʃən ðət teɪks ˈrɛsəlɪŋ bæk tɪ ðə gʊd oʊld deɪz, wɛr kraʊdz ʧɪrd fər ðə ˈhɪroʊz ənd bud ðə ˈvɪlənz. ˈivɪn soʊ, kraʊdz kən ˈɔfən breɪk aʊt ˈɪntu ʧænts əv əˌpriʃiˈeɪʃən fər səm əv ðə bæd gaɪz, aʊt əv rɪˈspɛkt mɔr ðən ˈɛniˌθɪŋ. wɪθ ðɪs ɪn maɪnd, wɑn frænˈsɪskoʊ də kəroʊˈnɑdoʊ ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ əv ən əˈnɑməli ɪn. ðə ˌɛkwəˈdɔriən ərˈɪstəˌkræt ɪz moʊst ˈlaɪkli ðə ˈpjʊrəst hil ɔn ðə ɪnˈtaɪər ˈrɑstər. hi ˈdəzənt fɪt ˈɪntu ðə kɑrˈtun əv ðə mɔr ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə ˈrɑstər, ənd hi ˈdəzənt hæv ðə ˈɪnər ˈkɑnflɪkts ðət sim tɪ əˈflɪkt ˈmɛni əv ðə mɔr ˈkɑmplɛks ˈkɛrɪktərz. hi ɪz ˈsɪmpli ə prəˈfɛʃənəl ˈrɛsələr, frəm ˈɛkwəˌdɔr, hu bɪˈlivz hi ɪz ˈbɛtər ðən ˈɛvriˌwən ɛls. ɛz wi seɪ hir ɪn ˈsərbiə, tɪ ʤi tɪ. ɛz səʧ, hi ɪz wən əv ðə ˈbɪgəst ˈʤɛnərˌeɪtərz əv hit æt ˈɛni ʃoʊ, ənd bɪˈkəz əv hɪz mɔr 'ˈstreɪtˈfɔrwərd' (fər wɔnt əv ə ˈbɛtər tərm) ˈkɛrɪktər həz bɪn ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈrɪli groʊ ˈɪntu ɪt ˈəndər ðə ˈreɪˌdɑr. hi həz naʊ bɪˈkəm ən ˈɪnəgrəl pɑrt əv ðə ɪkˈspɪriəns.

10. juan francisco de coronado https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urm4rb6maoq chikara is a family friendly promotion that takes wrestling back to the good old days, where crowds cheered for the heroes and booed the villains. even so, crowds can often break out into chants of appreciation for some of the bad guys, out of respect more than anything. with this in mind, juan francisco de coronado is something of an anomaly in chikara. the ecuadorian aristocrat is most likely the purest heel on the entire roster. he doesn't fit into the cartoon stylings of the more colourful members of the roster, and he doesn't have the inner conflicts that seem to afflict many of the more complex characters. he is simply a professional wrestler, from ecuador, who believes he is better than everyone else. as we say here in serbia, to je to. as such, he is one of the biggest generators of heat at any chikara show, and because of his more 'straightforward' (for want of a better term) character has been able to really grow into it under the radar. he has now become an integral part of the chikara experience.

rɪˈvərsəl əv bleɪm əˈlaʊz ˈpaɪləts ɪn 2000 ˈɔspri kræʃ tɪ rɛst ɪn pis, ˈfæməliz seɪ ə faɪl ˈfoʊˌtoʊ əv ən ˈɔspri ˈɛrˌkræft biɪŋ rifˈjuəld ˌbiˈfɔr ə naɪt ˈmɪʃən ɪn ˈsɛntrəl ˌɪˈrɑk. ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn rɪˈvərst ə dɪˈsɪʒən ˈtuzˌdeɪ ˈklɪrɪŋ ðə neɪmz əv juz. mərˈin kɔrz ˈpaɪləts mæʤ. brʊks ˈgrubər ənd lt*. col*. ʤɑn braʊ ˈæftər ˌɪnkərˈɛktli ˈbleɪmɪŋ ðɛm ɛz ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri kɔz əv ə ˈɔspri kræʃ ðət tʊk ðɛr lɪvz ənd kɪld 17 ˈəðər mərˈinz ɪn ˈeɪprəl 2000 ðɪs ˈstɔri həz bɪn ˈəpˌdeɪtɪd. ˈwɔʃɪŋtən juz. mərˈin kɔrz ˈpaɪləts mæʤ. brʊks ˈgrubər ənd lt*. col*. ʤɑn braʊ wər ˌɪnkərˈɛktli bleɪmd ɛz ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri kɔz əv ə ˈɔspri kræʃ ðət tʊk ðɛr lɪvz ənd kɪld 17 ˈəðər mərˈinz ɪn ˈeɪprəl 2000 ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn sɛd ˈtuzˌdeɪ ɪn ən ənˈjuˌʒuəl rɪˈvərsəl ˈklɪrɪŋ ðə pilots’*’ neɪmz. ˈgrubər ənd ˈɔspri kræʃt ɪn, ariz*., ɔn ˈeɪprəl 8 2000 ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈnaɪtˌtaɪm ˈkɑmbæt sɪˈnɛrioʊ tɛst flaɪt. æt ðə taɪm ˈlɪtəl wɑz noʊn əˈbaʊt ðə ˈlɪmɪts əv seɪf flaɪt fər ðə ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv ˈɔspri, wɪʧ kʊd pərˈfɔrm laɪk ə ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptər ənd ən ˈɛrˌpleɪn. ðə ˈɔspri ˈproʊˌgræm wɑz ˈəndər ˌɪnˈtɛns ˈprɛʃər tɪ ʃoʊ ˈprɑˌgrɛs tɪ əˈvɔɪd ˈhævɪŋ ɪts ˈbəʤɪt kət, ənd ˈsəbsəkwənt ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz baɪ ðə ˈgəvərnmənt əˈkaʊntəˌbɪlɪti ˈɔfəs faʊnd ðət ðə ˈneɪvi rɪˈdust ðə əˈmaʊnt əv ˈtɛstɪŋ ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈkɑnˌtræktər hæd tɪ kəmˈplit ˌbiˈfɔr ˈpʊʃɪŋ ɪt ˈɪntu ðə hænz. ˈæftər ə ˈsɛkənd ˈfeɪtəl ˈɔspri kræʃ ˈleɪtər ðət jɪr, ðə ˈproʊˌgræm wɑz ˌtɛmpərˈɛrəli ˈhɔltɪd. ɪt wɑz dɪˈklɛrd ˌɑpərˈeɪʃənəl ˈsɛvən jɪrz ˈleɪtər. ðə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˌɪˈmiˌdiətli ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ðə 2000 kræʃ faʊnd ðət dɪˈsɪʒənz ðət braʊ ənd ˈgrubər meɪd ɪn ðɛr reɪt əv dɪˈsɛnt ənd ɛr spid ˌbiˈfɔr ðə kræʃ wər tu əv ˈmɛni ˈfæktərz ˈlidɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈæksədənt. ˌhaʊˈɛvər wɪn ðə mərˈinz brift ðə ˈmidiə ðət ˈsəmər ɔn ðə kræʃ, errors”*” wər ˈkɛrɪktərˌaɪzd ɛz biɪŋ ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri factor”*” ˈlidɪŋ tɪ ðə kræʃ. ðoʊz wərdz hæv ˈhɔntɪd ðə ˈfæməliz ˈɛvər sɪns, ənd spərd ə rɪˈlɛntlɪs faɪt baɪ ðə pilots’*’ ˈwɪdoʊz, ˈkɔni ˈgrubər ənd trɪʃ braʊ, tɪ klɪr ðɛr husbands’*’ neɪmz. ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ, ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn əˈfɪʃəli ˈsteɪtɪd ðət bleɪm wɑz ˌɪˈnækjərətli əˈtrɪbjətəd ɪn 2000 aɪ ˈkænɑt ɪn gʊd feɪθ ˈoʊvərˌlʊk ðət ðɛr ˈækʃənz wər ðə læst ɪn ə lɔŋ ʧeɪn əv ɪˈvɛnts ðət ˈəltəmətli kɔzd ðə ˈtræʤɪk ɪˈvɛnts ɔn ˈeɪprəl 8 2000 aɪ bɪˈliv ðə lɪŋks ɪn ðə ʧeɪn ˈlidɪŋ əp tɪ ðə kræʃ meɪd ðə ˈæksədənt ər wən laɪk ɪt ˈprɑbəbəl, ər pərˈhæps inevitable,”*,” ˈdɛpjəti ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri əv dɪˈfɛns ˈrɑbərt wərk roʊt ɪn ˌkɔrəˈspɑndəns riˈlist baɪ ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ. ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ hɪz dɪˈsɪʒən, wərk rivˈjud ɔl əv ðə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz ənd rɪˈpɔrts ɔn ðə kræʃ. hi sɛd hi əˈgrid wɪθ ðə ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˈfaɪndɪŋz, bət dɪsəˈgrid wɪθ haʊ ðoʊz ˈfaɪndɪŋz wər ˈəltəmətli ˈkɛrɪktərˌaɪzd baɪ ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn ənd əˈlaʊd tɪ ˈfoʊkɪs praɪˈmɛrəli ɔn ðə ˈpaɪləts. toʊˈtæləti əv ˈɛvədəns kənˈfərmz ðə ˈædəʤ ðət ˈɛvəri ˈæksədənt ɪz ðə rɪˈzəlt əv ən ˌɪntərrɪˈleɪtɪd ʧeɪn əv ɪˈvɛnts ˈæftər kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ɔl əv ðə lɪŋks ɪn ðə ʧeɪn ðət lɛd tɪ ðɪs ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈæksədənt, aɪ dɪsəˈgri wɪθ ðə ˌkɛrɪktərɪˈzeɪʃən ðət ðə pilots’*’ draɪv tɪ əˈkɑmplɪʃ ðə ˈmɪʃən wɑz ˈfeɪtəl factor’*’ ɪn ðə crash.”*.” ˈfæktərz ənˈdaʊtɪdli kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðə accident,”*,” wərk sɛd. ““however*, ɪt ɪz klɪr ðət ðɛr wər dɪˈfɪʃənsiz ɪn ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt ənd ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ ənd ˈseɪfti ˈproʊˌgræmz ðət wər kərˈɛktɪd ˈoʊnli ˈæftər ðə kræʃ ənd ðiz dɪˈfɪʃənsiz ˈlaɪkli kənˈtrɪbjutɪd tɪ ðə ˈæksədənt ənd ɪts ˈfeɪtəl ˈaʊtˌkəm. aɪ ˈðɛrˌfɔr kənˈklud ɪt ɪz ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl tɪ pɔɪnt tɪ ə ˈsɪŋgəl factor’*’ ðət kɔzd ðɪs crash.”*.” hoʊp ðɪs ˈlɛtər wɪl prəˈvaɪd ðə ˈwɪdoʊz əv luˈtɛnənt ˈkərnəl braʊ ənd ˈmeɪʤər ˈgrubər səm ˈsɑləs ˈæftər ɔl əv ðiz jɪrz ɪn wɪʧ ðə bleɪm fər ðə ˈæksədənt wɑz ˌɪnkərˈɛktli ˌɪnˈtərprətəd ər ˌəndərˈstʊd tɪ bi praɪˈmɛrəli əˈtrɪbjətəd tɪ ðɛr husbands.”*.” ðə ʧeɪnʤ dɪz nɑt əˈfɛkt ðə əˈfɪʃəl ˈdɑkjəmənts ər ðə ˈkɑrənt ˈɔspri ˈproʊˌgræm. ðə ˈlɔˌsuts ər ˈoʊvər, soʊ ðɛr ər noʊ ˈligəl ˌræməfəˈkeɪʃənz ər ˈfərðər ˈmɑnəˌtɛri geɪn. (ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz bɛl boʊɪŋ ˈsɛtəld aʊt əv kɔrt wɪθ ðə ˈfæməliz; ðə ˈditeɪlz ər sild.) ˈkɔni ˈgrubər ənd trɪʃ braʊ sɛnt ˈsteɪtmənts leɪt ˈtuzˌdeɪ ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪŋ ðə riˈlis əv ðə ˈlɛtər. filz laɪk ə juʤ ˈvɪktəri fər ɑr families,”*,” braʊ sɛd ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt frəm hər ənd hər sənz, maɪk ənd mæt. wɪn brʊk ˈgrubər, naʊ 16 ˈlərnɪd ðət ðə ˈlɛtər hæd bɪn meɪd əˈfɪʃəl, ʃi æst, ðət min maɪ neɪm ɪz cleared?’”*?’” ˈkɔni ˈgrubər toʊld stɑrz ənd straɪps ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt. sɛd, ‘‘yes*, ɪt does!’”*!’” ɪn 2002 ˈkɔni ˈgrubər ˌɛnˈlɪstɪd ðə hɛlp əv hər ˈkɑŋgrəsmən, rɛpriˈzɛtətɪv. ˈwɔltər ʤoʊnz, r-n.c*. tɪ pʊʃ ðə ˈpɛnɪˌgɑn tɪ ˌrivˈju ðə 2000 kræʃ ənd klɪr ðə ˈpaɪləts. ʤoʊnz meɪd ðə kɔz ˈpərsɪnəl: hi meɪd mɔr ðən 150 ˈspiʧɪz ɔn ðə flɔr əv ðə juz. haʊs əv ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnətɪvz tɪ reɪz əˈtɛnʃən tɪ ðə kɔz ənd rɪˈpitɪdli rɪkˈwɛstɪd ðət ðə ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˌrivˈju ðə keɪs ənd rɪˈvərs ɪts ˈərliər ˈsteɪtmənts ˈbleɪmɪŋ ðə ˈpaɪləts. ʤoʊnz sɛd hi plænz tɪ goʊ tɪ ðə haʊs flɔr wəns mɔr, ðɪs taɪm ɪn ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən. traɪ tɪ gɪt 20 ˈmɪnəts æt night”*” tɪ meɪk ə flɔr ˈsteɪtmənt, hi sɛd. əˈgɛn tɛl ðə ˈstɔri əˈbaʊt ðiz tu mɛn. ðeɪ ər noʊ ˈlɔŋgər sin ɛz ðə ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈrizən fər ðə accident.”*.” ɔn ˈtuzˌdeɪ, ðə ˈsɛləˌbreɪtɪd ðə dɪˈsɪʒən. ər boʊθ rɪˈʤɔɪsɪŋ ðət ˈʤəstɪs həz bɪn dən ənd ˈnɪrli ɔn ðə ˌænəˈvərsəri əv ðə accident,”*,” ʃi sɛd. ˈgrubər ənd ʤɑn braʊ kən rɛst ɪn peace.”*.” tˈwɪtər:

reversal of blame allows pilots in 2000 osprey crash to rest in peace, families say a file photo of an mv-22 osprey vertical-lift aircraft being refueled before a night mission in central iraq. the pentagon reversed a decision tuesday clearing the names of u.s. marine corps pilots maj. brooks gruber and lt. col. john brow after incorrectly blaming them as the primary cause of a v-22 osprey crash that took their lives and killed 17 other marines in april 2000. this story has been updated. washington — u.s. marine corps pilots maj. brooks gruber and lt. col. john brow were incorrectly blamed as the primary cause of a v-22 osprey crash that took their lives and killed 17 other marines in april 2000, the pentagon said tuesday in an unusual reversal clearing the pilots’ names. gruber and brow’s osprey crashed in marana, ariz., on april 8, 2000, during a nighttime combat scenario test flight. at the time little was known about the limits of safe flight for the innovative tilt-rotor osprey, which could perform like a helicopter and an airplane. the osprey program was under intense pressure to show progress to avoid having its budget cut, and subsequent investigations by the government accountability office found that the navy reduced the amount of testing the osprey’s primary contractor had to complete before pushing it into the military’s hands. after a second fatal osprey crash later that year, the program was temporarily halted. it was declared operational seven years later. the investigation immediately following the 2000 marana crash found that decisions that brow and gruber made in their rate of descent and air speed before the crash were two of many factors leading to the accident. however when the marines briefed the media that summer on the crash, “human errors” were characterized as being the primary “fatal factor” leading to the crash. those words have haunted the families ever since, and spurred a relentless fight by the pilots’ widows, connie gruber and trish brow, to clear their husbands’ names. on tuesday, the pentagon officially stated that blame was inaccurately attributed in 2000. “while i cannot in good faith overlook that their actions were the last in a long chain of events that ultimately caused the tragic events on april 8, 2000, i believe the links in the chain leading up to the crash made the accident – or one like it – probable, or perhaps inevitable,” deputy secretary of defense robert work wrote in correspondence released by the pentagon on tuesday. in making his decision, work reviewed all of the investigations and reports on the crash. he said he agreed with the investigation findings, but disagreed with how those findings were ultimately characterized by the pentagon and allowed to focus primarily on the pilots. “the totality of evidence confirms the adage that every accident is the result of an interrelated chain of events …. after considering all of the links in the chain that led to this particular accident, i disagree with the characterization that the pilots’ drive to accomplish the mission was ‘the fatal factor’ in the crash.” “human factors undoubtedly contributed to the marana accident,” work said. “however, it is clear that there were deficiencies in the v-22’s development and engineering and safety programs that were corrected only after the crash – and these deficiencies likely contributed to the accident and its fatal outcome. i therefore conclude it is impossible to point to a single ‘fatal factor’ that caused this crash.” “i hope this letter will provide the widows of lieutenant colonel brow and major gruber some solace after all of these years in which the blame for the marana accident was incorrectly interpreted or understood to be primarily attributed to their husbands.” the change does not affect the official documents or the current osprey program. the lawsuits are over, so there are no legal ramifications or further monetary gain. (manufacturers bell boeing settled out of court with the families; the details are sealed.) connie gruber and trish brow sent statements late tuesday celebrating the release of the letter. “it feels like a huge victory for our families,” brow said in a statement from her and her sons, mike and matt. when brooke gruber, now 16, learned that the letter had been made official, she asked, “ ‘does that mean my daddy’s name is cleared?’” connie gruber told stars and stripes in a statement. “i said, ‘yes, it does!’” in 2002 connie gruber enlisted the help of her congressman, rep. walter jones, r-n.c. to push the pentagon to review the 2000 crash and clear the pilots. jones made the cause personal: he made more than 150 speeches on the floor of the u.s. house of representatives to raise attention to the cause and repeatedly requested that the military review the case and reverse its earlier statements blaming the pilots. jones said he plans to go to the house floor once more, this time in celebration. “i’ll try to get 20 minutes at night” to make a floor statement, he said. “and i’ll again tell the story about these two men. ... they are no longer seen as the primary reason for the accident.” on tuesday, the grubers celebrated the decision. “we are both rejoicing that justice has been done and nearly on the 16th anniversary of the accident,” she said. “brooks gruber and john brow can rest in peace.” copp.tara@stripes.com twitter: @taracopp

əv ɔl fɔrmz əv ðə dəˈmɛstɪk bərdz, ðə gis ər ðə wənz ðət kən bi tərmd tɪ bi ðə ˈfæstəst groʊərz. ðeɪ ər kwaɪt ˈhɑrdi ənd kən bɪˈkəm dɪˈziz fri ɪf kɛpt ˈəndər ˈkɑnstənt kɛr. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ə smɔl ˈnəmbər əv ðiz ˈænəməlz ər kɛpt ɪn ðə ˈpoʊltri ˈsɛtɪŋz, ðɛr ɪz stɪl ə lɔt əv skoʊp fər ðə ˈreɪzɪŋ gis ˈɪndəstri ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə wərld. ðə gis kən bi groʊn ənd brɔt əp səkˈsɛsfəli ɔn ðə grin ˈpæsʧər, du tɪ wɪʧ ðə kɔst fər ðə pərˈdəkʃən kən bi loʊərd daʊn baɪ səbˈstænʃəl ˈlɛvəlz. ˈkipɪŋ ɪn vju ðə ˈfidɪŋ ənd gis ˈbridɪŋ, ju kən ɪkˈspɛkt tɪ stɑrt ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈpoʊltri ˈbɪznɪs. bɪˈloʊ ər səm taɪps əv gis, wɪʧ ju ʃʊd noʊ əˈbaʊt wɪn ˈplænɪŋ tɪ reɪz ðə ˈwɔtərˌfaʊl gis ər ðə ˈwɔtər gis. ˈfeɪməs bridz əv dəˈmɛstɪk gis ˈklæsəˌfaɪd tɪ bi ə lɑrʤ ənd ən ˈəˌpraɪt bərd əˈməŋ ðə bridz əv gus, ðə ɪz noʊn fər ɪts ˈglɔsi ˈfɛðərz. ɪts aɪz ˈhæpən tɪ bi laɪt blu ɪn ˈkələr. ˌɪˈnɪʃəli, ðə brid hæd ərˈɪʤəˌneɪtəd frəm ðə ˈriʤənz əv ˈʤərməni, bət ɪz naʊ wɛl dɪˈstrɪbjətəd ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə wərld. fər ðə ˈgændər, ðə weɪt fɔlz əraʊnd 8 tɪ 9 ənd fər ðə gus, ðə weɪt ˈjuʒəwəli fɔlz əraʊnd 8. ʧaɪˈniz ðə ʧaɪˈniz gis kən bi dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈɪntu tu ˈdɪfərənt ˈklæsɪz i.e*. ðə waɪt ənd ðə braʊn. ðɪs bərd ɪz ˈeɪbəl tɪ stænd ˈəˌpraɪt wɪθ ɪts ˈɑrʧɪŋ nɛk. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ həz ə ˈvɛri dɪˈstɪŋkt nɑb ɔn ðə ˈɛriəz əv ɪts bɪl. ðə aɪz əv ðɪs brid ər braʊn ɪn ˈkələr. mɔˈroʊvər, ðɪs brid ɪz kənˈsɪdərd tɪ bi ðə ˈnɔɪziəst əˈməŋ ɔl ðə bridz, du tɪ wɪʧ ðɛr saʊnd kən bi hərd tɪ fɑr əv ˈpleɪsɪz. ənd tuˈluz ðə brid ɪz aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪd frəm ɪts ˈfəzi ənd ˈkərlɪŋ ˈfɛðərz du tɪ wɪʧ ðə bərdz ðət fɔl ˈəndər ðə brid əˈpɪr tɪ bi ənˈtaɪdi. ˈfərðərˌmɔr, ðɪs brid ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ noʊn tɪ bi əv ˈhævɪŋ ən ˌɔrnəˈmɛntəl ˈneɪʧər. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, ðə ˈbɑdi əv ðə brid ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ mɔr raʊnd ɪn kəmˈpɛrəsən tɪ ðə ˈəðər bridz. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, ðə tuˈluz brid ɪz bɪˈlivd tɪ hæv ərˈɪʤəˌneɪtəd ɪn fræns ənd ɪz kwaɪt ˈsɪmələr tɪ ðə. bət ɪt ɪz nɑt soʊ ˈpɑpjələr ɪn riˈleɪʃən tɪ ðə ˈəðər bridz ˈmɛnʃənd hir. mɔˈroʊvər, ðə bridz əv waɪld gis ˌɪnˈklud ðə ˈbɑrnəkəl gis, gus, ðə rɛd ˈbrɛstɪd gis ənd ˈmɛni mɔr. ˈbrudɪŋ əv ˈæftər ðə ˈhæʧɪŋ, ə lɔt əv kɛr ʃʊd bi ˈteɪkən ɪn tərmz əv ˈhændəlɪŋ ðɛm. ɪn ˈəðər wərdz, fər ðə fərst fju deɪz ðə ər kwaɪt ˈdɛləkət du tɪ wɪʧ ðeɪ ʃʊd bi kɛpt wɔrm. naʊ fər ðə wɪʧ ər brɔt əp ˈəndər ðə ˌsupərˈvɪʒən əv ðɛr ˈpɛrənts, ðə əˈkərəns əv ˈprɑbləmz ɪz lɛs ˈlaɪkli. ju kən prəˈvaɪd səm ˈsɪmpəl ˈhaʊzɪŋ ərˈeɪnʤmənts fər ðɛm fər ðə fərst fju deɪz ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ prəˈtɛkt ðɛm frəm ðə ˈʧeɪnʤɪz ɪn ðə ˈwɛðər. æt ðə seɪm taɪm, ju ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ɪnˈʃʊr ðət ðə flɔr ˈlɪtər ɪz kɛpt ɛz draɪ ɛz ˈpɑsəbəl. ɔn ðə ˈəðər hænd, fər ðə wɪʧ ər biɪŋ brɔt əp ɪn ən ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl ˈmænər, ðə nid fər ə wɔrm ɪnˈkloʊʒər ɪz ˈhaɪli ˈkruʃəl. fər ðə ˈpərpəs əv prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ðə wɪθ səm hit, ju kən meɪk juz əv ˌɪnfrərˈɛd ɛz wɛl ɛz ðə ˈkɑrbən ˈhitɪŋ gloʊbz. fər ɪgˈzæmpəl, ə 250 wɑt gloʊb wɪl pruv tɪ bi ɪˈnəf fər ˈnɪrli 30. ɪn ˈɔrdər tɪ noʊ ðə ˈɑptɪməl ˈtɛmpərəʧər fər ðə, ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ əbˈzərv ðɛr ˈmuvmənt tɪ gɪt ən aɪˈdiə. ˈbridɪŋ ənd ˈmeɪtɪŋ əv gis haʊ tɪ brid gis? wɛl, ðə gis ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ ðɛr bɛst ˈbridɪŋ ˈpɪriəd frəm ðə eɪʤ əv 2 tɪ 8 jɪrz. ˈæftər ðə eɪʤ əv 10 jɪrz, ðə peɪs əv ɛg pərˈdəkʃən dɪˈklaɪnz sˈloʊli æt wɪʧ ju ʃʊd ˌɪntrəˈdus səm nu flɑks əv gis. ðə ˈprɔˌsɛs əv gis ˈbridɪŋ kən bi rən ˈjuzɪŋ ðə fri reɪnʤ ˈmɛθəd. ɪt ɪz bɛst tɪ meɪk juz əv ðə ˈhɛlθiɪst ˈgændər fər 3 tɪ 4 ˈhɛlθi ˈfiˌmeɪlz. ju ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ əˈlaʊ ðə bərdz tɪ meɪt fər wən mənθ æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ əv ðə gis ˈbridɪŋ ˈsizən. ˈfidɪŋ ənd nuˈtrɪʃən ɪn əˈdɪʃən tɪ ðə əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti əv ðə grin ˈpæsʧər, ju kən juz əv ə ˌsəpləˈmɛntəˌri ˈræʃən wɪʧ kən bi ɪn ðə fɔrm əv gis fud ˈpɛləts ər mashes*. ðə fid ʃʊd bi ˈgɪvɪn tɪ ðə bərdz 3 tɪ 4 wiks ˌbiˈfɔr ðə ˈfərtəl ɛgz wʊd bi ˈhæʧɪŋ. mɔˈroʊvər, ˈɔlsoʊ priˈpɛr ˈvaɪtəmən ənd ˈmɪnərəl beɪst ˈmɪksɪz ɪn əˈkɔrdəns wɪθ ðə ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz ənd dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz ˈgɪvɪn baɪ ðə ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz. ðə ʃʊd bi ˈgɪvɪn ə ˈkɑnstənt ˈækˌsɛs tɪ ðə ˈwɔtər frəm ðə ˈvɛri fərst deɪ. ðə ˈwɔtər prəˈvaɪdɪd ʃʊd bi gʊd ɪn kˈwɑləti ənd ʃʊd bi ˈsəbʤɪkt tɪ kˈwɑləti əˈʃʊrəns frəm taɪm tɪ taɪm. naʊ hir ju kən meɪk juz əv səm ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzd ʤɑrz ənd trɔfs fər ðə ˈpərpəs. ˈʃɛltər nidz ðə nid fər ˈhævɪŋ ə ˈspeɪʃəs ˈʃɛltər fər ðə gis ɪz kwaɪt ˈkruʃəl, əˈspɛʃəli ɪn taɪmz əv ðə ˈwɪntər ˈsizən. fər ðə ˈɑptɪməl ˈlɛvəlz əv ˈkəmfərt fər ðə bərdz, ðə ˈʃɛltər ʃʊd bi æt list ɛks iʧ bərd ʃʊd bi ˈgɪvɪn əraʊnd 6 skwɛr fit. mɔˈroʊvər, ðə ˈʃɛltər ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ bi ˈwɔtər ənd ˈprɛdətər pruf. ɪt ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt nɑt tɪ kənˈfaɪn ðə bərdz fər ə lɔŋ taɪm ɛz ðeɪ maɪt gɪt ˈrɛstləs æt taɪmz. ˈgɪzərd ˈɪʃu ənd səˈluʃənz æt taɪmz wɪn ju faɪnd ðə ˈprɛzəns əv ðə ˈgɪzərd wərmz ɔn ðə ˈbɑdi əv ðə bərdz, ðɛn ɪt ɪz bɛst tɪ bɪˈgɪn wɪθ ˈkɑnˌtæktɪŋ ðə ˈspɛʃəlɪsts. mɔˈroʊvər, ju ʃʊd ˈɔlsoʊ ɪnˈʃʊr ðət ə ˈprɑpər hit səˈplaɪ ɪz əˈveɪləbəl tɪ ðə bərdz du tɪ wɪʧ ðə wərmz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ, acuaria*, ənd æt ɔl ˈəðərz bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ ˈhɛvəli ˈɪnfluəns ðə hɛlθ əv ðə bərdz. ju kən ˈɔlsoʊ ədˈmɪnɪstər ðə ˈdoʊsɪz əv ðə ˌmɛdəˈkeɪʃənz ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ nilverm*, aviverm*, ənd ˈmɛni mɔr.

of all forms of the domestic birds, the geese are the ones that can be termed to be the fastest growers. they are quite hardy and can become disease free if kept under constant care. although a small number of these animals are kept in the poultry settings, there is still a lot of scope for the raising geese industry all over the world. the geese can be grown and brought up successfully on the green pasture, due to which the cost for the production can be lowered down by substantial levels. keeping in view the feeding and geese breeding, you can expect to start a successful poultry business. below are some types of geese, which you should know about when planning to raise the waterfowl geese or the water geese. famous breeds of domestic geese embden classified to be a large and an upright bird among the breeds of goose, the embden is known for its glossy feathers. its eyes happen to be light blue in color. initially, the breed had originated from the regions of germany, but is now well distributed all over the world. for the gander, the weight falls around 8 to 9 kg and for the goose, the weight usually falls around 8 kg. chinese the chinese geese can be divided into two different classes i.e. the white and the brown. this bird is able to stand upright with its arching neck. it also has a very distinct knob on the areas of its bill. the eyes of this breed are brown in color. moreover, this breed is considered to be the noisiest among all the breeds, due to which their sound can be heard to far of places. sebastopol and toulouse the sebastopol breed is identified from its fuzzy and curling feathers due to which the birds that fall under the breed appear to be untidy. furthermore, this breed is also known to be of having an ornamental nature. at the same time, the body of the breed is also more round in comparison to the other breeds. on the other hand, the toulouse breed is believed to have originated in france and is quite similar to the embden. but it is not so popular in relation to the other breeds mentioned here. moreover, the breeds of wild geese include the barnacle geese, bar-headed goose, the red breasted geese and many more. brooding of goslings after the goslings hatching, a lot of care should be taken in terms of handling them. in other words, for the first few days the goslings are quite delicate due to which they should be kept warm. now for the goslings which are brought up under the supervision of their parents, the occurrence of problems is less likely. you can provide some simple housing arrangements for them for the first few days in order to protect them from the changes in the weather. at the same time, you should also ensure that the floor litter is kept as dry as possible. on the other hand, for the goslings which are being brought up in an artificial manner, the need for a warm enclosure is highly crucial. for the purpose of providing the goslings with some heat, you can make use of infrared as well as the carbon heating globes. for example, a 250 watt globe will prove to be enough for nearly 30 goslings. in order to know the optimal temperature for the goslings, you can also observe their movement to get an idea. breeding and mating of geese how to breed geese? well, the geese enjoy their best breeding period from the age of 2 to 8 years. after the age of 10 years, the pace of egg production declines slowly at which you should introduce some new flocks of geese. the process of geese breeding can be run using the free range method. it is best to make use of the healthiest gander for 3 to 4 healthy females. you should also allow the birds to mate for one month at the beginning of the geese breeding season. feeding and nutrition in addition to the availability of the green pasture, you can use of a supplementary ration which can be in the form of geese food pellets or mashes. the feed should be given to the birds 3 to 4 weeks before the fertile eggs would be hatching. moreover, also prepare vitamin and mineral based mixes in accordance with the guidelines and directions given by the manufacturers. the goslings should be given a constant access to the water from the very first day. the water provided should be good in quality and should be subject to quality assurance from time to time. now here you can make use of some specialized jars and troughs for the purpose. shelter needs the need for having a spacious shelter for the geese is quite crucial, especially in times of the winter season. for the optimal levels of comfort for the birds, the shelter should be at least 8′ x 10′. each bird should be given around 6 square feet. moreover, the shelter should also be water and predator proof. it is also important not to confine the birds for a long time as they might get restless at times. gizzard worming issue and solutions at times when you find the presence of the gizzard worms on the body of the birds, then it is best to begin with contacting the specialists. moreover, you should also ensure that a proper heat supply is available to the birds due to which the worms including, acuaria, tapeworm and at all others won’t be able to heavily influence the health of the birds. you can also administer the doses of the medications including nilverm, aviverm, droncit and many more.

maɪk lərd wɑz ən æd mæn, ə ril dɑn ˈdreɪpər taɪp, ləvd hɪz drɪŋk, ləvd ˈwɪmən ənd dɪd səm ˈstənɪŋ ˈædvərˌtaɪzmənts. lərd ˈnɛvər hæd ˈtrəbəl ˈfaɪndɪŋ wərk. ɪn fækt, moʊst əv ðə taɪm hi ˈdɪdənt ˈivɪn hæv ə resumé*é, hɪz ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən əˈloʊn ˈlændɪd ɪm ʤɑbz. ɔl ðət wərk draɪd əp əraʊnd ðə seɪm taɪm maɪk lərd tɪ bɪˈkəm mɪˈʃɛl lərd. ʃi həz ɔl ðə seɪm skɪlz, ɔl ðə seɪm ˈgəmpʃən, bət nən əv ðə ʤɑb ˈɔfərz. "noʊ wən ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ kəm aʊt ənd seɪ tɪ ju, wɪr nɑt goʊɪŋ tɪ haɪər ju bɪˈkəz jʊr trænz, ðæts ˈnɛvər goʊɪŋ tɪ ˈhæpən. wət kən ˈhæpən ɪz ðə ˈɛnərʤi ju fil frəm ðɛm." lərd sɛd ðɛr ər ə ˈnəmbər əv θɪŋz ðət kʊd bi kənˈtrɪbjutɪŋ tɪ hər ˌənɪmˈplɔɪmənt, laɪk ə dɪˈprɛst ɪˈkɑnəmi ənd ə sləmp ɪn ðə ˈædvərˌtaɪzɪŋ ˈɪndəstri. stɪl, ʃi bɪˈlivz biɪŋ ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ɪz ˈhævɪŋ ən ˌɪmˈpækt. 'aɪv ˈnɛvər hæd tɪ lʊk fər ə ʤɑb' "aɪv ˈnoʊtɪst ðət aɪ ˈhævənt meɪd ɪt θru foʊn ˈɪntərvˌjuz, wɪʧ ɪz ə nu ɪkˈspɪriəns ɪn maɪ kərɪr. jʊr ˈtɔkɪŋ tɪ ˈsəmˌwən, aɪv ˈnɛvər hæd tɪ lʊk fər ə ʤɑb. ˌbiˈfɔr aɪ aɪ ˈnɛvər ˈivɪn hæd ə resumé*é, ɪt wɑz ʤɪst aɪ wɑz ˈrɪli gʊd æt wət aɪ dɪd, ˈpipəl nu ðət ənd aɪ gɑt wərk, ðæts ɪt. naʊ aɪ kænt. ɪts ʤɪst ə ˈdɪfərənt bɔl geɪm." eɪn mɔrs ɪz əv ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃəz ˈreɪnˌboʊ ˈækʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt. mɔrs sɪz æt list wəns ə mənθ ˈpipəl kɔl ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt seɪɪŋ ðeɪ kænt faɪnd wərk ər hæv bɪn faɪərd bɪˈkəz ðeɪ bɪˈgæn trænˈzɪʃənɪŋ. (ˈsiˌbiˈsi) lərd ˈɪzənt əˈloʊn. ˈɛvəri mənθ ðə ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ˈækʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt hirz frəm ˈpipəl hu hæv ˈiðər bɪn faɪərd ˈæftər ˈstɑrtɪŋ ðɛr trænˈzɪʃən ər wərənt haɪərd ˈæftər əˈplaɪɪŋ fər ə ʤɑb. "aɪ hir ruˈtinli frəm foʊks hu sɛd, 'aɪ wɑz goʊɪŋ tɪ trænˈzɪʃən ənd aɪ dɪˈskloʊzd ðət tɪ maɪ ɪmˈplɔɪər ənd ðeɪ faɪərd mi ə wik ˈleɪtər.' ðæts ˈrɪli, ˈrɪli ˈkɑmən," sɛd eɪn mɔrs, əv ðə ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ˈækʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt. ðə grup lʊks tɪ prəˈmoʊt ɪkˈwɑləti fər ˈpipəl əv ɔl ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃənz ənd ˈʤɛndər aɪˈdɛntɪˌtiz. 'ˈmɛni trænz foʊks ər ˌɪnˈvɑlvd wɪθ sɛks wərk' mɔrs sɛd ðɛr ˈɑrənt ˈɛni hɑrd ˈnəmbərz ɔn haʊ ˈmɛni ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ˈpipəl ər ˌənɛmˈplɔɪd ɪn ˈnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə, bət ˈɛstəˌmeɪts ɪt kʊd bi ɪn ðə ˈhənərdz. "foʊks ɛnd əp ˈlʊkɪŋ wɛr ðeɪ kən fər ˈɪnˌkəm ənd ˈmɛni trænz foʊks ər ˌɪnˈvɑlvd wɪθ sɛks wərk. ðæts ən ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt weɪ fər səm trænz foʊks tɪ səˈsteɪn ðɛr lɪvz." ɪmˈplɔɪərz nid tɪ stɑrt ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðɛr ˈbɪznɪsɪz mɔr, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ mɔrs, ənd ðət wɪl kriˈeɪt ə seɪf speɪs fər ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ˈwərkərz. "aɪ kən ˈɑnəstli seɪ tɪ ɪmˈplɔɪərz, ɪf ju hæv ə ˈpɑləsi ənd jʊr ˈwɪlɪŋ tɪ si ˈsəmˌwən ənd rɪˈspɛkt ðət ˈpərsən ɛz ə trænz ˈpərsən jʊr goʊɪŋ tɪ meɪk ðɛr laɪf ˈbɛtər. ðæts ˈtænʤəbəl. ðoʊz ˈbɛnəfɪts ər ˈrɪli ril ɪn tərmz əv loʊərɪŋ ˈsuɪˌsaɪd rɪsk." ˌɪnˈklusɪv ˈbɪznɪs ðɛr ər ˈbɪznɪsɪz ɪn ˈhælɪˌfæks ðət ər ˈwərkɪŋ tɪ bɪˈkəm mɔr ˌɪnˈklusɪv: ˈpeɪviə ˈgæləri ˌɛˈsprɛsoʊ bɑr ənd café*é ɪz ˈlidɪŋ ðət ʧeɪnʤ. ɪt ɔˈrɛdi həz ˈpɑləsiz ɪn ɪts ɪmˈplɔɪiz ˈhændˌbʊk. ˈkrɪstəfər wɛb ɪz ðə əv ˈpeɪviə. hɪz ˈbɪznɪs ɔˈrɛdi həz ˈpɑləsiz ɪn pleɪs fər ɔl ɪts loʊˈkeɪʃənz. (ˈrɑbərt short/cbc*) ɪt kənˈteɪnz ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz fər ˈʤɛndər ˈnutrəl ˈjunəˌfɔrmz, ənd riˈmaɪndərz əˈbaʊt nɑt ˈjuzɪŋ ˈʤɛndər spɪˈsɪfɪk ˈproʊnaʊnz laɪk sər ər mæm. mɔrs wɪθ ðə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ˈækʃən ˈprɑʤɛkt sɛd ðət ˈhændˌbʊk ˈoʊnli ˌɪnˈkɔrpərˌeɪtɪd ˈpɑləsiz ˈæftər ə ˈprɑmənənt ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər kəmˈjunɪti ˈmɛmbər wɑz rɪˈpitɪdli ənd mɪˈstritɪd æt ðə ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt. ˈkrɪstəfər wɛb ənd vɪkˈtɔriə, əv ˈpeɪviə, seɪ ðeɪ rən ən ˌɪnˈklusɪv ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt. sɛd læst jɪr ðeɪ hæd ən ˈɪnsədənt wɛr ə ˈpərsən wɑz. sɛd ðeɪ sæt daʊn wɪθ ðət ˈpərsən ənd wərkt aʊt ə səˈluʃən. ˈəðər ðən ðət sɛd ðɛr hæv bɪn noʊ ˈəðər ˈprɑbləmz. ˈpeɪviə ðɛn bɪˈgæn ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn mɔr ˈpɑləsiz. 'wi traɪ tɪ kriˈeɪt ə gʊd pleɪs tɪ wərk' "wi traɪ tɪ kriˈeɪt ə gʊd pleɪs tɪ wərk ənd aɪ θɪŋk ðæts ðə bɛst θɪŋ ju kən du. soʊ aɪ gɛs ðə kwɪk ˈænsər ɪz ju hæv tɪ bi ˈoʊpən tɪ ˈbrɪŋɪŋ nu ˈpipəl ɪn," sɛd wɛb. "hæv wi lɔst ˈbɪznɪs bɪˈkəz ˈsəmˌwən keɪm θru ənd sɔ ˈsəmˌwən hu wɑz trænz bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˈkaʊntər ənd tərnd əraʊnd ənd wɔkt ðə ˈəðər weɪ? wi maɪt hæv. æm aɪ ˈoʊˈkeɪ wɪθ ðət? æm aɪ ˈoʊˈkeɪ wɪθ ˈluzɪŋ ðət ˈbɪznɪs? ˌæbsəˈlutli." ðə ˈprɑvənsɪz ˈpəblɪk ˈsərvɪs kəˈmɪʃən sɛd ɪts ˌɪˈligəl tɪ dɪˈnaɪ ˈɛniˌwən ə ʤɑb beɪst ɔn ðɛr ˈʤɛndər aɪˈdɛntəˌti ər ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌɔriɛnˈteɪʃən. ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt ˈɔlsoʊ sɛd ˈɛniˌwən hu bɪˈlivz ðeɪ wər dɪˈskrɪməˌneɪtɪd əˈgɛnst kən faɪl ə ˈjumən raɪts kəmˈpleɪnt. 'æm aɪ goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt bæk ɔn maɪ fit?' lərd ənd mɔrs sɛd ˈmɛni ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ˈpipəl doʊnt ˈbɑðər ˈfaɪlɪŋ kəmˈpleɪnts bɪˈkəz ðeɪ fil ɪt wʊd bi tu ˈdɪfəkəlt tɪ pruv ðeɪ wər faɪərd ər nɑt haɪərd bɪˈkəz ðeɪ ər ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər. ðə ˈprɑvɪns həz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈrisəntli riˈlist ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz tɪ səˈpɔrt trænz ənd ˈʤɛndər ˈvɛriənt ɪmˈplɔɪiz. ɪt sɛd ðoʊz ˈgaɪˌdlaɪnz ər əˈveɪləbəl fər ˈɛni ˈbɪznɪs tɪ juz. ˈminˌwaɪl, lərd ɪz sərˈvaɪvɪŋ ɔn ˈfriˌlæns ˈædvərˌtaɪzɪŋ wərk, ənd ˈwəndərz ɪf ʃil ˈɛvər bi ˈeɪbəl tɪ gɪt hər kərɪr bæk ɔn træk. "aɪ stɪl fil ðoʊz ˈlɪtəl ˈmoʊmənts əv ˌɪnsɪˈkjʊrɪti ðət meɪk mi ˈwəndər æm aɪ goʊɪŋ tɪ gɪt bæk ɔn maɪ fit? æm aɪ goʊɪŋ tɪ hæv ə laɪf əˈgɛn ðət ɪz laɪk ðə laɪf aɪ hæd ˌbiˈfɔr?" 'ðɪs ˈɪzənt ə ʧɔɪs' stɪl ʃi kənˈtɪnjuz tɪ hænd aʊt ˈhoʊpɪŋ ˈbɪznɪsɪz wɪl lərn tɪ bi mɔr əkˈsɛptɪŋ. "ðɪs ˈɪzənt ə ʧɔɪs ðət ˈpipəl meɪk. ðɪs ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈpipəl ər duɪŋ tɪ seɪv ðɛr lɪvz, ənd wɪn ɪmˈplɔɪərz ˈɑrənt səˈpɔrtɪŋ ðɛm ðɛr ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪzɪŋ ðə hɛlθ əv ðoʊz ˈpipəl." "ðɛr bɪˈkəmɪŋ ˈlaɪəbəl ɪn ðə ˈɪlnəs, ɪn ðə dɪˈprɛʃən, ɪn ðə self-hatred*, ɪn ðə ðət kəmz wɪθ ˈhaɪdɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈklɑzət. ðæts ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪmˈplɔɪərz nid tɪ ˈriəˌlaɪz. haʊ məʧ du ju wɔnt tɪ bi ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ðə ˈhərtɪŋ ər ðə ˈhɛlpɪŋ? ðæts ˈsəmθɪŋ ɪmˈplɔɪərz ˈrɪli nid tɪ θɪŋk əˈbaʊt." lərd sɛd ˌbiˈfɔr ʃi ʃi dræŋk ˈhɛvəli ənd ˈivɪn ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪtɪd ˈsuɪˌsaɪd. ʃi sɛd dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˈtrəbəl ˈfaɪndɪŋ wərk ʃi ˈdəzənt rɪˈgrɛt hər trænˈzɪʃən. "laɪf ɪz soʊ məʧ ˈbɛtər naʊ ðən ɪt ˈɛvər həz bɪn, ˈivɪn ðoʊ əm nɑt ˈwərkɪŋ bɪˈkəz əm mi. əm ˈrɪli ðə ˈpərsən aɪ wɑz mɛnt tɪ bi."

mike leard was an ad man, a real don draper type, loved his drink, loved women and did some stunning advertisements. leard never had trouble finding work. in fact, most of the time he didn't even have a resumé, his reputation alone landed him jobs. all that work dried up around the same time mike leard transitioned to become michelle leard. she has all the same skills, all the same gumption, but none of the job offers. "no one is going to be able to come out and say to you, we're not going to hire you because you're trans, that's never going to happen. what can happen is the energy you feel from them." leard said there are a number of things that could be contributing to her unemployment, like a depressed economy and a slump in the advertising industry. still, she believes being transgender is having an impact. 'i've never had to look for a job' "i've noticed that i haven't made it through first-round phone interviews, which is a new experience in my career. you're talking to someone, i've never had to look for a job. before i transitioned i never even had a resumé, it was just i was really good at what i did, people knew that and i got work, that's it. now i can't. it's just a different ball game." aine morse is co-chair of nova scotia's rainbow action project. morse says at least once a month people call the project saying they can't find work or have been fired because they began transitioning. (cbc) leard isn't alone. every month the nova scotia rainbow action project hears from people who have either been fired after starting their transition or weren't hired after applying for a job. "i hear routinely from folks who said, 'i was going to transition and i disclosed that to my employer and they fired me a week later.' that's really, really common," said aine morse, co-chair of the nova scotia rainbow action project. the group looks to promote equality for people of all sexual orientations and gender identities. 'many trans folks are involved with sex work' morse said there aren't any hard numbers on how many transgender people are unemployed in nova scotia, but estimates it could be in the hundreds. "folks end up looking where they can for income and many trans folks are involved with sex work. that's an important way for some trans folks to sustain their lives." employers need to start making their businesses more trans-inclusive, according to morse, and that will create a safe space for transgender workers. "i can honestly say to employers, if you have a trans-inclusive policy and you're willing to see someone and respect that person as a trans person you're going to make their life better. that's tangible. those benefits are really real in terms of lowering suicide risk." inclusive business there are businesses in halifax that are working to become more inclusive: pavia gallery espresso bar and café is leading that change. it already has trans-inclusive policies in its employees handbook. christopher webb is the co-owner of pavia. his business already has trans-inclusive policies in place for all its locations. (robert short/cbc) it contains guidelines for gender neutral uniforms, and reminders about not using gender specific pronouns like sir or ma'am. morse with the rainbow action project said that handbook only incorporated trans-inclusive policies after a prominent transgender community member was repeatedly mis-gendered and mistreated at the establishment. christopher webb and victoria foulger, co-owners of pavia, say they run an inclusive establishment. foulger said last year they had an incident where a person was mis-gendered. foulger said they sat down with that person and worked out a solution. other than that foulger said there have been no other problems. pavia then began working on more trans-inclusive policies. 'we try to create a good place to work' "we try to create a good place to work and i think that's the best thing you can do. so i guess the quick answer is you have to be open to bringing new people in," said webb. "have we lost business because someone came through and saw someone who was trans behind the counter and turned around and walked the other way? we might have. am i ok with that? am i ok with losing that business? absolutely." the province's public service commission said it's illegal to deny anyone a job based on their gender identity or sexual orientation. the department also said anyone who believes they were discriminated against can file a human rights complaint. 'am i going to get back on my feet?' leard and morse said many transgender people don't bother filing complaints because they feel it would be too difficult to prove they were fired or not hired because they are transgender. the province has also recently released guidelines to support trans and gender variant employees. it said those guidelines are available for any business to use. meanwhile, leard is surviving on freelance advertising work, and wonders if she'll ever be able to get her career back on track. "i still feel those little moments of insecurity that make me wonder am i going to get back on my feet? am i going to have a life again that is like the life i had before?" 'this isn't a choice' still she continues to hand out resumés hoping businesses will learn to be more accepting. "this isn't a choice that people make. this is something people are doing to save their lives, and when employers aren't supporting them they're compromising the health of those people." "they're becoming liable in the illness, in the depression, in the self-hatred, in the self-harming that comes with hiding in the closet. that's something employers need to realize. how much do you want to be involved in the hurting or the helping? that's something employers really need to think about." leard said before she transitioned she drank heavily and even contemplated suicide. she said despite the trouble finding work she doesn't regret her transition. "life is so much better now than it ever has been, even though i'm not working because i'm me. i'm really the person i was meant to be."

416 ʃɛrz ˈfeɪsˌbʊk tˈwɪtər ˈgugəl ˈtəmblər meɪl prɪnt ˈstudənts æt ə ˌmæsəˈʧusəts ˌjunəˈvərsəti ər biɪŋ θˈrɛtənd wɪθ ˈkæmpəs pəˈlis ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz ənd ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri sanctions”*” ɪf ðeɪ dɛr tɪ wɛr ˌhæləˈwin ˈkɑstumz ðət kʊd bi dimd ‘‘offensive.’*.’ əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ə ˈlɛtər sɛnt tɪ ðə ˈprɛzɪˌdɛnts əv frəˈtərnətiz ənd sərˈɔrətiz ɔn ˈkæmpəs æt təfts ˌjunəˈvərsəti, ˈbrəðərz ənd ˈsɪstərz hæv wɔrn ˈkɑstumz ðət əˈproʊpriˌeɪt ˈkəlʧərz ənd ˌriprəˈdus ˈstɛrioʊˌtaɪps ɔn reɪs, ˈʤɛndər, ˌsɛkʃuˈæləti, ˈɪməgrənt ər soʊˌsiˌoʊˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk status.”*.” rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tɪ ˈtræʤədi, ˈkɑntrəˌvərsi, ər ækts əv ˈvaɪələns ər ˈɔlsoʊ inappropriate,”*,” ðə ˈlɛtər steɪts. ɪz ɑr ˈmɪʃən tɪ prəˈmoʊt ˈspeɪsɪz ðət əˈlaʊ ˈmɛmbərz əv ðə təfts kəmˈjunɪti tɪ hæv fən wɪˈθaʊt ˈfilɪŋ ɛz ðoʊ ˈɛni pɑrt əv ðɛr aɪˈdɛntəˌti ɪz biɪŋ ˌmɪsrɛprɪˈzɛnɪd ər targeted.”*.” ðə ˈlɛtər wɔrnz ðət ər ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz fər ˈwɛrɪŋ ən əˈfɛnsɪv costume,”*,” ənd kwoʊts ðə din əv ˈstudənt əˈfɛrz, ˈmɛri pæt məkˈmæn, ɛz dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ ðə ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz ˈstudənts huz ˈækʃənz meɪk ˈəðərz ɪn ɑr kəmˈjunɪti fil θˈrɛtənd ər ənˈseɪf, ər hu dɪˈrɛkt ˈkɑndəkt təˈwɔrdz ˈəðərz ðət ɪz əˈfɛnsɪv ər discriminatory.”*.” ðiz ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz [ˈɔfəs əv ˈikwəl ˌɑpərˈtunəti] [təfts ˌjunəˈvərsəti pəˈlis dɪˈpɑrtmənt] investigation[s*] ənd ðɛn ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri sanctions…*… ðət kʊd rən ə waɪd ˈgæmət dɪˈpɛndɪŋ ɔn wət ɪz brɔt tɪ ɑr əˈtɛnʃən ənd ðə ˌɪmˈpækt əv ðiz ˈækʃənz ɔn others,”*,” əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈlɛtər. kəmˈpleɪnts wɪl rɪˈzəlt ɪn fʊl ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən baɪ ˌjunəˈvərsəti əˈfɪʃəlz ənd kʊd rɪˈzəlt ɪn ˈsɪriəs ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri ˈsæŋkʃənz θru ʤuˈdɪʃəl affairs,”*,” ðə ˈlɛtər meɪnˈteɪnz, ənd ðɛn ɪnˈkərəʤəz ˈstudənts tɪ rɪˈpɔrt iʧ ˈəðər ɪf ðeɪ ˈsəmˌwən hu ɪz ˈwɛrɪŋ ən ˌɪnəˈproʊpriɪt ənd əˈfɛnsɪv costume.”*.” saɪnd baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈtər grik ˈkaʊnsəl, ˌməltiˈkəlʧərəl grik ˈkaʊnsəl, ˈkaʊnsəl, ənd ˈkaʊnsəl, ðə ˈlɛtər ˈərʤɪz ˈstudənts tɪ rɪˈpɔrt ˈhɛrɛtɪks ˈviə tufts’*’ əv baɪəs, ˌɪnˈtɑlərəns, dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən heɪt rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ form.”*.” ɪn ə ˈsteɪtmənt meɪd ˈmənˌdeɪ tɪ ðə ˈkɑlɪʤ fɪks, ˈkæmpəs ˈspoʊksmən ˈpætrɪk ˈkɑlɪnz ˈspɛsəˌfaɪd ðət ˌjunəˈvərsəti dɪz nɑt hæv ə ˌhæləˈwin ˈkɑstum policy,”*,” bət hi ˈsteɪtɪd ðət ɪz ðə keɪs æt ˈɛni taɪm, ˈstudənts huz ˈækʃənz ər dɪˈskrɪmənəˌtɔri ər θˈrɛtən ˈəðərz kən feɪs ə reɪnʤ əv ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri sanctions.”*.” ɔn ðɛr ˈsɪriəsnəs, səʧ ˈækʃənz, wɪn kɔld tɪ ɑr əˈtɛnʃən, kən prɑmpt ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz baɪ ðə ˈɔfəs əv ðə din əv ˈstudənt əˈfɛrz, ðə ˈɔfəs əv ˈikwəl ˌɑpərˈtunəti ər, ɪn ˈsərtən ˈsərkəmˌstænsɪz, ðə təfts ˌjunəˈvərsəti pəˈlis department,”*,” ˈkɑlɪnz sɛd. ˈlɛtər wɑz ˈrɪtən baɪ ˈstudənts, fər ˈstudənts, tɪ ɪnˈkərəʤ ə ˈθɔtfəl ənd kənˈsɪdərət ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃən əv ˌhæləˈwin wɪˈθɪn ɑr dɪˈvərs ənd ˌɪnˈklusɪv community…*… wi kəˈmɛnd ðə ˈlidərz əv ɑr grik laɪf ˈkaʊnsɪlz fər ˌproʊˈæktɪvˌli ˈreɪzɪŋ ðiz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈɪʃuz wɪθ ðɛr ˈfɛloʊ pɑrˈtɪsəpənts ɪn grik laɪf ənd ɪnˈkərəʤɪŋ riˈspɑnsəbəl behavior.”*.” ðə ˈlɛtər wɑz fərst ˌriˈpɔrtəd ɔn baɪ təfts ˌjunəˈvərsəti ˈstudənt ənd ˈfaʊndər əv fri spiʧ ˈædvəkəsi grup ˈstudənts ˈædvəˌkeɪtɪŋ fər ˈstudənts, ʤeɪk ˈgoʊldbərg hu sɛd, ˈnoʊʃən ðət ðə ˈkæmpəs pəˈlis wɪl ˌɪnˈvɛstəˌgeɪt rɪˈpɔrts əv ˌɪnəˈproʊpriɪt ˈkɑstumz, ənd ðət səʧ ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz meɪ lɛd tɪ ˈdɪsəpləˌnɛri sanctions,’*,’ ɪz absurd.”*.” ðət ðə ˈstændərd əv gɪlt fər ə vaɪəˈleɪʃən əv ðɪs ˈpɑləsi rɪˈlaɪz ɔn ən ɪnˈtaɪərli səˈbʤɛktɪv ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən wɑz ðə kəmˈpleɪnənt offended?”*?” ˈgoʊldbərg sɛd, ɪz noʊ weɪ fər ˈstudənts rɪˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ ˌækjəˈzeɪʃənz əv səʧ ə vaɪəˈleɪʃən tɪ pruv ðɛr innocence.”*.” 416 ʃɛrz ˈfeɪsˌbʊk tˈwɪtər ˈgugəl ˈtəmblər meɪl prɪnt ˈvɪntɪʤ ˈstrætən kæmˈpeɪn ˈtrupər blu strɔ hæt 7 ʧɪn stræp goʊld bænd nu swɪs ˈəðər ˈfɔrən pəˈlis hæt kəˈlɛkʃən 43 hæts ənd rɛr ænˈtik koʊlt ˈfaɪˌrɑrmz aɪ ˌjərəgˈweɪən pəˈlis ˈɔfɪsər fʊl drɛs hæt kæp wɪθ rɛd pɔm pɔm ˈvɛri rɛr ˈləksəmˌbɔrg ʧif ˌɪnˈspɛktər pəˈlis 1920 ɪkˈstrimli rɛr hæt ˈkrimər

416 shares facebook twitter google reddit tumblr digg linkedin stumbleupon mail print students at a massachusetts university are being threatened with campus police investigations and “serious disciplinary sanctions” if they dare to wear halloween costumes that could be deemed ‘offensive.’ according to a letter sent to the presidents of fraternities and sororities on campus at tufts university, “greek brothers and sisters have worn costumes that appropriate cultures and reproduce stereotypes on race, gender, sexuality, immigrant or socioeconomic status.” “outfits relating to tragedy, controversy, or acts of violence are also inappropriate,” the letter states. “it is our mission to promote spaces that allow members of the tufts community to have fun without feeling as though any part of their identity is being misrepresented or targeted.” the letter warns that “there are consequences for wearing an offensive costume,” and quotes the dean of student affairs, mary pat mcmahon, as describing the consequences “for students whose actions make others in our community feel threatened or unsafe, or who direct conduct towards others that is offensive or discriminatory.” these consequences “include [office of equal opportunity] and/or [tufts university police department] investigation[s] and then disciplinary sanctions… that could run a wide gamut depending on what is brought to our attention and the impact of these actions on others,” according to the letter. “any complaints will result in full investigation by university officials and could result in serious disciplinary sanctions through judicial affairs,” the letter maintains, and then encourages students to report each other if they “encountered someone who is wearing an inappropriate and offensive costume.” signed by the inter greek council, multicultural greek council, interfraternity council, and panhellenic council, the letter urges students to report heretics via tufts’ “incidents of bias, intolerance, discrimination and/or hate reporting form.” in a statement made monday to the college fix, campus spokesman patrick collins specified that “tufts university does not have a halloween costume policy,” but he stated that “as is the case at any time, students whose actions are discriminatory or threaten others can face a range of disciplinary sanctions.” “depending on their seriousness, such actions, when called to our attention, can prompt investigations by the office of the dean of student affairs, the office of equal opportunity or, in certain circumstances, the tufts university police department,” collins said. “the letter was written by students, for students, to encourage a thoughtful and considerate celebration of halloween within our diverse and inclusive community… we commend the leaders of our greek life councils for proactively raising these important issues with their fellow participants in greek life and encouraging responsible behavior.” the letter was first reported on by tufts university student and founder of free speech advocacy group students advocating for students, jake goldberg – who said, “the notion that the campus police will investigate reports of inappropriate costumes, and that such investigations may lead to ‘serious disciplinary sanctions,’ is absurd.” “given that the standard of guilt for a violation of this policy relies on an entirely subjective evaluation – was the complainant offended?” goldberg said, “there is no way for students responding to accusations of such a violation to prove their innocence.” 416 shares facebook twitter google reddit tumblr digg linkedin stumbleupon mail print epn vintage stratton campaign trooper blue straw hat 7 7/8" chin strap gold band new $4999.0 swiss & other foreign police hat collection - 43 hats and rare $2590.0 antique colt firearms hat**antique gun**winchester**colt saa** $1750.0 ww i uruguayan police officer full dress kepi hat cap with red pom pom very rare $850.0 luxembourg chief inspector police 1920 extremely rare hat kepi kremer bertrang $800.0

(ˈsiˈɛˈnɛn) hɪz waɪt haʊs ɪn ə pərˈpɛʧuəl steɪt əv soʊp ˌɑpərˈætɪk ˈtərˌmɔɪl, ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈdɑnəld trəmp kʊd ˈvɛri wɛl ˈɛnər 2018 wɪˈθaʊt ə ˈsɪŋgəl ˈmeɪʤər ˈlɛʤəsˌleɪtɪv ˈvɪktəri tɪ hɪz neɪm. bət ˈoʊvər æt ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt əv ˈʤəstɪs, ɪts ə ˈvɛri ˈdɪfərənt ˈstɔri. waɪl trəmp meɪ bi, baɪ wərd əv ðə ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən, ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈpərsən ɪn ˈwɔʃɪŋtən, ɪt ɪz hɪz əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl, ʤɛf ˈsɛʃənz, hu həz ˈimərʤd ɛz wən əv ðə moʊst ˈpoʊtənt ˈivɪn ˈæftər trəmp ˈpəblɪkli ˈskoʊldɪd ɪm ˈoʊvər hɪz rɪˈkjuzəl frəm ðə ˈrəʃən ɪˈlɛkʃən ˈmɛdəlɪŋ ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən, ðɛn ɪkˈsprɛst rɪˈgrɛt ˈoʊvər hɪz ˌnɑməˈneɪʃən. bət wɛr trəmp həz feɪld tɪ roʊl bæk ˈfɔrmər ˈprɛzɪdənt ˈbɑrək ˌoʊˈbɑməz ˈsɪgnəʧər əˈʧivmənts ənd ˈpɑləsiz, ˈsɛʃənz, ˈəndər ðə ˈreɪˌdɑr ənd wɪˈθaʊt kənˈgrɛʃənəl æt hɪz fit, ɪz ɪˈreɪsɪŋ səm ˈəðərz wɪθ ˈstɑrtlɪŋ spid. ɪn noʊ ˌpɑˈtɪkjələr ˈɔrdər, ðə ˈsɛʃənz ˈʤəstɪs dɪˈpɑrtmənt həz: dɪˈrɛktɪd ˈfɛdərəl ˈprɑsɪˌkjutərz tɪ pərˈsu ðə ˈstɪfəst ˈpɑsəbəl ʧɑrʤ ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈsɪŋgəl ˈkrɪmənəl keɪs pəˈtɛnʃəli ˈtrɪgərɪŋ drəˈkoʊniən ˈmændəˌtɔri ˈmɪnəməm ˈsɛntənsɪz ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən traɪd tɪ əˈvɔɪd ɔn ˈfɛrnəs graʊnz fər nɑnˈvaɪələnt əˈfɛndərz. wɪθˈdrɔn ən ˌoʊˈbɑmə ædˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən dɪˈrɛktɪv ˈɔfərɪŋ prəˈtɛkʃənz fər ˈtrænzˈʤɛndər ˈstudənts hu ˈwɔntɪd tɪ juz ˈbɑθˌrumz ˌkɔrəˈspɑndɪŋ tɪ ðɛr ˈʤɛndər aɪˈdɛntəˌti. rɪˈvərst ən ˌoʊˈbɑmə ˈɔrdər ðət ðə ˈfɛdərəl ˈbjʊroʊ əv ˈprɪzənz bæk ɔf nu dilz wɪθ ˈpraɪvət fəˈsɪlɪtiz. "aɪ dɪˈrɛkt ðə ˈbjʊroʊ tɪ rɪˈtərn tɪ ɪts ˈpriviəs əˈproʊʧ," ˈsɛʃənz sɛd ɪn ə ˈmɛˌmoʊ ˈsaɪtɪŋ kənˈsərnz ðət ðə "fˈjuʧər nidz əv ðə ˈfɛdərəl kərˈɛkʃənəl ˈsɪstəm" wʊd bi "ˌɪmˈpɛrd." lɔnʧt ə ˈɛfərt tɪ rɪˈdus ˈfɛdərəl ˈoʊvərˌsaɪt əv ˈloʊkəl pəˈlis dɪˈpɑrtmənts, laɪk ðoʊz pʊt ˈəndər ˌɪnˈkrist ˈskrutəni ˈfɑloʊɪŋ ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃənz ˈɪntu əˈlɛʤd əˈbjuzɪz. ðə ˈdɛpjəti əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl ənd əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt əˈtərni ˈʤɛnərəl wər ˈɔrdərd tɪ ˌrivˈju lɑts əv θɪŋz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ɔl "ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪtɪd kənˈsɛnt dɪˈkriz." ɪn ə muv ˈkrɪtəˌsaɪzd baɪ ˈvoʊtɪŋ raɪts ˈædvəˌkeɪts, æst steɪt ɪˈlɛkʃən əˈfɪʃəlz ɪn ʤun tɪ leɪ aʊt ðɛr ˈprɑsɛsəz fər ˈpərʤɪŋ ˈvoʊtər roʊlz əv ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəlz hu hæv bɪˈkəm ˌɪˈnɛlɪʤəbəl du tɪ, əˈməŋ ˈəðər ˈrizənz, "dɛθ ər ʧeɪnʤ əv ˈrɛzɪdəns." ðɛn ɪn ˈɔgəst, ðə dɪˈpɑrtmənt ʧeɪnʤd kɔrs frəm ðə ˌoʊˈbɑmə jɪrz ənd ˈsaɪdɪd wɪθ oʊˈhaɪoʊ ɪn ɪts ˈɛfərts tɪ pərʤ steɪt ˈvoʊtər roʊlz. (noʊt: ðiz ˈækʃənz ər nɑt kəˈnɛktɪd tɪ ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz əv trəmps ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl ædˈvaɪzəri kəˈmɪʃən ɔn ɪˈlɛkʃən ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti.) pʊt ɪn pleɪs ə ˈpɑləsi ðət kʊd peɪv ðə weɪ fər ən ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ə ˈsərtən kaɪnd əv ˈsɪvəl ˈæˌsɛt ˈfɔrfəʧər, ə ˌkɑntrəˈvərʃəl ˈpræktɪs ɪn ðɪs keɪs ə ʤɔɪnt ˈfɛdərəl, steɪt ənd ˈloʊkəl ˈvərʒən ðət səm dɪˈpɑrtmənts wər əˈkjuzd əv ˈjuzɪŋ tɪ gɪt əraʊnd steɪt lɔ ðət əˈlaʊz pəˈlis tɪ siz ˈməni ər ˈprɑpərti frəm ˈsəˌspɛkts hu ˈhævənt bɪn kənˈvɪktəd əv ə kraɪm. (ðə sɪz ɪt həz pʊt nu ˈseɪfˌgɑrdz ɪn pleɪs tɪ prɪˈvɛnt əˈbjuz.) rɛd mɔr

(cnn) his white house in a perpetual state of soap operatic turmoil, president donald trump could very well enter 2018 without a single major legislative victory to his name. but over at the department of justice, it's a very different story. while trump may be, by word of the constitution, the most powerful person in washington, it is his attorney general, jeff sessions, who has emerged as one of the most potent -- even after trump publicly scolded him over his recusal from the russian election meddling investigation, then expressed regret over his nomination. but where trump has failed to roll back former president barack obama's signature achievements and policies, sessions, under the radar and without congressional tripwires at his feet, is erasing some others with startling speed. in no particular order, the sessions justice department has: directed federal prosecutors to pursue the stiffest possible charge in every single criminal case -- potentially triggering draconian mandatory minimum sentences the obama administration tried to avoid on fairness grounds for non-violent offenders. withdrawn an obama administration directive offering protections for transgender students who wanted to use bathrooms corresponding to their gender identity. reversed an obama doj order that the federal bureau of prisons back off new deals with private facilities. "i direct the bureau to return to its previous approach," sessions said in a memo citing concerns that the "future needs of the federal correctional system" would be "impaired." launched a broad-based effort to reduce federal oversight of local police departments, like those put under increased scrutiny following investigations into alleged abuses. the deputy attorney general and associate attorney general were ordered to review lots of things, including all "contemplated consent decrees." in a move criticized by voting rights advocates, asked state election officials in june to lay out their processes for purging voter rolls of individuals who have become ineligible due to, among other reasons, "death or change of residence." then in august, the department changed course from the obama years and sided with ohio in its efforts to purge state voter rolls. (note: these actions are not connected to the activities of trump's controversial presidential advisory commission on election integrity.) put in place a policy that could pave the way for an increase in a certain kind of civil asset forfeiture, a controversial practice -- in this case a joint federal, state and local version that some departments were accused of using to get around state law -- that allows police to seize money or property from suspects who haven't been convicted of a crime. (the doj says it has put new safeguards in place to prevent abuse.) read more

ə ˈmɪsɪŋ ˈflæʃɪŋ livz ˈtɪmbər ɪkˈspoʊzd ɔn ðə rʊf əv ðɪs haʊs, əˈlaʊɪŋ ˈwɔtər ɪn. ə ˈkaʊnsəl ˈbɪldɪŋ ˌɪnˈspɛktər ˈjuzɪz ə ˈspɪrɪt ˈlɛvəl tɪ ʃoʊ haʊ fɑr aʊt ðɪs wɔl ɪz. ðə ˈkaʊnsəl leɪd ə kəmˈpleɪnt wɪθ ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ bɔrd əˈbaʊt ðɪs saɪt 48 ˈtrəˌkloʊdz əv ˈmɛtəl hæd tɪ bi brɔt ɪn tɪ səˈpɔrt ðə haʊs əˈbəv. ðə læk əv səˈpɔrtɪŋ faʊnˈdeɪʃənz ˈəndər ðɪs ˈmeɪsənri wɔl ɪz dɪˈstərbɪŋ, ðə ˈkaʊnsəl sɪz. ðɪs gɪb həz bɪn sɪˈkjʊrd wɪθ neɪlz, dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz ɔn haʊ tɪ fɪt ɪt ˈprɑpərli laɪɪŋ ˈnɪrˈbaɪ. ðɛr ɪz ˈnəθɪŋ fər ðə boʊlts əv ðɪs stil ˈpɔrtəl freɪm tɪ bi sɪˈkjʊrd ˈɪntu. ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən ˈhoʊldɪŋ əp ðə poʊst əv ðɪs haʊs həz bɪn hækt əˈweɪ. ˈkaʊnsəl ˈbɪldɪŋ ˌɪnˈspɛktərz toʊld ðə dɪˈvɛləpər əv ðɪs ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl saɪt tɪ rɪp daʊn ðɪs səbˈstændərd ˈmeɪsənri blɑk wɔl ənd stɑrt əˈgɛn. ðə stil ˈpɔrtəl əv ðɪs haʊs həz bɪn pækt wɪθ ənˈtritɪd ˈtɪmbər tɪ ˈlɛvəl ɪt. ðə stil ˈfreɪmɪŋ əv ə haʊs ˈboʊltɪd tɪ ˈnəθɪŋ ənd ə saɪt wɪʧ feɪld 19 aʊt əv 27 ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz ər ðə kaɪnz əv ˈhɔrər ˈstɔriz ˈɑklənd ˈbɪldɪŋ əˈfɪʃəlz kəm əˈkrɔs ˈɛvəri deɪ. ˈɑklənd ˈkaʊnsəl ɪz ˈfeɪlɪŋ əraʊnd 30 pər sɛnt əv ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz ɛz ðə ˈsɪti ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz ən ɪkˈstɛndɪd ˈbɪldɪŋ bum. ðə səbˈstændərd wərk hɪz tim kəmz əˈkrɔs ɪz "ˈfrəˌstreɪtɪŋ", ˈmænɪʤər ˈbɪldɪŋ kənˈtroʊl ˈiən məˈkɔrmɪk sɛd. æt wən saɪt ðə stil ˈfreɪmɪŋ ˈhoʊldɪŋ əp ə haʊs wɑz ˈwaɪdər ðən ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən ɪt ˈrɛstɪd ɔn ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr nɑt ˈboʊltɪd tɪ ˈɛniˌθɪŋ. rɛd mɔr: ˈɑklənd ˈkaʊnsəl ˈfeɪsɪz rɪˈpɛr bɪl tɪ nu ˈhɛdˌkɔrtərz ˈʃɑdi ˈbɪldɪŋ ˈpræktɪsɪz raɪf ɪn ˈɑklənd ˈvɪdioʊz əv ˈbɪldɪŋ ˈhɔrər ˈstɔriz noʊ səˈpraɪz æt əˈnəðər ðə ˈfreɪmɪŋ hæd bɪn ˈlɛvəld baɪ ˈpækɪŋ ənˈtritɪd ˈtɪmbər ˈəndər ɪt. "ðə ˈpərsən hu dɪd ðət wɑz ən ˈɪˌdiət," məˈkɔrmɪk sɛd. ðiz sɔrts əv ˈɛrərz ʃʊd bi pɪkt əp baɪ ðə ˈlaɪsənst ˈbɪldɪŋ prækˈtɪʃənər ˈoʊvərˌsiɪŋ ðə ʤɑb, bət ˈmɛni wər ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn ˈməltəpəl saɪts æt wəns, hi sɛd. "ðɛrz ˈpipəl aʊt ðɛr hu θɪŋk wi (ðə ˈkaʊnsəl) prəˈvaɪd kˈwɑləti kənˈtroʊl ɔn ðə job…*… ɪn ˈækʧəwəl fækt ɪts ðə dɪˈzaɪnər ənd ɪts ðə ˈbɪldərz fɔlt, ɪts ðɛr riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti." ˈkaʊnsəl ˌɪnˈspɛktərz hæd ðə əˈbɪləˌti tɪ ʃət daʊn ə ʤɑb ənd meɪk ðə dɪˈvɛləpər du rɪˈmidiəl wərk. æt wən ˈprɑpərti wɛr ə ˈtɛmpərˌɛri rɪˈteɪnɪŋ wɔl hæd nɑt bɪn bɪlt ɛz rikˈwaɪərd, ðə ˈkaʊnsəl ˈɔrdərd ðət 48 ˈtrəˌkloʊdz əv məˈtɪriəl bi brɔt ɪn tɪ meɪk ʃʊr ðə ˈneɪbərɪŋ haʊs ˈdɪdənt kəˈlæps. bət wəns ðə rɪˈmidiəl wərk wɑz dən ðə ˈbɪldər kʊd kənˈtɪnju ˈwərkɪŋ ɔn ðə ˈprɑʤɛkt ənd pəˈtɛnʃəli feɪl ˈfərðər ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz. "ənˈfɔrʧənətli wi kænt ʤɪst seɪ, 'lʊk juv gɑt noʊ aɪˈdiə wət jʊr duɪŋ, ʤɪst stɑp ənd goʊ əˈweɪ'." ˈhævɪŋ tɪ du rɪˈpitɪd ˌɪnˈspɛkʃənz səkt ˈrisɔrsɪz, məˈkɔrmɪk sɛd. ɪt wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ə kənˈsərn ðət ˈkaʊnsəl əˈfɪʃəlz wʊd nɑt pɪk əp ˈɛvəri ˈditeɪl. ən ˌɪnˈspɛktər ˈhæpənd tɪ ˈnoʊtɪs ðət ˈflæʃɪŋ nɪr ðə rʊf əv wən haʊs wɑz ˈmɪsɪŋ, ˈminɪŋ ˈwɔtər wʊd gɪt ɪn ənd ˈdæmɪʤ ðə ˈtɪmbər. ɔn əˈnəðər ˈprɑʤɛkt ə ˈkɑmənli juzd gɪb hæd bɪn əˈtæʧt wɪθ ʤɪst ə fju neɪlz, ˈrəðər ðən ðə rikˈwaɪərd skruz. ðə ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz ʃoʊɪŋ haʊ tɪ du ɪt ˈprɑpərli wər laɪɪŋ ˈnɪrˈbaɪ. ðət wən ˈɪnsədənt ɪn ˌɪtˈsɛlf wʊd nɑt ˌnɛsəˈsɛrəli kɔz ə ˈprɑbləm, məˈkɔrmɪk sɛd. "bət ə ˈpərsən hu dɪz ðət wəns ɪz goʊɪŋ tɪ du ɪt ɛz ˈɔfən ɛz hi filz hi nidz tɪ." ðə ˈhɔrər ˈstɔriz wərənt ˌɪnˈdɪkətɪv əv ðə kˈwɑləti əv ˈbɪldərz əˈkrɔs ðə bɔrd, ənd ɪn səm ˈɪnstənsɪz ɪt kʊd bi ə keɪs əv ə ˈkɑmpətɪnt prækˈtɪʃənər ˈgɪtɪŋ ˈbɪzi ənd ˈhaɪrɪŋ səbˈkɑntræktərz ðeɪ ˈdɪdənt ˈnɔrməli juz, hi sɛd. ðə ˈkaʊnsəl wɑz ˈwərkɪŋ wɪθ ˈɪndəstri ˈbɑdiz tɪ lɪft ˈstændərdz. ɪt hæd ə stæf ˈmɛmbər ˈwərkɪŋ fʊl taɪm ɔn kəmˈpleɪnts tɪ ðə ˈlaɪsənst ˈbɪldɪŋ prækˈtɪʃənərz (lbp*) bɔrd, ənd wɑz ˈlʊkɪŋ æt ˈhaɪrɪŋ əˈnəðər. bət ðə rəˈʒim wɑz ɪn ɪts ˈɪnfənsi ənd aɪˈdili ðə ˈkaʊnsəl wʊd laɪk tɪ si ə ˈræŋkɪŋ əv ˈbɪldərz, wɪθ ðoʊz ˈgeɪnɪŋ ðə tɔp ˈstætəs rikˈwaɪərɪŋ lɛs ˈoʊvərˌsaɪt, məˈkɔrmɪk sɛd.

a missing flashing leaves timber exposed on the roof of this house, allowing water in. a council building inspector uses a spirit level to show how far out this wall is. the council laid a complaint with the licenced building practioners board about this site - 48 truckloads of metal had to be brought in to support the house above. the lack of supporting foundations under this masonry wall is disturbing, the council says. this gib handibrac has been secured with nails, despite the instructions on how to fit it properly lying nearby. there is nothing for the bolts of this steel portal frame to be secured into. the foundation holding up the post of this two-storey house has been hacked away. council building inspectors told the developer of this residential site to rip down this substandard masonry block wall and start again. the steel portal of this two-storey house has been packed with untreated timber to level it. the steel framing of a two-storey house bolted to nothing and a site which failed 19 out of 27 inspections are the kinds of horror stories auckland building officials come across every day. auckland council is failing around 30 per cent of inspections as the city experiences an extended building boom. the substandard work his team comes across is "frustrating", manager building control ian mccormick said. at one site the steel framing holding up a house was wider than the foundation it rested on and therefore not bolted to anything. read more: * auckland council faces $27m repair bill to new headquarters * shoddy building practices rife in auckland * videos of building horror stories no surprise at another the framing had been levelled by packing untreated timber under it. "the person who did that was an idiot," mccormick said. these sorts of errors should be picked up by the licensed building practitioner overseeing the job, but many were working on multiple sites at once, he said. "there's people out there who think we (the council) provide quality control on the job… in actual fact it's the designer and it's the builder's fault, it's their responsibility." council inspectors had the ability to shut down a job and make the developer do remedial work. at one property where a temporary retaining wall had not been built as required, the council ordered that 48 truckloads of material be brought in to make sure the neighbouring house didn't collapse. but once the remedial work was done the builder could continue working on the project and potentially fail further inspections. "unfortunately we can't just say, 'look you've got no idea what you're doing, just stop and go away'." having to do repeated inspections sucked resources, mccormick said. it was also a concern that council officials would not pick up every detail. an inspector happened to notice that flashing near the roof of one house was missing, meaning water would get in and damage the timber. on another project a commonly used gib handibrac had been attached with just a few nails, rather than the required screws. the instructions showing how to do it properly were lying nearby. that one incident in itself would not necessarily cause a problem, mccormick said. "but a person who does that once is going to do it as often as he feels he needs to." the horror stories weren't indicative of the quality of builders across the board, and in some instances it could be a case of a competent practitioner getting busy and hiring subcontractors they didn't normally use, he said. the council was working with industry bodies to lift standards. it had a staff member working full time on complaints to the licensed building practitioners (lbp) board, and was looking at hiring another. but the lbp regime was in its infancy and ideally the council would like to see a ranking of builders, with those gaining the top status requiring less oversight, mccormick said.

ˈtaɪni ˈbəbəl hɛmp ənd laɪm ˈʃɛltərz ɪn fræns. ðɪs ɪz wən əv ðə ˈmɛni ˈtaɪni hɛmp ənd laɪm ˈbəbəl ˈʃɛltərz dɪˈzaɪnd ənd bɪlt baɪ ˈædəm. ˈæftər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈsɪmpəl ˌʤiəˈdɛsɪk taɪp ˈtɪmbər freɪm, hɛmp ər strɔ ɪz ˈkoʊtɪd ɪn ə laɪm ənd sænd ˈmɪksʧər ənd ˈɔntu ðə freɪm ˈlivɪŋ ˈplɛnti əv skoʊp fər ɑrˈtɪstɪk ˌkrieɪˈtɪvəti. ə smɔl tim kən bɪld ə ˈbəbəl ˈʃɛltər ɪn əˈbaʊt tu wiks. ə ˌtɛləˈvɪʒən ˈɪntərvˌju ənd tʊr wɪθ: si ˈvɪdioʊ ˈbətən əˈbəv ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ ðə ˈvɪdioʊ (əˈbəv ɪn frɛnʧ) wɛr gɪvz ə tʊr əv hər hoʊmz. ju kən steɪ ɪn səm əv ˈbəbəl hoʊmz tɪ ˌdɪˈsaɪd ɪf ðɪs taɪp əv ˈʃɛltər ɪz ˈsəmθɪŋ ju wʊd laɪk tɪ bɪld. ʃi bɪldz ðɛm əp tɪ 13ft*) ɪn daɪˈæmətər ənd ˈsəmˌtaɪmz ʤɔɪnz ðɛm təˈgɛðər fər ə ˈlɑrʤər speɪs. ðɪs meɪ nɑt bi ˈsəmθɪŋ fər ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ˈpərmɑˌnɛnˌtli bət ɪt kən bi juzd ɛz ə ˈtaɪni beɪs ˈʃɛltər waɪl ə mɔr ˈpərmɑˌnɛnt ˈnæʧərəl hoʊm ɪz bɪlt. klɪk ðə ˈbətənz (lɛft) fər ˌɪnˈsaɪd ənd ˈaʊtˈsaɪd vjuz əv ðɪs hoʊm ðə sˈmɔləst əv ðiz ˈtaɪni hoʊmz kən kɔst ɛz ˈlɪtəl ɛz 500 ˈjʊrə 520 ɪn fækt ə hoʊm laɪk ðɪs kʊd læst ə ˈdɛkeɪd ɪf ðə laɪm ʃɛl ɪz θɪk ɪˈnəf ənd kərˈɛktli mɪkst. oʊn ˈbəbəl ˈʃɛltər ɪz ˈsɛvən jɪrz oʊld ənd ˈhoʊldɪŋ əp wɛl. twit