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The term “cauliflower ear” refers to a deformity that is directly caused by trauma to the ear. Blunt force trauma is the most common type of trauma to cause this deformity, which is why athletes who are involved in physical contact sports are typically the most commonly affected by cauliflower ear. Cauliflower ear is best described as the bumpy, thick appearance of the ear. Blunt trauma to the ear can lead to a blockage that prevents blood flow to the entire ear and damages the tissue causing cauliflower ear. While repeated hits to the ear (think boxing matches) is the most common cause of cauliflower ear, any type of trauma or infection to the ear can be a cause: a car accident where the side of the head or ear was hit, a fall, or an infection to the ear lobe that caused a growth that blocked the blood flow. While prevention is possible for those participating in contact sports by wearing the correct protective headgear, unforeseen accidents and repeated injuries can result in cauliflower ear. The initial symptoms of this ear condition are similar to the symptoms that would be common with blunt trauma elsewhere on the body. Swelling, bruising, discoloration, and a shriveled up appearance are common and should not be ignored. It is important that people who wish to have treatment for cauliflower ear turn to an expert surgeon. Dr. Maurice Khosh is an experienced facial plastic surgeon with distinguished expertise in ear procedures. Dr. Khosh can repair cauliflower ear by grafting or shaving cartilage and restoring the ear to its natural shape and form. While cauliflower ear can be quite unsightly, it can also be a very painful condition. Blood flow that is cut off from the ear or that forms into a hematoma needs to be drained in order to reduce inflammation and prevent infection. Cauliflower ear can also lead to hearing loss if it goes untreated, making this condition serious enough that it warrants specific treatment. If you or someone you know suffers from cauliflower ear, please contact Dr. Maurice Khosh in New York for advanced otoplasty techniques to restore the beauty and function of your ear.

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Definition - What does Buddha mean? Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born into a royal family about 2,500 years ago. His father was King Shuddhodhana, ruler of Kapilavastu (now a part of Nepal). Buddha's birthname was Siddhartha Gautama. The name, Siddhartha, is a combination of two Sanskrit roots: siddha, meaning "achieved," and artha, meaning "what was sought after." Hence, it means "he who has achieved his goals." Upon attaining enlightenment, Siddhartha came to be known as Buddha, which means "The Awakened One." Though Buddha is not directly involved in yoga philosophy, both Buddhism and spiritual yoga practice share the goal of enlightenment and spiritual liberation. Many yogis will practice Buddhism in conjunction with their yoga practice. Yogapedia explains Buddha Siddhartha was inspired by an ascetic who was on the path to spiritual liberation. At 29 years old, he left his palace, his wife and his child to find out how to overcome suffering, or duhkha. He practiced different forms of meditation and underwent fasts with not even water drink. After arriving at Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha sat under a fig tree and decided to remain there until his questions were answered. After several days of deep concentration, fasting and mindful meditation, Siddhartha found the answer. He understood how to relieve suffering. Upon attaining enlightenment when he was 35 years old, Siddhartha came to be known as Buddha. The tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment is called the Bodhi tree. Following his enlightenment, Buddha came up with and preached the Four Noble Truths to his disciples: - The truth of suffering - The truth of the cause of suffering - The truth of the end of suffering - The truth of the path leading to the end of suffering This fourth truth refers to the Noble Eightfold Path, which is considered the heart of Buddhist practice. It is also referred to as the middle path. To achieve enlightenment, one must follow these eight disciplines: - Right understanding - Right thought - Right speech - Right action - Right livelihood - Right effort - Right mindfulness - Right concentration Buddhism and yoga are similar in many ways. Both aim at developing compassion, spiritual enlightenment and liberation. Both consider dharma to be the fundamental law of the universe. Both perceive karma as the cause behind a human's rebirth. They also both work to liberate the practitioner from struggle and worldly suffering. For this reason, yogic practitioners follow the path of Buddha and some Buddhists practice yoga.

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EPISODE 246: Can Kids Learn Mindfulness? with Susan Kaiser Greenland Prefer to download? Download Children around the world are suffering from learning, development, and behavioral problems at record rates. Mindfulness can be taught as a secular way to train the mind and body to assist our youth. Mind-body wellness is typically something we explore as adults, but it’s never too early to start, and the sooner and the better. Our guest this week is an expert on teaching mindfulness to young people, and for any parent, educator, or soon-to-be caregiver, this is a must-listen. What You’ll Learn: - How mindfulness can be described as a quality of intention, balance and compassion as we navigate through life - Or as a stance of attention where we not where our intention and state-of-mind is in real time - Why social and emotional learning in schools can be a great help in working through some of the bigger problems with developing children - How secular mindful practices can be quickly and openly adopted in school systems - Why it’s important to take a few deliberate breaths before you leave the house, say goodbye, start or end your day - How to have kids identify the eye color of friends, teachers, and you so that it acts as a forcing function for concentration ABOUT OUR GUEST She was a co-investigator in a multi-year, multi-site research study at UCLA’s Mindful Awareness Research Center/Semel Institute on the impact of mindfulness in education. She has spoken at the Mind & Life Institute; the University of California at Los Angeles; the University of Massachusetts; the University of Kansas; Columbia University; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; San Diego Children’s Hospital; the Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California; the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies in Barre, Massachusetts; the National University of Singapore; Mahidol University, in Bangkok; Casa Tibet, in Mexico, and many other prestigious institutes in the United States and abroad. Her work has been covered by The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, USA Today, National Public Radio, various yoga journals, and CBS Morning News. Links & Resources: - Caffeinated Tea Like the Show? - Leave us a Review on iTunes Thanks to Our Sponsor: TAKE THE NEXT STEP! Join Absolute Yoga’s 200-Hour Hot Yoga Alliance accredited course in beautiful Koh Samui, Thailand. Sign up now and get an early discount!. This training is for: - Serious students who want to teach - Passionate yoga practitioners - Students who want to share hot yoga with the world Next course starts in October!

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Weaving Structure & Image 2 Weaving is an ancient and fundamental process used through out the world to produce clothing, shelter, ritual items, and objects of self-expression. In this intensive hands-on class students learn the basic techniques of cloth weaving and explore the ways in which this medium can be used to express personal content and conceptual meaning. This class specifically focuses on the interplay of structure and image in the woven surface. Unlike the applied imagery achieved through painting or printing, the interaction of multiple threads allows for a structural approach to imagery that can produce subtle, yet visceral results. Techniques include image-making techniques: hand-painted warps, pick-up, double cloth, and woven structures for dimensional surfaces. Students learn to create innovative weave structures using the computer design program, WeaveMaker Pro.

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In November of 1820, a seafaring expedition went all wrong when a whale repeatedly attacked and sank the whaling ship the Essex. The young captain, George Pollard Jr. and the crew were stranded on three 20-foot boats for months. A few of them survived. Pollard had told the full story to fellow captains over a dinner shortly after his rescue and to a missionary named George Bennet, and to Bennet it seemed like a confession. Certainly, it was grim: 92 days and sleepless nights at sea in a leaking boat with no food, his surviving crew going mad beneath the unforgiving sun, eventual cannibalism and the harrowing fate of two teenage boys, including Pollard’s first cousin, Owen Coffin. “But I can tell you no more—my head is on fire at the recollection,” Pollard told him. “I hardly know what I say.” The story of the Essex crew inspired Herman Melville to write a novel about a whale hunter, which was not well received and only sold a few thousand copies in his lifetime. Read the whole story at Smithsonian's Past Imperfect blog. Link

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Researchers at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University have developed a new low-cost method for reducing arsenic in paddy field soils. The interdepartmental research project involved students from Environmental Science and Biological Sciences, including two undergraduate students. “Rice is a very important crop, and is the main staple food for more than half of the world’s population,” explained PhD student Williamson Gustave (pictured above, left). “However,” he continued, “rice consumption poses a health risk as most paddy fields are contaminated with harmful heavy metals such as arsenic, and because of this many contaminated paddy fields are being abandoned, since the removal of heavy metals from soil is difficult and costly.” Gustave and his team have devised a low-cost and effective method to remediate arsenic in paddy fields, employing soil microbial fuel cells to simultaneously reduce arsenic and produce electricity. “The electricity produced by the fuel cells can be used to power small devices, such as sensors for environmental monitoring in remote areas,” Gustave explained. Their method is detailed in a paper, entitled ‘Arsenic mitigation in paddy soils by using microbial fuel cells’, published in Environmental Pollution, one of the top journals for environmental science research. Experiments were mainly performed in the Environmental Science labs at XJTLU, and involved a field trip to an arsenic-contaminated paddy field in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province (pictured above), through a collaboration with Dr Jun Zhang, associate professor at Nanjing Agricultural University. The interdisciplinary project, funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, was supervised by chemist Dr Zheng Chen, and co-supervised by Dr Sekar Raju, an environmental microbiologist. Zhaofeng Yuan, PhD student, was second author on the paper, and undergraduate students Yuxiang Ren and Jinjinyuan Liu were co-authors. By Danny Abbasi; photos provided by Williamson Gustave For more information about the departments of Biological Sciences and Environmental Science, including programmes of study, visit their official webpages.

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Winter means wet, cold and in some places freezing weather. The most important practice to combat Mother Nature during the winter months is planning. Keep up to date with weather reports in your immediate area, if snow or ice is predicted, plan to leave earlier or arrive later. Always put safety first: When traveling on icy roads, slow down, increase following distance, and avoid any changes in speed or direction. If chain laws are active, consider finding a safe place to park until restrictions are lifted and roads are cleared. - Consider your load. If you are empty or hauling a light load (20,000 pounds or less) your stopping distance will increase and your stability will decrease: NHTSA - Be aware of fast-freezing road surfaces like bridges and overpasses: Icy Road Safety - Wait out the weather at a truck stop, parking lot or rest area. - Be sure to inform the agent and customer when stuck in a weather delay. Know your equipment: There are many factors that affect a skid; including speed, road surface, tires, wind speed, weight and the load’s center of balance. Follow these links for more tips and information on driving during winter weather: - National Safety Council: National Safety Council - Chain Laws, American Trucking Association: American Trucking Association - Truck Snow Chains: Snow Chains - Smart Trucking: Smart Trucking Follow this checklist to prepare for winter driving: - Always perform a pre-trip inspection before leaving. - Check windshield wiper blades to ensure they work properly. - Check tire pressure; under or over inflation can reduce the tires gripping action. - Scrape ice and snow from every window, exterior mirrors and the hood of the truck. - Always use safety belts, both lap and shoulder straps. - Always drive with your lights on, low beams are often more effective than high beams in heavy fog or snow. - Keep the fuel tank at least half-full; the extra volume can reduce moisture problems with in a fuel system and adds extra weight to the vehicle making the truck less susceptible to high wind gusts. - Stop often in safe areas to make sure snow and ice does not accumulate on the tractor, trailer or exterior lights. - Drive slowly, remember posted speed limits identify the maximum speed allowed in ideal weather conditions. Law enforcement can write citations to drivers if weather conditions warrant a slower speed. - Never be a “sitting duck,” remember, Landstar does not allow parking on the side of any road or interstate unless it’s a true emergency. - Be alert to other drivers, anticipate vehicles coming from side streets and increase following distances. - Don’t use a cellular phone or a hands free device to make a call when driving in ice or snow. Even with hands-free options, driving during inclement weather should be done with no distractions. Additional sources for winter driving safety: American Trucking Association, Snow Removal Laws by state: American Trucking Association Winter Driving 101: Trucks & Winter Driving Join the Landstar Safety Thursday Conference Call on the third Thursday of every month at 12 p.m. (noon) ET, dial 877-717-5921.

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This week’s question comes to us from Dan in Oregon: What is the difference between 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm Coax? Hi Dan, thank you for this excellent question. This topic comes up quite frequently because a vast majority of electronics manufacturers fail to adequately explain the difference between the two types of coax and precisely why their equipment needs one type over the other. I will try my best to define some of the most critical concepts regarding coaxial cable technology — no engineering background required 🙂 First, we need to define what an Ohm is and what exactly it measures. An Ohm is a unit of resistance — that is the resistance to the flow of electrical current through a circuit. In the most basic applications, where we are dealing with DC or Direct Current electricity, such as that from a typical 12-volt car battery, we are measuring the resistance in Ohms. However, the second we try and send AC or Alternating Current through a circuit, we are no longer measuring resistance, we are measuring impedance. Alternating Current (AC) is more complex because it is not merely the magnitude (relative strength) of the signal that is being assessed, but the phase of the signal as well. An AC signal (waveform) is constantly switching its phase between negative and positive a certain number of times per second. For regular 120-volt house electricity, it changes phase 60 times per second. This is often abbreviated as 60 Hz. The complex relationship between this magnitude and phase means that an AC circuit’s impedance consists of 3 essential components that are resisting the flow of the alternating electrical current. The first is resistance, which we just mentioned. The second two components are comprised of the circuit’s inductance and capacitance. Inductance essentially measures voltage(s) that are induced (created) in the circuit from the electrical current’s magnetic field. Capacitance effectively measures the electric charge that is stored in the circuit from the presence of these voltage(s). The combination of the circuit’s inductance and capacitance together is called reactance. It’s not just household power that operates using AC — practically everything in our tech-driven society uses Alternating Current in the form of Radio Frequency (RF) energy. Your favorite AM radio station operates at a frequency of around 1 MegaHertz (MHz) or 1-million cycles per second. Your cell phone may operate at 900 MHz or 900-million cycles per second. To properly transmit these high-frequency RF signals, you have to have a medium of some sort that can deal with the complex interaction of resistance, inductance and capacitance. In most cases, we utilize coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is comprised of three main components. In the middle of the coaxial cable is what is known as the center conductor. It can be made of either solid or stranded wire and is typically a mix of Aluminum and Copper. Surrounding the center conductor is something called the dielectric. The dielectric acts as a buffer of sorts to keep the center conductor isolated and straight. It usually is comprised of some blend of plastic and/or foam. Finally, on the outside of the dielectric is the coaxial cable’s shield, which is usually a combination of Copper and Aluminum foil and/or wire braid. The shield is then coated by something like PVC to insulate it from the environment. |Coaxial Cable Cutaway (Source: Wikipedia)| Now, not all coaxial cable is created equal and that is where the coaxial cable impedance comes into play. It is the coaxial cable’s physical characteristics that will determine its impedance. According to Wikipedia, “The characteristic impedance of the coaxial cable (in Ohms) is determined by the dielectric constant of the inner insulator and the radii of the inner and outer conductors.” The cutaway drawing above is helpful in visualizing these characteristics. With these details in mind, over time, the industry settled on two characteristic coaxial cable impedances for the vast majority of applications (>90%): 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm. First, let’s look at 50 Ohm Coaxial Cables. Experimentation in the early 20th century determined that the best POWER HANDLING capability could be achieved by using 30 Ohm Coaxial Cable, whereas the lowest signal ATTENUATION (LOSS) could be achieved by using 77 Ohm Coaxial Cable. However, there are few dielectric materials suitable for use in a coaxial cable to support 30 Ohm impedance. Thus, 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable was selected as the ideal compromise; offering high power handling AND low attenuation characteristics. With 50 Ohm Coaxial Cables being the best compromise solution, practically any application that demands high power handling capacity, i.e. 100 watts or more, will use 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable. A good rule of thumb is that any device that functions as a transmitter or transceiver tends to use 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable. This includes devices such as CB/Ham Radios, Broadcast Radio/TV Transmitters, Wi-Fi and Cellular Phone Repeaters and 2-Way Radios (Walkie Talkies). At Amphenol Cables on Demand (www.CablesOnDemand.com), we offer a plethora of 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable solutions. RG-58 Coaxial Cable is perhaps our most popular “gold standard” 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable product, because it provides acceptable performance for most applications at a very low price. Our next most popular is RG-174 Coaxial Cable. RG174 is great because it is so thin, i.e. 1/8th of an inch, allowing it to be used in real tight spaces such as feeding a GPS navigation antenna into a vehicle. For customers that want the absolute highest power handling capacity (1000 watts or greater), RG-213 Coaxial Cable is the way to go. RG213 is our thickest coaxial cable at nearly half an inch. For unique situations in which the cables must withstand extreme temperatures (i.e. up to 200 degrees Celcius), such as military and aerospace applications, we offer PTFE Teflon insulated coaxial cable products like RG-188 Coaxial Cables and RG-316 Coaxial Cables. These high-temperature coaxial cable offerings can handle extreme swings in temperature time and time again, such as those experienced when a plane takes off, ascends to 30,000 feet and then descends to land repeatedly. However, not every case warrants high power handling, so 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable is not appropriate for every application. When the objective is to ensure that the signal gets through the cable in the most efficient way possible, losing very little signal strength in the process, 75 Ohm Coaxial Cable is the way to go. A good rule of thumb is that if the device being connected via coaxial cable is a receiver of some kind, 75 Ohm Coax is ideal. This includes devices such as Satellite and Cable TV Receiver Boxes, High Definition Televisions, AM/FM Radio Receivers and Police Scanners. Another interesting application for 75 Ohm Coaxial Cable isCoaxial Digital Audio. This is the orange or black colored RCA jack commonly seen on HDTV’s, BluRay Disc Players and other Home Theater Gear. It is sometimes labeled as S/PDIF Out. It transfers the 5.1 Channel Dolby Digital Surround Sound signal to the home theater system for decoding and playback into the various speakers. Digital signals generally look like a square wave instead of the typical sine wave seen with analog signals like AC power or analog radio/TV. The so-called “enemy” of a square wave digital signal is capacitance (remember this one?). This is because increased capacitance tends to “store” the peaks of the square waves, skewing the shape of the square to look more like a straight line. When this happens, the receiver has trouble reconstructing the signal after it has traveled down the coax. Technically 93 Ohm Coaxial Cable has the lowest capacitance of any type, but 93 Ohm Coax is rare and expensive. Thus, 75 Ohm Coax is the closest fit, offering not only low signal attenuation (loss), but also relatively low capacitance. This combination of low attenuation and capacitance effectively make 75 Ohm Coaxial Cable the cable of choice for practically all types of digital audio, digital video and data signals. This is why every cable TV company uses 75 Ohm coax for distributing its digital video channels as well as its broadband internet data signals. Direct broadcast satellite dishes and over-the-air HDTV antennas also require 75 Ohm Coaxial Cable to ensure that all of the digital channels transfer down the cable with the lowest loss and distortion possible. While we do not offer the typical RG-6 Coaxial Cable with Type F Connectors used for cable and satellite TV applications, we do offer RG59 Coaxial Cables with BNC Connectors for other analog and digital video applications. We sell a lot of these cables to radio and television broadcasters and production companies to interlink their equipment. Older analog TV cameras and monitors in the studio will use RG-59 Coaxial Cables and newer digital TV cameras and monitors will use RG-59 as well for a high-quality digital video signal type known as the Serial Digital Interface (SDI). Finally, one last crucial point in regards to coaxial cables. The Impedance of the various devices being connected as well as the Coaxial Cable itself must match. So if you are, for instance, connecting a 75 Ohm video camera connection to a studio monitor, the coaxial cable must also be 75 Ohm AND the connectors on the coaxial cable (i.e. BNC connectors) must be 75 Ohm in Impedance. Every single time you have a mismatch in impedance, say between a 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable and a 75 Ohm Coaxial Connector (i.e. BNC), a standing wave develops. A standing wave is a signal reflection that is essentially wasted. Every time a 50 and 75 Ohm Impedance mismatch occurs, about 5% of the signal is lost. These losses add up and can eventually degrade the signal to the point that it is unrecoverable or distorted. Some coaxial cable manufacturers will cut corners in this regard. The BNC connector, pictured above, was invented by our parent company, Amphenol, before World War 2. It is extremely popular, but most people don’t realize that they come in two versions: 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm. All of our coaxial cables at Cables on Demand always have the proper impedance matched connectors to line up with the coaxial cable being used. One can view our entire selection of Coaxial Cable products at Cables on Demand by visiting our website (www.CablesOnDemand.com). I hope this blog post helped clarify any questions you may have regarding coaxial cable impedance and types. If you have any further questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.org. The Cable Guy

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For Private Circulation Only In this Issue Freshwater biodiversity assessments in Western Ghats The IUCN commissioned an assessment of freshwater molluscs recently, based on which the species have been categorised for conservation status -Threatened/ Endangered/ Least Concern etc., and for distribution. This study was nested within a larger review of status of freshwater fishes, dragonflies, damselflies and aquatic plants in the Western Ghats. The report records seventy seven species of freshwater molluscs in the Western Ghats. Seven species have been categorised as Threatened as per IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2001), 51 species as Least Concern, and 19 species as Data Deficient. Endemicity was observed to be relatively low: 36% of freshwater molluscs, as compared to 76% for terrestrial molluscs. An assessment of threats shows habitat modifications are lethal to species that have adapted to live in specialised niches. Pollution, unsustainable harvesting, invasive species of aquatic flora and fauna, mining, urbanisation are some of the threats recorded in the assessment. Aravind NA, who was one of the authors of the report, has been studying terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the Western Ghats for ten years. His concern is that there is a deficiency of studies on mollusc ecology, threats and ecosystem services they provide; though references to historical data on the distribution and taxonomy of mollusc species are available. According to him ecological analysis is important: the Western Ghats is a complex of freshwater ecosystems and habitats like lakes, temporary pools, brackish water, streams, crevices of rocks besides streams, river beds; and what affects one species can be a commentary on the health/ vulnerability of the ecosystem-and its capacity to provide parallel services for human use and wellbeing. As per the IUCN report, pointing to the tangible and economic benefits of keeping an ecosystem and its component biodiversity alive is an explicit reason for this assessment. In this framework, molluscs form an important component of monitoring programmes that rate water quality and status of aquatic systems; especially bivalves, since they accumulate toxic substances to a greater extent than other organisms. To understand the possible import of environmental changes on mollusc biodiversity and vice versa, ATREE has recommended research on ecology and ecological significance of molluscs, distribution and studies on population trends. Keeping in view that these are uncharismatic species that we are talking about, ATREE has recommended educating local communities regarding the significance of molluscs in their backyard, species-specific conservation programmes, and inclusion of molluscs in the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and other policies for their conservation. For the full IUCN report, go to http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/RL-540-001.pdf Indian biodiversity on a portal The ATREE-managed India Biodiversity Portal that employs GIS techniques to present biodiversity information of the subcontinent now has a new improved map platform (http://indiabiodiversity.org/map#) that is easier to browse and search. This citizen science initiative works better with contributions from users and inputs into documentation, research, education, sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity. We have introduced two new sections of data, under Checklists and Species Pages. The checklist section (http://indiabiodiversity.org/browsechecklists) currently has a compilation of more than 250 species checklists from a wide range of taxa and across different geographies. The latest section on species pages (see box and http://indiabiodiversity.org/speciespage/species/list) is designed in accordance with global standards of species information. In addition to taxonomy, description, ecology and conservation information, the species pages also has a field called Occurrence Records which integrates species location information from the map and checklist information. Also, the general interest section introduces the News section, with a compilation of biodiversity news from all leading regional and national dailies, updated every day. The Events section compiles information on the latest conferences and workshops that may be of interest to researchers and students of ecology, environment and conservation. We also have an all-new Opportunities section that compiles a list of the latest jobs, internships and scholarships in biodiversity and related fields. IBP now works in collaboration with the Western Ghats Biodiversity Open Collaborative Information System (http://thewesternghats.in/). Both portals share the same platform, enabling smooth and rapid exchange of data. IBP is actively exploring partnerships with other portals and groups to share biodiversity information. Look out for the workshop on Biodiversity Informatics being organised by the Western Ghats Portal in November. Dung beetle taxonomy made easier on IBP ATREE's Insect Lab has prepared species pages for about 90 species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae), available on http://indiabiodiversity.org/speciespage/species/list. These pages provide compiled information on a taxon, including valid name string of the species, description, distribution, images, synonyms, type locality, type depository, literature and related links. The information will include images of important distinguishing characters that will make identification of each species much easier. The Lab is in the process of developing species pages for all dung beetles of the Indian subcontinent. Accepting community role in forest management On 2nd October 2011 the district administration of Chamrajanagara distributed Community Forest Rights under the Forest Rights Act (FRA) to Soligas adivasis of 25 gram sabhas of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining areas. This came after four years of sustained effort by Soligas to gain rights to forest produce, conservation, management and to cultural sites. The implementation of FRA in the district had so far only been restricted to granting of individual rights to cultivable land, under which 1500 households had been awarded land rights. However, forest community rights, which include the right to access and market forest produce like nellikai, honey, lichen, and collect firewood; rights to fish in water bodies in the protected area; rights to graze; have been denied to forest dwelling communities living in protected areas. Soligas, who have been dwellers and custodians of the BRT forested areas for centuries, who have cultural sites of worship that include trees, streams and stone formations within the sanctuary, can now legally collect firewood and non timber forest produce. However, the most significant right under the community forest rights has less to do with the sustenance and livelihoods, and more to do with a bottom up model of governance. Section 3(1)(i) of the Act, enables the gram sabha to constitute committees for the management and conservation of the area of their CFR. In the long history of rights denied, this is likely to have the most impact because not only does it bring the community together in collective decision making, it also gives Soligas a say in how the forests are managed and used by different stakeholders. This provision will require that the Forest Department, which has been used to taking decisions in a unilateral manner, and communities, which have by and large played a passive role of being on the receiving end of these decisions, change the way they engage with each other. The Soliga vangaurd on inclusive forest management While the Soligas have protested against the declaration of BRT as a Tiger Reserve (BRT was declared a tiger reserve in 2010) and the implied access restrictions, they have also proposed an alternative community- based management regime that would address their needs as well as of tiger conservation. They further refined their ideas in a two-day workshop on community-based conservation, held on the 12th and 13th of July 2011 in BRT Wildlife Sanctuary. The workshop, organized by ATREE, Vivekananda Girijana Kalayana Kendra (VGKK), Kalpavriksh and Zilla Budakattu Girijana Abivrudhi Sangha (ZBGAS), aimed to come up with a collaborative conservation plan for BRT that would include local and scientific knowledge. It was attended by over 200 people, including Soligas, conservationists, ecologists, social scientists, and policy analysts.The Forest Department, although invited, was not represented at this event. The participants put together a work plan on how the community might contribute to the critical aspects of governance and management, ecological conservation, and livelihood security using the provisions of the FRA and the Wildlife Protection Act. The Soligas have proposed a three-tier hierarchy starting from a podu/ settlement level committee, to taluka and sanctuary level. This would, according to them, ensure representation from the village level to Forest Department. As a first step, they constituted a 22 member working committee to oversee the community-based management plan. An advisory committee consisting of NGO and civil society groups such as ATREE, VGKK, Kalpavriksh, Nature Conservation Foundation, Vasundhara,and independent conservationists and social scientists such as Ravi Chellam and Urmila Pingle. The plan will be shared with gram sabhas for comments and approval, and also with the Karnataka Forest Department for their essential inputs. Such a collaborative plan could be a model for other protected areas in the country. The recent award of community forest rights in BRT, combined with the groundswell of support for a collaborative and inclusive management plan heralds a new phase in protected area management in India. Policy workshop on REDD+ ATREE and Noragric, UMB, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, organised a policy dialogue on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Plus for an audience of policy makers, academics, media persons, NGO leaders and others at the India International Centre, Delhi on 14th July 2011. REDD proposes to increase the value of standing forests by creating a financial value for the carbon stored in trees. REDD+ seeks to include conservation and sustainable forest management efforts in this evaluation on the principle that a unit of carbon saved by checking deforestation is equal to a unit of carbon added due to conservation and afforestation measures. This dialogue was deemed relevant given that there have been growing reservations by different stakeholders regarding the efficacy of REDD in reducing overall global emissions, on its funding mechanisms, on its impact on biodiversity as well as on forest dependent communities. At the same time, the governments of both collaborating organisations – Noragric and ATREE – are highly committed to the idea of REDD: Norway, through being its biggest donor, and India through its affirmation to REDD+. The objective of the dialogue was to share insights from current global and national research, and discuss the challenges and potential for implementing REDD plus in India. The Chief Guest H.E. Ms. Ann Ollestad, Ambassador of Norway to India, made the inaugural remarks. Shri B M S Rathore, Joint Secretary, MoEF, introduced the Green India Mission, and its REDD+ component. The dialogue was chaired by Prof. Kanchan Chopra, (former Director, Institute of Economic Growth). Chetan Agarwal, Winrock International, India, Dr. Sharachchandra Lele, ATREE, and Dr. Arild Vatn of Noragric were the main speakers. Their presentations were followed by a discussion led by Nitin Sethi from Times of India, and Vikram Dayal from Institute of Economic Growth. Vembanad: Workshop on democratic governance The Government of Kerala is proposing a Vembanad Kol Eco Development Authority (VEDA), the main purpose of which will be conservation of Vembanad wetland ecology and sustainable use of the wetland resources using legal mechanisms, and through active coordination with all its stakeholders. Since VEDA’s mandate clearly states consultation with stakeholders, and since the government is contemplating a structural and functional model consisting of only senior bureaucrats, ATREE organised a consultative workshop with the three tier panchayats and municipalities around Vembanad Lake, on democratic governance for Vembanad. This one-day workshop was held on 26 August at Alleppey. Participants to the workshop analyzed rules and regulations, including Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification 2011, Wetlands (conservation and management) rules 2010, The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008, as would be applicable to Vembanad and VEDA. On the basis of this discussion, participants unanimously passed a resolution stating that the proposed VEDA should have adequate representation of the primary stakeholders and panchayat leaders of the area for planning, developing and managing this wetland. They also recommended that the state government should conduct enough consultations at the field level, to consolidate the views of all concerned, before finalizing the structure and functions of VEDA. The resolution has been forwarded to the Chief Minister of Kerala, with copies to the Secretary and Director of the Department of Environment and Climate Change, for necessary action. CEPF-ATREE Western Ghats Grants: Last round CEPF-ATREE RIT completed screening Recognitions and external review of applications for the last round of CEPF-ATREE Western Ghats Grants (http://www.atree.org/wgcall). Seventeen Small Grant applicants and 10 Large Grant applicants were invited for direct presentations on 17th-18th August 2011. Of these, the Review Committee http://www.atree.org/reviewers approved funding for nine Small Grant applications, and invited eight Large Grant applications to submit full proposals. These projects will add to the 30 Small Grants and 20 Large Grants currently being implemented in the landscape (http://maps.atree.org/cepf_sites.php). Nagendra, Harini has joined the Scientific Steering Committee of the Global Land Project (http://www.globallandproject.org/) and the Scientific Committee of DIVERSITAS, for a three-year term, beginning January 2012. She finds this an opportunity to shape a focus on issues of interest, including urban monitoring, and greater consideration of the social-institutional linkages, especially in South Asia. Ms. Anjali Pal, Receptionist, Bangalore Mr. Jagdish M. R., Senior Research Fellow, Bengaluru Dr. Pashupati Chaudhary, Visiting Fellow, Gangtok Ms. Priti Gururaja, Senior Research Fellow, Bengaluru Dr. Sarala Khaling, Regional Director, Eastern Himalayas office, Gangtok Dr. Sumit Sen, Fellow, Gangtok Gupta, A. and N. Kakati. 2011. Community engagement for conservation in Kaziranga National Park. The Rhino. Journal of Kaziranga Wildlife Society Vol 17. K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh. 2011. Faunal mortality on roads due to religious tourism across time and space in protected areas: A case study from south India. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 1713–1721. Krishnakumar, K., A. Ali, B. Pereira and R. Raghavan. 2011. Unregulated aquaculture and invasive alien species: a case study of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Vembanad Lake (Ramsar Wetland), Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1737-1744. Lele, S. 2011. Re-reading the interdisciplinary mindscape: a response to Redford. Oryx 45(3): 331-332. Lele, S., A. Kothari, Roma, A. Saikia, R. Rebbapragada, V. Kiro and J. Ete. 2011. Misreading the Issues and the Landscape. Economic and Political Weekly 46(22): 107-108. Pashupati Chaudhary, Suman Rai, Siddhant Wangdi, Akai Mao, Nishat Rehman, Santosh Chettri and Kamaljit S. Bawa. 2011. Consistency of local perceptions of climate change in the Kangchenjunga Himalaya landscape. Current Science 101(4): 504-513. Ravikanth G., Srirama R., Ganeshaiah K.N. and Uma Shaanker R. 2011. In pursuit of a universal barcode of plants: peril of followers? Current Science 101(3):269-271. Shivanna, K. R. 2011. Pollen pistil interaction: A complex mating game required for fertilization in flowering plants. Journal of Palynology 46: 97-120. Papers in edited books Lele, S., I. Patil, S. Badiger, A. Menon and R. Kumar. 2011. Forests, hydrological services, and agricultural income: A case study from Mysore district of the Western Ghats of India. In: Environmental valuation in South Asia (eds. A. K. E. Haque, M. N. Murty and P. Shyamsundar). Pp.141-169. Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. Hiremath, A. 2011. Alien species - Can they be stopped? In: The Hindu Survey of the Environment 2011 Lele, S. 2011. Rethinking forest governance: Towards a perspective beyond JFM, the Godavarman case and FRA. In: The Hindu Survey of the Environment 2011 Rai, N. 2011. Looking beyond Protected Areas to save species. In: The Hindu Survey of the Environment 2011 Harisha, R.P, Ramesh Kannan, Aravind. N.A, Ravikanth.G. (2011). Uses of wild edible plant resources by forest dependent communities in southern India. National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges, September 12, 2011, Lucknow, India. Lele, S., A. Kurien. 2011. Interdisciplinary analysis of the environment: Insights from tropical forest research. 6th International Conference on Environmental Futures (6th ICEF). Organised by Foundation for Environmental Conservation and Newcastle University Newcastle, UK. 18-22 July 2011. Talks/ presentations by staff Gupta, A. Conservation, development and human needs: Community priorities in fringe villages around Kaziranga National Park, Assam. ‘Poster Presentation’ at Students Conference on Conservation Science held in Bengaluru, 14-17 September 2011. Harisha, R. P. 2011. Uses of wild edible plant resources by forest dependent communities in southern India at National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges, organised by The Society of Earth Scientists, India. 12-14 September 2011, Lucknow. Lele, S. 2011. Forest hydrological services and socio-economic impacts: Insights from the Western Ghats. Invited lecture at Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. 19 July 2011. Lele, S. 2011. India’s carbon sink policy. At Southern Regional Workshop on Climate Change organized by Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Delhi Science Forum and All India People’s Science Network. Hosur, Tamil Nadu. 7 July 2011. Lele, S. 2011. India’s policy towards REDD+: Dense Forest Ahead! Policy Dialogue on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). Organised by ATREE and Noragric. New Delhi. 14 July 2011. Lele, S. 2011. Interdisciplinarity in environmental research: Or how the social is intertwined with the technical. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. 19 July 2011. Lele, S. 2011. Re-thinking forest governance in India: Relating theory to practice. ATREE, Bengaluru. 13 July Lele, S. 2011. TEEB India: Concerns, gaps, and way forward. At National Workshop on The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)- India Study. Organised by Ministry of Environment and Forests and Indian Institute of Forest Management. Bhopal. 15-16 September 2011. Ravikanth, G. Prospecting for natural products using ENM. At a three-day workshop on Products from natural resources: Prospecting and utilization. Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. 27 to 29th July 2011 Siddappa Setty R., gave eight talks on Environment and sustainable use of natural resources for Gram Panchayat representatives from Gadag, Gulburga, Yadgir, Chitradurga, Dharwad and Davangere district at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Rural Energy and Development, Bengaluru, from July to September 2011. Lele, S. 2011. Panelist in panel discussion on Beyond Science: Conservation and Activism. 2nd Student’s Conference on Conservation Science (SCCS). SCCS-Bangalore. 16 Sept 2011. Kannan, R, C. Shakleton, Uma Shaanker, R, and Ganeshaiah, K. N. (2011).Reconstructing the history of lantana introduction and spread in India. 11th International Conference on Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasives, August 30, 2011, Szombathely, Hungary. Agasthyamalai CCC: Be a better ancestor campaign during Aadi amavasa festival at Sorimuthayan Temple, which is located in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Vembanad CERC: Sixty students of the Jalapaadom Wetland Club, their teachers and concerned citizens revisited the Punnamada Lake after the Nehru Trophy Boat race and removed boatloads of plastic waste thrown by visitors. This anti-plastic campaign was organised on Independence Day. Charkha Awards for journalists (reported late): ATREE is supporting the Charkha Awards for journalistic writing in Kannada, on scientific and social developments on the environment. The awards are instituted by CDL – Centre for Development Learning. Swetha Pangannaya from Vijay Karnataka received the 2010 award on environmental writing for her article on e waste dumping. Partnership with Wipro: ATREE has entered into partnership with Wipro Earthian Awards for schools and colleges. The Earthian programme invites papers on thoughts, approaches and possible solutions on nine key challenges/themes in the area of environment and related social issues. A special award, TN Khoshoo-Earthian Trophy will be given on thecriteria of do-ability and potential impact of the idea submitted. Charkha Awards for journalists (reported late): ATREE is supporting the Charkha Awards for journalistic writing in Kannada, on scientific and social developments on the environment. The awards are instituted by CDL – Centre for Development Learning. Swetha Pangannaya from Vijay Karnataka received the 2010 award on environmental writing for her article on e waste dumping. Partnership with Wipro: ATREE has entered into partnership with Wipro Earthian Awards for schools and colleges. The Earthian programme invites papers on thoughts, approaches and possible solutions on nine key challenges/themes in the area of environment and related social issues. A special award, TN Khoshoo-Earthian Trophy will be given on the criteria of do-ability and potential impact of the idea submitted. GIS mapping gaining popularity. Economic Times. 13 October 2011. Some freshwater molluscs in Western Ghats under threat. The Hindu. 10 October 2011. Union govt coaxing State on heritage tag. Deccan Herald. 16 September 2011. Changing climate a hot topic among Himalayan villagers, study finds. National Geographic. 12 Sept 2011 Is JFM relevant? Down to Earth. 15 Sept 2011. Environmental disaster in the making: Ecologists blast Posco. Hindustan Times. 23 August 2011. Students trained to assess impact on biodiversity. The Hindu. 28 July 2011. Call for an eco-friendly festival inside forest. The Hindu. 18 July. Sankey tree-felling misguided. Deccan Herald. 14 July. Restrict use of fossil fuel. The HIndu. 8 July. Co-existing with the Tiger | iGoa. The Navhind Times. 9 July. Western Ghats fails to get heritage tag. Times of India. 1 July 2011 Check the latest issue of Nesara –bilingual newsletter of DBT’s Natural Resource Awareness Club at http://atree.org/newsletters/Nesara/nesara-apr-jun-v2_2-2011.pdf Agasthya at http://atree.org/newsletters/agasthya/Agasthya_5-2.pdf Royal Enclave, Sriramapura Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560 064 Above Brahmakumari, Development Area Tel: +91-3592-206 403 2nd Floor, 1, K Commercial Complex Birbal Road, Jangpura Extension New Delhi 110014 Tel: +91-11-2432 3133 Dr. Kamaljit S. Bawa (Chairman) Dr. K. N. Ganeshaiah Dr. R. Uma Shaanker Dr. S. N. Rai Mr. Darshan Shankar Ms. Rohini Nilekani Dr. Surinder M. Sehgal Dr. Jeta Sankrityayana Ms. Seema Paul Ms. Pheroza J. Godrej Dr. K. S. Jagadish Mr. A. N. Singh Dr. Ganesan Balachander Dr. Gladwin Joseph (ex officio) Dr. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan (faculty) Dr. Dan Martin Dr. Jagmohan Maini Dr. Peter Raven Dr. R. A. Mashelkar Dr. Gladwin Joseph (Chair) Dr. Bejoy Thomas Dr. Seema Purushottam Dr. Siddhartha Krishnan Dr. Siddappa Setty Dr Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan Dr Sarala Khaling (ex officio) Sridhar R Iyengar (ex officio) Convenors and Programme Leaders Dr. Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being and Convenor, Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Dr. Sharachchandra Lele, Forests and Governance and Convenor, Centre for Environment and Development Dr. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan and Dr. Ankila Hiremath, Ecosystems and Global Change Dr. Shrinivas Badiger Land Water and Livelihoods Dr. Aravind N. A., Coordinator, Academy for Conservation Science and Sustainability Studies This newsletter has been put together from reports by ATREE folk. Design and layout is by Salil Sakhalkar. Editing by Samuel Thomas, Meetu Desai.

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Our Fiction collection's imaginative and inspirational works tell tales of human culture--The people, places, and events that define humanity. Why Fiction We generally define “fiction” as a literary creation based on imagination rather than fact. However, the word derives from an ancient Latin root that means “to make by shaping.” So it is that fiction, in the guise of allegories and parables, is commonly used by spiritual masters to direct their cultures toward enlightenment. The bible is filled with such fables. Campfire teachings of aboriginal wise ones also relied on the power of myth to convey essential precepts to their students. Surely, the shaping of society would be better accomplished through serious discourse than via flights of fancy. Or would it? You see fiction’s power lies in its implausibility. In order to engage in a fictional tale, we must first suspend our culturally imposed assumptions of what is true. Thereafter, we listen with unfettered ears. We see through untrammeled eyes. And our hearts embrace possibilities that are otherwise unthinkable when perceived through the limitations of fact-based “reality.” Thus unhindered, the human soul is free to peruse the extraordinary. It’s no wonder, then, that our most heroic aspirations spring from this medium of conscious disbelief… that our greatest inventions come from the realms of “what if”… and our highest visions for humanity often begin with “once upon a time.” Dare I suggest that today’s fiction may be tomorrow’s promise? Award Winning Author — Kitty Roxanna Connell The Last Guardian Run away… run away and hide! the voice in her head screamed. Summoning every ounce of power and courage Mienya possessed, she manipulated her own energy to flare around her. Learn more Add to Cart Lorcan's Bane: a tale of peril & the right use of magic Kitty Roxanna Connell Eight hundred years ago and half a world away, Mirren gives little thought to the new religion. She is a healer and mystic for whom magic is the natural result of her kinship with Earth Out of Print Cries of a Dying Nation The nations of Atlantis prepare for the impending arrival of the warrior race from Anu. Forewarned by the spiritual beings that protect and guide the world of Gaia Learn more Add to Cart Gift of the Lotus Flower The Saga of the last thirty years of Atlantis continues as the temple children enter into the awkwardness and insecurity of adolescence. The nations of Gaia have grown desperate Learn more Add to Cart

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Physical Education AS/A2 Level at Baysgarth School A-level PE offers the greatest depth of Physical Education knowledge available. Students study a huge range of topics from Physiology and anatomy, to Psychology, Acquisition of skills, History of sport and Sport in Society. These topics are all covered in great depth and assessed through external modular tests in January and June. The course is mainly theoretical, with 75% of the total mark coming from the theory exams. The final 25% is made up of coursework and practical elements. Students must be highly competent in two sporting disciplines to achieve highly in A-level PE. Currently we offer Lifeguarding as one of the student’s two sports, allowing them to gain their National Pool lifeguard Qualification and therefore gain employment as recreation assistants, as well as generating marks for their A-Level PE. A-level PE is taught through a range of different teaching styles, including times where students will study independently, or will be required to research areas that have been taught in greater depth. Students who take A-Level PE must be aware of the academic qualities needed to succeed, and hard work is expected at all times throughout the course. Students must learn to be independent; self-motivated and well organised to make the most of A-Level PE. Students who successfully complete the course open the door to a huge range of careers in sport, physiology, medicine, uniformed services and psychology. Students taking sport, either as A-Level or OCR Technicals, will open up a range of career opportunities from sport, physiology, medicine, uniformed services and psychology. Some of the most common career paths that students follow after A-Level study include becoming PE Teachers, Coaches, Joining the RAF, Army or Navy, Physiotherapy, Police, Fire service, Nursing, Sports Development, Sports Psychology, Child Psychology and Sociology. The range of topics offered to students who study sport means that they will have a large range of careers available to them. How to apply If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Baysgarth School directly.

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A meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of bees to pesticides - 2.7k Downloads The honey bee Apis mellifera, the test species used in the current environmental risk assessment procedure, is generally considered as extremely sensitive to pesticides when compared to other bee species, although a quantitative approach for comparing the difference in sensitivity among bees has not yet been reported. A systematic review of the relevant literature on the topic followed by a meta-analysis has been performed. Both the contact and oral acute LD50 and the chronic LC50 reported in laboratory studies for as many substances as possible have been extracted from the papers in order to compare the sensitivity to pesticides of honey bees and other bee species (Apiformes). The sensitivity ratio R between the endpoint for the species a (A. mellifera) and the species s (bees other than A. mellifera) was calculated for a total of 150 case studies including 19 bee species. A ratio higher than 1 indicated that the species s was more sensitive to pesticides than honey bees. The meta-analysis showed a high variability of sensitivity among bee species (R from 0.001 to 2085.7), however, in approximately 95 % of the cases the sensitivity ratio was below 10. The effect of pesticides in domestic and wild bees is dependent on the intrinsic sensitivity of single bee species as well as their specific life cycle, nesting activity and foraging behaviour. Current data indicates a need for more comparative information between honey bees and non-Apis bees as well as separate pesticide risk assessment procedures for non-Apis bees. KeywordsToxicity Environmental risk assessment Apis mellifera Apiformes Pollinators Comparative ecotoxicology We are very grateful to the EFSA Bee Working group (Robert Luttik, Franz Streissl, Csaba Szentes, Agnes Rortais, Gèrard Arnold, Jos Boesten, Mark Clook, Jacoba Wassenberg) for their comments and suggestions and to Stephanie Bopp and Sotirios Vasileiadis for reviewing part of the manuscript. We very much appreciate the constructive and helpful comments of Rachel Sharp (EFSA) and the three anonymous reviewers. The publication was drafted under the sole responsibility of the authors and is not considered as an EFSA output. The positions and opinions presented are those of the authors alone and are not intended to represent the views of EFSA. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. - Ahmad Z, Johansen C (1973) Selective toxicity of carbophenothion and trichlorfon to the honey bee and the alfalfa leafcutting bee. Environ Entomol 2(1):27–30Google Scholar - Bosch J, Sgolastra F, Kemp WP (2008) Life cycle ecophysiology of Osmia mason bees used as crop pollinators. In: James RR, Pitts-Singer TL (eds) Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems. Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar - Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America NRC, (2007) Status of Pollinators in North America. National Academies Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar - Cresswell JE, Laycock I (2011) Towards the comparative ecotoxicology of bees: the response–response relationship. In: 11th International symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group, Wageningen, 2–4 November 2011Google Scholar - EFSA (2010) Application of systematic review methodology to food and feed safety assessments to support decision making. EFSA J 8(6):1637Google Scholar - EFSA (2012) Scientific opinion on the science behind the development of a risk assessment of plant protection products on bees (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees). EFSA J 10(5):2668Google Scholar - EPPO/OEPP (2010) PP 3/10 (3): chapter 10: honeybees. EPPO Bull 40(3):323–331Google Scholar - European Commission (2002) SANCO/10329/2002 Rev 2 guidance document on terrestrial ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91/414/EECGoogle Scholar - Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R, Aizen MA, Bommarco R, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Carvalheiro LG, Harder LD, Afik O, Bartomeus I, Benjamin F, Boreux V, Cariveau D, Chacoff NP, Dudenhoffer JH, Freitas BM, Ghazoul J, Greenleaf S, Hipolito J, Holzschuh A, Howlett B, Isaacs R, Javorek SK, Kennedy CM, Krewenka KM, Krishnan S, Mandelik Y, Mayfield MM, Motzke I, Munyuli T, Nault BA, Otieno M, Petersen J, Pisanty G, Potts SG, Rader R, Ricketts TH, Rundlof M, Seymour CL, Schuepp C, Szentgyorgyi H, Taki H, Tscharntke T, Vergara CH, Viana BF, Wanger TC, Westphal C, Williams N, Klein AM (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339(6127):1608–1611CrossRefGoogle Scholar - Johansen CA (1972) Toxicity of field-weathered insecticide residues to four kinds of bees. Environ Entomol 1(3):393–394Google Scholar - Maini S, Medrzycki P, Porrini C (2010) The puzzle of honey bee losses: a brief review. Bull Insectology 63(1):153–160Google Scholar - Matsumoto T (2013) Reduction in homing flights in the honey bee Apis mellifera after a sublethal dose of neonicotinoid insecticides. Bull Insectology 66(1):1–9Google Scholar - Michener CD (2007) The bees of the world, 2nd edn. The John Hopkins University Press, BaltimoreGoogle Scholar - Porrini C, Sabatini AG, Girotti S, Fini F, Monaco L, Celli G, Bortolotti L, Ghini S (2003) The death of honey bees and environmental pollution by pesticides: the honey bees as biological indicators. Bull Insectology 56(1):147–152Google Scholar - Regulation (EC) 544/2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 544/2011 of June 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards to the data requirements for active substancesGoogle Scholar - Scott-Dupree CD, Conroy L, Harris CR (2009) Impact of currently used or potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera: Megachilidae), and Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Econ Entomol 102(1):177–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar - Tasei JN (2002) Impact of agrochemicals on non-Apis bees. Honey bees: estimating the environmental impact of chemicals. Taylor & Francis, LondonGoogle Scholar - van der Steen JJM (1994) Method development for the determination of the contact LD 50 of pesticides for bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.). Apidologie 25(5):463–465Google Scholar - Williams IH (1994) The dependence of crop production within the European Union on pollination by honey bees. 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6 Scary (but real!) Facts about Clean Water The air is crisp, the leaves are turning, pumpkin spice treats fill the shelves of our favorite coffee shops. You know what that means: Halloween is almost upon us! There’s something about this spooky holiday that we just can’t get enough. Is it all the candy? The fun costumes? The scary tales? We don’t know, but we sure love it. It’s the spookiest time of the year, but do you know what’s more scary than crooked-nose witches and hairy spiders? The number of people that still don’t have access to clean water (hint hint: it’s 663 million!). This number is so high that it’s hard to wrap our heads around it. So here’s a list of spooky (but very real) facts about clean water that will scare the living daylights out of you! - There are more people without clean water than there are people checking their Instagram accounts everyday. Instagram is one of the most popular social networks in the world, especially among young adults. When Millennials are not photographing, boomeranging, or streaming their lives on the platform, they still engage with pictures and videos created by friends, influencers and their favorite brands. So, it’s not a surprise that 500 million people check their Instagram accounts every single day. The surprising (and saddening) fact is that almost 200 million more people live their lives without clean water on a daily basis. - People who don’t have access to clean water could fill every seat at Yankee Stadium for 33 years. Baseball has been America’s favorite pastime for decades, with the New York Yankees being one of the country’s most popular teams. The number of people who currently don’t have access to clean drinking water is sufficient to fill out the entire Yankee Stadium every single day for the next 33 years. We can’t even imagine how many boxes of Cracker Jack this would actually entail. - There are many people in the United States without access to running water It’s easy to associate lack of clean water and sanitation problems with developing countries. But the problem exists here in the United States too. There are 1.6 million people living without indoor plumbing. Currently, more than 6% of people living in Alaska doesn’t have running water or a sewage system. While 13% of Native Americans have no access to safe water or wastewater disposal. - 663 million people holding hands can form a circle around the Earth… 28 times! Our planet is pretty big. Having enough people to hold hands and form a circle around the Earth once would be remarkable enough. But if the number of people who currently don’t have access to clean drinking water hold hands, they can circle the Earth 28 times!!! - The number of people without clean drinking water is greater than the population of the United States, Canada & Mexico combined. The United States is the third most populated country in the world. There’s an estimated 326 million people living here. Our neighbors, Canada and Mexico, have a total population of 36 million and 127 million, respectively. If we tally up everybody living in North America, from Tapachula to Ulukhaktok, we would get around 486 million people. That’s a whole lot of people but still less than the amount of people with no clean water. Holy mackerel! - There are more people with iPhones than with access to clean water. Apple products, particularly the iPhone, are ubiquitous and loved by so many that we stopped to wonder: is it possible that the number of people with an iPhone is higher than that of those with access to clean drinking water? The answer is yes. There are more than 700 million iPhones currently in use worldwide, surpassing by almost 50 million the number of people who don’t have proper water and sanitation. Now, that’s what we call a reality-check! Those were some pretty scary facts, but Halloween is not made only of spooky things. There is plenty of fun and treats too! The good news is that we can change that! We can give clean water to people who need it, and it doesn’t take much. For every GiveMeTap bottle you buy, we give 5 years of clean water to a person in Africa! Even better news: you now have the opportunity to come to Ghana with us! So, take your iPhones out and create a Story about it. This is so Instagram-worthy!! Author: Paula Jackler Originally published on: https://givemetap.myshopify.com/blogs/stories/5-spooky-and-real-facts-about-clean-water GiveMeTap is a social startup working to give every human being access to clean water. We sell BPA-free bottles, and each bottle sold gives 5 years of clean water to a person in Africa. We also have partnerships with restaurants and cafes, where GiveMeTap customers can refill their water bottles at no charge. Join us in this mission!

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One of the earliest books about Auschwitz was written by Dr. Miklos Nyiszli and first published in the Hungarian language in a Budapest newspaper from February 16, 1947 through April 5, 1947. My copy of the book, which is entitled Auschwitz, a Doctor’s Eye-Witness Account, was first published in English in 1960. In his book, Dr. Nyiszli describes his work as a pathologist, who assisted Dr. Josef Mengele by doing autopsies for his experiments in the Gypsy Camp at Auschwitz II, aka Birkenau. I also blogged about Dr. Nyiszli’s book here. Yesterday, I blogged about the experiments allegedly done by Dr. Mengele in Block 10 in the main Auschwitz camp, according to information given to students by a tour guide. Not according to Dr. Nyiszli, who wrote about Dr. Mengele doing medical experiments only at Birkenau. He did not mention that Dr. Mengele worked at the Auschwitz main camp. On page 31 of his book, Dr. Nyiszli wrote that “Three categories of experiments were performed here (in the Gypsy camp): the first consisted of research into the origin and causes of dual births […] The second was the search to discover the biological and pathological causes for the birth of dwarfs and giants. And the third was the study of the causes and treatment of a disease commonly called “dry gangrene of the face.” According to Dr. Nyiszli, this disease was “exceptionally rare,” but in the Gypsy Camp, it was “fairly common.” Dr. Nyiszli wrote that “the syphilis rate in the Gypsy Camp was extremely high” and from this it had been deduced that “dry gangrene of the face” was related to “hereditary syphilis.” Other writers refer to this disease as “Noma.” Dr. Nyiszli wrote that he arrived at Auschwitz on a train with other Jews from Hungary in May 1944; he went through a “selection” at which Dr. Mengele asked for doctors to volunteer to work as doctors. Dr. Nyiszli was the only doctor, out of 50 doctors on that transport, who volunteered. Because he volunteered to help the Nazi doctors, Dr. Nyiszli was given civilian clothes, and allowed to sleep in the “twelfth hospital barracks,” instead of being put into the quarantine barracks. The twelfth hospital at Birkenau? Yes, Dr. Nyiszli wrote that “The head doctor of barracks hospital number 12 was Dr. Levy, professor at the University of Strasbourg…”

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Julius Caesar is one of those rare elects of the history, whose image does not tarnish in the time, and whose fame is going through centuries. He is an outstanding military leader, not less outstanding statesman, a versatile genius - the not challenged verdict of a number of generations. In the frame of such epithets and in the glare of such assessments, Caesar went down in history. The military-political and literary activities of Caesar, his outstanding abilities, and finally, his bright personality attracted and attract historians. Julius Caesar seizes the hand of the writer and holds the attention on his personality, no matter how he took the time. Thus, the paper presents the main stages of the life and work of the dictator and gives them the analysis relying on ancient sources in order to determine what brought to the historical significance of Caesar and how it influenced the society. The youth of Julius Caesar was during the first civil war in Rome, and the dictatorship of Sulla. Being the offspring from a noble patrician family of Julio he aspired to power and glory, and the satisfaction of his ambitions already in his youth. When Caesar was not yet twenty years old, he had been subjected to political repression by the dictator Sulla, as he was the nephew of the famous Gaius Marius and son-in of Cornelius Cinna - the Sulla's main rivals in the fight for power. Only thanks to the patronage of influential relatives Caesar received forgiveness. After being the dictator a few years, Sulla renounced his powers in favor of the restoration of the republic. The interesting story is related with his departure. When after the resignation, Sulla was walking around Rome, one young man threw a stone at him, Sulla said that because of people like him, the next dictator would not give up his power. Thus, Caesar's youth was at the terrible times of civil war, in the era of proscriptions and dictatorships. It had left a mark on his consciousness. Generally, the first civil war, dictatorship, the triumvirate, the second civil war and the rise to power of Caesar, all this was a consequence of the crisis of the republic. The fact is that the Roman Republic was created as a polis state, and when Rome expanded and a large number of new areas became the part of it, including far away from Italy, the republican unit did not meet the new challenges. All this was exacerbated by the struggle within the Roman society. Against this background, Caesar began his career. Shortly before the election of Caesar as a consul or shortly after that, emerged the circumstance, which had a decisive importance for the further course of events: three political figures of Rome - Pompey, Caesar and Crassus - concluded a secret agreement (the initiative is usually unequivocally attributed to Caesar), known in literature as the first triumvirate. This "alliance of three" (triumvirate) broke the resistance of the Senate oligarchy and, making Caesar the consul when he was 59, established the de facto dictatorship of its members in the republic. The establishment of triumvirate has traditionally been considered one of the major political successes of Caesar. Thus, three the most powerful men in the country decided the future of the distribution of posts even before the elections. And all of this is framed by the democracy. It had the great importance for the future. Later, this will repeat not just once or twice in the history of civilization, when decisions will be made, and then they will be given a legitimate appearance. Additionally, having chosen Gaul as the province after his consulship, therefore Caesar opened the era of the Gallic Wars. But among the rich and varied arsenal of political and diplomatic methods used by the Caesar, was gradually distinguished one slogan particularly carefully cultivated by him, which was a mild and fair treatment to the enemy, especially the defeated, - the slogan of Mercy (dementia). However, it became crucial only in the era of the civil war, but undoubtedly appears earlier during the stay of Caesar in Gaul. When carefully reading the "Notes," it is not difficult to see how increasingly frequent and insistently is said about the mercy of Caesar year by year . This trait is now declared as indisputable, self-evident, and as the long and widely known. And Aulus Hirtius comes to considering even barbaric, cruel deeds of Caesar towards defenders of Uksellodun as unable to shake supposedly existing general opinion about the natural gentleness and justice of Caesar. Thus, the slogan “dementia” becomes consciously held principle of Caesar’s diplomacy and politics. And this slogan has yet to play a special, exceptional and at the same fateful role in the history of all further activity and life of Caesar. Despite the often used cruelty, Caesar was still one of the first to understand that it is better to be merciful with the defeated and to conquer them not only with the sword but also with the culture. To be fair, it is important to mention that Alexander the Great came to the same conclusions, but the implementation of the Romans turned out to be better. The significance is that such policy of Caesar’s followers has led to the Romanization of Western Europe. However, allegedly uttering the historic phrase "The die is cast," Caesar nonetheless passed the Rubicon with his staff. Plutarch even informs even such a detail: the famous phrase was said in Greek. By the way, if it was ever said, it is quite plausible, as the phrase is a quotation from Menander whom Caesar knew and even liked. Furthermore, Plutarch and Suetonius mention any miraculous signs that accompany the passing, as if justifying that fatal step. Julius secretly sent to Ariminum - the first major city in Italy, which lies on the road from Gaul - a small detachment of the most valiant soldiers and centurions armed only with daggers to capture it with surprise attack without the noise and bloodshed. Caesar himself spent the day in front of everyone and even was present at the exercises of gladiators. By the evening, he took a bath and then had dinner together with the guests. When it got dark, complaining of malaise or simply asking to wait him, he left the room and guests. Taking with him the few closest friends, he went to Ariminum in the hired a carriage first intentionally (in another version - getting lost) in the wrong way, and only at dawn overtook the cohort expelled forward at the Rubicon River. This small and hitherto unremarkable river was considered, although, the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and Italy itself. The passage of that border with the troops actually meant the beginning of the Civil War. Therefore, all historians unanimously note Caesar’s hesitation. Thus, Plutarch says that Caesar knew that the passage will be the beginning of disaster and how the offspring will appreciate that move. Suetonius says that Caesar turned to his companions and said that it was not too late to go back, but when they pass that bridge, everything would decide the weapon. Caesar was not a pioneer; Sulla entered troops to Rome even before him. But it was Caesar who finally destroyed the republic. Thus, the significance is in the precedent of liquidation of the republican system and the destruction of democracy that Julius Caesar created. Additionally, Caesar was surrounded by the honorary guard of the senators and knights; what is more, senators had to swear to protect his life. For one of the oldest holidays - Lupercalia, along with collegiums Luperci Quintiliani and Fabiani, now was created the third collegium - Luperci Iuliani. In all public places and shrines sacrifices and consecration to Caesar were performed; honor a variety of games were arranged in his honor throughout Italy, in the provinces and in all countries which were in friendship with Rome. The month Quintilis was renamed in July and one of the tribes received Iulia name, and finally, a number of temples, including one general – to Caesar (as Iuppiter Julius) and to dementia (as the Goddess of Mercy) were devoted to Caesar. All of that honors were decided to write with gold letters on silver columns, set at the foot of the Capitoline Jupiter. Thus, the actual deification of Caesar does not cause any doubts. This question has repeatedly been raised in recent historiography; what is more, the most controversial can be considered the following point: whether Caesar has strived to being considered a God during his lifetime himself, or he still remained within the traditions and did not lose the political prudence and tact. Sometimes it is considered that the idea of deification is just the flip side of Caesar's passionate dreams of the royal diadem. Geshe comes to rather compelling and interesting conclusions in his work specifically devoted to the study of this range of problems. Firstly, it is quite correctly points out that various authors often put different content to the term "deification" or, more precisely, mean acts of very diverse nature and importance by this term. So then it says, it is advisable to use two terms: "deification" and "idolization," setting definite and firm distinction between them. By "deification" the author suggests to understand the awarding of honors in the same spirit as it is done with respect to the gods, but the esteemed in the sacral-legal sense is not included in the composition of state gods, reaching only a special honor and "increasing rank." Under the "idolization" should be understood an official, authorized by the sacred law and on the initiative of the state carried out the inclusion in the composition of the state gods. And in this case, all the requirements that characterize the position of the rest of the state gods must be fulfilled, ie, there must be: - a cultic name, - a place of worship and, finally, - functioning, ie, cult sent by priest. These formal conditions were of utmost importance in Rome, and without performing all three prerequisites, the "idolization" could not take place. Thus, leading own deification, Julius Caesar laid the cult of the monarch's sacredness. Moreover, the Caesar’s rule became an important stage in Roman history and provided a transition from republic to an imperial form of government. Following the footsteps of Sulla, Caesar created a regime that was the first specific form of the Roman military monarchy, the transitional form of government, which had features of both the Republic and the Empire, but was neither the one nor the other in its pure form. Finally, the underestimating of the danger from the conservative senate circles by Caesar, the insufficient strength of his social base located more in the formative stage, and the certain political miscalculations have led to the dictator's assassination and the fall of his regime. When the assassination was committed, in the Senate started a real panic. The Brutus attempts to appeal to the senators with the speech did not work, as everyone fled in terror. The panic and confusion spread quickly in the city. Everyone was tightly closing the doors, preparing to defend themselves even from the rooftops, though no one knew who was attacked and from who they should protect. Many shops were looted. Antony and Lepidus, as the closest people to Caesar, hid in someone else's houses. At the same time, the conspirators trying to attract the sympathy of the population, solemnly headed to the Capitol shouting that they killed the tyrant, calling for the restoration of "order of fathers". But the population, as Appian says, did not follow the conspirators. Thus, dying, Caesar became a martyr in the eyes of contemporaries and descendants, and that is what laid the foundation for future monarchies . Besides, the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar became the reason for the resumption of civil strives, to the disintegration of the Roman Republic and the birth of the Roman Empire. The Ancient Roman civilization is left in the past, but its achievements, in particular Julius Caesar’s, have a great influence on the society and that people enjoy today. The most durable innovation of Caesar is reform of the calendar in 46 year: the dictator has replaced the Roman lunar calendar, which lagged behind the real sun stroke, with Hellenistic solar calendar of 365 days, which was used until the reforms of Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The calculations for the new calendar made the Alexandria astronomer Sosigenes, who was its main creator. Instead of 10, the year is now consisted of 12 months, and the month Quintilis, the birthtime of the dictator, was named Julius (or July). Furthermore, despite his rough political activities and private life, Caesar found the time to practice in poetry, drama, philosophy and science. The most known his historical works are "Notes on the Gallic War" in 7 books and "Notes on the Civil War" in 3 books. Besides, he left for society the immortal aphorisms: "I came, I saw, I conquered", "Every Man is a blacksmith of his fate", "The die is cast" and many others. Its very name is firmly established in the languages of many countries. From the word "Caesar" came the German "Kaiser" and Russian "Tsar," i.e. dictator became the embodiment of a strong government. In conclusion, Julius Caesar was a major historical figure, the extraordinary personality and has played an important role in the history of Ancient Rome and European civilization. He not only became one of the main founders of the Roman Empire and the instrument of Romanization of Western Europe, but also contributed to the formation of the political practices of Western civilization. Caesar managed to create an authoritarian regime, dressed in a Republican skin, and he tried to provide the regime with popular character, creating a heterogeneous social base. This is the main "phenomenon" of Caesar as a politician. However, it should be noted that in the creation of a new form of government (Caesarism) Caesar largely followed the practice of his predecessors - Scipio Africanus, Marius and Sulla, and Pompey. Besides, a dictator undertook the reform of the calendar, contributed to the development of military art, created a particular style of military memoir literature. Thus, the role of Julius Caesar in the history of civilization, his contribution to the development of the political practices of the West, and his influence on the society should be recognized as substantial.

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UnNews:Mathematicians: 42 really the same number as 23 21 April 2007 PRINCETON, NJ -- Mathematicians have proved that 42 and 23, each long known to be the Ultimate and Second-to-Ultimate Answers to Life, the Universe and Everything due to their overuse, are actually both the same number. Paul Johnston Dullford, a pure mathematician at Princeton University's Institute of Advanced Study of Advanced Study, uses the analogy of blind men examining a V-dub to explain the course of numerics until today. "One describes touching a tire, one describes touching a trunk, another describes the bonnet, yet another sadly is run over by the V-dub, because the secretly non-blind person drives off with the V-dub, but that's not important," he says. "They come up with different descriptions but they don't see the big picture. There is only one V-dub and they describe different parts of it." Dullford's claim is this: 22 is the same number as 22 since 1) 2+2 = 4 = 2*2, and 2) 22 = 2*11 and 2+1+1 = 4 = 2+2. Likewise, 42 must be the same number as 23 because 1) 4+2 = 6 = 2*3 and 2) 42 = 2*3*7 and 2+3+7 = 5 = 2+3. Dullford explains that "7 is exempt from any addition" because 7 is what he calls a "lucky" number. He tried to explain the concept of "luck" to us, saying that "it's similar to Gel Man's concept of 'strange,' 'charm,' and 'beauty' quarks," but UnNews found it incomprehensible. Dullford theorizes that 42 and 23 are part of a framework number (another incomprehensible concept) tentatively named M. When asked what M stood for by fellow mathematician Jack Wiston, he replied that M "stands for magic, mystery, or Monday, according to taste." He also added, "Some cynics have occasionally suggested that M also stands for 'murky,' because our level of understanding of the number is in fact so primitive." Skeptics of M have joked that the "M" means "Moronic", "Microsoft" or "Grue", which really doesn't start with an M, which is the point since skeptics still think 42 and 23 are as different as M and G are. Some also suggest that the M is an upside down W, for "Wiston". Skeptics also criticize that Dullford misspelled the physicist Murray Gell-Mann's name. 42 commented that "I told you so!" 23 commented that "That explains a lot." Meanwhile Douglas Adams and Jim Carrey were unavailable for comment. Douglas Adams was busy pushing the daisies, while Jim Carrey was filming The Number 1337. - Aloha Jacket is the author of: "Revolutionary mathematical advances prove two important numbers to be the same." The Guardian, April 20, 2007 - 6.5 billion people have authored: "Introduction to M (number)." Wikipedia, April 21, 1996

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Months after engineers resurrected the Hubble Space Telescope from the dead, the flying observatory is once again under threat. The spacecraft, which has been our eyes into the vastness of the cosmos, has gone into safe mode configuration suspending science operations forcing Nasa to launch an investigation. “The instruments are healthy and will remain in safe mode while the mission team continues its investigation,” the American space agency said. Nasa got the worrying ping at 1.46 am EDT on October 23 when Hubble’s science instruments issued error codes indicating the loss of a specific synchronization message. The message provides timing information that the instruments used to correctly respond to data requests and commands. The mission had then reset the instruments to resume science operations onboard. However, the telescope went into safe mode on October 25 after the science instruments again issued error codes indicating multiple losses of synchronisation messages. The telescope team said that the science instruments then autonomously entered a safe mode state as programmed. “Mission team members are evaluating spacecraft data and system diagrams to better understand the synchronisation issue and how to address it. They also are developing and testing procedures to collect additional data from the spacecraft. These activities are expected to take at least one week,” Nasa said in a statement on Tuesday. NOT THE FIRST SETBACK Hubble had gone dark in June earlier this year as well. The month-long shut down was owing to a faulty payload computer onboard Hubble that coordinates science operations. When the main computer failed to receive a signal from the payload computer on June 13, it automatically placed Hubble’s science instruments into safe mode, making it blind in space. The Hubble has been in service for over three decades and has survived different teams and engineers over the years. The Hubble has faced several problems in the past as well when it was last repaired in 2009. The telescope earlier encountered problems related to its Imaging Spectrograph that suffered a power failure in 2004, followed by an electrical short in 2007 that affected its Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) — the primary camera for the telescope. A LEGACY SPACECRAFT The Hubble Space Telescope, which recently completed 30 years of service beyond Earth’s orbit, was first launched in 1991. The observatory has been key in some of the most significant discoveries of our cosmos, including the accelerating expansion of the universe, the evolution of galaxies over time, and the first atmospheric studies of planets beyond our solar system. The ageing telescope will soon have a partner beyond Earth’s orbit as the James Webb Telescope launches in December. Once launched from French Guiana, the Ariane 5 rocket will deliver the telescope directly into a precision transfer orbit towards its destination, the second Lagrange point (L2). This point is four times farther away than the Moon, 1.5 million kilometres from Earth in the direction away from the Sun. The James Webb Telescope, once up, will give a unique opportunity to study the origins of the universe taking over from the Hubble Space Telescope, which has remained the source of deep space observation for decades.

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When you think about the winter season, you might think of warm fires, festive holiday decorations and spending time with family and friends. However, winter also brings darker evenings. For the more than 10 million Americans who suffer from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) each winter, these months can be especially difficult. Let's take a look at the signs and symptoms of seasonal depression — and what you can do to stay mentally and emotionally healthy. What is Seasonal Depression? Seasonal affective disorder (often called "seasonal depression") is a type of depression that presents only during certain times of the year — typically in the fall and/or winter. Experts don't know the exact causes of SAD, however, they hypothesize that it could be the body's response to the lack of sunlight experienced during the darker months of the year. These changes in sunlight not only disturb the body's regular circadian rhythm (impacting sleep patterns) but can also cause a drop in serotonin levels in the brain and trigger depression. In order to be diagnosed with SAD, a patient must experience depressive symptoms for the majority of two consecutive winter seasons. Symptoms of SAD include fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, feeling sad or hopeless, loss of interest in activities you typically enjoy and more. Seasonal depression can affect anyone, but those at the greatest risk are women, teenagers and those with a history of bi-polar disorder. Tips for Staying Well This Winter While there's no way to guarantee you won't develop seasonal depression, there are certainly steps you can take to support your mental health throughout the winter months. Even for those who haven't been diagnosed with SAD, these tips can be helpful for anyone who experiences an occasional case of the "winter blues." - Get regular sunlight exposure. Exposure to sunlight — spending time outdoors or even simply from opening up the shades — is one of the most effective ways to treat SAD. Try to get some time outdoors in the sunlight every day. Getting sunlight exposure in the morning hours is especially helpful for boosting your energy and regulating your circadian rhythm, which can help with sleep issues. - Consider light therapy. If you're struggling to get enough daily sunlight exposure this winter, you might consider photo-therapy (light therapy). Light therapy devices produce artificial light that mimics natural sunlight, which can stimulate your brain and trigger the release of chemicals that help regulate your mood. This can be a great tool to keep at your desk or another room where you'll spend significant amounts of time indoors this winter. - Exercise regularly. Regular exercise is an important part of depression treatment, and it's no different for seasonal depression. This can be a great way to relieve symptoms of anxiety and, if you exercise outdoors, can also be another way to expose yourself to the sunlight. Whether it's hiking, biking or simply walking around the block, regularly moving your body this winter is a sure-fire way to improve your mood. - Spend time with loved ones. As the days grow shorter and darker, it can be tempting to self-isolate at home. But spending time with friends and family is so important — and a great way to elevate your mood! Next time you’re feeling down, fight the urge to be alone and reach out to someone you trust — even just a quick phone call can brighten your day. - Monitor your vitamin D intake. Some research indicates that a lack of vitamin D may contribute to the development of seasonal depression. If you suffer annually from SAD, talk to your doctor about increasing your intake of vitamin D. Tips for Navigating Seasonal Affective Disorder While there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for SAD, there are lifestyle changes and several other options to explore with your doctor including: - Psychotherapy. A therapist can help you identify negative thought and behavior patterns and work with you to develop healthy ways to cope with your symptoms. If the first mental health professional you talk to isn’t a good fit, consider giving it another try with someone new — it can take a few tries to connect with someone! - Medication. While not the first-resort for symptoms of the winter blues, if you struggle annually with SAD, antidepressants — such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) — could be an effective treatment option. While antidepressants are effective for many people, it can take several weeks to see improvement. Your doctor can work with you to find the right medication for your needs and symptoms. Everyone has down days — that's perfectly normal! However, if you think you could be suffering from SAD or another form of depression, talk to your doctor right away. With the right treatment, seasonal depression doesn’t have to leave you struggling until spring! This article first appeared in the November 2022 edition of the HealthPerks newsletter.

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Preventing Insect Bites Hot, humid environments are breeding grounds for the types of mosquitos that carry disease such as Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, Malaria, and Zika. Malaria is the only disease where the right prophylactic medication, taken properly, offers protection from infection. There are no cures for any of these diseases, and although the symptoms are not usually life-threatening for healthy individuals, they can be extremely uncomfortable and in some cases, have lasting effects. (For more information about Zika and travel, see the Emergency Messages page). Preventing exposure to mosquito bites is important to reducing one’s risk of exposure. Before traveling, review the precautions to prevent mosquito bites prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and mosquito-bourne disease prevention tips from the World Health Organization (WHO). The CDC also provides tips on insect repellant use and safety, including the recommendation that you should apply sunscreen before applying mosquito repellent. If you are concerned about a risk of exposure to a mosquito-borne illness, contact a specialist in travel medicine, such as Northwestern Medicine’s Travel Medicine Clinic or Glenbrook Hospital’s Travel Clinic. Pregnant women, or women planning to become pregnant planning to travel to a country with active Zika transmission, should consult with their OB/GYN. Travelers who display any of the symptoms outlined below should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Chikungunya is most prevalent in South and Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Symptoms most associated with the virus are fever and joint pain. There is no vaccine to prevent the spread of chikungunya. Additional information on the virus can be found on the CDC’s website. People who have contracted dengue typically experience symptoms similar to influenza. According to the World Health Organization, approximately half of the world’s population is at risk for dengue. The mosquito-borne viral infection is most commonly found in urban environments in tropical locations. Although there is no treatment for dengue, early detection can reduce mortality rates to below one percent. According to data from the World Health Organization, over 90 countries have ongoing malaria transmission. However, most malaria cases are found in Africa, as the continent is home to 90 percent of reported cases. The first symptoms of malaria are normally fever, headache and chills. Travelers to certain parts of South America (particularly in coastal areas of Brazil) and Africa are at risk for yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is the best protection against yellow fever disease, but it should be administered at least 10 days before travel for optimal results. However, because US-licensed yellow fever vaccine is out of stock, a limited number of clinics in the United States are now offering an equally safe and effective alternate vaccine, Stamaril. Find a clinic near campus or in your hometown by using the map feature on the prior link. The Zika virus is an illness with generally mild symptoms, including fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes), which can last several days to a week. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika, but symptoms are rarely severe and hospitalization is uncommon. Zika is spread by mosquitos and therefore most prevalent in tropical environments. Travelers can limit their exposure to Zika (and other mosquito-borne illnesses like Malaria, Dengue Fever and Chikungunya) by taking precautions to prevent mosquito bites. Zika is linked to a specific birth defect called microcephaly. Because of this link, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed specific guidance for pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant, warning them to avoid visiting places where the virus is currently circulating. The CDC has also issued information about the risk of transmitting Zika through sexual contact. Note that some locations may offer a reduced chance of exposure to Zika due to high elevation. The CDC’s Zika destinations page is the most up-to-date resource for determining risks of exposure based on location.

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Submitted to: Book Chapter Publication Type: Book / Chapter Publication Acceptance Date: 12/5/2005 Publication Date: 7/1/2006 Citation: Havstad, K.M., Schlesinger, W.H. 2006. Introduction. In: Havstad, K.M., Huenneke, L.F., Schlesinger, W.H., editors. Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 3-14. Interpretive Summary: Interpretive summary not required. Technical Abstract: Arid lands throughout the world, including lands at the border of arid regions, are increasingly subject to human impact, leading to degradation of soils, losses of plant production, and a diminished economic potential to support human populations. Focusing on the human impact and consequent losses in economic potential, we often call these changes "desertification." With the potential for global climate change, however, the definition of desertification and its potential must be expanded. Indeed, the 1992 United Nations’ Desertification Convention defined desertification as "land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities." It is more recently recognized that desertification involves human and environmental drivers but is a symptom evident at regional spatial scales that emerges from degradation at finer spatial scales. Assertions relative to an updated and revised paradigm regarding desertification have been developed. In l981, a group of scientists based in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and associated with New Mexico State University proposed a program of long-term ecological research in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico (USA) to gain a better understanding of processes that determine the structure and function of desert ecosystems. To an extent, this book represents both a synthesis of that effort and a benchmark of our progress over the last 23 years. In addition, this book draws on a longer history of research in the Jornada Basin that dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. Both the group and its mission have evolved since 1981, but an initial motivation for our studies was the dramatic, historic records of vegetation change in the Jornada.

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Compass, from China or Japan, 1800-1920 In Traditional Chinese Medicine there is a belief that the surrounding environment impacts on the health of an individual. This compass is used to ensure that a person's house is positioned in harmony with the universe. - Oriental Medicine - Object Number: overall (standing up right): height = 30 mm x diameter = 400 mm, 0.966 kg overall weight: x x , , .97kg - geomantic compass - furnishing and equipment - measuring device - instrument - magnetic compass Cite this page We encourage the use and reuse of our collection data. Data in the title, made, maker and details fields are released under Creative Commons Zero Descriptions and all other text content are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence Download catalogue entry as json Download manifest IIIF Our records are constantly being enhanced and improved, but please note that we cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information shown on this website.

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Many People enjoy swimming and don’t think of the dangers of drowning. Everyday in the United States nine people drown. The statistics are quite alarming, especially for parents with young children. Realizing the risks and potential dangers can go a long way in preventing pool accidents. See NBC Today Show on Pool Drownings On Rise - Drowning is the second leading cause of accidental injury-related death among children 1-14 years of age. - Drowning is the leading cause of accidental injury-related death among children 1-4 years of age. - Among children 1-4 years old, monst drowning occur in residential swimming pools. - Nineteen percent of child drowning fatalities take place in public pools with certified lifeguards on duty. - In nine out of ten child drowning deaths, a parent or caregiver claimed to be watching the child. At the law firm of Brannon & Brannon we help hundreds of accident victims every year, and we know the importance of injury prevention. That’s why we’ve compiled a list of safety tips to help avoid swimming pool accidents. Hanging out by the swimming pool can be one of the most enjoyable parts of summer. Follow these tips to help make sure your summer is a happy and healthy one for you and your family. POOL SAFETY TIPS - Never leave children around water (even if they know how to swim, and regardless of whether or not you are at a public or private pool). - Install a phone by the pool or keep a cordless phone nearby so that you can immediately call 9-1-1 in the case of an emergency. - Learn CPR and post instructions and numbers for local emergency agencies near the pool. - Enclose the pool on all sides with a self-locking gate, and keep all furniture away from fence so children cannot climb over the fence. - Keep toys away from the pool when you’re not using the it. Toys can attract children to the water. - Pool covers should be completely removed before using the pool, and put back on and secured correctly when not in use. - If a child is missing, check the pool first, every second count in drowning. - Avoid horseplay and running near pool areas. - Never dive into a swimming pool where you don’t know the depth. - Follow all rules posted at public pools and only swim when a lifeguard is on duty. You can find many more safety tips online as well as devices to help make your residential pool a safe zone for your children. If you, or your child, suffered injuries due to a swimming pool accident, you may have a valid claim. Get answers to your questions and learn you legal rights with a free consultation from the attorneys at Brannon & Brannon.

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Anhedonia: the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable. Although by no means an expert on anhedonia (or much else), I believe that it is a concept quite important when it comes to making a diagnosis of depression although the precise hows and whys of connecting anhedonia to other symptoms are still the source of some discussion . The paper from Vicki Bitsika & Christopher Sharpley brings the concepts of anhedonia and depression into view with autism in mind. Based on the analysis of self-reported symptoms on the "Depression subscale of the Child and Adolescent Symptoms Inventory (CASI-D)" for 70 males diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 50 asymptomatic controls matched for age, authors reported that: "The MDD [major depressive disorder] profiles for the ASD participants were dominated by anhedonia." Accepting that the label of autism seemingly very rarely exists in a diagnostic vacuum (see here) and that there is still some debate about whether comorbidity is just that or something rather more integral to parts of the growing pluralisation of autism (see here), the Bitsika/Sharpley paper is a potentially important one. Getting into the nitty-gritty details of how issues such as depression manifest on top of a diagnosis of autism is important as per the discussions by Vannucchi et al (see here) on the "atypical presentation" of bipolar disorder with Asperger syndrome in mind. Knowing for example, that anhedonia might be more characteristic of MDD in cases of autism or even more centrally to autism , may offer not only a more detailed perspective on screening for and managing such issues as and when they occur, but also a little bit more detail about the mechanisms through which such symptoms may come about. Music: Mercury Rev - Goddess on a Highway. Gaillard R. et al. Anhedonia in depression. Encephale. 2013 Sep;39(4):296-305. Bitsika V. & Sharpley CF. Differences in the Prevalence, Severity and Symptom Profiles of Depression in Boys and Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Normally Developing Controls. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2015; 62: 158-167. Vannucchi G. et al. Bipolar disorder in adults with Asperger׳s Syndrome: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2014 Jul 8;168C:151-160. Chevallier C. et al. Brief report: Selective social anhedonia in high functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012 Jul;42(7):1504-9. Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. (2015). Differences in the Prevalence, Severity and Symptom Profiles of Depression in Boys and Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Normally Developing Controls International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62 (2), 158-167 DOI: 10.1080/1034912X.2014.998179

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"Oh, no man knows Through what wild centuries Roves back the Rose" All That's Past: Walter de la Mare Take a look at the history of samplers through the ages, and investigate the different styles and techniques used in their construction at different periods of time. The term sampler comes from the Latin exemplum meaning 'an example to be followed, a pattern, a model or example'. It is believed that, although the earliest dated samplers and references to them come from the 16th century, they probably were stitched long before this time. The first known dated English sampler was made by Jane Bostocke in 1598 to celebrate the birth of her daughter (or possibly niece) Alice Lee, and is housed in the sampler collection at the Victoria and Albert museum. This sampler is covered with random motifs in a variety of stitches and shades, and includes metal threads, pearls and beads. It is believed that the early samplers were sewn mainly by women, rather than by young girls as were those of a later date, and were intended truly as examples, both of designs and of different stitches, such as cross stitch, eyelet, Algerian eye, long armed cross etc. These long, narrow band samplers contain a variety of different designs, alphabets, and sometimes cut or pulled thread work. Many consist of elaborate scrolled designs in double running or Holbein stitch. Later in the 17th century the style changed to spot samplers, random motifs worked in silk, which were often intended to be cut out and appliqued onto bed hangings or other furnishings. During this period printed pattern books became available, so samplers lost some of their use as works of reference. Many of the designs from these books can be seen repeated in English samplers from this time onwards. From the mid-eighteenth century, it became more common for young girls to work samplers as part of their education, of which needlework formed a major part! These samplers began to take on the form probably best known, with decorative borders, alphabets, motifs such as animals, flowers and houses, and they usually also contained some sort of verse. Marking samplers included various alphabets in reversible stitches, crowns and coronets, which could be used to mark for identification of the household linens of the aristocracy. Other samplers contained pious verses or religious symbols, and yet others taught geography in the form of embroidered maps, or mathematics in the guise of cross stitch multiplication tables!! During Victorian times, samplers became more pictorial, and metamorphosed into decorative articles to be hung by proud parents on the parlour walls! As the designs became more elaborate so the number of different stitches used was reduced, until generally only one stitch remained in use, thus ending up with the cross stitch samplers so well known today.

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Following evidence that estrogen and vitamin D work together to promote bone health, new research from China now suggests that they could also help to stave off metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors — such as obesity, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar — that increase the likelihood that a person will develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and other conditions. The recent study, which features in the journal Menopause, investigated estrogen and vitamin D levels and their link to metabolic syndrome in a group of postmenopausal women in Southern China. The authors conclude that the findings “suggest a synergistic role” for vitamin D and estrogen deficiency in metabolic syndrome in Chinese postmenopausal women. Altogether, 616 postmenopausal women took part in the study. Their ages ranged from 49–86 years, and none were taking estrogen or vitamin D supplements at the start of data collection. The researchers measured the women’s blood levels of estradiol — the strongest of the estrogen hormones — and vitamin D, as well as risk factors for metabolic syndrome. The team found a “positive correlation” between vitamin D and estradiol. In other words, women with lower levels of vitamin D tended also to have lower levels of estradiol, and women with higher levels of vitamin D tended also to have higher levels of estradiol. The researchers also analyzed which metabolic syndrome factors most closely correlated with vitamin D and estradiol. They found that: - Higher levels of vitamin D tended to accompany more favorable measures of blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipids. - Lower levels of estradiol tended to accompany less favorable measures of blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In addition, the analysis showed that women with insufficient levels of vitamin D and estradiol were more likely to have metabolic syndrome than women with sufficient levels. In another analysis, which involved ranking the women according to their vitamin D levels, the researchers found that low estradiol increased the risk of metabolic syndrome in women with insufficient vitamin D. Metabolic syndrome comprises five risk factors: central obesity, high triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose. To assess metabolic syndrome status for the recent study, the team used criteria from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2006 definition. The IDF 2006 definition states that metabolic syndrome consists of central obesity plus any two of the other four factors. Central obesity means that there is too much fat around the stomach area, which can raise the risk of heart disease to a greater extent than having too much fat in other parts of the body, such as the hips. For central obesity in Chinese women, the IDF 2006 standard defines this to be a waistline equal to or greater than 80 centimeters (cm) or 31.5 inches (in). For white women in the U.S., this measure would be greater than or equal to 88 cm or 34.6 in. For the other four risk factors, the IDF 2006 criteria that the researchers used were: - blood triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) or higher, or receiving treatment for high triglycerides - HDL cholesterol under 50 mg/dl or being in receipt of treatment for high HDL cholesterol - blood pressure equal to or greater than 130/85 millimeters of mercury or being in receipt of treatment for high blood pressure - fasting blood glucose equal to or greater than 100 mg/dl or being in receipt of treatment for diabetes HDL cholesterol helps the blood to ferry cholesterol away from the arteries. Too little can increase the risk of heart disease. Fasting blood glucose of 100 mg/dl can be an early sign of diabetes, which, in turn, can raise the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular health problems. Metabolic syndrome is a major public health issue. According to a 2015 Dr. JoAnn Pinkerton, executive director of The North American Menopause Society, says that the study shows that low estrogen appears to raise the risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women with insufficient levels of vitamin D. She notes that the “Endocrine Society recommends vitamin D levels of 30 [nanograms per milliliter] for postmenopausal women.” “Whether adequate levels of vitamin D improve nonskeletal cardiovascular or cognitive benefits remains the subject of debate, and answers await randomized clinical trial data.” Dr. JoAnn Pinkerton

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There are three main types of distraction: - Visual—taking your eyes off the road; - Manual—taking your hands off the wheel; and - Cognitive—taking your mind off what you are doing. Distracted driving activities include things like using a cell phone, texting, and eating. Using in-vehicle technologies (such as navigation systems) can also be sources of distraction. While any of these distractions can endanger the driver and others, texting while driving is especially dangerous because it combines all three types of distraction.

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Bring Birds to the Garden by Wendy Gasch, Horticulturist Looking back over the past season, do you wish you had more avian friends visiting your garden? It may be easier than you think to encourage these feathered friends into your backyard. There are three key elements needed to create a bird-friendly garden: food, water, and shelter. Adding bird feeders around the garden is a great way to give birds the initial invitation. Selecting plants that provide berries, seeds, and nuts during different seasons can encourage them to be year-round visitors. Crabapples, viburnums and cotoneasters are great berry-bearing plants. The Asteraceae family of perennials, including coneflower, black-eyed Susan, and globe thistle, also provides tasty treats for birds that enjoy seeds. Remember that insects are food too - refrain from using insecticides and let the bird population do the work for you. Water can easily be added to the garden with a pond or birdbath. During Wisconsin winters, heated birdbaths are a great option for a year-round water source. are great plants to provide sheltered nesting and roosting sites. Leave a brush pile over the winter to provide additional shelter from local predators. By providing a few key elements it's easy to transform the backyard into a fantastic habitat for birds. Back To Article Index

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This federal holiday is celebrated every 4th Thursday of November each year. The First Thanksgiving painting, 1621. Celebrated on the Fourth Thursday of November every year in the United States of America, Thanksgiving Day is a public holiday and considered a very special day when a Thanksgiving turkey is placed inside the oven in most homes in expectation of the very much looked forward to Thanksgiving Dinner which would bring many relatives, close friends and others to share in the festivities and the joys of the day. The event originated as a harvesting festival which was to give Thanks for a bountiful harvest that would have been just concluded which is still the case in some agricultural areas of the United States of America. It has been a national event and has been celebrated infrequently since 1789 as a precursor to a proclamation by the first President of the United States George Washington. In 1863 during the American Civil War President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a National holiday on the last Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day and “to give praise and blessings to our Father the Lord above who dwelleth in the Heavens” and since then the day has been celebrated all over the United States. In October 1621 the “first Thanksgiving was celebrated with a few native Americans and a few pilgrims who had celebrated the feast which had lasted for three days and it is thought that this was the origin to what is being celebrated today with much joy and fun by all Americans. Thanksgiving is a European practice and is known to have been first initiated by the Spaniards and the French around the 16th century which has been documented to be an age old tradition even in other communities who were in the habit of giving thanks for all that has been provided to them during the year by way of bountiful harvests and the opportunity to have food on the table. It is also known that when the first permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia congregated it was completed with a Thanksgiving to thank the Lord for the opportunity to land in those fertile lands but later due to constant conflicts and the Indian massacre of 1622 the site was shifted to more secure locations. Hence it is recorded that the history of Thanksgiving Day dates back centuries and has a very long tradition not limited to one group of European settlers but to most of who came across the Atlantic to make their home in the New World. Specifically, the practice of Thanksgiving could be safely reverted back to about the early 1600’s and it has been an event in a particular day where different American communities especially those who arrived from Europe looked up to the Heavens as way of offering their Thanks to the One above for all what has been provided to them and even today it is the same initiative that is being conducted but in a more grandeur style in keeping with the times and the rich mixture of American culture which is prevalent in the United States of America in the present times.

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By Debra Werner|February 2019 Weather forecasters are always hungry for more data. Over the last few years, they've learned that signals from GPS and rival constellations can tell them interesting things about the atmosphere. The question is whether cubesats and other smallsats can gather these radio occultation readings accurately enough. Debra Werner takes the measure of a congressionally directed pilot project that could provide the answer. When radio waves pass through a planet’s atmosphere, the molecules and electrons bend the waves not unlike how a piece of glass or body of water refracts light. The denser the atmosphere, the more bending. NASA scientists famously put this principle to work in 1965 during the Mariner 4 mission. After passing Mars, the probe transmitted radio waves back toward Earth with the red planet partially blocking, or occulting, the path. This assured that some of the radio waves passed through the Martian atmosphere. The technique, called radio occultation, gave scientists their first precise measurement of the density of the Martian atmosphere. Flash forward five decades, and Earth is now ringed with a constellation of 24 GPS satellites, plus rival constellations operated by China, Europe and Russia. Some microwaves from these satellites plow through the atmosphere including cloud cover to reach users on the ground, but some inevitably radiate past the curve of the Earth and into space. An instrument orbiting on the other side of the globe can catch these navigation signals. From the degree of bending, software on the satellite or on the ground can deduce moisture content, air pressure and temperatures at various altitudes, with each set of data called a sounding. Scientists have long been intrigued by this technique, called radio occultation, but as recently as a decade ago, they were unsure of its precision in the lower atmosphere. A turning point came after Typhoon Nuri struck the Philippines in 2008, explains meteorologist William Kuo of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, a Boulder, Colorado, nonprofit focused on research and training forecasters and young scientists. The storm originated in an area of the Western Pacific Ocean that was shrouded in clouds that blocked the view of the lower troposphere for weather satellites that rely on traditional microwave soundings to chart temperatures by measuring microwave energy emitted from the atmosphere and surface. Weather balloons, in theory, could have given clues about what was happening under the clouds, but the Pacific Ocean is vast and no balloons were in the area. U.S. and European weather models did not capture the moisture under the clouds and failed to predict the formation of Nuri, which exploded into one of the year’s strongest cyclones. After Nuri, researchers led by Kuo were curious to see whether radio occultation could have shown the models what lay under the clouds. They acquired archived radio occultation readings of that area of the Pacific taken during Nuri’s formation by a constellation of NOAA and Taiwan-funded technology demonstration satellites called COSMIC, for Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate, and other satellites. Kuo and his team discovered that by adding radio occultation measurements from GPS into the forecast model, they could see spiral rainbands associated with the developing storm. The model was now able to predict Typhoon Nuri. The Nuri study, often presented by scientists at conferences with a video of the decloaked rotation, helped NOAA and Taiwan’s National Space Organization win funding in 2010 and 2011 for a second generation of COSMIC satellites. Small-sat entrepreneurs jump in Now, entrepreneurs in the U.S., aided by a NOAA-managed pilot project, are racing to bring radio occultation to market and do it with smallsats and cubesats that are just a fraction the size of the COSMIC satellites. Despite early setbacks, these entrepreneurs retain an unshakeable conviction that the technique can revolutionize forecasting and earn them a sizable share of what could be a multibillion-dollar global market for various kinds of commercial weather data, including radio occultation soundings. NOAA, on orders of Congress, is doing what it can to nurture the industry through the 2-year-old Commercial Weather Data Pilot project. In September, NOAA awarded a total of $8.3 million in second-round contracts to three weather satellite startups: GeoOptics of Pasadena, California; PlanetiQ of Golden, Colorado; and San Francisco-based Spire Global. Their occultation readings will be fed into offline forecasting models so that results can be compared to those from operational models. NOAA is hoping for better results this time than from the first round of the pilot in April 2017, when the agency did not receive enough soundings to assess the technology. GeoOptics, which received $695,000 in the first round, didn’t launch any satellites in time to meet the deadline. Spire, which received $370,000, provided some observations but not enough for a full assessment. NOAA decided to add PlanetiQ for the second round. “We saw enough promise coming out of the first round that we knew it was worth at least doing round two,” says NOAA’s Karen St. Germain, a microwave remote sensing expert. “I am optimistic about it. They are probably going to get to a good capability that can be a part of the overall NOAA observation portfolio moving forward,” St. Germain adds. She directs the Office of Systems Architecture and Advanced Planning within NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service, the agency that feeds observations from satellites and weather balloons into supercomputers running forecast models that the agency shares with meteorologists. Watching all this closely are U.S. forecasters who are hungry for more and more occultation soundings, provided the accuracy of the data can be verified in part with the aid of COSMIC. In terms of forecasting value, the soundings from COSMIC have been “right up there with satellite infrared and microwave soundings, radiosondes and aircraft reports,” says Joseph Pica, director of the National Weather Service Office of Observations. Fine-tuning multiday forecasts Forecasters evaluated numerical weather models with and without COSMIC data and found the additional temperature and moisture data had the largest impact on multiday forecasts, providing the quality of a four-day forecast eight hours in advance and a seven-day forecast 15 hours earlier, says Lidia Cucurull, an atmospheric physicist and deputy director of NOAA’s Quantitative Observing System Assessment Program. At its height, the COSMIC constellation produced 1,500 to 2,000 atmospheric soundings per day. Each sounding reveals pressure, temperature and humidity in an atmospheric column. Now, only one of the six COSMIC satellites works at all and it operates intermittently, which is why NOAA is preparing to launch a second COSMIC constellation. If meteorologists had 100,000 radio occultation soundings, that “would double forecast accuracy,” predicts Peter Platzer, chief executive of Spire Global, which in 2015 became the first startup to operate a constellation of radio occultation cubesats. While that degree remains to be shown, the forecasters I interviewed agreed that a higher number of soundings would improve forecasts dramatically, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere and over the oceans, areas that don’t receive as much attention from geostationary weather satellites or weather balloons. NOAA will gauge the accuracy of the commercial observations gathered under the pilot project, while the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation, a research agency serving NASA, NOAA and the U.S. Defense Department, will assess their impact on forecasts. “Different vendors may well deliver occultation observations that have different performance characteristics,” says St. Germain. “We want to understand the value they can provide.” Much of St. Germain’s optimism can be traced to COSMIC. In 2011, the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts studied the value of various weather model inputs by removing specific datasets and gauging the impact on forecasts. When researchers compared forecasts with and without radio occultation, they found that the additional observations reduced forecast error by 10 percent. That impact reportedly impressed them, because radio occultation satellites provide only 2 to 3 percent of the observations fed into the forecast models. A similar 2010 study by NOAA’s National Center for Environmental Prediction revealed radio occultation had the third highest impact per observation on a NASA Goddard Earth Observing Systems weather model behind radiosondes and ship buoys. Pointing to that evidence, NOAA won congressional support for the second COSMIC constellation. COSMIC-2, a six-satellite constellation scheduled to launch into an equatorial orbit on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket in 2019, possibly as early as April or May, will feed data directly into numerical weather models. If all goes according to plan, six COSMIC-2 satellites will capture a total of 5,000 soundings per day between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south latitude, where much of Earth’s population lives. Those observations will be fed into forecast models within 30 minutes. Within that coverage area, COSMIC-2 is focused on the tropics because that’s where the atmosphere holds most of its moisture and moisture “drives the global weather engine,” says Bill Schreiner, the COSMIC project director for the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research in Colorado. COSMIC-2 is a paired-down version of the constellation that was originally conceived in 2010. At that time, managers envisioned following the first tranche of six satellites orbiting over the equator with a second six-satellite constellation, dubbed COSMIC-2B, with the satellites crossing from pole to pole. The United States and Taiwan canceled plans in 2017 to build those satellites, because neither government was willing to fund them. Congress pushes for commercial sources By the time COSMIC-2B was canceled, entrepreneurs were designing and building radio occultation cubesats and, in Spire’s case, operating them. The trend toward miniature electronics means companies can fit radio occultation receivers and powerful processers into satellites of 5 to 18 kilograms compared to the original COSMICs, each of which weighed about 70 kilograms. The new COSMICs will be even larger, at close to 300 kilograms, because each will carry redundant electronic components and extra scientific payloads. Congress, seeing progress on the commercial side, pushed NOAA to compare the cost and capability of commercial constellations with government satellites. In a report accompanying a 2017 appropriations bill, Congress asked NOAA to provide a detailed comparison of the cost of acquiring radio occultation data from the COSMIC-2’s polar-orbiting constellation, including development, launch and operations, with commercial data sources, a comparison that led to the demise of COSMIC-2B. Schreiner, the project director at the University Corporation for Atmsopheric Research, was sorry to lose COSMIC-2B. “It would have allowed us to provide excellent improvements to weather forecasting and to monitor the quality of commercial systems,” he says. “There is plenty of room for commercial data. Studies show significant impact from radio occultation even when you have 100,000 soundings per day.” Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were pleased Congress pushed NOAA to support their fledgling ventures. Jim Bridenstine, the Oklahoma Republican who was a member of the House of Representative’s Space, Science and Technology Committee before becoming NASA administrator last year, led the congressional campaign for commercial radio occultation. Bridenstine found ready allies in the industry. “There’s no question you get more for your money with a commercial service,” says retired U.S. Navy Adm. Conrad Lautenbacher, a former NOAA administrator who now leads GeoOptics. “Federal government funding is essential for research, but the commercial sector is the most cost-effective provider of proven products and services.” As of Dec. 5, Lautenbacher’s company was operating three 10-kilogram Cicero radio occultation cubesats with sensors it developed with the NASA-funded Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, a small spacecraft builder in Irvine, California. GeoOptics’ shoebox-size satellites “produce data that compares very favorably with COSMIC-1 data,” Lautenbacher says. Spire, meanwhile, operates a fleet of about 71 5-kilogram cubesats that it calls Lemurs. Each is equipped with radio occultation sensors in addition to Automatic Identification System receivers for maritime tracking. Spire also began installing Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast receivers for airplane tracking in its new cubesats in 2018. “Our three-unit cubesats, the size of a wine bottle, track the weather, ships, planes and a whole bunch of other things,” Spire’s Platzer says. “They have higher-gain antennas than COSMIC-1 and two to three orders of magnitude more processing power.” PlanetiQ has built three radio occultation satellites but not yet launched one. If all goes according to plan, PlanetiQ’s 12-unit cubesats, built to track radio signals from GPS as well as Russian GLONASS, European Galileo and Chinese BeiDou navigation satellites, will begin launching in 2019. “We’ll get three up toward the end of the year on three different launchers,” says Chris McCormick, PlanetiQ founder and chairman. McCormick, who led Broad Reach Engineering when it built radio occultation receivers for COSMIC-1, Germany’s radar satellite TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X, and others , is confident PlanetiQ’s commercial receivers will outperform COSMIC-1’s. COSMIC-1 receivers were built in 2004, meaning the technology was selected around 2002. “Sixteen years later, a lot of other things are better from an instrument perspective,” McCormick says. “Our antennas are actually bigger than COSMIC-1 antennas. We’ll have better signal-to-noise ratio, faster computers and we’ll be tracking most of the Global Navigation Satellite System signals not just GPS.” The most striking difference between commercial radio occultation satellites and their government flown counterparts is the volume of precise, geographically dispersed observations they could potentially provide for weather and climate models. McCormick compares it to adding pixels to improve the resolution of an image. Worldwide, agencies launch 1,800 weather balloons, measuring temperature, pressure and humidity in an air column. In contrast, one PlanetiQ satellite will gather 2,500 soundings per day. “We’ll get more soundings with one satellite than all the weather balloons and we are going to be launching 18 satellites,” McCormick says. That, says McCormick, is what’s needed to improve the precision and accuracy of forecasts. Related TopicsWeather satellites Radio occultation: How it works Sensors mounted on satellites travelling in low Earth orbit continually observe radio signals broadcast by global navigation satellites in medium Earth orbit. For example, satellites in the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate, launched in 2006 by NOAA and Taiwan’s National Space Organization, orbiting 800 kilometers overhead acquired signals from GPS satellites in 20,200-kilometer orbits. Each COSMIC satellite observed a GPS signal for about three minutes or one occultation before the spacecraft passed behind Earth where it could no longer see the GPS spacecraft. Software on the satellites and in ground stations measures how the atmosphere refracts GPS signals, providing precise observations known as soundings that reveal atmospheric temperature, pressure, density and water vapor in an atmospheric column.

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2.2 – Children’s rights questions Look at the following five subjects below that could possibly be a child’s right: For each, answer on your worksheet yes or no whether you think that is a child’s right, then write your reason for thinking so. |What children might want |1. To have designer trainers |2. To go to the cinema |3. To have friends |4. To stay over at friends’ houses |5. To have privacy Good, how did you find that exercise? Some of these examples are about building strong relationships, encouraging good self esteem and confidence with your children. This helps to build trust and honesty in your family and can help prepare your child for adulthood. Each family is different and individual – there are no right answers. These relate to what is important to you and your family.

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Anger definition and way to stopAre you easily prone to anger even when you have to handle simple situations in your life? Then you must go through and follow these simple tips on how to manage your anger. Anger is an emotional feeling that is really harmful to the health and is generally the outcome of your stressful life or frustration in life. In fact it is one of your greatest enemies that ruins your life. It is very easy to become angry on certain situations of life but it is not that easy to control your anger at times. However you should understand the fact that it is not that difficult to manage and control your anger. During many situations in your life you get stressed or frustrated and such frustrated feelings result in causing anger in you for no specific reason. There are certain situations in your life, when you become outrage with anger and during such time you completely forget your surroundings and you even lose control on your emotions. Such an outrage anger badly affects the health conditions and when you are unable to manage your anger, your health conditions worsen day by day and thus results in the destruction of the self. Moreover, control-less anger even breaks many of your relationships and makes you aloof. So, for a healthy and harmonious living controlling and managing your anger is very essential. Here are few tips on how to manage and control your anger: Simple tips on how to manage your anger • All you need to do is first sort out and make a list of all such situations in your life that cause anger. • Try to understand what is the cause of your anger in such situations so that once you understand the situations well, you can manage / control your anger the next time when you face such a situation • At times, even after your continuous efforts to control anger, you find it difficult to deal with your anger and once again you become a victim of control-less anger. During such instances, just walk out of the place and sit in a calm and lonely place preferably in a garden or so where you get some soothing to your intense emotions. • Try to calm down yourself in such a pleasant atmosphere and try to forget everything for some time and try to divert you mind. Concentrate on something interesting / refreshing to your mind. Once you come back to normalcy, you can get back to your place and continue with your work • During some situations, when you feel that your anger is triggering, then avoid involving yourself in hot discussions or arguments as these further triggers your anger and make you a victim of anger. So keep yourself away from such hot discussions / arguments • As you as you become a victim of intense anger or when anger attacks you, try to understand it instantly • Once you understand that anger has attacked you, try to calm down yourself immediately by taking slow and deep breathes. Breathe in slowly, hold the breath for few seconds and then slowly breathe out. Repeat this for 3-4 times. This is one of the nice relaxing technique • Try to keep yourself engaged in some of your interested activities or try to develop a hobby of your liking and keep yourself engaged most of the time in maintaining your hobby. This will give much relaxation to the mind and gradually you can get control over your emotions • Last but not the least, is meditate at least 10-15 minutes a day. Start meditation under the guidance of an expert and then continue with it. This is the best way of having a control over your mind and emotions as well

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It might be a sphere a mile in diameter spinning to create gravity. The inside of the sphere would be covered with dirt, gardens, farms and living spaces. Lit from a central LED array to simulate sunshine. The people would be living there for generations. Herds of cows, chickens, sheep and pigs would be needed to be raised for food. Vast hemp fields could be planted to convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to oxygen. At one end of the sphere looking outside would be the command center with landing pods. At the other end would be thrusters. Since the distance would be a minimum of 4 light years, the spaceship would take at least 8 years to get there if it traveled at half the speed of light. That's really fast. Perhaps an unreasonably fast speed. 40 years travel time if we went 1/10 of the speed of light. Still, that's really fast.

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by Jonathan Shoaf PowerPoint gets a bad reputation from all the mind numbing presentations millions have been subjected to. This has less to do with PowerPoint's limitations and more to do with a lack of creativity on the part of many presenters. PowerPoint is a very powerful presentation tool that can be used to really enhance the way data is presented. Think Outside the Box PowerPoint is also useful for creating cool visual effects outside of a presentation. I often use it to organize my thoughts into visuals or to show someone a concept I'm working on. I also use it to create graphics for my e-learning modules. This post will provide step-by-step instructions for how to create transparent graphics in PowerPoint and save them as a portable network graphic (PNG) file for use in an e-learning module. Transparency can really enhance the look and feel of your content. I will show you how to make a semi-transparent cloud like the one below. Creating a Cloud Let's go ahead and create a cloud. Do this by going to the Insert tab, choosing Shapes, and selecting the cloud shape. Now adjust the colors and formatting to create a white cloud. To do this, select the cloud and then make sure the Format tab is selected. Change Shape Fill to white. Next, adjust the outline by selecting Shape Outline and choosing the color gray. Finally, lets make it a semi-transparent cloud. Right click on the cloud and choose Shape Format. Select the Fill options. Look for the Transparency setting and set it to 50%. This will allow part of the background to come through the cloud when we place it on another image. Saving the Cloud The cloud has been created in PowerPoint. Now we need to get it out of PowerPoint and into a format we can use. Right click on the cloud and select Save as Picture. For the Save as type, choose PNG Portable Network Graphics Format. This graphic format works on all of today's browsers and will preserve the transparency settings. JPG and many of the other formats will not preserve the transparency. Click Save to save the file. Now that you have the cloud graphic outside of PowerPoint , you can use it with your e-learning development tool to create transparent effects. The background without clouds: The background after adding PowerPoint clouds:

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01-08-2010, 07:19 AM This is my best definition of what it means when a hunter describes all the symptoms of buck fever. Buck Fever is the nervous, shaking, pounding heart, short of breath feeling, fully loaded with an adrenaline rush in your body. I know other hunters may explain it a little differently but this is what happens during buck fever and this is why it happens. Buckfever is a condition caused by nervous confusion of excitement mixed with fear. Buck Fever is a very real condition within all hunters however, time, confidence in ones self and experience will help you overcome it. When a hunter sees the game he is seeking come into view a natural release of adrenaline begins as his heart begins to beat a little faster with excitement, at that point Buck fever is determined by whether the animal comes closer or drifts casually out of sight. If the animal leaves the hunter goes right back to a normal but if the animal begins to move in closer the fear of the kill becomes active and the body releases an increased amount of adrenaline causing what we refer to as an adrenaline rush. That's when the heart begins to beat at a faster rate which causes the pounding heart and the hunter now begins to breathe deeper and faster. The fear of the kill is when a hunter struggles to overcome seeing the animal die in his presence. I hope this helps shed a little light on why it's difficult sometimes to maintain complete control. Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch. Liberty is a well-armed lamb contesting the outcome of the vote.

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Change Facilitation Exercises in General Reflection exercises, because of the freedom of expression they encourage, can be particularly useful in both change-planning and team-building meetings. They typically all encourage participative teamwork and consensus, and most assist with change-program planning. They can be a powerful tool for: - getting people thinking fast about their situation - getting people to produce their “front of mind” thinking about the situation, as opposed to having them respond to structured questions in an analytical way - enabling people to exchange with colleagues about what’s going on - encouraging people to think broadly and conceptually, to see the wood for the trees - to get some delicate subjects on the table in a non-threatening way - providing groups with a vehicle for broad discussion, artistic license, and a way to get their message across that is less threatening than more structured or formal presentations For all the above reasons, reflection exercises are powerful facilitation tools, and can help guarantee that nothing important will be overlooked because it’s unmentionable or not politically correct. Since reflection exercises are intended to produce valuable input to planning, team-building and other processes, the small workgroup and plenary session output should generally be captured in written (on a facilitator handout or on flip chart) or electronic (on a USB Key or laptop file) form so it can be kept and analyzed or referred to as the process progresses. Make sure that as a facilitator you feel you have the skills, experience and necessary level of neutrality to lead the exercise you chose. If you are in any doubt consult an experienced professional. Exercises in Plenary or Small Groups The advantage of working in plenary session (when the entire group is in the room) is that everyone participates in exactly the same discussion and, in some circumstances, this can bring the group to a conclusion fairly rapidly. The disadvantage of working solely in plenary can be that: - for any group of more than four or five people, it’s difficult for the facilitator to ensure that every participant says what’s on his or her mind - in the event of disagreement, the number of participants can lead to a lengthy debate, with some participants being marginalized - on occasions, discussions in plenary are can be more superficial than in small groups where every participant will likely want to and be able to participate - the facilitator must deal with a large number of individual inputs, as opposed to dealing with one consensus input per small discussion group. For these reasons it is often best for an exercise to be done first in small workgroups and the results then compared and discussed in a plenary session. Small workgroups (2 to 7 people) should typically be made up either of people of similar background and experience or a mixed cross-section of the participants. - Groups that mix people from varying backgrounds will generally provide a forum for a broad exchange of ideas and viewpoints: the product of each group is likely to resemble that of the others. - Groups of people with similar backgrounds, for example old versus young, marketing versus operations, long-service versus short-service, etc. will generally provide differences of vision from group to group that can be contrasted and resolved in a plenary discussion session. In these cases, it’s important to spend time in plenary session to make sure that everyone’s perceptions are fully explored and that all can share a common vision of where we are and where we have to go. In many cases it’s desirable for the facilitator to pre-select group members, assigning each person to a pre-planned group. An alternative is to have groups of two or three work together without leaving the plenary room table. This can be a quick way of doing an exercise while leading to good discussion and reducing the number of inputs to the facilitator. Caution should be exercised not to create groups of one, nor any group small enough to feel threatened by those in authority or by others. It is important that reflection exercises produce rich input for group discussion, and not accidentally damage the positions or careers of any participant: it’s the facilitator’s responsibility to encourage consensus and not division, and it is usually better to be safe than sorry. The Top Dozen L&C Change Facilitation Exercises These exercises are among those that have proved most popular over the years to L&C change-program facilitators. They vary in their uses, and these are broadly described below: More specific suggestions as to how and when to use each exercise appear in each specific exercise file. The exercises are set up in Word to permit adaptation to specific circumstances and groups. Many of them can also be used outside a meeting context, for example to gather input from participants on stakeholders, critical success factors etc. for analysis and subsequent discussion Please note that this material is the copyright of L&C Leading Change Advisors Inc and that is a trademark of L&C Leading Change Advisors Inc. It can be used under license

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December 1 was World AIDS Day, marking forty years since symptoms were first reported. Over 36 million people have died worldwide from AIDS-related illnesses. The death rate is slowing as effective drug treatments gain wider distribution. But the inequity that long fueled the AIDS epidemic still exists, with punishing consequences, particularly for the people of southern Africa. The persistence and the vastly unequal impacts of the ongoing AIDS epidemic serve as a warning as the new Omicron variant of the COVID-19 virus makes its way around the world. Little is currently known about this newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 variant referred to as Omicron, particularly whether it spreads more easily or if it can cause more severe COVID-19. What we do know is thanks largely to its rapid identification by scientists in Botswana and South Africa. “I think they need to be celebrated for that because there wasn’t a cloud of secrecy around this particular variant,” said Fatima Hassan, founder of Health Justice Initiative. Rather than being celebrated, though, the nations of southern Africa are being isolated. The United States quickly implemented a travel ban, barring anyone from eight southern African nations from entering the country. Brazil, Canada, the European Union, Iran and the U.K followed suit. “An uneven travel ban was slapped on many countries in southern Africa,” Hassan said. “It is actually quite racist.” South African President Cyril Ramaphosa responded to the bans, “The emergence of the Omicron variant should be a wake-up call to the world that vaccine inequality cannot be allowed to continue. Until everyone is vaccinated, everyone will continue to be at risk. Instead of prohibiting travel, the rich countries of the world need to support the efforts of developing economies to access and to manufacture enough vaccine doses for their people without delay.” United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres slammed the travel bans as “travel apartheid,” which only serve to exacerbate the growing global divide caused by vaccine apartheid. In a recent opinion piece, World Health Organization Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus called the hoarding of surplus vaccine doses by wealthy nations with populations that are highly vaccinated, including with booster shots, “morally repugnant and epidemiological madness.” It would be easier to vaccinate the world than to try in vain to block COVID-19 variants from crossing borders. Omicron is a case in point; as the New York Times detailed this week, the variant was already present in the Netherlands before its existence was announced in Africa. Travelers on airplanes from South Africa carried the variant to Europe, where the hodgepodge of conflicting national travel restrictions already in place and inadequate quarantine protocols led Dutch officials to force many potentially Omicron-positive travelers to depart for their final destinations, accelerating the new variant’s spread. Pharmaceutical corporations that are profiting off of the pandemic are slowing vaccination in poor and middle-income countries. With patents on the vaccines, companies like Pfizer, BioNTech, and Moderna are using intellectual property protections to block the sharing of their secret vaccine formulas. Journalism professor Steven Thrasher sees a parallel between the role of Big Pharma now with COVID-19 and how the Global South, and primarily southern Africa, was and continues to be afflicted by AIDS: “Today there is no reason why anybody should be dying of AIDS. It is a slow-moving virus and so from the time we know someone is infected, we can give them all the support they need. We have the science for it. We have the medicine for it. It is merely a matter of protecting capitalism and the profits of pharmaceutical companies,” Thrasher said on Democracy Now! “We are seeing very similar dynamics again now with COVID-19… we have the vaccines, we have medications that are very effective and they are again being held from the Global South to protect the profits of pharmaceutical corporations.” Over a year ago, South Africa and India proposed that the World Trade Organization temporarily suspend TRIPS, or Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, to speed COVID-19 vaccinations worldwide. President Joe Biden was applauded last May for supporting the waiver. Amnesty International, along with members of the U.S. Congress and many labor, health and other civil society groups delivered a petition signed by over three million people to the White House last week, noting, “six months later, in the absence of U.S. leadership to deliver a waiver deal, the European Union, on behalf of Germany, plus Switzerland and the United Kingdom have blocked progress.” People over profit must be the guiding mantra as we soon enter the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Without immediate action, we could well be dealing with COVID, just as we still battle AIDS, for the next forty years. Amy Goodman and Denis Moynihan Originally published on as The Viral Underclass: COVID-19 and AIDS Show What Happens When Inequality and Disease Collide

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Merging memory and computation, programmable chip speeds AI | Robotics The chip, which works with standard programming languages, could be particularly useful on phones, watches or other devices that rely on high-performance computing and have limited battery life. The chip, based on a technique called in-memory computing, is designed to clear a primary computational bottleneck that forces computer processors to expend time and energy fetching data from stored memory. In-memory computing performs computation directly in the storage, allowing for greater speed and efficiency. The announcement of the new chip, along with a system to program it, follows closely on an earlier report that the researchers in collaboration with Analog Devices Inc. had fabricated circuitry for in-memory computing. Lab tests of the circuitry demonstrated that the chip would perform tens to hundreds of times faster than comparable chips. However, the initial chip did not include all the components of the most recent version, so its capability was limited. In the new announcement, researchers in the lab of Naveen Verma, an associate professor of electrical engineering, report that they have integrated the in-memory circuitry into a programmable processor architecture. The chip now works with common computer languages such as C. “The previous chip was a strong and powerful engine,” said Hongyang Jia, a graduate student in Verma’s group and one of the chip designers. “This chip is the whole car.” Although it could operate with a broad range of systems, the Princeton chip is intended to support systems designed for deep-learning inference — algorithms that allow computers to make decisions and perform complex tasks by learning from data sets. Deep learning systems direct such things as self-driving cars, facial recognition systems and medical diagnostic software. Verma said that for many applications, the chip’s energy savings would be as critical as the performance boost. That is because many AI applications are expected to operate on devices driven by batteries such as mobile phones or wearable medical sensors. The Apple iPhone X, for example, already has an AI chip as part of its circuitry. But, both the energy savings and performance boosts are only of use if they can be accessed by the broad base of applications that need them — that is where the need for programmability comes in. “The classic computer architecture separates the central processor, which crunches the data, from the memory, which stores the data,” Verma said. “A lot of the computer’s energy is used in moving data back and forth.” In part, the new chip is a response to the slowing promise of Moore’s Law. In 1965, Intel founder Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubled about every year, and the industry also noted that those transistors became faster and more energy efficient in the process. For decades, these observations, which became known as Moore’s Law, underpinned a transformation in which computers became ever more powerful. But in recent years, transistors have not kept improving as in the past, running into fundamental limitations of their physics. Verma, who specializes in circuit and system design, thought about ways around this squeeze on the architectural level rather than the transistor level. The computation needed by AI would be much more efficient if it could be done at the same location as the computer’s memory because it would eliminate the time and energy used to fetch data stored far away. That would make the computer faster without upgrading the transistors. But creating such a system posed a challenge. Memory circuits are designed as densely as possible in order to pack in large amounts of data. Computation, on the other hand, requires that space be devoted for additional transistors. One option was to substitute electrical components called capacitors for the transistors. Transistors are essentially switches that use voltage changes to stand for the 1s and 0s that make up binary computer signals. They can do all sorts of calculations using arrays of 1 and 0 digits, which is why the systems are called digital. Capacitors store and release electrical charge, so they can represent any number, not just 1s and 0s. Verma realized that with capacitors he could perform calculations in a much denser space than he could with transistors. Capacitors also can be made very precisely on a chip, much more so than transistors. The new design pairs capacitors with conventional cells of static random access memory (SRAM) on a chip. The combination of capacitors and SRAM is used to perform computations on the data in the analog (not digital) domain, yet in ways that are reliable and amenable to including programmability features. Now, the memory circuits can perform calculations in ways directed by the chip’s central processing unit. “In-memory computing has been showing a lot of promise in recent years, in really addressing the energy and speed of computing systems,” said Verma. “But the big question has been whether that promise would scale and be usable by system designers towards all of the AI applications we really care about. That makes programmability necessary.”

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Since the 1950s, California has been a global leader in efforts to limit and then eliminate emissions from motor vehicles. But with hazardous and choking air pollution in its major cities, not to mention traffic jams to rival any in the world, China may prove to be the Golden State's equal—and perhaps even surpass it in regulating vehicles and their operation. The latest foray is a long-term plan to impose a congestion charge on all vehicles entering the capital city of Beijing, possibly including a lottery to determine when those vehicles could legally be driven within the city. According to a story on Bloomberg News two days ago, Beijing's city legislature has asked its government to draw up details of a plan to use "economic measures" to limit vehicle use within the capital city. The legislature now views air pollution, chronic congestion, and a lack of parking as serious impediments to efficient management of the city of 11.5 million residents. While a few Indian cities actually have worse air, China's smog is much publicized. Its severity was underscored when authorities cracked down on thousands of factories in the prelude to the Beijing Olympics, offering residents their first successive weeks of clean air in years. china traffic main 630 Over the past five years, the number of cars in Beijing has risen to 5.6 million, nearing next year's cap of 6 million vehicles set by the city authority some years ago. The city has had a quota system for issuing registrations for new vehicles since 2011. But while the Beijing lottery gives highly favorable treatment to electric cars, almost half of the special plates issued in October for "new energy vehicles" remained unused by their expiration in April. Congestion charges now exist in a few European cities, led by London, where it costs almost $20 to bring a conventional vehicle into the central city during business hours on weekdays. Zero-emission vehicles are presently exempt from the congestion charge, making them popular with commuters into England's capital, and a similar provision might be included in any Beijing congestion-charge pricing. The challenges to selling plug-in cars in China are largely the same as they have been in the U.S. and other countries: high cost, lack of public charging infrastructure, and concern over the long-term life of their battery packs. BYD e6 electric taxi in service in Shenzhen, China BYD, the Chinese maker that's the world's largest seller of plug-in vehicles—it sold more than Nissan and Tesla did in 2015—has seen far more success with plug-in hybrids than with battery-electric vehicles. Buyers presumably saw plug-in hybrids as the better bet precisely because they had gasoline engines, meaning that while they received the same benefits as true zero-emission vehicles, they didn't actually ever have to be plugged in to receive the incentives. China has long wanted to have a major footprint in the world's electric-vehicle industry, seeing it as a way to leapfrog established global automakers. But BYD has stumbled in plans to export electric passenger vehicles to North America, and is now focusing on all-electric buses, where it is seeing some success. Other electric-car brands in China are often joint ventures between Chinese and global makers, increasingly sold under new brands indicate their status as new-energy vehicles. None of those vehicles have been notably successful, due to consumer resistance.

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Peat moss is a more complicated topic than is generally considered. Its composition varies from place to place, and harvesting methods play a big role in its sustainability. Most peat moss is not sterilized, but it is essentially free of harmful elements, such as insects or pathogens, and even contains beneficial microorganisms. You have a lot of variables to consider for such a simple product. What Peat Moss Is Peat moss is different from country to country because of the way it forms. Peat bogs are saturated with water and stagnant, which produces an environment that is poor in oxygen. Because many soil microbes need oxygen to survive, peat bogs have only low levels of soil microbes, and the dead plant matter that accumulates breaks down very slowly. This partially decomposed plant matter is peat moss. However, what type of plant matter it is varies depending on the region and what types of plants grow in it. Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Canadian sphagnum peat moss is one of the most commonly used types of peat moss and has a number of advantages. It is harvested sustainably, and studies have found that sphagnum peat moss contains beneficial microbes. These microbes, able to survive the low oxygen environment of the bog, include Penicillium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter and Trichoderma and can benefit the plants for which the moss is used. However, different types of peat moss have different levels of protection. The older the peat moss gets and the more decomposition it sustains before harvesting, the less disease suppressant properties it will have. Lighter “blonde,” fibrous peat moss, harvested from the surface of the bog, is the only kind that retains the amount of microorganism necessary to inhibit diseases and that lasts for around 6 to 10 weeks. Uses in Gardening Peat moss is used in gardens to amend soils, provide aeration and create good drainage. It’s an ingredient in many potting soils and mixes and a carbon source for composters. It is sometimes used as a surface mulch, but this is its best use. Peat moss pulls water away from plants and can be used to create good drainage if mixed into soil, but as mulch it dries out and begins to repel water. It doesn’t bring a lot of nutrients to bear, but it is good for growing mixes when you’re starting seeds or cuttings. Sterilization and Pasteurization Most companies neither sterilize nor pasteurize peat moss. Not only is sterilization an expensive process, but sterilizing would eliminate the beneficial microorganisms that inhibit some diseases. However, because of the environment from which it comes, peat moss is largely free of pests and diseases. How to Grow Big Onion Bulbs Onions are a member of the allium family, as are garlic, leeks, shallots and chives, and are popular in all sorts of...

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Business Result Pre-Intermediate Unit 6 Choose a few of the things below and work together to agree on at least one comparison between those things: Business meetings in your country/ Business meetings in another country PowerPoint presentations in your country/ PowerPoint presentations in another country Advertising in your country/ Advertising in another country Emails in your language/ Emails in English Polite language in your language/ Polite language in English Working for a foreign company in your country/ Working for a domestic company Working in a large company/ Working in a small or medium-sized company Being a middle manager/ Being an executive Being an employee/ Being self-employed Being a casual worker, freelancer or temp/ Having a permanent contract or job for life Teleconferences/ Video conferences Being sacked (= being fired)/ Being made redundant (= being downsized) Demotion/ Losing your job Civil servant/ Office worker in the private sector The HR department/ The R&D Department Tell the class some of your opinions and see if they agree What language could you use to give your opinions, e.g. in the sentence “… being freelance is more stressful than having a permanent job” What phrases for giving opinions, asking for opinions, agreeing and disagreeing can you think of using the following words? Listen to tapescript 32 and see if you can add any more language to the boxes above. Have the same discussion in groups and see if you have the same opinions. PDF for easy saving and printing: agreeing on comparisons

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Does the thought of creamy, chewy wheat berries, roasted nuts, and dried fruit—spiced with cinnamon and sweetened with honey—make your mouth water? In the Eastern Orthodox Church, that’s a heretical move. Orthodox Christian families honor the memory of deceased loved ones with a special dish called koliva. This ritual, common in the Balkans (especially Greece) and Russia, employs the whole grain of the wheat plant to symbolize everlasting life. These starchy “berries” give koliva a firm bite and subtly nutty, earthy flavor. Mourning families prepare the dish by adding raisins, which represent life’s sweetness, as well as spices like cinnamon and anise as symbols of plenty. They then mix in some combination of sesame seeds, almonds, parsley, pomegranate seeds, honey, Jordan almonds, and ground walnuts. Topping the commemorative dish is a blanket of confectioner’s sugar, to represent resurrection and abundance. A cross often graces the top, sometimes accompanied by the initials of the deceased. Scholars believe koliva dates back to the early years of Christianity, but some medieval manuscripts assign the dish divine origins. A 14th-century Byzantine Greek service book includes a story in which the pagan Roman emperor Julian sought to undermine Lent by contaminating Constantinople’s food supply with animal blood. Saint Theodore came to the rescue, revealing the recipe for koliva to an archbishop in a dream and thus saving Christians from eating unholy food. Today, Orthodox Christians make koliva to usher in Lent and for special Saturdays throughout the year, called Saturdays of the Souls. At memorial services, mourners serve it on doilies. They also bring the dish to church at designated times throughout the year following a funeral, and on subsequent anniversaries of a loved one’s death. Despite koliva’s inventory of tasty ingredients, it is meant to be eaten solemnly in conjunction with rituals. As one Greek Orthodox woman wrote in response to an article that showcased koliva as a dessert as well as a sacred dish: “It is prepared during requiem and memorial services for the departed, and not as the end of a stuffing feast topped with whipped cream! What’s next? Dinner at a cemetery?” Need to Know Koliva is a sacred dish in the Eastern Orthodox faith. If you're curious about the ingredients, you can make an ordinary rendition of a sweetened wheat berry dish from recipes online.

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Ethiopian highlanders defy long held notion of oxygen Unlike the adaptation of the Andean people, this group, which lives at 11,000 feet, has virtually the same blood as those at sea level. By Guy Gugliotta The mathematics are inescapable. The higher the altitude, the less oxygen the air will hold, and the more difficult it is to breathe. Either the body adapts or the person dies. For decades scientists accepted an "Andean man" model for acclimatization: The body at altitude will grow a higher concentration of oxygen-absorbing red blood cells to mop up scarcer oxygen from rarified air. Add bigger lungs and deeper breathing, and equilibrium is re-established. The result is a blocky fellow with a washtub chest, like the musicians who play the panpipes and wooden flutes of Andean mountain music. "Their lungs are 25 percent bigger than ours," said Case Western Reserve University anthropologist Cynthia Beall. "Andean highlanders are very distinctive." Earlier this month, however, Beall and five colleagues reported on another distinctive people -- a community of Ethiopians who live at 11,650 feet, and whose blood, by several common measures, is exactly the same as if they lived at sea level. "I'm flabbergasted; I don't see how they do it," said exercise physiologist David Martin of Georgia State University. "I'm left with a dozen questions. It's a fascinating kind of story." And it is not just a curiosity. For Martin, a consultant for USA Track & Field, and others like him, the extraordinary success of African distance runners -- principally Ethiopians and Kenyans -- has been a source of wonder ever since barefooted Abebe Bikila won the 1960 Olympic marathon. Is there a secret that others cannot possess? "Efforts to find a genetic explanation have been dismal failures," said Dallas cardiologist Ben Levine, an expert in exercise medicine. "My personal opinion is that these successes are cultural. A distance runner in Ethiopia or Kenya is a national hero." In an online article to be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Beall's team reported on 300 people living in the Semien Mountains about 300 miles north of Addis Ababa. Testing showed they had neither elevated red-cell concentrations nor low levels of oxygen saturation in their blood -- two key indicators of the Andean model. "We were stunned," Beall said. "The Ethiopians are finding the same amount of oxygen we find, even though the amount of oxygen in the air they breathe is two-thirds of what we have at sea level." Humans transport oxygen via hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen molecules and moves them from the lungs to muscles and other tissues. At sea level, between 95 and 97 percent of the body's hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen during every breath. At altitude, reduced oxygen logically means lower oxygen saturation. In the Andes, highlanders compensate by producing more red cells to create a heightened "hemoglobin concentration" -- a higher proportion of red cells in the blood. That way the blood has more hemoglobin to sponge up scarce oxygen. Lowlanders need at least 10 days for this process to begin. In the meantime, however, they will acquire the other characteristic of high altitude survival -- deeper and more frequent breathing. The Andean barrel chest comes from being born and raised at altitude. Scholars were satisfied with this explanation until studies in Tibet in the 1970s showed that highlanders there had both low hemoglobin concentrations and low oxygen saturation levels. In theory, the Tibetans should have been oxygen-starved. "But they breathe faster, and there's also some evidence that they are better able to modulate blood flow," Beall said. "When they exercise, their blood flow increases more rapidly, so they may have a larger cardiac output. We don't really know." The Himalayan research triggered a debate over a possible evolutionary explanation for high altitude adaptation. The Andeans, whose lowland ancestors migrated from Asia perhaps 16,000 years ago, adjust to altitude essentially the same way as any lowlander would today -- and it is not a perfect solution. "Creating more red cells is a pathological response," said Temple University anthropologist Charles Weitz. "If you have too many red cells, the blood's too thick, and it's like pumping oil. Eventually you have to move downhill." Tibetans or their ancestors, however, have been in Asia for 1 million years or more -- time enough, some scholars theorize, to evolve a different approach. A recent gene study. Which brings to mind if it is fair to be born uniquely superior genetically and have that superiority continuously prevail in competition. It raises the bar for sure but ???? Very interesting. I suspect that conditioning and adaptation over several generations are very relevant. The diet may well add to the issue. Wonder what it is? I have eaten their vegetarian food and it is delicious. The kef grain is delicate and more easily digested. FYI. Volume (what I develop a lot of) is not the only criteria. Conditioning including endogenous-internal- breathing and cellular enhancement are the others. With volume comes depth and ease. If the lifestyle is easy including hard work but little distress to head one towards hyperventilation. Having BOTH volume AND conditioning is optimal. This may well support my postural thesis as the Kenyans run like they were taking off from an airplane runway. Up, not forward, but UPward. I've always admired them as the best breathers. My vote would be posture, diet, lifestyle (including exercise), attitude. I suspect now that "PROGRESS" has discovered them, that they will deteriorate rapidly and not be so far ahead of the competition if at all. Whatever the O2 source, clearly O2 is the key By the way. April 2016. Our Optimal Breathing Kit has been integrated into the Doctorate program for Advanced Athletic Training (DAT) at the University of Idaho. This is the first Advanced Athletic Course in the USA. Sports induced breathing problems

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Beets: Fight Inflammation & Lower Blood Pressure (DetoxifySamurai) One of the most common and effective natural liver detoxifiers is the beet. Beets are beneficial to one’s health for many reasons, as they are a high-antioxidant vegetable that contains a number of important substances, including: betaine, betalains, fiber, iron, betacyanin, folate, and betanin. Pectin, which is a fiber found in beets, can also help clean the toxins that have been removed from the liver, allowing them to be flushed out of the system instead of reabsorbed by the body. Because of this property, many medical professionals encourage individuals to eat beets raw without juicing them, so that these fibers can be ingested as completely as possible. This is not difficult, as they can be baked, grated, or roasted as well as eaten alone or incorporated into other dishes. Beet juice can be highly beneficial, as it allows the betaine to stay intact. Betaine is the substance that encourages the liver cells to get rid of toxins. Additionally, betaine acts to defend the liver and bile ducts, which are important if the liver is to function properly. This particular substance is also said by some to decrease the risk of coronary and cerebral artery diseases, as it lowers inflammation in the body, allowing the many systems to work without interruption. Additionally, beets have been linked to the healing of the liver, a decrease in homocysteine, an improvement in stomach acid production, prevention of the formation of free-radicals in LDL, and the prevention of lung, liver, skin, spleen, and colon cancer. Though these health benefits are not directly linked to the detoxification of the liver, they allow the body as a whole to work more efficiently. Because the systems of the body are all intertwined and rely upon one another to work properly, this indirectly affects the ability of the liver to rid itself of toxins and continue to work at an optimal level. Although beets have the highest sugar content of all vegetables, most people can safely eat beet roots a few times a week (and their greens in unlimited quantities), enjoying not only their sweet, earthy flavor but also their powerhouse nutrients that may improve your health in the following ways. 1. Lower Your Blood Pressure Drinking beet juice may help to lower blood pressure in a matter of hours. One study found that drinking one glass of beet juice lowered systolic blood pressure by an average of 4-5 points. The benefit likely comes from the naturally occurring nitrates in beets, which are converted into nitric oxide in your body. Nitric oxide, in turn, helps to relax and dilate your blood vessels, improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure. 2. Boost Your Stamina If you need a boost to make it through your next workout, beet juice may again prove valuable. Those who drank beet juice prior to exercise were able to exercise for up to 16 percent longer. The benefit is thought to also be related to nitrates turning into nitric oxide, which may reduce the oxygen cost of low-intensity exercise as well as enhance tolerance to high-intensity exercise. 3. Fight Inflammation Beets are a unique source of betaine, a nutrient that helps protects cells, proteins, and enzymes from environmental stress. It’s also known to help fight inflammation, protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors, enhance performance, and likely help prevent numerous chronic diseases. As reported by the World’s Healthiest Foods: “[Betaine’s]… presence in our diet has been associated with lower levels of several inflammatory markers, including C reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. As a group, the anti-inflammatory molecules found in beets may eventually be shown to provide cardiovascular benefits in large-scale human studies, as well as anti-inflammatory benefits for other body systems.” 4. Anti-Cancer Properties The powerful phytonutrients that give beets their deep crimson color may help to ward off cancer. Research has shown that beetroot extract reduced multi-organ tumor formations in various animal models when administered in drinking water, for instance, while beetroot extract is also being studied for use in treating human pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancers.7 5. Rich in Valuable Nutrients and Fiber Beets are high in immune-boosting vitamin C, fiber, and essential minerals like potassium (essential for healthy nerve and muscle function) and manganese (which is good for your bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas). Beets also contain the B vitamin folate, which helps reduce the risk of birth defects. 6. Detoxification Support The betalin pigments in beets support your body’s Phase 2 detoxification process, which is when broken down toxins are bound to other molecules so they can be excreted from your body. Traditionally, beets are valued for their support in detoxification and helping to purify your blood and your liver. If you simply throw away the green leafy tops to your beets, you’re doing yourself a disservice, as these are among the healthiest part of the plant. Besides containing important nutrients like protein, phosphorus, zinc, fiber, vitamin B6, magnesium, potassium, copper, and manganese, beet greens also supply significant amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. Beet greens actually have even more iron than spinach (another leafy green in the same botanical family) as well as a higher nutritional value overall than the beetroot itself. For more details, read “What Are Beet Greens Good For?” You may be surprised to learn, for instance, that research shows beet greens may: - Help ward off osteoporosis by boosting bone strength - Fight Alzheimer’s disease - Strengthen your immune system by stimulating the production of antibodies and white blood cells Beet greens can be added raw to vegetable juice or sautéed lightly right along with other greens like spinach and Swiss chard. Mercola, J. “Benefits of Beets”, Jan. 5, 2014

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An influential evangelical network whose activity in the early 19th cent. found a base in Clapham. The name was popularized and perhaps coined by Sir James Stephen in the Edinburgh Review (1844). The banker Henry Thornton (1760–1815) provided the Clapham core but the ‘sect's’ dominant figure, their kinsman William Wilberforce, also lived there (1797–1808). The original group, ranging from Granville Sharp, the oldest, to Thomas Clarkson, the last survivor, provided some 60 years of public service. Their greatest victories were the abolition of the slave trade (1807) and of slavery itself in the British empire (1833). Subjects: Christianity — British History.

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Map of Distribution of Languages of Austria-Hungary after World War I The original map came from the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin. Timişoara (Temesvar in Hungarian) in Western Romania was long under Habsburg rule. Like much of Austria-Hungary, the city has been ethnically and religiously diverse. The Banat’s political ties to Romania date only to 1918.

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The Government is taking initial steps towards an improved apprenticeship system so apprenticeships work for more Australians. This will help to meet employer demand for trade and technical skills. The Government will undertake further consultation during 2011 with employers, apprentices and other interested stakeholders on the Expert Panel's findings prior to taking the next steps in this important process. The Australian Apprenticeship system is the backbone of Australia's technical and trades skills. But it needs reform to overcome low completion rates, variable training quality, long periods with poor wages and a lack of mentoring support. The Government has already started to modernise Australia's Apprenticeship system, including: As an initial response to the recent Expert Panel on Apprenticeships for the 21st Century report, the Government is investing an additional $201 million to set the course to a modernised and efficient apprenticeship system. Reforming the apprenticeship system is vital to building stronger pathways to work and careers for young Australians. These first steps in reform provide support for apprentices to progress as they learn rather than serving time, more support for training through mentoring and assistance in and choosing the right training path.

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The Bushmen and Khoekhoen made a variety of decorative artefacts, or jewellery. All three of the jewellery items depicted here were found in the Knersvlakte of southern Namaqualand. Ostrich eggshell beads are certainly the most common, but one rarely finds examples of how they were used. The bead on the left was obviously stitched onto something as evidenced by the loop of string onto which it is attached. but other material such as seeds, shells and metal were also used. The shell pendent shown on the right is made from alikreukel shell. It is 25 mm long and likely only a few hundred years old. This shell had to have been collected at least 200 km to the south and was thus transported, either as a shell or as a finished pendent, over a long distance. Another fragment, unworked but with smoothed edges indicating much handling, was found in the same site suggesting perhaps that pieces of shell were carried around to be worked when time allowed. In western South Africa shell jewellery was also made on cone shells, tick shells and cowries. This is a set of three tick shells strung together and held in place by ochre. On the south coast a far wider variety of marine shell artefacts was made in terms of both the species employed and the styles fashioned.

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Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: A theoretical analysis Version of Record online: 6 FEB 2005 Copyright © 1986 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Journal of Morphology Volume 189, Issue 2, pages 199–213, August 1986 How to Cite Thomason, J. J. and Russell, A. P. (1986), Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: A theoretical analysis. J. Morphol., 189: 199–213. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051890210 - Issue online: 6 FEB 2005 - Version of Record online: 6 FEB 2005 The secondary palate of mammals is a bony shelf that closes the ventral aspect of the rostrum. The rostrum, therefore, approximates to a tapered semicylindrical tube that is theoretically a mechanically efficient structure for resisting the forces of biting, including the more prolonged bouts of mastication typical of mammals. Certain mammal-like reptiles illustrate stages in the development of the palate in which the shelves projecting medially from each premaxilla and maxilla do not meet in the midline. We evaluate several geometric properties of sections through the rostrum of the American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). For loading at the incisors and canines, these properties indicate the structural strength and stiffness in both bending and torsion of the rostrum and of single maxillae. We then repeat the analysis but progressively omit segments of the palatal shelf, a procedure which simulates, in reverse, the evolutionary development of the structure. The results demonstrate that the secondary palate contributes significantly to the torsional strength and stiffness of the rostrum of Didelphis and to the strength of each maxilla in lateromedial bending. The major evolutionary implications of the results are that the rapid increase in rostral strength with small increments of the palatal shelves may have been a significant factor in the development of the complete structure. The results indicate that there was a marked jump in torsional strength and stiffness when the shelves met in the midline, which is likely to have been important in the subsequent development of the diverse masticatory mechanisms of cynodonts and mammals. On the basis of this analysis the mammalian secondary palate may be interpreted as one of a number of methods, seen in the mammal-like reptiles, for strengthening the rostrum.

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As of Oct. 9, 2013, comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) is still alive. That’s the verdict from a Hubble Space Telescope image taken on that day. At a distance of 280 million kilometers (175 million miles), the comet presented a fine sight to Hubble’s keen eye: There has been some speculation that this comet may disintegrate as it gets near the Sun in late November. Comets are basically dirty snowballs; ice, rock, and gravel mixed together. As the comet warms, the ice turns into a gas, creating the fuzzy head around the solid nucleus, and the long tail that streams away due to the solar wind and pressure from fierce sunlight. If enough of the ice goes away, the comet loses structural integrity and can fall apart. We’ve seen that in images of other comets (including a dramatic one from Hubble back in 2006). The thing to note is that the head of Comet ISON, the tiny fuzzy part at the bottom left, appears intact. If the comet were breaking up, we should see tiny pieces trailing behind it. The image looks clean, so it seems to me this comet still has some sizzle left to go. ISON is on an orbit that will take it deep into the solar system, practically scraping the Sun’s surface, missing it by only a million kilometers (700,000 miles or so), less than the diameter of the Sun itself. Because it will be so close to the Sun, ISON could get very bright; I’ve seen comets get to naked-eye visibility when this happens! Or, it might not. As I’ve said before, comets are basically as predictable as cats. I wouldn’t bet either way. Still, this latest Hubble image gives me hope this comet may yet brighten quite a bit. We’ll see. If you want to observe it yourself, star charts are available online. I plan on taking a look soon myself. Good comets are rare beasts, and I want to make sure I take every chance I get to see one. Previous posts about ISON:

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British Dossier Exec Summary Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction: Executive Summary 1. Under Saddam Hussein Iraq developed chemical and biological weapons, acquired missiles allowing it to attack neighbouring countries with these weapons and persistently tried to develop a nuclear bomb. Saddam has used chemical weapons, both against Iran and against his own people. Following the Gulf War, Iraq had to admit to all this. And in the ceasefire of 1991 Saddam agreed unconditionally to give up his weapons of mass destruction. 2. Much information about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction is already in the public domain from U.N. reports and from Iraqi defectors. This points clearly to Iraq’s continuing possession, after 1991, of chemical and biological agents and weapons produced before the Gulf War. It shows that Iraq has refurbished sites formerly associated with the production of chemical and biological agents. And it indicates that Iraq remains able to manufacture these agents, and to use bombs, shells, artillery rockets and ballistic missiles to deliver them. 3. An independent and well-researched overview of this public evidence was provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) on 9 September. The IISS report also suggested that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months of obtaining fissile material from foreign sources. 4. As well as the public evidence, however, significant additional information is available to the Government from secret intelligence sources, described in more detail in this paper. This intelligence cannot tell us about everything. However, it provides a fuller picture of Iraqi plans and capabilities. It shows that Saddam Hussein attaches great importance to possessing weapons of mass destruction which he regards as the basis for Iraq’s regional power. It shows that he does not regard them only as weapons of last resort. He is ready to use them, including against his own population, and is determined to retain them, in breach of United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR). 5. Intelligence also shows that Iraq is preparing plans to conceal evidence of these weapons, including incriminating documents, from renewed inspections. And it confirms that despite sanctions and the policy of containment, Saddam has continued to make progress with his illicit weapons programmes. 6. As a result of the intelligence we judge that Iraq has: continued to produce chemical and biological agents; military plans for the use of chemical and biological weapons, including against its own Shia population. Some of these weapons are deployable within 45 minutes of an order to use them; command and control arrangements in place to use chemical and biological weapons. Authority ultimately resides with Saddam Hussein. (There is intelligence that he may have delegated this authority to his son Qusai); developed mobile laboratories for military use, corroborating earlier reports about the mobile production of biological warfare agents; pursued illegal programmes to procure controlled materials of potential use in the production of chemical and biological weapons programmes; tried covertly to acquire technology and materials which could be used in the production of nuclear weapons; sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa, despite having no active civil nuclear power programme that could require it; recalled specialists to work on its nuclear programme; illegally retained up to 20 al-Hussein missiles, with a range of 650km, capable of carrying chemical or biological warheads; started deploying its al-Samoud liquid propellant missile, and has used the absence of weapons inspectors to work on extending its range to at least 200km, which is beyond the limit of 150km imposed by the United Nations; started producing the solid-propellant Ababil-100, and is making efforts to extend its range to at least 200km, which is beyond the limit of 150km imposed by the United Nations; constructed a new engine test stand for the development of missiles capable of reaching the U.K. Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus and NATO members (Greece and Turkey), as well as all Iraq’s Gulf neighbours and Israel; pursued illegal programmes to procure materials for use in its illegal development of long range missiles; learnt lessons from previous U.N. weapons inspections and has already begun to conceal sensitive equipment and documentation in advance of the return of inspectors. 7. These judgements reflect the views of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). More details on the judgements and on the development of the JIC’s assessments since 1998 are set out in Part 1 of this paper. 8. Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction are in breach of international law. Under a series of U.N. Security Council Resolutions Iraq is obliged to destroy its holdings of these weapons under the supervision of U.N. inspectors. Part 2 of the paper sets out the key U.N. Security Council Resolutions. It also summarises the history of the U.N. inspection regime and Iraq’s history of deception, intimidation and concealment in its dealings with the U.N. inspectors. 9. But the threat from Iraq does not depend solely on the capabilities we have described. It arises also because of the violent and aggressive nature of Saddam Hussein’s regime. His record of internal repression and external aggression gives rise to unique concerns about the threat he poses. The paper briefly outlines in Part 3 Saddam’s rise to power, the nature of his regime and his history of regional aggression. Saddam’s human rights abuses are also catalogued, including his record of torture, mass arrests and summary executions. 10. The paper briefly sets out how Iraq is able to finance its weapons programme. Drawing on illicit earnings generated outside U.N. control, Iraq generated illegal income of some $3 billion in 2001.

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Here are five investing mistakes that beginners often make: - Investing without a goal In all areas of life setting goals is extremely important. Only after you set your goal, you are focused on achieving it. Investing without a goal will lead to unfocused approach which includes chasing false trends on the internet, investing through tips. Once you have a goal in mind, you get disciplined and achieving your goal becomes your first priority. Goals are like blinders that are put on horses to not distract them from winning the race. - Not understanding Risk Profile As important as it is to set a goal, understanding the risk profile is equally important. Warren Buffet rightly said that Risk comes from not knowing what you are doing. Risk profile is assessed by considering your ability to take risks and willingness to take risks. In mutual funds, there are different investment mandates, risk associated with every fund differs because of different scheme objectives. An equity portfolio will have more risk associated than debt portfolio. Thus, you should always assess your risk appetite and ask questions before investing. - Attempting to time the market Trying to time the market leads to killing of returns. Successfully timing the market is difficult to achieve. Everyone tries to sell off the investments when they feel the market is going to crash, and buy when the market hits bottom. These are based only on prediction and might not always be true. By redeeming the investment from time to time, the investor may lose out on various opportunities in the market. Disciplined investing is required to stay invested through the volatility and make good returns in the long term. - Not diversifying sufficiently “You should not put all your eggs in one basket” is a popular proverb. It simply means one should not concentrate all resources in one area as one could lose everything. You should invest in various asset classes to diversify your portfolio. Insufficient diversification leads to higher volatility and can lead to investment loss. Always make sure you are adequately diversified, and always think of your portfolio in percentages terms rather than amount terms, as it helps to keep things in perspective. Diversification is not just required on asset class level, it is also needed at sub-asset class level, like Large cap, Mid cap and Small cap in Equities. - Using wrong source of information Avoid taking investment advice from those who don’t know your personal finances. The quality of your information depends on the source, having incomplete or incorrect information is very common due to poor sourcing of information. You should always do your own due diligence before investing money in the market. Always Try to learn from your mistakes. An experienced, well-managed and independent financial wealth advisor can be an important ally to help you minimise mistakes and maximise chances of financial success. Go invest now!

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James Syme / Medical Pioneers - Name : Syme - Born : 1799 - Died : 1870 - Category : Medical Pioneers - Finest Moment : Founding of the General Medical Council in 1858. An Edinburgh man, Syme described a discovery in 1818 that cloth soaked in a distillate made from coal tar was made waterproof. Unfortunately for his bank balance, he did not patent this, and it fell to Charles Macintosh to make a similar finding five years later. In 1823 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, founding his own medical school the following year. He must have trod on a few bunions however, as he was barred from practising at the city's Royal Infirmary; instead, he founded his own hospital at Minto House (on the site of the present Royal Museum of Scotland), which operated until closing in 1833. His social skills must have improved considerably, as that same year he became Professor of Clinical Surgery at Edinburgh University, and President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1849-50. In medical politics too, he gained in stature, making suggestions in 1854 that led to the founding of the General Medical Council, the regulatory body of the medical profession. He was by all accounts an excellent diagnostician and teacher. In 1848 he published Contributions to the Pathology and Practice of Surgery.

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Pranayama for hyperventilation? Pranayama is inseparable from yoga. Breathing is the be-all and end-all if we want to connect with ourselves. But what if you suffer from hyperventilation? Are pranayama exercises suitable then? What is better not to do and what can be done? We explain. Ideally, breathing covers the area between the collarbones and the abdomen. When inhaling, the lungs fill, the chest expands, the diaphragm lowers and the abdomen bulges. But for many people, breathing is much shallower. Because of allergies, asthma or stress, we sometimes breathe more with our chest than with our abdomen. But it’s also because we’ve been taught to do so. We do far too little true abdominal breathing. Then lurks hyperventilation, also known as “overbreathing.” You breathe too fast and too shallow, which changes the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. Read More about Pranayama and Yoga: https://www.rishikeshyogagurukulam.com/blog The lungs expel more carbon dioxide than normal, which, among other things, impairs oxygen uptake into body tissues. They suffer from lightheadedness, dizziness or difficulty concentrating. People who hyperventilate often also feel anxious and very tired. An empty and quiet mind Hyperventilation can also take a milder and more invisible form. An overly hectic life sometimes leads to literally having no time to catch your breath. As a result, you may unconsciously begin to hyperventilate easily. When there are signs of hyperventilation, it is important to be careful with pranayama exercises such as kapalabhati (strong exhalation) or bhastrika pranayama (rapid inhalation and exhalation). These can aggravate hyperventilation. And yet, these are the very exercises that trained yogis use to calm the mind. How Yogis perform the exercises precisely to induce a mild form of hyperventilation. This even has the side effect of emptying the mind and quieting it for a short time. So they are looking for exactly this light feeling. The big difference is that it is practiced in a conscious and controlled manner. Good guidance and calm breathing are crucial. Mindfulness of breathing If you suffer from hyperventilation, it is better to choose a milder form of pranayama. A first step to managing hyperventilation is to become aware of the way you breathe. If you want to make a change, check how your breathing goes at different times of the day. That way, you’re more likely to notice when you’re restless or breathing too little between sentences. Then you can practice alternate breathing (Nadi Shodhana Pranayama). Don’t hesitate if you can’t keep up the exercises for long. Even a few minutes of conscious breathing will have a positive effect on your breathing for several hours. This is how Nadi Shodhana Pranayama is performed Alternate nostril breathing is a good breathing exercise to calm yourself. This exercise lowers the heart rate and increases the oxygen level in the blood. This breathing also calms the mind as it stimulates the nervous system. Therefore, this breathing technique is also good if you are anxious or tense. - Begin with the lotus sitting posture (Padmasana) or the cross-legged sitting posture (Sukhasana). - Focus your attention on your forehead and place your right index and middle fingers between your eyebrows. - The thumb and ring finger rest on one nostril each. - Your left hand rests on your knee, thumb and index finger rest together. - Close the right nostril with your thumb and inhale deeply through the left nostril. - Hold your breath for a moment. Then close the left nostril with the ring finger, remove the thumb and exhale through the right nostril. - Then inhale through the right nostril. Hold your breath for a moment, then exhale through the left nostril. - Breathe in again through the left nostril and repeat the above steps. - Build up this exercise slowly. For best results, perform the exercise for 5 to 10 minutes.

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Dr Ramón Cacabelos, Professor and Chairman of Genomic Medicine, announces the implementation of a Preventive Program for Alzheimer’s disease at the International Center of Neurosciences and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major problem of health in developed countries, with a great psychosocial and socioeconomic health impact. AD is the main cause of dementia (> 50%), followed by vascular dementia, mixed dementia and other forms of progressive, irreversible neurodegeneration. AD is a multifactorial / complex disorder in which genomic defects, epigenetic aberrations, cerebrovascular damage and environmental risk factors pathogenically converge to induce premature neuronal death. With a prevalence ranging from 1.8% at 65-69 years to 42.1% at age 95-99 years (annual incidence of 34.1 per 1,000 persons >60 years) and an age-adjusted death rate of 25.4 per 100,000, AD is the most important neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, contributing to disability and high socioeconomic burden. Assuming an average annual cost per patient of $15,000-20,000, a conservative analysis would estimate a global cost worldwide of over $700 billion. AD neuropathology is characterised by the presence of extracellular deposits of β-amyloid in senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein, which reflects alterations in the cytoarchitecture of neurons. These neuropathological hallmarks are accompanied by dendritic branching and neuronal loss. At the clinical level, AD patients show progressive cognitive deterioration, behavioural changes and functional decline, with an average half-life from disease onset to death of 6-12 years, depending upon the age at onset and concomitant health conditions. Alzheimer’s disease is a complex and multifactorial disease caused by (i) multiple defects in the human genome, (ii) epigenetic aberrations that alter the normal expression of genes, (iii) cerebrovascular alterations responsible for the lack of cerebral oxygenation, (iv) neuroinflammatory and cytotoxic reactions, (v) failure of neurotrophic mechanisms to maintain neuronal survival, (vi) oxidative phenomena that alter brain metabolism, and (vii) a multitude of environmental processes that cause brain damage (microtrauma, toxic substances, inadequate drugs, poor nutrition). Dementia in general and AD, in particular, have an important genetic and family component, whose risk is increased with pernicious environmental factors and / or concomitant diseases (stroke, migraine, cardiovascular disorders, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypothyroidism, anaemias and deficiency syndromes associated with folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies). There are more than 600 genes distributed across the human genome whose mutational defects or alterations in gene expression contribute to the neurodegenerative process associated with AD. Mendelian mutations in some of these genes cause familial early-onset AD, and other genetic variants of susceptibility increase the risk of suffering dementia in those families where these genetic alterations accumulate. A fundamental characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease is that, although it appears in adult life at an old age, it is really undermining the brain of the population at risk since the brain stops maturing around the age of 30 and takes about 3 decades to develop symptoms. When memory failures appear, brain damage is already so significant that conventional pharmacological treatments are ineffective and fail to improve symptoms or halt the neuro-destructive process of the disease. During the period 1993-2003, the current anti-AD drugs (Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Memantine) were introduced in the market, and since then no new drugs for AD have been approved by the health authorities. Approximately 10-20% of the total cost of dementia is due to pharmacological treatment; however, current drugs are not cost-effective and most of them are not devoid of adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions in a fragile population of patients under age- and pluri-pathology-related polypharmacy. Overcome by the evidence, the international scientific community is coming to the conviction that the only way to effectively fight AD is by intercepting its destructive neurodegenerative process years before the development of clinical symptoms. With this purpose, it is essential to implement preventive programs for halting disease progression in very early stages of the disease, especially in the population at risk. The International Center for Neurosciences and Genomic Medicine, directed by Dr Ramon Cacabelos, Professor and Chairman of Genomic Medicine and recognised scientist in the international arena, is a world reference centre in Neurosciences, with more than 1,500 scientific contributions and a vaccine (EB -101) approved by the United States Patent Office for Alzheimer’s prevention. The medical and scientific team of EuroEspes has developed in recent years a Selective Program for the prevention of dementia in the population at risk. This program includes 3 modalities: (i) Prevention Plan for first and second-generation relatives of patients with a family history of dementia; (ii) Prevention Plan for people with cardiovascular and / or cerebrovascular diseases, that represent risk factors for vascular and / or mixed dementia, or subjects with a family history of cerebrovascular disorders (ie stroke) or vascular dementia and (iii) Dementia Prevention Plan for the general population. The medical intervention model integrates (i) medical examination, (ii) analytical tests (biochemistry, haematology, metabolism, neurochemistry, epigenetic biomarkers), (iii) neuropsychological tests (cognitive and intellectual performance, emotional and behavioural status, psychomotor function), (iv) static and functional neuroimaging with state-of-the-art neurotechnology, (v) predictive and pathogenic genomic analysis, and (vi) personalised preventive and / or therapeutic interventions based on individual pharmacogenomics protocols.

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State sponsored social security is important for addressing the needs of a country’s vulnerable groups. Redistributive social security systems contribute to a reduced poverty level. The importance of social security is outlined in Vision 2021 and Bangladesh has a strong track record of working on diverse areas of social security, ranging from allowances for old age, widows, destitute and deserted women, lactating mothers, freedom fighters, orphans and school stipends to cash and food for work. The government is currently engaged in as many as 118 different programmes. Bangladesh is, in many ways, ahead of the curve; the triple challenges of poverty, vulnerability and exclusion have informed policy thinking as the programme portfolio has been growing. However, with rapid urbanisation, growing economic pressure, demand outstripping supply, coupled with emerging effects of climate change, the existing social safety net portfolio presents significant opportunities for consolidation and rationalization around key vulnerabilities. At a 2011 Dhaka Social Protection Conference, the Government of Bangladesh announced a commitment to develop the country’s first National Social Security Strategy. On request from the Planning Ministry’s General Economics Division (GED), UNDP has provided financial and technical assistance in formulating the strategy and securing stakeholder participation in a series of consultations. The core of the strategy is programme consolidation along life cycle risks, with programmes for children, working age people – including specific focus on youth and vulnerable women – the elderly, and persons with disabilities. The life cycle approach also addresses current gaps in coverage of early childhood needs. Effective targeting is one of the key challenges of delivery success and is a concern addressed by the strategy. A basic objective for the next five years will be to target the elimination of extreme poverty. However, the strategy has the vision of Bangladesh moving towards a rights-based approach in line with provisions of the country’s Constitution. This will also support inclusive growth and reduce poverty, inequality and deprivation to levels required for Bangladesh to attain Middle Income Country status by 2021. It is critical to provide opportunities for poor and vulnerable people to contribute to and benefit from economic growth, and to provide protection to mediate new vulnerabilities resulting from the necessary economic transformation. Social security programmes have a proven effect of being instrumental in realizing development goals. The strategy puts emphasis on reaching out to a range of socially excluded population groups that face various kinds of social discrimination. The Government will ensure that these groups have similar access as the rest of the population to all social security programmes and to all publicly provided basic services. The Social Security Policy Support (SSPS) Programme will support the Government to roll out the National Social Security Strategy. The programme has two components: governance of social security and strengthening of delivery systems. Governance of the Social Security System, with the purpose of ensuring better governance through coordination, M&E and reporting functions and to strengthen Government research and analysis capacities in order to build a more effective evidence base for effective policy development. - The Central Monitoring Committee of the Cabinet Division charged with development and oversight of the social security programmes and inter-sectoral linkages - Broad ownership across ministries, the Parliament, civil society, NGOs, academia and think tanks - Capacity building of key Government stakeholders - A policy research facility on social security to carry out studies and facilitate national policy dialogues on the basis of research reports - An Innovation and Research Challenge Fund to enable piloting of new technologies and approaches Summary of Current Social Security Programmes - Bangladesh’s current social security system is duplicative and complex; 25 ministries are engaged in implementation of 118 programmes. - Social security accounts for 14.7% of government expenditure, which is equivalent to 2.44% of GDP. - Because of proliferation, the budget for most programmes is small and the average benefit per individual is low. - The social security system needs to be restructured to address and anticipate changing economic and social dynamics. - While the coverage of programmes has increased, HIES 2010 shows a coverage of only 24.5 percent of the poor. - Current estimates suggest that close to 20 million people are still living in extreme poverty (GED, BBS). - Timeframe: 2014-2017 - Project Aim: To assist the government in developing a fully functional social security system, which supports and facilitates best practice delivery models - Implementing Partners: General Economics Division (GED) and Cabinet Division - Project cost: USD 7 million - DFID Contribution: USD 4.2 million - UNDP Contribution: USD 1.5 million Systems Strengthening, with the purpose of developing a modern social security infrastructure capable of supporting a nationally integrated delivery system for reliable and transparent social transfers. - Field M&E/MIS for coordination and local compliance - Platforms of direct electronic Government to Person (G2P) payments - Soft and hardware for MIS database and electronic payment platforms - Using M&E database platform allied with IT support to deliver other services such as health - Training of officials to use M&E systems and electronic payment platforms - Obtaining support from civil society organisations to help implement grievance systems and rights protected mechanisms Poor families are less vulnerable to external shocks A modern and fit for purpose social security system is developed Better governance of social security Stronger social security systems Field testing by pilot schemes SSPS Programme, Room 4, Block 13, General Economics Division, Planning Commission, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Agargaon, Dhaka. Programme, Room 1206-7, 11th Floor, Government Transport Pool Building, Secretariat Link Road, Ramna, Dhaka.

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Many entries on this blog focus on the impacts humans are having on evolutionary processes. The recent description of the impact of human activity on Darwin's finch evolution is one such example. But do human impacts on eco-evolutionary dynamics stop there - on the traits themselves? Or can human-induced trait changes have knock-on effects on ecological processes? In a recent paper, my coauthors and I explore the evidence that human-induced trait changes in wild populations are impacting ecological processes. We call these ecological consequences "fates beyond traits." We conclude that human-induced trait changes may be impacting ecological processes on a global scale, but that more work is needed to understand the nature of these effects. Please check out some examples of fates beyond traits on my lab website. Palkovacs, E.P., M.T. Kinnison, C. Correa, C.M. Dalton & A.P. Hendry. 2011. Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human-induced trait change. Evolutionary Applications. Online early. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00212.x

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Prehistoric mitochondrial DNA of domesticate animals supports a 13th century exodus from the northern US southwest OPEN PloS one | 27 Jul 2017 BM Kemp, K Judd, C Monroe, JW Eerkens, L Hilldorfer, C Cordray, R Schad, E Reams, SG Ortman and TA Kohler The 13th century Puebloan depopulation of the Four Corners region of the US Southwest is an iconic episode in world prehistory. Studies of its causes, as well as its consequences, have a bearing not only on archaeological method and theory, but also social responses to climate change, the sociology of social movements, and contemporary patterns of cultural diversity. Previous research has debated the demographic scale, destinations, and impacts of Four Corners migrants. Much of this uncertainty stems from the substantial differences in material culture between the Four Corners vs. hypothesized destination areas. Comparable biological evidence has been difficult to obtain due to the complete departure of farmers from the Four Corners in the 13th century CE and restrictions on sampling human remains. As an alternative, patterns of genetic variation among domesticated species were used to address the role of migration in this collapse. We collected mitochondrial haplotypic data from dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) remains from archaeological sites in the most densely-populated portion of the Four Corners region, and the most commonly proposed destination area for that population under migration scenarios. Results are consistent with a large-scale migration of humans, accompanied by their domestic turkeys, during the 13th century CE. These results support scenarios that suggest contemporary Pueblo peoples of the Northern Rio Grande are biological and cultural descendants of Four Corners populations. * Data courtesy of Altmetric.com

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Why Jeans are White on The Inside Ever wonder why denim jeans are white on the inside but colored (usually indigo) on the outside? This is due to the fact that only the warp fabric is dyed, while the weft fabric remains while. So when jeans are produced — with the weft fabric being used on the interior — it creates this phenomenon. Keep in mind that some companies dye both the warp and weft fabric, but you’ll generally find that most jeans only have the warp fabric dyed. Stretch Denim Has 15% Greater Elasticity Unless you’ve worn a pair of stretch denim jeans before, you might be surprised to learn just how “stretchy” they really are. According to some reports, a typical pair of stretch jeans has up to 15% greater elasticity than non-stretch denim. Stretch denim contains a small percentage of spandex (usually about 3%) to give it this unique characteristic. Even though it looks like standard denim, the presence of spandex allows it to stretch far beyond its normal capabilities. Jeans Were Invented in the 17th Century It’s unknown who exactly was responsible for inventing denim jeans. Some people have credited Levi Strauss with this accomplish, but the general belief is that he didn’t invent the jeans. Instead, historians believe jeans originated out of France during the 17th century. This was a time when textile production was booming, and denim seemed to be the most popular choice of fabric for pants. The trend continued, and even spread through nearby countries, at which point denim jeans become the staple choice of pants for both men and women. Jeans are Often Distressed Before Being Sold Ever wonder how some denim jeans achieve a worn-in look? Also known as distressed denim, this is usually created through various techniques that involve beating the denim with rocks. It may sound a little unusual, but it works surprisingly well. After the denim has been distressed, it looks worn-in and used — a look that many people actually prefer. Some Jeans are Pre-Shrunk Yep, some jeans like the Levi’s 501 are pre-shunk during the production process. Normally, denim shrinks a small amount when placed in the washing machine. By pre-shrinking jeans before they are sold, however, it prevents this from occurring. Know any other fun and interesting facts about denim jeans? We’d love to hear them in the comments section below!

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4 experts on how to advance sustainable development Monday, October 19th, 2020 What do we really need to do to achieve the UN SDGs by 2030? Elsevier’s new report on the progress of sustainability science – The Power of Data to Advance the SDGs – offers unique insights and initiatives, many developed with partners, to map the state of research in each SDG area. It focuses on four key areas: Gender, Health, Reducing Inequalities and Climate. In the report, experts take a deep look into what has been achieved thus far and what is still missing to achieve real progress. Here are some highlights. “Healthy adults earn, and healthy children learn.” Amref, the largest Africa based international non-governmental organization (INGO), is committed to increasing sustainable health access in Africa. To achieve the UN’s sustainability agenda, Amref Health Africa’s Global CEO Githinji Gitahi emphasizes the need to take a broader approach to health: “The wider sustainable agenda cannot happen without healthy societies, and indeed we cannot achieve healthy societies without sustainable development. The two are therefore interdependent. However, health is actually the basis for human capital, which is needed for sustainable development, and it’s therefore a good starting point to see it as ‘ground zero’ for the SDGs. A basic social-economic principle should be that ‘healthy adults earn, and healthy children learn.’ This is Human Capital 101!” Read the full article on Elsevier Connect: “4 experts on how to advance sustainable development“, Maha Rhannam, 14 October 2020.

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Having grown up in the 1960s, I have experienced the horrific consequences of violent protests and riots, as well as the positive outcomes brought about by peaceful, nonviolent means. There are no winners when a protest turns violent. The police, the cities, and most importantly the citizens all lose. Protestors are brutally slaughtered, arrested and left to deal with criminal records that follow them for the rest of their lives. I deeply understand the feelings of unrest that can accompany gross injustice. I admire Sybrina Fulton, the mother of slain teenager Trayvon Martin, who bravely called for peace after the disappointing verdict in her son’s case. I am asking that regardless of the outcome, that those working on the ground continue to organize and convene peacefully. I am asking for peace and calm in Ferguson, Missouri because there is no victory in violent protest. I also ask that those of us who lived through difficult times of social change in our country take the time to teach the younger generation how to affect change through peaceful means. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was our example. Through his leadership, we were able to accomplish some of the greatest social advances in this country’s history. Regardless of which way the Darren Wilson grand jury decides, we must carry out Dr. King’s message of peace and nonviolence. I personally witnessed the riots that devastated Liberty City in 1980. The violence resulted in senseless deaths, injuries, thousands of arrests, and over $100 million in damages to the community. Thirty-four years later, Liberty City is still struggling to recover. Sign Up and Save Get six months of free digital access to the Miami Herald Historically, the community is the most negatively affected by violent protests. During the Los Angeles riots in 1992, at least 53 people were reported killed, approximately 2,000 were injured and there was more than $1 billion in property damage. As a result of the 1967 Detroit riots, 43 people were reportedly killed, approximately 7,000 people were arrested and more than 2,000 buildings were destroyed. I expose children on a daily basis to techniques on how to resolve conflict without resorting to violence through the 5000 Role Models of Excellence Project that I founded 22 years ago. This program teaches boys how to interact with law enforcement and has paid huge dividends in the salvation of human life. We must break this tragic pattern of predictability. We cannot afford a repeat of the past. Frederica S. Wilson, U.S. representative, District 24, Miami

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During the month of Ramaḍān, Muslims commemorate the revelation of the Quran to the prophet Muḥammad. In Fall 2005, from October 4 until November 2, Burke Library exhibited some of its Qurans to explore during Ramaḍān 1426 AH how attitudes toward Islam are reflected in the books that give readers access to its revelation. Since Burke Library was founded as a Protestant research collection, the study of Islam is not often associated with its holdings. But its small collection of Near Eastern manuscripts includes five Qurans which represent the regional esthetic traditions of Quran illumination between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries CE. Furthermore, Burke Library owns many of the seminal works of Quran scholarship published in early modern Europe, documenting how non-Muslim Europeans translated the Arabic Quran first into Latin and then into European vernaculars. The exhibition traced the process, stretching from the twelfth to the nineteenth century, by which the European approach to the Quran was transformed from an angst-ridden defense against yet another Christian heresy to the investigation of another strain of monotheism. The 2005 project was made possible by Michael Boddy's enthusiastic support which in turn ensured the permission of Sara J. Myers, the director of Burke Library, to go ahead with an exhibition that in the middle of the term occupied space in the Burke's conference and reading rooms. I am also indebted to Jean W. Ashton, the director of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, for lending a Quran from the David E. Smith Collection of Oriental Manuscripts for the exhibition. In the winter of 2011, Burke Library director John B. Weaver generously sponsored the web adaptation of the original brick-and-mortar exhibition. The illustration - a headpiece (sarlawḥ) introducing sura 2 (sūrat al-Baqara) - is taken from a Mughal Quran (Burke Arabic MS 2, fol. 3b). New York City, March 2013 Exhibit CuratorDagmar A. Riedel Bookmark this page as: http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?clio10216814

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Workouts During Pregnancy Maintaining a regular exercise routine throughout pregnancy can help you stay healthy and feel your best. It can also improve your posture and decrease some common discomforts like backaches and fatigue. There is evidence that it may prevent gestational diabetes, it defiantly relieves stress, and builds more stamina needed for labor and delivery. If you were physically active before your pregnancy at least for some time, you should be able to continue your activity with modifications as necessary. You can exercise at your former level as long as you are comfortable and have your doctor's approval. Low impact aerobics are encouraged versus high impact as I mentioned to you last week. with or without me there- Do not let your heart rate exceed 140 beats per minute. Pregnant women that have never exercised regularly before, can safely begin an exercise program during pregnancy after consulting with a health care provider. Do not try a new, strenuous activity. Walking and swimming are considered safe to initiate when pregnant. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise per day on most if not all days of the week, unless you have a medical or obstetric complication. Who Should Not Exercise? If you have a medical problem, such as asthma, heart disease or uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes, exercise may not be advisable during pregnancy. Exercise may also be harmful if you have an obstetric condition such as: • Bleeding or spotting • Weak cervix Avoid aerobic exercise during pregnancy if you have: • Hemodynamically significant heart disease • Restrictive lung disease • Incompetent cervix/cerclage • Multiple gestation at risk for premature labor • Persistent second- or third-trimester bleeding • Placenta previa after 26 weeks of gestation • Premature labor during the current pregnancy • Ruptured membranes • Preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension Take precautions with aerobic exercise during pregnancy if you have: • Severe anemia • Unevaluated maternal cardiac arrhythmia • Chronic bronchitis • Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes • Extreme morbid obesity • Extreme underweight (BMI <12) • History of extremely sedentary lifestyle • Intrauterine growth restriction in current pregnancy • Poorly controlled hypertension • Orthopedic limitations • Poorly controlled seizure disorder • Poorly controlled hyperthyroidism • Heavy smoker Buy Local Produce Instead of Imported Where Possible Public health officials are warning of an outbreak of the intestinal parasite cyclospora, commonly found in imported produce and causing food poisoning-like symptoms. So far 83 cases of cyclosporiasis have been reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada in Ontario, B.C., Quebec and Alberta. Officials have not yet determined the source of this outbreak but say past outbreaks in Canada and the U.S. have been due to imported produce, specifically pre-packaged salad mix, basil, cilantro, berries, mesclun lettuce and snow peas. “Cyclospora is a microscopic single-celled parasite that is passed in people’s feces. If it comes in contact with food or water, it can infect the people who consume it. This causes an intestinal illness called cyclosporiasis,” the Public Health Agency reports. Food may become contaminated with cyclospora during the growth, harvesting or transportation phases, particularly by contact with infected food handlers during packaging or through contaminated irrigation or tap water. The outbreak appears to have begun in May and the last reported case was on July 18. Most cases have been seen in Ontario, however there have been three reported in B.C., five in Quebec and one in Alberta. Because abstaining for imported produce is difficult for many people throughout Canada, the Public Health Agency suggests a number of ways to mitigate chances of ingesting cyclospora. Consumers should follow these safety tips when handling food: Source article: http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2015/08/intestinal-parasite-cyclospora-outbreak-linked-to-imported-produce/ Zen Yahweh Fitness® will help you achieve your goals with accredited training and positive encouragement to help you stay focused as you continue to commit to your goals of an active life style, with balanced nutrition. Zen Yahweh Fitness will tailor an exercise program for your specific needs and encourage regular attendance to workouts, because consistency of regular training and alternating workout variants, accompanied by portion control and a balanced diet are key to your success!

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The Buckminster Fuller designed Dymaxion - image: National Automobile MuseumEnlarge Photo In terms of design, the early 1930s were a time of promise, when people weren’t afraid to dream big. Buckminster Fuller is a perfect example, and his “Dymaxion” brand promised Americans a better (and more stylish) quality of life. Though applied to everything from the Marshall Fields department store in Chicago through kettle-shaped housing, we associate the name Dymaxion with the three-wheeled automobile conceived by Fuller in the early 1930s. On paper, its specifications were impressive: its teardrop shape allowed a claimed top speed of 120 miles per hour, while returning 30 miles per gallon. Large enough to seat 11 passengers, the Dymaxion’s reverse-tricycle layout (two driven wheels up front, one in the rear to provide steering) allowed it to complete a U-turn in its own 20-foot length. Though the 85-horsepower Ford flathead V-8 engine was located in the rear, the Dymaxion was front-wheel drive. It’s single-wheel rear steering proved tricky to grasp, and a fatal crash at the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair proved to be the Dymaxion’s undoing. Investors quickly bailed on the project, and production ended with just three built. As Hemmings Daily tells us, the crashed Dymaxion was rebuilt, but later destroyed in a fire. The second Dymaxion was sold to several private owners over the years before winding up at the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada. The third and final Dymaxion went missing sometime after World War II. Famed architect Norman Foster (Lord Norman Foster, actually), an associate of Fuller's, commissioned British firm Crosthwaite and Gardiner to construct Dymaxion number four, based on the surviving Dymaxion number two. In exchange for allowing Foster to document the interior of the vehicle, the National Automobile Museum requested that he fund an interior restoration of Dymaxion two. Dymaxion number two had fallen into disrepair, and its interior was so gutted that the museum opted to simply black out the windows. Thanks to Foster's passion for the Dymaxion, the Crosthwaite and Gardiner restoration has put the car back to "as new" condition inside and out. It’s not yet operational, however, and the National Automobile Museum is actively seeking a 1934 Ford flathead V-8 to complete the restoration. If the mechanical details can be sorted out, the museum plans on unveiling the Dymaxion in the summer of 2013. Thanks to Alister Oliver for providing the additional background!

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Worksheet on Solution A homogenous mixture composed of only one phase is known as solution. A solute is dissolved in another substance, which is known as solvent. The solvent takes part in dissolving. Solubility is defined as the ability of a compound to dissolve another compound. The physical properties of the compound change when another compound is added to it. In this article you can find some questions related to “Solutions” and their answers: 1. For preparing a litre N / 10 solution we need (a) 10 gm (b) 4.9 gm (c) 1000 gm (d) 98 gm 2. A 5 molar solution is diluted from 1 litre to a volume of 10 litres. Normality of the solution will be: (a) 5 N (b) 2 N (c) 1 N (d) 10 N 3. The relationship between the osmotic pressures of 0.1 solution and solution is: 4. The molal depression constant of water is . 342 g of sucrose are dissolved in 1000 g water. The freezing point of the solution will be: 5. A solution containing 8.6 g per litre of urea (molecular weigh = 60 ) is isotonic with a 5% solution of an organic non-volatile solute. The molecular weight of the solute is nearly: (d) None of these 6. Which of the following will have the highest freezing point at one atmosphere? (b) 0.1 M sugar solution (d) 0.1 M NaC1 solution 7. The solution which will not show abnormal colligative effect is: (a) urea in water (b) benzoic acid in benzene (c) acetic acid in benzene (d) Nal1 is water 8. 46 g ethanol and 18 g water are present in a solution. The mole fraction of each component is: (a) 0.5, 0.5 (b) 0.75, 0.25 (c) 0.25, 0.75 9. 1000 g aqueous solution of CaCO3 contains 10 g of carbonate. Concentration of the solution is: (a) 100 ppm (b) 1000 PPm (c) 10 ppm (d) 10000 Ppm 10. When an aqueous solution freezes: (a) the solvent and the solute solidify at the same time (b) the vapour pressure of the solvent becomes abnormally high (c) it is the water what solidifies first (d) usually it is the solute that solidifies first 11. Which one of the following pairs will not form an ideal solution? (a) 2-Methyl propanol and 2—Propanol (b) Chloroform and acetone (c) Ethylene bromide and propylene bromide (d) Benzene and toluene 12. Which of the following conditions is correct for an ideal solution? 13. Which of the following pairs of solution is isotonic: (a) 18% urea and 18% glucose (w/v) (b) 34.2% sucrose and 60% glucose (w/v) (c) 6% urea mad 18% fructose (w / v) (d) 6% urea and 6% glucose (w / v) 14. Among the following, the solution which shows the lowest osmotic pressure is: 15. Which of the following is an electrically prepared semipermeable membrane? (a) Potassium ferro cyanide (b) Calcium phosphate (c) Copper ferro cyanide (d) Ferrous ferri cyanide 16. The ratio of freezing-point depression values of 0.01 M solutions of urea, common salt and are: (a) 2 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 2 : 1 17. Dry air is passed through to bulbs, one containing a solvent and the other containing the solution. Which one will show a decrease in weight? (a) The solvent bulb (b) The solution bulb 18. Which of the following pairs of liquid mixtures does not show negative deviation from Raoult’s law? (a) Pyridine and acetic acid (b) Acetone and chloroform (c) Toluene and acetic acid 19. Red blood cells will undergo crenation if placed in which type of solutions: 20. If mole fraction of the solvent in a solution decreases: (a) B.P. increases (b) O.P. increases (c) V.P. of solution decreases 21. The radiator of a vehicle holds 10 L water. If the vehicle is to be used in Gulmarg where the lowest temperature is . the amount of ethylene glycol (molar mass 62 g) which should be added to the water is: (a) 3-343 kg (b) 4-464 kg (c) 6.696 kg (d) 2.232 kg 22. Equal amount of which will cause greatest cooling: 23. What happen when isotonic solution of A (mol. wt. 342) and B (mol. wt. 60) are put into communication through semipermeable membrane? (a) Transference of solvent from solution of B to that of A takes place (b) Change in temperature of the solutions takes place (c) No transference of solvent from solution of A to that of B takes place (d) Transference of solvent from solution of A to that of B takes place 24. The observe osmotic pressure of a solution of benzoic acid in benzene is less than its expected value because: (a) Benzoic acid molecules are dissociated in benzene (b) Benzoic acid molecules are associated in benzene (c) Benzoic acid is an organic compound (d) Benzoic is a non polar solvent 25. A solution of two liquids having a boiling point lower than either of them: (a) Does not show any deviation from Raou1t’s law (b) Shows negative deviation from Ra0ult’s law (c) Shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law (d) Positive and negative deviation from Raoult’s law 1.(b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) - Worksheet on Nature of solution Solution obtains when solutes are dissolved in solvents. Solvent is... - Freezing point depression worksheet When the freezing point of a liquid is lowered down... - Raoult’s law woorksheet Raoult’s law was discovered by Fransois-Marie Raoult in 1882. This... - Elevation of boiling point Elevation of boiling point It is known that a liquid... - Solution A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances having uniform...

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Invasive lake trout have been decimating native fish populations for decades. Residents of the Flathead Reservation in Montana have a solution. Instead of eliminating them altogether, members of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes are strategically reducing the population each year, allowing other species to thrive once more. Bud Bras and his friends used to fish for bull trout in Montana’s Flathead Lake in the 1950s and 1960s, long before they were designated a protected species. They were a lean, clean-tasting fish that the Bras family liked to bake and pan-fry. Casting from the shore, Bras would almost always go home with a haul. “You could always plan on catching bull trout,” said Bras. “Once in a while you might get skunked, but not very often.” One thing Bras never fished for was lake trout. There weren’t enough of them. “There were hardly any lake trout in the ‘50s and ‘60s in that lake,” Bras said. “We called them ‘mackinaw’ then. All those years of fishing, we only caught one mack.” That has all changed now. Once a prominent fish across the region, bull trout have been listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act since 1999. Mackinaw, now more commonly known as lake trout, propel themselves through cold, freshwater habitats using a prominently forked tail fin, catching light on their speckled flanks. Spawning in the rocky substrate of lake shorelines and growing up to 42 pounds, these greenish-black char fish tend to rise quickly to the top of the food chain. Introduced to the lake by Montana state officials in 1905, the lake trout population has exploded at the expense of native species. Lake trout preyed on bull trout, and nearly decimated their population in Flathead Lake. Once a prominent fish across the region, bull trout have been listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act since 1999, thanks to factors like damming, habitat loss, and in the case of Flathead Lake, the presence of non-native species. Meanwhile, the population of lake trout aged one year and older was estimated to be 1.5 million as of 2012. Fortunately for the bull trout in Flathead Lake, someone is looking out for them. The southern half of the lake sits on the Flathead Reservation, home to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT). The bull trout is culturally significant to the CSKT, so the tribes came up with a plan to save them—by turning their predators into food. At 197 square miles, Flathead Lake is bigger than Lake Tahoe. It doesn’t freeze over much anymore, but it used to. Bras’s daughter, Cindy Bras-Benson, once heard a story from a tribal elder about tribal members who would walk out onto the ice, make fishing holes, and catch bull trout. “She said they would catch bull trout that were so big, they had to chop the holes bigger to get them out,” Bras-Benson said. Traditionally, the Salish and Kootenai peoples would hunt and fish with the seasons. Bull trout were not just an abundant food source, but one that would feed them in the scarcer winter months. State officials introduced a handful of fish species to Flathead Lake in the early 1900s, in an ill-advised attempt to add more options to the area’s fishing scene. Of that handful, lake trout was the only one that flourished. The population erupted in 1981, when Mysis—tiny, translucent, darkness-loving shrimp—were discovered in Flathead Lake. They had been introduced into the watershed as a food source candidate for non-native kokanee salmon, but their arrival in the lake caused chaos. Instead of being the kokanee’s dinner, Mysis beat out the salmon for the main meal: zooplankton. By the time the 1990s rolled around, there were no more kokanee salmon in Flathead Lake, and lake trout suddenly found themselves with a lake full of tasty shrimp. Suddenly, Flathead Lake’s lake trout population was booming. When lake trout get big enough to be unsatisfied by Mysis, they seek out other fish. Lake trout can eat fish over half of their own size, and even consume members of their own species. But in Flathead Lake, a central target of their predatory tendencies is the native bull trout, which by the mid-90s were reduced to a population of just over 1,000. “It was kind of a shock,” Bras-Benson said. When bull trout numbers got really low, her dad quit fishing in the lake entirely. He didn’t like the taste of the lake trout—didn’t think they compared to the native fish. The lake trout population was preying on bull trout to such an extreme that “the data suggests, without intervention, they would go to extinction,” said Barry Hansen, fisheries biologist for the CSKT. “It’s not a fair battle.” Hansen is a tall man with a resonant voice and a conversational way of speaking. His hair and beard are both white—he’s been working for the CSKT for just over 30 years. Lake trout have been a top focus for most of that time. Approximately half of Flathead Lake sits on the CSKT’s reservation, so the lake is co-managed by the CSKT and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. In 2000, shortly after bull trout were listed as a threatened species, the two groups committed to prioritizing native fish. “That may sound like a small thing, but it was a big thing,” Hansen said. The plan listed increasing and protecting native trout populations as one of three primary goals for the next 10 years. They wrote the Flathead Lake and River Fisheries Co-Management Plan for 2001-2010, with another of its goals being to “balance tradeoffs between native species conservation and nonnative species reduction to maintain a viable recreational/subsistence fishery.” This plan emphasized the importance of recreational anglers as the primary tool for reducing lake trout. But over the next several years there was no substantial change. Something more needed to be done. Flathead Lake is hardly the only body of water to struggle with an aggressive, non-native lake trout population. The west is peppered with lakes that have tried and failed and tried again to suppress lake trout. Yellowstone Lake in Wyoming and Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho are two neighboring communities that have grappled with a lake trout problem. Those two lakes share a hauntingly similar narrative to Flathead Lake. Either lake trout were introduced or found there and the population exploded, dominating the ecosystem at the expense of native species. At both of these locations, officials have attempted to suppress the species. At Yellowstone Lake, park officials tried vacuuming up lake trout eggs and depriving them of oxygen with tarps. They even attempted to snuff out the eggs by covering them with dead fish carcasses. Both locations have had varying levels of success, but neither has gotten rid of the problem. The CSKT decided to take a different approach. Summers on Flathead Lake draw visitors from across the state and beyond. The clear, clean water is perfect for swimming, kayaking, and, of course, fishing. But on this particular day, a late-summer rainstorm has caused the large lake to behave like a small ocean. White-capped waves crest on the water’s surface, forceful enough to wipe out pieces of the shoreline. At the CSKT’s Blue Bay fish processing center on the southeastern shore of Flathead Lake, this means that it’s not a good day to drag nets, which can get tangled and torn. Instead, the crew spends the afternoon on the shore, replacing their nets and setting up a new vacuum sealer. Cindy Bras-Benson helps guide the process: After her father quit fishing there, Bras-Benson went to work to save the fish species that was so bountiful during her childhood. This fish processing plant is the central hub for the CSKT’s lake trout suppression effort, with a two-pronged approach introduced in 2014. Instead of trying to completely extirpate the species, the CSKT tries to decrease their numbers a little more every year. They lay two miles of netting every day, in sections of about 900 feet, each of which pulls up anywhere from 30 to 150 fish, which are then brought to shore for processing. First, there are community fishing events called “Mack Days.” The first Mack Days, in 2002, brought approximately 900 lake trout out of Flathead Lake. Now, the annual number is closer to 60,000. The second tactic involves strategic drag netting. The CSKT net, process, and sell fish through a program established in 2017 called Native Fish Keepers, Inc., based in the Blue Bay fish processing center. Because of habitat knowledge and observations, Native Fish Keepers are able to net large numbers of lake trout with very little bycatch—the accidental netting of other species. Lake trout tend to thrive in deep waters. By netting in deeper parts of the lake, Native Fish Keepers can target their search, using bigger-mesh nets that enable juvenile bull trout, which like to swim into the depths to snack on Mysis shrimp, to slip right through. The crew at Native Fish Keepers goes out on their boat (an unnamed silver trawler that at least one team member jokingly refers to it as the “Slimy Sculpin”) five days per week in the summer months. They lay two miles of netting every day, in sections of about 900 feet, each of which pulls up anywhere from 30 to 150 fish, which are then brought to shore for processing. The fish are cleaned, filleted, vacuum-sealed, and flash-frozen to preserve their freshness. Hansen says that the fish go from lake to freezer in four hours, sometimes less. Native Fish Keepers sells the bulk of its catch to restaurants, grocery stores, and private buyers across the state. According to Native Fish Keepers Marketing Director Lynn DuCharme, the organization processes an average of 22,000 pounds of fish every year, about 80 percent of which is invasive lake trout. People like to buy the fish, says Hansen, because it’s a local, wild-caught product that supports native trout conservation. The Mack Days haul—about 4,000 pounds annually—gets donated to food banks like Loaves & Fishes Food Pantry in Polson. According to operational manager Mary Martin, the two Mack Days competitions are enough to keep them stocked with fish all year round. While many lakes struggle with lake trout, the CSKT is unique for commercializing it as a food source. All the money made in the business goes back to funding its operation—though that only covers about 20 percent of the total costs of Native Fish Keepers. To cover the rest of their expenses, they use mitigation funding from two hydroelectric dams that impact the lake’s fisheries. They also apply for relevant grant funding, and Hansen anticipates doing more of this in the future. The CSKT has never entertained the idea that they will get rid of lake trout entirely, says Hansen. Instead, their population-modeling research indicates that if they reduce the lake trout population by 75 percent, bull trout will make a 90 percent recovery. “That sounded like a pretty good trade to us,” Hansen said. “Not just pie in the sky. It’s something we could achieve.” Considering the sheer number of lake trout in Flathead Lake, the CSKT is now evaluating how suppressing lake trout might affect the lake’s current food web. Environmental economist Nanette Nelson’s enthusiasm for her work is palpable. Tall, with glasses and short, curly gray hair, Nelson moved to Montana about five years ago to work at the Flathead Lake Biological Station (FLBS). (Editor’s note: This story’s writer was previously an intern with FLBS.) “Any work that’s done in this landscape should somehow engage the tribes, and their perspective on the landscape, and their right to management on the landscape.” In 2020, Nelson received grant funding from the Environmental Protection Agency as part of the Columbia River Basin Restoration Funding Assistance Program. She is using this grant to monitor how methylmercury distribution in the food web changes with the removal of large numbers of lake trout, and to evaluate the community’s awareness of safe fish consumption guidelines. Methylmercury bioaccumulates in aquatic food chains: Small organisms can have very low levels of methylmercury, but that level grows higher in the larger organisms that prey on them. By the time you get to the top of the food chain, these levels can become a cause for concern if intended for human consumption. Fear of mercury poisoning is something that often steers consumers away from eating fish. By contrast, the USDA’s most recent dietary recommendations promote fish consumption like never before, citing the many health benefits of fish and seafood. “Because it’s not a yes or a no, a black or white, it becomes a very complicated message to get across to people,” Nelson said. Lake trout are safe to eat as long as you consume fish that fall within the official recommendations, which compute servings per month based on the size of the fish; adults can consume 12 monthly servings of a trout that is under 14 inches long. The CSKT monitors methylmercury in lake trout and uses this data to inform safe consumption guidelines. Because most of the investigators for this project work for FLBS, any and all implementation of the data will be at the discretion of the tribes. This was very important to the researchers. “There’s all these layers of history and backstory,” Nelson said. “We didn’t want to be the drivers of how the data would be used.” According to Erin Sexton, a co-principal investigator on this project and research scientist with FLBS, there was no other way to go about this initiative. “Any work that’s done in this landscape should somehow engage the tribes,” Sexton said, “and their perspective on the landscape, and their right to management on the landscape.”

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Language defines us as human beings. Despite this it remains an inaccessible, even mysterious phenomenon to most of us. This book is a lively and accessible introduction to the study of language by the world renowned linguist David Nunan. Drawing on a wide range of anecdotes and stories from personal experience, Nunan offers a thought-provoking and entertaining way into the basics of language study. The book is framed with student-friendly features including questions, further reading and a glossary of linguistic terminology and key linguists.

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History tends to remember only pivotal moments in time, discarding the day to day struggles. Even when the occasional diary survives, it only archives what one person does - it doesn't track his or her interactions with others. But with social media, that information is readily available and, furthermore, that information archives how we interact with others over time. For the first time in human history, the day-to-day interactions between people are being permanently recorded and formatted in easily organizable segments of information. This has a plethora of consequences on how we record history, but here are the five big ways I see social media altering how we utilize and record history: 1) Everyone will have the ability to know what you did and who you were with on a daily basis. What were you doing on July 14th, 2008? Unless it was your birthday, you probably don't know. It may seem like an insignificant question, but 20 years from now, knowing what you did or who you were with during a certain day could be great for reminiscing about the good old times. Or maybe you're a researcher that needs to pinpoint the exact movement of a new virus. Or you'll want to prevent the election of a presidential candidate with embarrassing information. When you tweet you're hanging out with @mashable or @ben_parr, you are not only making a statement to friends and followers, but you're writing down in history that on this date you were with these people. 20 years from now, you'll know who you hung out with from the day-after, because of hung over Facebook wall posts and tweets. This phenomenon will only get stronger as more people rely on social media services. 2) Historical trend analysis will leap to a new level of precision. Let me give you an example. Let's say you're a researcher who wants to figure out the evolution of political ideology over an election cycle. What data could you work with from 1856 to 1860, when Lincoln was elected? Newspaper clippings, a few historical documents, speeches, but not enough information to really trend the triggers that altered political thought. Even if all of that data did exist, it would be hell to find it. How about 2004 to 2008? There's a stark difference. We have Twitter, Facebook, blogs, websites, forums, and search habits. We can start to trend how search terms increased, what events triggered visceral reactions, and how people of both sides reacted to the political opinions of the day. The information is archived, easily organized, and a large stock of it is readily available to the public. 3) We will not use history to learn from our mistakes, but to prevent them before they happen. Google's recent partnership with the government is an example of the prevention phenomenon in action. Google has been giving the Federal Government information on flu-related searches in order to track and contain epidemics before they begin (you can find the public version of the tool here). We can track the history and progression of the flu with stunning accuracy. In turn, we can use that data to prevent the outbreak of the next drug-resistant virus. Yes, it raises certain ethical questions, but the point is still the same - it changes how we analyze and utilize history. 4) There is little room for hiding details about our lives. Less than flattering pictures on Facebook have already disqualified tens of thousands of people from jobs. But when someone of the current teenage generation runs for President, what do you think will happen to every tweet or blog post they ever wrote? It will be analyzed and checked. Embellishing about your life story will be difficult, because we can go back and see if you were an angry person in your childhood or who your friends really were. 5) An ethical war over the use of this information will arise. If the government can use search data to track disease, what else can they use it to track? Is it right to charge a political candidate with guilt by association just because they were Facebook friends with an eventual criminal? I can't even begin to imagine the ethical debates such detailed history may cause. It's often said that history is recorded by the victors. Now history is recorded by computers and anybody can pick up that data and come to their own conclusion. The study of history will dramatically change as more and more people use and rely upon social media for daily interaction. No diary, history book, or recording can compare to the data available through social media. My belief is that social media may prove to be as pivotal as the printing press in the study of history. So I'll ask one more time. What were you doing on July 14th?

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The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1860 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto (see Otto engine). Who first invented the internal combustion engine? Двигатель внутреннего сгорания/ИзобретателиIn 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke cycle engine. In 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. History of the internal combustion engine – Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org › wiki › History_of_the_internal_com…en.wikipedia.org › wiki › History_of_the_internal_com… How long will internal combustion engines be around? The average age of the combustion engine vehicles out on the road is over 10 years. That means it could take up to 25 years for all the cars bought in 2020 to die. What is an internal combustion engine? In an internal combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine itself. The engine then partially converts the energy from the combustion to work. … After the piston compresses the fuel-air mixture, the spark ignites it, causing combustion. Why did the internal combustion engine take over? By the early 1900s the internal-combustion engine had replaced the steam engine as the most broadly applied power-generating system not only because of its higher thermal efficiency (there is no transfer of heat from combustion gases to a secondary working fluid that results in losses in efficiency) but also because it … What was the first internal combustion engine? In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gasoline engine. Will internal combustion engines be banned? West Coast Democrats this week introduced federal legislation that would ban U.S. sales of new vehicles with internal combustion engines by 2035, despite electric vehicles accounting for less than 5% of sales last year. The proposal is hailed as a measure to reduce pollution and protect U.S. manufacturing. Will classic cars be banned in 2040? If you own a classic car from 1965 now, by 2040 it will near the 100-year mark which qualifies it as an antique. Your classic car today could become museum-piece-quality by the time the ban rolls around. Legendary car collector, Jay Leno, is constantly on the lookout for future classic cars. Why electric cars will never work? The main issue, according to Fenske, is that batteries simply aren’t as energy dense as gasoline. That means more space is required to hold a given amount of energy with batteries than with good old dinosaur juice. A gallon of gasoline is equivalent to 33.7 kilowatt-hours of energy, according to Fenske. What are the 3 things that an internal combustion engine needs to run? Beyond the combustion stroke, which pushes the piston down from the top of the cylinder, there are three other strokes: intake, compression, and exhaust. Engines need air (namely oxygen) to burn fuel. Is the internal combustion engine still used today? Internal-combustion engine of an automobile. Internal-combustion engines are the most broadly applied and widely used power-generating devices currently in existence. Examples include gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas-turbine engines, and rocket-propulsion systems. How internal combustion engines are classified? We can classify internal combustion reciprocating engines according to the number of strokes of the piston in one complete working cycle. … There is still another classification according to the process of combustion: explosion or constant-volume combustion engines and constant-pressure combustion or Diesel engines.

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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained. A beetle whose larvae feed on dung, especially a scarab. The larger kinds place the dung in a hole before the eggs are laid, and some of them roll it along in a ball. Superfamily Scarabaeoidea, in particular families Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae - ‘When a dung beetle finds a pile of fresh manure, it selects the choicest, least-fibrous bits and crafts them into a large ball that will supply its own dinner for days to come or serve as both shelter and food for its developing young.’ - ‘The presence of dung beetles or flesh flies in the inflorescence can most easily be explained by their attraction to the heat produced by the plant, not its odor.’ - ‘The dung beetle is the first animal known to use the polarization patterns of the moon to navigate.’ - ‘This dung beetle was photographed in South Africa.’ - ‘The dung beetle feeds on filth and produces the same filth from which she then breeds.’ - ‘He could have filmed a documentary on the life and times of the African dung beetle, for all I cared, and I would have disliked him all the same.’ - ‘Like the front end of a bulldozer, a dung beetle's head is flattened into a broad plate that can push soil up and out of the tunnel; lying safely beneath this protective shield are its delicate organs of taste and vision.’ - ‘One of Africa's finest exports to Australia is the dung beetle which is doing sterling work in curbing, if not actually getting rid of, the sub-continent's pesky flies.’ - ‘My favorite scene features a dung beetle trying to roll a bit of dinner up a hill; a more Sisyphean struggle I haven't seen.’ - ‘At the risk of waking up one morning to find I've been reincarnated as a dung beetle for daring to criticize a saint and ethical genius, let alone an actual deity, let's explore this issue more.’ - ‘Will it change into a dung beetle or into a beautiful butterfly?’ - ‘My farm is home to many varieties of dung beetle - they eat horse and cow manure.’ - ‘The parrot, the mouse, the cockroach, and the dung beetle all have the same rights to life as human beings.’ - ‘Maya was intrigued and absolutely determined to see a dung beetle rolling a ball.’ - ‘We live in a sad era that mistakes mean-spirited arrogance for intellectual daring, juvenile nastiness for independence of mind, the dung beetle for the artist.’ - ‘If you were rotten, you might be a vole or an asp or a dung beetle.’ - ‘If you're a male dung beetle and you want pry another male out of his tunnel, it helps to have a longer horn.’ - ‘So some years ago Australia wondered what they could do to ease the fly scourge and hit on the idea of an African dung beetle.’ - ‘He's as good-looking as a dung beetle now that I've seen his true ‘colors’.’ - ‘It's called a dung beetle and it lives in Africa.’ In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.

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Are Your Prints Too Dark? If your answer is yes, then improper monitor calibration is probably the reason. Have you ever wondered why when you get your WYSIWG (what you see is what you get) prints back from the lab they look darker than they do on your monitor? As professional photographers, we have a responsibility to make sure our monitor’s profile “matches” or is in “sync” with our primary print lab provider. Your computer, monitor and printer are all connected by cables tethering them to each other. This allows your printer to recognize your monitor profile. It should print accurately because of this. But what happens when a lab prints images for you, and the lab is thousands of miles away? In many cases you get prints back and they appear a little darker – or a LOT darker – than what you see on your monitor. This is most likely because your computer and monitor are not directly connected to your lab’s printers. How does the lab know how bright your monitor is? The only way to ensure that you’re in “sync” is to know your lab’s printer settings. This is why labs ask you to calibrate your monitors. - There’s an industry standard for gamma of 2.2 and native white point standard of 6500K (Kelvin) - Luminance (brightness) varies depending on your monitor - LCD monitors should be set at 120 luminance, however, CRT monitors are recommended for 90-100 luminance - Even though 120 is recommended for LCD monitors, many labs still work with what was common when CRT monitors were the only option for display - Back then, the brightest luminance value you could get from a CRT monitor was 90-100. Today, however, LCDs can go above 120 luminance. - If your monitor is above that, then it is likely that you’re seeing images much brighter on your monitor than they actually are What are the benefits of calibrating your monitor? When you use a colorimeter device to calibrate your monitors, you create a monitor profile that becomes your default profile and it cannot be altered unless you change it. This prevents your monitor’s settings from being changed manually. What’s a Colorimeter? A colorimeter looks like a mouse, and you temporarily attach it to the front of your monitor. It measures the smallest variations in color, and is more sensitive than the human eye. When you input the target values/settings mentioned above, it calibrates your monitor to your lab’s printers. Think about how musicians tune their instruments before a performance. Suppose your studio and lab were about to play a duet at Carnegie Hall, and your pickiest clients were in the audience? We’d tune our instruments first! But instead of tuning sound, photographers tune colors and brightness. When you are “tuning” your color & brightness, you are calibrating your monitor. A colorimeter makes calibration easy. It ensures that your studio’s “sky blue” matches your lab’s “sky blue.” Many labs offer Test Printing. They allow you to upload a few files to print WYSIWYG as a testing process. By doing this, you see where you’re at in relation to your print-to-monitor match. Find out what your lab’s recommended settings are for: - Native White Point - Purchase a colorimeter and input those recommendations - Always use the “advanced mode” or “expert mode” option - Try not to use the “easy mode” Because all monitors experience changes in brightness, contrast and color over time, regular calibration is important. Re-calibrate every 4-6 weeks. This is not a one-time process, because monitors can shift and color channels can go out. Set yourself a reminder, which is usually included in the software. If you’re serious about photography and are serious about your craft, then take monitor calibration seriously and invest in a monitor calibration device (e.g., colorimeter). Download the software, run the device and submit some test prints. It will save you time and money in the long run. And your images will print as you intended them to look. If your images look bright like the images on the right when viewing them on your monitor, but they print like the images on the left, then it’s very likely that your monitor is too bright. Proper Monitor Calibration can resolve this issue for you! About the Author Monty Jessop has been involved with the professional photography community for over 25 years. He is known in the community as a creative, generous and helpful colleague. His willingness to share his knowledge and skill with other photographers is a hallmark of his career. As both a photographer and a professional consultant, Monty brings a unique perspective to the profession. During the course of his two and a half decade career, Monty has documented over 1,500 weddings and events. After establishing Monty’s Photography in 1986, he became a highly-recommended and sought after photographer in Southern California. Monty’s experience began in the “darkroom era,” which gave him a solid photographic knowledge base and earned him the title of “old school photographer.” Shooting film on medium format cameras long before the digital explosion, Monty adapted his style and increased his knowledge with each innovation in the field of photography. Over the past decade, Monty has utilized a contemporary photojournalist photography style and shoots a limited number of events each year. In addition to running his photography business, Monty has over 15 years of experience working as a general manager of two labs in California. In 2006, Monty brought his knowledge and experience to Pictage. As their Print & Product Quality Specialist, Monty helps photographers resolve issues, particularly digital photography issues with color management, monitor calibration and profiling. As an expert in the field, Monty enjoys sharing his knowledge with the many photographers who utilize Pictage‘s services.

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Medical Definition of resting 1: not physiologically active <red blood cells in a resting state> 2: occurring in or performed on a subject at rest <a resting EEG> <a resting tremor> Seen and Heard What made you want to look up resting? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).

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Get top tips to help you through your English language exams with FREE resources and videos from our expert authors. Author Chris Rose presents a series of Macmillan Readers activities all about encouraging creativity and creative writing. Discover a range of educational apps to inspire you on your English language learning journey. Word of the Day: pullet Life skills are the skills we need to deal effectively with the challenges in everyday life, whether at school, at work or in our personal lives. A definitive list is something educators, governments and employers continue to discuss. But no matter if you call them life skills, 21st century skills or soft skills, students who are able to understand and use these skills, along with their educational qualifications, will be better placed to take advantage of educational and employment opportunities. Find out all about what life skills are, why they're important and how we can teach them as part of English language education in a selection of informative articles written by leading ELT experts and life skills specialists.

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iPADs in the Classroom The Eanes ISD iPad Project. - 29 Ways to Use the Only iPad in the Classroom. 0 Comments December 18, 2012 By: Guest Blogger Michele Vance Dec 17 Written by: 12/17/2012 6:34 PM ShareThis How would you use ONE iPad in the classroom? SlideShare Presentations. Ideal iPad Settings for School Use | SchooliPads. *PLEASE NOTE: The layout of the Settings menu is subject to change as Apple updates their iOS. This guide was written with iOS version 6.1.3, but should remain fairly accurate for the foreseeable future. . * Appitic Eduapps. 5 Critical Mistakes Schools Make With iPads (And How To Correct Them) Over the last few years K-12 schools and districts across the country have been investing heavily in iPads for classroom use . EdTechTeacher has been leading iPad professional development at many of these schools and we’ve seen firsthand how they approach iPad integration. While we’ve witnessed many effective approaches to incorporating iPads successfully in the classroom, we’re struck by the common mistakes many schools are making with iPads, mistakes that are in some cases crippling the success of these initiatives. We’re sharing these common challenges with you, so your school doesn’t have to make them. 1) Focusing on content apps The most common mistake teachers make with iPads is focusing on subject-specific apps. 103 iPad 2 uses.pptx. Comprehensive guide to the iMovie app on the iPad for teachers & students. I have updated my guide for iMovie on the iPad. iMovie on the iPad is in many ways a significantly better application than its much larger cousin on the Apple Mac. The iMovie app is easy to use and after a short time playing around with its features and options one can quite readily create a movie that can be exported to a number of different online services or transferred, for example, via the appropriate USB cable to your computer using iTunes. All I ask is to please acknowledge use of the guide and please link to this page as well. Download the guide. iPads in the Classroom – App Evaluation/Research. With second semester now in full swing, many of our teachers have had time to utilize the iPad as a tool in their instruction. Groups of teachers are using iPads as a tool for flipped classrooms. A cohort of teachers is using iTunes U to develop courses for students to take using iTunes U app. iPad Trial | iPad Research. Transformative iPad Use in Early Elementary School. 10+ Activities to Get Students Moving with the iPad. Apple TV In The Classroom – The New Smart Board. An iPad and Apple TV can combine to provide an advantageous alternative to more expensive, traditional interactive white boards. Guest writer and High School Principal David Mahaley is using this approach and offers his insights, and observations from educators in his school. With the integration of the iPad into the instructional environment, teachers and students have discovered many new ways in which the device can expand and enhance the learning environment. iPadsInMiddleSchool - home. Ipadsinmiddleschool.wikispaces.com/file/view/one_ipad_classroom.pdf/353231296/one_ipad_classroom.pdf. iPads/Apps for Teaching & Learning. iPads in Education. Copy of iPads in Schools by Mike Fisher. iPads in Education - Home. McAllen ISD - TLC3_Parent_Orientation. TLC3 Parent Orientation | Student Mobile Device Procedures Parents may complete the required orientation online by following the instructions below or attend a scheduled orientation at a McAllen ISD campus, schedule will be posted soon. Each family need only complete/attend ONE orientation for the 2013-2014 school year. Internet Catalogue. Season 1, Episode 2 | Those Who Can...Write About It. I asked another class today to share their initial thoughts on the iPads. This class is much more diverse--juniors and seniors, all learning levels--and they've been using the iPads for two weeks. Some of their thoughts... "It consumes/requires less resources and makes it much easier to do tests and also for group assignments. I can't think of any disadvantages other than the fact that it takes a minute or 2 to hand them out, but the timing gets better every class. " 5 Reasons The iPad Will Stay The King of the Classroom. The following piece is by the amazingly talented Adam Webster, Assistant Director of Learning and Teaching at a secondary school in Surrey, England. He writes for both the Edudemic Magazine and his blog ‘ Cageless Thinking ‘ (worth bookmarking). This article originally appeared on Cageless Thinking and was cross-posted with Adam’s permission. 1. It’s not a laptop. What I Am Still Taking for Granted. Even though these iPads have been in the classroom for over a month, and in the past two weeks my class hasn't started using any new app, I am still taking what my students know (and are comfortable with) for granted. Case in point: Today students who were finished with their theme essay needed to share their document with two other people, copy and paste my revision checklist into the their peers' essays and then read and help the author revise. I assumed students knew two things: 1) how to share a document with their classmate so their classmate could edit the document, and 2) how to copy and paste something from one document into another. iTunes Course Manager | ourinspiredclassroom. I have been playing around with iTunes Course Manager and I am so excited about the potential applications that it is going to have on my class and beyond. Before I get into the process and my experience with creating a course, I’ll start off by saying that I have always thought that iTunes U was one of the most underused brilliant resources available to teachers. I have worked with people, who I would classify as quite IT savvy, who haven’t heard of iTunes U at all! This is where things usually get a little awkward as I somehow morph into an almost Evangelical iTunes U fanatic and go on and on with my spiel about “how amazing iTunes U is” and “how there is so much amazing content available literally sitting there waiting to be downloaded and integrated into classrooms. The content ranges in complexity; from Ivy league universities such as Yale, Oxford, Harvard etc to a grade 3 student’s reflection about a ball game they played in PE. It’s awaiting you!” Let Your Fingers Learn - LiveBinder. 10 MORE Things NOT to do in an iPad 1:1 Initiative « Trying to be a mobile Djay At the end of last school year I reflected on the 10 things NOT to do in an iPad 1:1 program. I was blown away with the amount of responses and views the post got from all over the world. It seems that it was at the right time, and right moment for districts out there planning on entering the Fall with a new 1:1 implementation. That said, it’s almost too late by that point to make real swift changes to your implementation. I felt assured we had ferreted out all the little details that make things go astray during this process and hoped by providing a list of the 10 things, other districts could learn from our mistakes. iPad with Wes | iPad Training for Business Productivity. iPad in the Primary Classroom - Home. iPads/Apps for Teaching & Learning. PrometheanPlanet. The end of September marked the culmination of the iPad deployment—known as Power Up! —in our district. It has been a great endeavor. All told, we delivered close to 9,000 iPads to 9–12 grade students at six high schools. We came short due to students opting out of receiving an iPad. This month, I'll share with you how it went and our future plans for the initiative we've named Power Up! Ipadsbyhuss - Ideas in the Works. iPad lessons. Borupcommoncore - home. How to Search Through Your Notes Application | iPhone Techie. iPad & Literacy. Apps for Principals. iPad Activity: Open House Scavenger Hunt. iPads in the Primary Classroom - HCSMobile. iBrainstorm - Shared Brainstorming on iPads. The 60-Second Guide To Teaching With Tablets. The 100 Best iOS Apps For Mobile Learning. 103 Interesting Ways to use an iPad in the Classroom- 5 New Apps for Back to School. Using iPads With Mixed-Ability Students, Teachers Must 'Give Up Some Control' How One Classroom Actually Used iPads To Go Paperless (Part 1: Research) Connecting iPads and Reading in the Classroom: Part 1. iPAD Apps. Ipadschools - home. Blooms Taxonomy of Apps. iPad in the Classroom Helps Students to Study on Their Own. Recommended Apps for MBMS 1-1 iPad Program. iPad Basics. We Give Books - Books. 50 really useful iPad tips and tricks. Technology Timesavers for Teachers - myTeachersLounge. Dodgecitydc3 / FrontPage. Evernote: A 0-to-60 MPH Guide. PD for ipads. Initial iPad Class Set-up. iPad Classroom. iPad in Education. Essential Paid iPad Apps for Schools. iPad implementation. iPad implementation. iPads can’t improve learning without good teaching Pt 1. Digital Storytelling. Creating an iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore, and Mac App Store account without a credit card. "The 3R's" Using iPad in Reading.

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How Sugar Works In The Body By Danielle Wirick, MS, CSCS, FMSC Why is sugar such a big concern of doctors, dietitians, and your trusty fitness trainers? Ask any diabetic and they will tell you how bad they feel when their blood sugar is out of control. There are approximately 17 million Americans with some form of diabetes and approximately 6 million of them are unaware that it affects them. Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. I feel that many people are unaware they have diabetes because they don’t understand how blood sugar levels work. Let’s change that. Carbohydrates are the main energy source of the body. Sugars are one form of carbohydrate, and even complex carbohydrates will break down into a more simple form to be used as energy. Therefore, when we are talking about blood glucose, or blood sugar, realize that carbohydrates are what maintain that level. A normal blood sugar level ranges from 80-110 mg/dl (deciliter) of blood. If blood sugar is too high (hyperglycemia) this can cause the disease diabetes. High blood sugar kills off cells and causes organs to malfunction which may result in death. If blood sugar is too low (hypoglycemia), it can cause the body to go into a coma because the brain doesn’t have enough glucose to function and the cells are starved. After a person eats a carbohydrate, it is broken down into glucose which is then transported in the bloodstream to organs and cells to be used for energy. If there is excess glucose it is first stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. However, there is a limit to how much can be stored as glycogen – typically about a 1/2 days worth of calories. When that limit is reached, glucose will be converted and stored as fat. You can think of the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles as “short term energy storage” and fat as “long term energy storage”. Here’s a little problem… Long term storage doesn’t want to go away – just in case we need it later. Since the brain needs glucose for all of its energy production, our brain will signal that we are hungry so we replenish our glycogen stores before we get into our fat stores. Survival at its finest! So now what is all the hype about insulin? Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas and one of its roles is to be released as blood sugar increases – when we eat carbohydrates. It is the transporter of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells or to store it as fat. In a healthy person, once glucose is removed by insulin from the bloodstream and enters the cells then blood sugar levels will return to normal. Now if someone expends more energy than what they eat their blood sugar falls. So what happens next? (Dun, dun, dun…. dramatic pause) One of three things can happen. A person can eat a simple sugar – those “empty” calories – which will raise the blood sugar quickly, but it will also drop it quickly and often to a lower blood sugar, thus you are hungry again sooner and often eat more calories than necessary. Or… A person can not eat – they are too busy, or they are trying to lose weight – and the body will use those short term glycogen stores for as long as it can. It sounds like the magic bullet to lose weight, but in reality, when you don’t give your body any food then it will break down proteins into glucose molecules (as well as some fats, but not nearly as much as we would like) to be used as energy. So, when we would actually like to be losing fat and gaining muscle, we are actually losing muscle and maintaining fat by not eating at all. Or, and yes, this is the best answer, a person can eat a complex carbohydrate which will be released slower than a simple carbohydrate and therefore maintain your blood sugar levels without taxing your insulin system. Yes, we harp on you all the time – first to eat, and then to eat complex carbohydrates and to avoid sugars. We know you will hear these words of wisdom from me many more times, but hopefully now you can understand why we say the things we say!

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- it is a case sensitive language. - every statement ends with a semicolon (;). - variables can be started from an alphabetical digit or an underscore (_). - variable Values - fixed Values For example, a variable “x” is defined below: Types of variables Global variables: Global variables are those which we can access from anywhere in the code. These variables are declared from the outside of the function. Local variables: Local variables are those which are declared inside a function and cannot be accessed from outside of the function. // Function definition // Local variable declaration var num = 45; // Display the value of Global variable // Display the value of local variable document.writeln("<br>" + num ); // Function call Fixed values are known as literals or constant values. Numbers: Numbers are the numeric values with or without decimals. The syntax of numbers is given below. Strings: Strings are in text form; this text is written within quotes. The syntax of the string is given below. var a, b, sum; // Assign value to the variables b = 25; // Use arithmetic operator to // add both numbers sum = a + b; Syntax of a function is given below: // Declare a variable var num = 15; // Show the result // Function invoke var a, b; // function is the keyword that instruct the browser to create a function Comments are part of the code and are ignored during the execution.. We use comments to add the information and suggestions in the code. They increase the readability of code and make the code user-friendly. In the given example the syntax of comments is given: // x = 5; It will NOT be executed These names must start with: - a dollar sign ($) - an underscore (_) - or any letter from the alphabet.

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What is Genital Herpes? Genital Herpes is a highly infectious disease caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV2) from the Herpes family of viruses. HSV2 infection leads to the formation of typical small fluid-filled blisters in clusters on or around the genital region. - Genital Herpes is one of the commonest, contagious viral infections affecting humankind for the last 2000+ years. - Genital herpes is the more virulent form of the virus (as compared to oral herpes), having a wider range of possible complications, and hence is considered as a more serious condition. Know more about Causes of Genital Herpes. What Happens In Oral Herpes? - Genital sores or blisters developing on or around penis (in males) OR vulva-vagina (in females). - Soreness and burning pain lasting for about 2 to 3 weeks. - Enlarged lymph glands in the groin. - Pain with difficulty in passing urine in both men and women. - Excessive discharge from the urethra or vagina . Know more about Symptoms of Genital Herpes What Can Genital Herpes Lead To? - Growth retardation, prematurity and inborn defects in babies of infected mothers - Increased risk of contracting other sexually transmitted infections including HIV. - Inflammation of urethra, requiring the insertion of a catheter to drain urine. - Meningitis, viz. inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. - Inflammation of the lining of the rectum, particularly in homosexuals. How Well Homeopathy Works In Genital Herpes - Homeopathy offers the most definitive treatment for this stubborn and difficult-to-treat condition. - Homeopathic books and literature show that there are more than 75 highly potent remedies for complete Treatment For Genital Herpes including its complications. - The primary aim of homeopathic treatment is to boost the body's natural defense mechanisms or immunity in order to fight the infection more effectively. - Additionally, Homeopathic Treatment For Genital Herpes plugs any inherent weaknesses that allow such organisms to gain entry and infect the system. Few of our amazing remedies include: - Nitric acid : Large jagged ulcerative eruptions which bleed easily and have splinter like pains. - Croton tiglium: Pustular eruptions with intense itching followed by painful burning and oozing. - Apis mellifica: Sore sensitive eruptions with stinging pain and puffing up of the parts. - Sarsaparilla: Skin hard, indurated, shriveled from exposure to open air with dry itching.

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It’s summer break for many students, which means it’s time for summer goals! As camps are cancelled and pools stay closed, many teenagers are facing the challenge of wide-open summers. This is especially difficult for students with ADHD who may do poorly with unstructured time. Time for Exploration Students may tell you that their favorite part of summer is “no homework” or “no tests,” but the truth is that summer is an important time in their development. Summer is when students explore who they want to be beyond school. This could take the form of building leadership skills in a summer job or developing social identity at sleepaway camp. When students feel they have nothing to do, cut off from the chance to explore, they are prone to feeling depressed and isolated. The “fresh start” of summer is an ideal time to set some goals and salvage their summer. Use Goal-Setting Frameworks Dr. Elias proposes pushing students to think about the many dimensions of their lives and to set goals in eight areas. - Social life - Sports and exercise - Healthy eating - Family and community - Hobbies and interests - Screen time - Long-term plans Each of these areas represents an important part of a student’s identity. Too often, students may only focus on a few of these priorities, perhaps only thinking about areas of strength or weakness. With the slower tempo of summer, students can pay attention to often neglected areas like healthy eating and long-term plans. Set Realistic Goals Watch out for vague or idealized goals; instead, encourage students to use CANDO goals (Unit 2 in SMARTS) to set a realistic goal in each area. By using the CANDO goal-setting acronym, students’ goals will be more realistic and have a built-in plan for reaching success. In the words of Dr. Elias, “goals provide anchors, especially valuable in high winds and rough seas.” Take the time to help students create meaningful goals, and they will find the motivation and direction they need during these turbulent times. - Michael Greschler, M.Ed., SMARTS Director

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- Last updated: - 08 Mar 2019 Article and images by Dr Julie O'Connor, Senior Conservation Partnerships Officer, Sunshine Coast Council …they rend the air, like cries of despair, the screams of the wild Curlew Henry Kendall 1862 The Curlew Song The first time I heard the call of a bush stone-curlew I was moved beyond measure by its wonderful ethereal call. The bush stone-curlew has significantly diminished in number across its range, but if you are lucky enough to share your surrounds with this iconic Australian bird, its haunting ‘wee-ier, wee-ieer, whee-ieeer, whee-ieer-loo’ call is unmistakable. Listen to the Qld Museum Discovery Centre sound file. The bird’s capacity to “touch the soul” seems universal in Australia. It features strongly in many Aboriginal cultural stories in areas as widely separated as the Tiwi Islands and the Tanami Desert. The curlew also captured the imaginations of European settlers in Australia. A contributor to the Daily Mail 15 Jan 1921 noted that “The most familiar nocturnes were those of the dingo, the mopoke and the stone curlew. The dingo’s howl was always a lonely sound, the call of the mopoke was sadly sweet, and far-reaching, but nothing played on the emotions so much as the cry of the stone curlew. At one moment it was clear and sharp, then it was drawn out into a long, low wail, and again wild piercing screams echoed through the timber, such as might be wrung from a terrified woman” A writer in the Lithgow Mercury 30 Aug 1940 wrote of the curlew that “In the neighbourhood of settlers’ homes nightly soon after twilight and often later, its piercing-whistling peals producing a sensation of loneliness and a feeling of “the creeps” in the listener.” The bush stone-curlew also occupies a unique space in Australian poetry. Famous poets of the 19th century frequently used it to evoke images of a lonely harsh bush, such as Henry Lawson’s 1887 reference to “the dismal curlew’s scream” in Golden Gully. Similarly, Henry Kendall’s describes the “unearthly screams”, “shrieks of the wild curlew” and “the wails of the sad curlew” in his 1862 poem The Curlew Song. The mostly nocturnal bush stone-curlew, Burhinis grallarius, specialises in hunting small prey including; lizards, frogs, invertebrates, snakes, small mammals as well as seeds. Usual breeding time is in Spring and early Summer, but they may breed at any time if conditions are suitable. The unusual courtship dance of the bush stone-curlews has been likened to soldiers marking time as they stamp their feet up and down. Like a number of other ground breeding birds, the adult curlew will often feign injury to attract intruders away from newly hatched chicks. Chicks are precocial, being able to walk within a few hours of hatching and are fully grown within around seven weeks. Although they are quite good fliers, they will freeze when disturbed in an attempt to blend in with their surroundings and will often choose running before flying. Freezing in place generally serves them well to avoid native predators such as raptors but may have left them vulnerable to some introduced predators that rely more on scent than eyesight. In fact it is thought that predation by feral cats and foxes may be a major contributor to its decline in the southern states of Australia, in addition to habitat clearance and modification. As early as 1940, the writer of the article in the Lithgow Mercury referred to above warned that the comparative rarity of the curlew was attributed to expanding settlement and the “ravages of the fox”. A South Australian study found that on Kangaroo Island, where foxes are absent and habitat clearing is now minimal, the bush stone-curlew is doing very well compared to mainland southern states. - Gates, Jody A. 2001. An ecological study of bush stone-curlews Burhinus grallarius on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Masters of Science, Adelaide University.

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The Implications of Viruses and Bacteria in Man-Made Environments Complete the form below to unlock access to ALL audio articles. Viruses in man-made environments cause public health concerns, but they are generally less studied than bacteria. A recent study led by environmental scientists from City University of Hong Kong (CityU) provided the first evidence of frequent interactions between viruses and bacteria in man-made environments. It found that viruses can potentially help host bacteria adapt and survive in nutrient-depleted man-made environments through a unique gene insertion. By understanding these virus–bacteria interactions and identifying the possible spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the research team hopes its latest findings can help derive effective control strategies to minimize human exposure to harmful microorganisms. Virus–host interactions are central to the ecology and evolution of microbial communities in diverse ecosystems. However, the immune mechanisms of infection and the virus–host interactions that occur in man-made environments, including buildings, public space, transportation and infrastructure, have been poorly understood. “As more and more of the global population are living in urban areas, the importance of hygiene in man-made environments is growing, particularly indoor ones, as occupants inside are constantly exposed to diverse microorganisms, which have public health implications. However, most previous studies of man-made environments overlooked viruses,” said Professor Patrick Lee Kwan-Hon in the School of Energy and Environment (SEE) at CityU, who led the study. “Therefore, in our study, we comprehensively investigated viruses in man-made environments, and we identified many novel molecular mechanisms in which viruses and bacteria interact with each other. These findings are important not only for basic microbial science, but also the management of man-made environments to protect residents’ health,” added Professor Lee. In the study, researchers collected 738 samples from different types of man-made environments, including public facilities and residences, in Hong Kong. They collected the samples mainly from the surfaces of handrails, bollards, floors, poles, doorknobs and skin of residents. Then they used the metagenomic sequencing technique for analysis. The analysis resulted in many interesting discoveries. First, the data showed that viruses are integral members of microbial communities in man-made environments. Among them, bacteriophages, a kind of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, are all over various surfaces in man-made environments. The team also identified many viruses that are distinct from those in other ecosystems. Second, the team found evidence of viruses inserting genes that control a specific step in a metabolic pathway and even the entire metabolic pathway into bacteria hosts. This suggests that viruses could help bacteria adapt and coevolve to survive in nutrient-depleted man-made environments. The study also found diverse and novel immune systems against viruses in bacteria, and small proteins in viruses that can evade bacteria immune systems. These results suggest that viruses and bacteria hosts frequently interact with each other in man-made environments and that they each have mechanisms to defend against each other. They also detected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in viruses on human skin and frequently touched indoor surfaces. These ARG-carrying viruses might infect bacterial hosts, and ARGs might be horizontally transferred between bacterial species. Therefore, the role played by viruses in man-made environments in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is crucial and warrants further investigation. “Our study shows that the diversity, composition, metabolic functions and lifestyle of viruses vary, depending on the conditions of each man-made environment,” said Professor Lee. “Therefore, it is important to develop customized control strategies to minimize human exposure to harmful microorganisms and to better protect residents’ health. Our findings can contribute to this goal by enhancing the fundamental understanding of complex virus–bacteria interactions in man-made environments.” Reference: Du S, Tong X, Lai ACK, Chan CK, Mason CE, Lee PKH. Highly host-linked viromes in the built environment possess habitat-dependent diversity and functions for potential virus-host coevolution. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2676. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38400-0 This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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What happens when a boy doesn’t want to get up, wash, get dressed, have breakfast in a hurry to go to school? Imagination takes over as he observes the cosmic movement of dust, lemons, watermelons, colours, stones, kites, elephants, hats… Published for the first time in 1960, these verses written by Sandol Stoddard and illustrated by Ivan Chermayeff, a world renowned graphic designer, also illustrator of Sun, moon, star, are wonderfully translated by Bruno Tognolini. [Text in Italian] - learning to respect children’s way of thinking; - imagining what would be our perfect day; - writing in a poem the images we see when we start wondering.

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It stands proved in unequivocal terms from the table of PLON –16 that there are total 16 Basic Planetary Laws of Motion in the Universe which have been called PLON-16. The VEDAS have established quite true and most wonderful relationship of PLON-16 with 16 Sanskars of Humanity. The details of 16 Sanskars of humanity, shown below, have been taken from Vedic literature which have been connected with PLON 16 by the author. The connection of P.L. Nos. with Sanskars was lost in remotest antiquity which has now been discovered by the author JAGAT’s SINGH (Gold Medallist), Ex Superintendent, the inventor of LOZ-7 QUNANTUM ASTROLOGY. TABLE OF 16 VEDIC SANSKARS Basic Planetary Law Numbers NAME OF VEDIC SANSKARS These are invaluable 16 VEDIC SANSKARS of Humanity The first Sanskar Starts from PREGNANCY and the last Sanskar ends upto at DEATH. These 16 Vedic Sanskars of Humanity are linked with PLON 16 and with the Law of Numerical Action and Reaction of God. The existence of God is now a proved scientic Reality. The Vedic Literature suggests measures to obtain benefits from the aforesaid 16 sanskars It is Top Scientific Research by Ancient Aryans in Spiritualism. The Religions are origin of Sanskars (RITES).

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My case study is “Pharmacogenetics: Using Genetics to Treat Disease” by Jeanne Chowning. Two young teens named Beth and Laura were diagnosed with Acute Lymphocytic (or Lymphoblastic) Leukemia, a disease of unknown cause that arises from the uncontrolled growth of immature lymphocytes. These cells, stuck in an early stage of development, proliferate so much that they crowd out normal blood cells. Their doctor treated them as inpatients and gave them a thiopurine drug called 6-MP. Thiopurines are very similar to the regular purine nitrogen bases (A and G) that make up DNA and RNA except for an extra sulfur group. So, our cells convert them to nucleotides by adding a deoxyribose sugar and phosphate, and the modified thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) are then incorporated into the DNA. TGN nucleotides interfere with DNA replication and stop the proliferation of cancer cells. Unfortunately, the trade off is that TGN’s also block the growth of other fast growing cells needed for good health, like B cells. So, dosage must be carefully administered in order to find a balance between these two effects. Also, this drug works differently from person to person because it depends on genetic factors, namely, TPMT enzyme activity. Sadly, Dr. Ryder didn’t realize this until after she gave both girls the same dosage of the drug. Laura plummeted into a life-threatening condition while Beth’s health significantly improved. The End. Just kidding, Dr. Ryder responded quickly to Laura’s drug reaction by discontinuing the drug, and Laura’s condition quickly improved as well. I like how you explained how thiopurines work. It was cool to see how our cells used the thiopurines adminstered by the doctor to create nucleotides that interfered with the proliferation of cancer. Man and molecule working together! I also like your ending: "Just kidding!" I read the part you wrote about how TGN's block the growth of other fast growing cells needed for good health, and it made me realize that a lot of times, medicine always has its side effects (sometimes bad) and trade-offs. It was also interesting to see that thiopurine treatment can cause different reactions in humans, sometimes even severe, such as with Laura. Hopefully, everyone with cancer has a doctor as good as Laura's, that will recognize something bad in the patient quickly. :) Ah, Ruth. You're such a little trickster. You really had me going there at the end. But in all seriousness, this is fascinating! It amazes me that scientists have the ingenuity to engineer cancer treatment that works from the very root of cell production. I wonder if there are people who have no tolerance at all for the drug. You know how some people are more resistant to infections and bacteria? If that is because of a higher proliferation of B-cells and T-cells in the body, we could say that they would be able to take more of the TGN. However, some people have far less B-cells and T-cells. I'm wondering if a person had so few, would it be possible for them to receive TGN at all. Maybe this is complete nonsense, but these are my thoughts. The end. Especially with the technology of our day and age, you would think that modern-day doctors know better than to administer drugs to patients without first properly assessing their compatibilities with the medicine, but I suppose you would be wrong. Something that caught my eye in your post, Ruth, is the fact that our body cannot distinguish thiopurines from regular purine bases. I also agree with Ordain on the fact that sometimes, medicine does as much harm as it does good. This reminds be of the Burzynski video we watched earlier this year, when the side-effects of radiation for cancer treatment were mentioned. It's alarming to think that we don't really know the whole picture about all the drugs that we're using to counteract diseases. Science never ceases to amaze! Like Landry said, it's incredible how far we have come to where doctors can pinpoint the origin of the issue and respond by creating and administering new drugs to effect change at the source. (Even though certain patients should not be given that drug…) The point that you made on how the variation between each person's genetic composition drastically affects their reaction to TGN reminded me of how modern evolution is still selecting for the strongest and fittest, but we are now faced with new factors that our hominid predecessors would not have ever imagined, such as pollution, diet, and who will be killed off by a new drug. Just a thought. I read “Abracadabra: Magic Johnson and Anti-HIV Treatments” for my case study. Magic Johnson was diagnosed with AIDS in 1991. However, this came as a surprise to people, since Johnson was a healthy basketball player who ate a regular, nutritious diet. Today however, Johnson has no symptoms of AIDS. How? Well, we have to know the HIV life cycle to understand. First, HIV uses a surface receptor called gp160 to bind to T cells. Next, it injects its 2 RNA strands into the cell, where reverse transcriptase converts the RNA into DNA. Then, the enzyme integrase inserts the viral DNA into the host cell’s genome. The viral DNA gives instructions to the host machinery for creating immature, nascent polypeptides. It’s up to the enzyme protease to cleave the polypeptides into smaller, mature, and functional polypeptides. Finally, the proteins and genetic material created for the HIV, assemble together to create new virus strains. The new viruses bud out of the cell, acquiring the envelope proteins gp41 and gp120 as they bud. Magic Johnson has worked with his physician to combat this HIV life cycle, using a combination of anti-retroviral drugs, called HAART, or Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy. The combination of drugs tries to block the multiple receptors of HIV. A crucial drug in the mix, Combivir, is made up of lamivudine and zidovudine, which are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In fact, Magic Johnson recently became a spokesperson for GlaxoSmithKline, the company that makes Combivir. HAART has treated many patients who are HIV positive successfully, but HIV has adapted to this anti-HIV treatment. Viruses that are resistant to the drugs can replicate and produce more viruses. One single nucleotide mutation of HIV can make an anti-HIV drug ineffective. Besides HAART, doctors have emphasized another treatment: STI, or structured treatment interruption. STI refers to the practice of alternating time spent on anti-retroviral drugs with time spent off drugs. The theory behind STI is that the alternating periods of HAART treatment with regulated withdrawals of drug therapy may induce immune system control of HIV. Very thorough, as always :) It’s cool that you chose this topic, because today is World AIDS day. I like how you said the proteins and genetic material "assemble together" because it made me think of the Avengers :) I guess the Avengers are like the immune system of the earth. Hulk could be innate... So, HAART seemed like a promising avenue to recovery, but after everything we've learned, it didn’t surprise me that the virus evolved to overcome it. STI sounds like a good idea because it would make sure the patient doesn't die, while exposing enough of the disease to give the immune system a chance to form antibodies, sort of like vaccination. I find this case study to be quite fascinating because HIV/AIDS is still prevalent in devloping parts of the world, such as Africa. Anyway, it's great that you mentioned that a single mutation of HIV can make an anti-HIV drug ineffecive because viruses will always find a way to evade drugs, such as HAART. Due to changes in technology, doctors are now able to figure out what actually happens during the HIV life cycle. If it wasn't for the technology, we wouldn't come this far in treating patients who have HIV/ AIDS. Lastly, it's quite unfortunate that people who maintain a healthy lifestyle come across visues, such as HIV/AIDS. Good explanation, Ordain. First and foremost, I thought this case study was interesting because of its title. Magic Johnson was an excellent basketball player for an excellent team and he is very famous. I also remember watching an ESPN "30 for 30" Documentary about this same subject. Also, his success is often the genesis of many conspiracy theories. It was cool to learn about HIV's life cycle. Moreover, finding out that HIV has adapted to many prior treatments is disheartening, as I hope that HIV can be eventually treated. This is bad news because, as Jay eloquently explained before, there is an AIDs epidemic in Africa and Asia. I read "Giving Birth To Someone Else's Children? A Case of Disputed Maternity" by Jessica Hutchison. Basically, the study talks about a women named Karen who goes in to do blood work for a kidney transplant, and finds out that two of her three children didn't exactly have genes similar to her. Her entire family(sons, husband, brother) was tested and their human leukocyte antigen gene or HLA was tested. HLA is a gene that encode cell surface recognition proteins that the body uses to distinguish it's own cell from foreign cells. This HLA gene is usually inherited together in a section called haplotype in chromosome 6. Since she needed a kidney transplant, doctors expected her sons would have similar HLA haplotypes as her since relatives usually have a similar match. The results were as followed: Karen had a HLA haplotype level of 1 and 3, her first two sons had type 2 and 5, and her third son had type 1 and 6. Karen's brothers were tested and it was proved that Karen's sons were related to Karen but the blood work still didn't match up. Doctors decided to test Karen's hair and thyroid gland and the results came out to be that she had tetragametic chimera, meaning she resulted from the fusion of four gametes(two eggs and two sperms). This case is usual for fraternal twins where two eggs are separatly fertilized by two different sperm, but in Karen's case, two zygotes fused to one. The result of two zygotes was that one made some cells and the other made different cells giving her a different genetic makeup depending on what cells existed. -Meby Nice topic! This was very interesting. It was interesting to read how HLA genes distinguish its own cells from foreign cell. With gene transferring mutation, and crossing over, many genes were both activated and inactivate giving the kids a different phenotype. I never knew that this was possible, and that twins had a high rate of this happening. Its also interesting to know that the two eggs can become fertilized separately by different sperms. I found this case study summary to be quite interesting. The fact that the body can use certain cell surface recognition proteins to differentiate between its own cells from foreign cells is quite remarkable. I also found it quite interesting that the fraternal twins were not born, but rather the two zygotes formed into one organism. This must mean that Karen has two different genetic makeups. The kidney transplant must have also had some effect on Karen's genotype in addition to the two gentoypes she had accumulated from birth. I read "Eyes Without a Face":Stem Cell Research and Corneal Implants by Kari Mergenhagen. The case is about a young female, Lucy who was born blind and was blind most of her life.Years later, adult stem cell and amniotic membrane research began with the observation for a treatment to renew vision after implants. Research and data showed that stem cell therapy could restore the cornea regulation and open to allow light to enter the eye. On the other hand, the stem cell therapy may nit work. Even though a stem call can become any cell in the body,the body can reject the new cell. Also,the cell can even form a cluster and grow to become a tumor and travel throughout the body in blood vessels. After some testing,Lucy was able to go through stem cell therapy by injection of embryonic cell in her damaged retina at the back of her eye. The embryonic stem cells were coxed into her retinal pigment cell which is her internal eye cell.For moths later, her eye was observed, and the final results showed that her vision was slowly progressing. I like your topic! I didn't know that you could renew your vision with stem cell therapy. It was interesting reading that even thought the stem cells can help you see again but is can also form a cluster and grow to become a tumor and travel throughout the body in blood vessels. This is a very interesting topic! I knew that stem cells hold much potential for the future in that they can become any cell in the body, but I wasn't aware the exact method by which stem cells could benefit an individual (restoration of cornea regulation through stem cell therapy). I also was not aware that there were drawbacks of the therapy in that the body can reject the new cell and that the cell can accumulate into a tumor that can travel through the blood stream. The slow progression of vision induced by stem cell therapy shows so much potential for the future in repairing detrimental injuries and disabilities. I read "Those Old Kentucky Blues: An Interrupted Case Study" by Celeste A. Leander and Robert J. Huskey. Basically the study talks about how a nurse and a physician try to trace back the lineage of “blue people” in Kentucky. The nurse and the physician found out that the blue people were most likely descendents of Martin Fugate. The Fugates were a large clan living in the valleys and hollows of the Appalachian Mountains in eastern Kentucky. Martin Fugate was an orphan who came from France in 1820. Martin settled in the area and married the pale, red-headed Elizabeth Smith. Over the years, they had at least seven children. Four of them reportedly were blue. Zachary, one of their children, married Elizabeth’s sister. Because of this, as generations passed, it led to marrying other relatives and the family continued to grow. Zachary and Elizabeth’s sister had several children including a boy named Levy. Levy married a girl from the region and had eight children, including Luna. Luna is legendary for having nearly purple skin. Luna married John Stacey and none of their children were blue. The mutation is located in the gene that codes for the enzyme called NADH diaphorase. It’s found in large concentrations in red blood cells, where the enzyme functions to return hemoglobin to a normal oxygen binding state after it has been oxidized to methemoglobin (metHb). This cannot bind to oxygen or carbon dioxide because iron, the oxygen binding part of the heme group, is in the ferric state and binds water instead of oxygen. The oxidation process is slow, but requires enzyme mediated reduction to return to hemoglobin. The title of the case study I read was "Chimpanzee Droppings Lead Scientists to Evolutionary Discovery" which was a fascinating study about the accumulation of droppings of chimpanzees in order to find the origin of HIVS/AIDS. In Cameroon, Dr. Hahn and her associates collected 599 chimpanzee fecal samples over the course of 7 years with the long-term goal of discovering the evolution of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Twenty-three species of African primates, however, were found to contain not HIV, but SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to the HIV virus; among the 23 species of African primates, baboons and chimpanzees also contain SIV. HIV and SIV are both retroviruses containing RNA which is converted back into DNA so it can successfully insert its own DNA into the DNA of its host cell. The study revolved around whether the SIV found in wild chimpanzees (living in Cameroon, Gabon,and the Congo Republic) is the same virus as the virus found in Western chimpanzees, which was determined by comparing the molecular sequences for the viruses of the two kinds. The sequences of the virus' genome were very similar, although not identical due to the high mutation rates with retroviruses. "If this virus were to be found in wild chimpanzees in one of these three countries, the scientists could identify the location where HIV evolved."The formation of HIV is thought to have occurred when SIV "jumped" from chimpanzees to humans in a process called zoonosis, estimated to have happened around 50 to 75 years ago, and there are many hypotheses as to how a virus jumped from primates to humans. Humans may have been infected by the virus when a person was butchering a chimpanzee for food,or also if they consumed uncooked contaminated meat. Genetically new virus particles will arise due to the mutation rates of retroviruses causing the host's immunological system to not be able to recognize the new strain of the virus. Using atest similar to the HIV-presence test called ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Dr. Hahn tested for the presence of SIV in chimpanzee antibodies in chimpanzee dropping which is determined by whether anti-HIV antibodies will attach to HIV antigens present on a plate. The results showed that out of 10 fields where droppings were picked up, 5 of the fields were found to contain SIV-infected droppings of chimpanzees. Who knew that we would be able to find the potential source of HIV from the droppings of monkeys? Reading this summary was especially interesting because it's really unusual, yet you can see how and why scientists would go through with the experiment. It seems like one "persons" mistake lead to a huge human wipe out due to the HIV. But, if the SIV virus already existed in chimpanzees, the chance of that retrovirus "getting out" and mutating into something else may have been inevitable. Peter Gala:This is a very interesting case study Sally! We've all heard rumors and speculations that HIV may have originated from Ape and monkeys. And now there is substantial evidence that can prove this although more research must be done!I believe finding the origins of HIV and how it evolved can lead to a cure and or an effective treatment. I read "Is Guaiacum sanctum Effective Against Arthritis? An Ethnobotany Case" for my case study. Guaiacum sanctum was a tree that once grew in the dry tropical forests of Central America as well as the Caribbean Islands. This tree produces a wood known as lignum vitae. It contains deposits of resin. The Guaiacum sanctum is rare now due to logging as well as the conversion of tropical deciduous forest into pasturelands. Several locals have mentioned in the study that they used this tree medicinally. They boiled guayacan leaves/wood in water, which would result as herbal tea. After drinking this tea for a few days, it would help relieve aches and pains in the legs as well as swelling. According to the article, resin has a medical value as a diaphoretic in treating rheumatism. Based on anecdotal evidence, lignum vitae was useful in treating rheumatism, arthritis, and gout. An experiment was conducted on rats in order to determine whether the resin in Guaiacum sanctum has an anti-inflammatory effect on rats. All of the rats had swelling prior the experiment, but they were divided into six different groups that received a different treatment. Four of those goups were given Guaiacum resin, one was given a placebo, and the last one was given an anti-inflammatory drug. According to the results, the group that was given the most Guaiacum resin had a major reduction in swelling compared to the other experimental groups. It seems to be common convention to say that the poster's article is interesting, but the article seems to be lacking scientific substance, and is less interesting than questionable. There are many folk remedies that people claim to work, and this just seems to be another one of them. Did the article give a reason or a proposed explanation for why this guaiacum sanctum would have an anti-inflammatory effect? Why would the resin's diaphoretic properties, diaphoretic meaning sweat inducing, help treat rheumatism? Indeed, when a medicine is claimed to be able to treat diseases from coughs to arthritis to syphilis, one wonders about the actual effectiveness. Though the study does seem to support the idea, I wonder if it is really as effective as it is claimed to be. I did read, however, that the guayacan extracts can be used as a local stimulant which is supposedly used to treat sore throats and also to treat arthritis. This does not make sense to me either, as shouldn't a sore throat need something to relax the throat locally to minimize swelling, and for arthritis, shouldn't we also need something that would reduce swelling, not a stimulant? It seems to me that the evidence behind the effect is not properly back-up. There are quite a few folk remedies that just seem to work or they do not actually have any effect on the illness but help the person go through the disease more calmly. The tea may actually help lower swelling but how? Also, what if the effect of drinking the tea help lower the swelling but cause another illness? I read "Nanobacteria: Are They or Aren't They Alive? A Case Study on What It Means to Be a Biological Organism" by Merri Lynn Casem. As evident from the title, this case study dealt with the definitions of a living being, and whether the recently discovered nanobacteria fit this criteria. Nanobacteria are very small coccoid prokaryotes, ranging in size from .2 to .5 micrometers, and were first isolated from human and cow blood. These bacteria are not yet fully understood, but it has been proposed that their function is to stimulate biomineralization, the process by which inorganic crystalline structures form, also known as calcification. The evidence presented in the case study seemed to support the idea that the nanobacteria should be considered living creatures. Though nanobacteria are difficult to work with and behave unlike other bacteria, the nanobacteria will grow, and will double in size in three days. In addition, researches have isolated a "165 rRNA gene sequence" that is also found in several human bacterial pathogens. In addition to this, the "transferability", the ability to be sampled and produce a new colony, and the inhibition of growth by gamma rays found in an experiment conducted by Kajander and Ciftciolgu supported the hypothesis that nanobacteria were living. However, it is suggested by Cisar et al. that the experiments that yielded the 165 rRNA gene sequence may have been caused by common bacterial contaminants, as the same PCR reaction replicated in later experiments showed that the results were 99% identical to common contaminants. Though Cisar et al. supported the idea that nanobacteria were not biological organisms, conflicting with Kajander and Ciftciolgu, both articles did agree that 1) Nanobacteria maintained in culture generates a biofilm 2) Exposure to gamma radiation prevented formation of biofilm 3) The transferability of the nanobacteria. Though Cisar et al. claims that there is not enough evidence while Kajander and Ciftciolgu claims that there is enough evidence, it is clear that the nanobacteria have some biological properties, but it is difficult to determine with current data whether we can classify nanobacteria as living. I find this fascinating; however, is the classification of an organism as "alive" based truly upon science? Nanobacteria are known to play a very key role within organisms, but so do vitamins. We must first look at the classifications we learned in 7th grade for why organism are "living". Growth, Movement(or ability to move), Respiration, Reproduction, Response to environment/stimuli, and strive to maintain a healthy homeostasis. This may seem very boiled down due to the fact that many of these conditions have dozens of other factors, but to start analyzing the condition of these nanobacteria, these conditions must be met from a scientific standpoint. Furthermore, we could take a moral standpoint. Although nanobacteria will not grow to be visual, but this can also be compared to the debate on Abortion. What classifies if an organism is truly alive or merely has the potential for life? Although this seems like too much of a tangent, it is relevant in the classification of living organisms. I believe this study is very interesting, but more research is indeed needed in this area. :) "Nanobacteria are known to play a very key role within organisms, but so do vitamins."Vitamins do not produce biofilm when grown in culture as far as I know.Also, comparing nanobacteria to the debate on abortion is like saying that you don't want to take amoxicillin when you have strep throat because you don't want to harm living beings. That's taking pro-life to a whole new level. I think the doc was just saying the article didn't seem to deliberately hit all the main points we learned "in 7th grade". Plus, I don't think he actually took a stance, let alone "taking pro-life to a whole new level"; he simply mentioned that this discussion of living vs nonliving is similar/ "relevant" to the abortion debate. The article I read was "Why Sex is Good". Primarily, it caught my eye just due to the title, but the content was just as interesting. This article is directed at organisms which produce both sexually and asexually. It goes into depth about how each method of reproduction is beneficial and a drawback in their own way. Sexual reproduction induces a gene pool which will not stagnate and gives more diversity to each individual organism, heightening the chances of survival, while asexual reproduction is much faster and can hone upon individuals which survive. For example, in bacteria, exposure to an antibacterial will eliminate all cases of those which are not resistant to survive, while resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce much faster asexually. However, both types of reproduction have their drawbacks.Sexual reproduction involves the mutation of the gene code which can lead to the accidental elimination of a previous gene code that gave the organism a greater chance of survival. Furthermore, sexual reproduction takes longer and is not as reliable due to the fact that both organisms need to present. Asexual reproduction also has its drawbacks. Asexual reproduction is the mere duplication of an organisms gene pool.This can lead to the chances of survival dwindling if exposed to a catastrophe. This method is highly reliable in preferred stagnant conditions, but if the conditions of the environment were to change, problems would follow. This is the main reason that organism with the ability to produce sexually and asexually have an upper hand in terms of natural selection.This article also focused upon an experiment involving and choosing which form of reproduction would be allowed. The main focus of this experiment was the effect of environmental cues upon the choice of reproduction. It was shown that in desolate and stressful conditions, yeast would prefer to reproduce sexually, as it would heighten chances of survival. A similar experiment was shown involving the experimentation of snails. The same results ensued. Snails forced to live in harsher conditions would find a necessity to reproduce sexually, for reproduction is winning in this game. All in all, this article focused on the necessity of Sex, both sexual and asexual. As organisms reproduce, they transfer their genetic information in some fashion to the next generations. Often the method of reproduction is highly affected by the environment. This comment has been removed by the author. There are so many odd things about your comment Akshay. First of all, the first sentence makes little sense. In addition, how is reproduction detrimental? Why did you switch up the order of pros and cons! You say pros and cons, not cons and pros!!! I stopped reading after these egregious mistakes! Has Akshay ever made sense? I love Akshay so much...He probably wasn't thinking at the time he was typing this and made some erroneous sentences. Both sexual and asexual reproduction is detrimental aspect of species to survive. This article expresses this concern by stating the pros and cons of the reproduction of animals. The fact that epigenetics of reproduction specified in this article: that the species will choose the method of reproduction based on the environment that surrounds them, for example, the snail living in a harsher and more extreme environment will choose sexual reproduction in order to adapt and thus survive in the environment it lives in. Dr. Reddy, great job. I hope to see this published one day in the magazine SCIENCE. Thanks! I read “A Can of Bull? Do Energy Drinks Really Provide a Source of Energy?” This case study goes into depth about whether or not energy drinks like Red Bull really gives the consumer the burst of energy and focus and if it does, how. One thing I noticed in each set of ingredients for XS Citrus Blast, Red Bull, Sobe Adrenaline Rush, and Impulse is that they all use caffeine. Caffeine is known to give the user enhanced memory and response while also giving athletes improved muscle function as well. Each drink also has taurine that helps improve concentration and reaction time. For three of the drinks, excluding XS Citrus Blast, they each claim that it is for performance enhancing and that gives the user more energy. With just caffeine and taurine, the claims they make are proven true but along with this, Coca-Cola was also used as comparison. Coca-Cola has caffeine in it as well that gives the consumer which enhances memory, reaction speeds, and athletic qualities while having fructose in it that gives them energy. So while the claims the energy drinks claim are true, similar effects can be found in other drinks not meant for the same purpose. The difference is that the energy drinks have more ingredients that give more effects like Red Bull, Impulse, and XS Citrus Blast have pyridoxine HCL, which is a synthetic form of Vitamin B-6 and is for energy production, thus having more ingredients that give the user more energy and their claims can be held to be true. The article "Osmosis Is Serious Business!" describes two conundrums that two separate people experience from both lack of responsibility and experience. Also both situations are related to the biological process of osmosis. Osmosis is movement of solvent molecules or mostly water from a higher concentration through a permeable barrier to a lower concentration region. The first situation is presented through the experience of a farmer's eldest son, Michael, in Habersham County. One day Michael is told by his father to spread the fertilizer on the family fields. So the next day, Michael spreads the 25 bags of fertilizer over 40 acres of corn. Just as he finishes the 25th bag, he decides to spread 15 extra bags thinking that the fertilizer will create a juicier and bigger yield. Although it seems logical, Michael (as a teenager, of course) has made a grave mistake. The fertilizer he used is potassium and phosphorous based which are both excellent nutrients for the roots and function of the plant, however, Michael created a hypertonic solution by adding so much fertilizer. See fertilizer requires a specified amount of water in order to get the granules to dissolve and spread the fertilizer through the soil and get the nutrients through the roots through a process of osmosis. However the amount that Michael placed into the fields was over kill, it released the water from the low concentrated cells of the potassium and phosphorous to the highly concentrated areas just right outside corn plants. The other way the article displays the importance of osmosis is a rookie in the ER. The rookie is named Tom and works with a more experienced Dr. Greene at a hospital in Habersham County. The first trauma patient is a 18 old male with a gun shot wound to the right abdomen with a heart rate of 92, blood pressure rate of 95/65, and no loss of consciousness. Tom is instructed to a place a saline drip on because the patient is exhibiting signs of low BP due to a injured artery, in doing so Tom accidentally places a distilled water drip instead. This causes the the patient to go into arrest and has a O2 saturation falling and a pulse that is quickening. The patient dies and Tom finds out his mistake. He is scared and finds out also the Foley catherer bag is full of hemoglobin shows that the water has rushed into the cell or the hypotonic environment was created thus bursting the patient's cells and leaving the main protein of the blood cells, hemoglobin, in the Foley bag. Thus osmosis is detrimental for both the survival for all life. O yeah I forgot...keep it isotonic....if you know what I mean. ;) Sounds like an interesting case study! I like how you explained the case study in such a melodramatic way. That made it a lot easier and much more fun to read. I think that osmosis is a lot more helpful than detrimental. Without it, our bodies would have to use a lot more energy just to move water and some nutrients. Also, without osmosis, plants wouldn't be able to grow very tall and that would suck for those lucky children with tree houses(i am not one of those lucky few...:-(...). Overall, great job Akshay! I read "Prayer Study: Science or Not?" This case study was a about how some heart patients who had someone "pray" for them, suffered fewer complications. William Harris concluded that it was "a natural explanation, that can't be explained yet." This study involved 990 patients in St. Luke's Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups, those who we anonymously prayed for, and those who weren't. When they say anonymously prayed for, they mean that community volunteers were assigned to pray for the patients without knowing anything but their name. No one was told about this study, not even the patients themselves. The volunteers were told to pray for the patients everyday for a speedy recovery with no complications. It turns out that those patients who were prayed for suffered less complications (about 10%) than those who weren't "prayed" for. The researcher assigned in the case concluded that even thought it couldn't be entirely explained, prayer may be effective in standard medical care. But, there were many things in the case that Harris couldn't control, such as religious preference. It was possible that those who weren't prayed for in the case, were prayed for by their loved ones, which the researchers refer to as "background prayer." Although, keeping that in mind, and based off of the results, the impact of the group assignment was far greater. In contrast to this case, there was another case in 1988, lead by Dr. Herbert Benson. In Benson's case, prayed for patients suffered worse, and for others, it didn't help either. Even though it's still unproven whether or not prayer makes a difference, it is noted that people who believe in God tend to be better off than those who don't. This is a very interesting topic! Its pretty interesting to find out that people who were prayed for had better health results than people who weren't prayed for. Hopefully they'll do more research on whether prayer really does help since we don't know if the group of patients who weren't assigned people to pray for got prayers by their family members, which like you said is called background prayer. I read the case study, “An antipodal Mystery”, primarily because it related to platypuses and I love those little guys. This case study was about the discovery and the curiosities that followed the discovery of this odd creature. The platypus was first discovered by the Governor of New South Wales who took it upon himself to murder the creature and preserve it in a keg of spirits. The Governor sent the carcass of the Platypus to a Philosophical Society in England who were very intrigued by the creature’s shape. It looked like a half bird, half beast with parts from all kinds of animals. A duck’s beak, a mammal’s body, a beaver’s tail, and fishlike appendages. No one believed the legitimacy of the animal. Many people thought it was the skilled work of a clever, Asian taxidermist. The discovery of the Platypus’s cloaca( a single opening for excrement, urine, and reproduction) led to the grouping of echidnas, platypuses, kangaroos, etc. into the new animal class Monotrema. Another problem with grouping the Platypus was that it had no teats, but after the capture of a few platypuses with offspring, scientists quickly found mammary glands with no nipples on the mother and milk in the stomachs of the offspring. As things finally began to fall into place, an explorer realized that the bill of the platypus was used to search the muddy surface of the river bed for small creatures to consume. Hence the flexibility and moistness of the platypuses bill, unlike the rigid and dry nature of a duck’s bill. Scientists finally decided on not classifying the platypus as a mammal because even though it had mammary glands, it laid eggs. These eggs were not calcified like a bird’s but rather soft and growing to accommodate the fetus. This discovery was made by an explorer that came across a platypus in the act of giving birth, so he killed it and took it to some scientists who were able to study this new discovery. And that folks, is the story of the platypus. Today, the world’s most famous platypus is Perry, a blue Platypus who is employed as a secret agent, stars on the show Phineas and Ferb. This case study is really interesting! When we were younger they always told us that platypuses are mammals even though they lay eggs, so it was really weird to read that they actually decided not to classify them. After reading the break down of the bodies of platypuses, they seem to be some really weird hybridization of animals that later got mutated and then got naturally selected and became a species: evolution! Also, though I'm sure the rest of your post is accurate, I believe that Perry is actually a blue-green platypus, really more of a turquoise than a blue. I read “Amanda’s Absence: Should Vioxx Be Kept Off the Market?” by Dan Johnson. Biology professor Dr. Sharpe first became interested with researching Vioxx when his student Amanda, who suffered from Type III osteogenesis imperfecta, had to withdraw from college for an entire semester because she could no longer cope with her pain, now that Vioxx was no longer available to the public. The case study accounts Dr. Sharpe’s research on the removal of Vioxx, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug manufactured by Merck & Co., from the market. Vioxx had been approved by the FDA in 1999 for the reduction of pain and inflammation caused by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute pain in adults. However, in September 2004, the data safety monitoring board overseeing a long-term study of the drug found that patients taking Vioxx were doubly susceptible to serious cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes, compared to patients who were not receiving the drug. Merck subsequently withdrew the drug from the public. Interestingly enough, in June 2000, Merck had already submitted to the FDA a separate safety study that displayed an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes in patients using Vioxx over long periods of time for arthritis, compared to patients taking Aleve. Yet, the FDA had not recommended the removal of Vioxx from the market upon reviewing the results of that study. Sandra Kweder, M.D., Deputy Director of the Office of New Drugs, mentioned in her testimony at a hearing in November 2004 concerning the withdrawal of Vioxx, that occasionally, serious negative effects of the use of a drug are identified after the FDA’s approval of it. Kweder also stressed the importance of the FDA’s continuance in assessing the safety of a drug even after its release to the public, in the event that the drug may be found to have harmful effects, such as the problems detected with Vioxx. Case Study: Search for the Missing Sea OttersMy case study deals with sea otters(Enhydra lutris). Dr. Estes, a biologist from Alaska, noticed that the sea otter population of the Aleutian Islands had crashed dramatically since 1990. In some cases, the sea otter population declined by 90% in < 10 years! Dr. Estes and his group of scientists hypothesized that killer whales. This was because killer whales were observed killing otters on a more regular basis. However, this was a bit shaky, as killer whales and sea otters were living peacefully before. Using the power of science, scientists tested their hypothesis found something remarkable - in an area with an open coast (that are more exposed to whales), the sea otter population dropped dramatically. In an area where the sea otter population wasn't exposed to whales, the population still decreased, but not as dramatically. Given all the evidence he and his team collected, Dr. Estes concluded that killer whales were ultimately the cause of the decline in sea otters. A reason why I think the killer whales may be eating sea otters (an animal which they didn't eat in the past) was because of a loss of a food source. The population of their previous food source may have decreased (maybe due to climate change, as we are talking about Alaska). I think that the killer whales may have been a cause but I agree with you when you say that there might be something else behind the otter population's decline. Maybe some sort of environmental change such as a decrease in food or more competition for living space/mates or a change in climate that effects the otters. Or there is always the possibility of human interference. It would be interesting to see what kind of human activity, whether if it was minimal or not, caused such a dramatic change in the otter's population. I read "Dust to Dust: The Carbon Cycle." This study was interesting in many ways. First of all, it was written as a dialogue between a freshman in college, Tom, and his grandfather. The dialogue made the text much more engaging, so now I'm proposing that our textbooks be written as a constant dialogue between two very charismatic people (like Coach Chvatal and...Landry Goodgame) for the purpose of improving the reading experience. Anyways, the study explores different uses and applications of carbon. Tom's grandpa explains the use of carbon in carbon-14 dating. There are three kinds of carbon atoms: C-12, C-13, and C-14. However, C-14 is the only one that can be used for dating because it has 8 neutrons (versus 6, as in the other two); this makes it unstable and radioactive. It is the only carbon that, over time, breaks down over time. I also learned from Tom's grandpa that radioactive carbon (C-14) comes from the upper atmosphere. Neutrons "attack" nitrogen-14: a proton is knocked out, and a neutron is put in its place. This produces radioactive C-14. Carbon really is an incredible element. It is constantly being reused, in somewhat of a cyclical pattern. For example, the decomposition of a dead organism can form crude oil, which can form CO2, which is then taken in by plants, which then decompose back into the earth and begin the cycle anew. The title of this study is very fitting, then. What an amazing idea that Tom's grandpa finishes with: "We are a part of the universe and a part of the universe is in us too." Literally. Science is awesome! I agree, the text should be written as a dialogue between Coach C and you, that would make our lives so much easier. You did a great job explaining your case study! And I like how you went into more detail about Carbon. It put the case study into perspective and helped people like me understand things like "carbon-dating"... now I know it's not really about two carbons going steady, got it... Good job Landry :)-Gabby Orlando I also completely agree; the textbook should be by coach c and you-I would have fun reading it! (Not that I don't have fun already.....this textbook is so exciting....of course.) But anyways, i liked how you went into detail about the three types of carbon atoms. It makes you appreciate things that we would usually ignore while living our day to day lives. Carbon is always being reused. And I love the quote at the very end, Landry! "We are a part of the universe and a part of the universe is in us too." It's so true :) Syed TahmidI read the case study "Atkins or Fadkins?" by Karen E. Bledsoe from Western Oregon University. The study begins with a scenario of you and your two friends having a meal together. The conversation turns to diet and nutrition and the question of the healthiness in a low carb high protein diet is brought forth. One of the characters, Mitchell is convinced that the brain and body can differntiate between fuel stores and can allow for the body to burn fat for energy, rather than carbohydrates. Nitchell then goes on to discuss that detoxifiers can allow for the body to extract toxins that may accumulate in cell storage sites due to poor nutrition and can allow for the body to properly use the fat stores as energy. Without these detoxifiers, the body will not be able to extract fat from the cells. Janine on the other hand, the friend whom Mitchell is trying to refute, is in fact correct in stating that Mitchell is being scammed. The diuretics in the detoxifiers simply drain any water weight Mitchell might have gained. Mitchell says that he had lost two pounds in a day, which is roughly 7,000 calories. The two pounds he lost was all water weight due to the diuretics. Mitchell is seen at a later date craving carbohydrates found in a small muffin. Janine insists that he is craving the carbohydrates due to a low level of blood sugar in his ciruclatory system. Janine is correct about needing some levels of glucose in one's blood sugar. Having sugar is not necessarily bad. for example, if one were to workout and crave a donut at the end of the workout, that is not a horrible thing. Some may think that an individual may crave the donut because it is earned due to the exercise that was just performed, but that is not necessarily the case. The individual craves the donut because they need a spike in insulin due to levels of low blood sugar. A final key note i had noticed while reading the article, other than all of the ignorant statements made my Mitchell, is the concept of body image. Mitchell is going through rather extreme changes in diet and nutritional intake which he insists will promote a body image he desires/would like to acquire. Janine however takes a rather slower and more approachable quest for a healthy lifestyle, making subtle changes in dietary intake, and still allowing the occasion junk food (an ice cream bar she may crave for instance). However, Mitchell's body image is due to a psychological mishap he is enduring. At the end of his road to "perfection" he may still believe that his physical attributes are not good enough. The point is, Mitchell needs to figure out what is actually bothering him when it comes to body image. Once Mitchell achieves his desired look, some other inconsistency will drain him of self esteem. He states that the members of his gym look so much buffer than him. Hypothetically speaking, if Mitchell were to achieve the perfect diet, he would feel negatively about his body if he didn't have the correct muscle insertion points for example. What do i mean by this? For example, Mitchell may become depressed and dismayed because his biceps or abdominals do not grow in the same manner his role model may look like. And this he cannot do anything about because it boils down to his genetics. My case study is "Love Potion #10" by Susan Holt. This case study is about researching whether or not claims made by advertisements about pheromones are true. Most ads use pheromones to sell products because they "get you more romantic attention". Men can buy pheromone 10X to attract girls; while girls can buy pheromone 10:13 to attracts guys. But is it true? Do pheromones really exist? The people who gave their testimonials on these products seem to have more confidence when it comes to attracting partners. The website for the product even had research to prove that the pheromones were real and that the product wasn't a scam. But would you be so quick to believe this research? The research could have been made up or been conducted by a non-credible scientist. This case study asks students to find adequate evidence supporting or disclaiming the existence of pheromones. I chose this case study because no one else had reviewed it and I found it to be one of the more interesting cases. Personally... I don't believe in the existence of pheromones, but I do think that people are attracted to certain smells. However, these "scents" are not scientific like pheromones, just ordinary everyday smells that someone obtains a special liking towards. I read "A Healthy Retirement?". The study is about Nancy who is 62 years old and Jim who is 68. Jim recently retired after having a heart attack and he also smokes and is overweight. Nancy also retired recently and she goes to the gym a few times and a week and she also swims laps at the pool. Nancy was having some back aches and she was feeling tired quicker than normally. She began to experience minor lower chest pains when she ate too much at a gathering of friends but the problem went away when she took antacids. The couple went on a cruise to Alaska and Nancy felt worn out from all the prepping required to go on the cruise. While on the cruise, Nancy began to have difficulties breathing and had nausea. After resting though, the symptoms disappeared. Before Nancy had gone on the cruise, she received results from a medical examination and many things such as her cholesterol were higher than normal. It turns out that when they were on the cruise a doctor who was on the cruise as well said that Nancy could be experiencing a heart attacks. Symptoms for heart attacks and many other diseases and problems can be different between men and women. Onsets for heart attacks could also be different for men and women. Jim smoked and did not exercise and he had a heart attack but Nancy did not smoke and did exercise but she was experiencing heart attacks. Symptoms are also different between males and females. They are called angina equivalent symptoms. It is quite fascinating that different genders can have different symptoms for the same disease. Maybe in the future this could lead to medicine not only specialized for a specific disease but also for a specific gender. This method could effectively target and treat/reduce the presence of many diseases with different gender symptoms. -Rahil Patel Case Study: Would You Supersize My Cancer, Please?This case study follows the discovery of acrylamide, a known carcinogen in animals, in french fries, potato chips, and several other foods that have been either fried or baked. Acrylamide has also been found to be a neurotoxin, or a substance that causes nerve damage to those who are exposed to high amounts of it. Though this substance has not yet been identified as a cause of cancer in humans, researchers fear that accumulation of the chemical in the body may lead to future complications. After the initial detection of acrylamide in fast food and baked goods, the entire science community went crazy, producing such articles as "Serving up cancer" and "Cancer Chemical Link to Crisps Discovered," but there have also been many articles refuting such statements, namely "Fried Food Chemical Is Not Cancer Risk." It was really interesting to see both sides of the issue, but it soon became obvious after actually reading the articles that there is no real evidence against the chemical. All of the articles against the chemical were unable to say how it would affect the human body, and could only say things like "Scientists have discovered how the production of crisps and chips creates the potentially cancer-causing chemical acrylamide." None of them could actually say that they were positive that the substance would cause cancer in humans or explain how it does. It soon became blatantly obvious that though it was a legitimate concern that acrylamide may perhaps cause complications in the distant future, there is no immediate health concern. After reading this case study I was almost convinced to not eat fast food, but there are several other things, such as the radiation from cell phones, that “may cause cancer in the future,” but it’s a chance that we’re all taking anyway. I agree- it seems to me that this entire frenzy is being caused by a lack of knowledge about acrylamide! Scientists should be able to prove its detrimental affect on the human body, if any, before calling it a direct cause of a (gasp!) cancer. Fried foods already lack a good reputation in the scientific community because of their unhealthiness in other aspects; however, it takes much more than the simple presence of a carcinogen to do significant harm. This does not mean, however, that scientists should abandon their research of the carcinogen- this means that they should continue to put effort into studying acrylamide so they can determine, even if years in the future, whether or not its long-term intake can do serious damage. The discovery would always be better earlier, so I say that scientists start now to find out whether consuming fried foods is a "chance" worth taking. My case study is “The Case of Eric, Lou Gehrig’s Disease, and Stem Cell Research” by Elizabeth R. McCain. At age 31, Eric was diagnosed with ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known in the United States as Lou Gehrig’s disease. He had muscle damage present in both the upper and lower body neurons. The disease destroys motor neurons, which stimulate muscles. (chapter 48!) Without receiving the signals because of the killed motor neurons, the muscles weaken and atrophy. For Eric, the most difficult and nerve-wracking part was how his life was going to change as a result of this disease. His sister, however, was curious about the cure. She looked into embryonic stem cell therapy. Stem cells are interesting because they can differentiate into many different types of cells with various functions, so it was possible they could become motor neurons and potentially rescue the damaged neurons and save Eric’s life. The cure looked promising, but hadn’t been tried on a patient with severe ALS. Eric wasn’t comfortable with the idea of having embryonic cells in his body, and nor did he wish to become a researcher’s guinea pig. Before participating in a trial for the potential cure, however, Eric had to talk to dozens of professionals, from politicians (to see the legal status of the research), philosophers (to see his opinion) and of course, numerous doctors and researchers as well. The stem cell research, which worked on mice, looked extremely promising, but the risks were so dangerous that Eric had a careful decision to make….and the article leaves us in suspense, never telling of Eric’s decision. Personally, I feel like the cure is so simple that it might actually work, but I understand Eric’s fear…being the first one in anything life-threatening is daunting. The case study that I had the pleasure of reading was “A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy: A Case Study on Autosomal Recessive Inheritance” by Jacqueline Washington and Anne Zayaitz. Emma and Jacob Miller lost their firstborn child nine days after birth and just gave birth to their second child, Matthew. They are understandably frantic when he can no longer feed after seven days. A visit to the doctor reveals that Matthew’s urine elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and his enzyme activity was 200 times lower than normal. He is diagnosed with Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD), which sounded fake to me, but results from an inability to metabolize BCAA and can result in brain swelling, damage, and death. The doctor states that Matthew must maintain a diet low in protein for the rest of his days. Now that Emma and Jacob know the cause of their babies’ problems, they think back on the many family members that had died within the first year of life on both sides of their family tree and conclude that both of them must be carriers of this autosomal recessive gene. (duh) Matthew lives a controlled and sad life, empty of meat and dairy products. No birthday cake for Matthew. Even with this controlled diet, he still has brain swelling several times a year, until his parents have had enough and have Matthew put on the list for a liver transplant. There is a 40% chance that he will reject the liver and he could possibly die from complications in the very surgery attempting to prevent his demise. Is it really worth it? Would this be a chance that you'd be willing to take? Wow, this is a very interesting/sad article. The name Maple Syrup Urine Disease sounds fake to me as well. It must be hard to maintain a diet like that because there's some kind of meat or dairy product in almost everything. I think it's good that Emma and Jacob are finally able to find out what the problem is with their babies. I hope that Matthew will have a liver transplant for a better chance at having a healthy life. It would be a chance that I would be willing to take to save if it was my child. There could be a possibility that he survives the liver transplant. In my article, "I’m Looking Over a White-Striped Clover: A Case of Natural Selection," I read about the presence of the white-striped clover in different regions of the United States. The clover in the US typically exists in two forms- a form with green leaves and a form with green and white leaves, commonly known as the striped variety. Striped clovers can produce cyanide, a poison, that is activated through the combination of a cyanide-sugar complex found in the cell cytoplasm and an enzyme found in the cell wall.In an analysis of the habitat features of Minnesota and North Carolina, one can associate certain characteristics with the prominence of a certain kind of clover. Minnesota, with colder and dryer weather and a small population of herbivores, is inhabited by mainly plain, green-leafed clovers. Natural selection probably led to to the prominence of the plain clovers because colder weather would destroy plant cells above the ground, proving the cyanide poison in cell walls and cytoplasm ineffective against some kind of predatory herbivore population. This is not necessary, however, since there aren't that many molluscs in Minnesota.On the other hand, North Carolina is characterized by lower elevation, a wetter environment, and a higher population of herbivores. The prominence of white-striped clovers is easily explained through natural selection of clovers that could survive existing near molluscs because of their cyanide defense.These association of habitat variations to clover forms can then be applied to the regions of Long Island, NY, simply by knowing regional characteristics. One could predict that the shallower depressions of the Island with moister weather and an abundance of herbivores would have a prominence of striped clovers armed with cyanide, whereas the low hills, with fewer herbivores, that become considerably drier and freeze in the wintertime would have a prominence of plain clovers with no cyanide defense.In summary, the case explores how environmental differences affected the evolution of clover variants in different regions. The variants with adaptations that best suited their environment, like the striped clovers that contained cyanide in regions with many herbivores, were more likely to survive and therefore were naturally selected to become prominent in that specific area. In the case study "Mother's Milk Cures Cancer?" Dr. Svanborg has a student who is studying the effects of protein from human breast milk on virally infected tissue. What the student was researching to see if the is an increase of viral destruction but what the student came to find was that the protein in the milk was causing the cancer cells to "commit suicide". Dr. Svanborg would have a hard time explaining this to her other colleagues. Her laboratory didn't qualify as a "high-profile, big science institute" like the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institutes of Health (NHI). Dr. Svanborg contacted her most trusted colleague, David Soloman. He had told her that she should wait before telling people about these findings. She needed to find more evidence first. There is a study that was done in 1995 that helps support her findings. It states that the risk of childhood lymphoma is nine times higher in bottle-fed than breast-fed infants. Dr. Svanborg and her team studied the components of the breast milk closer. They found the actual component of breast milk that was killing cancer cells is a protein called alpha-lactalbumin. In January of 1999, results were released showing that in the acid environment of an infant’s stomach, the normal alpha-lactalbumin protein changed shape and transformed into a killer of cancer cells. Her teamed named this altered protein HAMLET, for Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor cells. The team tested HAMLET on animals since it's from breast milk, it should not have any harmful effects and if it is found to be useful for cancer treatment, it would have an advantage over other drugs which have harmful side effects. Dr. Svanborg’s research group used genetically engineered HAMLET factor in bacterial cells. Once a protein has been isolated, a copy of the DNA can be made and inserted into a plasmid. Plasmids are vectors of the gene of interest that are placed into bacterial cells. Once a line of bacterial cells with the transformed plasmid is reproducing successfully, they are grown in large vats. If the HAMLET factor can kill cancer cells in humans, then it will not be long before the pharmaceutical companies want to get involved, but they must be convinced that the work is worth their attention. Sometimes naturally occurring drug products are labeled “orphan drugs” who are not marketed to the general public. I hope this won’t happen to the HAMLET component. Over all, Dr. Svanborg is happy with her team's progress.- Christy Crowe Cancer is one of the most horrific and mysterious diseases to this date. The cure would be like the Holy Grail of the medical field. The underlying question is this- why do some people get cancer while others don't? One possible explanation lies in genetics. Is there a link between certain genetic conditions and someone having cancer? This case study shows how mutations on the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, can lead to cancer. This occurs because the large amount of protein produced by the APC gene is has several binding locations that bind to other proteins within a cell. One of these binding spots accepts B-catenin proteins. When this is bound to the APC protein, it breaks down. Because this protein has a role in triggering cell replication, binding to APC causes unnecessary cell replication. This leads to unnecessary cell replication- AKA cancer. So it’s possible that certain genes are more vounerable to causing cancer.. This topic could prove to be vital in the advancement of the medical field "Colon Cancer: A Case of Genetic Bad Luck?" Peter Gala: AbracadabraThis case study shows how HIV functions and the few treatments that are available and how they combat HIV. For starters, there are two different kinds of HIV which are progressors and non-progressors. Both of these have the virus. However, the interesting thing about this is that progressors who have the virus can develop AIDS at a fast rate. Contrarily, non-progressors who also have the virus do not exhibit symptoms of AIDS developing! The way HIV replicates is the reason that it is so effective at fighting treatments and potential cures. The virus attaches to T-cell by binding their receptors with the CD4 receptor. When the virus penetrates the cell, it releases two RNA strands. The strands then go through Reverse Transcriptase and the RNA is converted to dsDNA. Because HIV is a retro-virus, its RNA is replicated twice making a double strand. Therefore it is no longer RNA but DNA. An enzyme called integrase inserts the HIV genome DNA into the host cell’s DNA. Because HIV is a retro-virus, there is more crossing over which leads to more genetic variation. It also reproduces very quickly adapting to any sort of inhibitor. HIV is then translated by the host cell’s machinery into polypeptides that will be cleaved. Then the enzyme protease cleaves the polypeptides into mature HIV proteins. The mature proteins then form the new HIV that will infect other cells. Thousands of HIV can be produced from a single cell. The only treatment for this disease is not really a treatment but more so delaying the inevitable. It just puts off the virus for later. What are known as “drug cocktails” are given to slow the virus down. But HIV soon adapts to the treatment and becomes immune to it causing a regiment change in the drug cocktails. 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I’ve always believed that animals are smarter than we give them credit for. And that we humans, as a species, are simply too arrogant. Scientific evidence shows that our planet is not the center of the photovoltaic system, but it also shows that we are not the center of intelligence. But what are the intelligence thought ranges? Who defines them and how? Do you believe that some animals are smarter than humans? I imagine so based on my experiences. The fact that animals can’t converse or learn, for example, does not automatically imply that they can’t imagine or feel. When we compare one species of animal to another, and even to humans, we can see vastly different levels of intelligence. So we’re deluding ourselves into thinking that we’ve been smarter than the rest of the animal kingdom for hundreds of years. And this, despite the fact that there is increasing evidence of the alternative nowadays. Of course, I don’t deny that we, as human animals, are rational in terms of doing what is necessary to outlive us. However, different species may be smarter than we imagine or assume. Intelligence is Relative Many animals have unique brains, but most people completely misunderstand many of their abilities. There are currently details indicating that crows, canines, octopuses, or koalas, to name a few, exhibit superior intelligence. It is a well-known fact in the animal kingdom. In some cases, animals have superior reasoning abilities to humans. As a result, a few of them are most likely And some of their actions or behaviors cannot be attributed to intuition. When we look at various animals, we frequently find that we are unable to do what they do. Sometimes the way they act or the issues they face are extremely difficult, like a bat flying in the dark. Using echolocation, these creatures can capture flying bugs in midair. So, it takes more than intuition to appreciate such a feat, but also a lot of brainpower. As a result, we don’t pay attention to these kinds of issues because we expect them to be irrelevant. Most people do not consider animals’ abilities, but rather compare them to ours in terms of intelligence. They need to be as vibrant as we are as long as they can’t reason, converse, or learn. Outlining Who is Way Smarter Throughout history, the ruling classes, from faith to students, have repeated the same perception: “We people are incomparable because we are the most intelligent beings in the animal kingdom.” They also pretend that animals have no soul or emotions. However, science and life demonstrate that animals do have emotions, a soul, and reasoning faculties, making them smarter than we think. So, the belief that we are superior in intelligence dates back some ten thousand years. It began when man invented agriculture, farms, and animal domestication. It then gained traction due to religious beliefs that regarded humans as the primary species in creation. But does this imply that our intelligence is superior? Of course not; they’re just different kinds. When a foreigner attempts to communicate with you using an imperfect, flawed, or damaged model of your language, your first impression is that they are not very intelligent. The reality, however, is quite different. The Unconditional Love of Animals When it comes to animals, they’re smarter than we’d like to give them credit for. They are simply sensible in their own words, which frequently do not resemble yours or mine. I imagine we could investigate a variety of issues related to love, empathy, and compassion. So, after they care, you can see that they truly care; it’s not just a ruse. A few of these beings in the animal kingdom love people unconditionally. Nonetheless, many people abuse and mistreat such affection. When something bad happens to us, animals don’t put us down, push us apart, or decide they no longer love us. That viewpoint only demonstrates that they are smarter than we are. They’re there at our facet until the tip, no matter what the circumstances, and we take this for granted far too often. However, some people see no harm in euthanizing an animal when it no longer fits their lifestyle or agenda. And we’re supposed to be the most intelligent species on the planet; believe it! The Intelligence of Animals Every day, our pets communicate with us through their calls and force us to do things we need to do. The animal world is far more difficult than we appear to believe or imagine. My father is a racehorse trainer, so I grew up around horses and even lived in a condo above a racehorse stable for a few years. Cats and dogs, like any traditional equine barn, have been an important part of my life. There were no smartphones or refined cameras to make movies in seconds back in the 1960s. But I’ve spent my entire life witnessing animal behaviors, intelligence, and reminiscence methods. The following story is a prime example of this. My father bought a racehorse named “Murdoch” from another city twenty miles away one day. After a few days, he took the horse to the monitor to be coached. A tractor made an unending noise while galloping, which scared the animal and caused its rider to fall off. The horse then dashed through the monitor and jumped over the barrier before disappearing into the woods. A Story of Being Way Smarter It was time to get into the car. I rode alongside, on my father’s side, looking for the horse. We looked everywhere, but we couldn’t find anything. When we returned to the barn a few hours later, the previous proprietor called. She informed my father, who was stunned, that the animal was at her ranch. As a result, the horse galloped over roads and through woods to return to his previous barn without a scratch. He figured out how to travel twenty miles through unknown territory and return to where he came from. Not only did the horse do this, but we were able to see how he entered the horse farm thanks to cameras placed throughout the ranch. When the animal arrived at the entrance, it discovered that it was closed. So it crossed again, pushed the small gate, and climbed the steps that stood in its way. Then he found an open stall, entered it, and waited there, realizing it was the only house he knew. Animals Are Way Smarter Animals are wonderful and deserve to be respected in the same way that humans do for their memory, intelligence, tenacity, and unconditional love. Horses, dogs, and cats, among other species that spend time around people, can recognize body language cues that you and I do not. Primates resembling chimps can simply outperform humans in remembering a sequence of numbers that they noticed for a fraction of a second. Octopuses research how to open childproof caps on medicine bottles, which many people are unable to open. Bats use echolocation and sonar to map out houses. Birds understand and perceive the complex mechanics of flight and landing. Crows, who are frequently depicted in horror films for comical reasons, are not among the most intelligent birds, but they are smarter than most other creatures. They can perform tasks that three and four-year-old children find difficult. Animals Have Feelings While their brain structures differ, experts believe that animals such as crows and apes deal with and use a variety of psychological tools. It also includes creativity and the expectation of potential future events that will resolve issues. I saw some crows studying the proper way to use automobiles for cracking nuts once more. They patiently wait at intersections, keeping an eye on the site visitors’ lights. So, when the site visitors come to a halt, they retrieve a nut that the automobiles crushed and dropped earlier on the highway. Furthermore, elephants can now be seen to be sad. Most mammals experience pleasure, love, disappointment, and struggle. My mother-in-law once took in a stray cat that was living on a hospital floor in Ukraine. It was a full-grown cat, not a small kitten. The cat was now living in her country home, fifteen miles from the hospital, and he appeared depressed. Give Animals Credit She opened the door one day, and the cat flew by, working away into the fields. Ten days later, despite the fact that she had misplaced the animal for good, it was discovered on the hospital floor. The animal had misplaced a few weights and appeared to be in minor pain, but he was still alive. He had discovered his own home through fields and in the face of incredible obstacles. As a result, humans should abandon their obsession with evaluating animals for human aptitude. We choose topics in which we excel, such as expertise or language. And then we attribute intelligence to various species in our world. However, animals are smarter than we think. So, before making any assumptions, let us think twice and give them the credit score they deserve.

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Increasingly companies are looking to adopt smart technologies to optimise production and decision-making in order to create businesses of the future. However, as reliance on autonomous and digital technology grows, so too does the risk of cyber-attacks. As technologies become more interconnected, the potential cybersecurity threats and attack vectors are growing. The consequences of these threats can be severe, resulting in production and revenue losses, regulatory fines, reputational damage, as well as the shutdown of critical infrastructures. This has been further compounded by the complexities and uptake of smart systems that use advanced technologies such as machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT). Termed ‘Smart Manufacturing/Smart Mining’, South African industry leaders recognise that the terms encompass everything from Artificial Intelligence (AI) to robotics and cyber security. PwC has issued a point of view on emerging cyber threats in the mining and manufacturing industries. The document focuses on emerging cyber threats affecting these sectors, with a focus on South African and other Africa-based organisations. Although there are considerable benefits in the convergence of these advanced technological systems and the operational technology that makes up the backbone of the sectors, it is important to note that the reliance on such connected and internet-dependent systems is not without its own risks. Junaid Amra, PwC Forensics Technology Solutions Leader, says: “Organisations in the manufacturing and mining sectors face a myriad of different cyber threats. A number of organisations have not been paying enough attention to these threats. They are also not prioritising the implementation of the appropriate mitigation strategies, whilst threat actors are starting to take an interest in organisations operating in this space. “Due to the increasing level of technology adoption, the consequences of attacks on organisations in these sectors can be far-reaching and potentially devastating. It is therefore important for businesses to understand key risk areas, attack vectors and vulnerabilities to ensure that they employ the correct controls to improve security and protect their assets.” The technologies most targeted by attackers within these sectors are Industrial Control Systems (ICS). ICS are embedded computer devices that are responsible for a myriad of automated process controls in industries (e.g., measuring instruments, packaging machinery and all other components of an assembly line that make parts of any production process. Amra adds, “The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the problem of cyber-attacks. According to international research there was an uptake in intrusion activity in the manufacturing sector in 2020, as well as several cybersecurity incidents in some country’s mining and resources sectors.” PwC’s paper highlights the different threats to ICS technologies and the profiles of the actors perpetrating these attacks. It also focuses on notable incidents to help demonstrate the complexity and subsequent impact of ICS attacks. Attacker tactics, techniques and procedures PwC’s global Threat Intelligence practice recognises four types of motivations driving attackers, namely espionage, hacktivism, terrorism/sabotage and organised crime. There are also a range of different tactics, techniques and procedures used by each attacker. This not only determines the impact of each attack but also the means by which organisations get targeted and subsequently compromised. It is also notable that insiders can be part of any threat group. Organisations who are mindful that a security breach can take several different forms and originate from several different places are in a better position to imagine ways of implementing the correct defences. It is important to note that local regulator stipulations and disclosure laws play a major role in the number of incidents that are reported and, as a by-product, known to the public. Motivation and attack vectors Espionage has been growing as one of the driving forces behind cyber-attacks in the manufacturing industry. Cyber criminals gain access to the networks of businesses in the sectors with the aim of stealing trade secrets and intellectual property. However, our research revealed that although in 2020 there was a notable uptick of espionage-motivated incidents as compared to the same period last year, most of the attacks have predominantly been financially motivated (63-95%). We have also drawn on our experience conducting cyber security assessments and penetration tests from across our global network to identify the most common security vulnerabilities in OT/ICS networks. The most common attacks identified by PwC’s incident response teams over 2019 and 2020 were: infiltration of insecure email platforms following cloud adoption; phishing; and insecure remote access platforms (VPN, remote login). Once attackers have a foothold in an organisation, the tools and tactics used by them are usually designed to monetise their attacks by the simplest means possible. An example is ransomware, which is a type of malicious software (malware) that holds your systems or data to ransom. Globally, PwC has tracked ransomware attacks across various industries for 2020. Of these, 17% affected the manufacturing sector but no data appears to have been advertised from the mining sector. Based on our experience, the nature of attacks in the mining sector have largely been focused on electronic payment fraud, industrial espionage and sabotage. Data available for the African continent is limited, however we believe this to be a representation of how susceptible African organisations in the sectors are to these types of attacks. Cyber-attacks are becoming more pronounced as technology is embedded in operational processes. Apart from the loss of data and intellectual property, the risk to the core business operations becomes heightened and could lead to severe disruption through cyber-attacks. In addition, safety, health, environmental and quality (SHEQ) systems could also be affected as there is a growing dependence on smart devices to support these processes and functions. Amra concludes: “Organisations in the mining and manufacturing sectors need to embed a safety culture against potential cyber-attacks – organisations should have plans and processes in place to prevent, respond and recover from a potential cyber-attack. The likelihood and consequences of a cyber-attack should not be downplayed. When it comes to cyber security, the time to act is now.”

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Meeting the Responsibilities for a Safe Workplace December 14, 2015 More than 13 workers died from workplace injuries every day in 2014. In addition, there were almost 3 million non-fatal injuries on the job for the year. For many Americans, going to work each day is a dangerous proposition. The Occupational Safety and Health Act places responsibilities on employers to make their workplaces as safe as possible. These responsibilities include: - Provide a workplace free from recognized serious hazards, whether they be slippery walking surfaces, electrical hazards, heavy materials, or explosive substances. - Comply with the standards, rules and regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These vary by the type of operation. Employers should become familiar with those that apply to their particular industries. - Make sure employees have and use well-maintained, safe tools and equipment. Repair or replace tools and equipment that are showing signs of wear. - Warn employees of potential hazards. These warnings can take the form of anything attention-grabbing, such as signs, posters, colored codes and labels. - Create written operating procedures and update them as necessary. These procedures should address health and safety issues. Make sure employees know them. - Provide safety training to employees in forms they can understand. That may mean providing it in multiple languages. - Some workplaces use hazardous chemicals. If so, the employers must develop and implement written hazard communication programs. They must train employees on the proper precautions to take. Material safety data sheets on these substances should be available upon demand. - OSHA standards may require some employers to provide employees with medical exams and training. - OSHA has created a poster about employee rights and responsibilities. Employers must display it in a prominent place. - Promptly report to OSHA all work-related deaths and serious injuries. Fatalities must be reported within eight hours; other injuries requiring hospitalization must be reported within a day. OSHA has a toll-free phone number for reporting. - Most employers with more than 10 employees must keep records of work-related injuries and illnesses. - Current and former employees and their representatives must be given access to the injury log. From February 1 to May 1 each year, employers must post a summary of the injury log. - Provide employees or their representatives with access to medical and exposure records. - Give OSHA compliance officers the names of employee representatives who may accompany them during inspections. - Do not discriminate against employees who exercise their rights under the OSH Act. - Post OSHA citations at or near the work area involved in the citation. Keep them posted until the problem is corrected or for three days, whichever is longer. - Correct cited violations by the deadline set in the OSHA citation. Submit to OSHA any required documentation of abatement verification. - Consider adopting Injury and Illness Prevention Programs. OSHA offers samples of these programs on its Web site. Many insurance companies offer them as well. Some occupations will never be completely safe. However, the law requires employers to protect their workers to the extent possible. Following the law will help keep workers safe, morale high, and costs low.

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1. Compare and contrast the Dominican Republic and Haiti to identify factors which have resulted in divergent health outcomes; 2. Use this understanding to develop a model of health determinants to apply to other developing countries. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research. Google Scholar includes much of Brown's library materials as well. Look for the "FindIt@Brown" button.

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Before the CARD Act in 2009, credit card companies had no written guidelines as to how to apply your payments each month. In fact, each card issuer had their own set of rules. While this shouldn’t be an issue if you pay your balance off in full each month, it does become an issue if you transferred a balance and made a subsequent purchase on that card. Let’s look at how credit card payments are applied. Paying More Than The Minimum – An Example Thanks to the CARD Act of 2009, credit card companies now have guidelines as to how to apply your monthly payments. They are required to put anything over the minimum monthly payment to the balance with the highest interest rate. Let’s look at an example. Assume we have a credit card with a $500 balance from a balance transfer. The interest rate is 0%. We also have a charge on the card for $100 that has an interest rate of 18%. Our minimum payment is $100. For this month, we make a payment of $125. The first $100 is applied per the terms that the credit card issuer has laid out. The extra $25 will go towards the highest interest rate balance, in this case, the purchase we made. Any additional payments over the minimum will continue to go towards the purchase until it is: - A) Paid off - B) The balance transfer offer ends and if it has a higher interest rate compared to the purchase. This application of payments benefits the consumer in helping them get out of debt more quickly. Before the CARD Act, many credit card companies would simply apply any extra payments to the lowest interest rate first, which allows them to charge you more interest and obviously make more money. Note that if you have multiple balance transfer offers on one card or have various charges that have the same interest rate, the CARD Act does not instruct the credit card issuer as to how to apply the extra payment. It only covers the extra payment in the event of various interest rates. Avoid Commingling of Accounts The best option you have is to not charge any purchases to a card that you have a low interest balance transfer on. This clears up any confusion or issue you might encounter with applying extra payments. While any extra payment does go towards the higher interest balance first, I don’t want to have to wonder if that is actually happening or take the time to do the math myself. Understanding how payments to your credit card balance are applied goes a long way into helping you get out of debt and save money. The less interest you pay, the more you save and the less interest you pay, the quicker you can pay down any balance you may have. Of course, the ideal situation is that you don’t have a credit card balance in the first place. But if you do, take this lesson with you as you get yourself out of debt and onto better financial ground.

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Hosein Mohimani has a knack for finding ever-faster ways of searching giant databases for potential therapeutic drugs. Now, the computer scientist is trying a new approach in which the size of the databases isn’t something to be conquered, but a feature he uses to his advantage. “More data can make the search easier,” said Mohimani, an assistant professor in the Computational Biology Department. He’ll be developing this bit of computational jiu-jitsu with the help of a National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award. He is one of 60 young investigators receiving the $1.5 million award this year in recognition of their unusually creative, high-impact research efforts. With the NIH support, Mohimani plans to analyze a wide variety of microbial communities — from humans and from other animals, but also from various soil and marine environments around the world. Each community might include thousands of microbes that produce potentially tens of millions of molecules, some of which act to protect their hosts. The idea is to find these protective molecules, which might prove to be novel antibiotics or anticancer agents. Rather than search through databases for each microbiome, Mohimani plans to compare entire communities with each other. These comparisons should enable him to identify differences in the presence or relative abundance of microbes and their products. These patterns should then allow him to infer the activity of the microbes and identify candidate drugs. The findings may also be a boon to precision medicine, he said. “The interactions we detect may guide us in better understanding the microbial basis of disease,” Mohimani explained, noting most diseases involve some increase or decrease in the abundance of special molecules. Developing these databases for microbiomes has been an area of intense interest in the microbiology community for the past 10 years, Mohimani said. That is one factor that has made this approach possible, though he also will collaborate with Pieter Dorrestein at the University of California, San Diego, to generate additional databases for this study. Mohimani also leverages his knowledge of computer science and electrical engineering to develop his techniques. “I really love the field,” he said. When he was working on his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at UC San Diego, however, he took a course with Pavel Pevzner, a leader in computational biology, regarding computer algorithms that were applicable to biology. Looking for ways to have an impact on humanity, he asked Pevzner if he could work with him. From that point on, he was hooked on computational biology. Drug discovery, particularly of antibiotics, became his special passion. “Antibiotic resistance kills millions of people every year worldwide,” he said. “Based on current trends, deaths from antibiotic resistance will surpass those of cancer by 2050. That makes it imperative to develop new methods to discover new antibiotics.” That’s just the type of project that is the focus of the NIH’s High-Risk, High-Reward Research Program, of which the New Innovator Award is a part. It is funded through the NIH Common Fund, which seeks to close gaps in the research enterprise that are of great importance and require collaboration across the agency to succeed. The program awarded 93 grants this year for about $267 million over five years. With existing technology, each new antibiotic discovery costs millions of dollars, and getting that drug to market can costs billions, Mohimani said. The new technique he is developing might be one way to make that drug discovery pipeline faster and cheaper. “The goal of my lab is to make antibiotic discovery a high-throughput, low-cost process,” he added.

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What is cellulitis? Cellulitis is a common skin infection that happens when bacteria spread through the skin to deeper tissues. Most cases are mild and last several days to a couple of weeks. But cellulitis can sometimes progress to a more serious infection, causing severe illness that affects the whole body (sepsis) or other dangerous problems. Treatment is needed to help control the infection and reduce symptoms. Some people are at higher risk for cellulitis, such as those who have diabetes, a weakened immune system, or edema. They also tend to get sicker from cellulitis. And they are more likely to get cellulitis again. What causes it? Cellulitis is caused by bacteria, most often strep or staph. You can get infected after any event that causes a break in the skin, such as: - A cut or bite. - A new tattoo or piercing. - Problems that cause skin breakdown, such as eczema, psoriasis, or a fungal infection like athlete's foot. Sometimes cellulitis can occur even if there wasn't an obvious break in the skin. What are the symptoms? At first, the infected area will be warm, red, swollen, and tender. If the infection spreads, you may have a fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes. Cellulitis can occur anywhere on the body. In adults, it often occurs on the legs, face, or arms. In children, it is most common on the face or around the anus. How is it diagnosed? Doctors are often able to diagnose cellulitis based on your symptoms and a physical exam. In most cases, you won't need further testing. But tests sometimes may be done to find out what's causing your symptoms and to rule out other problems. For example, you may need blood tests, an ultrasound, or an imaging test such as a CT scan or an MRI. How is cellulitis treated? Cellulitis is treated with antibiotics. If the infection is mild, you may be able to take antibiotic pills at home. If the infection is severe, you may need to be treated in a hospital so that you can get I.V. antibiotics directly into your bloodstream, along with any other care you may need. Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions about medicine and skin care. To help with your recovery and to feel better: - Take all of your medicine as prescribed. Don't stop taking it just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. - Elevate the affected area to reduce swelling. Warm compresses may also help. - Use pain relievers as needed. How can you prevent it? If you are at risk for cellulitis, you can take steps to help prevent it. If you've had cellulitis before, these steps may help prevent it from coming back. - Take good care of your skin. Keep it clean, and use lotion to prevent drying and cracking. - Check your feet and legs often. This is especially important if you have diabetes. - Treat any skin infection right away. - Ask your doctor if you need to take antibiotics or other medicine on a regular basis to prevent cellulitis. - If you have edema, ask your doctor about wearing compression stockings or sleeves.

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(PhysOrg.com) -- A University of Leeds researcher has drawn inspiration from biology to build a giant robotic worm that can wiggle its way around obstacles. (PhysOrg.com) -- The world's fastest Rubik's Cube-solving robot has been developed by students at Swinburne University of Technology. Honing household helpers: Computer scientists improve robots' ability to plan, perform complex actions Imagine a robot able to retrieve a pile of laundry from the back of a cluttered closet, deliver it to a washing machine, start the cycle and then zip off to the kitchen to start preparing dinner. (PhysOrg.com) -- Pulling an all-nighter and then some, the Cornell robot Ranger set a new world record May 2 by walking 40.5 miles on a single battery charge without stopping or being touched. (PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers have been examining the diverse behaviours of caterpillars to find solutions for the new generation of search and rescue soft robots. When people communicate, the way they move has as much to do with what they're saying as the words that come out of their mouths. But what about when robots communicate with people? How can robots use non-verbal communication ...

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When Lazare’s first history assignment of the virtual school year came back scored 50/100, a resounding F, the seventh-grader was crestfallen. But when he told his mom how the grade appeared just moments after he’d submitted his answers, a series of short written responses, Dana Simmons knew immediately what happened, and she was outraged. An algorithm had graded her son’s responses. “Algorithms can't judge what learning history means,” says Simmons, herself a professor of history at the University of California, Riverside. “Learning history is not about submitting the correct word!” Distraught but undeterred, Lazare tried again, this time intent on figuring out precisely what the algorithm wanted from him. Armed with tips from his mom — she suggested the program might give a higher grade to a longer response — his score soared to an 80. Fewer than 24 hours later, he cracked the code, earning a perfect 100/100. The answer that appeased the algorithm? “It was about four lines, one paragraph, and one of the sentences is just a bunch of words at the end,” Lazare says. Lazare and his mom fooled the software’s robo-grader by writing a couple of coherent sentences on the topic at hand — Constantinople’s prime geographical location in the Roman Empire — followed by a formless jumble of words that could be relevant: “profit, diversity, Spain, Gaul, China, India, Africa.” Lazare adds that he’s still not 100% sure how to trick the program into giving him a perfect grade every time. “We'd have to do a bit more empirical testing,” he says with a grin. But he has a pretty good idea now. “Essentially, what I think [the algorithm] does is it looks for certain words,” Lazare says authoritatively. “And, uh, compares [your answer] to a pre-written essay to see if it's correct.” Emily M. Bender, a professor of computational linguistics at the University of Washington, says the scoring algorithm could be even simpler than what Lazare describes. It’s possible, even likely, she says, that the algorithm is primarily looking for the presence of specific keywords. “Then you could also add in, you know, a ‘good’ answer is going to have at least two sentences and at least 20 words,” Bender offers by way of example. “These are very simple things to calculate.” Straightforward doesn’t necessarily equate to useful, she points out. “In the best case scenario, the point [of automatic scoring] is to give students feedback so that they can figure out what they need to learn more about,” she says. “But if students are using it for that purpose, they really need to be supported so they can understand the feedback.” Edgenuity, the K-12 education service provider that Lazare used for his history assignment, told Here & Now in an emailed statement that it "does not use algorithms to supplant teacher scoring, only to provide scoring guidance to teachers." The company also says that major contributors to students' grades must be teacher-scored, while "open-answered" review questions, such as the ones Lazare answered, "aren't drivers of a student's course grade — but they may count for completion scoring as part of a larger activity." As the coronavirus pandemic forces millions of students into virtual learning, schools across the country have widely adopted new virtual learning platforms such as Edgenuity. The company says it currently provides its products to more than 20,000 schools. The Los Angeles Unified School District, where Lazare goes to middle school, has taught courses through Edgenuity for years, prompting questions from school board members about its efficacy. And robo-graders across the academic landscape have drawn criticism from experts who say they can be biased against certain demographic groups, and from teachers who point out the absurdity of grading writing by machine. One Massachusetts Institute of Technology-affiliated researcher went so far as to write a computer program to spit out nonsensical essays that earn top scores on the GRE graduate school entry exam — a slightly more sophisticated version of Lazare’s bundle of words. Simmons doesn’t blame her son’s teacher, or even the district, which she says has made a Herculean effort to accommodate its 600,000 students all learning from home. And as she prepares to teach a 200-person history lecture from her dining room, she understands that teachers need help. “There is a place for educational technology,” she says. “But [Edgenuity] has packaged all the bad parts of teaching and stuck them together and sold them to districts as this, like, substitute for a teacher.” Edgenuity does allow teachers to read answers and override automatic scores, which means Lazare’s hack isn’t foolproof. It’s also not clear to what extent Lazare’s assignment scores will factor into his final grade, Simmons says. But she’s not worried about the grades. She’s concerned about the implications of her son’s experience. Lazare was able to draw on his parents’ expertise in history and educational technology. What about other kids without that support? “From an F to a perfect score in 24 hours, and the disturbing thing is that there is no difference in his reading ability,” she says. “There is no difference in his ability to understand history. He’s now getting hundreds because of who his parents are.” Lazare’s father, Emmanuel Saadia, chimes in to suggest that maybe programs like Edgenuity are no match for this new generation of learners, kids like Lazare who have been interacting with algorithms and the internet their whole lives. “Most of the kids this age, they're extremely conversant in computers, and they know how to get around this or that roadblock,” Saadia says. “They have a leg up already.” But Simmons interjects. “No, some kids have a leg up,” she says. “And that’s the problem.” This article was originally published on September 03, 2020.

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In Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, Samuel Keimer is a character who represents the antithesis of Franklin. The development of Keimer not only improves the reader’s understanding of the minor character, but also of Franklin, the big character. Franklin makes a point of displaying the reader each of Keimer’s faults and contrasting them with his personal merits. When Keimer is initially introduced to the reader, he is in really substantially the similar situations as Franklin they are two young men attempting to make a fresh commence in a new town, the only difference being Keimer’s economic, and thereby social, advantage. In comparison to Franklin, even so, Keimer is a flawed and immoral man this difference is what makes him the ideal model for Franklin to scrutinize. As Benjamin Franklin regularly moves up the social and economic ladders, much more than surpassing Keimer’s achievements, Keimer quickly falls into poverty and loses almost everything. “With the rest I (Benjamin Franklin) started to live incredibly agreeably for they all respected me, the far more as they located Keimer incapable of instructing them, and that from me they learned something daily.”1 Franklin goes into great detail to teach the reader how one particular need to live one’s life in order to keep away from the same fate as Keimer. In Franklin’s opinion, lots of elements attribute to his rise to glory and Keimer’s fall to disgrace these elements enable to give the foundation for some of Benjamin Franklin’s thirteen virtues. The virtues are created to show how a particular person can lead a morally flawless life, which is why the morally corrupt Keimer is the great counter-instance for Franklin.

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Bible Scripture Found Hidden in Mummy Mask Could End Up Being the Oldest Gospel Ever This was based on a story at the LiveScience website published January 18th, 2015 titled Mummy Mask May Reveal Oldest Known Gospel The story is not new. It dates back to 2012. Dr. Wallace, professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary, posted about this debate and the manuscript on March 22, 2012 at his blog under the title First-Century Fragment of Mark’s Gospel Found!? At that time the hoped for publishing date was 2013. But as for many works of scholarship that publication date has been delayed. Evans guessed 2014. Now it is 2015. One of the problems people are having with the information that Wallace and Evans have given is that the information is so little. What has been stated: - The fragment is possibly part of a manuscript of the Gospel of Mark - The fragment was dated paleographically [by handwriting style] - The fragment was dated by Radiocarbon - The fragment is claimed [by Evans] to date to A.D. 80. - The fragment was discovered as part of a papier–mâché mix to make a mummy mask - The fragment was successfully removed from the mask by a special process that preserved the writing. Beyond this the rest is still undeclared and cannot be known until the scholarship about the fragment, its provenience, the chain of custody, the dating methods, and the textual analysis are completed. We simply have to wait and not conjecture. Why are these scholars so hush-hush about the manuscript? Discoveries like this are kept under fairly tight wraps with confidentiality agreements. There are a couple of justifications for this. First: it preserves the integrity of the evidence physically and academically. This is a good thing. This helps to prevent the wildfire spread of forgeries and hasty conjecture of forgery. Second: it preserves the rights of those who did the work and, perhaps, own the manuscript, so that they are the ones who are properly credited–and in some cases receive reimbursement for their work. These scholars and the publishers spend their lives studying and publishing about such things. And, in the end, the economic value that people place on their work is how they feed their own families. Let them do their work. And after they have published, then let us evaluate the claims.

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In South Australia, where ownership of reserves had been vested in a state-wide body by the Aboriginals Lands Trust Act 1966, the Dunstan Labor Government commissioned an inquiry into the land rights of the Pitjantjatjara people of the State's north-west. After considering the inquiry's report and negotiating with representatives of the Pitjantjatjara people (the Pitjantjatjara Council had been formed in 1976), the South Australian Parliament (now under Dunstan's Liberal and Country League successor, John Tonkin) passed the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981. This law was followed in 1984 by the Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984. Combined, these statutes vested 18 per cent of the State, under inalienable freehold title, in bodies corporate comprising all the traditional owners. These bodies, professionally staffed, act as the traditional owners' legal and political representatives. Mining interests who find they cannot negotiate acceptable terms with the traditional owners may request arbitration. Keywords: Australian Labor Party, Dunstan, Don, land rights, Pitjantjatjara, Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act, 1981, South Australia, States' rights, 1966-1984 Author: Rowse, Tim and Graham, Trevor

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The definition of terrorism according to Webster’s Dictionary is “the use of force or threats to intimidate.” The news is filled with references to terrorism worldwide. Thousands of people have been killed in many countries because of terrorism. Terrorism has created a multitude of problems in this country and across the globe. Therefore, we must attempt to make the world a safer place. We defeat terrorism, one person and one day at a time. Thousands of people are killed because of terrorism. Unfortunately, most of these people are innocent. The victims die when kamikazes crash planes, whether they are in the plane or in the building being attacked. Innocent people even die at work. Citizens may be on vacation with their families when something shocking happens. Terrorists will also willingly give up their lives to kill others. If terrorists are accused of murder or cornered by the authorities, they will commit suicide. Terrorists may also be killed in battle from the retaliation of their enemy. I believe this is a horrible way to serve your country. Terrorism has created numerous problems throughout the world. Terrorism has financially impacted the United States. The stock market, for example, has plunged downward after the September eleventh attacks. Gasoline prices have also risen which forces people who travel to pay a fortune for gas. Terrorism has sadly separated families. Many kids will grow up without knowing their mom or dad. There are also parents who are going on through life without their loved ones. Terrorists have frightened most United States citizens. They find themselves constantly looking over their shoulders. Citizens are afraid to fly to see their relatives or even go on vacation. We are afraid to go to public gatherings for fear someone may pull a gun or set off a bomb. We defeat terrorism by personally managing, understanding, and overcoming our fears. United States citizens have been trying to make the world a better and safer place.. Cite this Terrorism Short Essay Terrorism Short Essay. (2018, Aug 29). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/terrorism-short-essay/

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| Home | Site Search | Outreach | See/Hear Index | Summer 2001 Table of Contents Versión Español de este artículo (Spanish Version) A "Cheat Sheet" for New Teachers of the Visually Impaired Working with Infants By Nancy Toelle, Coordinator, Quality Programs for Students with Visual Impairments and Ann Rash, Teacher Trainer, TSBVI, VI Outreach One of the factors that makes working with students with visual impairments an interesting undertaking is the range of ages we serve in Texas. Teacher of the Visually Impaired's (TVI) work with visually impaired students from birth to age 22. Each age has its own considerations, rewards, and concerns. This article will outline a beginning approach to providing services for infants. The first step in providing educational services for any student is determining eligibility. Eligibility criteria differ for infants. They are eligible based on the existence of a documented eye condition and suspicion of future VI needs rather than on current demonstrated needs. Eligibility is decided by the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) team based on assessments and the wishes of the family. IFSP = Individualized Family Service Plan and is equivalent to the IEP, but differs radically in content. If an infant is eligible for vision services, be sure to go through the typical enrollment procedure for your district. It is important for your district's funding that they are included in PEIMS and are on the TEA Annual Registration of Students who are Visually Impaired. The TVI's role in determining eligibility - Receive the screening for visual impairment and current eye exam report - Perform the FVE and LMA (Functional Vision Exam and Learning Media Assessment), address the need for an O&M evaluation, functional blindness, a low vision evaluation, assistive technology and devices, other services, and identify appropriate learning media. - Assist with developmental assessment and share with the ECI assessment staff information about the impact blindness/low vision has on normal - Ensure that screening for deafness is performed by ECI staff. - Ensure that a Texas Department of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services (formerly known as Texas Commision for the Blind) children's caseworker is involved with the family. - Maintain an eligibility folder in the district. Working in coordination with ECI agencies, TVIs participate in the referral process, and are part of the IFSP team. We work within their system as an adjunct to their services. How the role of the TVI working with infants differ from the role with students aged 3-22 - Time considerations: The calendar for this process moves very quickly. Service cannot be interrupted for more than 2 weeks at a time during the course of a calendar year, unless parent requests it. - Year-round service: service continues at the same frequency decided upon at the annual IFSP meeting through the summer months unless a change is requested by parents. - Documentation: Service must be documented according to ECI requirements, with copies provided to ECI and the parent. - Transition: The process for transitioning to post ECI programming goes according to a fixed schedule and sequence and starts 90 days before the child's third birthday. The child may or may not transition to a PPCD program (Preschool Program for Children with Disabilities a public school program). The program that's selected should best meet the child's needs. The TVI's role in developing an IFSP - The TVI helps analyze and share the results of the child's FVE and LMA with ECI staff. - It's important to provide ECI staff with information on early intervention related to vision. - The TVI must attend all IFSP meetings. - In an IFSP meeting, parents select and prioritize what they want for their child. The IFSP is not based solely on assessed educational needs. The TVI's role in providing services to family and infant - Bring in information and resources related to the child's visual impairment, act as part of the instructional team to implement IFSP, enable parents and other caregivers to follow through with child by "role - Observe child with caregivers to see what's currently being done. - Stress from the beginning that change/learning occurs in direct relation to the frequency of the infant's instruction/opportunity to learn and use new information and skills. - Share with the team members the relationship between concept development and opportunities to move and actively interact with the environment and - Work as a team with ECI staff serving the student, including the occupational therapist, physical therapist, speech therapist, instructional staff and case manager. Provide them with your expertise and learn from - Coordinating team time can be difficult, but working together will promote a holistic approach to the child's needs. This should include anything from feeding issues to problems with sleep habits and growth. - Research the child's eye condition if it is unfamiliar, so you can inform the team of current or future educational or medical implications. - As needed, attend eye medical appointments and/or low vision clinical visits to learn more and help parents understand their child's eye Resources helpful to TVIs - INSITE Developmental Checklist Instructional Manual: This checklist assesses all areas of development. It contains illustrations based on normal development with adaptations for children with sensory impairments and multiple disabilities. The checklist can be used by teachers and caregivers to develop appropriate goals and activities for the parent. Call Hope, Inc. at (435) 245-2888 or check their website at <www.hopepubl.com>. - Blind Children's Center Publications: These educational booklets are written for teachers and parents. They cover topics on nurturing, feeding, movement, etc. Call them at (800) 222-3566 or check their website at - Visit the TSBVI website, <www.tsbvi.edu>, and conduct searches for topics you need. From there, you can access links that contain pertinent, infant-specific information. You may also want to search the archives of the SEE/HEAR Newsletter for topics such as potty training, communication, Little Rooms, and concept development. Tips from old teachers to new ones - Hold and play with the baby so the two of you can bond. Make your time with the child pleasurable. You will be a more effective service provider and might give parents some useful ideas about bonding with their baby. - Stress that you are providing parentinfant training as a team: the parents with expert knowledge of their child and you with expert knowledge of visual - Shoot for the stars with every infant; maintain an "anything is - Visit the child often enough to make a difference. - If the child is not responding as much as you would like, become a detective and search out possible reasons (time of day you visit, previous therapies that day, seizure activity, medications, etc.). - Be reliable about appointments and encourage your parents to do the same. - Assist parents in developing selfadvocacy skills by providing resource information to them. - Play an active role in the child's transition to public school. Coach parents about the ARD/IEP process. If this is the first infant you've become involved with, seek assistance from a mentor teacher. If one is not available, keep in mind that every TVI has a long list of firsts in his or her career: first braille student, first student with severe multiple disabilities, first gifted low vision student, first adaptive technology user, AND first infant. You will feel inadequate, but competency will develop over time. One of the hallmarks of successful TVIs is that we seek out resources, conduct research to find answers to pressing questions, and feel comfortable taking responsibility for jumping in and doing things we've never done before. The determination to willingly accept that responsibility is critical to developing the array of skills needed by a typical | Summer 2001 Table of Contents | Send EMail to SEE / HEAR | Please complete the comment form or send comments and suggestions to: Jim Allan (Webmaster-Jim Allan) September 2, 2003

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Areas of Use of Metal Materials in FurnitureEkrem Karatas Areas of Use of Metal Materials in Furniture Metals, which are part of everyday life, have been changed with heat and pressure and shaped by hand tools for various purposes since ancient times. Thanks to this feature, metal is a preferred material in furniture production. In history, metal materials have been used less frequently in furniture making when compared to wood. However, it is known that various metals have been used since the Bronze Age. Metals have been used more as carriers, joining elements or accessories in the furniture production of previous periods. Small parts, pins or bronze binders, various bows and similar items have a long history, and even metal furniture entirely is not even something new. Between the 12th-18th centuries, metal in furniture has been used more as an ornament element or rivet, hinge and connector. In the 19th century, the use of yellow metals for decoration purposes has continued. However, in this century, iron began to be used for operating tables, dentists and barber chairs. With the industrialization, metal products have become the symbol of the machinery period. The widespread use of metal in interior elements coincides with the Bauhaus period. First, metal chair was made by Marcel Breuerin Wassily in 1925 with the steel pipe bending method. In the 1920s, modular office furniture – especially archives – were made entirely of steel for the first time. The Second World War caused the use of metal to be restricted; however, in the 1950s, bending metal pipe furniture became widespread for both outdoor and indoor use. In the post-modern period and today, the demand for traditional furniture production techniques has not hampered the use of metals. Factory production and the development of material technology makes the use of metals, especially aluminum, inevitable, as an addition to traditional wood furniture. It can be observed that shaping metals today is not very different from the old ages. However, the development of material technology allows new forms to be obtained. Due to the fact that metal material is found present, is robust and has ease of joining it has many areas of use in furniture. Metal material, depending on its function, has been used as a carrier, a strengthening element or to form the skeleton of furniture and sometimes as a preference to decorate or cover the furniture. It has also been used to create a furniture as a whole.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.metalchairs.net/areas-of-use-of-metal-materials-in-furniture/

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pH plays an important role in everyday life. Many treatment processes are pH dependant from coagulation, disinfection and corrosion control. The pH refers to the amount of Hydrogen ions (H+), and the balance of H+ and OH- ions determines the pH of the water. The pH range is 0 to 14 with pH 7 being neutral, pH 0 to 6 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. Each whole value below 7 is 10 times more acidic than the previous number. For example pH 3 is 10 times more acidic than pH 4 and 100 times more acidic than pH 5. The opposite is also true where each whole number above 7 is 10 times more alkaline than the previous number. For example pH 10 is 10 times more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times more alkaline than pH 8. Atana supplies products used primarily to raise or lower the pH in a customer’s water treatment process. We can supply pH correction chemicals in bulk, 1000 litre blow overs, in IBC's or 25 litre carbouys: - Sulphuric Acid 50% & 70% solutions - Sodium Hydroxide 47%, 32% & 20% solutions - Hydrochloric Acid 36%, 28%, 16% and 10% solutions - Calcium Hydroxide 45% - Sodium Carbonate (powder)

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

http://atana.co.uk/ph-correction-chemicals

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Extend Your Growing Season There’s no need to let your garden stay empty during the winter. Instead of clearing off an empty patch of soil in April, why not enjoy a garden full of ready-to-eat spinach? Cold-hardy crops planted in your cold frame in late fall will grow slowly through the winter and be ready to harvest as soon as spring arrives. The growing season in New England is short- typically lasting from the beginning of April through the end of October, a total of just seven months. Anything that can prolong this short season, even if just for a few weeks is a welcome reprieve from the threat of cold winter days. An average growing season is 32 weeks. With season extension tools, the season can be extended to up to 41 weeks.

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CC-MAIN-2019-18

https://greencitygrowers.com/urban-farming-products/cold-frames/

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VIRTUAL MEMORY IN WINDOWS Memory paging occurs when memory resources required by the processes running on the server exceed the physical amount of memory installed. Windows, like most other operating systems, employs virtual memory techniques that allow applications to address greater amounts of memory than what is physically available. This is achieved by setting aside a portion of disk for paging. This area, known as the paging file, is used by the operating system to page portions of physical memory contents to disk, freeing up physical memory to be used by applications that require it at a given time. The combination of the paging file and the physical memory is known as virtual memory. Virtual memory is managed in Windows by the virtual memory manager (VMM). Physical memory can be accessed at exponentially faster rates than disk. Every time a server has to move data between physical memory and disk will introduce a significant system delay. While some degree of paging is normal on servers, excessive, consistent memory paging activity is referred to as thrashing and can have a very debilitating effect on overall system performance. Thus, it is always desirable to minimize paging activity. Ideally servers should be designed with sufficient physical memory to keep paging to an absolute minimum. The paging file, or pagefile, in Windows, is PAGEFILE.SYS. Virtual memory settings are configured via the System control panel. To configure the page file size: 1. Open the System Control Panel. 2. Select the Advanced tab. 3. Within the Performance frame, click the Settings button. 4. Select the Advanced tab. 5. Click the Change button. The window shown in Figure 1-1 will appear. Window Server 2003 has several options for configuring the page file that previous versions of Windows did not. Windows Server 2003 has introduced new settings for virtual memory configuration, including letting the system manage the size of the page file, or to have no page file at all. If you let Windows manage the size, it will create a pagefile of a size equal to physical memory + 1MB. This is the minimum amount of space required to create a memory dump in the event the server encounters a STOP event (blue screen). Virtual memory settings A pagefile can be created for each individual volume on a server, up to a maximum of sixteen page files and a maximum 4 GB limit per pagefile. This allows for a maximum total pagefile size of 64 GB. The total of all pagefiles on all volumes is managed and used by the operating system as one large pagefile. When a pagefile is split between smaller pagefiles on separate volumes, the virtual memory manager optimizes the workload by selecting the least busy disk based on internal algorithms when it needs to work write to the pagefile. This ensures best possible performance for a multiple-volume pagefile. While not best practice, it is possible to create multiple page files on the same volume. This is different to what most documentation suggests. This is achieved by placing the page files in different folders on the same volume. This change is carried out via editing the system registry rather than via the standard GUI interface. Virtual Memory in UNIX Most corporations have UNIX systems for handling heavy-duty applications. Microsoft Windows 2000 has been rapidly gaining ground because it provides better performance at lower cost. But companies aren't going to replace UNIX with Windows 2000—they've invested too much in their UNIX systems over the years. So many companies are choosing to add Windows 2000 to support departmental functions. It's expensive and inefficient to run two separate systems side by side so network and IT managers need to learn how to integrate Windows 2000 with their existing UNIX systems. This book shows them how to do just that and much more. The expert authors of this book approach Windows 2000 from a UNIX Systems administrator's point of view.

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

http://saimariefamulagan.blogspot.com/2007/12/virtual-memory-in-windows-memory-paging.html

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